Hpp'^^%
9^^^|^ \if^
%
^^^HhHk V
•^
H^kMI'
-.
■|^'4
irTZ-zV^^H^^^BbSi
wM
tr
\J^
* ■■<>.
^ y.^V.
'T^"~l^~ -<
■^
'4. SO-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
EXPERI
STATI
ENT
ON
VOLUME XXXII
JANUARY' JUNE, 1915
BOTANICAL
JAKUBN.
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
3^
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.
Weather BimBAir — C. F. Marvin, Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Mehdn, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.
Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester.
Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.
Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.
Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.
Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director.
Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.
Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. Tnie, Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
>E. H. Jenkins.a
Alabama—
College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o
Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H. Moore.o
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W.
Carver.a
Alaska — Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.6
Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.o
Arkansas— Fayctteville: M. Nelson."
CALiFonmA— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.o
Colorado— l^or« Collins: C. P. Gillette."
Connecticut—
State Station: New Haven;
Storrs Station: Storrs;
Delaware— Newark: H. Hayward."
Flowda— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs."
Georgia- Eiverhnent: R. J. H. De T.oach."
GvAM— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbovs-er.b
HAWAn—
Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.*
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P.
Agee."
iDABO— Moscow: J. S. Jones."
Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport."
Indiana — La Fayette: A. Goss."
JowA-Ames: C. F. Curtiss."
Kansas — Manhattan: ^^'. M. Jardine."
Kentvcky— Lexington: J. H. Kastle."
Louisiana—
State Station: Baton Bouge; \
Sugar Station: Audubon Park,]
New Orleans; \
North La. Station: Calhoun; J
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods."
MARTLAnu— College Park: H. J. Patterson."
M.ASSACUVSETTS— Amherst: V.'. P. Brooks."
Micmo AN— East Lansing: R. S. Shaw."
MiNNESOT.i— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.
AVoods.n
Mississippi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd."
Missouri—
College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans."
hV. R. Dodson."
Montana— JBo2£7nan.- F. B. Linfield."'
Nebraska- ZiTicoZn.- E. .\. Burnett."
Nevada— iSeno.- S. B. JDoten."
Ne-w Hampshire— Dmt-Aow.- J. C. Kendall."
Neyt Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman."
New Mexico— 57a/e College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—
State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina—
College Station: West Raleigh;\^ .., „,,
o* * o* *■ D 7 • I. fB. W. Kllgore.a
State Station: Raleigh; > "
North Dakota- Agricultural College: T. P.
Cooper."
Ohio— Woostcr: C. E. Thome."
OKLAUOMA-Stillwater: W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— Corf aHw.- A. B. Cordley."
Pennsylvania—
Slate College: R. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico—
Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.6
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower."
Rhode IsLAim— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell."
South Carolina— CTewwon College: J. N. Har-
per."
South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson."
Tennessee— A'noiw7/e.- H. A. Morgan."
Texas— Co?/f^e Station: B. Youngblood."
VTAH-Logan: E. D. Ball."
Vermont— BwrHn^on.- J. L. Hills."
Virginia—
Blacksburg: W.J. Sehoene.";
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washington— P«»man.- I. D. Carditl."
West ViRQnfnA—Morganfown: E. D. Sander-
son."
Wisconsin— X'atfison.- H. L. Russell."
Wyoming — Laramie: H. G. Kiiight."
" Director.
t> Agronomist in charge.
c Acting director.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Vn. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.
EDITOBIAX DEPAETMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers J ' ' _
[R. W. Trullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology i" „* '
\W. E. Boyd.
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. So.
H. L. Lang.
C. F. Walton.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomologj- — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
fW. A. Hooker,
Veterinary Medicine.^ ^ „^ „
[L. W. Fetzer.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXII.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
Page.
The Washington convention 1
Some effects of extension development: 4
Renewed impoi'tance of agricultural research (>
The new Section of Agriculture in the American Association 101
Some aspects of the field of rural economics 105
The habit of concentration 301
The qualities and conditions of research 302
A plea for the small laboratorj" .- 306
The agricultural appropriation act, 1915—16 401
A notable contribution to station literature i 601
The need of consti'uctive ideals in research 603
Economic aspects of expeiimeut station work : 701
Experimental inquiry and economic inquiry 703
Relation of the experiment stations to studies in rural economics 706
III
IV EXPEBIMENT STATION liECORD,
STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Alabama College Station : Page.
Bulletin 177, March, 1914 69
Bulletin 178, July, 1914 62
Bulletin 179, September, 1914 137
Bulletin ISO, December, 1914 546
Bulletin 181, December, 1914 732
Bulletin 182. December, 1914 733
Bulletin 183. January, 1915 738
Circular 22, October, 1913 93
Circular 23, November, 1913 93
Circular 24, November, 1913 93
Circular 25. February, 1914 93
Circular 26, April, 1914 86
Circular 27, May. 1914 53
Circular 28, June, 1914 553
Circular 29, September, 1914 829
Circular 30, December, 1914 898
Circular 31, February, 1915 899
Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 496
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 783,795
Alaska Stations :
Annual Report, 1913 25,31,35,36,45,54,89,93
Arizona Station :
Bulletin 72, 1913 513
Bulletin 73, June 1, 1914 532
Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1913 504,
511, 526, 532, 540, 541, 549, 568. 586, 595, 598
Arkansas Station :
Bulletin 119, July, 1914 251
Bulletin 120, October, 1914 582
California Station :
Bulletin 246, October, 1914 142
Bulletin 247, January, 1915 683
Bulletin 248, February, 1915 723
Bulletin 249, March, 1915 778
Bulletin 250, March, 1915 838
Circular 87 (reprint) 828
Circular 119, September, 1914 117
Circular 120, September, 1914 136
Circular 121, October, 1914 193
Circular 122, October, 1914___- 141
Circular 123, October, 1914 191
Circular 124, January, 1915 769
Circular 125, January, 1915 755
Annual Report, 1914 206,207,208,209,
220, 233. 234, 236, 238, 244, 245, 259, 266, 268, 271, 279, 288, 290
Colorado Station :
Bulletin 199, August. 1914 140.151
Bulletin 200, August, 1914 168,189,190
Bulletin 201, November, 1914 760
Bulletin 202, November, 1914 ■ 774
CONTENTS. V
Colorado Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 203, December, 1914 791
Bulletin 204. January, 1915 781
Connecticut State Station :
Bulletin 183 ^ 637
Bulletin 184, December, 1914 637
Bulletin 185, January, 1915 633
Bulletin of Information 6. January, 1915 496
Annual Report, 1914, pt. 2 519
Connecticut Storks Station :
Bulletin 78. June, 1914 175
Bulletin 79, June, 1914 118,176,177
Biennial Report, 1912-13 1 ■ 291
Delaware Station :
Bulletin 10.3, May 1.5, 1914 496
Bulletin 104. June 1, 1914 424
Bulletin 10.5, June 1, 1914 410
Bulletin lOG, November, 1914 446
Bulletin 107, January 15, 1915 (Annual Report, 1914) 796
Circular 7. June 17, 1912 693
Circular 8, June 16, 1913 693
Circular 9, June 15, 1914 693
Florida Station :
Bulletin 123, September, 1914 349
Bulletin 124, October, 1914 345
Bulletin 125, December, 1914 652
Georgia Station :
Bulletin 109, December, 1914 668
Bulletin 110, December, 1914 : 666,687
Bulletin 111, December, 1914 680
Bulletin 112, January, 1915 636
Bulletin 113, January, 1915 631
Guam Station :
Annual Report, 1914 717,7.^1,741.7.58,767.781,796
Hawaii Station :
Bulletin 36, February 20, 1915 731
Bulletin 37, February 25, 1915 719
Press Bulletin 47, October 10, 1914 4.39,450
Press Bulletin 48, January 12. 1915 741
Press Bulletin 49, January 18, 1915 789
Annual Report, 1914__ 721, 729, 730, 741, 742, 745, 746. 751, 753, 757, 761, 796
Idaho Station :
Bulletin 80, November, 1914 628
Illinois Station:
Bulletin 168, March. 1914 71
Bulletin 169. May, 1914 72
Bulletin 170. May, 1914 70
Bulletin 171, June, 1914 72
Bulletin 172, June, 1914 69
Bulletin 173, June. 1914 73
Bulletin 174, July, 1914 151
VI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Illinois Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 175, July, 1914 140
Bulletin 176, November, 1914 746
Bulletin 177, January, 1915 S21
Circular 170, October, 19H 143
Circular 177, October, 1914 191
Circular 178, January, 1915 679
SoilIleport7, September. 1913 26
Indiana Station :
Bulletin 177, August, 1914 169
Circular 45, October, 1914 771
Circular 46, November, 1914 771
Circular 47, December, 1914_^ 771
Circular 48, January, 1915 783
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 629.672,676,693
Iowa Station :
Bulletin 136, March. 1913 170
Bulletin 146, March, 191-1 231
Bulletin 147, April, 1914 250
Bulletin 148, April, 1914 240
Bulletin 149, April, 1914 229.230
Bulletin 150, June, 1914 211
Bulletin 151, September, 1914 212
Bulletin 152, October, 1914 284
Bulletin 153, November, 1914 ^ 540
Bulletin 154, November, 1914 L 575
Research Bulletin 13, September, 1913 216
Research Bulletin 14, October. 1913 715
Research Bulletin 15, February, 1914 775
Research Bulletin 16, July, 1914 710
Circular 18, April, 1914 744
Circular 19, July, 1914 754
Kansas Station :
Bulletin 198, April, 1914 40,68
Bulletin 199. June. 1914 26
Bulletin 200, June, 1914 121
Bulletin 201, June, 1914 172
Circular 38, Jxme 1, 1914 169
Circular 39 175
Circular 40, August, 1914 184
Circular 41 781
Circular 42 771
Circular 43 753
Circular 44 831
Circular 45, January, 1915 870
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 177, December 31, 1913 219
Bulletin 182, August, 1914 83
Bulletin 183, August. 1914 337
Bulletin 1S4, August. 1914 327
Bulletin 185, September. 1914 667
Bulletin 186, December, 1914 673
Bulletin 187, 1914 6.52
CONTENTS. Vn
Kentucky Station — Coutiuued. Page.
Bulletin ISS, December, 1914 724
Results of Two Years' Work ou Lomlou Soil Kxperiment Field 819
Louisiana Stations :
Bulletin 146, May. 1914 22
Bulletin 147, May. 1914 GS
Bulletin 148, May, 1914 6S
Bulletin 149, August, 1914 282
Bulletin 150, October, 1914 241
Bulletin 151. January, 1915 668
Bulletin 152, February, 1915 778
Bulletin 153, February, 1915 717
Crop rest Notice 1. September, 1914 548
Crop Pest Notice 2, September, 1914 553
Crop Pest Notice 3, February, 1915 846
Maine Station :
Bulletin 230, August, 1914 147
Bulletin 231, September, 1914 172
Bulletin 232, September, 1914 263
Bulletin 233, November, 1914 848
Official Inspection 61 - 856
Official Inspection 62, October, 1914 822
Official Inspection 63, November, 1914 856
Official Inspection 64, December, 1914 833
Official Inspection 65, Decembex-, 1914 856
Official Insijection 66, January, 1915 ^_ 854
Maryland Station :
Bulletin ISO, March, 1914 141,147
Bulletin 181, Marcli, 1914 175
Bulletin 182, April, 1914 141
Bulletin 183, May, 1914 129
Bulletin 184, June, 1914 ^ 558
Bulletin 185, August, 1914 771,782
Bulletin 186, October, 1914 787
Bulletin 187. November, 1914 774
Bulletin 188, December, 1914 740
Bulletin 189, January, 1915 ^ 740
Massachusetts Station :
Bulletin 155, July, 1914 32,68
Bulletin 156, October, 1914 428
Bulletin 157, November, 1914 451
Bulletin 158, December, 1914 666
Bulletin 159, December, 1914 744
Meteorological Bulletins 309-310, September-October, 1914 118
Meteorological Bulletins 311-312, November-December, 1914 418
Meteorological Bulletins 313-314, January-February, 1915 614
Control Series Bulletin 1, October, 1914 259
Control Series Bulletin 2, December, 1914 520
Circular 36, February, 1914 322
Circular 37, February, 1914 332
Circular 38, February, 1914 337
■ Circular 39, February, 1914 338
Circular 40, April, 1914 342
Vni EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Massachxtsetts Station — Continued. Page.
Circular 41, April, 1914 342
Circular 42. April, 1914 335
Circular 43, June, 1914 349
Circular 44, July. 1914 321
Circular 45, July, 1914 321
Circular 4G, Sei)teniber. 1914 33S
Circular 47, November, 1914 363
Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913, pts. 1 and 2 245,291
Michigan Station :
Bulletin 273, June, 1914 213
Bulletin 274, October, 1914 624
Special Bulletin 71, June, 1914 174
Technical Bulletin 18. June, 1914 61
Technical Bulletin 19, July, 1914 29
Circular 21, April, 1914 234
Circular 22, June, 1914 278
Circular 23, June, 1914 231
Circular 24, June, 1914 637
Twenty-seventh Annual Ileport. 1914 .. 630,641,650,669,677,693
Minnesota Station :
Bulletin 143, September, 1914 159
Bullletin 144, Stptember, 1914 627
Bulletin 145, December, 1914 688
Bulletin 146, December, 1914 688
Bulletin 147, January, 1915 635
Twenty-second Annual Eeport, 1914 812, 834, 839, 868, 870, 880, 895, 899
Mississippi Station :
Bulletin 165, January, 1914 514,526,541.574
Bulletin 166, 1913 266
Bulletin 167, October, 1914 568
Bulletin 168, January, 1915 721
Bulletin 169, December. 1914 734
Technical Bulletin 5, 1914 185
Circular Express Cotton, January, 1915 735
Missouri Station :
Bulletin 119, October, 1914 321
Bulletin 120. October, 1914 669
Bulletin 121, December, 1914 791
Bulletin 122, January, 1915 725
Research Bulletin 8, December, 1913 42
Research Bulletin 9, April, 1914 18
Research Bulletin 10, April, 1914 18
Research Bulletin 11, April, 1914 18
Research bulletin 12, April, 1914 18
Research Bulletin 13, April, 1914 19
Research Bulletin 14. May, 1914 139
Circular 71, November, 1914 666
Circular 72, November, 1914 670
Missouri Fruit Station :
Circular 7, December. 1914 743
Circular 8, December. 1914 74-1
Biennial Report. 1913-14 750,753,796
CONTENTS. IX
Montana Station: Page.
Bulletin 99, March, 1914 [appendix], March, 1914 510
Bulletin 100, August, 1914 533
Bulletin 101, October, 1914 740,760
Bulletiu 102, December, 1914 754
Bulletin 103, January, 1915 882
Circular 40, May, 1914 135
Circular 41, June, 1914 134
Circular 42, June, 1914 153
Circular 43. February, 1915 893
Nebraska Station :
Bulletin 146, December 24. 1914 ^ 631
New Hampshire Station :
Bulletin 169, July, 1914 169
Bulletin 170, May, 1914 126
Bulletin 171, July, 1914 153
Bulletin 172, June, 1914 140
Bulletin 173, September, 1914 624
Bulletin 174, September, 1914 635
Circular 15, May, 1914 243
Circular 16, June, 1914 261
New Jersey Stations :
Bulletin 267, March 31, 1914 518
Bulletin 268, April 15, 1914 514,516.533
Bulletin 269, May 20, 1914 514.518,519
Bulletin 270, June 1, 1914 817
Bulletin 271. June 1, 1914 667
Bulletin 272. September 15. 1914 624
Circular 37, April 25, 1914 60
Circular 38 575
Circular 39 572
Circular 40, October 1, 1914 584
Thirty-fourth Annual Report. 1913— 510, 514, 516. 518. 520, 527, 583. 5.34, 536,
537, 538. 541. 547, 549, 550, 569, 570, 572, 573, 584, 5S9. 590. .598
New Mexico Station :
Bulletin 91, June, 1914 467
Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1914 635,641.654,656,693
New York Cornell Station :
Bulletin 348, June, 1914 56
Bulletin 349. July, 1914 89
Bulletin 350, August, 1914 146
Bulletin 351, September. 1914 812
Bulletin 352. September, 1914 814
Bulletin 353, November, 1914 870
Bulletin 354. January, 1915 836
Circular 25, July, 1914 218
Circular 26. September, 1914 241
Memoir 3, August, 1914 736
Memoir 4, September. 1914 737
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 899
New York State Station :
Bulletin 389. July, 1914 52
Bulletin 390, October, 1914 325
X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
New York Station — Ck)ntinuecl. Page.
Bulletin 391, December, 1914 636,637
Bulletin 392, December, 1914 621,622
Bulletin 393, December, 1914 796
Bulletin 394, Jauuaiy, 1915 741
Bulletin 395, February, 1915 843
Bulletin 396, February, 1915 835
Technical Bulletin 35, July, 1914 33
Technical Bulletin 36, July, 1914 17
Technical Bulletin 37, December, 1914 606
Technical Bulletin 38, November, 1914 625
Technical Bulletin 39, December, 1914 607
Thirty-second Annual Report, 1913 614,693
North C^\:bolina Station :
Bulletin 228, August, 1914 888
Farmers' Market Bui. 2 (1915). No. 1 593
Circular 20, September, 1914 136
C?ircular 21, September, 1914 135
Circular 22, December, 1914 468
North Dakota Station :
Special Bulletin, vol. 3. No. 8, July, 1914 162
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 9, August, 1914 138,158,160,169
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 10, August, 1914 162
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 11, September and October, 1914 162
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 12, November, 1914 456
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 13, December, 1914 456
Special Bulletin, vol. 3. No. 14, January, 1915 632,634,661
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 15, February, 1915 763
Circular 1, May, 1914 135
Circular 2, November, 1914 435
Circular 3, December, 1914 549
Circular 4, January, 1915 648
Circular 5, February, 1915 834
Report Edgeley Substation, 1905 527,545.598
Report Edgeley Substation, 1906 528,598
Report Edgeley Substation, 1907 528.598
Report Edgeley Substation. 1909 528,598
Report Edgeley Substation, 1910 528,598
Report Edgeley Substation, 1912 528.5.38,542.598
Report Edgeley Substation, 1913 528,598
First Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1909 529, 598
Second Annual Report Langdon Substation. 1910 529.598
Third Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1911 ^-— 529,598
Fourth Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1912 530,598
Fifth Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1913 530.598
Ohio Station :
Bulletin 266, December, 1913 135
Bulletin 267, December, 1913 265
Bulletin 270, February, 1914 468
Bulletin 276, June, 1914 440
Bulletin 277, June. 1914 717
Bulletin 278. June, 1914 (Thirty-third Annual Report 1914) 796
Bulletin 279, July, 1914 31
CONTENTS. XT
Ohio Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 4, techuic.il .series. March, 1914 858
Circular 141, December 15, 1913 192
Circular 146, August 3, 1914 122
Circular 147. September 15, 1914 481
Circular 148, December 1, 1914 637
Circular 149, January 4, 1915 637
Circular 150. January 11. 1915 637
Circular 151, January 15, 1915 620
Oklahoma Station :
Bulletin 101, July, 1914 285
Bulletin 102, October, 1914 335
Bulletin 103, January, 1915 739
Bulletin 104. December, 1914 782
Bulletin 105, November. 1914 736
Oregon Station :
Bulletin 119, January, 1914 . 131
Bulletin 120, August, 1914 124
Bulletin 121. August, 1914 156
Bulletin 122, August, 1914 185
Bulletin 123, December, 1914 637
Bulletin 124, Februarj-, 1915 855
Bulletin 125, February, 1915 839
Report 1913-14 809, 812, 818, 827, 846, 862, 868, 899
Report East Oregon Dry Farming Station Moro. 1913-14 730
Report East Oregon Station Union 899
Second Biennial Crop Pest and Horticultur.-il Report, 1913-14 635,
636, 638, 639, 641, 642, 644, 645, 647, 651
Pennsylvania Station :
Bulletin 131, September, 1914 624
Bulletin 132, October, 1914 616
Bulletin 133, November. 1914 864
Porto Rico Station :
Bulletin 17, February 9, 1915 645
Porto Rico Board op Agriculture Station :
Bulletin 7, 1914 745
Rhode Island Station :
Bulletin 160, October, 1914 622
Bulletin 161, December, 1914 671
South Carolina Station :
Bulletin 176, April, 1914 234
Bulletin 177, September, 1914 219
Bulletin 178, October, 1914 423
Circular 26, October, 1914 431
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 538,543.598
South Dakota Station :
Bulletin 151, August, 1914 533
Bulletin 152, August. 1914 576
Bulletin 153, August, 1914 733
Bulletin 154, November, 1914 790
Bulletin 155, November, 1914 739
Bulletin 156, November. 1914 _ 736
XII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tennessee Station : Page.
Bulletin 109, September, 1914 132
Bulletin 110, October, 1914 670
Bulletin 111, January, 1915 719
Bulletin 112, January, 1915 827
Texas Station :
Bulletin 1G8, July. 1914 219
Bulletin 1G9, Septeuiber, 1914 709
Bulletin 170, November, 1914 862
Circular 5, uew series, January, 1915 796
Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 220,261,291
Utah Station :
Bulletin 134, June, 1914 28
Bulletin 135, July, 1914 73
Bulletin 136, January. 1915—- 740
Vermont Station :
Bulletin 1S2, June, 1914 520,587
Bulletin 183, June, 1914 741
Bulletin 184, September, 1914 546
Virginia Station :
Bulletin 205, June, 1914 137
Bulletin 206, June, 1914 137
Bulletin 207, June, 1914 133
Bulletin 208, July, 1914 158
Virginia Truck Station :
Bulletin 11, April 1, 1914 540
Bulletin 12. July 1, 1914 509
Bulletin 13, October 1, 1914 652
Washington Station :
Bulletin 114, October, 1914 183
Bulletin 115, October, 1914 444
Bulletin IIG. October 3, 1914 409
Bulletin 117, November 3, 1914 386
Bulletin 118, November, 1914 (Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1914)
731, 743. 796
Bulletin 119, January, 1915 793
Bulletin 120, January, 1915 793
Bulletin 121, February, 1915 833
Popular Bulletin 70, June 10, 1914 156
Popular Bulletin 71, June 21, 1914 141
Popular Bulletin 72. August, 1914 141
Popular Bulletin 73, September 10, 1914 145
Popular Bulletin 74. October. 1914 481
Popular Bulletin 76. December, 1914 869
Popular Bulletin 77, January, 1915 : 834
Popular Bulletin 78, January, 1915 850
Popular Bulletin 79, February, 1915 835
Popular Bulletin 80, February, 1915 844
Popular Bulletin 81, February, 1915 888
Popular Bulletin 82, March, 1915 844
Popular Bulletin 83, March, 1915 869
CONTENTS. XllI
West Virginia Station : Page^
Bulletin 146, October, 1914 416
Circular 8, June, 1914 888
Circular 9, June, 1914 869
Circular 10, May, 1914 899
Circular 11, July. 1914 869
Circular 12, August, 1914 834
Circular 13, Februarj-, 1915 834
Circular 14, March, 1915 831
Iteport, 1913 and 1914 97G
Wisconsin Station :
Bulletin 205, second edition, July. 1914 31
Bulletin 242, September, 1914 ^___ 171
Bulletin 243, October, 1914 275
Bulletin 244, March, 1915 889,893
Bulletin 245, February, 1915 889
Bulletin 246, January, 1915 873
Bulletin 247, January, 1915 892
Research Bulletin 32, June, 1914 844
Research Bulletin 33, June, 1914 863,871
Circular of Information 4. second edition, December, 1911 635
Circular of Information 4, Supplement, November. 1913 635
Circular S, second edition, March, 1913 631
Circular 50, September, 1914 171
Circular 51, October, 1914 289
Circular 52, November, 1914 444
Circular 53, November, 1914 469
Circular 54, November. 1914 479
Wyoming Station :
Bulletin 103 468
Bulletin 104, 1914 . 430
Bulletin 105, January, 1915 757
Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1914 717,754,770,787,796
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS
ABSTRACTED.
Annual Reports, 1014 795
Report 99, Classification of the Cryiihaliuse, with Descriptions of New
Genera and Species, A. D. Hopkins 758
Report 100, Potash from Kelp, F. K. Cameron 821
Report 101, The Woolly Apple Aphis, A. C. Baker 848
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, September, 1914 47, 55, 60, 77
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, October, 1914 123,
127, 133, 146, 150
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, November, 1914_ 215. 227, 241, 248
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, December, 1914 427,
436, 452, 454, 455, 471
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, January, 1915 633,
643, 652, 655, 656, 675
Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, February, 1915 712,
731. 755, 756, 766, 771. 775
Bulletin 33, Cereal Experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Clark 333
XIV EXPERIMENT STATIOX KECORD.
Page.
Bulletin 74, Inland Boat Service: Freight Kates ou Farm Products and
Time of Transit ou Inland Waterways in tlie United States, F.
Andrews 391
Bulletin 124, The Alfalfa Catei^illar, V, L. Wildermuth 57
Bulletin 126, Concrete Lining as Applied to Irrigation Canals, S. Fortier_ 380
Bulletin 127, The Mycogone Disease of Mushrooms and Its Control, F. J.
Veihmeyer 50
Bulletin 128, Distribution and Migration of North American Rails and
Their Allies, W. W. Cooke 55
Bulletin 129, Yields from the Destructive Distillation of Certain Hard-
woods, L. F. Hawley and R. C. Palmer 48
Bulletin 130, Operating Costs of a Well-established New York Apple
Orchard, G. H. Miller 45
Bulletin 131, Repellants for Protecting Animals from the Attacks of
Flies, H. W. Graybill 59
Bulletin 132, Correlating Agriculture with the Public-school Subjects in
the Southern States, C. H. Lane and E. A. Miller 596
Bulletin 133, Experiments with Crops Under Fall Irrigation at Scotts-
bluff Experiment Farm, F, Knorr 36
Bulletin 134, Citrus Fruit Insects in Mediterranean Countries, H. J.
Quayle 56
Bulletin 135, Experiments in the Production of Crops on Alkali Land on
the Huntley Reclamation Projects, Montana, D. Hansen 36
Bulletin 137, Some Distinctions in Our Cultivated Barleys with Refer-
ence to Their Use in Plant Breeding, H. V. Harlan 38
Bulletin 138, Commercial Turkestan Alfalfa Seed, E. Brown 38
Bulletin 139, Norway Pine in the Lake States, T. S. Woolsey, jr., and
H. H. Chapman 339
Bulletin 140, Soils of Massachusetts and Connecticut with Especial Refer-
ence to Apples and Peaches, H. J. Wilder 835
Bulletin 141, The Clyde Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 316
Bulletin 142, The Miami Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 317
Bulletin 143, Production and Fertilizer Value of Citric-soluble Phos-
phoric Acid and Potash, W. H. Waggaman 218
Bulletin 144, The Manufacture of Acid Phosphate, W. H. Waggaman 218
Bulletin 145, Tests of Wood Preservatives, H. F. Weiss and C. H. Tees-
dale 841
Bulletin 146, Economic Conditions in the Sea-island Cotton Industry,
W. R. Meadows 229
Bulletin 147, The Effect of the Cattle Tick Upon the Milk Production of
Dairy Cows, T. E. Woodward, W. F. Turner, and C. Curtice 581
Bulletin 148, The Use of Bacillus hulgancus in Starters for flaking
Swiss or Emmental Cheese, C. F. Doaue and E. E. Eldridge 776
Bulletin 149, The Use of Radio-active Substances as Fertilizers, W. H.
Ross 324
Bulletin 150, Utilization of the Fish Waste of the Pacific Coast for the
Manufacture of Fertilizer, J. W. Turrentine 519
Bulletin 151, Experiments in Crop Production ou Fallow Land at San
Antonio, C. R. Letteer 226
Bulletin 152, The Eastern Hemlock. E. H. Frothingham 542
Bulletin 153. Forest Planting in the Eastern United States. C. R. Tillot-
son 541
CONTENTS. XV
Page.
Bulletin 154, The Life History of Loilgepole Pine in the Rocky Moun-
tains, D. T. Mason 542
Bulletin 155, Wood Pipe for Conveying Water for Irrigation, S. O. Jayne_ 585
Bulletin 156, Wirewornis Attacking Cereal and Forage Crops, J. A.
Hyslop 555
Bulletin 157, Tillage and Rotation Experiments at Nephi, "Utah, P. V.
Cardon 525
Bulletin 158, The Nitrogen of Processed Fertilizers, E. C. Lathrop 217
Bulletin 159, Soils of the Sassafras Series, J. A. Bonsteel 512
Bulletin 160, Cactus Solution as an Adhesive in Arsenical Sprays for In-
sects, M. M. High 557
Bulletin 161, The Mediterranean Fruit Fly In Bermuda, E. A. Back 655
Bulletin 162, Horticultural Experiments at the San Antonio Field Sta-
tion, Southern Texas, S. H. Hastings and R. E. Blair . 539
Bulletin 163, A Field Test for Lime-sulphur Dipping Baths, R. M. Chapiu_ 612
Bulletin 164, Field Test with a Toxic Soil Constituent: Vanillin, J. J.
Skinner 619
Bulletin 165, Quassiin as a Contact Insecticide, W. B. Parker 649
Bulletin 166, Ophthalmic Mallein for the Diagnosis of Glanders, J. R.
Mohler and A. Eichhorn 682
Bulletin 167, Para-dichlorobenzine as an Insect Fumigant, A. B. Duckett- 650
Bulletin 169, Injury by Disinfectants to Seeds and Roots in Sandy Soils,
C. Hartley 647
Bulletin 170, The European Pine-shoot Moth : A Serious Menace to Pine
Timber in America, A. Busck 654
Bulletin 171, Food of the Robins and Bluebirds of the United States,
F. E. L. Real 648
Bulletin 172, Varieties of Plums Derived from Native American Spe-
cies, W. F. Wight 744
Bulletin 173, The Life History and Habits of the Pear Thrips in Cali-
fornia, S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones 850
Bulletin 174, Farm Experience with the Tractor, A. P. Yerkes and H. H.
Mowry 886
Bulletin 176, Group Classifications and Varietal Descriptions of Some
American Potatoes, W. Stuart 830
Bulletin 177, The PTOduction and Consumption of Dairy Products, E.
Merritt 773
Bulletin 178, Cooperative Organization Business ISIethods, W. H. Kerr
and G. A. Nahstoll 792
Bulletin 179. Native American Species of Prunus, W. F. Wight 837
Bulletin ISO, Soil Erosion in the South. R. O. E. Davis 811
Bulletin 181, A Report on the Methods and Cost of Reclaiming Over-
flowed Lands Along the Big Black River, Miss., L. A. Jones, W. J.
Schlick, and C E. Ramser 883
Bulletin 182, Agricultural Alcohol : Studies of Its Manufacture in Gex'-
many, E. Kremers 613
Bulletin 183, Morphology of the Barley Grain with Reference to Its
Enzym-secreting Areas, A. Mann and H. V. Harlan 823
Bulletin 186, A Method of Fumigating Seed, E. R. Sasscer and L. A.
Hawkins 650
Bulletin 187. Preliminary Census of Birds of the United States, W. W.
Cooke 648
XVI EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Page.
Farmers' Bulletin 607, The Farm Kitcheu as a Workshop, Anna Bar-
rows 65
Farmers' Bulletin 612, Breeds of Beef Cattle, W. F. Ward 568
Farmers' Bulletin 613, Goldenseal Under Cultivation, W. Van Fleet 143
Farmers' Bulletin 614, A Corn-belt Farming System Which Saves Har-
vest Labor by Hogging Down Crops, J. A. Dralce 192
Farmers' Bulletin 615, The Agricultural Outlook 90,91
Farmers' Bulletin 616, Winter-wheat Varieties for the Eastern United
States, C. E. Leighty 336
Farmers' Bulletin 617, School Lessons on Corn, C. H. Lane 197
Farmers' Bulletin 61S, Leaf-spot, a Disease of the Sugar Beet, C. O.
Townsend 50
Farmers' Bulletin 619, Breeds of Draft Horses, G. A. Bell 262
Farmers' Bulletin 620, The Agricultural Outlook 90
Farmers' Bulletin 621, How to Attract Birds in Northeastern United
States, W. L. McAtee 347
Farmers' Bulletin 622, Basket Willow Culture, G. N. Lamb 339
Farmers' Bulletin 623, Ice Houses and the Use of Ice on the Dairy Farm.
J. T. Bowen and G. M. Lambert 591
Farmers' Bulletin 624, Natural and Artificial Brooding of Chickens,
H. N. Lamon 264
Farmers' Bulletin 625, Cotton Wilt and Root-knot, W. W. Gilbert 342
Farmers' Bulletin 626, The Carpet Beetle or "Buffalo Moth," L. O.
Howard 250
Farmers' Bulletin 627, The House Centipede, C. L. Marlatt 353
Farmers' Bulletin 628, Game Laws for 1914, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 244
Farmers' Bulletin 629, The Agricultural Outlook 287
Farmers' Bulletin 630, Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer, F. E.
L. Beal 648
Farmers' Bulletin 631, Growing Peaches: Sites, Propagation, Planting,
Tillage, and Maintenance of Soil Fertility, H. P. Gould 338
Farmers' Bulletin 632, Growing Peaches: Pruning. Renewal of Tops,
Thinning, Interplanted Crops, and Special Practices, H. P. Gould 338
Farmers' Bulletin 633, Growing Peaches: A^'arieties and Classification,
H. P. Gould 338
Farmers' Bulletin 634, The Larger Cornstalk Borer, G. G. Ainslie 449
Farmers' Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes Directly to the
Farmer's Living, W. C. Funk 487
Farmers' Bulletin 636, The Chalcis-fly in Alfalfa Seed, T. D. Urbahns 454
Farmers' Bulletin 637, The Grasshopper Problem and Alfalfa Culture, F.
M. Webster 553
Farmers' Bulletin 638, Laboratory Exercises in Farm Mechanics for Agri-
cultural High Schools, D. Scoates 597
Farmers' Bulletin 639>, Eradication of the Cattle Tick Necessary for
Profitable Dairying, J. H. McClain 681
Farmers' Bulletin 640, The Hessian Fly, F. M. Webster 756
Farmers' Bulletin 641, The Agricultural Outlook, 434,435,438,455,490
Farmers' Bulletin 642, Tomato Growing in the South, H. C. Thompson—. 636
Farmers' Bulletin 643, Blackberry Culture. G. M. Darrow 639
Farmers' Bulletin 644, Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape
Juice, G. C. Husmanu 809
CONTENTS. X^^I
PaRc.
Farmers' Bulletin 645, The Agricultural Outlook 504
Farmers' Bulletin 64G, Crimson Clover — Seed Production, J. M. Westgate- 732
Farmers' Bulletin 047, The Home Garden in the South, II. C. Thomi»son__ 743
Farmers' Bulletin 648, The Control of Root-linot, E. xV. Bessey and L. P.
Byars 842
Farmers' Bulletin 649, Alfalfa Attacked by the Clover-root Curculio,
F. M. Webster 8ol
Farmers' Bulletin 650, The San Jos6 Scale and Its Control, A. L. Quaint-
ance 850
Farmers' Bulletin 651, The Agricultural Outlook 877, 893
Farmers' Bulletin 652, The Sheep-killing Dog, V. O. McWhorter 860
Farmers' Bulletin 653, Honey and Its Uses in the Home, Caroline L. Hunt
and Helen W. Atwater 855
Farmers' Bulletin 654, How Farmers May Improve Their Personal Credit,
C. W. Thompson 892
Farmers' Bulletin 655, Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle, W. F.
Ward 805
Farmers' Bulletin 656, The Community Egg Circle, C. E. Bassett and
W. H. Kerr 870
Preparation of Articles for Journal of Agricultural Research 796
Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1915— 496
Office of the Secretary :
Circular 46, Rules and Regulations of the United States Cotton
Futures Act of August 18, 1914 689
Special [Circulars] :
Advantages of Dairying in the South 574
Conveniences for Handling the Farm Cow and Her Products 590
Do You Keep a Cow? 574
Feeding the Farm Cow in the South 574
Hairy Vetch for the Cotton Belt, C. V. Piper 533
Horse and Mule Raising in the South 570
How Southern Farmers May Get a Start in Pig Raising 570
ISIaking Farm Butter in the South 577
Marketing Butter and Cream in the South 577
Permanent Pastures for the Cotton Belt, L. Carrier 534
Producing Sheep on Southern Farms 568
Rape as a Forage Crop in the Cotton Belt. C. V. Piper 533
Rye in the Cotton Belt, C. E. Leighty 533
Shall Southern Farmers Build Creameries? 577
Sorghum for Forage in the Cotton Belt, H. X. Vinall 533
Soy Beans in the Cotton Belt, W. J. Morse 533
Suggestions on Poultry Raising for the Southern Farmer 570
The Feeding and Care of Dairy Calves 568
The Production and Care of Milk and Cream 575
Winter Oats in the Cotton Belt, C. W. Warburton 533
Winter Wheat in the Cotton Belt, C. E. Leighty 533
Cowpeas in the Cotton Belt, W. J. Morse 631
Sweet Potato Growing in the Cotton Belt, H. C. Thompson 740
Report 102, Descriptions of Some Weevils Reared from Cotton in
Peru, W. D. Pierce G58
Report 103, Social and Labor Needs of Farm Women 890
1115°— 15 2
XVin EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Office of the Secretary — Continued. rage.
Report 104, Domestic Needs of Farm Women 890
Keport 105, Educational Needs of Farm Women 890
Report 106, Economic Needs of Farm Women 890
Bureau of Animal Industry :
Order 211, Regulations Governing Meat Inspection in the United
States Department of Agriculture 777
Bureau of Crop Estimates :
Field Agent's Handbook of Agricultural Statistics 490
Circular 17, revised, Government Crop Reports 689
Bureau of Entomology:
Bulletin 25, pt. 2, technical series, The Yellow Clover Aphis, J. J.
Davis 247
Bulletin 94, pt. 2, Insects Injurious to Forests and Forest Products,
Biology of Termites of Eastern United States, T. E. Snyder 755
Bulletin 17, pt. 2, technical series. Contributions Toward a Mono-
graph of the Scolytid Beetles. II, Preliminary Classification of the
Superfamily Scolytoidea, A. D. Hopkins 658
Forest Service:
Instructions for Appraising Stumpage on National Forests 340
Bureau of Plant Industry :
Document 1130, Single-stalk Cotton Culture. O. F. Cook 434
Principal Poisonous Plants of the Western Stock Ranges, C. D. Marsh_ 474
Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, October 1 to December 31,
1912 628
The Dasheeu, A Root Crop for the South, R. A. Young 631
How to Send Living Plant Material to America, D. Fairchild 833
Work of Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, 1913, F. Knoor 223.233
Work of Yuma Experiment Farm, 1913. R. E. Blair 225.232
Work of San Antonio Experiment Farm. 1913, S. H. Hastings 332. 337
Work of Umatilla Experiment Farm, 1913, R. W. Allen 332. 337
Work of Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, 1913, B. Aurne. 430, 438, 440, 469
Bureau of Soils :
Field Operations, 1913 —
Soil Survey of Pinellas County, Fla., G. B. Jones and T. M.
Morrison 26
Soil Survey of Bamberg County, S. C, W. E. McLendon 28
Soil Survey of Ralls County, Mo., A. T. Sweet and W. I. Watkius_ 213
Soil Survey of Cass County, Nebr., A. H. Meyer, R. J. Scar-
borough, et al 214
Soil Survey of Forsyth County, N. C, R. T. Allen and R. C.
Jurney 214
Soil Survey of Union County, S. C, C. Lounsbury. W. E. Mc-
Lendon. and J. A. Kerr 214
Soil Survey of Henrico County, Ta., W. J. Latimer and M. W.
Beck 214
Soil Survey of Jeff Davis County, Ga., P. O. Wood et al 317
Soil Survey of Bremer County, Iowa, M. Baldwin, E. B. Watson,
and F. B. Howe 317
Soil Survey of Habersham County. Ga., D. D. Long and E. C.
Hall 513
Soil Survey of Jones County, Ga., D. D. Long, G. A. Crabb, et al. 513
CONTENTS. XIX
Bureau of Soils — Continued.
Field Operations, 1913 — Continued.
Soil Survey of Talbot County, Ga., R. A. "Winston and II. W. Page.
Hawker 513
Soil Survey of Goodhue County, Minn., W. G. Smith et al 616
Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, S. C, J. H. Agee et al 616
Soil Survey of Washington County, Tex., A. H. Meyer et al 617
Soil Survey of Boone County, W. Va., W. J. Latimer 617
Weatheb Bureau:
Bulltiu Mt. Weather Observatorj% Vol. 6, pt. 5 24
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1914 24
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1914_ 210, 211, 221
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 9-10, September-October,
1914 614
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 11-12, November-December,
1914 810,811
Monthly Weather Review, Supplement 1, Types of Storms of the
United States and Their Average Movements, E. H. Bowie and
R. H. Weightman 316
Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1914 118
Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1914 316
Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1914___ 614
Report, 1914 810
Office of Experiment Stations :
Federal Legislation, Regulations, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations 496
Office or the Solicitor :
Federal Food and Drugs Act and Decisions 254
Laws Applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture,
Second Supplement 693
The Twenty-eight Hour Law and the Animal Quarantine Laws
Annotated 679
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |S^- ^- S^'^^'
"^•^ IR. W. Trullinger.
W,
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology "
Field Crops — G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutrition jg ^- Langwortiiy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
yti. L. Lang.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. M. V.
veterinary ,.ediclne{«;-VHo-r
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics^E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
H. Evans, Ph. D.
E. Boyd.
LIBRARY
WEW YOR«
BOTANICAL
OARUeol.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIl NO. i.
Page.
Editorial notes:
The Washington convention 1
Some effects of extension development 4
Renewed importance of agricultural research 6
Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and. Experi-
ment Stations, 1914 8
Recent work in agricultural science 16
Notes 94
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Phytin and phytic acid, Clarke 16
Organic phosphoric acids of wheat bran, Anderson 17
Carotin, the principal yellow pigment of milk fat. Palmer and Eckles 18
Lactochi'ome, the yellow pigment of milk whey. Palmer and Cooledge 19
The nature of enzym action, Bayliss 19
About the lipase of Chelidonium seeds, Bournot 19
Formation of humic substances by polypeptids on sugar, Maillard 19
Colloidal chlorophyll and position in absorption bands, Iwanowski 19
A dilution colorimeter and error in comparing colors. Stanford 20
A color reaction for proteins, Lewin • 20
About the detection of histidin. Inouye 20
The detection of saponins. Ill, Riihle 20
Detection and differentiation of saponins by hemolysis, Halberkann 20
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Determinntinn of glycerol in wino, with now metborl. Rothenfusser 20
A new metb(xl for differentiating human from cow's milk, Davidsohn 20
The so-called nitrogen-free extractive substances, Konig 21
Some effects of feeds upon the jiroperties of lard, I, II, Hare 21
Identification and detenuinalion of sodium chlorid in feeds, Strigel 22
Action of refinoHl sugar on Fehling's solution, Strohmer 22
Bacteriological investigations of sugar-cane products, Owen 22
Progress in cocoa and chocolate manufacture, 1905-1912. Bohme 23
Protein substances of barley during the brewing processes, Schjerning — 23
Thirty-first meeting of Society of Starch Interests in Germany, Pa row — 23
METEOROLOGY.
Treatise on meteorology, Yincent 24
Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 24
Solar radiation intensities and temperature, Kimball 24
The thunderstorm and its phenomena, Ilmnphreys 24
Monthly Weather Review 24
Weather records, Georgeson 25
Climate and meteorology, Connor 25
British rainfall, 1913, Mossman and Salter 25
SOILS FERTILIZERS.
Soil mapping and soil insti'uction. Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen 26
The question of soil maps, Graf zu Leiningen 26
Soil survey of Pinellas County, Florida, Jones and Morrison 26
McDonough County [Illinois] soils. Hopkins. Mosier, Pettit, and Fislier_- 26
Chemical analyses of some Kansas soils, Swanson 26
Geologic origin and history of the New York State soils, von Engeln 2S
The soils of New York State, Buckman 28
Soil survey of Bamberg County, South Carolina, McLendon 28
Fruit soils of the Great Interior Yalley, Nelson 28
The nitric nitrogen content in the country rock, Stewart and Peterson 28
Assimilation of nitrogen of air by lower organisms in soil, Schneidewind-. 29
Ammonifying power of soil-inhabiting fungi, McLean and Wilson 29
The environment of soil bacteria, Yan Suchtelen 29
Soil acidity, Harris 29
Soil acidity and methods for its detection. Harris 30
Soil denudation and conservation of moisture, Howard l 30
Coast sand dunes, sand spits, and sand wastes. Case 30
Reclamation of waste land. Hall 30
[Reclaiming land injured by volcanic ash], Georgeson 31
The improvement of marsh soils, Whitson, Weir, and Ullsperger 31
Effect of fertilizers on proi'yerties of soil, Mausberg 31
The maintenance of fertility. — Liming the land. Thorne 31
Effect of lime oxid and carbonate on soils. Hutchinson and MacLennan 32
New fertilizer materials and by-products. Haskins 32
The synthetic production of ammonia. Ilaber 33
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
A manual of bacteriology. Reed 33
Classification of nodule bacteria, Klimmer and Kriiger 33
A morphological and cultural study of some Azotobacter, Jones 33
The influence of calcium on soil bacteria. Miller 33
Bacteria of frozen soil. Conn 33
Radio-activity and vegetation. Trufl'aut 34
A summer's evaporation and precii)itation in Lancaster County. Rnmbold- .'H
Specialization in vegetation and in environment in California, Cannon 34
On the density of the cell sap in some desert plants. Cannon 34
Influence of the order of development of fruits of Passiflora gracilis on
the frequency of teratological variations, Harris and Gortner 35
Inheritance of leaf coloration in Melandrium, Shnll 35
Immunity of plants to their own poisons. D'lppolito ^ 35
Antitoxic action of chloral hydrate on copper sulphate, Hibbard 35
CONTENTS. ni
FIELD CUOPS.
Page.
Summary of [field crops experiments in Alaska], Georgeson 35
Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, Neal 36
Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, Gasser 36
Report of [field crop.s] work at Kodiak Station, Snodgrass 36
Production of crops on alkali laud on Huntley project, Hansen 36
Exi)erinients with crops under fall irrigation at Scottsbluff farm, Knorr 36
[Field crop experiments], Allan, Clouston, and Evans 37
Report on variety tests, 1913. Merkel 37
The cultivated root-producing aroids, Quisumbing 37
Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, MuUer 37
A list of grasses from Ahmadabad and Surat, Sedgwick 37
Culture of meadows on moor soils, Oehme 38
Moisture as a factor of error in determining forage yields, McKee 38
Commercial Turkestan alfalfa seed. Brown 38
Distinctions in cultivated barleys with reference to breeding, Harlan 38
[Analyses of locally grown cassava], Camus 40
Some principles of genetics applied to cotton production, Ti'abut 40
Kafir, Helder 40
Relation of yield of straw and grain in oats. Love 40
Report of the potato cultural experiments for 1912, Toch 41
The cultivation of rice in Spain, Tarchetti 41
Field experiments covering 1913, De Jong 41
Weight and sugar of beets in relation to area at each plant. Pellet 41
Determination of ripeness in Pundia cane, Padhye 41
Growing sugar cane for market, Paranjpye 41
Spanish sulla [soola]. — Tested at Ruakura farm of instruction. Green 41
The sweet potato: How to grow and keep it, Nordin 41
The chemical composition of Philippine sweet potatoes, Labayen 41
Lax and dense-eared wheats, Parker 42
Effect of rate of seeding on competition in wheat varieties, Grantham 42
Wheat. — Raising, marketing, handling, and use, Ten Eyck 42
Value of biological method of determining A-arieties of seeds, Cauda 42
Zellers' barley and ear corn table for wagonloads, Zellers 42
HORTICULTURE.
The killing of plant tissue by low temperature. Chandler 42
Multiplicity of crops as a means of increasing future food supply, Hedrick_ 45
[Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson et al 45
Oi^erating costs of a well-established New York apple orchard, Miller 45
Plum and prune culture, Allen 45
Prune culture, Peneveyre 45
A handbook of tropical gardening and planting, Macmillan 45
New method of growing bananas, Bertoni 45
[Cacao manurial plats in Dominica] 45
Indian cashew-nut industry. Baker 46
The coconut and its products, with special reference to Ceylon, Pratt 46
Manux'ial experiments in connection with lime cultivation 46
The sugar palm, Barrett 46
Tea manuring experiments, II, Bernard and Deuss 46
Tea mannring experiments at Malabar, Bosscha . 46
Studies in Juglans, II, Babcock 46
Rhamnns pnrHliiana, Johnson and Hindman 46
The cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in England, Whatmough- 46
Plant diseases and pests regulations 46
FORESTRY.
Michigan manual of forestry. — I, Forest regulation. Roth 46
Acts of assembly relating to forests and forestry, edited by Kalbfns 47
Forest administrntion in the colonies 47
A review of the net revenues from the Saxony state forests for 1912, Vogel_ 47
Influence of soil strata in drifting sand on growth of forest trees, Schottler_ 47
A fertilizer experiment in forest nurseries, von Rusnov 47
A thinning experiment with Douglas fir (Pscudotsuga taxifolia), Kubelka_ 47
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Timbers from various countries 47
Density of wood substance and porosity of wood, Dimlap 47
Note on the absorption of water by certain timbers, Pearson 48
The lumber industry, II, III, IV 48
Seouriuf; velocity moasurements in the management of log slides. Glatz — 48
Yields from destructive distillation of hardwoods, Hawley and Palmer — 48
Eesin tapping in Austria, Kubelka 48
Tables and instructions for use with latex hydrometer, Eaton 48
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Plant diseases in Ontario], Howitt 48
The Ure^linales, Trotter i— 40
Notes on the cultivation of Ileterodera radicicola, Byars 49
[Grain smuts], Zavitz 49
The treatment of seed wheat, Ross 49
A disease involving the dropping of cotton bolls, Hewitt 49
The Mycogone disease of mushrooms and its control, Veihmeyer 50
Notes on potato diseases from the Northwest, Bailey 50
The southern bacterial wilt in New Jersey, Cook 50
Some diseases of the potato. — I, Bacterial wilt or vrot-pootje, Doidge 50
Leaf spot, a disease of the sugar beet, Townsend 50
The stem rot of the sweet potato, Harter and Field 50
Some new or little-known diseases of the sweet potato, Taubenhaus 51
Wintering of timothy rust in Wisconsin, Hungerford 51
[Orchard diseases and treatments], Caesar 51
A new pomaceous rust, Gymno sporangium 'blasdaleanum, Jackson 51
A fi'uit spot of the Wealthy apple, Stakman and Rose 51
An unusual host of Foitics fomentarius. Weir 51
The cankers of Ploifrightia morliosa in their relation to other fungi, Weir_ 52
Some notes on the black knot of plums and cherries, McClintock 52
Dead-arm disease of grapes, Reddick 52
"Dead arm" of grapevines. Hall 52
Fungus diseases [of cranberries]. Franklin 52
Cranberry spraying experiments in Massachusetts in 1912, Shear 53
Citrus canker, Wolf and Massey 53
A gumming disease affecting lemon fruits, Jarvis 53
A bacterial disease of Erodium and Pelargonium, Lewis 53
Pink disease. Brooks 54
Peronospora parasitica on Arabis laevigata, Anderson 54
Studies on biology of mallow rust, Hecke 54
Black canker of chestnut and means for its control, Lissone 54
Field studies on Endothia canker of chestnut in New York, Rankin 54
Notes on wood-destroying fungi on coniferous and deciduous trees, I. Weir_ 54
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
The rabbit pest, Georgeson S4
The food habits of the short-tailed shrew {Blarina brevicauda), Babcock_ 54
Distribution of North American rails and their allies, Cooke 55
Birds as carriers of chestnut-blight fungus. Heald and Stndhalter 55
A synopsis of economic entomology. Lechhead 56
A bibliography of the writings of Prof. Mark Vernon Slingerland. Leonard- 56
[Entomological problems in South Africa]. d'Emmerez de Charmoy 56
Sugar-cane pests in the Leeward Islands, Ballon 56
Citrus-fruit insects in Mediterranean countries, Quayle 56
Combating insects by mucilage, Jssleib 56
The inseeticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed, Williams 56
Eggs and nymphal stages of Calocoris rapidus, Webster and Stoner 57
A new insect pest of stored potatoes. Dutt 57
Notes on the green spruce aphis (Aphis ahietina), Theobald 57
Contribution to the knowledge of the oak phylloxera. Hollrung 57
On the preparation of Coccidfe for microscopical study. Green 57
A new Lachnodius in Madagascar. Vayssiere , 57
A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California, Campbell -. — 57
The alfalfa caterpillar, Wildermuth 57
Surface caterpillar on Mokameh Tal. Woodhouse and Dutt 58
Feltia (Agrotis) cxclamationis and Eu-roa (Agrotis) segetum, Sacharov__ 59
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Parasites of the eggs of Cydia pomonella, Stcherbakov 59
Repellents for protecting animals from the attacks of files, Graybill 59
On the biology of Trichomyia urhica, a psychodid, Keiliu 59
Phlebotumns paimtasii, the transmitter of the "three-days fever," Morales, 59
A flagellate infection of sand files, Mackie 59
New luvestigatious of life history of twc warble flies of cattle, Glaser 60
The typhoid fly and its associates, Ileadlee 60
A new sarcophagid parasite of grasshoppers, Kelly 1 60
Papaya fruit fly, Knab and Yothers fjO
Mosquitoes and malaria. Stiles 61
The behavior of the parasite of Indian kala-azar In the dog flea, Patton__ 61
A bacterial disease of larvifi of June beetle, Lachnosterua spp., Northrup_ 61
A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp.,
Northrup . 62
Boll-weevil effect upon cotton production, Hinds 62
On Stylops and stylopisatiou. Smith and Hamm 62
Geographical distribution of Tetranychus telanus, Ewlug " 63
The muscardines; genus Beauveria, Beauverie 63
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Preservation of commercial fish and fishery products in the Tropics, Seale_ 63
Cows' butter and its substitution with artificial products, Webei* 63
The composition and quality of Mexican wheats and wheat flours, Bailey_ 63
[Deficiency of gluten in French wheats], Lindet 63
Decline in gluten of bread flour, Wagner 63
The percentage of wet and dry gluten in wheat flour, Kepner 63
Flour, McGill 64
Notes on " shai-ps," Liverseege and Elsdon 64
Wider use of corn for food in Philippines, Boomer 64
The composition and food value of fresh soy beans, Molliex 64
Roselle recipes, reporteil by Wester 64
[Coffee consumption and grinding In foreign countries], Osborne et al 64
Tea, McGill 64
Temiierance beverages or soft drinks, McGill 64
[Water for drinking .and cooking purposes supplied to ships] 64
Water for cooking and preserving purix)ses, Smith 64
Report of the committee on sanitation 64
Sanitation of canning factoi'ies 65
[Food-inspection work], Barney 65
Dunn's pure food and drug legal manual, edited by Dunn 65
The fruit and vegetable canning industry of New Jersey — season of 1912_ 65
The farm kitchen as a workshop. Barrows . 65
Electric cooking aud heating, Nightingall 65
The American waiter. Goins Go
Experimental domestic science, Jones 65
The history of dietetics, Nichols 66
Concerning modern food reforms, Rubner 66
Protein metabolism after hunger, Wolf 66
The protein requirements and the price of meat. Decker 66
Family budgets of Danish workingmen's families, I-III 66
The care and feeding of children, Frayser ' : 66
How to keep your baby well 66
Some principles of infant feeding, Shaw 66
Adaptation of gastric juice to digestion of milk, Gaucher 66
Goat's milk in infant feeding r. cow's milk, Sherman and Lohnes 66
Is polished rice plus vitamin a complete food? Funk 67
The vitamins. Stiles 67
Nerve degeneration in fowls fed unhusked rice, Gibson and Concepcion__ 67
The etiology of pellagra, Goldberger 67
The degree of metabolism in various kinds of work, Becker 67
A micro-respiration apparatus and studies with insect pupce, Krogh 67
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Stock feeding, Dalrymple 6S
Paille finne grass. Tracy 68
Coconut meal, Lindsey 68
Kafir for feeding, Helder 68
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Kaising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, Gray and Ward 69
A study of tbe digestibility of rations for steers, Mumford et al 69
Digestibility of some rations for swine, Dietrich and Grindley 70
Development of growing pigs with reference to protein, Enimett et al — 71
Ash content of pigs with refei'cuce to protein, Williams and Enimett 72
Phosphorus of pigs with reference to protein, Williams and Emmett 72
Forms of nitrogen in growing pigs, with reference to protein, Joseph 73
Egg production in a flock of 7-year-old hens and progeny, Ball et al 73
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Efficiency for milk production of nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn grain. —
Effect of diuresis on milk secretion. Hart and Humphrey 74
Bacterial flora of prepared feedstuffs fresh and fermented, Wigger 75
Studies on two and three milkings per day of milch cows, Isaachsen et al_ 7.")
Experiments Avith Hegelund and ordinary milking, Isaachsen and Grande_ 75
The fat content of cows' milk in various stages of milking, Isaachsen — 75
The limits of error in milking tests at intervals, Martiny ' 75
Milk hygiene investigations of the last twelve years, RuUmann 70
Hygiene of transportation of animal-food products, Chapin 76
The supply of milk to Indian cities, Mann 76
Economic problems of milk distribution in relation to health. Williams — 76
Foot-and-mouth disease and milk and butter, Bordas and Raczkowski 76
Influence of Bacterium lactis acidi on micro-organisms, Brown 76
Biorized milk, Klunker 77
Milk sterilization by electricity, Kershaw 77
Composition of Roquefort cheese fat, Currie 77
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
The anatomy of the domestic animals, Sisson 78
Chemical pathology. Wells 78
Pathogenic micro-organisms, edited by Kolle and von Wassermann 78
Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, Kaupp 79
Veterinary hygiene, Klimmer 79
General therapeutics for veterinarians, Frohner, trans, by Klein 79
C. Stephan's pharmacoguostic tables. Starke 79
Some notes on bacterin thei'apy, Schofield 79
Protein anaphylaxis with especial reference to antigen diagnosis. PfeifEer_ 79
The antigenic properties of globin caseinate. Gay and Robertson 79
Negative results with ninhydrin reaction as test for amino acids, Pearce_ 80
Biology of the colostrum bodies, Thomas 1 80
Influence of sodium fluorid on the animal body, Schwyzer 80
Cotton-seed meal with reference to toxic action. Friemann 80
Chlor-xylenol-saix)cresol (Sagrotan), a new disinfectant, Schottelius 80
Bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, Hamilton and Ohno 80
Some notes on the systematic dipping of stock, Edmonds and Bevan 81
Report of civil veterinary department, Assam, for 1913-14. Harris 81
Collected papers from the research laboratory of Parke, Davis & Co 81
The influence of low temperatures on the anthrax bacillus. Poppe 81
Bursati. Holmes 81
Combating glanders, with the various methods for diagnosis, Marioth 81
In regard to inunnnity in trypanosome diseases. Offermanu 81
Abortion and sterility in cattle, Williams 82
Curative treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle by iodin, Holmes_ 82
Capsule formation in septicemia hemorrhagica bacteria. Gozony 82
Deaths among cattle caused by Simulium bites, Miessner 82
The hemolymph nodes of the sheep. — I. Meyer 82
Experiments on the treatment of surra in camels, Cross 83
Diseases of swine, Glasser 83
Hog cholera and the production and use of hog-cholera serum, Salmon 83
Hog cholera and its control, Graham and Mumma 83
Value of serum protective vaccination again.st hog cholera, Zingle 83
A contribution to the shoat typhoid question. Weidlich 83
Causes of meat poisoning. — Paratyphoid B bacilli. Bernhardt 84
Arterial sclerostomatosis in the horse, Burnett 84
Experiments with salvarsan in canine distemper, Krocher 84
CONTENTS. VII
BUBAL ENGINEEKING.
Page.
Irrigation hranoh 84
The water economy of the earth, Ilalbfass 84
Tests on plain and roinforced concrete tiles, Dielimann 84
Haiuly tables fw conipntins the cost of tile drains, Parsons 85
Notes ui)on the water hyacinth, Ward 85
Earth roads, Morrison 85
The use of explosives in agriculture, Macmillan 85
A self-steering farm motor, Washburn 80
The testing of lubricating oil for internal-combustion motors, Lumet 86
The draft of plows. Godbole 86
Relation between electricity and threshing-machine fires, Shoemaker 86
Forms for concrete work. Ilice 86
Stables, Kingelmaun 86
Silos and silage, Negley 80
The iNIissouri silo, Long 86
Conference of workers on permanent and sanitaiy farm improvements 86
Sanitary engineering and agricultural engineering, Hansen 87
Water supply. Kropf 87
The farm water supply, Ramsower 87
Some notes on water supply in the rural district of Atherstone, Coleby 87
A treatise on water supplies, Friedrich 87
Water purification by ozone, Erlwein 87
The use of chlorin compounds for the purification of drinking water, Ruys_ 87
Sterilization of drinking water by ultraviolet light, Sleeswijk 87
Sewage disposal and sludge conversion, Watson 88
The present position of the sewage disposal problem. Fowler 88
Sludge disposal, Kershaw 88
Imhoff tank and proposed sewage farm for Torrance, Cal., Bennett 88
Vacuum cleaning systems, Cooley 89
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Some factors for success in general and daiiy farming, Warren 89
Letters from settlers and reports from the seed distribution 89
Small industries among women in the rural districts 1 89
How housewives can coopei'ate. Heath 89
Report of the Mayor's Market Commission of New York City 89
Internal commerce of United States, 1789-1900, Van Metre 90
The agricultural outlook 90
Supply of cattle hides. Holmes 91
Price of meat in Munich, Gschwendtner 91
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The agricultural instruction act 91
[Agricultural education in Canada] 92
Agricultural departments and agricultural colleges. Miller 92
Report of agricultural and housekeeping schools for 1912-13 92
Agricultural home-economics instruction in the Netherlands, v. Ramult-- 92
Organization of agricultural institute at Spalato. Slaus-Kantschieder 92
Institute for Fermentation Industries and Starch Manufacture, Roinmel__ 92
An imperial federation of Austrian agricultui'al teachers, Gohlert 92
The foundation of colonies of agricultural graduates, Martinez 92
Purpose and organization of seminar for farmers in Konigsberg, Luberg 93
How to organize and conduct a girls' canning club, Robinson 93
Information on corn growing for corn-club boys, Duncan and Hobdy 93
Alabama Boys' Corn Club Day, Duncan and Hobdy 93
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Alaska Stations, 1913 93
Annual report on work under local experiment law in 1913, Duggar 93
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
stations in the United States.
Alabama College Station : ^'ag^-
Bui. 177, Mar., 1914 69
Bui. 178, July, 1914 62
Circ. 22, Oct., 1913 93
Circ. 23, Nov., 1913 93
Circ. 24, Nov., 1913 93
Circ. 25, Feb., 1914 93
Circ. 26, Apr., 1914 86
Circ. 27, May, 1914 53
Alaslia Stations:
An. Rpt. 1913 25,31,
35, 36, 45, 54, 89, 93
Illinois Station:
Bui. IGS, Mar., 1914 71
Bui. 1(J9, May, 1914 72
Bui. 170, May, 1914 70
Bui. 171, June, 1914 72
Bui. 172, June, 1914 69
Bui. 173, June, 1914 73
Soil Rpt. 7, Sept., 1913_-- 26
Kansas Station :
Bui. 108, Apr., 1914 40,68
Bui. 199, June, 1914 26
Kentucky Station :
Bui. 182, Aug., 1914 83
Louisiana Stations :
Bui. 146, May, 1914 22
Bui. 147, May, 1914 68
Bui. 148, May, 1914 68
Massachusetts Station :
Bnl. 155, July, 1914 32,68
Micbigan Station :
Tecb. Bui. 18, June, 1914__ 61
Tecb. Bui. 19, July, 1914__ 29
Missouri Station :
Research Bui. 8, Dec, 1913__ 42
Research Bui. 9, Apr., 1914__ 18
Research Bui. 10, Apr., 1914_ 18
Research Bui. 11, Apr., 1914_ 18
Research Bui. 12, Apr., 1914_ 18
Research Bui. 13, Apr., 1914_ 19
New Jersey Stations :
Circ. 37, Apr. 25, 1914 60
New York Cornell Station :
Bui. 348, June, 1914 56
Bui. 349, July, 1914 89
New York State Station :
Bui. 389. July, 1914 52
Tecb. Bui. 35, July, 1914__ 33
Tech. Bui. 36, July, 1914__ 17
Ohio Station:
Bui. 279, July, 1914 31
Utah Station:
Bui. 134, June. 1914 2§
Bui. 135, July, 1914 73
Wisconsin Station :
Bui. 205, 2. ed., July, 1914_ 31
U. 8. Department of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No.
6, Sept., 1914 47,55,60,77
VIII
U. »S. Department of Agriculture — Con.
Page.
Bui. 124, The Alfalfa Caterpil-
lar, V. L. Wildormutb 57
Bui. 127, The Mycogoue Disease
of Mushrooms and its Control,
F. J. Veihmeyer 50
Bui. 128, Distribution and Mi-
gration of North American
Rails and Their Allies, W. W.
Cooke 55
Bui. 129, Yields from the De-
structive Distillation of Cer-
tain Hardwoods, L. F. Haw-
ley and R. C. Palmer 48
Bui. 130. Operating Costs of a
Well-Establisbed New York
Apple Orchard, G. H. Miller__ 45
Bui. 131, Repellents for Protect-
ing Animals from the Attacks
of Flies, tl. W. Graybill 59
Bui. 133, Experiments with
Crops Under Fall Irrigation
at Scottsbluff Experiment
Farm, F. Knorr 36
Bui. 134, Citrus Fruit Insects in
Mediterranean Countries. H. J.
Quayle 56
Bui. 135, Experiments in the
Production of Crops on Alkali
Land on the Huntley Recla-
mation Project, Montana, D.
Hansen 36
Bui. 137, Some Distinctions in
Our Cultivated Barleys with
Refei-ence to Their T'se in
Plant Breeding, H. V. Harlan_ * 38
Bui. 13S. Commercial Turkestan
Alfalfa Seed, E. Brown 38
Farmers' Bui. 607, The Farm
Kitchen as a Workshop, Anna
Barrows . 65
Farmers' Bui. 015, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 90,91
Farmers' Bui. 618, Leaf-Spot, a
Disease of the Sugar Beet.
C. O. Townsend 50
Farmers' Bui. 620, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 00
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations. 1913—
Soil Survey of Pinellas
County, ' Florida, G, B.
Jones and T. M. Morri-
son 26
Soil Survey of Bamberg
Countv, South Carolina,
W. E." McLendon 28
Weather Bureau :
Bui. Mt. Weather Observ..
vol, G. pt. 5 24
:\Io. Weatlier Rev., vol. 42.
Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1914_ 24
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. January, 1915. No. 1.
The annual convention of the agricultural colleges and experiment
stations is always an event of national importance, for it concerns
the welfare of a system of public-service institutions representing
every State, and bearing an unusually close relation to the people.
But the convention of 1914 was of uncommon significance, marking
as it did the beginning of a great new phase of their work, which for
the time being naturally occupied the center of the stage. It was
essentially an extension convention, considering not only the scope,
purpose, and methods of that division of activity, but its relation-
ships to the other agricultural work and other agencies.
The new extension work has brought with it, not only an enlarged
field of operation but many incidental changes and adjustments,
which make its effect far-reaching. "^^Hiile it is a type of teaching,
it involves new methods and new relationships, and hence it con-
cerns the college organization as a whole, its attitude, and its out-
side connections and influence. The people are its pupils, and the
benefit to them will be proportional to the extent to which they are
led to enter into the new enterprise.
Another new or closer relation developing out of this latest expan-
sion is that with the Federal Department of Agriculture, which was
a matter of comment at the meeting. Thus, the Secretary of Agri-
culture in his address before the convention spoke of the increasing
realization of the unity of interests of the Department and the agri-
cultural colleges, the widened opportunities for cooperative service,
and the additional responsibilities incurred. And the president of
the association in referring to the matter said : " The chief importance
of the new policy of the Department of Agriculture in its relations
with these colleges is the recognition that this national institution,
founded also in 1862 primarily for research and instruction in agri-
culture, is reall}^ a part of our national system of agricultural educa-
tion, represented in the States by the land-grant colleges, and that
therefore it should work not alongside of them but in close interlock-
ing alliance with them."
These things all contributed new lines of interest to the Washing-
ton meeting, and served to give it unusual importance. The dis-
1
2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cussion of administrative questions relating to the new work, its
opportunities, its responsibilities, and its affiliations naturally found
a place in the various other meetings. This began with a three-days'
meeting of the committee on extension organization and policy, held
prior to the opening of the convention, which was most helpful in
enabling thorough consideration and conference on many funda-
mental questions arising from the new enterprise. This conference
was attended by the chairman of the executive committee and the
president of the association, and as the deliberations necessarily con-
cerned the Department of Agriculture, which is cooperating so
intimately in the enterprise, several of its officers connected with the
work were brought into the meetings. The whole effort was to
arrive at a proper point of view with respect to certain principles
of general application, realizing that adaptations would need to be
made to local conditions and requirements.
The desirability of thorough study at the outset arises from the
novelty of the undertaking in its present scope, the limited experience
had in such effort, and the fact that great confusion has arisen as to
the aims and purposes of the movement. No such undertaking of a
national scope and such ultimate dimensions has ever been sanc-
tioned by a people ; and with little time for preparation it has been
assigned to the colleges to give it form and effect. The lines are
being laid for a permanent enterprise, which is to constitute a great
national system. The true significance of the movement is not yet
grasped by the great body of the people, and probably not fully by
some of those entering into it. As Dr. True stated, " the agi'icul-
tural college is to be changed from an institution having a strictly
local habitat, with comparatively limited powers for the diffusion of
knowledge, to a widely diffused institution dealing educationally
with multitudes of people at their own homes. And it is to carry
with it wherever it goes the Xational Department of Agriculture, not
only as a provider of funds, but as an active coadjutor in its educa-
tional operations." This involves more than the appointment of
additional officers and specialists, and machinery to secure the eco-
nomical expenditure of the new public funds. It requires that the
extension work be made a vital part of the organism of the college
and the Department, if the ends reasonably expected are attained;
and it calls for a sympathetic and helpfid spirit between the various
classes of workers, with due appreciation of the work of each and
loyalty to the enterprise as a whole.
A visible product of the conference was a report of the committee
on extension organization and policy, consisting largely of descrip-
tions and definitions of terms applying to extension work; but in
fact it went far deeper than this in the crystallizing of ideas as to
EDITORIAL. 6
the essentials of organization and procedure, and in bringing to
light some of the problems for future consideration. This committee
has a highly important field from now on, and the kind of study
which it should be able to give will be most profitable in perfecting
the system for extension operations.
Another conference, broader in representation because it included
the directors of extension in the several States, was held immediately
after the close of the convention, and was called at the suggestion of
the Director of this Office. It dealt particularly with certain require-
ments growing out of the law, about which there had been consider-
able imcertainty, but it took up also the cooperative relations with
the Department under its own funds, and brought about a fuller
understanding as to other features.
Frequent conferences of this sort, or devoted to special features of
the w^ork, will be found highly profitable in securing a broad view
of the situation and in working out the best means of accomplishing
the desired results. Not that it will be feasible or wise to standardize
methods or conceptions, or to make rigid rules to apply to all the
varied conditions afforded by this broad country. But rather that
there may be opportunity for the interchange of opinion and experi-
ence, and especially for the kind of study which committees of the
association have in the past given to various matters relating to
college instruction. After determining what is contemplated by the
law and what specifically is excluded, the vital question is as to what
it is wise and most profitable to do, and what means are most effective
in attaining the results. For the extension movement must be first
of all an organized effort, and it must have an orderly plan or pro-
gram. It affords the greatest opportunity ever presented in our col-
lege work for errors in judgment or faults due to improper organi-
zation, which would reflect upon the colleges and upon the success of
the work as a whole.
It is no longer a propaganda, as some have seemed to conceive it, or
essentially a publicity agency for the scattering of facts and infor-
mation broadcast. It has a more serious purpose, and seeks a more
permanent and farreaching end. Ultimately it is to develop the
people themselves and their initiative for the improvement of con-
ditions surrounding them, as well as to teach definite facts and prac-
tices. As has been said, the people need more than pieces of informa-
tion. They need stimulation and guidance; they need to be made
themselves a vital part of the movement, and to be encouraged to
organize to receive the help.
In other words, the problem of extension is, as President "\\lieeler
of California expressed it, a human problem. The human element
enters into both the imparting and the receiving of the information.
4 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
This is true of all education, and is coming to be realized especially
by the extension workers themselves. It is being learned that exten-
sion teaching in agriculture carries with it unusual responsibilities,
since it deals with matters which are of vital and immediate import-
ance to the farmer and his family, affecting their income, daily life,
and community interests.
On the other hand is the necessity for taking account of the
special knowledge of conditions often possessed by the farmer him-
self, in connection with the introduction of modified practice. All
this points to a restatement of the princiiDle that "how to apph'
the results of experiments to his own conditions will ever remain
the problem of the individual farmer." It indicates that the mis-
sion of the count}^ agent or other extension worker is to be fulfilled
less by hard and fast prescriptions than by suggestion and coopera-
tion.
The working out of the new relationships and adjustments arising
out of the development of extension formed a theme of discussion,
not only within the association itself but in various other bodies
which met at that time, notably the American Association of Farm-
ers' Institute Workers, the Society for the Promotion of Agricul-
tural Science, and the American Farm Management Association.
Extension work of various kinds had begun to attract the atten-
tion of a considerable number of agencies outside the agricultural
colleges before the Smith-Lever Act was passed. These have often
worked independently and on a separate plan. One problem has
been and still is to relate these various activities to the common
purpose, and give them direction. A great step has been made in
the provision to unite through cooperation all the extension work
of the Department of Agriculture and that of the colleges, center-
ing it in the extension departments of the agricultural colleges.
This has already been followed by the union or cooperation with
the colleges of other agencies engaged in extension work in the
Stales.
As regards the farmers' institutes, the importance of whose work
as a propaganda for arousing interest in measures for the improve-
ment of agriculture and country life is thoroughly appreciated, it
was made plain during the meetings that Avhere the institutes are
directly connected with the colleges they can be easily modified in
most cases so as to fit them into the extension system. With the
development of the county-agent s^^stem, supplemented b}'^ the em-
ployment of specialists at the colleges, it may ultimately become a
question as to how far it will need to be supplemented bv the insti-
tutes or similar agencies, but for the present the aim will evidently
be one of cooperation with all the agricultural, commercial, social.
EDITORIAL. 5
I'eligious, and educational forces available, and their proper coordi-
nation and federation.
These new activities will undoubtedly modify present methods in
many respects, and increase the duties and responsibilities of the
colleges and stations and of the Department. The bitter are to fur-
nish the great body of highly trained men and the sound teaching
and research upon Avhich extension work must depend to be effec-
tive. To do this successfully they must differentiate their activities,
direct attention to advanced teaching for the special preparation of
workers, and carefully husband the research facilities.
One of the earliest effects upon the colleges seems likely to be in
a demand for the better training of extension workers. With the
rapid organization of so large a field force and the existing shortage
of material, defective preparation will be brought to light in many
instances, while the most successful of these workers will the soon-
est appreciate their limitations. The colleges, already overburdened
though they are, must prepare to meet this demand. Thorough and
adequate courses of study must be provided for those who are to
become extension workers as well as teachers, investigators, and
the like, even though these necessitate the abandonment of some of
the work already undertaken in the subcollegiate grades of agricul-
tural teaching. Many things which are now being attempted must
be relegated to the secondary schools and others to the extension
divisions. One broad effect of the new developments, as brought
out in the address of the president of the association, should there-
fore be a clearer differentiation of the field of collegiate instruction.
The new extension activities will also require sharper differentia-
tion from those of the experiment stations, and vice versa. As the
committee on experiment station organization and policy set forth,
" the extension work has developed very largely with and out of the
work of experiment stations ; and in a considerable number of cases
has formed a feature of the stations' own activities. This fact has
tended to broaden the conception of the station's field and popular
expectation in regard to it. Instead of being strictly an institution
for acquiring information through investigation and experiment, it
has served to some extent for the popular dissemination of informa-
tion regarding improved farm practice. The effect of this has been
to confuse the public mind, and often many workers within the sta-
tions, as to the real function of the experiment station."
The committee held that broadly speaking, the activities of the
experiment station should be directed to the gaining of knowledge of
definite character, and the determination of facts and methods for
agriculture. Its methods should be those of investigation and experi-
ment, scientifically sound and capable of giving results which may
6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
be safely interpreted. It was recognized that the station can not
confine itself to the laboratory or experimental field or stable, but
must often go out into the State to test the validity of its deduc-
tions and their practical value or application. " But when the facts
established by the station have been sufficiently tested by it to make
certain their general truth and application, the matter should be re-
garded as having passed out of the strictly experimental field."
In detail, however, it is not always easy to draw the dividing line,
and the station work and the extension work may run together to an
extent that requires the exercise of good judgment. For example, it
was shown that the results of station work or commonly accepted
facts can rarely be demonstrated or extended with certainty and
safety in a new locality Avithout trying them out, to some extent. In
a sense, every field demonstration involves some element of doubt,
Avhich makes it a test for that locality. While the extension force will
presumably not undertake experiments for the acquiring of general
information, the widespread attempt to put into practice on a de-
tailed scale the teachings of the stations will often involve local field
trials or tests to make the field force sure of their ground, and give
strength to their judgment in planning a demonstration campaign.
On the other hand, the results of investigation often need to be
tested under a variety of conditions to determine their general truth,
necessity for modification, and their practical value. Thus far, the
work still is in the experimental stage and therefore in the field of
the station. But "the station can not extend its local tests in-
definitely, despite the fact that nearly every new locality would rep-
resent some new local conditions of soil, climate, economic situation,
etc. The station must be content to rest its efforts when it has
determined the general truth of the results and their place in
practice."
The establishment of these lines of demarcation should relieve the
stations of a part of the burden they have been carrying. This is
well, for the more rigorous practical tests to which existing knowl-
edge will be subjected will disclose its limitations and suggest fur-
ther studies. They will need, therefore, their full resources to meet
the increased demands upon them for constructive investigation and
experiment.
This necessity of keeping the work of the experiment station well
to the fore, and developing it -va ith the growth of the extension work
rather than allowing it to fall behind, was strongly emphasized at
the convention. There has been a fear in the minds of some that the
rapid expansion of extension work, with its great popularity and its
close contact with the people, would tend to produce a feeling of
sufficiency and to break down the support for thorough investiga-
EDITORIAL. 7
tion. Without doubt, there is danger of this and of its effect on local
appropriations. A great deal depends upon the proper attitude of
those directly engaged in the outside work and those in charge of
the policy of the institution.
This danger was voiced in the address of the president of the
association. A great popular movement like the present is, he said,
"likely to have a torrential influence, and sweep men off their feet
and even institutions off their foundations. But such floods are
short-lived. After they subside it is often possible to accomplish
greater things than were feasible before they came." This will be
helped on by the discovery of the limitations in our agricultural
knowledge and the material suited for extension teaching. It will
speedil}^ be found that the extension service can not straightway
accomplish all that its enthusiastic propagandists have prophesied
for it. Very soon it will become clear that " to many of the agricul-
tural problems which the extension men will encounter in their work
among farmers no solution, or at best a very imperfect solution, is
now available. . . .
" The more the extension workers, and to a considerable extent the
agricultural people with whom they work, come to realize that our
present knowledge will only go a little way toward solving the mul-
titudinous problems of agriculture, the more widespread and insistent
will be the demand for more numerous and thorough investigation of
these problems. It is therefore very important that we should con-
sider the actual status of our research institutions, and while re-
joicing in their many good features and their valuable work, should
be active in remedying their deficiencies and enlarging their services."
Research will remain, not merely an incidental function of the
agricultural colleges, but fundamental and essential to their success
in teaching and extension work. These facts, together with the
public funds appropriated specifically for the purpose, place the
colleges, as was stated, " under the greatest obligations to create with-
in themselves the atmosphere and the conditions most favorable to
successful research, and to make sure that their research workers can
give undivided attention to their investigations."
Only by making insistently felt in the institutions the gentle and
highly intellectual forces needed to inspire real research, can this
feature be made so efficient that its results will furnish an adequate
foundation for the administrative and educational functions of these
institutions, and for the permanent advancement of our great agri-
cultural interests.
CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1914.
The twenty-eighth annual convention of the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was held at Washington, D. C,
November 11-13, 1914. It was accompanied as usual by meetings of about
half a score of related organizations, as follows : American Association of
Farmers' Institute Workers. November 9-11 ; American Farm Management
Association, November 9. 10; American Society of Agronomy, November 9, 10;
National Association of State Universities, November 9, 10; American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, November 10; Society for
the Promotion of Agricultural Science, November 10; American Society of
Animal Production, November 10, 11; Land-grant Engineering Association,
November 11-13; Association of Official Seed Analysts, November 12, 13;
Association of Feed Control Officials of the United States, November 13, 14;
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, November 16-18; and American
Society of Milling and Baking Technology, November 18. Collectively these
meetings brought together college presidents, experiment station and extension
directors, and workers in many fields of agricultural science to the number of
approximately five hundred.
At the opening session an addi-ess of greeting was made by the Secretary
of Agriculture, in which he stated that all the States had accepted the Smith-
Lever Act and that nearly all were already cooperating with the Department
imder its provisions. He commended the increasing realization of the unity
of interests of the Department and the agricultural colleges, and believed
that this would broaden appreciably their opportunities for service, as well as
their responsibilities. The difficulty of securing trained men to take up such
new undertakings as the extension work, the marketing studies of the Depart-
ment, and the administration of the new Cotton Futures Act, was pointed out,
and the colleges were vigorously urged to develop strong courses in rural
economics and related subjects, and to assume a general position of leadership
in country-life affairs.
The report of the executive committee dealt largely with the two principal
events of the year, the passage of the Smith-Lever Act and the holding of the
sixth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture. At a subsequent session,
set aside for the discussion of problems in connection with the administration
of the Smith-Lever Act, President Thompson reviewed the passage of the
measure and Dr. A. C. True, of the States" Relations Committee of this De-
partment, described its practical workings thus far. A chart showing in
graphic form the bfisis of organization was on exhibition and is to be published
for general distribution.
Doctor True drew attention to the recent ruling of the Solicitor of the De-
partment, that funds contributed by the States, counties, or other agencies
for extension purposes are, when an offset to the federal funds, subject to
the same requirements as those derived under the Smith-Lever Act. Such
funds, if not an offset, are under the control of the colleges except where a
8
CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 9
general cooperative agreement lias been entered into with tlie Department.
He emphasized as an important need at this time the provision bj' the colleges
of strong administrative heads for their extension work. The holding of
national and regional conferences on extension business was also advocated,
and a conference of the extension directors in attendance with the States'
Relations Committee followed the close of the convention.
Dean C. F. Curtiss of Iowa, President A. jNI. Soule of Georgia, A. D. Wilson
of Minnesota, and President Benjamin Ide Wheeler of California participated
in the ensuing discussion.
The report of the bibliographer, also presented by Doctor True, dealt espe-
ciall}^ with the form of extension publications. He drew attention to the
prevailing great diversity among these publications, and suggested some changes
in the interests of uniformity, simplicity, increased availability, and ease of
preservation. A collection of samples illustrating these points was on exhibi-
tion, and announcement was made that the work of assembling as complete a
library of extension publications as possible is now under way in this Office.
For the couunittee on instruction in agriculture, Doctor True reported on
farm practice requirements as a part of the 4-year college course, on the basis
of an inquiry sent out and visits to many institutions. It was found that at
the present time collegiate farm practice is quite generally insisted upon as a
feature of the instruction in every branch of agriculture, but it has by no
means reached its optimum development — in connection with some courses there
is too little practice, with others too much. In the main there is a feeling
that there is too little practice for effective teaching. This in many cases is
due to lack of suitable facilities at the college for giving the desired practice,
and in others to a failure to utilize fully the available facilities. Vacation prac-
tice, the employment of students on approved farms for a year or more or in
charge of farm practice projects for definite stated periods, and educational excur-
sions are among the means sometimes followed. It was pointed out that the
absence of provision for such practice decreases the effectiveness of instruction
in agriculture, and that students who are permitted to graduate without it
often bring upon the colleges merited unfavorable criticism. The report is to
be printed as a separate at an early date.
Dr. H. P. Armsby, of Pennsylvania, reported for the committee on graduate
study, dealing especially with the Sixth Graduate School of Agriculture suc-
cessfully held at the University of Missouri, June 29 to July 24 (E. S. R., 31.
p. 301). A policy of concentration upon a few subjects at the school was
favored, as well as the provision of some form of credit for work accomplished.
It was recommended that greater attention be given by the colleges and sta-
tions to ways for facilitating the attendance of the younger members of their
staffs at this school.
The report of the committee on college organization and policy, submitted by
President K. L. Butterfield of Massachusetts, included a description by Presi-
dent R. A. Pearson of a plan for student and faculty cooperation being tried
at the Iowa State College, in such matters as the upkeep of the grounds, sani-
tation and other minor improvements, and the protection of property. The
committee also summarized a questionnaire, conducted by President W. M. Riggs
of South Carolina, as to student character records, which indicated a general
belief in the desirability of such records but little uniformity as to methods.
The committee on experiment station organization and policy. Dean E.
Davenport, of Illinois, chairman, emphasized the need for a sharp differentia-
tion of the field of the station work from that of extension agencies, as
explained elsewhere (see p. 5). The- committee also discussed the publi-
73227°— No. 1—15 2
10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cation of results, stating as a duty of tlie station investigator to publish results
as promptly as bis conclusions will justify, and to keep bis records in such
shape that the work may be taken up by others. The wider utilization of the
Journal of Agricultural Research by the stations was also advocated.
The report of the committee on extension organization and policy consisted
in part of descriptions and definitions of terms commonly used in extension
work, following a conference with the States' Relations Committee of this
Department, and in part of the usual annual statistical summary as to the
status of extension work in the several States.
The joint committee of the association and this Department on projects and
correlation, submitted its Grst report through Dean F. B. Mumford, of Mis-
souri. The committee has examined about 1,300 projects submitted by the
state institutions and about 1,000 from the Department of Agriculture with a
view to their possible correlation. Dr. K. F. Kellerman, of the Department, for
the joint committee on publication of research, explained the organization and
policies of the Journal of Agricultural Research, now open to experiment sta-
tion workers, and urged a wider participation by them.
The address of the president. Dr. A. C. True, dealt largely with the changes
necessitated by the passage of the Smith-Lever Act, and the closer cooperative
relations established with this Department, these phases being commented upon
editorially in this issue (see p. 1). He also pointed out very clearly that
under the new conditions the colleges must restrict themselves more rigidly
to instruction of real collegiate grade if they are to maintain a permanent
position of leadership. The development of strong graduate courses was
especially nrged upon them, and likewise the maintenance of the proper
attitude and atmosphere within the institution with respect to research. Not
only is reseai'ch a necessary i:)art of their work and large sums of pubUc
money provided which can be lawfully spent only for this pui-pose, but it is
absolutely fundamental and essential to their success in teaching and extension
work. The institutions are therefore under the greatest obligations to create
within themselves the atmosphere and conditions favorable to successful re-
search and to make sure that their research workers can give undivided atten-
tion to their investigations.
Professor E. L. INIorgan, of Massachusetts, described an Interesting experi-
ment in rural community planning, inaugurated in a typical New England vil-
lage by the Massachusetts Agricultural College. It was found that following
the adoption of a definite program, a strong community spirit was developed
and great improvement effected in agricultural practice and marketing, trans-
portation facilities, and other civic affairs, in education, and in the adoption
of an all-year-round plan for community recreation. It is believed that the
idea has also possibilities along county and state lines.
Miss Elizabeth Kelley, of Wicousin, spoke on Home Economics in Extension
Work, outlining some of the ways which have been found effective in bringing
improved methods into the home. Among these are reaching the farm woman
indirectly through her children in boys' and girls' clubs or the schools, or
through her husband, or directly in the women's institutes and women's clubs,
as well as by demonstrations. The main handicap in this form of extension
work has been the scarcity of well-trained women to put into the field, but
if these can be obtained great improvements in country life were predicted.
Hon. Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, made a brief address
In which he pointed out the need of extension work to make more available
the store ©f agricultural information already accumulated. Following his
address the association was received at the White House by President Wilson,
CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 11
At the flual session, a report was given by President Brown Ayres of Ten-
nessee, for the executive committee, on the provisions and status of the Smith-
Hughes bill for federal aid to vocational etlucation, including an exi^lanatiou of
the work of the Federal Commission on Vocational Education (E. S. R., 31,
p. 401). Commissioner Claxton and others also discussed the scope and details
of the bill. The association declared itself in favor of federal aid to vocational
education along the general lines of the bill, and instructed the executive com-
mittee to cooperate with other agencies in perfecting the measure and aiding
in its passage.
Various measures relative to military instruction in the land-grant colleges
were referred to the executive committee for consideration. An engineering
division was established in the college section, the officers of which are to
make provision for either separate or joint programs.
A series of recommendations as to the title pages, pagination, and similar
matters in college and station publications was presented from a committee
of the agricultural section of the American Library Association. The executive
committee reported favorably as to these recommendations, and commended
them to the various institutions for their consideration.
The officers elected for the coming year were as follows : As president, Presi-
dent E. A. Bryan, of Washington ; vice presidents. President J. H. Worst, of
North Dakota, Dean T. F. Hunt, of California, Director C. D. Woods, of Maine,
Director P. H. Eolfs, of Florida, and President C. A. Lory, of Colorado;
secretary-treasurer, Dean J. L. Hills, of Vermont ; bibliographer, Dr. A. C.
True, of Washington, D. C. ; executive committee. President W. O. Thompson,
of Ohio, chairman, President H. J. Waters, of Kansas, President Brown Ayres,
of Tennessee, Director W. H. Jordan, of New York, and Dean H. L. Russell,
of Wisconsin.
The following were chosen officers of sections : College section, President
H. J. Waters, of Kansas, chairman, and President W. M. Eiggs, of South
Carolina, secretary; station section. Dean E. A. Burnett, of Nebraska, chair-
man, Director W. R. Dodsou, of Louisiana, secretary, and W. H. Beal, of
Washington, D. C, recording secretary; extension section. Director R. D.
Hetzel, of Oregon, chairman. Director C. R. Titlow, of West Virginia, secre-
tary, and Prof. John Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, recording secretary.
The retiring members of standing committees were all reappointed, and a
vacancy in the committee on extension organization and policy filled by the
selection of Director W. R. Dodsou, of Louisiana. A special committee to
consider agricultural terminology was also authorized.
The time and place of the next meeting were left as usual with the execu-
tive committee, and since announced for August 11 to 13, at Berkeley, Cal.
The proceedings of the association will be published, but, because of the heavy
outlay, in condensed form by the use of abstracts of papers and the elimina-
tion of oral discussions.
SECTIOX ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION.
In the college section, the initial subject was The Relation of the Agricul-
tural College to Instruction in Agriculture and Home Economics in Secondary
and Rural Schools, and What the College Can Do to Promote General Rural
School Improvement.
President E. T. Fairchild, of New Hampshire, reported on the basis of replies
from 30 agricultural colleges that the means most frequently adopted for aiding
secondary and elementary instruction were through summer schools for teach-
ers, boys' and girls' clubs, leaflets on agriculture, home economics, and nature
Study, correspondence courses, and demonstration plats. He suggested that the
12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
agricultural colleges aid in securing the consolidation of scattered rural schools
and their more liberal financial support, undertake a propaganda for rural
high schools within the States and teachers' training classes in these schools,
and favor a law requiring the teaching of agriculture in elementary schools
and the training of teachers in the elements of agriculture. President Vincent,
of Minnesota, described some of the activities of the Minnesota College of
Agriculture, and advocated summer sessions at the colleges and other means for
training rural teachers.
President D. H. Hill, of North Carolina, in a paper entitled Some Changed
Attitudes, called attention to the increasing pressure in technical institutions
for the replacement of cultural by utilitarian subjects. He believed there is
danger of mental contraction unless this attitude is modified. Inasmuch as
the mei*e training of exports wall not make leaders of men, he advocate<l the
retention of some subjects which turn men's minds away from the purely ma-
terialistic point of view. " Profound knowledge of a specialty plus power to
be reasonably at home in many realms of thought — these after all are the
ingredients of forceful manhood. You can not quicken a living spirit with
mere information."
He also favored interesting students in the discussion of civic questions,
partly as a means of training, since scientific men often must appear before
commisions, boards, legislatures, and the like, but also partly because they
have a responsibility as educated men. In discussing this paper, President W.
O. Thompson, of Ohio, developed the idea of preparation for all sides of life,
moral, social, and civic, as well as vocational.
The Cost of Instruction in Agricultural Colleges and the Relation of Sal-
aries in the Division of Agriculture to those of other Divisions in Agricul-
tural Colleges and Universities, was discussed by President C. A. Lory, of
Colorado. He described and illustrated by means of charts a system of cost
keeping based on the units of semester credit, student semester credit, and
student recitation hour, as tested at the Colorado College, where the last
named was found the most satisfactory. A uniform system of cost keeping
was deemed well-nigh essential for comparing statistics from similar insti-
tutions.
SECTION ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK.
Under the topic of Meat Production as a Factor in the Progress of Agricul-
ture in the United States, George M. Rommel, of this Department, presented
for Dr. A. D. Melvin and himself, a paper on Meat Production in Argentina
and Its Effect on the Industry in the United States.
Although the Argentine export trade in beef during the last 15 years has
grown remarkably, and about 154,000,000 lbs. of beef and meat products were
imported into the United States during the year ended with September, 1914,
the speakers considered this largely attributable to the decline in the surplus
production in this country- At the present time killings are about as great
as the supply of breeding animals will warrant, so that American breeders need
have little fear of serious competition. On the other hand, Argentina offers
a promising market for high-grade breeding stock.
Dean F. B. Mumford, of jNIissouri, discussed Meat Production on the High-
priced Corn Lands, showing that the total production of beef, pork, and mutton
in this country is falling off despite the rapidly increasing demands, and that
this shortage is due primarily to the fact that under present conditions meat
production is relatively less profitable than other lines of agriculture, especially
grain growing. He concluded that the methods which are likely to result in
CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 13
decreasing the cost of meat production, and tliereby making it possil)le for the
farmers of the coru-belt region to produce meat animals on high-priced land,
are to be found in developixig unimproved areas of land for grazing purposes;
utilizing the by-products of the farm, particularly coarse roughage such as
stover, straw, and cheap hay; the general adoption of the silo as a means of
preserving corn and other crops ; feeding more sheep and hogs because of their
well-known efficiency in the utilization of feedstuflfs; and lastly, the selection
of more efficient meat animals.
The Possibilities and Methods of Meat Production in the South were sum-
marized by D. T. Gray of North Carolina, who stated that the South was pro-
ducing nearly as much meat 25 years ago as to-day. He believed that the ad-
vantages of this region in cheap lands and labor, mild climate and long-growing
season, and comparative nearness to markets were still underestimated, and
despite the cattle tick and other handicaps that success was to be expected
upon adapting the industry closely to southern conditions as to feeds, build-
ings, etc.
In the ensuing discussion. Dean C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa, deprecated the export-
ing of cotton-seed meal and the subsequent purchase of fertilizers, and suggested
cattle feeding as a remedy. Dean W. M. Jardine, of Kansas, and Director
H. A. Morgan, of Tennessee, emphasized the need of more live stock in their
respective States, but the latter pointed out that the change was difficult to
bring about under a tenant system. Director F. B. Linfield, of Montana,
believed that a better use of the range by reducing labor costs and utilizing
waste products would be beneficial.
The Administration of Experiment Station Work by Projects was discussed
in a paper by Dr. E. W. Allen, of this Office, who concluded as follows : " The
project plan of administration seems to furnish the most reliable basis for
administering the work and the funds of an experiment station, and has
proved satisfactory. It enables a ijroper consideration of new undertakings,
before funds are assigned to them ; it insures more thorough planning ; it
provides a record of the station's activities; it enables the work to be followed
up from time to time, and to be concluded when it ceases to be profitable;
it assists in defining the scope of station work and in holding it within its
proper field ; it tends toward general economy ; it enables a budget to be made
up intelligently, in accordance with the needs or relative importance of indi-
vidual undertakings; it provides against inadvertently overloading the pro-
gram of work, so that features of it become ineffective for lack of funds ;
and it gives an effective basis for discussion and reporting upon the station's
work, and for explaining the use of its funds."
Much interest in the subject was manifested in the discu.ssion following,
with a general concurrence in the advantages of the project system.
The final paper in the section was by Director S. B. Doten, of Nevada, entitled
How Can We Advance the Scientific Character of the Work Done in the
American Agricultural Exjieriment Stations'? Director Doten believed that the
value of a high grade of research is at last becoming recognized, but that every
effort must be made to retain suitable men when discovered. Among the con-
ditions favorable to research he cited noninterference with the time, the plans,
and the work of the investigator, and at the same time supplying the stimula-
tion of his best efforts by real leadership. He also advocated the encourage-
ment of graduate work among the staffs and the accrediting of station work of
the proper grade in the conferring of degrees. Director C. D. Woods, of Maine,
stated that the University of Michigan was already making ari'angements along
this line.
14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
By vote of the section, its 1915 program is to consist entirely of subjects
directly relating to experiment station organization and policy.
SKCTION ON EXTENSION WORK.
The extension swtion opened its program with a joint session with the
American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers. At this, Dr. A. C. True
took up the question of the use of the Smith-Lever funds for farmers' insti-
tutes as a phase of extension work. In this he drew attention to the strictly
educational character of the extension work contemplated by the act, and
the great stress laid on practical demonstrations. The farmers' institutes,
therefore, come within the provisions of the law only as far as they may be
agencies through which the colleges can carry on work of this type. "Where the
institute system is directly connec-ted with the colleges, it is believed that they
may be easily modified and restricted in scope so as to give them a distinctive
place in the extension system. In States where the institutes are under the
direction of other agencies, their maintenance apparently does not come within
the provisions of the law, though there may be cooperation and participation by
the college staffs. The eventual establishment of a county-agent system will
also affect the situation. Conditions as to farmers' institute administration at
present vary so widely in different States that apparently the first need is a
standardization of the institute. See also the editorial discussion on page 4.
The relation of farmers' institutes to organized extension agencies was
also discussed by Prof. G. I. Christie, of Indiana. lie believed that the insti-
tute is still fulfilling a practical need and should receive the assistance of the
extension staff, but should be correlated with other exteusit)n work and brought
under the supervision of the colleges.
As an example of a model farmers' institute address. Director C. E. Thome
gave a paper on Maintaining Crop Production, based largely upon the findings
of the Ohio Station. Former Dean L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, closed
the joint session with an address on The Present Responsibility of the Rural
People. This had special reference to the conditions brought about by the
European war, and emphasized the -political responsiliility of rural people in
the progress of the nation.
At a subsequent session, C. B. Smith, of the States" Relations Committee of
this Department, presented a paper on the Problem of Placing County Agencies
in Effective Touch with Farmers. He described some of the means that have
been found effective, among them the following : " Work through organizations ;
deal with individuals but primai'ily only as they represent groups of farmers;
know what the agrieultui-e of the county is from first-hand sources, and on the
basis of such information undertake demonstrations, supplemented by propa-
ganda work, by lectures, and the press; write and talk with the facts of local
agriculture arranged in such a convincing way as to induce action; utilize the
public school system and work with the boys and girls — through them you also
reach the hearts of fathers and mothers, the field, and the home; utilize the
automobile excursion, the college excursion, the county picnic, the farmers'
meetings, the county fairs, etc., for social purposes, demonstrations, educational
exhibits, and instruction ; get behind and push every helpful agricultural
movement in the county; put in a county agent who knows agricuUure tech-
nically and practically, whose heart is in his work, and whose highest delight
is in rendering service.''
In a paper entitled Correlating the Extension Work of the Colleges with Other
Agencies in the State. Prof. C. R. Titlow of West Virginia defined an extension
department as the head of itinerant education in a State. It was claimed that
CONVENTION" OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 15
this department of the college can render its best service by utilizing the exist-
ing organizations, both official and uouofflcial, within the State. This can be
done by properly coordinating and federating such organizations. A chart
was exhibited showing graphically the correlation of extension work with
other agencies.
Planning Extension Work by Means of Definite Written Projects was the
title of a paper by Prof. C. D. Jarvis of Connecticut. This paper made three
principal recommendations: (1) A central committee at the college to settle
upon all proposed projects and submit them through the proper authorities
to the federal authorities, (2) a methodical grouping and subgrouping of
projects, and (3) the application of a seasonal sequence in project planning,
even to the making of a monthly, daily, and hourly schedule for extension
representatives.
Prof. K. L. Hatch, of Wisconsin, submitted a report from the committee on
the training of extension teachers, advocating the provision of technical train-
ing along the special line of the prospective extension work, and instruction
in the art of teaching. He suggested that the time necessary for this training
might be secured by eliminating requirements of foreign languages and mathe-
matics. Teachers of approved ability in secondary agricultural schools were
suggested as a promising source of supply for extension work.
The section committee on extension work was abolished, the belief being
expressed that its function was being substantially performed by the association
committee on extension organization and policy.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— A6R0TECHNY.
Phytin and phytic acid, G. Clarke (Jour. Chem. Soc. [Loiidon], 105 (1914),
Ko. 617, pp. 535-5.'f5). — The pbytin studied in tliis worlc was obtained from the
seeds of Indian field mustards, a mixture of Brassica juncea and B. campestris.
Dilute acetic acid was preferred to very dilute hydrochloric acid for the ex-
traction because it was found that the extracts obtained by the latter were
difRcult to handle. The free acid liberated from air-dried phytin of homo-
geneous composition consisted of a mixture of approximately equal quantities
of an organic phosphoric acid (phytic acid) and phosphoric acid.
"A solution of the ammonium salt of the organic phosphoric acid, prepared
from a pure strychnin salt [melting point, 203 to 204°i C, imcorrected]. gave
no precipitate on warming to 60° with a nitric acid solution of ammonium
molybdate, and only a vei'y slight one on remaining at that temperature for
several hours.
"An explanation of the behavior of phytin is that it is not simply a salt
of an inositolphosphoric acid, but a complex substance, possibly a complex
calcium-magnesium salt of an inositolphosphoric acid and phosphoric acid,
and, on removing the bases, yields the two acids. The fact that the composi-
tion of pure phytin, prepared as described, corresponds with no calcium-
magnesium salt of a simple acid ester of inositol and phosphoric acid gave sup-
port to this view. The strychnin salt of the oi'ganic phosiihoric acid, isolated
from the mixture of acids obtained from phytin, on the other hand, gave results
on analysis in agreement with salts of simple inositolphosphoric acids."
The acid tribarium phytate preparation of Anderson (E. S. R., 27, p. 406),
prepared by precipitation from a 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid solution by the
addition of an equal volume of alcohol, " was probably one of the purest deriva-
tives of phytic acid hitherto isolated, but it seemed not impossible from the
methods of preparation that the salt as well as the acid prepared from it
might contain some phosphoric acid."
"The phytin prepared [in these investigations] was a snow-white, amorphous
powder, resembling in properties the substance described by Schulze and Win-
terstein. It contained carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium,
but no trace of nitrogen could be detected. It was insoluble in hot and cold
water, readily soluble in very dilute mineral acids, and soluble In cold, but
sparingly so in hot dilute acetic acid. It was precipitated from a cold 8 per
cent acetic acid solution on boiling, completely redissolviug when allowed to
cool. . . .
" It was somewhat difficult to obtain phytin in an anhydrous condition. After
heating for several hours at 110° in a vacuum over phosphoric oxid it still con-
tinued to lose weight. When heated under similar conditions at 180° for five
hours it became constant in weight, and remained so after prolonged heating
for many hours. The anhydrous substance, drie<l at 180° and dissolved in dilute
acetic acid, was precipitated again unchanged by boiling."
16
AGmiCULTUTJAL CHEMISTHY A(!KOTEClJ N V. 17
Organic phosphoric acids of wheat bran, R. J. Anderson (New York State
Sta. Tech. Bui. 36 (1914), pp. 3-20). — This work comprises two papers.
I. Concerning the oryanic phosphoric acid compound of wheat bran, TI (pp.
3-16). — In a preliminary report (E. S. R., 28, p. 17) it was emphasized that the
organic phosphoric acid isolated from wheat bran is different from that of
phj'tic or inosit phosphoric acid which is present in other grains and seeds, and
an acid was obtained which approximately agreed with tlie formula C-oHooOioPs.
Inasmuch as Rather reported silver salts of an organic phosphoric acid of the for-
mula CiiHjiO^Po ( E. S. R., 29, p. 804 ) , the former work has been critically repeated.
The work of Rather was also repeated, " following his method of isolating the
crude acid as closely as possible. The acid preparation obtained in this way was
divided into two parts : One portion was used for the preparation of the silver
salt as described by the above author; the other portion was transformed into
the barium salt and purified in accordance with our previous method.
" The barium salts which were obtained in this way were found to agree very
closely in composition with those previously reported, viz : C2oH4o049P9Ba6 and
not with salts of the acid CiiHuOi-Pg. The silver precipitates which w^ere ob-
tained from the crude acid varied in composition according to the method of
preparation, but in one case the substance had approximately the composition
stated by Rather. A simple examination of these silver precipitates quickly re-
vealed the fact, however, that they were not ' pure homogeneous salts ' of an
organic phosphoric acid of the formula C12H41O12P8, . . . but that they were largely
contaminated w]th inorganic silver phosphate — varying from 42 to 90 per cent."
The silver precipitates obtained from cotton-seed meal and wheat bran had
different physical properties although they may have approximately the same
composition. That from wheat bran is sensitive to light and only white at the
moment of precipitation, while that from cotton-seed meal is pure white in color
and only slightly affected by light.
In this work it was again " impossible to isolate any salts of phytic acid or
inosit hexa phosphate. The amorphous barium salts obtained agreed in composi-
tion with those previously reported. It appears probable, however, that these
amorphous salts are not homogeneous, but that they are mixtures of salts of
various organic phosphoric acids. The isolation of definitely homogeneous com-
pounds from this mixture has not succeeded. Attention is called to the rather
large content of oxalates in the crude organic phosphoric acid compound and
also to the high percentage of inorganic phosphate contained in wheat bran."
II. Concerning inosit monophosphate, a new organic phosphoric acid occurring
in ivheat bran (pp. 16-20). — The work here reported was carried on at the First
Chemical Institute of the University of Berlin.
A previous notice (E. S. R., 28, p. 17) and the above paper indicated that the
crude organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran can be separated into two
portions by treatment with barium hydroxid.
"The insoluble precipitate which forms under these conditions contains the
barium salts of certain not yet identified organic phosphoric acids and it is free
from nitrogen. By evaporating the filtrate from the above insoluble barium
salts a substance is obtained which is rich in nitrogen and which also contains
phosphorus in organic combination. In the further investigation of this soluble
nitrogen-containing substance it was found that its aqueous solution gave an
insoluble precipitate with lead acetate. The only other salt which gave any
precipitate was copper acetate and then only on warming, when a bluish-white
amorphous precipitate was produced which dissolved completely on cooling."
The precipitate obtained with lead acetate was perfectly white, and when
decomposed with hydrogen sulphid and the solution concentrated in a vacuum
18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a practically colorless sirup was obtaineil. By scratching with a glasis rod the
sirup crystallized to a white solid mass, and when the substance was recrystal-
lized from water having an addition of alcohol " it was obtained in beautiful
colorless star-shaped aggregates of plates or long prisms. On slowly concen-
trating its aqueous solution it crystallizes in large colorless prisms with pointed
ends, being often arranged in star-shaped bundles. It is, however, so soluble
in water that it is more expedient to crystallize it from water with addition of
alcohol.
"The substance was free from bases, also free from nitrogen and sulphiu-,
but it contained phosphorus in organic combination. Analysis showed that it
was inosit monophosphate, CoIIiaO.P, or CoH8(OH)r,O.PO(OH),. On cleavage
either wnth dilute sulphuric acid at 120° or higher or with 10 per cent ammonia
at 150° in a sealed tube it decomposes into inosit and phosphoric acid. Inosit
monophosphate has not been known previously, so far as we are aware, and we
believe that this is the first time that it has been isohited." A compound like
inos't monophosphate is known to exist in nature (see abstract of Clarke, p. 16).
" It appears probable that in certain plants the organic phosphoric acids may
be present not only as phytic acid or inosit hexaphosphate, CiHisOwPo. but
also as lower pho.sphoric acid esters of inosit. From w^heat bran, for instance,
we have been imable to isolate any inosit hexaphosphate. The insoluble barium
salts of the organic phosphorus compound obtained from this material are
evidently mixtures of various organic phosphoric acids, either lower inosit
phosphates or phosphoric acid esters of other carbohydrates."
Thus far it has not been possible to separate any homogeneous substance
from this mixture. "The isolation of inosit monophosphate only succeeded
because its properties are so different from those of the other organic phos-
phoric acids which exist in wheat bran — for instance, its easily soluble barium
salt permitted its separation from the other acids whicli give insoluble barium
salts."
No data were obtained on the quantitative i^ercentage of inosit monophosphate
in wheat bran. The author wishes to reserve the study of the physiological
properties of this substance in connection with the general investigation to be
carried out at the station.
Carotin, the principal natural yellow pigment of milk fat, I— IV, L. S.
Palmer and C. H. Eckles {Missouri Sta. Research Bills. 9 (1914), pp. 313-
336; 10 (1914), pp. 339-387, figs. 5; 11 {1914), PP- 391-411; 12 {1914), pp. 415-
450). — The investigations reported were conducted in cooperation with the
Dairy Division of this Department, and were primarily to study the chemical
nature of the yellow milk fat pigments and to classify each from a scientific
standpoint. "At the same time information was gathered with the hope
of ascertaining to what extent the generally accepted views concerning the
color of milk fat are correct in order to establish a scientific basis for the
subject which would be of value to those interested in the handling of dairy
products in a commercial way."
Bulletin 9, as Part I, gives a review of the literature concerning the yellow
plant and animal pigments, to which a bibliography of 66 titles is appended.
Bulletin 10, as Part II, discusses the chemical and physiological relations of
pigments of milk fat to the carotin and xanthophylls of green plants ; Bulletin
11, as Part III, the pigments of the body fat, corpus luteum, and skin secretions
of the cow; and Bulletin 12, as Part IV, (a) the yellow pigment of blood
serum, (b) carotin and xanthophylls during digestion, and (c) the pigments
of human milk fat.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 19
The data reported in Parts II, 111, and IV have been previously noted from
another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 273).
Lactochrome, the yellow pigment of milk whey. — Its probable identity
with urochrome, the specific yellow pigment of normal urine, L. S. I'almer
and L. PI. Cooledge {Missouri Sla. Research Bui. 13 (1914), jrp. Ji53-.'iS7, pis.
2). — In this study in cooperation with the Dairy Division of tliis Department,
the authors conclude that " lactochrome, the yellow pigment of milk whey, is
very closely related in chemical and physical properties to urochrome, the
specific yellow pigment of normal urine, and is very probably identical with it.
Alcoholic solutions of lactochrome, or aqueous solutions containing a little
alcohol, on treatment with ' active' acetaldehyde and heat, are transformed into
solutions whose spectroscopic and other properties are practically identical with
those of urobilin. On continued action of the aldehyde a secondary pigment is
formed with still different spectroscopic properties. In these two properties
lactochrome is identical with similar solutions of urochrome. A concentrated
aqueous solution yields a yellow granular compound on bromination which
gives a strong reaction for pyrol, and in almost all of its other properties is
identical with a similar compound obtained on bromination of a concentrated
aqueous solution of urochrome.
" The presence of lactochrome was found to be characteristic of the milk of
all breeds of cows tested, i. e., Ayrshire, Jersey, Holstein, and Shorthorn.
The amount of lactochrome appears to be largely a breed characteristic, with
the Aj-rshire and Jersey breeds ranking considerably above the Holstein and
Shorthorn, The presence of comparatively large amounts of lactochrome in
the milk of some animals is of considerable importance in imparting to milk its
characteristic yellow color. Lactochrome was found in sheep's milk, often in
much larger quantities than in cow's milk, and was also found in traces in
human milk."
A bibliography of 19 titles is appended.
The nature of enzym action, W. M. Bayliss (London, New York, Bomhay,
and Calcutta, 191 i. 3. rev. ecL, pp. TIII+ISO, figs. 7).— In this third edition
(E. S. II., 25, p. 609) a considerable amount of new material has been incor-
poi'ated and certain paragraphs have been revised. "Attention is particularly
directed to the chapters on 'reversibility' and on the 'combination' between
enzym and substi*atum, as also to the section on antienzyms, which have, for the
most part, been rewritten."
About the lipase of Chelidonium seeds, K. Bournot (Biocheni. Ztschr.,
52 (1913), No. 3-J,, pp. 172-205; ahs. in Zenthl. Expt. Med., 4 (1913), No. 13,
pp. 589, 590). — The lipase of Chelidonium seed, like Ricinus lii)ase, is soluble
in water and glycerol, but in addition it is somewhat soluble in ether or
petroleum ether. In contradistinction to castor-bean lipase, it acts best in
water containing no additions of other substances.
Formation of humic substances by the action of polypeptids upon sugar,
L. C. Maillard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 156 (1913), No. 15, pp. 1159,
1160; abs. in Zentbl. Expt. Med., 4 (1913), No. 10, p. 435).— The formation of
humic substances depends upon the substitution of NH2 groups of amino acids
by COH or CO groups of reducing sugars with the evolution of carbon dioxid
from the terminal carboxyl groups of acids. Inasmuch as the polypeptids
have a terminal NIL and a terminal COOH group, it seems i^lausible to assume
that by the transformation of sugars humic substances can be obtained. It
was also found possible to obtain these substances from xylose and glycylglycin
and from peptones.
Colloidal chlorophyll and the changes of position in the absorption bands
in living plant leaves, D. Iwanowski (Biocliein. Ztschr.. .}8 (1913), Xo. 4,
20 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
pp. 328-331, fig. J).— A ixjlemic with Hcrlitzka (E. S. R.. 28, p. 407) in regard
to priority."
A dilution colorimeter and some remarks in reference to the experimental
error in comparing- colors, li. V. Stanfokd (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol.
Chcm., 87 (1913), No. 3, pp. 159-170, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The apparatus is illustrated
and sectional views of it are shown.
A color reaction for proteins, L. Lewin (Med. KUnik, 9 (1913), No. 28, p.
1122; abs. in ZentU. Expt. Med., 4 {1913), No. IJf, p. 635).— Triformoxim
( trioximiuimomethylen, Kahlbaum, 0.1 to 0.15 gm. dissolved in 100 gm. of com-
mercial sulphuric acid) yields with egg albumin, serum albumin, casein, peptones,
nucleoproteins and other proteins, and papain, a coagulation ring at the point of
contact with the reagent. The ring on agitation becomes a violet coloration.
With this sensitive reaction traces of proteins can be detected in saliva. Indol
gives the same reaction.
About the detection of histidin, K. Inoute (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol.
Chem., 83 (1913), No. 1, pp. 79-82). — The method depends on the formation of
an azo coloring matter. If diazobenzolsulphonie acid, in the presence of an
excess of sodium carbonate, is added to free histidin a cherry-red coloration
is obtained. The reaction is sensitive to a dilution of 1:100,000. Tyrosin
when present may be rendered inactive by shaking with benzoyl chlorid.
The detection of saponins. III, J. Eijhle (Ztschr. Untersiich. Nahr. u.
Gcnussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 192-200).— Bight coloring matters intended
for coloring lemonade, effervescent beverages, etc., did not have any hemolytic
properties. Two sapogenins prepared from the saponins of soap root and soap
bark were found to be four times as soluble in ether as the saponins from which
they were obtained. Both sapogenins, as well as that prepared from guaiac
bark, showed slight but definite hemolytic properties. The saponins, saponic
acid, and acid saponins from guaiac bark were still hemolytic in dilutions of
1 : 5,000.
It is concluded that the addition of saponin to effervescent drinks should not
be permitted. See also previous work (E. S. R., 20, p. 612; 27, p. 505).
Detection and differentiation of poisonous and nonpoisonous saponins by
hemolysis and the conclusions to be drawn therefrom, J. Haleerkaxn (Abs.
in Apoth. Ztg., 28 (1913), No. 13, p. 118; CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., 59
(1913), No. 1, p. 12). — The poisonous saponins when combined with cholesterol
become nontoxic. Saponins act upon the membranes of the red blood cor-
puscles and consequently allow an escape of the hemoglobin. Perhaps hemolysis
is due to the action of the cholesterol. According to these investigations tox-
icity and hemolysis run parallel because a saponin which exerts no or only a
slight hemolysis has only a slight action on man and animals. For detecting
saponins, a 1 per cent suspension of blood corpuscles is exposed to saponin solu-
tions of various strengths. The method can be used for estimating saponins in
mineral waters.
Determination of g-lycerol in wine, with especial reference to a new
simple method, S. Rothenfusser (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
26 (1913), No. 10, pp. 535-5U, fig. i). — The method consists essentially of
oxidizing the glycerol to oxalic acid and titrating the latter with a standard
solution of potassium permanganate.
A new method for differentiating' human from cow's milk and a contri-
bution to the study of the lipolytic milk ferments, H. Davidsohn (Ztschr.
Kindcrhcilk., Orig., 8 (1913), No. 1, pp. 14-23; abs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u.
Expt. Ther., II, Rcf., 7 (1913), No. 8, p. 383).— On adding 1 to 2 drops of
"Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 25 (1907 », No. 8, pp. 416-424, pi. 1.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 21
tributyrin to from 5 to 10 cc. of milk and then shaking slightly, woman's milk
gives in a few minutes a marked penetrating odor of butyric acid. This does
not occur with cow's milk.
The reaction is recommended for the differentiation of raw human from raw
cow's millv, and also raw from boiled human milk, since tlie action depends upon
the presence of a lipolytic ferment in woman's milk. The hemolysin noted in
woman's milk is identical with the lipolytic cleavage products (soaps) obtained
from the milk fat when the milk is kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours.
The so-called nitrog'en-free extractive substances in feeds and foodstuffs,
J. KoNiG (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 26 (1913), No. 6, pp. 273-
281, fig. 1). — On the basis of investigations reported previously (E. S. R., 18,
p. 664; 23, p. 110) the nitrogen-free extractive substances may be grouped into
four classes, namely, pentosans, hexosans, ligiiins, and cutins. The first three
groups, which occur in feeding stuffs in various condensation or soluble forms,
are here described. It is deemed essential when examining tliis class of ma-
terial to use the same method the world over in order to obtain comparative
results. The methods of analysis are regarded as by no means perfect.
Som.e effects of feeds upon the properties of lard, I, II, C. L. Hake {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 6, pp. 264-268; 5 {1913), No. 5, pp.
J/10-414, fiffs. 6). — Summarizing the results of the first of these papers, it was
found that " corn may be fed without regard to time limit in so far as con-
cei'ns any unfavoi-able effect on the properties of the lard. Soy beans and
peanuts both produce oiliness in the hogs and the lards resulting are extremely
soft. The fat of oily hogs can be hardened by rations of corn, cotton-seed meal,
or tankage — the two latter producing unusually firm lards. The possibility
is suggested that legumes when fed green may produce soft fats."
The wide differences in properties which may be conferred upon lards by
different feeds are shown by the following figures: A pig selected from the
soy-bean fed lot had lard with an iodin value of 100.5, an iodin value of the
liquid fatty acids 119, and a saponification value of 197.5, while a pig fed slaugh-
ter-pen refuse and weighing about 200 lbs. when slaughtered, showed for the
lard an iodin value of 40.35, an iodin value of the liquid fatty acids 78, a
saponification value of 203.2, and a melting point of 4S.2. The lard of this
second pig presented much the appearance of beef tallow and its constants
possessed much the same value as those of beef fat. It also responded readily
to the Belfield test for beef fat.
The second paper reports the results of examining more than 200 samples
of lards. It is shown that "fats change in composition with remarkable
readiness under the influence of certain feeds, small amounts of these feeds
producing striking changes in the properties of the fats." " Corn, and mixed
feeds containing corn with wheat shorts, skim milk, or cowpeas, produce fats
which possess like properties. Tankage produces a slightly firmer fat, while
cotton-seed meal produces fats which contain small amounts of unsaturated
acids, and which may remain solid at temperatures of 100° F. or above. Soy
beans and peanuts produce lards which contain extreme amounts of unsaturated
acids and are fluid at ordinary temperatures."
" Between the ages of 4 months and 8 months, age of the animal has essen-
tially no influence upon the properties of the lard. Using feeds differing as
much as 5 per cent in protein content, there is observed no change in the
properties of the lards produced therefi'om. With the advent of the various
new feeds used in pork production, the iodin absorption number of a lard
possesses no value as a means of detecting adulteration."
22
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
The identification and quantitative determination of sodium chlorid in
feeds, A. Steigel (Landw. Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 149-158).— Salt
is said to be added to linseed for the purpose of aiding the extraction of the
oil. When added to the meal after extraction it is evidently done for the pur-
pose of increasing its palatability, and probably at times to cover up a moldy
feed or a feed adulterated witli materials of low nutritive value.
An exact determination of sodium chlorid in feeding stuffs and also in
condimental foods can be made by extracting the substance by shaking it with
water. The iiqueous solution obtained is evaporated with the addition of
sodium carbonate and potassium nitrate and is then ashed. The chlorin is
determined in a solution of the residue. Direct ashing of the feed is not per-
missible because losses of chlorin occur. The water extracts can not be titrated
directly with silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator on account
of lack of sharpness in the end-point, and titration according to Volhard's
method in a nitric acid solution is recommended. As a preliminary test the
sodium chlorid can be separated from the feed with chloroform.
The action of refined sugar on Fehling's solution in the Herzfeld method
for the determination of invert sugar, F. Stbohmer {Osterr. JJngar. Ztschr.
Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 42 (1913), Ao. 3, pp. 539-645; abs. in Chem. Abs., 7
{1913), No. 23, p. 4091). — When Fehling's solution is heated according to the
directions prescribed for this method there is a tendency toward the separation
of varying amounts of cuprous oxid. The separation increases even though the
sugar is free from invert sugar because of the fact that even chemically pure
saccharose has a slight reducing power. In an alkaline solution pure saccharose
undergoes inversion, the degree being proportional to the alkalinity, the length
of time of boiling, and the quantity of saccharose entering into reaction. No
definite proportional relation seems to exist between the amount of organic and
inorganic nonsugars on the one hand and the reducing ix)wer on the other.
When a reduction below 50 mg. of metallic copper is obtained, this error may be
disregarded.
Bacteriological investigations of sugar cane products, W. L. Owen (Louisi-
ana Stas. Bill. 146 (1914), pp. 78, figs. 6).— In anticipation of future demands
for reliable methods for use in the sugarhouse, this investigation of the com-
pai-ative values of various culture media for the quantitative estimation of the
micro-organisms in 'sugar-house products was instituted.
The relative rank of the different culture media employed is given in the
following table :
Comparative value of culture media for estimation of micro-organisms in sugar-
house products.
Raw juice.
Clarified juice.
Massecuite.
Raw sugar.
Plain agar —
Sucrose agar. .
Raw juice
Peptone agar.
Raw sugar
Peptone agar.
Molasses
Peptone agar .
Molasses agar.
Raw juice agar .
Raw sugar agar.
Sucrose agar..
Plain agar
Raw juice....
Peptone agar.
Molasses
Peptone agar.
Raw juice agar.
Raw juice
Peptone agar. . .
Molasses agar. . .
Raw sugar agar.
Raw juice agar.
Plain agar
Raw juice
Peptone agar...
Molasses
Peptone agar. . .
Molasses agar.
Sucrose agar. .
Raw juice
Peptone agar
Raw sugar agar.
Sucrose agar 50 per ct.
Sucrose agar 25 per ct.
Plain agar.
Sucrose agar 10 per ct.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ACiROTECHNY. 23
"The superior value of the higher density media for the estimation of micro-
organisms in sugars is believed to be due to the injurious influences exercised
upon one class of these micro-organisms by the change from the density of the
film of moisture around the sugar crystals to the low density media. The
methylene blue reduction method is inapplicable to the quantitative estimation
of micro-organisms in sugars. The most favorable reaction for the culture
medium is neutrality with phenolphthalein as an indicator. The growth of the
micro-organisms of sugars upon high density media is slower than upon those
of low density. The basis of Smith's formula for the sucrose agar,« which has
been used for the determination of micro-organisms in sugars, has been proved
to be essentially correct."
See also a i)revious note (E. S. R.. 25, p. 110).
Progress made in the field of cocoa and chocolate manufacture in the
years 1905-1912, R. Bohme {Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), Nos. 51, pp. 517-519; 53,
pp. 542, 5J/3; 56, pp. 574, 575). — This deals with the chemical, technical, and
legal aspects of the industry.
On the protein substances of barley in the grain itself and during' the
brewing processes. — III, Transformation of the protein matters during
mashing, boiling of wort, and fermentation, H. Schjerning (Compt. Rend.
Lah. CarJsherg, 9 {1913), No. 4, pp. 237-396, fig. J).— This is a continuation of
the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 412), and brings out the fact that
the transformation of protein takes place chiefly during germination and is
proportional in extent to the duration of the latter. On the other hand, the
more important changes taking place in the carbohydrates and mineral sub-
stances occur during the mashing process, the optimum temperature lying
around 70° C. The velocity or facility with which protein transformation takes
place, as measured by the author's precipitation method, is not in inverse ratio
to the total nitrogen content of the dry substances of the barley.
The value of barley for malting purposes depends not only upon its behavior
during the steeping process but also on the length of time it requires to com-
plete the protein transformation during germination. A faulty transformation
of albumin and similar substances during germination can not be rectified by
the subsequent mashing process.
The concentration of the hydrogen ions was not affected by the steeping,
germination, and mashing processes in themselves. " The measurements of the
numerical values of the different protein transformation processes by the pre-
cipitation method, and of the extent of peptid splitting through a formol titra-
tion, act as supplements, but can not replace each other. The protein ti'ans-
fo^mation processes mark the proteolysis down to the formation of the most
complex amin-amid compounds, while the peptid splitting particularly marks
the decomposition of the most complex into the less complex amin-amid com-
pounds."
The remainder of the work deals with the influence of the mashing process,
i e.. fineness of the grist, concentration of mash, mashing temperature, duration
of initial mashing, duration of boiling, elutriation (sparging) of husks (grains),
and the salt effect ; the boiling of the wort, viz, duration of boiling, the propor-
tion of hops, effect of the hops upon the substances existing in the wort itself,
the tempeuature or pressure, wort concentration, oxygenation during boiling, and
the quality of the hops, etc.; and fermentation (primary and secondary).
The thirty-first general meeting of the society of starch interests in
Germany, 1913, E. Parow {Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 34, pp. 3.'f5, 346).— A
report of the activity of the laboratories of this society.
"Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 26 (1901), pt. 4, pp. 674-683.
24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Treatise on meteorology, J. Vincent [Traits de M4t6orologie. Brussels,
1914, pp. VIII-\-418, figs. 176). — This is a general treatise on the subject con-
taining chapters on general information about the air, temperature of the
air. aqueous vapor in the air and its condensation, the barometer, the thermal
state of the atmosphere, polar auroras, water spouts, the weather, electrical
phenomena, the climate of different zones of the earth, and the climate of
Belgium.
Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. Mount
Weather Ohserv., 6 (.19U), pt. 5, pp. 195-265+IV, pis. 3, figs. iS).— This, the
final number of this series of bulletins, contains the following articles: The
Design and Theory of a Mechanism for Illustrating Certain Systems of Lines
of Force and Stream Lines (illus.), by W. H. Roever; The Relation Between
Solar Radiation Intensities and the Temperature of the Air in the Northern
Hemisphere in 1912-13 (illus.), by H. H. Kimball (see below) ; The Diurnal
System of Convection : A Summary of the Free Air Data Obtained at Mount
Weather for the Fiscal Year July 1, 1912, to June 30. 1913 (illus.), by W. R.
Blair ; and Free Air Data at Mount Weather from July 3, 1913, to May 7, 1914,
on " International Days," by W. R. Blair. A general index to Volumes 1-6 is
appended.
The relation between solar radiation intensities and the temperature of
the air in the Northern Hemisphere in 1912—13, H. H. Kimball (U. S. Dept.
Agr., BuJ. Mount Weather Ohserv., 6 {1914), pt. 5, pp. 205-220, fig. i).— Atten-
tion is called in this paper especially to the fact that " following the eruption
of Katmai Volcano, in Alaska, in June, 1912, a cloud of high haze or dust was
gradually distributed throughout the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere
and caused a marked diminution in the intensity of direct solar radiation. This
diminution reached its maximum at Mount Weather, Va., in August, 1912. and
was noticeable until nearly the end of 1913. There was at the same time an
increase in the quantity of heat received diffusely from the sky, but the net
result was a decrease in the amount of heat energy received at the surface of
the earth."
The thunderstorm and its phenomena, W. J. Humphreys {Mo. Weather
Rev., 42 {1914), No. 6, pp. 348-380, figs. 22, pi. 1; Jour. Franklin. Inst., 178
{1914), No. 6, pp. 751-776, figs. 6). — Among the topics discussed in these articles
are the origin of thunderstorm electricity ; periodic recurrence and distribution
of thunderstorms ; thunderstorm pressures, temperatures, humidity, and ve-
locity; hail; lightning and its effects; and thunder.
It is pointed out among other things that the sudden downpour of rain
which frequently follows heavy claps of thunder is not due to the latter but to
changes in electrification. It is shown that one of the important chemical
efi'ects of electrical discharges accompanying thunderstorms is the abundant
formation of oxids of nitrogen and ammonia. It is stated that " there is no
obvious and close relation between the thunderstorm and normal atmospheric
electricity ; that, according to our best evidence, they are distinct and inde-
pendent phenomena."
A list of references to literature on the subject is given.
Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 42 {1914), Nos. 5, pp. 257-
308, pis. 8, figs. 17; 6, pp. 309-407. pis. 10, figs. .5.5).— In addition to notes on
weather forecasts for May and June, 1914, river and flood observations, lists of
METEOROLOGY WATER. 25
additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology,
notes from the Weather Bureau library, the weather of these months, a con-
densed climatolosical summary, and climatological tables and charts, these
numbers contain the following articles :
No. 5. — The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Propagation of
Sound (illus.), by H. Bateman; The Mechanics of Atmospheric Air Within
Cyclones and Anti-Cyclones, by M. MoUer; The Halos of November 1-2, 1913;
Remarkable Halo at Pueblo, Colo., February 6, 1914, by L. H. Daingerfield;
Unusual Solar Halos Seen in Kansas on February 24, 1914 ; The Solar Halos
as seen at Topeka (illus.), by S. D. Flora; The Solar Halos at lola (illus.),
by H. K. Holcomb ; The Solar Halos as Seen at Gamett, Kans. (illus.), by D. D.
Judy; Land and Sea Breezes, by R. DeC. Ward; Graphical Integration of
Functions of a Complex Variable with Applications (illus.), by S. D. Killam;
Notes on the Formation of Glazed Frost, by T. Okada ; Haze of May 13 to May
17, 1914 ; and The Thermal Regions of the Globe, by A. J. Herbertson.
No. 6. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Mount Weather, Va., during April,
May, and June, 1914, by H. H. Kimball ; Photometric Measures of the Zodiacal
Light (illus.), by M. Hall; The Distribution of Snowfall in Cyclones of the
Eastern United States (illus.), by C. F. Brooks; On the Influence of the
Deviating Force of the Earth's Rotation on the Movement of the Air (illus.),
by N. Ekholm; Meteorology at the Lick Observatory (illus.), by W. G. Reed;
The Neglect of Atmospherics; The Weather Versus Coal Mine Disasters;
The Ultimate Cause of our Weather; The Planets and the Weather, by W. J.
Humphreys; The Thunderstorm and Its Phenomena (illus.), by W. J. Hum-
phreys (see p. 24) ; Flood Studies at Los Angeles (illus., by F. A. Carpenter;
and Artificial Deepening of the Arkansas at Wichita, Kans. (illus.), by A. J.
Henry.
Weather records, C. C. Georgeson {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 74-80). —
Observations on temperature, precipitation, and condition of the weather at
diflierent places in Alaska from December, 1912, to December, 1913, inclusive,
are recorded as usual.
Climate and meteorology, A. J. Connor (Canada Yearbook, 1913, pp. 113-
122, figs. 3). — The climatic and meteorological conditions in the Dominion of
Canada are summarized from all available data up to and including the year
1913.
British rainfall, 1913, R. C. Mossman and C. Salter (London, 1914, PP-
92+384, pis. 4, figs. 76; rev. in Nature \_London], 94 (1914), No. 2341, p. 33).—
As in previous years, the fundamental part of this report includes general
tables of total rainfall and observers' remarks on the weather. Among the
topics discussed are monthly and seasonal rainfall, heavy daily falls, and
the relation of the annual rainfall to the average. An account is given in some
detail of a great rainstorm on September 17 centering near Doncaster.
The volume includes three special articles: (1) An appreciative memoir of
the late Sir John Murray, who represented Scotland on the board of trustees
of the British Rainfall Organization; (2) the dry summer of 1913, the rainfall
deficiency during July and August being 60 per cent over the United Kingdom
as a whole; and (3) the frequency of heavy rains in short periods, 1868-1913.
The rainfall of the year over the whole of the British Isles was almost
exactly equal to the average for 35 years (1875-1909). There was an excess
in Wales of 9 per cent, and in Ireland of 7 per cent. Elsewhere there was,
generally speaking, a deficiency.
73227°— No. 1—15 3
26 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Soil mapping" and soil instruction, Wiliielm Gkaf zu Leiningen (Centbl.
Gesam. Forstw., 40 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 81-97). — ^The author discusses soil
mapping from the viewpoint of the farmer and the forester, pointing out its
uses and what in his opinion it should cover. A list of references to related
literature is included.
The question of soil maps, Graf zu Leiningen (Natuinv. Ztschr. Forst u.
Landiv., 12 (,1914), ^0. 3, pp. 114-122; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 5, p. 624).— This artfcle
covers substantially the same ground as that noted above.
Soil survey of Pinellas County, Florida, G. B. Jones and T. M. Mobbison
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils,
1913, pp. 31, pis. 6, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issued September 30, 1914,
deals with an area of 166,400 acres of -^ aried topography on the mid-west coast
of Florida containing seven different types of soil in six series as follows:
Norfolk, Leon, Parkwood, and Plummer which are gray soils, and Portsmouth
and Fellowship which are black, besides four miscellaneous types of muck,
swamp, coastal beach, and tidal marsh soils. Of these soil types the most
important and valuable is the Norfolk fine sand. "There is a large acreage
of undeveloped land in the county." Drainage is deficient in many cases.
McDonougli County [Illinois] soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pet-
tit, and O. S. Fisher {Illinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 7 {1913), pp. 46, pis. 2, figs. 7).—
This report deals briefly with the physiography, topography, and formation of the
soils of the county and more fully with .soil material and soil types, chemical
composition of the soil, and field tests of the fertilizer requirements of certain
of the prevailing types
McDonough County lies in the upper Illinois glaciation. Its soils are divided
into three classes, as follows: (1) Upland prairie soils, rich in organic matter;
(2) upland timber soils, including those zones along stream courses over which
the forests once extended; and (3) swamp and bottom-land soils, which include
the flood plains along streams. The timberlands are divided chiefly into two
classes, the undulating and the hilly areas. The common prairie soil known
as brown silt loam occupies 55 per cent of the area of the county, while the
yellow silt loam of the hilly land is the next most extensive type, covering 25
per cent of the county.
" General statements relating to the total quantities of plant food in the
plowed soil . . . emphasize the fact that the supplies of some of these neces-
sary elements of fertility are extremely limited when measured by the needs
of large ci-op yields. . . . The most significant fact revealed by the investiga-
tion of the soils of this county is the low phosphorus content of the common
brown silt loam prairie."
Chemical analyses of some Kansas soils, C. O. Swanson {Kansas Sta. Bui.
199 {1914), PP- TIII+633-715). — This bulletin discusses the chemical composi-
tion of soils in relation to crop production, and reports analyses of type soils
from representative areas of the State comprising portions of Allen, Brown.
Russell, Finney, Riley, Sedgwick. Butler, Doniphan, and Hai-per counties, most
of which are in areas surveyed and mapped by the Bureau of Soils of this
Department. The methods used are described and the results of analyses are
discussed with reference to the crop requirements and fertilizer needs of the
different types. In some cases an attempt was made to study the depletion
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
27
of soil fertility under tillage by examining parallel samples from fields which
have been under long cultivation and from adjacent areas kept in grass.
The results of analyses of the surface soils (to a depth of 7 in.) and the sub-
soils (the layer between 20 and 30 or 40 in.) are given in the following table:
Average results of analyses of soil types of Kansas.
Soil type.
Soil layer.
Nitrogen.
Phos-
phorus.
Potas-
sium.
Calcium.
Organic
carbon.
Inorganic
carbon.
Oswego silt loam
Oswego fine sandy loam.
Sedgwick clay loam
Neosho silt loam
Yazoo loam
Yazoo clay
Sharkey clay
Marshall silt loam
Marshall gravelly loam. .
Yazoo silt loam
Sedgwick clay loam
Sedgwick sandy loam . . . .
Benton loam
Waldo loam
Marshall silt loam
Marshall silt loam (sandy
phase).
Laurel loam
Laurel sandy loam..
Finney sandy loam.
Dune sand
Colorado sand
Rough stony land .
Colorado adobe
Finney clay
Oswego silt loam
Marshall silt loan
Wabash silt loam
Laurel sUt loam
Wabash silt clay
Sedgwick clay loam
Sedgwick black clay loam.
Sedgwick loam
Sedgwick sandy loam
Derby loam
Arkansas loam
Miami sand
Miami fine sand
Sedgwick clay loam
Clarbsville stony loam
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soD.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
SubsoU
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
do
Subsoil
Surface soil.
do
do
.....do
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Surface soil.
Subsoil
Per cent.
0. 220
.066
.155
.058
.217
.101
.166
.062
.173
.090
.269
.109
.267
.070
.221
.082
.247
.070
.173
.080
.187
.058
.141
.061
.237
.073
.269
.072
.124
.049
.103
.040
.168
.053
.090
.074
.051
.017
.027
.079
.100
.037
.108
.038
.217
.104
.205
.070
.188
.073
.252
!664
.340
.082
.132
.064
.136
.069
.181
.064
.099
.069
.152
.060
.191
.062
.041
.057
.066
.028
.180
.074
.167
.087
Per cent.
0.048
.037
.026
.022
.043
.031
.026
.015
.042
.035
.059
.027
.058
.032
.053
.055
.037
.039
.065
.064
.051
.054
.048
.063
.053
.063
.060
.055
.067
.070
.061
.056
.069
.010
.060
.038
.028
.036
.035
.067
.068
.068
.065
.067
.053
.043
.051
.023
.055
.091
.057
.054
.078
.047
.055
.044
.031
.047
.040
.048
.030
.029
.050
.032
.051
.042
.040
.051
.038
.040
.026
.025
.025
.026
Per cent.
1.35
1.42
.81
.93
1.60
1.46
1.32
1.34
1.83
1.90
1.77
1.85
1.80
1.57
1.94
1.95
1.34
1.35
1.84
1.92
2.04
2.00
1.80
1.91
1.62
1.30
1.90
2.14
2.26
2.12
2.42
2.45
2.48
2.04
2.42
2.32
2.22
2.79
2.46
2.36
2.51
2.23
2.24
2.27
1.82
1.96
2.05
1.99
2.12
2.09
1.95
1.94
2.16
1.95
1.99
2.19
1.92
1.93
2.21
2.12
2.32
2.19
2.11
2.08
2.25
2.24
2.60
2.19
2.64
2.61
1.59
1.59
1.57
1.50
Per cent.
0.67
.48
.24
.23
.47
.78
.39
.37
.53
.52
.44
.59
.68
.75
.56
.65
.60
.55
.70
1.00
.84
2.29
.74
.72
5.03
8.05
1.11
1.99
1.17
3.82
1.08
1.81
1.19
4.55
.97
2.63
1.12
.60
.45
2.86
.81
2.30
.81
.83
.67
.64
.77
.71
2.07
1.84
.44
6.06
.55
3.87
.48
1.00
.39
.59
.63
.37
.55
.64
.53
.55
.52
.75
.75
.80
.49
.85
.46
1.38
Per cent.
2.51
1.05
1.63
.46
2.40
.88
1.58
.51
L83
.89
2.69
1.04
2.79
.77
2.70
.75
2.79
.73
3.18
1.02
2.14
.68
1.61
.63
2.90
1.28
3.18
.76
1.16
.30
.94
.31
1.52
.39
.82
.64
.33
.11
.24
.64
.97
.19
.88
.28
2.60
.57
2.02
.43
2.11
.64
2.75
.59
3. 62
.62
2.51
1.82
1.56
.55
1.97
.74
1.03
.60
1.69
.50
2.04
5.56
.52
.60
.71
.25
2.19
.74
2.14
Per cent.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
4.501
12.352
Trace.
1.380
.133
.253
.960
1.123
Trace.
"".'703
Trace.
.029
.341
1.204
4.462
6.571
Trace.
.108
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
.166
Trace.
Trace.
.044
.259
Trace.
.059
Trace.
.349
28
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Averaffe results of analyses of soil types of Kansas — Continued.
Soil type.
Soil layer.
Nitrogen.
Phos-
phorus.
Potas-
sium.
Calcium.
Organic
carbon.
Inorganic
carbon.
Brown fine sandy loam...
Surface soil....
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
do
Per cent.
0.192
.105
.176
.069
.103
.043
.025
.091
.056
.075
.035
.097
.040
.105
.053
.081
.044
.123
.061
Per cent.
0.060
.063
.062
.054
.064
.076
.070
.035
. 039
.032
.080
.038
.034
.037
.035
.041
.038
.036
.036
Per cent.
2.04
1.99
1.80
1.92
1.73
1.95
2.11
1.80
1.76
2.15
2.12
1.99
1.97
2.05
2.03
1.96
1.89
1 71
Per cent.
0.53
.51
.52
.54
.54
.70
.65
.37
.49
.51
.51
.23
.54
.39
.38
.22
.49
39
Per cent,
2.13
1.37
1.94
.63
1.09
.45
.32
.81
.41
.53
.21
.90
.30
1.01
.46
.70
.39
1.38
.58
Per cent.
Dark brown silt loam
Trace.
Brown silt loam
Silt subsoil
Brown loam
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Brown fine sandy loam. . .
Brown sandy loam
Trace.
.420
Coarse sandy loam
Alluvial loam
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
Gray silt loam
Trace.
1.33
.98
.506
Geologic origin and history of the New York State soils, O. D. von Engeln
{Cornell Countryman, 12 (1914), No. 1, pp. 15-20, 58, figs. 2).— This is the first
of a series of articles dealing with the agriculture of New York. It is a brief
discussion of the general features of the origin and history of the soils of the
State, indicating that they are roainly of glacial origin and that their character
is largely determined by the composition of tlie underlying rock. Attention is
called to the varied nature of the glacial deposits and to their manner of deposi-
tion. The sheet of so-called till is said to be probably the most widespread.
The soils of New York State, H. O. Buckman (Cornell Countryman, 12
(1914), No. 1, pp. 21-25, 60, figs. 3). — In this, the second of a series of articles
on agriculture in New York, a review of the soil conditions in the State is
given which indicates that the soils now represent five groups, the residual,
marine, glacial till, glacial lake, and alluvial, the last three of which predominate.
It is stated that the general fertility of the soils is directly traceable to their
lime content and that their greatest need is drainage. A general soil map and a
discussion of the different soil series as they occur are also given.
Soil survey of Bamberg County, South Carolina, W. E. McLendon (U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913, pp.
J/O, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey was issued September IS, 1914. It covers an
area of 237,440 acres- in the southwestern part of South Carolina, comprising
two topographic divisions corresponding in general with what is locally known
as the upper pine belt and tbe lower pine belt. The topography is nearly flat
and the drainage poor, with much swamp land. Twenty types of soil are mapped
and described. The principtil upland soils belong to the Orangeburg, Tifton,
Norfolk, and Portsmouth series ; the lowland soils to the Swamp, Kalmia, and '
Myatt series. The soils are generally sandy or sandy loam. Their crop adapta-
tions are discussed.
Fruit soils of the Great Interior Valley, J. W, Nelson (Mo. Bui. Com.
Hort. Cal., 3 {1914), No. 9, pp. 343-351).— The author discusses the variety,
texture, and composition of soils with reference to fruit culture, emphasizing
particularly the adaptability of different soils to the growing of certain fruits.
He enumerates the soils more particularly adapted to the growing of deciduous
fruits, olives, figs, almonds, prunes, cheri'ies. and pears.
The nitric nitrogen content in the cauntry rock, R. Stewart and W.
Peterson {Utah Sta. Bid. 134 {1914), PP- 4^^-465, fig. 1). — Investigations as to
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 29
the origiu of the brown " niter spots " or excessive nitrate accumulations occur-
ring here and there in cultivated soils of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming are
reported.
Analyses of samples of the country rock contributing to the formation of the
soil, particularly shales and sandstones, showed them frequently to be heavily
impregnated with nitrate accumulations and quantities of other alkali salts
which wei'e in many cases equal to those occurring in the " niter spots " in
cultivated soil. A marked variation was found in the amount of nitrate pres-
ent, depending on the location in the geological series, the country rock richest
in nitrates being of Cretaceous and Tertiary origin. Uniformly high results
were obtained at widely separated sections. The sandstones and shales adja-
cent to the nonaffected areas were comparatively free from nitrates.
The authors conclude that the nitrate accumulations in the cultivated soils
of the affected areas are derived from the nitrate deposits occurring originally
in the country rock and predict that "the so-called 'niter spots' may develop
and become troublesome in every section where Tertiai'y and Cretaceous rocks
are the chief source in the formation of the soil."
The assimilation of the nitrogen of the air by free living lower organisms
in the soil, W. Schneidewind {KiUm Arch., 5 {1914), PP- 57-78, figs. 3). —
Comparative culture tests of the nitrogen-fixing power of different soil organisms
showed that Azotobacter is by far the most active of such organisms. In pot
experiments it was found that when sugar and straw were allowed to remain
for a sufficient length of time in the soil before planting the yield and nitrogen
content of plants grown in the soil were greatly increased. If,' however, the
planting was done soon after the application of these materials there was a
decline in yield and nitrogen content. The same results were observed in field
experiments.
Ammonifying power of soil-inhabiting fungi, H. C. McLean and G. W.
Wilson (Science, n. scr., 40 (1914), No. 1021, pp. 14O-I42). — Comparative tests
were made by the beaker method of the rate of ammonificatiou of dried blood
and cotton-seed meal by various soil bacteria and fungi, the latter including
Zygorhynchus vuiUcminU, RMzopns nigricans, MoniUa sitophila, and certain
species of Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Mucor.
There was found to be considerable difference in the ammonifying power of
the various fungi. The largest ammonifying efiiciency was observed in the case
of Trichoderma, which showed 90.5 mg. of ammonia nitrogen out of a total of
155 mg. added in organic form in the test containing acid phosphate and 75.2
mg. in the test without addition of acid phosphate. The highest amount of
ammonia accumulated in the case of bacteria was with BociUus suhtilis, which
showed 54.1.3 mg. of ammonia nitrogen without acid phosphate and 17.55 mg.
with 2 per cent of acid phosphate.
The environment of soil bacteria, F. H. H. van Suchtelen (Rpt. Mich.
Acad. 8ci., 15 (1913), pp. 65-70). — The investigations upon which this article is
based have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 317).
Soil acidity, J. E. Harris (Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 19 (1914), PP- 3-15). —
The author reviews various opinions regarding soil acidity, briefly describes
some of the more important methods for its determination, and reports experi-
ments with acid upland sand and clay soils, using kaolin in a similar manner
for comparison. Jt is concluded " that the reaction of so-called acid soils of
the sandy loam type is one of selective adsorption by the soil of the basic con-
stituents of the neutral salt solution. It Is not due to a double decomposition
with adsorped acids or insoluble ' humic acids.' . . .
"The 'acidity' of soils of the type investigate*! probably arises from the
formation of soluble salts through the interaction of weak acids (CjHsOi, CO2,
30 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
etc.) in the soil solution and the basic material naturally held adsorbed by the
soil and their subsequent removal by leaching. This leaves the soil free to
adsorb more basic material from any source with which it may come in contact.
" Kaolin in its natural condition does not show the i)ower of selective adsorp-
tion, but after treatment with acids to remove the adsorbed bases it becomes
capable of removing a corresponding quantity of base from a neutral salt solu-
tion. The quantity of base adsorbed by a soil or by kaolin varies with different
salt solutions, thus rendering unreliable the results of any analytical method for
determining the ' lime requirement ' of a soil unless the method employs the
same material that is to be used in the field."
Soil acidity and methods for its detection, J. E. Harris {Science, n. ser.,
J,0 (1914), No. 1031, pp. Jtdl-j!t93).—ln view of the results obtained in the
investigations noted above the author concludes that methods of determining the
lime requirement of soils based upon the old humic acid theory are not reliable.
" The only sure way to determine the lime requirement of an acid soil is to use
the same material in the test as is used in the field for correcting the acidity,"
as is done in the methods of Veitch and Siichting, because, as was shown in the
investigations referred to, acid soils do not adsorb equivalent amounts of dif-
fei'ent ions.
Soil denudation by rainfall and drainage and conservation of soil mois-
ture, A. Howard {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dcpt. Quart. Jour., No. 1 {1914), pp.
24-30). — In a brief discussion of the injurious effects of soil erosion in India,
proper surface drainage and moisture conservation by cultivation are advocated
as remedies.
Coast sand dunes, sand spits, and sand wastes, G. O. Case {London,
1914, VP- [XU-\-162, pi. 1, figs. .^2).— The object of this book "is. more par-
ticularly to draw attention to the advantages of collecting the iublown sand in
the formation of a large coast protection dune, which when built up by the
wind, under the guidance of man, to a proper height and inclination . . .
prevents inland sand drift and the formation of sand wastes, . . . acts as an
embankment or line of defense against erosion of the coast, . . . and enables,
and makes it commercially worth while, to reclaim and convert into . . .
pine woods any existing inland areas of sand wastes or useless belts of sand
dunes only partially covered by vegetation."
Data are quoted which state that the sand dunes of Europe, including the
sand wastes, cover an area of 13.440,000 acres. The subject matter is pre-
sented under the following chapters: Ti'ansporlation of sand by wind action
and formation of coast dunes, sand dunes in Great Britain and abroad, devas-
tation caused by the inland movement of sand dunes, erosion of the coast
resulting from the inland movement of sand dunes, formation of sand spits
and sand islands, the reclamation of tidal lauds by the formation of successive
ridges of sand dunes, the formation of a littoral or coast protection dune, pro-
tective works on the sea face of littoral dunes, and the reclamation of sand
wastes. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30. p. 239).
Keclamation of waste land, A. D. Hall {Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 62 {1914),
No. 3222, pp. 833-840; Pop. Sci. Mo., 85 {1914), ^^o. 4, pp. 377-391).— The author
discusses factors making for soil fertility or the reverse, such as rainfall,
drainage, alkalinity, acidity, and lime. Different classes of waste lands are
dealt with, but special emphasis is placed upon the reclamation of dry lands,
moor and heath lands, and sandy lands. Lime is considered to be the most
important factor to be taken into account in rendering waste lands productive,
but other methods of fertilizing and improving such lands, especially moor and
heath lands, are discussed.
SOILS FERTILIZEBS. 31
[Reclaiming' land injured by volcanic ash], C. C. Georgeson (Alaska Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 21, 22). — Land at the Kodiak Station covered with volcanic ash
from the eruption of Katmai in 1912 was brought under successful cultivation
again by deep plowing to mix the underlying soil with the ash, the application
of fertilizers supplying especially nitrogen, which was lacking in the ash, and
the use of organic manures to supply humus.
The improvement of marsh soils, A. R. Whitson, W. W. WfeiE, and H. W.
Ullsperger (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 205, 2. ed. (1914), PP- ^8, figs. 12). — ^A second
edition of tbe bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 20).
The effect of different fertilizers on the chemical and physical properties
of soil, A. Mausberg (Illus. Lamlw. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 55, pp. 521-^23) .—The
substance of this article was contained in a previous report (E. S. R., 30,
p. 219).
The maintenance of fertility. — Liming the land, C. E. Thorne (Ohio Sta.
Bui. 279 (1914), PP- 22). — Tbis bulletin i-eports later results of experiments on
the use of lime in a 5-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, clover, and timothy
described in an earlier bulletin of the .station (E. S. R., 16, p. 1061).
The experiments were made on a light, silty clay which had previously been
subjected to an exhaustive system of farming. Quicklime which had been used
(at the rate of 1 ton per acre) in the earlier experiments was subsequently
replaced by moderate applications (1 to 2 tons per acre) of ground limestone.
The lime was applied to the corn, and various combinations of fertilizers were
applied to the cereals, but not to the clover and timothy.
The results show that liming has added materially to the yield of corn under
every treatment and on the untreated land. The lowest gain from liming was
obtained on the plat receiving phosphorus in basic slag, and the highest gains
were on the plats receiving nitrogen in oil meal, dried blood, and ammonium
sulphate. Without lime these carriers of nitrogen produced less total corn than
did sodium nitrate, but with lime they surpassed the nitrate in increasing the
yield. .Wherever sodium nitrate was used it increased the total yield and
reduced the demand for lime, but in no amount applied did it entirely obviate
the necessity for liming.
With oats the results of liming were much less pronounced than with corn.
The greatest increase from liming was found on the plat receiving nitrogen in
ammonium sulphate. On several of the high nitrogen plats there was an
actual decrease in yield after liming.
The wheat crop responded in all cases to lime except on the plat receiving
phosphorus in basic slag. The largest increase from liming was on the plat
receiving nitrogen in ammonium sulphate.
Clover made a greater response to liming than any other crop. The bene-
ficial effect of sodium nitrate as contrasted with the other nitrogen carriers
used was more marked with clover than with any of the other crops. It is
suggested that a part of the superior effect of this material with clover, as
with corn, on the acid soil used in these experiments was due to the sodium,
but that " neither nitrate of soda nor bone meal nor basic slag nor any practi-
cable combination of these materials will furnish sufficient alkali to neutralize
this acid soil, unless used in such quantity that the cost will be prohibitive."
The total gain in yield of the timothy crop due to liming was greater, and
the percentage gain nearly as great, as in the case of clover, and was much
greater than with the oats or wheat. As with clover, the timothy crop did not
respond on unlimed soil to applications of organic and ammonia nitrogen, but
showed a somewhat greater response than clover to these carriers of nitrogen
when lime was added.
32 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The results in general show that lime produces its full effect only when used
in connection with liberal manuring or fertilizing.
The bulletin also discusses different forms of lime and gives instructions as
to the liming of different crops.
The relative effect of lime as oxid and carbonate on certain soils, H. B.
Hutchinson and K. MacLennan (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England^, 6 {1914), No. 3,
pp. 302-322, pis. 2, figs. 2; abst. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 33 {191Jt), No. 21, pp.
1065, 1066; Chem. A1)S., 8 {1914), No. 23, p. 3834).— In a continuation on broader
lines of previous work (E. S. R., 29, p. 730) it was attempted to determine the
amount of lime required to induce partial sterilization and the relative values
of, and the character of the changes produced by, calcium oxid and carbonate in
acid and other soils.
In laboratory studies with soils of widely different types the amount of
caustic lime necessary to induce specific changes in the flora and fauna of the
soil was found to depend very largely on the character of the soil. Light sandy
soil, poor in organic matter and in carbonate, reacted sharply with from 0.2
to 0.3 per cent of caustic lime; a clay soil, poor in organic matter but rich in
carbonate, reacted with from 0.8 to 0.4 per cent; an acid soil required an
amount between 0.5 and 1 per cent, as did also a rich garden soil which already
contained carbonate; a soil with a high organic and low carbonate content
failed to react even with applications of 1 per cent of caustic lime. " Each of
these soils, as well as many others examined, appears to absorb directly a
definite amount of caustic lime, and until these requirements are fully satisfied
the partial sterilization phenomena do not set in." Smaller applications than
those required for partial sterilization induced a temporary suspension of
nitrification, and consequent accumulation of ammonia, for periods varying
with the amount of lime and the character of each soil, and also led to a
temporary increase in the numbers of bacteria.
" Caustic lime chemically breaks down some of the organic matter of the
soil, as shown by the ammonia formed during periods when soil bacteria are
quiescent; when, however, bacterial growth commences there is a large in-
crease in the rate of ammonia production. The return in nitrogen, as ammonia
and nitrate, for each increment of lime applied varies with the character and
reaction of the soil and the carbonate content. . . . Carbonate gave less re-
turns, apparently because of its relative inaction on soil organic matter."
Pot experiments showed amounts of available nitrogen in the soils compar-
able with the amounts of ammonia and nitrate produced in the laboratory ex-
periments. In some cases the amount of caustic lime applied was sufficiently
large to check the growth of bacteria and to depress plant growth in the first
crop, but in the case of a rich garden soil the bacteria were active although
plant growth was depressed.
Inhibition of nitrification resulting from applications of lime was found to
lead to a higher nitrogen content in the plants. Where the amount of lime
did not check nitrification the nitrogen content of the plants was about normal.
A bibliography of the subject is appended.
New fertilizer materials and by-products, H. D. Haskins {Massachusetts
8ta. Bui. 155 {1914), PP- 1113-181). — Analyses of the following materials are
reported with notes on their value and use as fertilizers : Sheep manure and
wool waste, wool waste feed from grease (sud cake), fine-ground foreign whale
guano, rockweed, crude unground garbage tankage, calcined phosphate, calcium
cyanamid, garbage tankage, picker dirt from cotton mill, cocoa-shell dust,
shoddy dirt from woolen mill, lime refuse from manufacture of lactic acid,
lime refuse from a bleachery filter bed, and lime refuse from a tannery.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 33
The synthetic production of ammonia, F. Haber {Ztschr. Angew. Chem.,
27 (1914), No. 62, Aufsatzteil, pp. 473-^77).— The author briefly reviews his
investigations on electrical synthesis of ammonia.
AGRICULTTJRAL BOTANY.
A manual of bacteriology, H. S. Reed (Boston, New York, Chicago, and
London. 1914, pp. XII +119, i)ls. 2, figs. 46).— This book, in wbicb the author
has outlined many experiments calling for the simplest kind of equipment
which should acquaint the student with the fundamental facts concerning
bacteria, is intended for agricultural and general science students. In addition
to the outline for the study of bacteria a section has been added on the study
of important fermentations caused principally by fungi.
Various appendixes are given in which are presented new as well as well-
known methods applicable to biological work and the descriptive chart of the
Society of American Bacteriologists.
Classification of nodule bacteria, M. Klimmer and R. KRiJCEB (CentU.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 40 (1914), No. 11-lS, pp. 256-265).— Details are given
regarding the authors' study of nodule bacteria from 18 difCerent LeguminosfB,
which are claimed to fall into 9 sharply defined species. These include Bacillus
radicicola in Melilotus alba, Medicago lupulina, M. sativa and Trigonella foenum
grcEcum, also one form pertaining to each of the groups Lupinus perennis, L.
luteus, L. angnstifolius, and Ornitliopus sativus; Lotus uUginosus, Anthyllis
vulneraria, and Tetragonolohus purpureus; Vicia sativa and Pisum arvense;
V. faia; TrifoUum pratense; Phascolus vulgaris; Soja liispida; and OnoWycMs
sativa.
A morphological and cultural study of some Azotohacter, D. H. Jones
(Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 7 (1913), Sect. IV, pp. 43-55, pis.
5). — This is an account of studies made on six samples of soil at the Ontario
Agricultural College in November, 1910, these samples including cultivated
loam, sandy gravelly subsoil IS and 30 in. deep, old or new compost, and road
sand washings. These studies were made on flask and plate cultures regarding
temperature and atmospheric relations, pigment production, etc., results be-
ing detailed so far as obtained up to this time.
The influence of calcium on' soil bacteria, F. Miller (Ztschr. Garungs-
physiol., 4 (1914), No. 3, pp. 194-206). — The author describes a series of studies
on the influence of calcium in varying proportions on soils.
It was found that the addition of 0.3, 0.5, and 1 per cent of calcium oxid to
clayey soil first checked sharply and later increased markedly the development
numerically of bacteria (which was, however, entirely inhibited by 5 per cent
calcium oxid). Simultaneous application of calcium oxid and dextrose gave a
greater increase of bacteria, and also more quickly overcame the inhibition due
to heavy additions of calcium oxid. Different species of bacteria gave differ-
ent responses to the addition of calcium oxid. "When 0.1 per cent calcium oxid
was added to sterile earth eight days previous to inoculation it was found to ex-
ert a slight stimulatiA'e influence, while 0.5 yter cent calcium oxid lost quickly
its iuhibitive influence. Limy clay soil showed a decrease instead of an in-
crease of denitrificatiou after the addition of more than 0.05 per cent calcium
oxid, but red sandstone poor in lime showed a stimulative response in this
respect on the addition of from 0.01 to 0.06 per cent calcium oxid.
Bacteria of frozen soil, H. J. Conn (New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 35
(1914), pp. 20, figs. 4). — ^A report is given of experiments conducted to deter-
mine whether the increase in numbers of bacteria in frozen soils may be due
34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to a rise of the organisms from lower depths, or whether the low temperature
or high moisture content of winter soil favor bacteria.
In the experiments with aerated and unaerated soils in pots, tests were made
of two types of soil that had been cropped recently. It was found that the
number of bacteria in frozen soil is generally larger than in unfrozen soil.
The increase after freezing is not due to an increase in soil moisture, and it
took place in potted soil where there was no possibility that the bacteria
could be brought up from lower depths.
Discussing the general results, the author offers a number of explanations,
among them a dependence on low temperature rather than increase in soil
moisture. Also the increase may not be an actual multiplication, but a libera-
tion of a large number of colonies that would not be otherwise recognized. If
the increase is due to actual multiplication It might imply that soil organisms
are able to use congealed water in their physical activities. Another possi-
bility is that of the effect of cold on protozoa in their relation to bacteria.
The intiuence of the increase of bacteria in frozen soils on fertility is unknown.
Radio-activity and vegetation, G. Tkuffaut (Jardinaf/e, lOlJf, May; noted
in Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 iWU), No. U31, pp. 378, 379; Agr. News [Barha-
dos], 13 (1914), No. 318, p. 215). — In a series of experiments with leguminous
and other plants in soils containing radium bromid as the radio-active manure,
but also rich in nitrogen and other mineral fertilizers, a progressive decrease
of yield corresponded to a higher content of the radio-active substance. It ap-
peared in some cases, however, that as the nitrogen was used uj) in the soil
the later crops showed an increase thought to be due to the radio-active factor
under these conditions.
In a second series of experiments, carried out with chi*ysanthemums in pots,
the relative values of different radio-active substances were investigated. It
was concluded that radio-active substances produce a definite effect on vege-
tation, the insoluble not less than the soluble forms, radio-active minerals
or oxids giving the best results; that black oxid of uranium is practicable,
giving good results at low cost; but that radio-active residues of commercial
manufactures may contain injurious quantities of such ix)isonous substances
as salts of barium or suli^huric acid.
Experiments with spinach in the. field gave no well-marked results.
A summer's record of evaporation and precipitation in Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania, .Caroline Rumbold {Plant World, 17 (1914), No. 7, pp. 213-
215). — The author gives detailed records of observations regarding rainfall and
evaporation in a chestnut orchard in eastern Pennsylvania, covering the time
during foliation, lasting about six months. These climatic conditions are con-
sidered as nearly the optimum for deciduous trees of the temperate zone, espe-
cially for the chestnut tree.
Specialization in vegetation and in environment in California, W. A.
Cannon (Plant World, 17 (19 W, No. 8, pp. 223-237, figs. S).— The results of
this examination of the surface, climate, and flora of California may be sum-
marized in a genei'al statement that there exists a conformity or association
between the last mentioned and the other two, the flora being extremely diverse
and highly specialized, showing not only response by species but sometimes also
by individuals. No particular attempt has been made to trace a causal relation
between any special environment and response thereto. Relation often appears
to be more accidental than otherwise, as in case of the Big Trees. However,
some suggestions regarding relationships are made.
On the density of the cell sap in some desert plants, W. A. Cannon (Plant
World, 17 (191.'i), No. 7, pp. 209-212).— A study was made of Opuntia discata.
FIELD CROPS. 35
a succulent desert species, Fouquieria splcndcns, a nonsucculent, and Peganum
harmala, a half shrub with perennial subterranean parts, presenting rather
the appearance of a mesophyte than of a successful desert perennial. All of
these were grown for experimental purposes in the glass house of the Desert
Laboratory at Tucson, Ariz.
Leaf epidermis of the first and second species showed complete plasmolysis
within 10 minutes In 0.5 normal solution of potassium nitrate. That from
P. harmala showed slow plasmolysis in the same solution, but none in one of
lower concentration. The root epidermis required a strength of about 0.75
uoi'mal. Later tests with this plant gave very different results, although no
explanation is offered.
Results obtained with 0. discata are said to agree fairly well with those
obtained by Livingston (E. S. R., IS, p. 328), while those with P. harmala are
said to show a somewhat less dense cell sap than Fitting (E. S. R., 25, p. 430)
found for the same species at Biskra. The range of experiments with F.
splendens was limitetl by the supply of material on hand.
On the influence of the order of development of the fruits of Passiflora
gracilis upon the frequency of teratological variations, J. A. Harris and
R. A. GoRTNER {Plant World, 17 {WIJ,), No. 7, pp. 199-203).— A study of a
rather large series of data obtained with P. gracilis, grown in ordinary soil
and in soil to which bone meal was added, is said to show that in both classes
of substrata the proportion of abnormalities in mature or immature fruits
decreases as the plant becomes older.
Inheritance of leaf coloration in Melandrium, G. H. Shull (Ber. Deut.
Bat. Geselh, 31 (1913), Gen. Versamm,l. Heft, pp. i40)~{80), pi. 1, figs. 2).—
Giving in considerable detail the results of studies as carried out with Melan-
drium, the author states that he has confirmed the claim of Baur (E. S. R., 25,
p. 771) regarding the existence of an inheritance factor for the formation of
chlorophyll, in the absence of which the young plant does not form chlorophyll
and dies in the seedling stage. Three separate cases of leaf coloration are
described which do not conform to the Mendelian formula, and their character
inheritance is intended to form the substance of a further report.
A bibliography is appended.
Immunity of plants to their own poisons, G. D'Ippolito {8taz. Sper. Agr.
Ital., 46 {1913), Xo. 6, pp. 393-414)- — Tests were made involving leaves, petioles,
etc., of Fceniculinii officinale, Conium maculatiim, Ranunculus, velutimis, and
Delphinium staphysagria subjected to the action of alkaloids, etc., from their
own or each other's juices, or made up into aqueous solutions. The results are
detailed and tabulated.
The cells were usually killed in from 6 to 48 hours, but it is thought that
chemical changes may have interfered with and masked the processes normally
to be expected. A bibliograp'hy is appended.
The antitoxic action of chloral hydrate upon copper sulphate for Pisum
sativum, R. P. IIibb.\rd (Rpt. Mich. Acad. »Vc/.. 15 {1913), pp. 130-137, fig. 1).—
This has already been noted fi'om another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 728).
FIELD CROPS.
Summary of [field crops experiments in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson (Alaska
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 10, 11, 13-15, 17-19).— In these pages methods of letting the
potatoes sprout before planting to get earlier maturity are described, as well as
48 varieties of potatoes grown at the Sitka Station. It is stated that at the
Fairbanks Station crops were greatly injured by an August freeze, only the very
36 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
earliest having matured. It has been demonstrated that potatoes can be grown
at Fairbanks Station at a handsome profit.
At the Rampart Station the production of seeds of Medicagn saliva, M. falcata,
Trifolium lupinastcr, and of turnips are noted, and the successful hybridiza-
tion of wheat, oats, and barley for improved varieties. Broimis inennis is men-
tioned as a valuable hay and pasture grass for the interior.
Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, J. W. Neal (Alaska
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 27-33, p?s. 3). — In this report a trial of cereals is mentioned
in which the Romanow spring wheat seemed the most successful of wheats.
A hybrid barley No. 4a-l from the Rampart Station is noted as a promising
barley. Sixty-Day oats are noted as a desirable variety for that section. It
is noted that late seedings of spring cereals made from 25 per cent to 40 per
cent more straw than early seedings. For winter cereals early seeding is
noted as being the most successful. A good growth of alfalfa and red clover
is noted.
A test of 16 varieties of potatoes showed Gold Coin, Eureka, and Irish
Cobbler to be the heaviest yielders. Level cultivation gave a better yield than
ridging, presumably because of the protracted drought.
Heport of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, G. W. Gassee (Alaska
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 38-Jf6, pis. 3). — In this report a general survey of the work
is given in which are noted the clearing of new land at the cost of $134 per
acre, the beneficial effect of summer and winter fallow, the behavior of 14
varieties of alfalfa, and trials of red, alsike, white, and sweet clovers. The
earliest variety of barley matured in 71 days and the earliest oat variety in 81
days. Red Fife and Saskatchewan spring wheats and their hybrids proved to
be the best adapted to the climatic conditions, although they did not fully
mature all their kernels.
Report of [field crops] work at Kodiak Station, M. D. Snodgrass (Alaska
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 49-59, pis. 4)- — This report reviews the field work in
general, including the preparation of soil covered from 6 to 20 in. with vol-
canic ash and the jiroduction of oats, rye, grass, barley, spring vetch, rape,
turnips, ruta-bagas, and sand spurry. In tests of bluegrass, creeping bent grass,
rye grass, sheep fescue, meadow fescue, red fescue, redtop, timothy, and white,
red, and alsike clovers, " from the growth of the grasses for this first season
the creeping bent grass seemed to lead all other varieties, both on the ash plats
and on those manured and given a dressing of nitrate of lime. Closely following
this was the meadow fescue, redtop, and timothy. The stand was poor with
both the rye grass and the red fescue, but these two varieties stooled better
than the other grasses. All varieties showed the effect of a lack of nitrogen
in the ash." There was a marked benefit from nitrate of lime on oats on the
ash land, and some advantages from the use of superphosphate.
Experiments in the production of crops on alkali land on the Huntley
reclamation project, Montana, D. Hansen (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 135 (1914),
pp. 19, figs. 7). — In trials of several methods to reduce the salt (principally
sulphates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium) content of the soil so that agri-
cultural crops could be grown, the plowing under of lye as a green manure gave
prompt relief. During the first season the salt content in the first foot of soil
was reduced from I.IG to 0.32 per cent of the air-dried soil. Subsoiling in addi-
tion to turning under the rye reduced the salt content somewhat, but did not
influence the yield of succeeding crops.
Experiments with crops under fall irrigation at the Scottsbluff reclama-
tion project experiment farm, F. Knokr (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 133 (1914),
pp. 17, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives results of experiments at this farm at
FIELD CROPS. 37
Scottsbluff, Nebr.. in fall irriga lions begun in 1910. Three years' results have
been obtained with wheat, oats, and barley, and two years' results with potatoes,
sugar beets, and corn.
" With very few exceptions, higher yields of each crop were obtained each
year from the land which was fall irrigated than from adjacent land which was
not fall irrigated. Considering the average results of three years, full irriga-
tion increased the yield of wheat 19 per cent, of barley 23 per cent, and of oats
15 per cent. In the average results of two years, fall irrigation increased the
yield of corn 22 per cent, of sugar beets 15 per cent, and of potatoes 2 per cent.
The average increase in the yield of the six crops on fall-irrigated land was 16
per cent. With the exception of potatoes, the yields of all the crops were
increased by fall irrigation sufficiently to more than pay for the cost of the fall
irrigation.
"• Soil-moisture studies made on the wheat plats in 1911 showed that the fall-
irrigated land contained more soil moisture to a depth of 6 ft. throughout the
season than the land not fall irrigated. The greatest differences in soil moisture
were found in the lower depths of soil, particularly the sixth foot, which con-
tained from 3 to 9 per cent more moisture on the fall-irrigated land than on
the land not fall irrigated.
" The difference in soil-moisture content during the growing season appears
to have been due to the fact that the land which was not fall irrigated was
comparatively dry at planting time in the spring, and that it consequently
absorbed water less readily than the fall-irrigated land, which was well sup-
plied with moisture at the beginning of the season."
[Field crop experiments], G. R. Allan, D. Clouston, and G. Evans (Rpt.
Agr. Stas. Cent. Prov. and Berar [India], 1912-13, pp. 15-32, 51-103, 125-U3,
147-157). — ^This continues previous reports of work on manurial, A^ariety, and
rotation trials with cotton, cereals, legumes, and other crops that are being
conducted at the various local exi">eriment stations (E. S. R., 29, p. 736).
Report on variety tests, 1913, F. Merkel (Arb. Deut. Land/iv. Gesell., No.
256 (.1913), pp. XIII+405+S, pis. ^).— This publication gives data on about 300
variety tests, including oats, spring wheat, field beans, field peas, stock beets,
and sugar beets, conducted throughout Germany.
The cultivated root-producing aroids. — Yautias, gabis, dasheens, alocasias,
and cyrtospermums, F. A. Quisumeing (Philippine Agr. and Forester, S
(1914), ^0. 4, pp. 85-98). — This article gives a history of this class of plants
and also includes analyses of numerous varieties grown at the college. Starch
ranged from 11.51 to 20.38 per cent, ash from 0.42 to 2.25 per cent, and moisture
from 66.1 to 80.56 per cent. Yields of yautias ranged from 4,259 to 28,531 lbs.
of tubers per acre, dasheens from 5,324 to 22,254 lbs. per acre, and gabis from
2,129 to 10,009 lbs. per acre. Notes on culture, grading, and diseases are also
given.
Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines. — A description of the chief
industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, their distribution, method of
preparation, and uses, T. Muller (IPhilippine] Bur. Ed. Bui. 49 (1913), pp.
157. pis. 43)- — This bulletin treats of about 750 plants classed under ferns,
pandans, grasses, the bamboos, sedges and similar plants, palms, rattans, vines,
plants with leaf or petiole fibers of commercial value, miscellaneous industrial
fibers, and Philippine bast fibers. Aside from the common and botanical names,
the author has given descriptive methods of preparing the fiber and its uses
for each plant, and in some cases its distribution.
A list of grasses from Ahmadabad and Surat, L. J. Sedgwick (jour.
BomMy Nat. Hist. Soc., 23 (1914), No. 1, pp. 110-117).— This list includes notes
38 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
on the habitats, ecological relations, and time of flowering of 34 uncultivated
grasses.
Culture of meadows on moor soils, jNI. Ohiime (Wiesenhau auf Moorbodcn.
Berlin, .1013, 3. ed., pp. //8, figs. 9). — This book treats of the possibilities of both
high and low moorlands, and includes discussions on regulating the ground
water, the preparation of the seed bed, fertilizers, seeding, and management.
Moisture as a factor of error in determining forage yields, R. McKee
(Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 (IDl'i), Ao. 3, pp. 113-111). — From work done in
1911, 1912, and 1913 on varieties of alfalfa at Chico, Cal., the author concludes
that available data relative to forage yields can be made more accurate by de-
termining both water-free substance and air-dry matter from at least a 2-lb.
sample from the field-cured crop.
Commercial Turkestan alfalfa seed, E. Beown (JJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 138
(1914), pp. 7, fig. 1). — Following a review of European and American literature
on results of experimental work with alfalfa from various localities, the author
concludes that although Russian Turkestan produces the largest supply of
alfalfa seed for export, and supplies practically all of the imported seed in
this country, being distributed into international trade through Germany, chiefly
through the port of Hamburg, it " has given uniformly poor results wherever
tested in Europe, and none of the tests of commercial Turkestan seed in this
country has given as good yields as were obtained from local seed. . . .
" Commercial Turkestan is the cheapest alfalfa seed in the European market,
and its wholesale price in this country is less than that of domestic-grown seed.
The retail price of Turkestan alfalfa seed in this country is usually higher than
that of domestic seed ; consequently, the seedsman's profit on it is greater than
on domestic seed.
" Commercial Turkestan alfalfa is particularly unsuited to tlie humid east-
ern portion of the United States, while it is not as hardy as other strains in
the North and everyAvhere recovers slowly after cutting, thus reducing the hay
j'ield. It is relatively short lived and is a poor seed producer.
" Russian knapw^eed, a weed similar in manner of growth to quack grass,
Johnson grass, and the Canada thistle, is constantly being introduced in Turkes-
tan alfalfa seed, and by the presence of this weed seed commercial Turkestan
seed may be easily identified."
A bibliography of 12 titles is appended.
Some distinctions in our cultivated barleys with reference to their use
in plant breeding, H. V. Harlan (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 137 {19U), PP- 38,
figs. 16). — In order to facilitate his work of breeding barley the author found
it necessary to study more minutely the characters of barley, and so to increase
the efficiency of the nursery by elimination. " The data upon which the con-
clusions are based consist of some 200,000 recoi-ded observations extending
over a period of five seasons and embracing experiments at St. Paul, Minn.,
Williston and Dickinson, N. Dak.. Highmore, S. Dak., Moccasin, Mont., Aber-
deen and Gooding, Idaho, and Chico. Cal. Of the work done at these points,
that at St. Paul, Minn., which was conducted in cooperation with the state ex-
periment station, was the most extensive."
The following summary of conclusions covers the characters studied and ex-
presses their value to the plant breeder : " Strains are often shown to be dis-
tinct in early growth by their rate of development. All barleys rush through
the early stages very rapidly, and a selection that is one or two days earlier
than a second is very dissimilar in appearance on a given date. Leaf produc-
tion is, in some ways, a varietal character. In some varieties the third leaf
appears in three days after the second, while in others it occurs six days later.
In the production of the fourth leaf even a greater range exists. In some
FIELD CROPS. 39
strains the first tiller appears decidedly later tlian the fourth leaf. In others
it appears earlier. In some the tillers are all produced within a short time; in
others the process is extended over several days.
" The emergence of the awn is an extremely important note, as it occurs at a
time in the life of the plant when such an observation is of great value. The
development is usually normal at this time^ as hot weather and drought have
ordinarily not j'et had any effect. The emergence of the awn has been found
to be far more accurate and more easily obtained than tlie date of heading.
The precocity of the strain at the time of the emergence of the awn is a herit-
able character. The date of ripening is, unfortunately, often influenced by
season and, while a valuable character, is less dependable than the emergence
of the awns. A comparison of the development during all stages serves to re-
veal many differences not apparent when each stage is taken separately.
"The length of the culm is of use as a local breeding note, but the variations
are not parallel when strains are planted in totally different areas. The
diameter of the culm is not serviceable, because nearly related barleys have
culms of approximately the same size. The thickness of the walls of the culm
is a note with a large experimental error and therefore of questionable utility.
The degree of exsertion of the spike is sometimes a varietal character but is
not often useful. The number of culms per plant is to some extent a varietal
character, but selections are so affected by season and location that it is very
difficult to use. The width of the leaves is useful in group distinctions and
sometimes in varietal separations. The length of the leaves is much less de-
pendable, and is serviceable only in rather extreme tyijes. The number of
leaves varies with the groups, but usually closely related strains possess ap-
proximately the same number of leaves,
" The density of the si^ike may easily be made the basis of many separations.
Often varieties that show no other differences are widely dissimilar in density.
The density of a selection varies somewhat with season and location, but the
mean is always shaii^ly defined and the fluctuations more or less parallel. In
some strains all spikes conform closely to the mean, in others the range is
greater. This seems to be a varietal character and is constant even when the
plantings are made under widely varying climatic and soil conditions.
'' The established taxouomic groups based on relative fertility were found to
be invariable under all extremes of American climate. The natural varieties in
the deficiens group of Abyssinian barleys seem more extensive than most classi-
fications have indicated. From barleys of this same region a group with a
peculiar habit of floret abortion has been isolated. The length and the width
of awns vary, but they are so correlated with other taxonomic characters that
they are seldom useful in close separations. The tenacity of the awn is fre-
quently a varietal character unaffected by location or season. The chai-acter
of the basal bristle has been found to be stable under American conditions.
The toothing of the inner part of dorsal nerves is much more variable, but the
variation is usually within defina*ble limits. The length of the kernel, while
influenced by climate, is a varietal character. The lateral and dorsoventral
diameters of the kernel are varietal characters to some degree, but tliey are so
influenced by conditions of growth as to become confusing in most instances.
The composition of the grain is a varietal character, but it is one dominated by
climate,
" There are two coloring materials in barley : One, anthocyanin, is red in its
acid and blue in its alkaline condition. The other, a melaninlike compound, is
black. The pigments may occur in the hulls, the pericarp, the aleurone layer,
and occasionally in the starch endosperm. The resulting colors of the grain
are quite complicated. White denotes the absence of all pigment, a heavy de-
40 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
posit of the melaniiilike compound in the liulls results in black, a light deposit,
brown. Anthocyanin in the hulls results in a light violet red. In naked forms
the melaninlike compound in the pericarp results in a black kernel ; anthocyanin
produces a violet one. The acid condition of anthocyanin in the pericai-p super-
imposed upon the alkaline condition in the aleurone layer gives the effect of a
purple color, while a blue aleurone beneath a colorless pericai^p is blue gray.
White hulls over a blue aleurone cause the grain to appear bluish or bluish
gray. Black hulls over a blue aleurone give, of course, a black appearance.
The anthocyanin is always violet in the hulls and in the pericarp, showing that
these tissues are in an acid condition, and always blue in the aleurone layer,
showing an alkaline condition. The occurrence of anthocyanin in the pericarp
of hull-less barleys is more significant than its production in the aleurone
layer."
A bibliography of 26 titles is appended.
[Analyses of locally grown cassava], J. S. Camus {Philippine Agr. and
Forester, 3 (191^), No. 4, p. 75). — The analyses of white petioled, red petioled,
and intermediate varieties of cassava showed a range of starch content from
23.82 to 25.79 per cent, mere traces of sugar and dextrin, from 0.043 to 0.048
per cent of hydrocyanic acid in the bark, and from 0.023 to 0.028 per cent in
the edible portion. The latter is expelled by cooking.
Some principles of genetics applied to cotton production, L. Trabut
(Gouvt. G6n. Alg^rie, Dir. Agr., 8erv. Bot. Bui. 50 {1912), pp. i6).— This dis-
cusses recent work at the leading cotton-breeding stations of the world.
Kafir, G. K. PIelder {Kansas Sta. Bui. 198 {1914), PP- 609-627, figs. 7).— In
this bulletin the author has attempted to show briefly the value of Kafir corn
in the western half of Kansas and particularly in upland soils, giving a dis-
cussion of the varieties best adapted for each locality and the most economical
methods of handling them.
A summary states that in western Kansas Kafir corn is worth twice as much,
acre for acre, as corn; that listing is more satisfactory than surface planting;
that row plantings are more economical than broadcast plantings; that cut-
ting with a binder is the most economical method of harvesting row plantings ;
that the silo offers the cheapest and most convenient method of storing Kafir
corn fodder for cattle feeding; that threshed grain stored in bins will heat
unless it is clean and very dry; that home-grown seed is usually superior to
imported seed; that seed selection should be made in the field in the fall
before the first hard frost; that Kafir corn to be used as seed should not be
threshed until planting time; that the formalin treatment effectually kills ker-
nel smut; and that Kafir corn compares favorably with corn either as fodder,
grain, or silage.
Relation of yield of straw and grain in oats, H. H. Love {Jour. Amer. Soc.
Agron., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 97-108, figs. 7). — In this article the author discusses
the relation of yield of straw and gi-ain in the 31 varieties grown at Cornell
University in 1911, 1912, and 1913. Data presented show the ratio of pounds
of straw to pounds of grain to range from 1.08 : 1 to 3.11 : 1 in 1911, 1.12 : 1 to
2.03 : 1 in 1912, and 1.04 : 1 to 2.05 : 1 in 1913.
" The foregoing data show that there is a very close relationship between
yield of grain and yield of straw for the different varieties and that this is
fairly constant from year to year and is not merely an environmental relation.
Certain exceptions occur, but, on the whole, one may expect an increase in
yield of grain with a corresponding increase in yield of straw. The ratio of
straw to grain is also sho^\Ti to be fairly constant from year to year. Certain
strains produced almost a pound of grain for every pound of straw, while others
FIELD CROPS. 41
required nearly 2 lbs. of straw to produce a pound of grain. While a heavy
yield of straw was found to be correlated with a heavy yield of grain it was, in
turn, correlated with a small amount of meat."
Report of the potato cultural experiments for 1912, F. ToCH (Arb. Deut.
Sek. Landeskiilf. Rat. Konigr. Bohtnen, No. 16 {1912), pp. ^8, pi. 1). — ^This
gives data and results of variety tests of potatoes throughout Bohemia under
the direction of the German section of the agricultural commission of Bohemia.
The cultivation of rice in Spain, A. Takchetti (Gior. Bisicolt., 4 ii914),
Nos. 15, pp. 220, 221, fig. 1; 16, pp. 237-2/f3, figs. 5).— This describes systems and
improved methods.
Field experiments covering 1913, A. W. K. De Jong (Dept. Lo/ndb., Nijv.
en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 7 (1913), pp. ^9,
figs. S). — This publication gives results of experiments conducted in 1913 that
show the advantage of plowing under peanuts (Arachis hypogea) as a green
manure for rice, and that a complete fertilizer was more satisfactory than a
nitrogenous fertilizer.
On the weight and sugar content of sugar beets in relation to the area
at the disposition of each plant in the field, H. Pellet (Sucr. Indig. et Colon.,
84 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 59-61; 4, pp. 84-88, fig. 1; 5, pp. 104-108).— A French
translation of an article by Munerati et al. previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p.
633).
Determination of ripeness in Pundia cane, R. G. Padhye (Poona Agr. Col.
Mag., 6 (1914), ^'o. 1, pp. 71-75). — From the results of cutting and analyzing
cane at different dates it was found " that the sucrose percentage was regularly
increasing every week till the cane was 12 months old and the glucose and fruc-
tose were decreasing. The purity was rising till it reached 92, after which it
began to fall. Thus this cane was found to be ripe exactly after 12 months.
When the purity was found to fall, cutting was immediately begun. ... It has
been found that the juice crushed in the laboratory mill is richer than that of
the power crusher, where the extraction is high, and consequently more impuri-
ties are extracted. ... In the juice of the perfectly ripe cane little fructose
seems to occur."
Growing sugar cane for market, S. R. Paeanjpye (Poona Agr. Col. Mag.,
5 (1914), ■^^o. 3, pp. 197-200, pi. 1, fig. J).— This describes the methods of grow-
ing soft, thick, white sugar cane for the Bombay market. The yield is noted
as averaging 19.800 good canes per acre.
Spanish sulla [soola]. — Tested at Ruakura farm of instruction, A. W.
Gbeen (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 133-135, fig. i).— This
article gives results showing a superiority of Spanish sulla or Maltese clover
(Hedysarmn coronarium) over the African variety. The former produced an
estimated yield of 11 tons of green forage per acre and grew to a height of
3 ft. 6 in.
The sweet potato : How to grow and keep it, J. G. Noedin (Russellville,
ArTi., 1912, pp. 50. figs. 14)- — In this book the author gives the results of his
ten years' experience in the production, storage, and marketing of sweet
potatoes.
The chemical composition of Philippine sweet potatoes, S. D. Labaten
(Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (1914), No. 4> PP- 79, 80). — This article reports
analyses of 28 varieties of sweet potatoes grown on the college farm.
It is noted that specific gravity bore little relation to the content of starch or
moisture and could not be used as an index of the commercial value of the sweet
potatoes. The percentage of moisture varied from 66.08 to 77.09, the starch
from 10.11 to 26.3, and the yield from 4,200 to 24,160 kg. per hectare (3,738 to
21,502 lbs. per acre).
73227°— No, 1—15 i
42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Lax and dense-eared wheats, W. H. Parker {Jour. Agr. /Sci [England],
6 il91Jf), No. 3, pp. 3111-386, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This paper discusses methods of
earlier investigators in determining the density of heads of wheats in maliing
classifications, and gives results of experiments to show the advisability of
using accurate measurements of the iuternodes of the rachis from which aver-
ages for the heads were obtained to indicate the different classes of density,
as well as in a study of the factors that make for dense or las heads.
The effect of rate of seeding on competition in wheat varieties, A. E.
Grantham (Jour. Amer. Sog. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 124-128). — The results
of sowing a large number of varieties of wheat at the rates of 100, 200, and
400 kernels per 10 feet of row show for bearded varieties the decrease in
yield of grain from the thin to the medium seeding to be 18 per cent, from
the medium to the thick 23 per cent, and from the thin to the thick 37 per
cent. For the beardless varieties the decreases were 34, 51, and 68 per cent,
respectively.
" These results indicate that there is a great difference in varieties as to
the effect produced by the competition induced by the different rates of seeding.
It appears that the beardless varieties are less able to withstand the heavier
seeding."
Wheat, — A practical discussion of the raising, marketing, handling, and
use of the wheat crop, relating largely to the Great Plains region of the
United States and Canada, A. M. Ten Eyck {Lincoln, Nebr., 1914, pp. 194,
figs. 39). — This book, especially prepared for the wheat growers of the dry land
farming section of the United States, embodies the author's experience on the
raising, marketing, handling, and uses of the wheat crop.
The value of the biological method of determining varieties of agricul-
tural seeds, A. Cauda {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 357-376). —
This article discusses the precipitin method and gives results of trials with
several genera of agricultural seed which show that all genera do not respond
to the serum treatment. A bibliography of 18 titles is appended.
Zellers' barley and ear corn table for wagonloads, M. T. Zellers {Hooper,
Nelr., 1911, pp. 44)- — This gives values of loads of barley weighing from 1,400
lbs. to 3,790 lbs., and of ear corn weighing from 1,600 lbs. to 3,990 lbs. at
prices ranging from 25 cts. to 74 cts. per bushel.
HORTICTJLTTTRE.
The killing of plant tissue by low temperature, W. H. Chandler {Missouri
8ta. Research Bui. 8 {1913), pp. 143-309, pis. -J).— The work reported in this
paper was begun during the season of 1904-5. While the studies were under-
taken primarily to determine the effect of certain cultural methods on the hardi-
ness of peach fruit buds under climatic conditions that prevail in the southern
half of Missouri, they have been so extended as to embrace a general study of
the " freezing to death " of plant tissue. In addition to peaches and other
orchard fruits many vegetables and other cultivated plants have been included
in the author's experimental studies. The results of this work are here tabu-
lated and fully discussed in connection with the results secured by various
investigators. An extensive bibliography of cited literature is given. The sub-
ject matter is presented under the following general headings: Review of lit-
erature on freezing, effect of sap density on temperature, other features that
influence the freezing to death of plants, effect of previous exposure to tempera-
ture slightly above killing temperature, relation of low temperature to peach
growing, varieties with the longest rest periods, effect of vigor of trees on rest
HORTICULTURE. 43
periods, breeding varieties hardy under Missouri conditions, killing of apples,
and killing of cherries and plums.
The most commonlj' accepted theory dealing with the freezing to death of
plant tissues seems to be that killing from cold is due to the withdrawal of
water from the protoplasm. Results of many investigations show that the water
generally moves out of the cells to form ice crystals in the intercellular spaces.
The amount of water loss necessaiy to result in death varies with different
plants and different tissues. Experimental data secured by the author lead
him to conclude that freezing to death can not be attributed to precipitation of
proteids, as claimed by some investigators.
The author's experiments with seedlings of various plants and with twigs
bearing small apples, peaches, and cherries show that for plant tissues that
kill at relatively high temperature the killing temperature is reduced whenever
the sap density or molar concentration of the sap of the tissue is increased.
In these studies increases in sap density were bi'ought about by using minei'al
salt solutions and. also by watering the seedlings sparingly. When sap density
was reduced by shading the plants the amount of killed tissues at a given
temperature was increased.
Attempts to increase the sap density of winter peach wood and buds by fer-
tilizing peach plats with potassium chlorid were unsuccessful. Examinations
made in winter, spring, and summer failed to show any difference in sap density
between the plats fertilized with potash and those receiving no potash. Like-
wise the action of sirring frost on the bloom and of winter cold on the buds was
not influenced by the application of potash to the soil.
Practically all plants used in freezing experiments in this work were tested
with reference to the effect of rapid thawing. The results show that in addition
to ripe apples, i)ears. and the leaves of Agave americana observed by Miiller-
Thurgau and Molisch, leaves of lettuce kill at slightly lower temperature if
they are thawed slowly than if thawed rapidly. In the case of all other tissues
tested, either by the author or by others, however, including unripe apples and
pears, there is no indication that the rate of thawing has anything to do with
the amount of killing at a given temperature. Rapid wilting of tissue has not
generally increased the resistance of plants to low temperature over that of
unwilted tissue with a dry surface. Tissue with a wet surface killed worse at
a given temperature than did tissue with no moisture on the surface. Slow
wilting or partial withholding of water through a long period was found to
increase the resistance of tissue to low temperature. In case of hardy winter
buds and wood a rapid decline in temperature greatly increased the severity
of injury from a given low temperature. Previous exposure of plant tissue to
low temperature above that at which the tissue kills seems to increase its
resistance to low temperature.
As between different plants there appears to be no constant relation between
the rate of growth of plant tissue and resistance to low temperature. Young
leaves of fruit trees kill at a higher temperature than old mature leaA^es,
whereas the young leaves of lettuce withstand a lower temperature than do the
older leaves. With fruit trees the most important feature affecting the hardiness
of plant tissue is maturity. Maturity in the case of cambium may be intimately
associated with the process of drying out. With the cortex, however, there is
little difference between the moisture content of unfrozen cortex in seasons
when it is very tender and seasons when it is hardy. The wood at the base of
the trunk and at the crotches of all rapidly growing branches seems to reach
a condition of maturity in early winter more slowly than do most other tissues.
Of the tissues above ground during periods when most complete maturity is
reached the most tender parts are the pith cells and the fruit buds. In periods
44 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
of rapid growth there is little difference in hardiness of the different tissues.
The root tissue is the most tender at all seasons and the difference in the killing
temperature of roots in summer and winter is much less than that of the
killing temperature of twigs or other wood in summer and winter. The resist-
ance of the root system is greater in the parts nearest the surface. Roots of
the French crab apple stock seemed to be more tender than roots of the average
apple variety. Marianna plum roots were found to be more hardy than Myro-
bolan roots and Mahaleb cherry roots were slightly more hardy than Mazzard
roots.
Pollen of the apple was found to withstand much lower temperature than any
other tissue when in full bloom. Peach buds frozen in the laboratory with
the scales removed were slightly more resistant to low temperature than were
buds with the scales not removed.
With reference to the killing of the wood of peach trees from freezing the
author concludes that little can be done to influence the amount of killing ex-
cept to have the trees started into winter in proper condition of maturity. Trees
one or two years in the orchard or old weak trees are most liable to succumb
to the effects of low temperature. With trees that have been winterkilled, al-
though apparently in the best condition of maturity, pruning the trees severely
seems to reduce the subsequent amount of killing. On the other hand, when the
wood has been winterkilled because it has not reached the proper condition of
maturity in the fall subsequent heavy pruning is liable to result in greater loss.
The hardiness of peach buds when in fully dormant condition seems to be
greatly increased by continuous low temperature previous to unusually severe
temperature. The most important factor influencing the loss of peaches from
low temperature in winter is keeping the buds from starting into growth dur-
ing warm periods in winter. In south Missouri and Arkansas at least the best
means of accomplishing this end is prolonging the growth of the trees in
autumn, either by heavy pruning or by fertilizing with nitrogen the spring be-
fore. Some varieties of peaches have a much longer rest period than other
varieties and therefore start into growth more slowly during warm winter
periods.
For Missouri conditions the killing temperature of peach blossoms when the
tree is just coming into bloom varies from 22 to 26° F. After pollination and
until the peaches are a half inch in diameter at least they continue to become
more tender until they will withstand but very few degrees below the freezing
point, the seeds of young peaches killing at a higher temperature than other
peach tissue. No evidence was secured from the author's investigations to
show that early varieties of peaches start into growth more readily during
warm periods in winter than do later varieties. After blooming time, how-
ever, the early peaches grow much more rapidly and are much more liable to
be killed by a freeze after the fruit is set.
The killing of apple w^ood is of considerable importance in some apple-grow-
ing sections, among the common injuries being root killing, crown rot, crotch
injury, sunscald, trunk killing, and killing back of top and branches. The
killing of apple buds from low temperatures has not been commonly observed.
The blossoms and young fruit of the apple, however, will not generally with-
stand as low temperature as will the blossoms or young fruit of equal age of
the peach. Cherry and plum buds are more resistant than peach buds but are
frequently killed in some sections. The young fruit of the Wild Goose plum
is among the most resistaut to late frost in the spring.
In connection with this study temperature records were secured and a chart
is given showing the maximum and minimum temperature curves at Columbia
and Koshkonong, Mo., during the years 1901-1912, including the season begin-
HORTICULTUEE. 45
ning December 1 and extending generally to the dates at which buds were
killed in February when such killing occurred. Maximum and minimum tem-
perature curves for Geneva, N. Y., covering a similar period from January,
1908, to February, 1910, are also given.
Multiplicity of crops as a means of increasing the future food supply,
U. P. Hedrick (Science, n. set., 40 (1914), No. 1035, pp. 611-620).— A presi-
dential address delivered before the Society for Horticultural Science at
Washington, D. C, in 1913. The author calls attention to the possibility of
domesticating and improving through hybridization many native fruit and other
plants not now cultivated, but which might be made important contributions to
the future food supply.
[Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson et al. (Alaska
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 7-9, 11-13, 33-35, 46-48, pis. .2).— The horticultural work at
the Sitka Station and at the branch stations was continued along the lines
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 742).
At the Sitka Station the best of the hybrid strawberry seedlings are being
tested further and a few of the varieties are soon to be propagated for distri-
bution. Several hundred new seedlings were raised during the year and it is
planned to continue the hybridization work. The hill system of culture has
proved to be superior to the matted row system in the moist climate at Sitka.
An abundance of fruit was set in the test fruit orchard, but owing to some
undetermined cause the fruit all dropped off in late summer. Apples and sour
cherries were both subject to this trouble. The work with apples thus far
indicates the superiority of dwarf trees over standards, and the native crab
apple (Pyrus rivularis) is being tested as a stock for dwarfing cultivated va-
rieties. Some crosses have been made between cultivated varieties and the
native crab.
The usual variety tests with vegetables were continued.
Operating costs of a well-established New York apple orchard, G. H.
Miller (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 130 (1914), PP- 16, figs. 3).— In this bulletin the
author presents a plan of cost accounting for orchard operations which is
based upon cost data secured on a mature orchard operated in connection with
a general farm in western New York and presented in detail.
Plum and piame culture, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers'
Bui. 86 (1914), PP- 31, figs. ^i). — ^A popular treatise on the culture of plums and
prunes.
Prune culture, F. Peneveyre (Le Prunier. Paris and Villefranche {1914^,
pp. 57, figs. 27). — A brief practical treatise on the culture and preparation of
prunes.
A handbook of tropical gardening and planting, with special reference to
Ceylon, H. F. Macmillan (Colombo, Ceylon, 1914, 2. ed., pp. X-\-662+XXXV,
pi. 1, figs. 258).— The present edition of this handbook (E. S. R., 24, p. 642) has
been fully revised and enlarged to include a number of additional subjects.
New method of growing bananas, M. S. Bertoni (Bol. Min. Fomento [Vene-
zuela], 9 (1914), -Vo. 9, pp. 660-677).— The principal feature of the method here
described consists in allowing all prunings and mowings, with the exception of
certain harmful weeds and grasses, to rot on the ground, thus forming a
mulch and adding to the organic material in the soil. By adopting this form
of mulching the author claims that the life of a banana plantation may be
extended for several years.
[Cacao manurial plats in Dominica] (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt.
Agr. Dept. Dominica, 1913-14, pp. 40-47). — A progress report on the manurial
experiments with cacao. The results secured are similar to those previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 741).
46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Indian cashew nut industry, H. D. Bakee {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts:.
[U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 258, pp. 566, 557).— Notes are given on the culture, pro-
duction, uses, and commerce of cashew nuts, with special reference to ludia.
The coconut and its products, with special reference to Ceylon, D. S. Pkatt
{Philippine Jour, 8cL, Sect. A, 9 {191Jt), No. 2, pp. 117-199, pis. 5).— A general
and statistical account of the cultivation of coconuts and the preparation of
various commercial coconut products in Ceylon.
Manurial experiments in connection with lime cultivation {Imp. Dept.
Agr. West Indies, Ri>t. Agr. Dept. Dominica, 1913-14, pp. 29, 30). — A brief prog-
ress report on fertilizer experiments with lime trees that were started at the
Dominican Station in 1913.
The sugar palm, O. W. Baeeett {PMlipphie Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7
{1914), No. 5, pp. 216-221, pi. 1). — ^A discussion of the sugar palm {Arenga
saccharifera) of the Philippine Islands with reference to its characteristics and
utilization. The author is of the opinion that under improved methods of cul-
ture the kaong should prove of considerable importance to the Philippine
planter as a source of fiber, starch, and sugar.
Tea manuring experiments, II, C. Beenaed and J. J. B. Deuss {Dept.
Landh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies'], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 30
(1914)- PP- 1-29). — ^Additional data are given on fertilizer investigations with
tea conducted in different gardens in Java (E. S. R., 30, p. 43).
Tea manuring experiments at Malabar, K. A. R. Bosscha {Dept. Landh.,
Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 30 {1914),
pp. 30-38). — Some fertilizer tests conducted in a tea garden at Malabar are
reported.
Studies in Juglans. — II, Further observations on a new variety of Jug-
lans californica Watson and on certain supposed walnut-oak hybrids, E. B.
Babcock {XJniv. Cal. Pubs. Agr. Sci., 2 {1914), A^o- 2, pp. 47-70, pis. 7).— In a
previous study (E. S. R., 30, p. 644) relative to the origin of this new form of
walnut the author advanced as working hypotheses those of hybridization,
teratology, and mutation. As the result of the study reported in the present
paper it is concluded that there is no evidence to show that J. californica
quercina originated through hybridization with other walnuts or with oaks.
Also, the new variety does not appear to have been caused by teratology. The
evidence, as a whole, indicates that the Quercina walnut is a mutation similar
in nature to certain mutations in the tomato, cotton, tobacco, and evening
primrose, which have been designated as aggregate unitation.
A bibliography of cited literature is given.
Rhamnus purshiana, its history, growth, methods of collaction, and
bibliography, C. W. Johnson and Edith Hindman {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 86
{1914), No. 9, pp. 387-413, figs. 8). — ^A descriptive account of the cascara sagrada
industry in the Pacific Northwest.
The cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in England, W. A.
Whatmough {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 6, pp. 492-510, pis. 8). —
This comprises notes on the cultural requirements of the more important
British drug plants.
Plant diseases and pests regulations {Dept. Agr. Mauritius, Oen. Ser.,
Bui. 2 {1914) [English Ed.], pp. 10). — This comprises a summary of the port
of entry and internal regulations in force in Mauritius in respect to plant dis-
eases and pests.
FORESTRY.
Michigan manual of forestry. — I, Forest regulation or the preparation
and development of forest working plans, F. Roth {Ann Arbor, Mich., 1914,
FORESTRY. 47
vol. 1, pp. IX+21S, figs. 9). — A treatise ou the preparation aud development of
forest worliing plans with reference to their application in forestry in the
United States. A bibliography of literature on forest regulation is included,
and a brief review of the treatment of forest regulation by some of the leading
German authorities is appended.
Acts of assembly relating to forests and forestry, edited by J. Kalbfus
(In Digest of the Game, Fish, and Forestry Laws, 1913. Harrishurg, Penn.:
State, 1913, pp. 237-300). — The text is here given of all the acts passed by the
Pennsylvania Assembly through the year 1913 relating to forests aud forestry.
Torest administration, in the colonies (Bibliothdque Colon. Internal., Inst.
Colon. Internat., Bruxelles, 11. ser., 1914, 'vols. 1, pp. 551; 2, pp. 516; 8, pp.
505). — This comprises a symposium dealing with the forest laws and forest
administration in the colonies of Great Britain, Holland, Germany, Italy, and
France, the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, etc. The subject matter was
prepared by various authorities.
A review of the net revenues from the Saxony state forests for the year
1912, VOGEL (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 65 (1914), No. 3, pp. 196-210).— This is
the usual statistical review for the year 1912 relative to the yield in lumber
and minor forest products, receipts, expenditures, and net returns from the
state forests in the various districts of Saxony.
The influence of soil strata in drifting sand in the vicinity of Darmstadt
upon the growth of forest trees, W. Schottler {Notizbl. Vcr. Erdk. Darm-
stadt, If. ser.. No. 34 {1913), pp. 51-11). — An analytical study of several types
of soil in the drifting sand region about Darmstadt, with special reference to
the occurrence and growth of various kinds of trees.
A fertilizer experiment in forest nurseries, P. von Ru§nov {Mitt. Forstl.
Versuchsic. Osterr., N.o. 38 {1914), pp. 56-64). — The results are given of a coop-
erative fertilizer test conducted in a number of forest nurseries in Austria.
The work as a whole indicates that phosphatic fertilizers have had practically
no influence on the growth of spruce and pine seedlings.
A thinning experiment with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), A.
KuBELKA {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsw. Osterr., No. 38 {1914), PP- 9-34, figs. 8). —
Growth data are given for a Douglas fir stand which was thinned in 1905, when
18 years old, and again in 1910.
Timbers from various countries {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 12
{1914), No. 3, pp. 360-370, fig. 1). — Data are given on the working qualities
and mechanical tests of several timber species from parts of Africa and from
British Guiana.
Density of wood substance and porosity of wood, F. Dunlap {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 423-428). — The investigation, the
results of which are here presented in tabular form, was made to determine
the density of the lignocellulose which makes up the walls of the cells of which
wood is composed as a basis for calculating the porosity of wood. The woods
tested included longleaf pine, Douglas fir. Pacific yew, mockernut, beech, red
oak, and sugar maple. The experimental methods are described.
Although the range in density of wood substance for the seven species tested
was nearly 4i per cent, it is concluded that for practical purposes this density
may be considered uniform, with a value of 1.54. Since most commercial
woods have a density between 0.3 and 0.6 it appears that the unoccupied space
in a block of wood may be from four-fifths to two-fifths of its volume.
The application of these results to the calculation of porosity of crossties is
illustrated with data previously secured in the preservative treatment of red
oak ties (E. S. R., 20, p. 344).
48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Note on the absorption of water by certain timbers, R. S. Peakson (Indian
Forester, 40 (WUf), No. 10, pp. 513-515, pi. 1). — Data are given on the behavior
of a number of Indian species of timber, with special reference to the absorp-
tion of moisture when completely immersed in water and the evaporation of
moisture from the timber after removal from the water.
The lumber industry. — II-III, IV {JJ. S. Dept. Com., Rpt. Comr. Corpora-
tions on Lumher Indies., pts. 2-3 {lOUf), pp. XX+264, pis. 13; 4 {1914), pp.
XXI +933, pis. 3^).— Part II of the statistical survey of the lumber industiy
of the United States continues the subject of standing timber discussed in part
I (E. S. R., 30, p. 844). The Concentration of Timber Ownership in Im-
portant Selected Regions of the timber area is discussed in detail and illus-
trated by ownership maps of large regions in "Washington, Oregon, California,
Idaho, and Louisiana.
Part III deals with Land Holdings of Large Timber Owners, showing a cor-
responding concentration of land ownership which was observed in connection
with the study of timber. The main fact brought out is that 1,694 timber
owners hold in fee 105,600,000 acres, or over one-twentieth of the land area
of the United States.
Part IV deals with Conditions in Production and Wholesale Distribution,
including Wholesale Prices, also including combinations among manufacturers
and wholesalers to fix prices.
The method and purpose of securing velocity measurements in the man-
agement of log slides, J. Glatz {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsw. Osterr., No. 38
{1914), pp. 1-8, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author here describes a method of equipping
experimental log slides with electrical apparatus for making velocity determina-
tions of various kinds and classes of logs, the object of such measurements being
to secure fundamental data for the proper construction of slides.
Yields from the destructive distillation of certain hardwoods, L. F.
Hawley and R. C. Palmer {U. S. Dept. Ag)\ Bui. 129 {1914), pp. 16, figs. 3). —
The investigation here described was undertaken in order to furnish informa-
tion relative to the distillation value of certain hardwoods not usually used
for distillation, such as the oaks, red gum, tupelo, and hickory. Comparative
data on species commonly used for distillation, such as beech, birch, and maple,
were also secured. The results are considered to be of especial interest to
manufacturers of by-products.
Resin tapping in Austria, A. Kubelka {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsiv. Osterr^
No. 38 {1914), pp. 35-55, figs. 2). — ^A descriptive account of the resin and tur-
pentine industry in Austria, including information relative to resin yielding
trees, methods of tapping, silvicultural management of black pine stands, and
distillation processes.
Tables and instructions for use with latex hydrometer, B. J. Eaton {Agr.
Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2 {1914), No. 12, pp. 314-322).— The tables and instruc-
tions here given are intended for use with the hydrometer, previously described
by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 444).
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Plant diseases in Ontario], J. E. Howitt {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and.
Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 35-38, 45-49, figs. 3).— The author states that during
the past season the plant diseases which received the most attention at the
Ontario Agricultural College were potato scab, black knot, orange rust of
blackberries, hollyhock rust, loose smut of oats, dry rot of potatoes, club root
of turnips and cabbage, Fusarium blight of asters, plum pockets, leaf spot or
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49
shot liole disease of plums and cherries, fruit rot of tomatoes, and blossom end
rot of toioatoes.
Plant diseases noted as comparatively new in Ontario are club root of cru-
ciferous plants, powdery or corky scab of potatoes, and yellows and cane blight
of raspberries. Protective measures are suggested.
Experiments with late blight of celery are said to indicate that loss from this
cause can be prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture every two weeks
beginning with the plants in the seed bed. Lime sulphur did not prove to be so
effective.
Rose leaf blotch was somewhat lessened by use of Bordeaux mixture, and
was controlled by use of lime sulphur repeated every 10 days from May 2 to
June 12 and then from August 4 to September 15.
An observation of the apothecial stage of Sclerotmia cinerea was reported
as supposedly the first instance of such observation in Ontario. Plowing under
mummied fruit would appear to be ineffective as prevention, If, as seems prob-
able, apothecia are produced from old fruits which have been buried a year
or more in the soil and then brought to the surface by fresh plowing. These
observations are to be continued.
The Uredinales, A. Trottee (Flora Ital. Crypt., 1 (1914), No. 12, pp. S31~519,
figs. 33). — This is the concluding number of this study, the first two having been
noted previously (E. S. R., 26, p. 213). It gives In addition to genera and
species previously listed a number of others known in Italy, also lists of imper-
fect Uredinales, a general supplement to the work, and an alphabetical index
of the fungi along with one of host plants.
Preliminary notes on the cultivation of the plant parasitic nematode,
Heterodera radicicola, L. P. Byars {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 823-
326, pi. 1). — The author describes a method which has been successfully em-
ployed in cultivating nematodes for inoculation studies and other investigations.
In connection with this investigation a method of growing host plants under
sterile conditions was elaborated, and a brief description of the method is
given.
[Grain smuts], C. A. Zavitz (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
39 {1913), pp. 132-135). — Reporting on experiments carried out for five years in
testing out practically some of the most highly recommended treatments for
loose smut of oats and stinking smut of wheat, the author states that the
greatest yields per acre of both winter wheat and oats were produced fi'om
grain which had been immersed for 20 minutes in a solution of i pint of for-
malin to 21 gal. of water, this treatment effectually killing the smut.
A 12-year series of smut immunity tests on oats appeared to show that great
differences in susceptibility exist. The Early Ripe variety is almost immune
to smut, while Black Tartarian is extremely susceptible to its attacks.
The treatment of seed wheat, H. Ross {Agr. Qaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 237, 238) . — The author describes a method of treating seed wheat to
prevent stinking smut. The wheat in bags is thoroughly shaken for three
minutes in 5 per cent copper sulphate solution (any unbroken bunt balls being
skimmed off as they appear), then drained for 10 or 15 minutes, avoiding con-
tact with any iron or tin surface. If the seed is to be dried before planting, it
is necessai-y and in any case advisable that a 0.5 per cent solution of freshly
burnt lime be allowed to settle, the clear lime water drained off and the seed
immersed into this for two or three minutes. The lime water should be fre-
quently made afresh as used to prevent its becoming acid.
A disease involving the dropping of cotton bolls, J. L. Hewitt (Phytopa-
thology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 327-332, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author reports the
dropping of partially grown cotton bolls in fields in many parts of Arkansas
50 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
during the summer of 3913. The injury was widely spread, being most jaarked
in the bottom-land districts, wh6re in some cases more than one-haif of the
bolls had fallen by the last of August.
It is stated that not suflBcient work has been done to deterrulne the cause
of the injurs^ although from the general appearance it is thought to be due to
some organism, probably a fungus.
The Mycogone disease of mushrooms and its control, F. J. Yeih meter
iU. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 121 (1914), pp. 2Jf, pis. 3, figs. 5).— A description is given
of a disease of cultivated mushrooms, which is thought to be probably due to
M. perrticiosa.
The removal of the diseased mushrooms as soon as they appear and the
fumigation of the house with formaldehyde gas are recommended as methods
of control. A bibliography is appended.
Notes on. potato diseases from the Northwest, F. D. Bailey ( Phytopa-
thology, 4 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 32U 322, pi. 1). — Bi-ief descriptions are given of
silver scurf due to Spondyloclaili urn atrovirens, which is said to have been
reported in Oregon and western Washington, a disease caused by Stysanus
stemonitis, and a root rot of potatoes due to the attacks of Armillaria mellea.
The southern bacterial wilt in New Jersey, M. T. Cook {Phytopathology,
4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 277, 278, fig. 1). — The author reports the occurrence in
epidemic form of the potato wilt due to Bacillus solanacearum, and reports
some correspondence indicating that the tomato was also attacked, but not so
severely as the potato plant. The severity of the disease on the potato was
thought to be probably due to a very mild winter followed by an exceptionally
diy growing season for the early potato crop.
Some diseases of the potato. — I, Bacterial wilt or vrot-pootje, Ethel M.
DoiDGE {Agr. Jour. Union So. AfricO', 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 698-703, figs. 8).—
This is a brief description of the methods and results of infection of the potato
by Bacillus solanacearum, which is known to harbor also in several other
related plants named as of common occurrence.
No cure is offered, but preventive measures include removal and destruction
at once of all wilted plants, care to prevent wounding in transplanting in case
of tomatoes, etc., and keeping down solanaceous plants in infected soil. Leaf-
eating insects are also to be exterminated.
Leaf spot, a disease of the sugar beet, C. O. Townsend {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 618 {1914), PP- 18, figs. 10). — A popular description is given of
the leaf spot of sugar beets due to Cercospora heticola, which the author says
may be controlled on a commercial scale by thorough rotation of crops and
deep fall plowing. A proper and uniform supply of soil moisture, spraying.
and the proper disposition of beet tops and stable manure are also important
aids. The disease is said to be distributed by wind, water, insects, and man and
other animals; and it reduces the tonnage and sugar content of the beet, as
well as seriously injures the feeding value of the beet tops.
The stem rot of the sweet potato, L. L. Harteb and Ethel C. Field {Phyto-
pathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 279-303, pis. 3, figs. 2).— According to the authors
the stem rot of sweet potatoes may be caused by either Fusarium Mtatatis or
F. hyperoxysporum. These organisms are vascular parasites, invading the
bundles of all parts of the plant and producing a brown discoloration. Heavy
losses are reported through stem rot in some localities, notably in New Jersey
and Delaware. Stem rot results in a loss of stand and decrease in yield. The
majority of infections take place in the field, although it is said the organism
may grow from diseased potatoes into the slips produced therefrom.
Careful selection of seed and careful sterilization of seed beds should be
adopted.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51
Both species of Fusarium have been successfully inoculated into the wild
ivy-leaved morning glory, but they have proved not parasitic to eggplants,
tomatoes, peppers, clover, Irish potatoes, or several species of Ipomoea. All
attempts to produce the stem rot of sweet potato with Nectria ipomcew, which
may be commonly found on rotting sweet potatoes in storage, have been unsuc-
cessful.
Recent studies of some new or little known diseases of the sweet potato,
J. J. Taubenhaus (I'hijtopatliology, // (,19U), No. 4, pp. 305-320, pis. 3).— This
is a detailed account of a paper presented before the American Phytopatho-
logical Society (E. S. R., 31, p. 447), in which charcoal rot {Sclerotiiim hatati-
cola), a soft rot and ring rot (RMzopus nigricans), vine wilt or yellows.
(Fusarium iatatatis), and a new leaf spot (Septoria Mtaticola n. sp.). ai*e de-
scribed.
Wintering of timothy rust in Wisconsin, C. W. Hungerford {Phytopathologi/,
If {19U), No. If, pp. 337, 338). — In a brief note the author states that uredo-
spores of timothy rust can live over winter and infect the new gi'owth in the
spring, and it is probable that the mycelium lives over winter as far north as
Madison, Wis. The teleutospores of the timothy rust are said to be not plenti-
ful and are found only in shady places, along fences or edges of woods.
rOrchard diseases and treatments], L. Caesar (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col.
and Eivpt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 28-31). — Part of this report deals with work
done in combating fire or twig blight of pears, which was controlled though in
an advanced stage; little peach and yellows, which are being rapidly brought
under control by carefully inspecting, marking, and destroying diseased trees;
apple scab, which was readily controlled by spraying in some parts of Ontario,
but scarcely at all in numerous others; and winter injury, which was studied,
but will require observation extending through some years.
A new pomaceous rust of economic importance, Gynmosporangium blas-
daleanum, H. S. Jackson (Phytopathology, If (1914), No. 4, pp. 261-270, pis. 2,
pg. 1). — This is a detailed account of an investigation previously reported
(E. S. R., 31, p. 345).
A, fruit spot of the Wealthy apple, E. C. Stakman and R. C. Rose (Phyto-
pathology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 333-336, pi. 1).—A spot of Wealthy apples is said
to have been very prevalent in Minnesota in 1911. It was less widely spread in
1912, but in 1913 assumed considerable importance. Only ripe apples seemed
to be affected in the field, especially those which have been left too long and
were slightly overripe. In cellars spots were found to occur within a short
time after storage, in some cases as many as 60 per cent of the fruits being
badly affected. While most prevalent on the variety Wealthy, it was found to
attack a number of other varieties.
Careful microscopic examinations made of the spots showed the presence of
mycelium which proved to be the mycelium of an Alternaria, Inoculation
experiments failed except where the apples had been injured. Even under
the most favorable conditions the fungus did not seem to be able to penetrate
the unbroken skin. The primary cause of the disease is said to be still a matter
of doubt, although the Alternaria occurred in such a large percentage of spots
as to indicate that possibly it was associated with the disease, but further
study will be necessary before definite conclusions regarding it can be reached.
An unusual host of Femes fomentarius, J. R. Weir (Phytopathology, 4
(1914). No. 4, p. 339). — The author reports the occurrence of this fungus on
varieus varieties of apple trees in an abandoned orchard near INIissoula, Mont.
F. applanatus or F. leucophwus, as the American form is commonly designated,
is said to be more common in the West on cultivated fruit trees.
62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
The cankers of Plowrightia morbosa in their relation to other fungi, J. R.
Weib {Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 339, 340).— The author states that
throughout Montana the cankers formed by this parasite on Prunus and Ame-
lanchier are frequently infected by Fames igmarius. Not infrequently the same
knots are infected by Nectfia cinnaharina, and in one instance Stereum hirsutum
and Polystictiis hirsuttis had become established in the plum knots. The fungus,
which is well known on cultivated species of Prunus, is reported occurring on
four species of Prunus in the northwestern part of this country.
Some notes on the black knot of plums and cherries, J. A. McClintock
{Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 15 {1913), pp. 142-144)- — Giving an account of studies
with Plowrightia morhosa on plum and cherry trees during 1911-1913, the
author states that some asci were found able to shoot their spores to a distance
of more than 1 cm. upward, and that these spores germinated within 48 hours,
but only from the larger of the two cells. Mycelium developing from portions of
diseased branches and pycnospores developing therefrom did not produce in
plum or cherry trees tested the characteristic symptoms of black knot. Mycelium
of P. morbosa could not be induced to pass from diseased grafts to sound wood,
but knots did develop on neighboring bi'anches, and as it was too early for
conidia to be present, it is concluded that these infections resulted from asco-
spores shot out from knots on the diseased graftwood. No results were obtained
from attempts to inoculate with conidia or to germinate conidia in drop cultures.
Diseased twigs cut at random from plum trees November 3, 1912, showed no
asci or spores at that time, but these twigs left on the ground as if dropped in
pruning showed some perithecia with ascospores on most specimens December
25. Twigs left on the ground until March 12, 1913, developed perithecia which
proved able to shoot their spores, this fact showing such twigs to be a possible
source of infection after lying on the ground all winter and suggesting their
immediate destruction when cut from the trees in autumn.
Dead-arm disease of grapes, D. Reddick {New York State Sta. Bui. 389
{1914), pp. 463-490, pis. 6, figs. 3). — In continuation of a previous publication
(E. S. R., 21, p. 148), the author describes a disease of grapes which is said to
occur on practically evei-y variety of grape grown commercially within the
State, and it is known to be present in practically every grape-growing section.
The most striking symptoms of the disease are the presence of bare arms in
the spring and the occurrence of dwarfed, crinkled, yellowish-colored leaves
during the early part of the growing season. The cause of the disease is said to
be Cryptosporella viticola. The fungus has been studied and its pathogenicity
established by numerous inoculation experiments.
The method of control described includes the marking and removing of all
vines showing symptoms of the disease. Suckers originating from beneath the
surface of the gi'ound are said to develop strong and vigorous Aines almost in-
variably unless infected by spores during the first few weeks of their develop-
ment.
"Dead arm" of grapevines, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 389,
popular ed. {1914), pp. 4y />'«• ^)- — -^ popular edition of the above.
Fungus diseases [of cranberries], H. J. Feanklin {Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod
Cra/nherry Growers' Assoc, 26 {1913), pp. 24-29). — In the course of a more
general report, the author details experiments looking to the control of blos-
som end rot of cranberries.
It is believed that fertilizers will give their best results in forcing fruit pro-
duction only when the vines are comparatively free from fungus disease. It is
thought that injury of some sort could in some instances be traced to spraying
while in bloom with lime sulphur, with Bordeaux mixture, and with nitrate of
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53
soda. Copper sulphate was used in the flowage on the floodmg sections at the
state bog on June 3 and 16 from 11 to 23 hours, but the effects on the crop as to
quantity and keeping quality can not yet be announced. Resanding seems to
favor the development of fungus disease.
Cranberry spraying' experim^ents in Massachusetts in 1912, C. L. Sheae
(Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod Cranherry Growers' Assoc, 26 {1913), pp. 9-14). — The
author reports that Box'deaux mixture materially lessens cranberry diseases,
greatly reducing not only the rot or softening of berries which develops before
picking but also much of that which ordinarily develops in storage and trans-
portation, in addition to its stimulating influence on the vital activites of the
growing plant. It is claimed that four thorough sprayings should prove satis-
factory and profitable, the cost of application varying according to the condition
of the vines at the time.
Citrus canker, F. A. Wolf and A. B. Massey {Alabama Col. 8ta. Circ. 27
{1914), PP- 97-102, figs. 6). — According to the authors, their attention was
called early in 1914 to a citrus disease in the vicinity of Mobile, Ala., to which
the popular name citrus canker was given. A study has shown that the disease
is widely distributed throughout southern Alabama and it is believed that it
exists in other Gulf States.
Grapefruit seems to be more subject to the canker than any other citrus fruit,
the leaves, young twigs, older branches, and fruit all being subject to attack.
On Citrus trifoUata the disease is thus far known to attack only the twigs and
branches. The Satsuma orange seems to be slightly subject to the attack, a
.^spotting of the leaves being the only evidence so far observed. The sweet
orange is said to be more resistant than the Satsuma, and the kumquat is not
subject to attack.
Several fungi have been found associated with the spots and cankers, but the
authors consider it caused by a species of Phoma. Inoculation experiments
made from pure cultures taken from grapefruit twigs developed the character-
istic symptoms of the disease in about three weeks.
Experiments are being conducted for the control of the disease, and the pre-
liminary results indicate the effectiveness of spraying with Bordeaux mixture,
ammouiacal copper carbonate, or soluble sulphur. As a precaution the authors
recommend the removal and burning of all diseased parts and spraying the trees
thus pruned at intervals of several weeks.
A gumming disease affecting lemon fruits, E. Jaevis {Queensland Agr.
Jour., n. ser., 1 {1914), No. 5, pp. 345-348, fig. 1). — ^A report with discussion is
given of a diseased condition appearing annually in late summer and autumn
on several varieties of lemons growing on different classes of soil and on trees
from grafts on different stocks.
The disease is provisionally regarded as bacterial, other factors probably
being involved. Unsuitability of climate may be primarily responsible and
.suspicion as regards the carrying of infection attaches also to a bug {Biporiilus
biMx), which is vers^ active during the hot months when the disease becomes
most noticeable.
A bacterial disease of Erodium and Pelargonium, I. M. Lewis {Phytopa-
thology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 221-232, pi. 1). — This disease is said to have been
first desci'ibed by Heald and Wolf from the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas
(E. S. R., 2G, p. 645), and subsequent studies confirmed the statement that the
spot is caused by bacteria. The author's attention has been called to it not
only on Pelargonium, but also as producing a spot on the leaves of E. texanum.
The spots are first reddish-brown in color, but soon change to black, and ulti-
mately the affected tissue becomes dry and the leaf withers and falls away.
The organism, to which the name Bacterium {Pseudomonas) erodli n. sp. has
54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
been given, has been isolated and its cultural characteristics determined. The
disease seems to be most prevalent in crowded beds, where plants remain moist
and light is not dense. So far as iiis investigations have gone, no insect injury-
is apparently necessary for Infection.
Pink disease, F. T. Brooks (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2 {19U), No. 10,
pp. 238-2^2). — The author states that there has been a considerable develop-
ment of pink disease due to Cortickmi salmontcolor or C. javanicum on Malayan
rubber estates during the last 18 months. It is said to have been recorded also
on Para rubber in Java. Borneo, Sumatra, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern India,
and to attack a gi'eat variety of other hosts, among which are coffee, tea,
and cinchona, as well as native plants, from which the fungus is thought to
have passed to introduced species of cultivated plants.
The disease develops most rapidly during periods of heavy rainfall. Its prog-
ress under different conditions and its forms are described.
Spraying is difficult and largely ineffective with the larger trees. Cutting
out affected parts is recommended, with their destruction by fire or drenching
with copper sulphate.
Peronospora parasitica on Arabis laevigata, H. W. Anderson {Phytopa-
thology, 4 {191/}), No. Jf, p. 338). — The author reports the occurrence of P.
parasitica on A. Uevigata, a host hitherto unreported for this species.
Studies on biology of mallow rust, L. Hecke {Mitt. Land/ic. Lehrkanz. K. K.
Hochsch. Bodenkul. Wien, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 455-466). — This is mainly a brief
discussion of recent researches by several authors upon Puccinia malvacearum
as the cause of mallow rust.
Black canker of chestnut and means for its control, E. G. Lissone {Ann. R.
Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 181-204, figs. 6; abs. in Riv. Patoh Teg., 6
{1913), No. 9, p. 276). — Discussing the appearance and spread in Italy of black
canker on chestnut, the author states that a measure of resistance is offered
thereto by the Japanese chestnut, but further study is required to give depend-
able results.
Field studies on the Endothia canker of chestnut in New York State,
W. H. Rankin {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 233-260, pi. 1, figs. 2).—
The investigations here reported relate largely to the pathogenicity and life
history of the fungus, and are given in considerable detail, the main results
having been previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 751).
Notes on wood destroying fungi which grow on both coniferous and
deciduous trees, I, J. R. Weir {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 271-276).—
The author reports many new and unusual hosts for certain basidiomycetous
fungi hitherto supposed to be strictly confinect to coniferous or deciduous trees.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
The rabbit pest, C. C. Georgeson {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 15, 16). —
Rabbits have increased so rapidly in the interior of Alaska that they have
become a serious pest, whole fields of grain being eaten off as close as if cut
with a mower. Rabbit-proof fences about the fields appear to be the only
remedy and these are out of the question on account of the expense. A con-
tagious disease is said to have killed off a large number during 1913.
Some observations on the, food habits of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina
brevicauda), H. L. Babcock {Science, ii. ser.. 40 {1914). No. 1032, pp. 526-530).—
The author reviews the literature relating to the food habits of the short-tailed
shrews of the genus Blarina and reports observations made of B. 'brevicauda
in Massachusetts. This species inhabits deciduous woodlands and fields where
it makes shallow tunnels that are often marked on the surface with little ridges.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 55
The observations indicate tliat it does not feed on vegetable matter, although
rolled oats seems to be an exception. Freshly killed mice seem to be the fa-
vorite diet of the animals under observation.
Distribution and migration of North American rails and their allies,
W. W. Cooke (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 128 (WIJ,), pp. 50, figs. i9).— This bulletin
gives definite information as to the ranges of the several species of North
American rails and their allies, the cranes, gallinules, coots, and others, espe-
cially in regard to breeding ranges and migrations, and furnishes data to serve
as a basis for protective legislation for the species by the States in which they
are found. Maps illustrating the distribution and migration supplement the
account.
Birds as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, F. D. Heald and R. A.
Studhalteb {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914), No. 6, pp. 405-
422, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This is a detailed report of investigations conducted by
this Department in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight
Commission, in which 36 birds belonging to 9 different species were tested.
Thirty-two of these were birds which are in the habit of climbing over the trunk
and larger branches of trees. Most of the birds were shot from blighted chestnut
trees; some directly from blight cankers. The bill, head, feet, tail, and wings
of each bird were scrubbed with a brush and poured plates were made from the
wash water, which was retained and centrifuged for its sediment. The studies
have led the authors to draw the following conclusions:
" Of the 36 birds tested, 19 were found to be carrying spores of the chestnut
blight fungus, Endothia parasitica. The viable spores of the chestnut blight
fungus carried by two downy woodpeckers numbered 757,074 and 624,341, re-
spectively, while a brown creeper carried 254,019.
" The cultures from some of the birds showed from 2 to 14 times as many
viable spores of the chestnut blight fungus as of all other fungi combined. The
highest positive results were invariably obtained from birds shot from two to
four days after a period of considerable rainfall. The rate of development in
cultures always indicated that the colonies of the chestnut blight fungus origi-
nated from pycnospores; pycnospores were generally found in the centrifuged
sediments, while ascospores were never detected. The birds were therefore
carrying pycnospores only. The pycnospores carried were probably brushed off
from either normal or diseased bark, or from both, in the movements of the
birds over these surfaces. Both the cultures and an examination of the cen-
trifuged sediments showed that the birds were carrying a large number of
spores of many species of fungi other than E. parasitica.
" From the above facts the writers are led to the conclusion that birds in
general are important carriers of fungus spores, some of which may belong to
parasitic species. Furthermore, many birds which climb or creep over the
bark of chestnut trees are important agents in carrying viable pycnospores of
the chestnut blight fungus, especially after a period of considerable rainfall.
Birds are probably not very important agents in spreading the chestnut blight
locally, on account of the predominance of other and more important factors
of dissemination, as, for example, the wind. The writers believe, however,
that many of the so-called 'spot infections' (local centers of infection isolated
from the area of general infection) have had their origin from pycnospores
carried by migratory birds. Some of the birds tested were not permanent resi-
dents of eastern Pennsylvania, but were shot during their migration north-
ward. These, no doubt, carry spores great distances. Each time the bird
climbs or creeps over the trunk or limbs of a tree some of the spores may be
brushed off and may lodge in crevices or on the rough bark. From this position
56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
they may be washed down into wounds by the rain and may thus cause
infections."
A list of the literature cited is appended.
A synopsis of economic entomology, W. Lociihead (Macdonald College,
Canada [191Jf], pp. 113). — This is a work prepared and printed by the author
for use in his classes at Macdonald College, and is divided into four parts.
Part 1 (pp. 3-15) deals with the structure, development, etc.. of insects in the
wide sense; part 2 (pp. 16-32) consists of a field key for the identification of
the common insect pests; part 3 (pp. 33-103) gives a concise description of the
insects mentioned in part 2, arranged according to their orders; and part 4
(pp. 104-113) deals with the control of insects.
A bibliography of the writings of Professor Mark Vernon Slingerland,
M. D. Leonard {^^ew York Cornell Sta. Bui. 3^8 (1914), pp. 6.2.3-6.51. pi. l).—ln
an introduction to this bulletin J. H. Comstock briefly describes the entomologi-
cal work of the late Prof. Slingerland, wliich conmieuced in 1890. Attention is
called to his monographic work on a few important insects and the excellence
of the illustrations used as a result of his skill in photographing entomological
subjects. It is stated tliat he was the first to make use of the spray calendar.
Popular and technical articles to the number of 755 are listed chronologically
beginning with the year 1890.
[Report of studies on entomological problems in South. Africa], D.
d'Emmerez de Charmoy (Reduit, Mauritius: Govt. Ent., 1914, pp. 12). — This is
a report of studies made during a visit to South Africa, covering a period of
3J months following November 2, 1913.
Sugar cane pests in the Leeward Islands, H. A. Ballou (Imp. Dept. Agr.
West Indies Pamphlet 15 {1914), PP- 8+45, pi. 1, figs. 20; abs. in Agr. News
[Barbados^, 13 {1914), No. 821, pp. 266, 267).— This paper deals briefly with the
important insect enemies of sugar cane.
Citrus fruit insects in Mediterranean countries, H. J. Quayx,e {U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 134 (1914), pp. 35, pis. 10, figs. 2).— This is a report of observations
made during the summer of 1913 while engaged in a survey of citrus and other
fruit insects in Mediterranean cotmtries. Because of the important bearing on
the possibility of the entrance of the fruit fly with ^Mediterranean fruit, the
paper includes a report on harvesting and marketing conditions of citrus fruit,
more particularly as to methods of picking, sorting, curing, and shipping. The
observations indicate that there is little danger of fruit fly introduction from
the lemon, which is the main citrus importation from Mediterranean countries,
but that there is some danger from oranges and certain other fruits at particu-
larly favorable seasons of the year.
The species discussed are the Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceratitis capltata),
black scale, Chrysonvphalus dictyospermi, purple scale, the long scale, Parlatoria
zisyphiis, the oleander scale {Aspidiotus liedera;), cottony cushion scale, citrus
mealy bug. Prays citri, red spiders, thrips, and the olive fly {Dacus olece).
Combating insects injurious to orchards and vineyards by means of sea-
weed mucilage, Jssleib {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 24 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 78, 79). —
The author believes the employment of seaweed mucilage, prepared by boiling
4 lbs. of Irish moss or Iceland moss in 20 gal. of water for one hour, to be a
new and promising method for controlling many fruit pests.
The insecticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed, J. B. Williams
(Amer. Jour. Pharm., 86 {1914), No. 9, pp. 4i4-4i6). — ^A number of fluid ex-
tracts were prepared, using various menstrua, with a view to determining the
constituent of larkspur seed {Delphinium ajacis) to which it owes its insecti-
cidal properties, and the best means of extracting the same. The resulting fluid
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57
extracts were assayed for alkaloidal content and also for fixed oil, and their
insect icidal value detei'niined by tests on Cimex lecttilariiis.
The results indicate "tliat it is tbe oil and not the alkaloid to which larkspur
seed owes its insecticidal properties, and, since the fluid is seldom used inter-
nally but almost exclusively as an insecticide, it would seem that the menstruum
that will extract the largest amount of oil is the proper one to use. It should
bo noted, however, that the alkaloid has a slight insecticidal value, as the
sample containing 1 per cent of alkaloid and no oil was one-tenth as active as
the samples coiitahiiiig a high conlent of oil."
The eggs and nymphal stages of the dusky leaf bug Calocoris rapidus,
R. L. Webster and D. Stoner (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 22 {1914), No. 3, pp. 229-
234, fig. 1). — During the course of studies of the insect enemies of the potato,
at the Iowa Experiment Station in 1913, the author found C. rapidus to occur
rather abundantly on potato plants. Further investigations led to the discovery
that both the nymphs and adults caused the growing tips to wilt as a result of
their attack. Adults confined in insectary cages readily deposited eggs in
potato stalks, usually placing them in the tissue at the junction of the smaller
stems with the main stalk and in the axils of the leaves. Insectary records
show that from 11 to 13 days were required during the latter half of July and
the first half of August for the eggs to hatch. Five nymphal stages are de-
scribed. There appear to be two generations in the latitude of Ames, the second
maturing during September. The winter is passed In the adult stage.
A new insect pest of stored potatoes, H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and
Orissa [India], 1 {1913), No. 2, pp. 139-1^1, pi. 1). — A hemipteran of the family
Tingidje is said to be a source of injury in two villages through puncturing and
sucking the sap of i)otatoes in warehouses.
Notes on the green spruce aphis (Aphis abietina), F. V. Theobald ' (Ahji.
Appl. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 1, pp. 22-36, figs. 10). — Spruce trees of various kinds
were very severely attacked during 1913 by this aphidid, previous to which year
the author had not known it to do serious injury. Systematic, biologic, and eco-
nomic notes are here presented. It is stfited that winter treatment with strong
paraflin jelly gave excellent results and probably will prove to be the best
method of treatment.
Contribution to the knowledge of the oak phylloxera, M. Hollrung {Eiihn
Arch., 5 {1914), pp. 347-382, figs. 5). — This paper deals with the life history and
habits of PhyUoxcra quercus with references to the literature on the subject.
On the preparation of Coccidae for microscopical study, E. E. Green {Ann.
Appl. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 1, pp. 98-106). — The author describes the technique
necessary in the study of scale insects.
A new Lachnodius in Madagascar, P. Vayssiere {Bui. Soc. Ent. France, No.
5 {1914), pp. 156, 157; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel,
and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 7, p. 968). — The coccid Lachnodius greeni
n. sp. occurs in clusters on the roots and stems of coffee, covered over by cells
of earth and bark made by ants, and is a serious coffee pest.
A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California, R. E. Campbell {Ent.
News, 25 {1914), A"o. 5, pp. 222-224)- — A new soft scale discovered on citrus
trees near Claremont, which appears to be closely related to Coccus hesperidum,
is described as C. citricola n. sp. The species is said to have increased in
abundance since first discovered aild to have been found in a number of other
localities.
The alfalfa caterpillar, V. L. Wildermuth {V. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 124 {1914),
pp. 40, pis. 2, figs. 20). — This is a report of studies of Eurymus curytheme car-
ried on since 1910 in the Southwest, where the caterpillars of this butterfly
73227°— No. 1—15 5
58 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
damage irrigated alfalfa nearly every j^eai". A i)reliiiiiiiary report based upon
studies made in 1910 has been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 53).
The species occurs throughout the United States west of the AUeghenies, and
in a few cases to the east and ranges northward as far as Hudson Bay. Tech-
nical descriptions are given of its several stages and an account of its life
history and habits. The egg stage has been found to vary under ordinary
temperatures from 2 to 15 days, the normal period being about 6 days. The
larva often completes its growth within 12 days, after molting four times and
increasing from less than one-tenth to nearly IJ in. in length. The average
length of the pupal period for ordinary field temperatures is from 7 to 10 days.
At Tempe, Ariz., never more than 200 eggs were recorded from one female,
whereas specimens sent to New IIanii)shire deposited as many as 500 eggs dur-
ing a laying period of 11 days, thus illustrating the influence of temperature on
egg production. The com])lete life cycle for this insect averages about 38 days
for all generations, the minimum length being about 2G days for the third
brood, and the maximum 64 days for the first brood. In the colder sections of
the country there are two generations, and in the extreme warmer sections at
least six and possibly more generations each year.
The natural enemies of the pest include Trichogramma minutum, which para-
sitizes the egg; four hymenopterans, namely, Limneriiim n. sp., Apantcles
(Protopanteles) flavicomhe, Chalcis ovata, and Ptcromalus eurymi and the
dipterans Phorocera claripennis and AphiochcEta pcrdita, which parasitize the
larva and pupa ; and several predators, including the bollworm, which is preda-
ceous on the larva and pupa and prefers such food to alfalfa, the malachiid
beetle Gallops vittaius, the adult of which feeds on the caterpillars and pupjie,
the asilids Proctacanthus mdlbertii and Stenopogon picticoi-nis, and several
species of ants. A disease caused by an undescribed Fusarium and a bacterial
disease are said to cause a high mortality among the larvae and pupse, the lat-
ter being one of the most important factors looking toward its conti'ol. Birds
and domestic fowls, including turkeys, are also mentioned as important enemies.
Studies of control measures have led to the following general directions:
Keep the ranch in the best possible cultural condition ; irrigate often and
thoroughly and as soon after cutting as the crop of hay can be removetl from
the ground ; renovate the field eveiy winter and during the month of August,
or even oftener if possible, either by disking or by the use of an alfalfa reno-
vator, and cut the alfalfa close to the ground and clean, especially along the
ditch banks, borders, etc.
" Cut the alfalfa earlier than is the general rule. The proper time is when
it is just coming in bloom or is one-tenth in bloom. Watch for caterpillars in
the early spring crop, and if many are observed about grown, cut the hay a few
days before it is in bloom, and thus save the next and future crops. A minimum
amount of damage occurs in fields that are systematically pastured all or a part
of the time.
"A field should never be abandoned because the caterpillars threaten the
destruction of a crop of alfalfa before the hay can possibly mature. Mow it at
once, cutting it low and clean, thus saving part of the present crop, and in so
doing starve, and allow the heat of the sun to kill, a great many of this genera-
tion of worms. Follow this by disking and then by either rolling or brush drag-
ging, and a great majority of any remaining larvre will be killed. The ground
should then be thoroughly irrigated, and by these efforts the coming crop will
be assured. Turkeys and chickens when allowed the run of a field will keep the
numbers of the caterpillars at a minimum."
Surface caterpillar on Mokameh. Tal, E. J. Woodhotjse and H. L. Dutt .
{Agr, Jow: Bihar an4 Orissa [Indial, 1 {1913), No. 2, pp. 18-lOlf, pis. 4),— This
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59
article describes the results obtained from band picking and trapping Agrotis
in 1912, which resulted in a reduction of the damage to crops. The Andres
Maire trap imported from Egypt was found to catch large numbers of the
moths. See also a previous note (E. S. R, 2S, p. 455).
The biology of Feltia (Agrotis) exclaniationis and of Eiixoa (Agrotis)
segetuni according to observations in the Governments of Tula and Tver
in 1909-10, N. Sacharov (Ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No. J,,
pp. 211, 212). — A detailed report of observations.
On the parasites of the eggs of Cydia pomonella and the investigation of
them by A. Radetzky, T. Stcherbakov {Reprint from Zap. Simferopol. Otd.
Imp. Ross. Obshch. Sadov., A'o. lJ/0 {191.)), pp. 12; ais. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 4, p. 263). — A polemic article relative to the codling moth.
See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 31, p. G2).
Repellents for protecting animals from the attacks of flies, H. W. Gratbill
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 131 {1914), pp. 26).— Following a review of the literature
the author reports the results of experimental tests of various substances or
mixtures for repelling flies. The results obtained have been summarized as
follows :
"A 10 per cent mixture of crude carbolic acid (21.8 per cent phenols) in
cotton-seed oil has a very strong rejiellent action on flies, but this lasts less than
a day, in consequence of which it is necessary to apply the mixture every day.
The mixture should be applied lightly with a brush, since a heavy application
with a spray pump is likely to cause phenol poisoning.
"Mixtures consisting of 10. 20, and 50 per cent of pine tar in cotton-seed oil
have marked repellent qualities. They should be applied lightly, and it is
necessary to apply them every day. A liberal application of a 10 per cent
mixture is deleterious to animals. This is also the case with a half-and-half
mixture of pine tar and Beaumont oil when applied lightly with a bru.sh.
"A mixture of oil of tar (14 i)er cent phenols, volatile with steam) in cotton-
seed oil and in Beaumont oil has a very marked repellent action. A 10 per cent
mixture of oil of tar in cotton-seed oil is safe. A half-and-half mixture of oil
of tar and cottton-seed oil when applied liberally with a spray pump and 50 per
cent oil of tar in Beaumont oil applied with, a brush are not safe. Ten per
cent oil of tar in Beaumont oil is safe. When applied lightly it is necessary to
apply 10 per cent oil of tar in cotton-seed oil or 10 per cent oil of tar in Beau-
mont oil every day. Mixtures of 10 per cent of oil of citronella, oil of sassa-
fras, or oil of camphor in cotton-seed oil are powerful repellents, but they are
active for less than a day.
"A. heavy application of fish oil oauses the hair to become sticky and fall out.
A light application did not produce these results. Pyrethrum powder is an
effective repellent, but its action lasts only for about a day."
A list of 22 titles of the literature referred to is appended.
On the biology of Trichomyia urbica, a psychodid, the larva of vsrhich is
xylophagous, D. Keilin {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris'], 76 {1914), No. 10,
pp. 434-437, figs. 2). — The larva of this dipteran. unlike all other known species
of the family, is said to be xylophagous. It is found in galleries of old felled
trees eating the wood.
The Phlebotomus papatasii, the transmitter of the " three days fever,"
R. Morales {Escuela 2Ied. [Guatemala], 1914, Feb.; abs. in Amer. Jour.- Trop.
Diseases and Prev. Med., 1 {1914), ^^0. 12, pp. 815-818).— It is stated that in
Guatemala P. papatasii is the transmitting fjgent of the filterable virus that
produces the " three days fever."
A flagellate infection of sand flies, F. P. Mackie (Indian Jour. Med. Re-
search, 2 (1914), No. 1, pp. 377-879, pi. i).— "Ten per cent of female sand flies
60 EXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD.
(Phlehotonms minutus) were found to be infected with a flagellate of the
genus Ilei'petomonas. It is probably a natural parasite of the fly and is not
likely to have any relation to the occasional habit of Phlebotomus as a human
bloodsucker. The natural host of P. minutus, as Ilowlett has shown, is prob-
ably the common wall lizard. As I can not find that the flagellate has been
previously described. I suggest for it the name Hcrpctomonas i)JilcbotO)ni n. sp."
New investigations of the life history of the two warble fl.ies of cattle,
H. Glaskb {Mitt. Aussch liases Belcampf. Dasselplage, No. 5 (1913), pp. 5-38;
ahs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
5 {IDlJf), No. 3, pp. 376, 377). — The author here reports upon further investi-
gations (E. S. R., 29, p. 761) of the life history of Hypoderma hovis and E.
lineata. In experiments conducted in order to determine if the larvae of the
two warble flies are able to penetrate the skin of man and of animals, negative
results were obtained with cattle but in man in one case a larva penetrated
the skin of the thigh.
The typhoid fly and its associates, T, J. Headlee {New Jersey Stas. Circ.
37 {1914), PP- 3-S). — A popular account, including observations as to the
seasonable appearance of flies in dairy and horse barns and pig and poultry
plants.
A new sarcophagid parasite of grasshoppers, E. O. G. Kelly {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 435-446, pi. 1). — This paper
reviews the literature relating to the parasitic species of the dipterous family
Sarcophagidfe and reports investigations carried on by the Bureau of Ento-
mology of this Department, particularly in Kansas.
The studies have shown that sarcophagid larvse are placed on the underside
of the unfolded posterior wings of the flying grasshopper, the striking of the
wing by the fly probably causing the sudden dropping of the victim that has
been observed. After having been deposited on the unfolded wings of the
grasshoppers the maggots crawl toward the base of the wing, using the sides
of the fold for a trough in which to travel. In this way they reach the base of
the wing and the metathorax, where the body is quite soft and moist, and
enter the body to feed upon the internal vital organs. Some of the maggots
are deposited on segments of the abdomen and these enter through the seg-
mental divisions. They develop rapidly, maturing in from 10 to 30 days.
After becoming full grown the larvse crawl from the body of the grasshopper
and enter the soil to a depth of from 2 to 6 in., where they pupate. It is
stated that nearly 1,200 sarcophagids of several siiecies issued from the bodies
of some 800 dead grasshoppers collected during the fall of 1912. Adults began
to issue about the middle of February and continued to do so until early
May. There appear to be five or six generations each year.
Sarcophaga kcllyi n. sp., a description of which by J. M. Aldrich is appended,
was the species upon which the observations were largely made. Several other
less abundant species were observed in the act of larvipositing on grasshop-
pers and were subsequently reared from them during these investigations,
notably, 8. cimhicis, 8. sarracenia; and S. hunteri, and in addition to these S.
helicis was reared from the dead grasshoppers. Several parasites of the sar-
cophagid puparia were reared, including Pcrilampus hj/alinus, ChaJcis coloraden-
sis, Apha^reta sp., and Eupteromalis sp.
Papaya fruit fly, F. Knab and W. W. Yothers {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 2 (1914), No. 6, pp. 447-454, pis. 2). — Toxotrypana cut^'icauda was
first brought to the attention of this Department as occurring in Florida
in December, 1905, when infested fruit was received from ^liami. It was
again reported during the summer of 1912 from the same locality. The in-
creasing commercial importance of the papaya led to an investigation during
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61
the fall of 1912 of its distribution, life history, and habits. In that year it
was found to infest both wild and cultivated papayas as far north as Miami
from which it has since spread northward to Palm Beach, where in 1914 it
was reported as having boon very destructive. It was also found to infest
the papaya on the island of New Providence which lies some 200 miles east
of Miami. Earlier records show it to occur in Yucatan, Costa Rica, Panama,
Porto liico, island of St. Jean, and several South American countries. Techni-
cal descriptions are given of its several stages.
" To determine the amount of infestation in the wild fruits of different sizes
or ages, an examination was made of small fruits about 0.75 in. in diameter,
medium-sized fruits, and large ripe fruits. Out of 208 small fruits, 41 showed
infestation, and 167, or SO per cent, were sound. Out of 52 medium-sized fruits
26, or 50 per cent, were free from infestation. Examination of 25 nearly ripe
fruits showed that none were sound. Again, in a miscellaneous lot of 63
fruits, 32 or over 50 per cent, were infested. In general, small or young
fruit is much less infested than the older fruit, the flies evidently selecting the
larger and more mature fruits for ovipositiOn."
The occurrence of dead full-grown larvae in fruits externally sound le/i to
the discovery that contact with the juice of the imripe fruit is quickly fatal
to the larvse.
Observations of the pupal period made in the cool season of the year show
a variation of from 30 to 42 days.
The means of control that now seem valuable are the production of varieties
of papaya that have thick meat and that ripen slowly, and the destruction
of adventitious or wild papaya plants and of all infested fruits.
An account of studies of this pest in Porto Rico has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 29, p. 652).
Mosquitoes and malaria, C. W. Stiles {Puh. Health Rpts. [U. S.] 29 (1914),
No. SO, pp. 2301-2311). — The results of an inspection of both rural and municipal
communities in eastern North Carolina emphasize the necessity of removing
or destroying mosquito-breeding places such as tin cans, boxes, buckets, and
other receptacles capable of holding water.
The behavior of the parasite of Indian kala-azar in tlie dog flea, Cteno-
cephalus felis, with some remarks on canine kala-azar and its relation to
the human disease, W. S. Patton (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 2 (1914), No. 1,
pp. 399-403). — "The parasite of Indian kala-azar does not develop in the dog
flea, C. fcIis, but degenerates and disappears in eight hours. This together
with the fact that the dog has not been found infected with kala-azar, or
perhaps to be exact herpetomoniasis, in India, strongly supports the view that
human kala-azar is not of canine origin. The human flea, Piilex irritans, has
not been found in ^Madras."
A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp.,
Zae Northrup (Michigan 8ta. Tech. Bui. 18 (1914), pp. 5-87, figs. 23).— This
bulletin deals with a disease of white grubs, particularly prevalent during the
season of 1912, which is caused by a new species of Micrococcus found micro-
scopically in smears and in sections from diseased tissue, and in almost pure
culture on agar plates made from diseased portions of the living grub. This
micrococcus, which seems to enter the class with Micrococcus hwmorrhagicus
and has been named M. nigrofaciens, is frequently accompanied by a gas-produc-
ing bacillus from which it is separated with difficulty.
" The micrococcus exists in soil and is present in many soils in Michigan,
Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, and most probably in other States and coun-
tries. This micro-organism grows well on ordinary media, but much better on
62 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.
larva media (gelatin, agar, broth, and larva itself). It stains well with ordi-
nary aqueous-alcoholic stains, showing clearly the dividing cells; is not acid-
fast but is Gram positive. The disease was succesfully reproduced in a healthy
larva of the same species by placing the larva in artificially infected soil, mak-
ing an incision in the integument. Parasitic insects or fungi, or the larvae
themselves may add materially to the chance of infection by producing a pre-
disposition to the disease through mere mechanical injury. The characteristic
lesions were also produced in several healthy specimens of Allorhina nitida by
merely placing them ih water-soaked, sterilized soil to which a broth suspen-
sion of the micrococcus had been added. Individual larvse of one genus seem to
vary greatly in their power of resistance to the micrococcus, the younger seem-
ing to be the more susceptible. Larvte of the genus Lachnosterna seem to be
less resistant than those of the genus Allorhina. Stained sections made from
the diseased portions of larvte demonstrate the micrococci, unstained but dark
brown in color, imbedded in the lamiuse (also unstained and brownish in color)
of the integument. Large light brown pigmented cells also are found within
the body cavity. This brownish-black color is due to a pigment presumably
melanotic in character, most probably directly or indirectly produced by the
activity of the bacterial cells within the larval tissue. This micrococcus was
found to be pathogenic to the cockroach Periplaneta americana also, the disease
pursuing its course in much the same fashion as in the white grub, the infec-
tion, however, apparently limiting itself to the legs. It can not be definitely
stated whether the micrococcus is pathogenic to angleworms. Several unsuc-
cessful attempts were made in isolating the micrococcus from naturally infected
soil. Excessively wet soil favors the progress of the disease. In fact this
factor may be considered as probably the most important one concerned in the
fatality of the infection.
"Other organisms existent m the soil may cause an infection of the larvae. A
gas-producing bacillus {Bacillus septicus insectoriiml) found on the plate cul-
tures seems to add materially to the fatality of the disease under certain con-
ditions. This bacillus may be the primary invading organism."
A bibliography of 29 titles is appended.
A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp.,
Zae Northeup {CentM. BaM. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 (1914), No. 11-17, pp. 321-339,
pis. 4, figs. 5). — The data here presented are substantially noted above.
Boll weevil effect upon cotton production, W. E. Hinds (Alabama Col. Sta.
Bui. 178 {1914), pp. 87-99, fig. 1). — The author here discusses a number of fac-
tors in the natural control of the weevil, among them climatic conditions, in-
cluding temperature and humidity and cotton worm efi'ects. It is pointed out
that no section of Alabama can hope to escai)e weevil infestation, and that
while greater profits may be expected in the zone with from 12 to 14 in. of
rainfall per annum than farther south, even here diversification should be
encouraged.
A map illustrating the spread of the weevil and rainfall zones is included.
On Stylops and stylopisation, G. Smith and A. H. Hamm (Quart. Jour.
Micros. 8ci. [Lojidon], n. ser., 60 (19U), No. 239, pp. 435-461, i)ls. 4). — " From a
study of the anatomy and life history of Stylops it appears that despite the
existence of active winged males, fertilization can not occur and development
is always parthenogenetic. . . . The effect of the parasite on the internal
genital organs is slight as compared with the effect of Sacculina on Inachus,
and leads to a i-eduction in the size of the ovaries to about quarter the normal
size, while the testes are usually unaffected. The ovaries of stylopised bees
never produce ripe ova, but the testes generally produce normal ripe sper-
FOODS HUMAN NUTBITIOISr. 63
matozoa. . . . Tlie scopa of the parasitized female is generally reduced in
size, and she never or very rarely collects any pollen."
The geographical distribution of our common red spider, Tetranychus
telarius, H. E. Ewing {Jour. Ent. and Zool., 6 (191Jf), No. 3, pp. 121-132, fig.
1). — ^A detailed report on the distribution of this pest, including a map which
shows its known distribution in the United States. The author coni,'ludes that
Europe is probably the native home of this mite.
The muscardines; genus Beauveria, J. Beauvebie (Rev. G6n. Bot., 26 (1914),
Nos. 303, pp. 81-105; 30.'i, pp. 151-113, figs. 19).— A general discussion of the
muscardines, the practical utilization of the entomophytic fungi, and the botani-
cal characters of the silkworm muscardine {Beauveria [BotryUs] bassiana)
and of several other species.
A bibliography of 47 titles is a])pende<l.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Preservation of comm.ercial fisli and fishery products in the Tropics, A.
Seale {I'liUippine Jour. ScL, Sect. D., 9 {19U), No. 1, pp. 1-11, pis. 2).— Pre-
serving by drying and salting, smoking, marinating, canning, and by low
temperature or refrigeration is considered as well as the preparation of tish
for shipment. Philippine conditions are discussed and details of methods of
preservation quoted, in a number of cases the material being taken from the
reports of the United States Fish Commission.
Cows' butter and its substitution with artificial products, A. O. Webeb
(Vrachebnaya Ga^. [St. Petcrsh.], 19 {1912), No. 4, pp. ISO, iSJ).— This article
deals with the composition of butter and some of its substitutes in the diet.
The author concludes that the substitution of artificial products for butter i?
desirable from the standpoint of health as well as economy. Preparations of
vegetable fats, particularly those from coconuts, are deemed especially suitable
for foods, owing to their cheapness, ease of use, and ready assimilation.
From a summary of clinical observations it is concluded that the use of coco-
nut butter as the source of fat in the diet of tuberculous patients gives very
satisfactory results on account of its ease of assimilation.
The composition and quality of Mexican wheats and wheat flours, C. H.
Bailey {Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 6 {191Jf), No. 2, pp. 57-^^).— General and
analytical data are presented and discussed.
[Deficiency of gluten in French wheats], M. Lindet {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr.
France, 14 {1914), No. 5, pp. 563-569) .—A digest of data in which the author
maintains that the deficiency of gluten is due to the effect of the climate upon
the wheat, particularly during the ripening period, rather than to the effects of
cultural conditions. The paper is followed by a discussion.
Decline in gluten of bread flour, J. P. Wagner {Deut. Landw. Presse, 41
{1914), ^^0. 41, p. 515). — A summary and digest of data.
Physical factors which influence the percentage of wet and dry gluten in
wheaten flour, B. H. Kepner {Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJieni., 6 {1914), No. 6,
pp. 481, 482). — ^According to the author's conclusions, conditions vary so much
that different determinations of wet gluten made in various laboratories are
not comparable.
Thoroughness of mixing affects the percentage of both wet and dry gluten.
An excess of water used in making the doughs increases, and insufficient water
decreases, the percentage of wet gluten, the percentage of dry gluten being un-
affected.
Up to eight hours the length of time dough is allowed to stand increases the
percentage of wet gluten. " High patents, old flours, and low grades are excep-
C4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ,
tions. The dry gluten remains unaltered except in tlie low grade where some
fermentation has taken place.
" Overwashing decreases the percentage of both the wet and dry gluten.
" A larger percentage of wet gluten is obtained with warm wash water than
with cold. The dry gluten is unaffected.
" More wet gluten is obtained with ' hard ' wash water than with soft. The
dry gluten is slightly increased by the hard water."
Flour, A. McGiLL {Lah. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bill 279 (1914), pp. 17). —
Analytical data are given regarding 1,39 samples of market flour purchased in
the various provinces of the Dominion.
Notes on "sharps," J. F. Liverseege and G. D. Elsdon {Analyst, 39 (1914),
No. 459, pp. 251, 252). — Analytical data are presented and. discussed, especially
with reference to the calcium content of sharps.
Wider use of corn for food in Philippines, J. F. Boomer {Daily Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 {1914), No. 135, p. 14^0). — An increase in the consump-
tion of corn as a substitute for rice is noted.
The composition and food value of fresh soy beans, P. Molliex {Ann.
Chini. Analyt.. 19 {1914), No. 6, pp. 217-219). — Analytical and general data are
given.
Roselle recipes, reported by P. J. Wester {Philippine Ayr. Rev. [Enylish
Ed."], 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 239-241). — Recipes are quoted from a pamphlet
recently published by E. L. Worcester.
[Coffee consumption and modes of grinding in foreign countries], J. B.
Osborne, W. H. Gale. A. Halstead, H. L. Washington, E. L. Adams, and W.
Dawson, Jr. {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 {1914), No. I4I, pp. 1642-
1646). — Data are given regarding the extent of consumption and the various
methods of grinding, with special reference to the introduction of electric coffee
grinders into France, Greece, England, Ireland, and Argentina.
Tea, A. McGill {Lai). Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 287 {1914), pp. 15).—
Data are given regarding the examination of 149 samples of tea. ]SIost of the
samples yielded more than the 30 per cent extractive required, many of them
giving from 36 to 40 per cent. " Facing is indicated in 13 samples, but is so
slight as to be disregarded from the point of view of hai-mfulness.
" On the whole, this report may be taken to prove that there is no noteworthy
adulteration of tea in Canada."
Temperance beverages or soft drinks, A. McGill {Lal>. Inland Rev. Dept.
Canada Bui. 280 {1914), pp. 21). — Data are given regarding the inspection and
analysis of 150 samples, collected in the various districts of Canada.
[Water for drinking and cooking purposes supplied to ships] (Pud. Health
Rpts. [U. 8.], 29 {1914), No. 24, p. 1485).— An amendment to the quarantine
regulations forbids the furnishing of ships with polluted water for cooking or
drinking purposes.
Water for cooking and preserving purposes, J. C. Smith {Pure Products,
10 {1914), No. 7, pp. 351-354)- — In this article the author presents data showing
the condition of a number of samples of water used in canning factories, and
emphasizes the necessity for the purity of such supplies, both from the stand-
point of freedom from spore-forming bacteria and of chemical Impurities such
as traces of iron, manganese, ammonia, or hydrogen sulphid.
Report of the committee on sanitation {Nat. Canncrs Assoc. Ann. Conv., 7
{I914), pp. 7). — Among the subjects considered are the sanitation of the build-
ing site and grounds, buildings, water supply, and similar topics, as well as
personal hygiene of the employees.
Sanitation of canning factories (In A Complete Course in Canning. Balti-
more, Aid., 1914, 3, cd., pp. 23-26; Pure Products, 10 {1914), ^'O. 6, pp. 274-
277).— See above.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION". 65
[Food inspection work], W. B. Barney (Iowa Dairy and Food Com. Bui.
9 (1914), pp. 47). — Tliis report contains general data regarding a number of
pure food topics. Information is also given regarding the inspection of a
number of food establishments and the examination of several samples of food
products.
Dunn's pure food and drug' legal manual, etlited by C. W. Dunn (Ncio York,
1912, pp. XXTI^2341). — A compilation of the federal and state laws relating to
food and drug control.
The fruit and veg'etable canning industry of New Jersey — season of 1912
{Ann. Rpt. Bur. Statis. Labor and Indus. N. J., 36 (1913), pp. ie5-i74).— Statis-
tical data are reported and discussed.
The farm kitchen as a workshop, Anna Babeows ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 607 (1914), pp. 20, figs. 6). — Such subjects are discussed in a general way
as the relation of the kitchen to other parts of the house; the size of the
kitchen ; the finishing of floors, walls, and ceiling; lighting, ventilating, and heat-
ing ; porches and screening ; permanent equipment of the kitchen ; and the
kitchen as a laundry. Particular attention is given to the arrangement of the
kitchen stove, cooking table, and other kitchen equipment, so that the journeys
more frequently made in doing the kitchen work are short. The importance of
adequate equipment is pointed out and suggestions made for labor-saving equip-
ment and expedients.
Electric cooking and heating, V. Nightingall (Atist. Min. Standard, 4S
(1912), Nos. 1245, p. 280; 1246, p. 305; 1247, p. 328; 1248, p. 350, fig. i).— This
paper deals somewhat at length with the factors upon which economical electric
cooking depends, and especially with the development of the hot plate and the
electric oven. Nlchrome is recommended as the most satisfactory material for
the wires and green Australian mica as the best material for the insulator and
support in the manufacture of the heating units.
The author emphasizes the necessity for securing simplicity in operation of
electric cooking devices and the need of providing some device for protecting
them against burnouts. For the latter purpose he recommends a bulb lamp of
clear glass, placed in parallel with the circuit at the wall plug.
Slag wool and flaked mica are recommended as the best thermal insulators for
oven construction, the greatest thermal efficiency being obtained when the sides
and bottom of the oven were provided with 3J in., the top with 4i- in., and the
door with 4* in. of lagging. All thick iron parts in the interior of the oven
should be replaced by sheet-iron frames.
It is recommended that the oven be equipped with a thermostat. A descrip-
tion is given of a mercury thermostat which gave great satisfaction.
If electric hot plates are heated too rapidly, stews, etc., burn. Therefore, the
use of specially designed quick-heating kettles for boiling water is recommended.
The suggestion is advanced that water could be heated during the night when the
current consumption is low, and stored in insulated tanks for use during the
daytime.
The American waiter, J. B. Gk)iNS (Chicagoi, 1908, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp.
152, figs. 44)- — While this book is intended primarily for the instruction of
waiters in hotels and restaurants, it contains a great deal of information con-
cerning the arrangement of the table, care of equipment, preparation of food
for the table, and service, which would prove valuable to the housewife.
Experimental domestic science, R. H. Jones (PhiladclpJiia, pp. IX-{-235,
figs. 75). — This book deals with physics and chemistry as applied in the house-
hold. It has been the author's purpose either to illustrate scientific principles
by numerous simple experiments which may be easily performed and in most
cases require the use only of kitchen utensils and commodities or to draw illus-
66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
trations from everyday experiences. Among the subjects treated somewhat at
length are the chemistry and physics of coolving, bread maliiug, and cleaning.
In one chapter a number of popular domestic misnomers and fallacies are ex-
plained or disproved.
The history of dietetics, J. B. Nichols {Pop. Sci. Mo., 83 {1913), No. 5, pp.
Jf 17-427). — Interesting historical data are summarized.
Concerning modern food reforms, M. IIubnee ( Uber modeme Emdhrungsre-
formen. Munich and Berlin, IDUi. pp. 83; ahs. in ZentM. Physiol., 28 {191^),
No. 6, pp. 350, 351). — The author examines critically some of the modern
theories of diet reform particularly a protein diet. He holds that the older
dietary standards with larger amounts of protein are more desirable.
Protein metabolism after hunger and the absorption of greater quantities
of protein similar to and different from body protein, C. G. L. Wolf {Biochem.
Ztschr,, 63 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 58-73). — Experiments are reported in which a
laboratory animal (a dog), which had previously been fasting, was maintained
for eight days upon a diet of beef heart. After another fasting period of eight
days, the dog was then fed for a period of eight days upon dog flesh. The results
indicate a greater absorption of food material from the diet of dog flesh than
from that of beef heart, and in the opinion of the author support the contention
that the individual proteins of the body are better utilized than foreign proteins.
The protein requirement and the price of meat. Decker {Munchen. Med.
Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 16, pp. 870-872).— The work of the principal advocates
of a low protein diet is here summarized from the standpoint of health and
economy. The author concludes that the minimum daily protein requirement
for a man not engaged in hard manual labor should be 60 gm., one-third of
which should consist of vegetable protein.
Family budgets of Danish, workingmen's families. — I, Workers in cities;
II, Workers in rural districts; III, Farmers {Danmarks Statis. Meddel., 4-
ser., 40 {1912), pt. 1, pp. 113; 40 {1913). pt. 2, pp. 77; 40 {1914). pt. 3, pp.
178). — ^A large amount of data are given regarding the income and. expenses of
a number of families in each group.
The care and feeding of children, Mary E. Frayser {Winthrop Norm, and
Indus. Col. S. C. Bui., 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 36, figs. 9).— Clothing, care, and feeding
of infants and similar topics are discussed. Eecipes are included as well as
directions for modifying milk.
How to keep your baby well {Washington, D. C: Health Dept., 1914, PP-
7). — ^Advice is given regarding the feeding and clothing of infants and similar
topics.
Some principles of infant feeding, H. L. K. Shaw {Mo. Bui. N. Y. State
Dept. Health, 30 {1914), No. 5, pp. 154-156, fig. 1).—A brief digest of data.
Adaptation of the gastric juice to the coagulation and digestion of milk
in the case of nurslings, L. Gaucher {Compt. Raid. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76
{1914), No. 9, pp. 389, 390). — Experiments are reported in which some of the
children were breast-fed, others fed upon cows' milk, while still another portion
received a mixed diet.
From the results of his experiments, the author concludes that the gastric
juice is capable of adapting itself to the method of feeding to which it is sub-
jected. In the case of artiflcial feeding, the quantity of gastric juice secreted
was greater than in the case of breast feeding.
Practical study of goat's milk in infant feeding as compared to cow's milk,
D. H. Sherman and H. R. Lohnes {Jour. Anier. Med. Assoc., 62 {1914), No. 23,
pp. 1806, 1807). — Experimental data and clinical observations are reported, but
no definite conclusions are drawn. Examination of the stomach contents after
test meals showed, in general, a slower digestion of the cow's milk with the
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 67
formation of smaller and more flocculent curds than in the case of the goat's
milk. In the ease of 16 clinical observations, 12 cases gained more rapidly
upon modified cow's milk while 4 gained more rapidly upon modified goat's
milk.
Is polished rice plus vitamin a complete food? C. Funk {Jour. Physiol., ^8
(1914), X^o. 2-3, pp. 228-2,32). — Feeding experiments with birds are reported in
which was studied tlie effect of adding the vitamin fraction from yeast to a
diet of polished rice. The author draws the following conclusions :
" The experiments show conclusively that polished rice and vitamin con-
stitute a complete food.
" There is no justification at the present moment to accept the necessity of two
different vitamins, one for curing the nervous sj^mptoms and one for mainte-
nance of body weight.
" The vitamin fraction used in the above experiments being entirely free from
phosphorus we are justified in saying that the physiological importance ascribed
in late years to lipoids and substances soluble in lipoid solvents as regards
their bearing on deficiency diseases must not be attributed to lipoids, but to
vitamins which are accidentally extracted in the same process."
The vitamins, P. G. Stiles (-S'ci, Amer. Sup., 77 (WU), No. 2008, p. ^20).—
A. digest of data.
Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on unhusked rice (Palay), R. B. Gibson
and ISABELO Concepcion {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 9 {191Jf), No. 1, pp.
119-123, pis. 1). — The results obtained by the authors seem to indicate that
" the substitution of rough rice for the polished article can not be completely
protective against beri-beri in all individuals. We do not mean to say that this
substitution has not practically eliminated beri-beri where it has been under-
taken or that the use of I'ice polishings is not without great therapeutic value.
But in view of the accumulated evidence, we can say that the addition of other
foodstuffs to a diet of unpolished rice is essential to meet the normal nutritive
requirements of the body."
The etiology of pellagra, J. Goldbeeger {PuJ). Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29
{1914), No. 26, pp. 1683-1686). — The epidemiological observation that nurses and
attendants in institutions where there are numerous cases of this disease are
themselves exempt from it may be explained, in the opinion of the author,
by the difference in diet. It is pointed out that pellagra is distinctly rural and
generally associated with poverty. It has previously been shown by studies
of institutional dietaries and dietaries of rural regions that cereals make up a
much greater portion of the dietaries of the poorer classes than of the more
well-to-do, and while the author does not believe that the consumption of corn
or corn products is necessary for the development of pellagra, he believes that
the presence of cereals and vegetables in too great a proportion in the diet is
objectionable. In conclusion, he urges, on account of the uncertainty as to the
true cause of the disease, a " reduction in cereals, vegetables, and canned
foods that enter to so large an extent into the dietary of many of the people
in the South and an increase in the fresh animal food comi>onent, such as
fresh meats, eggs, and milk."
The degree of metabolism in various kinds of work, G. Becker {Natur-
wissenschaften, 2 {1914), No. 23, pp. 558-562). — Experimental data are reported,
most of which have been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 31, p. 561).
A micro-respiration apparatus and some of the studies made with it of
the temperature-metabolism curve of insect pupae, A. Krogh {Biochem.
Ztschr., 62 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 266-219, figs. 5).— In this article is described a
micro-respiration apparatus which consists essentially of a modified apparatus
for differential blood gas analysis of the Barcroft type.
68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Stock feeding, W. H. Dalrymple (Louisiana Stas. Bill. lJf8 (1914), PP- 3-
56). — ^This bulletin gives general instructions on the balancing of rations, feed-
ing standards, computing of rations, and systems of feeding, and includes tables
giving the composition and digestibility of the principal feeding stuffs, sample
rations, etc.
Paille finne grass, S. M. Tracy {Louisiana Stas. Bui. l/f7 (191If), pp. 3-1). —
A preliminary reconuoissance survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant
Industry of this Department and the Louisiana Conservation Commission indi-
cated an acreage in the State of nearly 2,000,000 acres of paille finne grass
{Panicuin hcmitomum). Analyses given show a protein content which varies
from 5.94 per cent to 9.87, carbohydrates from 41.21 to 45.58, fat from 1.49 to
2.22, fiber from 31.39 to 39.55, and ash from 4.46 to 6.26. The high protein
content makes it especially adaptable to stock feeding, and it is used widely
by the planters and stock growers in southern Louisiana, who have found that
steers may be fattened in six months without having i-eceived any grain feed,
the pasture alone being sufiicient to put the animals in good marketable condi-
tion. As a liay it is preferred to timothy and is deemed nearly equal to alfalfa
hay in nutritive value.
Coconut meal, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 155 {1914), PP- 182-
190). — The composition of coconut meal used in these experiments was as
follows : Water 9, protein 19.35, fat 9.12, extract matter 48, fiber 8.64, and ash
5.89 per cent. In digestion experiments with two sheep the following coeffi-
cients of digestibility were obtained : Protein 90, fat 100+, extract matter 87,
fiber 23, and ash 64 per cent. Gluten feed contains about 100 lbs. more digesti-
ble nutrients per ton than the coconut meal. The coconut meal contains 88.4
therms of net available energy and the gluten feed 82.7 therms, the difference
being due to the higher percentage of fat in the former.
In feeding experiments with 10 dairy cows, in which hay and wheat bran
constituted the basal ration and gluten feed and coconut meal the supplement-
ary feeds, substantially the same results in milk yield and slightly more butter
fat were obtained from the coconut meal than with the gluten feed ration. In
amounts of from 3 to 4 lbs. daily per head, coconut meal is considered to be a
desirable dairy feed.
Kafir for feeding, G. K. Helder {Kansas Sta. Bui. 198 {19U), pp. 627-632).-—
In experiments conducted at the Fort Hays substation, four lots of beef cows
wintered during a 100-day period were fed a daUy ration as follows: Lot 1,
Kafir corn fodder 27.2 lbs., wheat straw 10.28, and cotton-seed cake 1 ; lot 2,
Kafir corn silage 35.63, wheat straw 14.2, cotton-seed cake 1 ; lot 3, Kafir corn
stover 25.6, wheat straw 10.79, cotton-seed cake 1; and lot 4, Kafir com silage
20.05, wheat straw 17.18, cotton-seed cake 1, costing $9.91, $6.30, $5.61. and $4.44,
respectively, per cow. Average daily gains were made of 0.5. 1.34, 0.35, and
0 56 lbs. per cow. The estimated value of Kafir corn silage was $2.66, Kafir corn
fodder $5.00, and Kafir corn stover $3.00 per ton. The yields of the feeds were
Kafir corn silage 8.5 tons per acre, Kafir corn fodder 3 tons, and Kafir corn
stover 2 tons.
Five lots of 10 beef steers each, wintered at Manhattan during a 100-day
period, were fed as follows : Lot 1, corn silage and cotton-seed meal ; lot 2,
Kafir corn silage and cotton-seed meal ; lot 3, sweet sorghum silage and cotton-
seed meal ; lot 4, corn silage and alfalfa hay ; and lot 5. corn stover, shelled
corn, and alfalfa hay. Average daily gains were made per head of 1.5, 1.62,
1.58. 1.5. and 1.62 lbs., resi->ectively, and costing $5.50, $5.50, $5.49, $5.75, and
$5.96, respectively, per head.
ANIMAL PEODUCTION.
69
From extensive hog-feeding tests nt Fort Hays it was concluded that "it is
more profitable to full-feed hogs of medium age and weight (125 lbs.) for a
short period (75 days) than to fuU-feetl old or very young hogs for a long
period. Hogs following cattle require less grain than when fed in separate
pens, even though the cattle are fed ground grain. The addition of a few sugar
beets to a Kafir corn ration is advisable. It reduces the amount of grain and
the cost per pound of gain while it increases the average daily gain of the hogs.
Kafir corn and milo maize when fed with the proper concentrates are satisfac-
tory feeds for fattening liogs."
A brief review of other tests (E. S. 11.. 30, p. 5G9) is also given.
Raising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, D. T. Gray and W. F. Ward
{Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 177 {19U), pp. 71-83, figs. 2).— The experiments here
reported were made in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of
this Department, and are in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 25, p. 72).
From a herd of 80 grade Aberdeen Angus cows 64 spring calves were raised,
which ran with their mothers until late fall when they were weaned and pre-
pared for the fattening period. When the calves were 9* months old they had
attained an average weight of 4G0 lbs. and cost $14.36 each. This cost includes
the cost of feed, for both cows and calves, interest on money investetl, rent on
pasture, taxes, deiireciation on value of herd, etc.
Forty-nine of these calves averaging 456 lbs. each were placed in the feed
lot in January and fed for 73 days, receiving daily 4.4 lbs. cotton-seed meal,
23.9 lbs. corn silage, and 2.76 lbs. broom-sedge hay per head. They made an
average daily gain of 1.37 lbs. per head, requiring 3.23 lbs. of cotton-seed meal,
17.41 lbs. corn silage, and 2.01 lbs. of hay, and costing 7.31 cts. per pound of
gain. It is estimated that it cost 3.61 cts. per pound to raise and fatten the
calves. An average profit per head of $6.81 was realized.
A study of the digestibility of rations for steers with special reference to
the influence of the character and the amount of feed consumed, H. W.
MuMFORD, H. S. Grindlet, L. D. Hall, A. D. Emmett, W. E. Joseph, and H. O.
Allison {lUinois Sta. Bui. 172 {19U), pp. 235-285, figs. 7; aU., pp. S).— Four
lots of two 2-year-old choice feeder steers each were fed for periods of three,
four, four, and four weeks each with transitional periods of two and three
weeks between each period, as follows : Lot 1 maintenance ration, lot 2 main-
tenance and one-third feed, lot 3 maintenance and two-thirds feed, lot 4 full
feed ; the steers receiving during the first period clover hay, ground corn, and
oil meal 1:1:0, second period 1:3:0, third period 1:5:0, and fourth period
1:4:1. Digestion and metabolism stalls were provided and the feed intake and
outgo weighed and analyzed. The average coefficients of digestibility are shown
in the following table :
Coefficients of diqcstihility of protein, fat, and carbohydrates of mixed rations.
Protein.
Fat.
Carboliydrates.
Kind of ration.
First
test.
Sec-
ond
test.
Third
test.
Fourth
test.
First
test.
Sec-
ond
test.
Third
test.
Fourth
test.
First
test.
Sec-
ond
test.
Third
test.
Fourth
test.
Maintenance ration. . .
Maintenance ration
pms one-third feed.
Maintenance ration
pms two-thirds feed
Maintenance ratiun
plus full feed
Average of all t«sts. . .
P.ct
45.5
4-1.5
42.5
40.5
43.3
P.ct.
49.4
53.4
50.0
44.7
49.4
P.ct.
52.7
54.6
5Lf
51.1
52.4
P.ct.
70.3
67.7
OG. 7
68.2
68.2
P.ct.
73.6
74.2
72.2
68.9
72.2
P.ct.
79.0
80.3
80.0
65.9
76.3
P.ct.
86.2
84.7
83.7
63.4
79.5
P.ct.
84.4
82.9
83.3
80.6
82.8
P.ct.
74.9
71.7
70.2
67.5
71.1
P.ct.
81.9
75.6
72.4
68.7
74.6
P.ct.
82.6
79.4
77.3
74.1
78.3
P.ct.
83.0
80.4
77.8
79.1
80.1
70
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
As regards the influence of the character of feed consumed, it was found that
the digestibility of the dry substance, protein, fat, and carbohydrates, of a
ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn may be increased for steers by
decreasing the proiK^rtion of clover hay. The same constituents of a ration
consisting of clover, ground corn, and linseed-oil meal 1:4:1 are more digestible
for steers than those of rations consisting, respectively, of clover hay and
ground corn 1:1, 1:3, or 1 : 5.
As regards the influence of the amount of feed consumed, it was found that
the dry substance and carbohydrates of a ration consisting of clover hay and
ground corn 1 : 1 were most digestible for steers when the ration was given in
amounts just sufficient for maintenance, and gradually became less digestible
as the size of the ration was increased above the maintenance requirements.
The dry matter and carbohydrates of the remaining rations were also most
digestible for steers when the rations were given in amounts just suSicient for
maintenance, but in these cases there was practically no difference between the
coefficients for the heavier rations. In none of these four rations did the
amount of feed consumed significantly influence the digestibility of the protein
and fat.
Coefficients of digestibility of some common rations for swine, W. Dietrich
and H. S. Grindley {Illinois Sta. Bui. 110 {1914), pp. 165-201, fig. 1; abs. pp.
Jf). — In two sets of digestion trials, a pair of year-old barrows, a Berkshire and
a Yorkshire in the first experiment and two Berkshires in the second, were fed
during 6- to 8-day periods on various combinations of feeds and amounts of
feeds. The coefficients of digestibility as determined directly by these experi-
ments are shown in the following table :
Average coefficients of digcstibiUti/ nf nitious hji smne.
Weight
of ration
per dav
per 100
poimds,
live
weight.
Percentage digested.
Kind of ration.
Dry sub-
stance.
Protein
(N. by
6.25).-
Fat.
Total
carbo-
liydrates.
Nitrogen
free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Pounds.
1.83
1.95
l.a3
1.48
1.09
1.55
1.77
.67
Per cent.
87.7
88.6
87.0
&3.2
89.4
83.4
89.0
84.6
Per cent.
79.3
87.5
83.6
68.7
84.6
72.7
85.8
78.7
Per cent.
71.3
82.5
55.0
76.4
89. 6
85.3
68.9
90.0
Per cent.
90.9
90.7
90.2
90.2
91.3
89.5
92.5
Per cent.
93.6
92.9
Per cent.
31.8
Ground corn and middlings (1:1)
Ground corn and red dog flour
(2:1)
54.9
Ground com and tankage (4:1
to 6:1)
92.4
19.0
Ground corn and pork crack-
lings (8.3:1 to 10.5:1)
Ground corn, tankage, and pork
cracklings (9:2.2.5:1 to 12:2:1). .
Ground corn red dog flour, and
pork cracklings (20:10:1)
Ground corn, red dog flour,
tankage, and pork cracklings
(4:1:1:1 to 10:2.7:2.6:1). ..
89.0
It is concluded that " the coefficients of digestibility obtained for a single
feed by calculation from the data obtained for a combination of feeds are not
reliable, especially when the single feed has been fed in comparatively small
quantities. By this method of calculation all of the difference between the
values for the single feed and the corresponding values for the combined feeds
is credited to the single feed, whereas it is probable that in the combined ration
each feed exerts an influence upon the digestibility of the other."
As regards the influence of one ration upon another, " the results of these
experiments indicate that the coefficients of digestibility of one feed or ration
ANIMAL PEODUCTION. , 71
may be increased or decreased by the addition of another feed or ration. For
example, the addition of porli cracliliugs to rations of ground corn alone, ground
corn and tankage, and ground corn and red dog flour, clearly increases the
digestibility of the dry substance, the crude protein, and the crude fat of the
basal rations. On the other hand, it seems probable that the addition of
tankage to a ration consisting of ground corn alone decreases the digestibility
of the dry substance and the crude protein in the basal ration."
As regards the influence of quantity of ration, " there is a significant in-
crease in the coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance, the crude protein,
and the total carbohydrates of a ration consisting of ground corn, red dog
flour, tankage, and pork cracklings, when there is a reduction of 26 per cent
in the dry substance consumed. On the other hand, there are no significant
differences in the coefficients of digestibility for the nutrients of a ration con-
sisting approximately of 10 parts of ground corn and 1 part of pork cracklings
when fed as a full-feed allowance and in amounts equal to two-thirds of a full-
feed ration."
A study of the development of growing' pigs with special reference to the
influence of the quantity of protein consumed, A. D. Emmett, H. S. Grindley,
W. E. Joseph, and E. H. Williams {Illmois 8ta. Bid. 168 (WU), pp. 85-135,
figs. 9; abs., pp. 4)- — The object of the investigations of which this bulletin is
a partial report was to determine the influence of different quantities of protein
upon the nutrition of young growing pigs when the rations were supplemented
with an ample amount of calcium phosphate.
Three lots of four 51-lb. Berkshire pigs were fed during a 174-day period a
ration of ground corn, blood meal, and calcium phosphate, all the pigs receiving
the same amount of corn protein per 100 lbs. live weight, lot 1 receiving a low
protein ration (0.32 lb. of digestible protein per day per 100 lbs. live weight),
lot 2 a medium protein ration (0.7 lb. digestible protein), lot 3 a high protein
ration (0.94 lb. digestible protein), the blood meal allowance being 50, SO, and
86 per cent, respectively, of the total protein received, and the lots receiving
3.79, 4.28, and 4.49 therms of metabolizable energy, and 11.09, 9.65, and 8.73 gm.
of phosphorus per 100 lbs. live weight per day. The pigs were fed under simi-
lar conditions and each pig separately.
A slaughter test was made of two control pigs at the beginning of the experi-
ment and of pigs of each of the three lots. At the close it was noted that the
pigs of the low-protein lot were unthrifty and underfed and that three had
died. The number of leucocytes in the blood of the remaining ijig from lot 1
was possibly somewhat greater than those of the other lots; the kidneys of the
animal were distinctly affected with chronic parenchymatous nephritis, and
were smaller in length and width than those of the pigs of the other lots, and
the liver was abnormal. The dressed carcass was shorter in length, had less
fat on the sides, brisket, and flanks, the fat and lean were darker in color, the
fat softer and the marrow lighter in color, and while the amount of fat was less
the amounts of lean were practically equal. The weights of the intestinal
and composite fats were higher, and the weights of the leaf fat, blood, stomach,
kidneys, offal, and miscellaneous parts lower than the average for the other
lots.
The fasted live weights, the net live weights, and the weight of the various
cuts varied directly with the live weights of the animals when slaughtered.
In the weights of the skeleton, the respiratory organs, the small and large in-
testines, and the organs of the central nervous system, the corresponding values
for the three lots were similar. The pig on the low-protein ration had the
highest percentage of leaf fat. the lightest liver, and the heaviest skeleton.
72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In none of these values were there any siguificaut differences between lots
2 and 3. There was some indication that the weight of the heart varied in-
versely as the amounts of protein consumed.
The weights of the bones varied practically directly with the live weights
of the animals. There was little difference in the lengths and diameters. The
thickness of the walls of the leg bones and the marrow spaces were in propor-
tion to the protein fed, the low-protein fed pig having the thinnest wall and
the largest marrow. The breaking strengths and the moduli of rupture of the
bones of the pig of lot 1 were lower than those of the other lots, while the
average value for the section moduli, a measure of the distribution of the bone
materia], indicated that the structure of the bones was not affected by the
amount of protein consumed.
It is concluded from these observations that the feed allowance given lot 1
was not sufficient for the normal nutrition of young growing pigs, probably .be-
cause the ration either did not contain enough of the right kind of protein or
did not yield enough energy. The allowance given lot 2 was sufficient, and the
larger protein allowance given lot 3 exerted but little apparent influence.
A study of the ash content of growing- pigs with special reference to the
influence of the quantity of protein consumed, R. H. Williams and A. D.
Emmett {Illinois 8ta. Bui. 169 {191-'/), pp. 139-159; abs., pp. 3). — Continuing the
work reported above by a study of the ash content of these pigs, it is concluded
that " variations in the amounts of digestible protein consumed from 0.32 to 0.94
lb. per 100 lbs. live weight per day, do not influence significantly the percent-
ages or distribution of the total or water-soluble ash in the bodies or the parts
of the bodies of growing pigs. The total ash In the bodies of pigs 40 to 43 weeks
old is distributed among the parts as follows: Somewhat more than four-fifths
in the skeleton, about one-ninth in the boneless meat of the carcass, and about
one-sixteenth in the offal, blood, and the composite of the jowl, leaf, and in-
testinal fats combined. Of the water-soluble ash, somewhat less than three-
fifths is to be found in the boneless meat of the carcass, about one-third in the
offal, the blood, and the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats, and
about one-twelfth in the skeleton.
" The percentages of total ash in the bodies and the parts of the bodies of pigs
40 to 43 weeks of age are significantly different from the corresponding percent-
ages for pigs 18 weeks of age. The offal and carcasses of the younger animals
contain practically twice as much as those of the older pigs, while the skeletons
contain only about three-fourths as much. The rations of the total ash in the
boneless meat to the total ash in the skeletons of the older animals are also
distinctly different from the corresponding rations for the younger animals.
As the pigs become older the ratio of total ash in the boneless meat of the car-
cass to total ash in the skeleton decreases, while the ratio of total ash in the
entire body to the total ash in the skeleton remains approximately constant."
A bibliography is appended.
A study of the phosphorus content of growing pigs with special reference
to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, R. II. AYilliams and
A. D. Emmett {Illinois Sta. Bui. 171 (1914), pp. 205-230, figs. 5; ais., pp. 4).—
Continuing the work reported above by a study of the phosphorus content of the
pigs, it is concluded that " variations in the amounts of digestible protein con-
sumed, from 0.32 lb. to 0.94 lb. per 100 lbs. live weight per day, do not influence
significantly the percentages or distribution of the total, the water-soluble, or
the water-soluble inorganic phosphorus in the bodies or the parts of the bodies
of growing pigs. The total phosphorus in the bodies of pigs 40 to 43 weeks of
age is distributed among the parts as follows : About four-fifths in the skeleton,
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73
one-ninth in the boneless meat of the carcass, one-twentieth in the offal (in-
cluding blood), and one-four-hundredth in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and
intestinal fats. The water-soluble phosphorus makes ui> about seven-tenths of
the total phosphorus in the boneless meat of the carcass, two-thirds of that in
the offal, one-half of that in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats,
one-ninth of that in the entire body, and one-twentieth of that in the skeleton.
About nine-tenths of the water-soluble phosphorus in the boneless meat of the
carcass, seven-tenths of that in the entire body, seven-eighths of that in the
skeleton, and three-fourths of that in the offal is in the inorganic form.
"During the period of growth from the time pigs are 18 weeks old (51 lbs.
live weight) until they are 40 to 43 weeks old (195 lbs. live weight), the per-
centage of total phosphorus in the skeleton is increased about one-half, and
that in the entire body is increased about three-twentieths. In the boneless
meat of the carcass and in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats,
the percentage of total phosphorus is decreased about one-half. The percentage
increase of the phosphorus is 458 per cent in the skeleton, 330 per cent in the
entire body, and 107 per cent in the boneless meat. The phosphorus stored in
the body during growth is equal to 23 per cent of the total phosphorus con-
sumed during the same period of time."
A bibliography is appended.
A study of the forms of nitrogen in growing pigs, with special reference
to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, W. E. Joseph (Illinois
Sfa. Bill. 173 (1914), pp. 289-317, pj. 1; ahs:. pp. 3).— Continuing the work
reported above, a study was made of the average distribution of forms of nitro-
gen in the bodies of five pigs 40 to 43 weeks old. In the boneless meat of the
dressed carcass the percentages of total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, protein
nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen, were as follows : 2.018, 0.473, 1.863, and 0.156,
respectively; in the bone and marrow 3.676. 0.383, 3.495, and 0.181, respectively;
and in the entire body 2.361, 0.562, 2.181, and 0.18, respectively. In the blood
there was 3.036 total nitrogen, 2.935 protein nitrogen, and 0.101 nonprotein
nitrogen.
It is concluded that " variations of from 0.32 to 0.94 lb. per 100 lbs. live
weight per day in the amounts of protein consumed by growing pigs do not
seem to affect the nature of the nitrogenous material produced during growth.
While it is possible that, within narrow limits, slight variations may result
from differences in the amounts of protein consumed, it seems much more prob-
able that variations in the composition of the nitrogenous constituents are due
to causes inherent in the animal itself which normally are independent of the
character of the feed consumed. Apparently, under given experimental condi-
tions, the only way in which the influence of these individual variations may be
reduced is in selecting the experimental animals carefully and including a con-
siderable number of animals in each group. When the supply of protein is de-
ficient either quantitatively or qualitatively, it seems that only the amount of
the body protein is affected, while the character of the proteins formed in the
various tissues remains unchanged."
A study in annual egg production based on the records of a flock of seven-
year-old hens and their progeny, E. D. Ball, G. Turpin, and B. Alder ( Utah
8ta. Bui. 135 {191.',), pp. 3-U, figs. 3).— In this study, based upon nearly 1,500
records of six flocks of single-comb White Leghorn hens, ranging in age from
seven years to one year and of common ancestry, practically unselected as to
egg production but severely selected for vigor, the following results were
obtained :
The average productive life of this strain of fowls appears at the present
time to be about four years. The average first j'ear production of all flocks
73227°— No. 1—15 6
74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
NA'as 124 eggs. The average second year production was exactly the same as
the first, while the average of the third year was only one dozen less.
The normal variation in first year flock averages of this strain of fowls is
apparently between 100 and 160 eggs, the second year between 105 and 140,
and the third year between 100 and 130. After that the average for all ages
has been very close to 90 eggs per year. There appears to be a fairly definite
potential laying capacity for a flock of this strain of fowls which finds expres-
sion in the first three years. The total production of a flock for the first three
years appears to be the same regardless of whether the first year record was
extremely high, extremely low, or medium in amount. Apparently nearly all
of the longer-lived hens of a flock will lay over 500 eggs ; the majority of them
will lay over GOO or 700, while some individual records running from 800 up to
nearly 1,000 eggs may be expected.
Considering only hens that have made three or more years' records, the uni-
formity of the three-year averages is still more striking. The difference be-
tween the highest and lowest records in a flock has averaged 170 for the first
year and 182 for the second year. In flocks making low first year records the
second and third year records were high and there was little difference in pro-
duction in these two years between the high layers and the low layers of the
fij-st year. In the flocks making high first year records the second and third
years' records were low but the higher layers of the first year continued to be
the highest producers of these fiocks for these years. The 10 hens making the
highest second year's record gave a higher three-year total than the 10 making
the highest first-year record. More hens have maxle their highest year's record
sfter the first year than during that year. Three hens made their highest
record the fifth year. Nearly all the hens in these flocks whose total produc-
tion has been extremely high have made low or only medium first-year records.
From these studies it appears that the three-year average is the most reliable
index of the value of a given individual.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
The comparative efficiency for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa
hay and the corn grain. — Preliminary observations on the effect of diuresis
on milk secretion, E. B. Hart and G. C. Humphrey (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 19
(lOl-i), No. 1, pp. 127-140, figs. 3). — In two experiments comparing the efficiency
for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa hay and of the corn grain. Hol-
stein cows in full milk were fed by the reversal method for periods of four
weeks the two rations, (1) corn-meal, gluten feed, and corn stover, and (2)
alfalfa hay and cornstarch, in such quantities that the total consumption of
air-dried matter, total therms, total nitrogen, and nutritive ratios were approxi-
mately alike in tlie two rations. In the first experiment the digestive nitrogen
in the two rations was closely comparable while in the second experiment the
nitrogen intake was kept at a higher level in the alfalfa ration. Records were
taken of the nitrogen balance, milk nitrogen, and urine output.
" The data indicate that on the plane of intake used the nitrogen of alfalfa
hay is as effective for milk protein building as that of the corn kernel. The acid
amid nitrogen of alfalfa is very low in amount, constituting about 1 per cent
of the total nitrogen, while the amino acid nitrogen makes about 10 per cent
of the total nitrogen. It is well established that amino nitrogen has nutritive
value and that of alfalfa hay is probably not an exception. Our experiments
give no indication of the value of the acid amid nitrogen. The real nutritive
value of the nitrogen of roughages should rest upon the nature of the total amino
acid content derived from more complex proteins and preexisting free amino
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 75
acids rather than upon the proportion of ' amid ' nitrogen as found by the
Stutzer method.
"Alfalfa hay has specific diuretic properties and its ingestion was generally
followed by a marked rise in the output of urine. This rise in renal activity
caused a depression in the milk flow which again rose in volume as the alfalfa
hay was withdrawn from the ration. The diuretic stimulus caused in some
cases a shrinkage in volume of from 5 to 6 lbs. on a flow of 25 lbs. daily.
It is possible that this diuretic effect is due to salts contained in the hay, yet
the possibility of the presence of specific substances of organic nature is not
excluded."
Studies on the bacterial flora of various prepared feedstuffs in fresh and
fermented condition, with especial reference to their influence on milk, A.
WiGGEE (CentW. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., Jfl (1914), No. 1-8, pp. 1-232) .—After a
consideration of the tyi^es and number of bacterial flora found in bran, peanut
meal, and sesame meal, the author reports experiments testing the influence of
the inoculation of 0.01 gm. of these feeds into 100 cc. of milk.
In both the fresh and fermented stage, this inoculation resulted in early per-
ceptible microscopic changes in both ordinary consumers' milk and in sterilized
milk. At 37° C. there occurred heavy gas development, while at 22° and at
12° the change was not so perceptible. In sterilized milk at 12° the bacteria
of the fluorescens group, except the lactic acid bacteria, appeared in large num-
bers. The results of these tests agree with those of other Investigators that the
Bacterium, guntheri develops better in fresh consumers' milk than in sterilized
milk. In sterilized milk the inoculation with fresh and fermented feeds results
in the development in general of a richer quality of microflora than under simi-
lar conditions in ordinary milk.
Studies on two and three milkings per day of milch cows, H. Isaachsen,
A. Lalim, and J. Grande {Ber. Foringsfortioks Stat. Norges Landbrukshoiskole,
1913, pp. 11-33; alis. in ZentU. Agr. Clicm., 42 {1913), No. 10, pp. 710, 711).—
These tests indicated that for cows giving from 10 to 15 kg. (22 to 33 lbs.) of
milk per day. from 0.7 to 1 kg. more milk could be secured by three milkings
per day than by two milkings. There was no influence upon the fat percentage
of the milk.
Experiments with, the Hegelund milk method and the ordinary good
milking, H. Isaachsen and J. Grande {Bcr. Foringsforsoks Stat. Norges Land-
brukshoiskolc, 1913, pp. 34-47; ahs. in ZcntU. ^Igr. Chcni., ^2 {1913), No. 10, pp.
711, 712). — Tests of the Hegelund method of milking, consisting in a manipu-
lation of the udder preliminary to milking, indicated but little advantage of this
method over the ordinary good milkhig methods.
Studies on the fat content of cows' milk in various stages of milking,
H. Isaachsen {Ber. Foringsforsoks Stat. Norges Landbrukslwislcole, 1913, pp.
48-69; aJ}S. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., 42 {1913), No. 10, pp. 712-714).— It was found
that the percentage of fat of milk may vary from 1 per cent at the beginning of
the milking to 10 per cent at the close; that when milk is taken from one-half
the udder by the calf the fat content of the milk of the other half is similar to
that of the entire udder; that the content of dry matter is fairly constant from
day to day except when there are large changes in fat content; and that the con-
tent of fat-free dry matter is as large in the first milking as in the last portion.
The limits of error in milking tests at intervals of one, two, and four
weeks, B. Mabtiny {Arh. Deut. Landw. Gesell, No. 254 {1913), pp. 27-32).—
During a four-week trial of a milking machine with 20 cows the total yields
obtained were compared with those obtained from weekly tests. Sampling once
in four weeks gave an average difference in milk yield of ±10.7 per cent, of fat
±16.4; and a maximum difference in milk yield of ±17.1, and of fat ±27.05
76 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
per cent. From this it is seen that large variatious occur during a four-week
period, tlius lowering the reliability of such a test as compared with one taken
weekly.
Review of milk hygiene investigations of the last twelve years, W. Rull-
MANN (Ceiithl. Unlet, [eic], 1. AM., Orig., 11 (1913), No. 2-3, pp. 165-182).— The
author reviews the principal chemical and bacteriological tests of milk and milk
products that are of practiciil use in milk hygiene control.
The hygiene of the transportation of animal-food products by rail, boat,
and wagon in the United States, R. M. Chapin (Trans. 15. Intemat. Cong.
Hyg. and Demogr. Washington, 5 {1912), Sect. 7, pp. 121-128). — ^An account of
the most approved methods of refrigeration and transiwrtation of animal-food
products in the United States, and a plea for adequate federal, state, and mu-
nicipal inspection service.
The supply of milk to Indian cities, H. H. Mann {Agr. Jour. India, 9
(lOUf), No. 2, pp. 160-177).— The author attempts to show the deplorable con-
dition of city milk supply at present in western India, the difficulties in im-
proving it, and the methods which seem to offer the most hopes of success.
The economic problems of milk distribution in their relation to the public
health, J. R. Williams {Trans. 15. Intcrnat. Cong. Ilijg. and Demogr. ^Yash-
ington, 5 {1912), Sect. 7, pp. 128-1^0). — The author contends that the economic
aspects of milk distribution in our large cities are probably of more importance
in their relation to public health than the purely sanitary problems. A study
was made of 15 sections of the city of Rochester, N. Y., each containing from
100 to 700 homes, and each section differing more or less from the others in
wealth, social standing, or nationality. It was found that the poorer classes
use less milk and accordingly buy it in smaller quantities, and that the use of
store milk and condensed milk is largely confined to the laboring classes.
Another fact noted was the large number of milkmen going into each district.
It is claimed that at the present time half of what the consumer pays for milk
is required to maintain this wasteful system of distribution. It is believed
that if the milk supply of this citj' was to be distributed by one agency properly
organized and equipped, a saving to consumers of at least $500,000 yearly could
be effected. Likewise the present system of distribution is held responsible for
much of the poor milk that is sold.
It is suggested that cities should control their own milk supplies, to the end
that the people may have pure, wholesome milk at a minimum cost.
Influence of foot-and-mouth disease on the constitution of milk and
butter, F. Bordas and de Raczkowski {Ann. Falsif., 7 {191.'t), No. 68, pp. 271-
292). — It was found that the fat and mineral substances, notably the chlorids,
of the milk of cows affected with foot-and-mouth disease were materially in-
creased. There was no material modification in the lactose content, and the
quantity of organic phosphorus In the milk was comparable with that of the
normal healthy cow. The acidity of the milk was not altered. It was noted
that the influence on the yield was not marked, the first day there being a
slight increase, with a gradual diminution thereafter. Certain of the milks
appeared viscous, with occasionally a reddish coloration. The milk may be
contagious, pus cells and pathogenic bacteria being present. An inoculation of
a guinea pig confirmed its contagious character.
The influence of the disease on the constitution of butter appears to be vari-
able, some butters being altered in constitution, while others are practically
normal. All such butters, however, should be considered unmarketable.
The influence of Bacterium lactis acidi upon the changes caused in milk by
some of the common milk micro-organisms, C. N. Brown {Rpt. Mich. Acad.
Sci., 15 {1913), pp. 71-73).— It is stated that the growth of B. lactis acidi in
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 77
milk may be either stimulated or retarded by association with other micro-
organisms. Stimulation in both rapidity and duration occurs if in the medium
are present some acid-destroying or acid-retaining compounds, as insoluble car-
bonates, casein, etc. A factor which may stimulate the growth of D. lactis acidi
when growing in association with liquefying organisms is an increased supply
of food made available by the proteolytic changes, as for example, the addition
of peptone.
The growth of most of the organisms commonly found in milk may be either
stimulated or retarded by association with B. lactis acidi. " The changes caused
in milk by many micro-organisms In pure culture are greatly retarded or pre-
vented if at the beginning an equal number of B. lactis acidi is introduced ; the
organism alone producing its characteristic changes while in the association the
changes produced are those characteristic of the lactic alone. If, however, the
organism is given a lead before the lactic is introduced, it is able, usually, to
make its changes detectable. . . .
" Changes occurring in milk as a result of the associative growth of a lactic
with another organism are influenced by the change in reaction, the accumula-
tion of metabolic products of both the organism and the lactic, the temperature
of growth, the accessible supply of oxygen, etc. However, the hindrance or
encouragement in the production of enzyms offered by the lactic through Its
metabolic products to other organisms growing in association is a factor that
can not be overlooked."
Biorized milk, Klunkeb (MoJk. Ztg. iHUdeshcim], 28 (19U), Nos. 33, pp.
625, 626; 3^, pp. 639, 640). — In investigations made of the Lobeck milk sterili-
izatiou process at the Institute of Hygiene, University of Jena, it was demon-
strated that the apparatus is convenient to handle, the loss of milk is small,
and the biorized milk is equal in appearance and flavor to the best raw milk.
It is somewhat less easily skimmed than raw milk, although the difference is
of little consequence. The original enzyms of the milk are not influenced by the
process nor are the proteins altered. Coagulation is less rapid but is not
weakened. The germ content is so lowered that the keeping quality of the milk
is greatly increased, and the disease-producing germs are destroyed.
Milk sterilization by electricity, J. B. C. Kershaw {Engin. Mag., 1ft (1914),
No. 6, pp. 916-919, fig. 1). — Experiments on the effects of a rapidly alternating
current at high potential in milk sterilization showed that disease-producing and
milk-souring bacteria were practically destroyed in the raw product, there being
a reduction in the total number of bacteria of 99.93 per cent. The chemical
constitution of the electrically treated milk was unimpaired and the taste was
in no way altered. The milk was not only rendered nonpathogenic as regax'ds
ordinary bacteria, but in two cases in which the control supply was tuberculous
the electrically treated milk was free from tubercle bacilli and regarded as a
satisfactory food for infants.
Composition of Roquefort-cheese fat, J. N. Currie (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 429-434)- — Comparing the composition of the
fats of Roquefort cheese and of cow's milk it was found that the Reichert-
Meissl number of the cheese fat ranged between 25.G4 and 29.02, while that of
cow's milk fat was 27.27; the Polenske number between 5.5,5 and 6.25, that of
cow's milk fat 2; soluble acids of 5 gm. of cheese fat expressed in cubic centi-
meters of tenth-normal acid between 38.8 and 41, cow's milk fat 26 ; and insol-
uble acids of cheese fat between 18.01 and 19.2, and cow's milk fat 11.17. The
percentage of acids in the fats of Roquefort cheese as determined and of cow's
milk as reported by Browne (E. S. R., 11, p. 615) were respectively as follows:
Butyric 3.48 and 5.45, caproic 4.73 and 2.09, caprylic 0.58 and 0.49, capric 3.8
78 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and 0.32, lauric 5.84 and 2.57, myristic 11.36 and 9.S9, palmitic 28.53 and 38.61,
stearic 1.91 and 1.S3, oleic 38.1 and 32.5, and dioxystearic 0 and 1.
It is concluded that " the differences between the fat of typical imported
Roquefort cheese and the fat of cow's milk are not great enough to warrant the
exclusive use of sheep's milk in the manufacture of this type of cheese. How-
ever, it is evident that an imported cheese, made wholly or chiefly from sheep's
milk, will have more of the peppery taste than a cheese of the same ripeness
made from cow's milk."
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
The anatomy of the domestic animals, S. Sisson {Philadelphia and London,
lOlJf, 2. cd. rev., pp. 930, figs. 125). — This work sui^rsedes the author's Text-book
of Veterinary Anatomy, previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 81). More than 300
new and original figures have been included, many changes have been made in
the nomenclature, and most of the synonyms have been dropped or relegated to
footnotes.
Chemical pathology, H. G. Wells {Philadelphia and London, 1914, 2. ed.
rev., pp. 616). — The contents of the second edition of this well-known work,
which has been thoroughly revised, are as follows: The chemistry and physics
of the cell ; euzyms ; the chemistry of bacteria and their products ; chemistry
of the animal parasites; phytotoxins and zootoxins; chemistry of the immiiuity
reactions; chemical means of defense against nonprotein poisons; inflammation;
disturbances of circulation and diseases of the blood; edema; retrogressive
changes (necrosis, gangrene, rigor mortis, parenchymatous degeneration) ; retro-
gressive processes — fatty, amyloid, hyalin, colloid, and glycogenic infiltration
and degeneration ; calcification, concretions, and incrustations ; . pathological
pigmentation ; the chemistry of tumors ; pathological conditions due to, or asso-
ciated with, abnormalities in metabolism, including autointoxication; gastro-
intestinal autointoxication and related metabolic disturbances ; chemical path-
ology of the ductless glands; uric acid metabolism and gout; and diabetes.
Handbook of the pathogenic micro-organisms, edited by "W. Kolle and A.
VON Wassermann {Uandbuch der pathogeneii MUcroorganisinen. Jena, 1913,
2. rev. ed., vol. 2, pts. 1, pp. 792, figs. 10; 2, pp. 793-1561, pi. 1, figs, ii).— This Is
the second volume of the second edition of this well-known work. The first
pai"t deals with Methods for Immunization, including the Preparation of Anti-
gens, by M. Ficker (pp. 1-192) ; Methods for Producing Antibodies, by M.
Ficker (pp. 193-241) ; Antitoxic Sera, by A. von Wassermann and M. Wasser-
mann (pp. 242-295) ; Bactericidal Sera, by E. Friedberger (pp. 296-400) ;
Bacterial Tropins and Opsonins, by F. Neufeld (pp. 401^82) ; Agglutination,
by R. Paltauf (pp. 483-654) ; Phagocytosis and Its Experimental Principles, by
E. Metschnikoff (pp. 655-731) ; and Precipitins, by R. Kraus (pp. 732-792).
The second part considers Hemolysins of the Blood Serums (Cytotoxic Sera),
by H. Sachs (pp. 793-946) ; Allergy and Anaphylaxis, by R. Doerr (pp. 947-
1154) ; The Heredity Problem in Immunity, by J. ]Morgenroth and H. Braun
(pp. 1155-1174) ; The Valuation of Protective and Curative Sera, by R. Otto
and K. E. Boehncke (pp. 1175-1240) ; Colloids and Lipoids in Immunity, by
K. Landsteiner (pp. 1241-1300) ; Leucocyte Ferments and Antiferments. by G.
Jochmann (pp. 1301-1327) ; Hematoxins and Antihema toxins of Bacteria, by
E. Pribram (pp. 1328-1361) ; Bacterial Nucleoproteins, by A. Lustig (pp. 1362-
1380) ; Animal Poisons aad Their Antitoxic Serum Therapy, by A. Calmette
(pp. 1381-1406) ; Animal Toxins and Immunity Research, by H. Sachs (pp.
1407-1452) ; Ricin, Abrin, and Crotin, and Their Antitoxins, by M. Jacoby (pp.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79
1453-1468) ; Hay Fever Toxins aud Hay Fever Serum, by C. Prausnitz (pp.
1469-1498) ; and Poisons Producing Fatigue, by W. Weictiardt (pp. 1499-1527).
Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, B. F. Kaupp (Chicago, 1914, S- 6(?.,
rev., pp. XVI -{-238, pis. 15, figs. 81). — A revised and enlarged edition of this
work (E. S. K.. 22, p. 791).
Veterinary hygiene, M. Klimmeb {Veterinlirhygiene. Berlin, 1914, 2. ed. rev.
and enl., pp. XII -{-509, figs. 207). — A second revised and enlarged edition of this
work (PI S. R., 20, p. 81).
Text-book of general therapeutics for veterinarians, E. Frohnek, trans, by
L. A. Klein (Philadelphia and London, 1914, pp. XII+301). — This is an English
translation from the fourth revised German edition.
The subject is taken up under the headings of the history of therapeutics;
general therapeutics of diseases of the organs of digestion and circulation; of
fever ; of diseases of the nervous system, the respiratory apparatus, the urinary
organs, aud the genital organs; of the glands (diax>horetics and sialagogues) ;
of diseases of metabolism ; of diseases of the eye aud of the skin and mucous
membranes; drugs that kill parasites (antiparasitics) ; disinfectants and anti-
septics; antidotes; vaccination, immunization, and inoculation; water as a
remedy (hydrotherapy) ; massage; electricity as a remedy (electrotherapy) ;
bleeding; general therapeutics of the organs of locomotion (muscles, tendons,
nerves, articulations, bones) ; indifferent remedies (mechanicals) ; and air as
a remedy.
C. Stephan's pharmacognostic tables, E. Starke (G. Stephanas Pharma-
kognostische Tabelle. Dresden, 1913, 4. enl. ed., pp. XXIV -\-199).— This edition
deals with 493 substances used as drugs. In each table the name of the drug,
its habitat, the part of the plant or animal used, and its usual adulterant (or
drug which may be confused with it) are given.
Some notes on bacterin therapy, F. M. Schofield (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9
(1914), No. 2, pp. 87-91). — This discusses in a general way the functions of
bacterius in chronic infections and the possibilities and limitations of bacterin
therapy.
The problem of protein anaphylaxis with, especial reference to the prac-
tical antigen diagnosis pro foro, H. Pfeiffeb (Das Problem der Eiweissana-
phylaxie mit hesonderer Beriicksichtigung der praMischen Antigendiagnose pro
foro. Festschrift der k. k. Karl-Franzen^-TJnvversitdt in Graz fur das Schuljahr
1909-10, pp. 231, figs. 7). — The contents of this book deal with the history of
anaphylaxis, sensitization, aud preanaphylactic phenomena, reinjectiou, active,
anti-, and passive anaphylaxis and the methods of measuring the anaphylactic
immune body, the signiticance of anaphylaxis for the practical differentiation of
proteins, test tube experiments, experimental examples, and the more important
literature pertaining to anaphylaxis.
The antigenic properties of globin caseinate, F. P. Gay and T. B. Robertson
(Jour. Expt. Med., 17 (1913), No. 5, pp. 535-541) .—'' This study of globin and
its compound wuth casein (globin caseinate) shows that globin fails to produce
fixation antibodies in rabbits after reiieated injections, thus agreeing with our
own work and with that of others with similar histone bodies which are pri-
marily toxic. When globin is combined with casein, however, it gives rise to
antibodies that react not only with globin caseinate and casein but also with
globin. The antibodies in antiglobin casein serum are apparently separate, one
for globin and one for casein. In other words, the change in globin undergone
on combination with casein has apparently rendered it antigenic.
" We did not succeed in demonstrating the genesis of this new antigenic prop-
erty by anaiihylaxis experiments.
80 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
"A further investigation of similar and more ci^niplex combined proteins is
indicated and gives promise of more light on the nature of biological specificity."
Negative results with, the ninhydrin reaction as a test for amino acids in
the serum of nephritics and others, li. yi. Pearce (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc,
G] (1913), No. 16, pp. lJf56, lJf57). — Negative results were obtained with the
triketohydrindene hydrate reaction (E. S. R., 26, p. 804) with a total of 47 sera
obtained chiefly from nei)hritics and pregnant subjects. "The first group in-
cluded acute and chronic nephritis with and without e<lema, uremia, or high
blood pre.ssure; the second, normal pregnancy, eclampsia, and vomiting of
pregnancy." In every case where coagulable protein was removed by Folin's
method the test with the filtrate was negative.
Biology of the colostrum bodies, E. Thomas (Ztschr. Kindcrhcilk.. Orig., 8
{1913), No. It, pp. 291-297, pi. 1). — The polymorphonuclear and mononuclear
colostral bodies, amongst them the epithelial-like granular bcMlles (cori>s granu-
leux) show a marked phagocytic power toward various pathogenic organisms.
The epithelial nature of these bodies is contradicted. The mononuclears and
polymorphonuclears show almost the same phagocytic properties and the former
ai'e much more phagocytic than the mononuclears of the blood. The bacteria
used in the tests were staphylococci and tubercle and colon bacilli.
Influence of sodium fluorid on the animal body, F. Schwyzer (Biochem.
Ztschr., 60 {191-i), No. 1, pp. 32-^2; abs. in Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 63 (1914),
No. 4, pp. 323, 324). — Experiments with rabbits, here reported, show that sodium
fluorid when administered steadily even in small doses (1 mg. per day or less
per kilogram of body weight) causes a loss of lime, chlorin, and fat from the
bones. Thus fluorin should not be used for preserving mashes for live stock or
for similar purposes.
Investigations on cotton-seed meal with reference to its toxic action, F.
Fkiemann (Untcrsuchunffcn iiber Baumivollsamenmehl init Bcriicksichtigung
seiner toxischen Wirkung. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 43). — The symp-
toms of poisoning which result from feeding cotton-seed meal are said to be due
to ptomaines which have a neurin- or muscarin-like action. The unsaturated
fatty acids present in the fat extracted from the meal probably have some rela-
tion to the sum total of the toxic action. The ptomaine substances are probably
formed from the nitrogen-containing components of the lecithin in the meal.
Attempts to obtain the coloring matter pi-esent in the ether extract in sufficient
amounts for examination were unsuccessful.
Chlor-xylenol-sapocresol (Sagrotan), a new disinfectant, M. Schottelius
(Arch. Hyg., 82 {191',), No. 2, pp. 76-96; abs. in Rev. Bad., 4 (1914), A'O. 2, p.
84). — ^The new disinfectant known commercially as "Sagrotan" is said to
represent a distinct improvement in disinfecting value over lysol and other
cresol compounds, its germicidal activity being somewhat remarkable. Sporing
cultures of anthrax bacilli obtained from different laboratories were destroyed
within 24 hours' exposure by a 2 per cent solution of the disinfectant, whereas
some of the strains survived after the cultures had been exposed to a 5 per cent
solution of phenol for 2S days. Satisfactory results were obtained in other
experiments in which material infected with tubercle bacilli, typhoid bacilli,
streptococci, and staphylococci was exposed to its action. Feeding experiments
on dogs have shown that Sagrotan is less toxic than other cresol compounds.
The bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, H. C. Hamilton and
T. Ohno (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914), No. 6. pp. 4S6-497, pis. 2).— The
authors present data which point to a marked variation in the results of germi-
cidal assays by the Hygienic Laboratory method." Suggestions are made as to
means of obtaining uniform results in the standardization of disinfectants.
"Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 82 (1912), pp. 74.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81
Some notes on the systematic dipping of stock, C. R. IOdmonds and L. E. W.
Bevan {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (IDUf), No. 7, pp. 988-1003, pi. i).— A general
(iiscussiou of the subject, including notes on the biology and a colored diagram
showing the stages in the life cycle of the blue, brown, and red-legged ticks.
Beport of the civil veterinary department, Assam, for the year 1913—14,
W. Harris {liiJt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Assam, 1913-lJf, pp. 2+25). — This report
includes accounts of the occurrence and treatment of diseases of animals, pre-
ventive inoculations, breeding oi)erations, etc.
Collected papers from the research laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit,
Mich. (Collected Papers Research Lab. Parke, Davis tt- Co., Reprints, 1 {1913),
pp. V-\-281, figs. 35). — This deals with results of investigations conducted chiefly
in the laboratory of the institution named above. The material contained
therein which is of interest to veterinarians and agriculturists has been reported
from the current literature.
The infl.uence of low temperatures on the anthrax bacillus, K. Poppe
{Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 21^ {1914), No. 21, pp. 485-489, fig. i).— The
author's investigations show that the virulence and reproductive capacity of
the anthrax bacillus in meat and in cultures are not affected by exposure to an
average temperature of — 15° C. (5° F.) for two weeks.
Bursati, J. D. E. Holmes {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. 8er., 2 {1914), ^o. 5,
pp. 119-153, pis. 5). — A considerable amount of confusion exists in literature
regarding the identity of bursati in India with leeches in America, swamp
cancer in Australia, and other affections described as summer sore, granu-
lar dermatitis, and parasitic fibromata, etc., and held on the observations of
several authors to be connected with the presence of nematode embryos. Bursati
varies in most clinical aspects from these affections.
" There is not sufficient evidence to prove that nematode embryos are present
in bursati lesions or that the bursati sores or tumors are caused by such em-
bryos. There is a similarity in several clinical aspects between leeches and
bursati. The presence of a fungus in leeches has been recorded by several ob-
servers and described as causal agent. The spores and mycelia of a somewhat
similar fungus are frequently to be found in the kunkur and tumors of bursati.
The presence of spores and mycelia in the bursati tumors, and the fact that
cultures of a fungus of the genus Sporotrichum have repeatedly been obtained
from bursati tumors and kunkurs and also direct from the blood of horses
infected with bursati, affords some evidence that the disease is a mycosis
somewhat resembling the sporotrichosis of the horse and mule described by
Carougeau [E. S. R., 21, p. 791] in Madagascar."
The present status as to combating' glanders by the veterinary police,
with the various methods for diagnosis, and with special reference to the
mallein eye test, Maeioth {Monatsh. Prakt. Tierheilk., 24 {1913), Nos. 7-8,
pp. 340-373; 9-10, pp. 426-456) .—This is a study and digest of the literature
pertaining to the various biological methods for diagnosing glanders. The eye
test is given the preference.
In regard to immunity in trypanosome diseases, Offermann {Ztschr.
Veterindrk., 25 {1913), No. 7, pp. 299-301).— A 2i-year-old mare received an
intravaginal injection of 20 drops of mouse blood containing dourine (Beschal-
seuche) trypanosomes diluted with 5 cc. of physiological salt solution on Sep-
tember 16, 1010. From 17 to 20 days post injection trypanosomes were noted in
the blood of the animal and all mice which were treated with the blood died.
On April 16. 1911, the horse was treated intravenously with 10 drops of rat
blood containing trypanosomes and 5 cc. of salt solution, and on January 6,
1912, subcutaneously with 20 drops of the same amount of blood. The animal
remained clinically sound. Parasites, however, persisted in the blood and from
82 EXPERIMENT STATIOiST RECORD.
the beginning tlie temperature was inlcrmiUeiit ami at times rose to 41° C.
and over.
The trypanosomes were present during the febrile period only and could only
be noted by the mouse test. During the following summer months the animal
gained in weight and the mouse test showed negative. In November, 1912, i. e.,
6 months after the normal period, a sudden rise in temperature up to 40° was
noted, and in the following 6 weeks temperature rises of 39.7, 39.4, and 39.1°
were seen. The blood from the horse at the febi'ile period showed positive with
the mouse test. The relapse might possibly be due as a result of drawing large
amounts of blood, i. e., 6 to 9 liters per week from this animal. The agglutina-
tion and complement fixation tests were positive from August, 1911, up to the
time of reporting.
Precautions must be taken when immunizing against this disease with try-
panosomes.
Abortion and sterility in cattle, W. L. Williams {Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col.,
1911-12, pp. 79-130, pis. 11, figs. 3). — Substantially noted from another source
(E. S. R., 31, p. 779).
The curative treatment of Iieniorrhagic septicemia in cattle by the admin-
istration of iodin, and other notes on chemotherapy in rinderpest and hem-
orrhag'ic septicemia, J. D. E. Holmes (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. Set:, 2
(19U), No. 8, pp. 81-104; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Titer., 21 {.1914), No.
3, pp. 277, 278). — A more detailed account of the use of iodin and permanganate
of potash in hemorrhagic septicemia than that previously noted (E. S. R., 31,
p. 780).
With the exception of iodin and carbolic acid, which modified the severity
of the attack and in some cases led to recovery, none of the' antiseptics tested
proved of value in the treatment of rinderpest. Out of 14 animals treated with
iodin after the appearance of symptoms of the disease, six recovered, and in
six cases life was prolonged from two to five days. Out of ten animals treated
with carbolic acid, three recovered, one lived for 20. one for 15. one for 14. one
for 13, and one for 11 days. It is stated that no method of treatment for rinder-
pest which can be regarded as of much practical value has as yet been dis-
covered.
Remarks npon the paper by P. H, Hadley, Ruth Bryant, and Marguerite
Elkins on capsule formation in bacteria of the septicemia hemorrhagica
group, L. GozoNY (Centbl. Bakt. [e«c.], 1. AU., Orig., 75 (1914), No. 1, p. 21).—
In replying to the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 879) the author states
that all specimens were prepared with sterilized ink which did not contain
capsulated bacteria. Cultures of Bacillus arisepticus. B. suisepticus, and B.
cunicwlicida were examined and in every case capsules could easily be demon-
strated.
Numerous deaths among cattle caused by Simulium bites; information
on the pupal stag'e of these flies, H. Miessner (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
22 (1914), No. 18, pp. 281-283; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 269-271 ) . — It is stated that a large number of deaths among cattle in
the Leine district in Germany wex"e caused during the spring by bites of black
flies (Simulium reptans or /S. coluntharzense and S. ornatum). Life history
studies are briefly reported.
The hemolymph nodes of the sheep. — Studies on hemolymph nodes, I, A. W.
Meyer (Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. Pubs., Univ. Ser., 1914, PP- 'J'4j Pls. 5). —
This paper reports results of studies under the headings of distribution, occur-
rence, and appearance ; lymphatic and vascular relations ; the microscopic struc-
ture; the cellular content; the question of mixed nodes; the genesis of inter-
mediate forms ; classification ; and functions.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83
Experiments on the treatment of surra in camels, H. E. Ceoss (Mem. Dept.
Agr. India, Vet, Ser., 2 (WW, No. 6, pp. 155-198, pi. i,).— "Once sun-a hasl
been diagnosed it is not necessary to wait till the trypanosomes again appear
in the peripheral circulation before treatment is commenced. The intervals
between the paroxysms (1. e., when trypanosonles are present in the peripheral
circulation) may extend to several weeks, hence a great deal of time can be
saved by commencing treatment at once. ... No case should be considered as
cured unless it has been under observation for a year. Relapses may occur
after a long interval has elapsed since treatment finished. All cases of camels
treated for surra should, therefore, be kept under careful observation.
" Solutions of soamin above 5 per cent should not be used . . . [as] there is
great danger of producing nephritis. Although cures can be obtained without
increasing the doses of arsenious acid to the subtoxic dose, as a routine method
the doses of arsenious acid should be gradually increased till the subtoxic dose is
reached, the principle of the treatment being the sterilization of the tissues.
Although the doses of arsenious acid may have been gradually increased to the
subtoxic dose, it does not necessarily follow that a cure will result. In the
combined method as large doses of arsenious acid can not be given as in the
treatment by arsenious acid alone or in the treatment by alternate doses of
soamin and arsenious acid. The amount of arsenious acid tolerated by camels
varies greatly. In different outbreaks the same percentage of cures will not be
obtained, the virulence of the trypanosome varying in different outbreaks.
" Good feeding is essential."
Diseases of swine, K. Glassek (Die Krankheiten des Schweines. Hanover,
1912, pp. ¥111+296, i)ls. 10, figs. 22). — This work has especial reference to the
iufectious, invasive, and intoxicative diseases of the pig. It is recommended
for veterinarians and students of veterinary medicine.
Hog' cholera and the production and use of hog-cholera serum, D. E.
Salmon (Anier. Vet. Rev., 45 (1914), No. 2, pp. 178-195). — A concise critical
discussion of some of the early work of Smith, Dorset, and McBryde relative
to hog cholera. It also contains observations in regard to the production
of antihog-cholera serum (with reference to potency, contamination, and mix-
ing virulent blood from different sources) and methods of using it (develop-
ment of abscesses in vaccinated hogs, serum-alone method, and serum-simul-
taneous method).
Hog cholera and its control, R. Graham and E. W. Mumma (Kentucky 8ta.
Bui. 182 (1914), pp. 167-251, figs. 25).— Following the introduction to this bulle-
tin (pp. 1G9-1T5) in which J. H. Kastle presents a brief review of hog cholera
serum work at the station since 1910, the authors give a general account of
hog cholera and means for its control, particularly as relates to the use of
antihog-cholera serum. Of 102,087 hogs vaccinated in 2,307 herds during the
years 1911, 1912, 1913, and to July 1, 1914, 86,647 were reported upon, of which
90.59 per cent lived.
The regulations of the state live stock sanitary board are appended.
About the practical value of serum protective vaccination against hog
cholera, :\r. Zingle (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 7, pp. 119-
121). — This describes an outbreak of acute hog cholera which occurred amongst
young and old pigs and in which the value of antihog-cholei-a serum from
highly immunized animals was demonstrated. In most cases when the animals
were markedly affected with the disease passive immunization did no good.
A contribution to the shoat typhoid question, H. Weidlich (Berlin. Tier-
ur:^U. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. 73-76; 6, pp. 89-91, fig. i).— In view of
the controversies which have arisen as to whether Bacillus voldagscn has any
relation to hog cholera (E. S. R., 24, p. 390; 27, p. 888; 28, p. 183), a biological
84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
study of the Voldagseu bacillus was made in comparison with B. coli, B.
typhosus, B. paralyphosus B, Gartner's bacillus, and B. suipestifer.
The results show that B. voldagsen has several characteristics in common
with B. typhosus, but that it can be easily distinguished from the paratyphoid
B bacillus and B. suipestifer, B. voldagsen, for instance, like the typhoid
bacillus gives no changes on neutral red (Oldekop) agar, while all the remain-
ing organisms reduce It. It furthermore i)roduces no changes in Hetsch's solu-
tion, causes a permanent reddening of litmus milk and a medium turbidity in
bouillon, and behaves like B. typhosus in the Loffler-green solutions. Some
Voldagsen strains produced small amounts of indol while others did not.
The infection test witli B. voldagsen showed that the bacteria caused a
disease resembling virus hog cholera and which heretofore has been considered
clinically and pathoanatomically as a form of that disease. It is pointed out
that further experiments are necessary to determine whether virulent pestifer
strains produce an easily transferable disease in shoats such as is caused by
B. voldagsen. The disease caused by the filterable virus can be easily distin-
guished, from the macroscopical-pathological findings in the intestinal tract,
from that incited by B. voldagsen.
In reg'ard to the causes of meat poisoning. — Paratyphoid B bacilli, Vol-
dagsen type, as a cause of meat poisoning in man, G. Bernhardt iZt'schr.
Ilyg. u. Infektionskrank., 13 {1912), No. 1, pp. G^-tS; alts, in Berlin. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr., 30 {191Jt), No. Jf, p. 65). — In the organs of a woman dying as a
result of meat poisoning Bacillus voldagsen and B. typhi siiis (Gliisser) were
found. Remarkable variations in regard to the cultural properties and agglu-
tination were noted. The author on this account recommends the use of poly-
valent paratyphoid sera for diagnosis and sug'gests that special attention be
paid in noting atypical meat poisoning bacteria.
Arterial sclerostomatosis in the horse, S. H. Burnett (Rpt. N. Y. State
Vet. Col., 1911-12, pp. 70-78, pis. 2). — A report of histopathological studies read
at the Indianapolis meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association
in August. 1912.
Experiments with salvarsan in the treatment of canine distemper, C.
Krocheb (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 78 {1914), No. 2, pp. 321-362).—
The author finds that salvarsan does not prevent nor cure distemper in dogs.
RURAL EN^GrNi:ERrN"G.
Irrigation branch {Rev. Rpt. Bihar and Oiissa [India], Irrig. Branch, 1912-
13, pp. II-\-139, pis. Jf). — In addition to statistical and other data maps are
given showing irrigation canals and the areas irrigated.
The water economy of the earth, W. Halbfass {Natiirw. Wehttschr., 29
{1914), No. 38, pp. 593-598). — The author reviews a number of theories and
opinions regarding the relative effects on the waters of the earth of precipita-
tion, run-off, evaporation, and condensation, which taken as a whole constitute
a cycle of more or less closely related events which are thought to influence
profoundly the distribution of terrestrial water between land and sea. He is of
the opinion thnt existing conditions point to the necessity of providing storage
dams, reservoirs, and other artificial means for preventing run-off in order
that the water economy of the earth may be placed on a more efficient basis.
Tests on plain and reinforced concrete tiles, G. P. Diekmann {Con<?rete-
Ceinent Age, 4 {1914), ^^o. 5, pp. 250, 251). — Tile 28 in. in diameter with a wall
thickness one-tenth the diameter and consisting of a semiwet mixture of 1 part
cement and 3 parts sand were used in the tests. The reinforcing was the dou-
RURAL ENGINEERING. 85
ble wire hoop of No. 7 wire, 0.17G in. in diameter; 2, 3, 4, 5, aud 6 double wire
hoops beinj; used.
The reinforced tile had a lower breaking strength when tested wet than
when dry. Tile reinforced with 2 double wire hoops collapsed like plain tile.
Three reinforcing hoops increased the strength 28.4 per cent; 4 hoops, 46.2 per
cent ; 5 hoops, 88 per cent ; and 6 hoops, 102 per cent.
Handy tables for computing the cost of tile drains, J. L. Parsons {Hum-
boldt, Iowa [WlJf], pp. 20).
Notes upon the water hyacinth, li. T. Ward {Prof. Mem. Corps Engin. U. 8.
Army, 6 {1914), No. 29, pp. 6^-648, fig. i).— Methods of destroying excessive
growths of the water hyacinth in waterways and drainage channels are de-
scribed, the most successful method being that of spraying with a chemical
solution.
Earth roads, C. E. Morrison {New York, 1914, PP- V+30; rev. in Good Roads,
n. ser., 8 {1914), No. 1, p. 26) j — "This book, which is a brief treatise on the
elementary principles of the construction of earth roads, is intended primarily
for the road officials of small towns, road districts, and the like, and for lay-
men in general. The subject-matter, while dealing with the technic of road
building, is presented in nontechnical language. Throughout the book the
effort has been to secure conciseness and simplicity and, at the same time,
present all the salient features of the subject. The text is divided into sec-
tions on general considerations, road location, cost as affected by location,
traction, grades, soil conditions, drainage, width of roads, side slopes, earth
work, maintenance, dragging, sand-clay roads, and burnt-clay roads. The book
is illustrated by drawings showing correct and incorrect cross sections for roads
on various kinds of soil, underdrainage systems, ditches, and drains; and by a
full-page working drawing for a 2-ft. reenforced-concrete box culvert."
The use of explosives in agriculture, H. F. Macmillan {Dept. Agr. Ceylon
Bui. 8 {1913), pp. 105-118, pis. 9). — This bulletin records the results of several
tests to determine the radial effect of an explosive in definite but varying con-
ditions of soil, and describes recognized methods of procedure in blasting soils,
bowlders, and stumps, as well as the necessary precaution to be observed.
The radial disturbing effect of a one-cartridge charge was noticable at 3 ft.
and distinctly evident at 2 ft., but was not visible at 4-ft. distance in ordinary
light soil in dry weather. Very similar results were obtaned in a hard gravelly
" cabook " soil after heavy rains. In a stiff clayey " cabook " soil the I'adial
effect of a one-cartridge charge was visible at distances of 2, 2J, and 3 ft.
Similar charges were exploded in similar soils and let stand for two months
without opening. A hole 2i ft. deep placed between tea bushes showed no
traces of collected water when opened in dry weather but was partly filled with
loose earth and plant roots. Holes in the " cabook " and gravelly " cabook "
soils showed distinct signs of the collection of moisture, although the surround-
ing soil was dry. It is concluded that in practical opei^ations of this kind such
holes should, after the lapse of a few hours or so, be prodded well through with
a crowbar to prevent needless empty spaces; or the holes may be dug up and
an application of manure or mulch mixed with the soil.
The results of stump-blasting tests were not particularly successful owing to
the formidable nature of the stumps blasted out, but they indicate the possi-
bilities along this line.
The author arrives at the general conclusion that the effects of blasting on
soils are analogous to those of manuring and the benefits more lasting. " Though
the eflicieucy of the use of explosives generally leaves little room for doubt, the
question of cost will obviously weigh largely with many planters who contem-
plate adopting it. The initial outlay, however, should be regarded rather in
86 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
the nature of capital invested, as if tlie operation is judiciously and properly
carried out the cost will doubtless be recoverable with interest in the form of
increased crops." In some cases the cost of operating on a large area may be
considerable, but it is not necessarily essential to treat the whole area, as in
many cases only the poorest portions need be exploded.
A self-steering farm motor, H. I. Washburn (»S'ci. Amcr., 110 {lOlJf), No.
15, p. SIS, figs. 2). — An apparatus is illustrated and described which, when
attached to a specially made farm motor, controls the steering mechanism.
The testing of lubricating oil for internal combustion motors, G. Lumet
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 3, pp. 112-115; ahs. in Rev.
8ci. IParis], 52 {191 Jf), I, No. 5, p. 155). — A machine is described for determining
the coefficient of friction of lubricating oil, and tests regarding the theory of its
use are discussed.
The draft of plows, S. S. Godbole {Poena Agr. Col. Mag., 5 {1914), No. S,
pp. 113-116, fig. 1). — The author enumerates the factors influencing the draft
of plows and describes the manner in which each operates. Comparative tests
of three types of plows with respect to the factors influencing the draft showed
that none stood first in every respect.
Relation between electricity and threshing machine fires, A. H. Shoe-
maker {TJircshcrmen's Rev., 23 {1914), No. 9, jyp. 16, 18, 20, fig. J*).— It is
claimed that almost all of the unexplained thresher fires originate from the
combustion of inflammable dust caused by electrical discharges between certain
parts of the machines.
Forms for concrete work, H. H. Rice {Farm Engin., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 24,
25, figs. 4)- — Forms adapted to farm structures are described and illustrated.
Stables, M. Ringelmann {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 21 {1914), ^os. 24, PP-
1.55, 156, fig. 1; 25, pp. 194-196, figs. ^).— Information is given regarding the
proper arrangement of stables for breeding and fattening stock, work animals,
and milch cows, with illustrations.
Silos and silage, N. A. Negley {Alabama Col. ma. Circ. 26 {1914), PP- 81-94,
figs. 3). — This circular, reporting cooperative work between this Department
and the Alabama Station, gives popular information regarding the construction
of concrete and stave silos including biUs of material.
It is stated that the concrete and stave silos are the two most common types
in Alabama. The stave silo is recommended where material for concrete can not
be obtained at a reasonable cost and where lumber is cheap. The pit silo is
not recommended if it is at all possible to build one of the other types.
It is stated that raw coal tar thinned with gasoline to the consistency of
paint should be applied to the inside of the stave and concrete silos, and also to
the wall of the pit silo if it is plastered.
The Missouri silo, C. M. Long {Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 12 {1914), No. 8,
pp. 39, figs. 19). — General information regarding the construction of silos is
presented in a popular way.
The so-called Missouri silo is particularly recommended as being a cheap and
satisfactory type of wooden silo for the renter or less well-to-do farmer. This
silo is usually made of flooring put together in sections with wooden hoops. It
may be taken down when empty, and it is claimed that it can built for about a
dollar per ton capacity.
The Gurler and solid concrete silos are also described as homemade silos.
Proceedings: Conference of farmers institute and short course workers
on permanent and sanitary farm improvements {Chicago, 1913, pp. 116, figs.
122). — Permanent and sanitary farm improvements using concrete as the main
structural material are discussed in these proceedings.
RUBAL ENGINEERING. 87
Sanitary engineering and agricultural engineering, P. Hansen (Thresher-
mciis Jicv., 2S {191.',), A^o.s. 5, pp. 7, <S, 23, figs. 2; 6, pp. 1/4-46; 7, pp. Ii0-J,2; 8,
pp. 45, 4G). — This article deals in a general way with water supply, plumbing,
and sewage disposal for rural homes.
Water supply, L. Keopf {Maschincn Ztg., 12 {1914), t^os. 13, pp. 145-149,
figs. 3; 14, pp. 160-162, figs. 4)- — General information regarding water supply
for farmhouses, buildings, garden fountains, etc., under German conditions, and
cost data for pumping by gas engine, windmills, and electricity are given.
The farm water supply, H. C. Ramsoweb {Farm Engiii., 2 {1914), ^o. 2, p.
32, figs. 5).^-The installation and operation of the hydraulic ram are described
and illustrated.
Some notes on water supply in the rural district of Atherstone, H. J.
COLEBY {Surveyor, 45 {1914), ^^0. II48, pp. 91, 92; Sanit. Rec, 53 {1914), A'O.
1260, pp. 82, S3; abs. in Wasser u. Ahioasser, 8 {1914), ^0. 7, pp. 463, 464).—
The author describes the wells, machinery, and other equipment used for sup-
plying water to a rural district of 18,000 inhabitants and covering an area of
25,000 acres. The fact that one supply obtained from the Carboniferous forma-
tion is a failure is mentioned to show the capricious character of this formation
fi'om the water-supply standpoint.
A treatise on water supplies, A. Fkiedrich {Kulturtechnischer Wasserhati.
Berlin, 1914, 'vol. 2, 3. rev. and enl. ed., pp. XYI+806, pis. 25, figs. 5JS).— This
represents the second volume, third edition, of a handbook for the use of sani-
tary, structural, and agricultural engineers. The main subjects covered are
water supplies for villages, construction of storage reservoirs, village sewers,
and the purification and agricultural utilization of sewage.
A large amount of working data of an engineering nature is given regarding
the storage and distribution of water supplies, water and sewage purification,
and the judgment of water supplies, and chemical and biological processes are
described. ^Nluch structural data is given in graphic form and by means of
diagrammatic illustrations.
Owing to the extremely variable character of sewage, its agricultural utiliza-
tion is considered to be closely related to both irrigation and fertilization, so
that its proper use will depend on its concentration, the crops grown, and the
character of the soil and its need for fertilizers and moisture. • In this connec-
tion three possible general uses ai'e given, as follows: (1) The use of concen-
trated sewage as a fertilizer on soil needing little additional moisture, (2) the
use of sewage of normal concentration on soil which, next to fertilizers, needs
additional moisture, and (3) the use of artificially diluted sewage on soil par-
ticularly in need of additional moisture.
Water purification by ozone, G. Erlwein {Fortschr. Natunc. Forsch., 10
{1914), pp. 157-202, figs. 32). — The author briefly describes the properties of
ozone and the theory of the process of water purification by means of it, de-
scribes and illustrates a number of methods and typical installations, and re-
views the results of biological examinations of water so treated. He concludes
that this process destroys a greater number of bacteria than the sand filtration
process, particularly the cholera and tyi^hoid bacteria. The water is not im-
paired chemically, no bad taste remains, and coloring matter is removed.
The use of chlorin compounds for the purification of drinking water, J. D.
Ruts {Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en Genecsk. Cong., 17 {1913), pp. 492-495). —
The author discusses particularly the use of calcium hypochlorite.
The sterilization of drinking water and other fluids by means of ultra-
violet light, J. G. Sleeswijk {Handel. Tlaanisch Nutidir en Gencesk. Cong.,
17 {1913), pp. 488-491). — ^The author compares submerged a nd.un submerged
88 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
mercury vapor quartz lamps and favors the former type. He points out in addi-
tion that to use successfully ultraviolet rays for sterilization, the water must
first be clear and free from color, and also that the degree of sterilization will
depend on the velocity of the water past the lamp and the depth of the layer
of contact. He has doubts as to the practical use of ultraviolet light for the
sterilization of milli.
Sewage disposal and sludge conversion, J. D. Watson (Surveyor, ^5 (1914),
No. 1147, pp. 55-59; Sanit. Rec, 53 (1914), Nos. 1259, pp. 64, 65; 1260, pp. 81,
82; 1261, pp. 109, 110; ahs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 8 {1914), No. 7, p. 4i7).—
After discussing the sanitary aspects of sewage purification and disposal, the
author points out the need for the conversion of fixed nitrogen in sewage sludge
for fertilizing purposes. He states that according to Croolies the United King-
dom is discharging into the sea annually fixed nitrogen to the value of about
$80,000,000, He was impressed with the Dublin process for utilizing the ma-
nurial value of sludge, which consists of two operations, as follows: (1) The
fermenting of the crude sludge mixed with a small percentage of yeast, and the
separation of as much water as possible by this means, and (2) drying the
resulting sludge, mixed in this case with certain compounds containing phos-
phates and potash to produce a balanced fertilizer.
The present position of the sewage disposal problem, G. J. Fowler (Engi-
neer [London], 117 (1914), No. 3036, p. 272; Surveyor, 45 (1914), No. 1157, pp.
504-506; aU. in Wasser u. Abivasser, 8 (1914), No. 7, pp. 4II, ^iS).— The author
discusses the sanitary aspects of sewage disposal and takes up briefly the con-
ditions permitting the profitable use of sewage sludge as fertilizer.
It is pointed out that Manchester, Bradford, and other towns in the British
Isles are now exporting dried sewage manure at a profit which indicates a
great demand for properly prepared sewage manure, either alone or as a basis
for enrichment with artificial manures. The Emscher tank, it is stated, pro-
duced an inoffensive residue which was useful as a light manure and could
easily be enriched. In the Dublin process described above the fermented sludge
was dried and sold at about $12 per ton. The author anticipates the time when
it will be possible to purify sewage completely in a tank, with the production
of inoffensive sludge which can be disposed of as a manure.
Sludge disposal, J. H. Kershaw (Sanit. Rec, 53 (1914), Nos. 1265, pp. 209,
210; 1266, pp. 229, 230). — Methods of sludge disposal are briefly discussed.
Among those to which particular attention is given is the utilization of sludge
for agricultural purposes. It is stated that sewage sludge has long been known
to be a useful fertilizer, but in the author's opinion its value for this purpose
has been overrated and it has recently come into more or less disfavor as a
fertilizer because it has not produced the anticipated results or has not been
put into good condition for such use. It is pointed out particularly that the
sludge is not likely to contain as much ammonia as has often been assumed.
An analysis of a sample of air-dried sludge is reported which shows 44.6 per
cent of water with traces of ammonia, 23.38 of soluble matter, 19.34 of organic
matter, 5.1 of iron and aluminum oxids, 0.77 of phosphoric acid, 6.81 of lime,
magnesia, etc., and 0.4 of nitrogen.
ImhofE sewage tank and proposed sewage farm for Torrance, Cal., R. Ben-
nett (Etigin. News, 70 (1913), No. 23, pp. 1132, 1133, fig. 1; ahs. in Wasser u.
Abwasser, 8 (1914), No. 7, pp. -^22, 4^3, fig. 1). — ^A brief description is given of
a sewage disposal plant, consisting of an Imhoff tank capable of serving 2,500
people at a daily per capita sewage flow of 75 gal., and a 40-acre sewage farm,
the soil of which is light sandy loam. The tank eOluent is pumped from a
gathering well directly to the sewage farm.
RURAL ECONOIiflCS. 89
Vacuum cleaning systems, M. S. Cooley (Xew YorJc, 1913, pp. 2-^0, figs. 105;
rev. in Eiif/in. Rec. GO ( 191. 'i). No. 8, p. 23Jf). — This is a treatise on tlie principles
and practice of mechanical cleaning.
aURAl ECOITOMICS.
Some important factors for success in general fanning and in dairy farm-
ing, G. F. Warren (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 349 {WW, pp. 657-702, figs.
3). — For eight years the department of farm management has been studying
farms in New York St:ite in order to lenrn why some farms were paying better
than others. Records were obtained from six townships in Tomplvins County,
five in northern Livingston County, and five in Jefferson County, as well as from
a considerable number of farms in different parts of the State, making a total
of 2,743 farms.
Among the conclusions reached by the author from a study of these farms
were that on the great majority of farms the area in crops, the yield of these
crops, the returns x^er animal, and the diversity of the business are the most
important factors. The mo^t profitable general or dairy farms have from 150
to 300 acres of land with from 100 to 200 acres in crops. For this type of farm
from 80 to 100 acres of crops' is about the minimum area that will make good
use of a fair equipment and the horses that go with it. Some farmers whose
crops are below the average do very well, but those who make the highest
profits usually have crops that are better than their neighbors raise, and ap-
parently it pays to produce crops at least a fifth better than the neighbors
raise on similar soil. On dairy farms there is no factor more important than
the receipts per cow. Apparently the cows must be about a half better than the
average if they are to contribute to the success of the farm. Ordinarily
there should be three or four products, no one of which is neglected for the
other. If a farmer is doing well in one of the above points but not so well in
some of the others he is likely to get greater returns for a given effort by
strengthening the weak points and making a well balanced farm rather than by
spending more on the thing that is already good.
Letters from settlers and reports from the seed distribution {Alaska Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 60-1 Jj, pi. 1). — Extracts from letters from settlers and other per-
sons telling of their success with various crops and live stock and discussing
the possibilities and drawbacks of agriculture in Alaska are here presented.
Small industries among women in the rural districts {Vie Agr. et Rurale,
3 {1914), No. 34, p. 194)- — Social necessities oblige the rural women of certain
European countries to seek out a lucrative occupation, and among the various
occupations carried on by them are work in wood, metal, lace making, em-
broidery, and lingerie. In some places schools have been giving courses to en-
coui-age this work and central selling agencies have been established to dispose
of their products.
How housewives can cooperate, J. Heath (2V. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 60 {1914),
pp. 1530-15.37, pi. 1). — The author found that women purchase most of the
farm products sold on the city markets but know very little about their pro-
duction or distribution. He claims that there is a profession of consumption
as well as of production, and believes that the city women should be trained in
cooperative consumption as well as the farmer in cooperative production.
Report of the Mayor's Market Commission of New York City {New York
City, 1913, pp. 311, pis. 8). — This report describes market conditions as found
in New York City by the commission and outlines the changes recommended for
the distribution of farm products within the city.
7.3227°— No. 1 — 15 7
90 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
The commission considers tlint Uie problem of marlieting farm products in
the city is a problem of distribution from transportation terminals. It can be
made efficient only by the coordination of tlie collection, transportation, and dis-
tribution of foodstuffs. There must be developed the type of marlcet that will
make for the quiclie,st receipt and disposal of goods, as such a market will en-
courage producers to ship to it. Shippers must be educated to the advantages
and needs of this market and methods employed by them to insure quick mar-
keting of their goods, while the buying public should learn to watch market con-
ditions so that it may buy more intelligently and there may be a popular demand
for goods when they are plentiful. The report also describes public markets in
American and foreign cities, and discusses transportation in its relation to retail
prices, waterways and cost of living, refrigeration at market centers, and the
grading, packing, and marketing of farm produce.
An outline of the development of the internal commerce of the United
States, 1789-1900, T. W. A''an Me;tre (Thesis, Univ. Penn., 19 IS, pp. 30).— The
author calls attention to the fact that between 1830 and 1860 the manufacturing
and commercial population of the Northeast was fed largely by the farm products
of the Central States, while the inhabitants of the Central States drew their
clothing, shoes, and large quantities of other manufactured goods and general
mei'chandise from the Eastern States. The South relied upon the North for
manufactures and a considerable part of its food, while the North in turn
bought from the South raw materials for its cotton and sugar industries. The
period from 1860-1900 was one of development and exploitation. The extension
of the railway system permitted the constant growth of agriculture and rendered
accessible the mineral and forest products in which the land abounded ; cheap
and plentiful i"aw materials from field, mine, and forest made possible a phe-
nomenal increase of manufacturing. Throughout the whole paper the import-
ance of the development of transportation facilities in developing the agriculture
of the country is emphasized.
The agricultural outlook [U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 615 (1914). pp.
1-17, 22-41. figs. 5). — The month of July was very unfavorable for crop growth
in the United States, the composite condition of all crops on August 1 being 2
per cent below their 10-year average, whereas on July 1 prospects were 1.4 per
cent above the 10-year average. There are contained in this report the usual
comments on the condition of the crops in the different States, and also a gen-
eral summary of the outlook for the 1914 foreign wheat crop. It is maintained
that although the wheat crop in European countries is below that of last year
the disturbed political conditions are enforcing, in the midst of harvest, wide-
spread abandonment of the fields by the male population of military age, and
the saving of standing wheat and other unharvested crops promises to devolve
largely upon female and yoi:thful labor.
An inquiry to determine the percentage of the apples shipped in carload lots
indicates that 81 per cent of the apples received at the principal cities were so
shipped.
The exports of durum wheat from the United States and the receipts at five
primary markets were nearly 2,000,000 bushels less in 1913 than in 1914.
Statistical tables are included showing conditions for practically all the farm
crops, prices paid to producers of farm crops, range of prices of agricutural
products at market centers, and the estimated production of com, wheat, oats,
barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, rice, tobacco, hay, and clover.
The agricultural outlook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 620 (1914), pp.
39, figs. 5). — The composite condition of all crops September 1 was 2.1 per cent
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOX. 91
below the lO-yoar September 1 average, whereas the August 1 condition was
2 per cent below the August 1, 10-year average.
The yield of honey per colony in this country is estimated at 31.C lbs. in 1914,
and 40.6 lbs. in 1913. Of the honey produced in 1914, 41.7 per cent was comb,
42.1 per cent extract, and 16.2 per cent chunk.
An account of the Washington conference on cotton conditions, August 24
and 25, is given by O. J. Brand, in which he states that last year approximately
8,700,0<X) bales of the 14,000,000-bale crop went into foreign commerce, and
7,000,000 bales to countries now at war. The general oi^inion of the represent-
atives of the producing, banking, manufacturing, and other interests repre-
sented at this congress indicated that between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 bales of
this would have to be cared for in some way by the American people, and several
expedients are described. Some suggestions as to the methods of picking and
handling cotton in order to market it at the best advantage are also included.
C. W. Moomaw also has an article on the marketing of the apple crop. He
concludes that since fruit is somewhat of a luxury in the countries now at war
the foreign demand for apples will be very limited, and practically all the crop
will have to be consumed at home. He outlines the methods for judicious
handling of the apple crop from time of picking to its arrival on the market.
He also recommends that the marketing of apples be distributed over as long a
season as possible.^
Statistical tables are included showing the condition, production, and prices
of corn, wheat, flaxseed, oats, barley, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and hay, and the
condition of tobacco, rice, buckwheat, and other minor crops. Statistical tables
are also shown giving the prices paid to farmers for farm products and the
range of prices at large market centers.
Supply of cattle hides, G. K. Holmes (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 615
(l!)lJi). pp. n-22).—ln 1909, 20,516,332 cattle hides were treated in the United
States, of which 13,764,686 were taken off the cattle of this country. In that
fiscal year 192.252.000 lbs. were imported and in the fiscal year 1914, 279,769.000
lbs. The principal source of imports in 1913 were Argentina, Canada, and
jNIexico. Cattle hides from countries now at war comprise about one-fourth
of the total imports, but a large portion of these hides are imported into Europe
to be reexported. The decreased marketing of cattle in the United States indi-
cates a diminishing hide production and an increased dependence upon foreign
hide.s. The supply of the United States from foreign countries under Euro-
pean war conditions is subject to diversions and interruptions, but cattle hides
will continue to be imported if the means of ocean transportation are sufficient.
The evolution of the price of meat in Munich since the beginning' of the
nineteenth century and its cause, C. Gschwendtner (Die Entwicklung der
Miinclicner Fleischpreise scit Bcginn des 19. Jahrhunderts und ihrc Ursachen.
Miimch, 1911. pp. 76, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This study is based upon the wholesale
prices of meat. Among the causes of increases mentioned are the rise in cost of
production of agricultural products in general, in the cost of labor to butcher,
changes in the value of gold, and differences in the character of meat animals
at the beginning and ending of the period. Statistical tables are included show-
ing the prices for meat, wheat, rye, wheat flour, and bread.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The Agricultural Instruction Act {Ottawa: Dept. Agr., 191.'f. pp. 12). — This
pamphlet contains the text of the Agricultural Instruction Act (E. S. R., 29. p.
92 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
198), approved June 6, 1913, aud an explanatory speech by the minister of agri-
culture on introducing the bill in the House of Commons on January 24, 1913.
[Agricultural education in Canada] (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (Wl.'f), No. S, pp.
l/f5-230, fi(js. 9). — This number contains an account of the organization, build-
ings, equipment, and courses offered by the Manitoba Agricultural College,
school fairs and domestic science work in various provinces of Canada, short
courses in Nova Scotia, agricultural instruction in Saskatchevpan and Alberta,
and educative and demonstration work undertaken in British Columbia under
provisions of the Agricultural Instruction Act.
Agricultural departments and agricultural colleges, J. C. Millee (In
Rural Schools in Canada. New YorJc: Teachers' Col., Columhia Univ., 1913, pp.
130-lJf2). — ^A brief statement is given of the general work of the agricultural
departments and colleges in Canada, followed by a discussion as to the develop-
ment of a new type of publication to be of use to the farmers and their children
as well as to teachers, the attitudes of those in the teaching profession indi-
vidually and institutionally toward the educational efforts of the agricultural
departments and colleges, the former not being regarded as having measured up
to their opportunities in aiding the work of the latter, and the problem of pro-
viding for the education of rural young people from 12 to 16 or 18 years of age,
this being deemed the weakest link in the rural education chain in Canada.
Report of agricultural and .housekeeping scliools for 1912—13 (Aarsber.
Offcntl. Foranst. Landhr. Fremme, 1913, II, pp. 342). — This is a report on the
faculty, students, and courses of instruction of the agricultural and housekeep-
ing schools in Norway and also on the farm work aud receipts and expenditures
of the agricultural schools.
Agricultural home economics instruction in the ITetherlands, S. R. v.
Ramult {Land. u. Forstw. Unte^-richts Ztg., 28 (1914), No. 1, pp. 56-60). — The
author gives an account of the status of this instruction in the Netherlands.
The organization of the state agricultural institute at Spalato, J. Slaus-
Kantschieder {Land. u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 28 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-3S). —
This article gives a detailed description of the equipment, course of instruction,
and rules and regulations of the institute, and a review of its work for the years
1907-1913, inclusive.
The Institute for Fermentation Industries and Starch Manufacture in
Berlin. — Contributions to its history and organization, W. Rommel {Das
Institut fur Gdrungsgewerhe und StdrJcefahnkation zii Berlin. Beitrdge sur
Geschichte und Organisation. Berlin, 1912, pp. 55, figs. 25). — ^An account is
given of the history aud organization of the institute, the work and problems of
its various divisions, its publications, courses of instruction, and examination
regulations, as well as a description of its buildings, and student statistics.
Problems and aims of an imperial federation of Austrian agricultural
teachers, V. Gohlert {Land. u. Forstw. IJnierrichis Ztg., 28 {1914), No. 1, pp.
39-46). — The author thinks that the profession of agricultural teaching can be
promoted materially by the adequate organization of agricultural teachers, as
is shown by the activities of associations of agricultural teachers in various
Austrian States, particulars concerning whch are given including some of the
problems which they have in general. The problems to be solved by an imperial
federation are discussed. Preliminary steps for the creation of such a federa-
tion have been taken in Austria.
Project for the foundation and regulation of colonies of agricultural school
graduates, M. C. Martinez {Min. Agr. [Argentina], Dir. Gen. Enscnanza Agr.
[Pub.], No. 65 {1914), pp. 35, pi. 1, fig. i).— This is an outline of a project
AGRICQLTUKAL EDUCATION. 93
submitted to the Board of General Direction of Agricultural Education of
Argentina for the colonization of graduates of agricultural schools on govern-
ment lands in various parts of the country, followed by opinions of the press
concerning it.
Purpose and organization of the seminar for farmers in Konigsberg
(Neumark), Luekkg (Jahrh. Deut. Lan&w. Gesell., 29 (191^), No. 1, pp. 198-
203). — An account is given of the object and organization of the seminar for
farmers at Kouigsberg which has been establislied for the purpose of giving a
theoretical training in agriculture to farm owners, renters, and particularly
estate officials, in as short a time as possible. The instruction is given by means
of lectures in agricultural chemistry and mineralogy, physics and meteorology,
plant production and bacteriology, animal production, chemical and micro-
scopical practicum, general crop production and fertilizers, machinery, special
plant production, animal breeding and dairying, management and taxation,
bookkeeping, political economy and commerce, administration and law, veteri-
nary medicine and farriery, architecture, surveying and leveling, forestry,
fishery, horticulture, and fruit and vegetable growing. These lectures are fol-
lowed by discussions and criticism by the students and are supplemented by
excursions and such advanced farm practicums as mechanical soil analysis,
determination of lime in soils, the fat content and adulteration of milk, of
water content and margarin in butter, of the weight, germination, adultera-
tion, and impurities of seeds, starch content of potatoes, sugar content of beets,
hardness of water, tests of fertilizers and feeding stuffs, etc. The instruction
extends through 10* months, 34 hours a week, of which over 1* to 2 hours a
week are devoted to the practicums. A 5-year practical experience is required
for admission. A similar seminar is in operation at Schweidnitz.
How to organize and conduct a girls' canning club, Birdie I. Robinson
{Alahama Col. Sta. Circ. 23 (WIS), pp. 16, figs. 6).— The author points out the
object of girls' canning clubs and the commercial value of the work, and out-
lines a plan of organization, constitution, by-laws, etc. An outline for an illus-
trated booklet or history of girls' garden and canning work, by O. H. Benson, is
included.
Information on corn growing for corn club boys, L. N. Duncan and J. B.
Hoiior {Alahama Col. Sta. Circ. 24 {1913), pp. 10, figs. 5). — Instruction is given
on the selection of seed corn, preparation of seed bed and planting, fertilization,
and cultivation.
Alabama Boys' Corn Club Day, L. N. Duncan and J. B. Hobdy {Alabama
Col. Sta. Circ. 22 {1913), pp. 16). — This circular outlines a program, a suggested
constitution and by-laws, and other essentials for a school corn club.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Beport of Alaska Stations, 1913 {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 80,
pis. 15). — This contains the organization list and a report of the several lines
of work carried on during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913. Meterological
data and accounts of the extensive tests with field and garden crops and of
other lines of work are abstrated elsewhere in this issue.
Annual report of the director of the experiment station on work done
under the local experiment law in 1913, J. F. Duggak {Alabama Col. Sta.
Circ. 25 {191.',), pp. 3-40).— This includes the text of the law (E. S. R., 24, p.
400), a report by the director on the organization and progress of the work
under its provisions, a financial statement for the year, and reports from heads
of departments, including detailed reports as to boys' and girls' club work.
NOTES,
Arizona University. — The extension service lias begun a monthly publication
known as the Arizona Farm Advisor and designed to furnish popular informa-
tion on timely farm topics. The first issue is devoted to the Arizona farmer's
bookshelf, and gives a list of publications recommended. Other numbers give
information as to the annual farmers' short course held January 4-16, soil
fertility, control of codling moth, and the worlc of boys' and girls' clubs.
A. L. Paschal has been appointed farm demonstrator for Cochise and Santa
Cruz counties.
Connecticut State Station. — D. F. Jones, instructor in horticuliure at Syracuse
University and formerly connected vpith the Arizona Station, has been ap-
pointed plant breeder vice H. K. Hayes, whose resignation has been noted.
Illinois University and Station. — ^A laboratory for cheese making, butter mak-
ing, and separating, has recently been fitted up. The old stock-judging pavilion
has been converted into a combined laboratory for animal nutrition and a
dairy laboratory, holding about 140, with smaller laboratories and offices.
Dr. James Harvey Pettit, professor of soil fertility in the college of agricul-
ture and chief of soil fertility in the station, died December 30, 1914, at Pasa-
dena, Cal., at the age of 38 years. Doctor Pettit was graduated at Cornell
University in 1900 and received the Ph. D. degree at Gottingen in 1909. He has
been associated with the university and station since 1901. His work is sum-
marized in a recent number of the Illinois Agriculturist as follows :
" Dr. Pettit's distinctive service has been in connection with the soil fertility
investigations, he having been identified with this work almost from its begin-
ning at the university. He has made various important contributions to the
advancement of this subject, particularly in connection with its chemical
aspects. In the experiment station he was in direct charge of the analytical
work of the soil survey. As an instructor in the college as well as in his exten-
sion service over the State he was an ardent teacher of the principles of
permanent agriculture."
Missouri University. — James G. Watson, of the extension service of the Iowa
College, has been appointed extension assistant professor of dairy husbandry,
beginning January 8. George W. Reavis, who has been for four years con-
nected with the office of the state superintendent of public instruction, has
been appointed supervisor of boys' and girls' clubs, beginning December 9, 1914.
Montana College and Station. — C. C. Starring, horticulturist at the Hood
River substation in Oregon, has been appointed assistant horticulturist, begin-
ning Januai-y 1.
Nevada University and Station. — The station library has been consolidated
with that of the university in the new library building, where, however, it
occupies a small room to itself. This transfer has permitted the fitting up of
the old station library room as a laboratoiy.
94
NOTES. 95
The new station bacteriological laboratory Is nearing completion and will be
utilized in studies of atypical anthrax, which is causing serious losses among
cattle, and the control of contagious epithelioma in fowls. Dr. E. Records has
been appointed bacteriologist in the station.
Cornell University.— Bristow Adams, in charge of the information division of
the Forest yer\ice of this Department, has accepted an appointment as head of
the new department of information in the college of agriculture and has en-
tered upon his duties. E. G. Misner has been appointed instructor in exten-
sion teaching. Of the 1914 graduates, T. A. Baker has been appointed as-
sistant in animal hi>sbandry and L. E. Harvey and William I. Myers assistants
in farm management.
New York State Station. — Clarence D. Parker and Allen K. Burke have
resigned as assistant chemists, the former to enter the U. S. Geological Survey,
and the latter to engage in commercial work.
Oklahoma College and Station. — TV. L. Carlyle, formerly director of the Idaho
Station, has been appointed director of the station and dean of the agricultural
work, and has entered upon his duties.
A. F. Rolf has resigned as head of the poultry department to engage in live-
stock extension work in Louisiana.
Oregon College and Station. — A conference of Pacific Coast horticulturists
was called by Governor West at the college early in December, 1914, to consider
legislation designed to secure uniformity in inspection laws to px'otect growers
against the introduction and spread of insect and disease pests, both within
the States and from other States. Commissioners of horticulture from each of
the States were in attendance, and the joint committee appointed to draft the
proposed measures called to their assistance experts from the college to assist
them.
Dr. James Withycombe, former director of the station, was elected Governor
of Oregon at the last election by the heaviest majority ever accorded a" guberna-
torial candidate in the State.
Dr. Hector Macpherson, head of the newly established college bureau of farm
organization and management, has been elected chairman of a commission
appointed by Governor West to prepare a draft of a rural credits bill for pre-
sentation to the next legislature.
C. S. Brewster has accepted an appointment as research assistant in poultry
and R. B. Thompson as foreman of the poultry plant.
Washington College and Station. — Dr. E. A. Bryan, president of the college
for the past 22 years, has resigned to take effect January 1, 1916. Dr. F. D.
Heald, former pathologist in the Pennsylvania chestnut blight investigations,
has been appointed professor of plant pathology In the college and plant pathol-
ogist in the station.
West Virginia University and Station. — E. D. Sanderson, dean of the college
of agriculture and director of the station, has resigned to take effect September
1, when he expects to pursue graduate studies.
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. — At the thirty-fifth annual
meeting of the society, held at Washington, D. C, November 10, 1914, the
following papers were read and discussed :
The Massachusetts State Forestry Work was presented by F. W. Rane.
It was asserted that the general forest px'opaganda in the United States is too
exclusively academic, and is not pushed energetically enough to give results
in actual reforestation and forest extension. Details of the Massachusetts
forestry work were discussed at length, including regulations regarding fire
wardens. State purchase of improductive lands, etc.
96 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.
In a paper on the Nitrifying Powers of Soils as Indices to Their Fertility,
by C. B. Lipman, attention was called to the fact that good soils commonly
have a high nitrifying power but that it is uncertain whether this nitrifying
power is a cause or an effect. Unusually fertile spots of soil in certain grain
fields in California were found to possess a high nitrifying power, and also
more citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid and potash than the surrounding area.
The nitrifying power was as much as six times greater than that in poor soils.
It was suggested that the spots possessing high nitrifying power were perhaps
the result of the admixture of animal feces, burnt straw, or of a balanced soil
solution. Evidence was presented that a low nitrifying power of soils may
cause various physiological diseases in plants.
According to the findings of G. S. Fraps, who read a paper on Nitrification
and Soil Fertility, nitric nitrogen in soils is in general proportional to the total
nitrogen. If soils are heavily cropped the nitric nitrogen becomes dispropor-
tionately low, indicating that some parts of the soil nitrogen are more easily
nitrified than others.
W. G. Sackett, In a paper on The Pigment of Azotobacter chroococcum, stated
that peculiar brown spots are appearing on the surface of soils in various locali-
ties in Colorado and are increasing in extent. These spots are rich in nitrates
and are toxic to trees and other plants. The nitrates are apparently formed in
situ. A. chroococcum is abundant in the periphery of such spots. Experiments
with agar media, difirering from each other in the absence of one of the salts
contained in the soil of the brown spots, showed that a dark brown pigment was
always developed in the presence of carbon and sodium nitrate. It appears that
the color of the soil spots is due to the solution of the pigment of A. chroococcum
by the soil water.
C. G. Williams presented some recent studies on Variation in Pure Lines of
Wheat, during which it was found that the length of head in pure lines of breed-
ing is apparently not a hereditary character. Attempts to fix a tendency to
produce large or small kernels gave variable but for the most part negative
results. A long-continued effort to Increase the protein content of wheat by
selection within a pure line yielded no encouragement for such work.
The claims of The Small Field Laboratory and Its Atmosphere of Research
were presented by D. Fairchild. In large laboratories the investigator is ex-
posed to too much noise, distracting occurrences, and interruptions, due to
students and casual visitors. He also becomes burdened with administrative
details, all quite foreign to research. Moreover, the laboratory is far removed
from the source of the material which he is studying. The small laboratory on
the contrary is quiet. There is no unnecessary apparatus or interruption or
executive duties. It may be placed in the midst of the material to be studied.
In a paper on the Relationships of Experiment Station Work and Agricultural
Extension, F. B. Linfield presented a number of considerations showing how
these lines of work come in contact with each other in various parts of the agri-
cultural field.
The County Experiment Farm was discussed by C. E. Thorne, who recounted
the difficulties in attempts to carry on cooperative experiments with farmers,
and urged that it is much better to have county farms where work can be
prosecuted continuously. In Ohio the experiment farms are under the joint
supervision of the College of Agriculture and the Ohio Station.
H. P. Armsby presented a paper on the Influence of Quantity of Feed Upon
Digestion. It has been found that the amount of methane formed per kilogram
of dry matter eaten is much greater on light than on heavy rations. This indi-
cates an increased bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. A larger percentage
of the feed energy was found to be excreted in the urine on light rations, the
NOTES. 97
excess cousisting probably of nonnitrogenous substances. lu general, feed is
apparently more digestible in small than in large rations.
Ex]3erimeut Station Eesearch as Seen From Within and Without was dis-
cussed by H. J. Wheeler, who advised reaching the urban population by new.s-
paper publicity, and giving more attention to cooperative experiments on the
farms throughout each State. He also urged the need of more research on the
difficult and fundamental problems of agriculture, better training of research
men, higher salaries for scientific workers, and a keener sympathy of governing
boards and station directors for investigation.
Team Work in Agricultural Science was the subject of a paper by R. J. H.
DeLoach. The speaker presented the claims for better organization of sta-
tions, and urged the most complete cooperation consistent with the independence
of station departments, and the sympathetic working together of the stations
and this Department.
Notes on the Progress of Economic Entomology were presented by L. O. How-
ard. Attention was called to the rapid development of economic entomology in
the United States, the widespread cooperation of the Bureau of Entomology with
experiment station and foreign entomologists, and the general interest in the
federal horticultural quarantine. It was stated that the trend is entomological
wox'k is now toward more study of insect biology, and that the distinction be-
tween entomology and phytopathology or parasitology should be held in mind.
The usual joint evening session was held with the American Society of Agron-
omy at which the presidential addresses of the two societies were delivered.
That of President H. J. Waters, of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science, dealt especially with corn as a feeding stuff, showing some of its defi-
ciencies, notably protein, and attempts to find supplements to enable pigs to
utilize effectively the nutrients in corn. The address before the American
Society of Agronomy, entitled Fundamental Principles in Agronomy, was given
by C. V. Piper. This will be noted later, in the report of the meeting of that
society.
Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: President, H. J. Waters,
of Kansas; vice president, C. E. Thorne, of Ohio, secretary; L. A. Clinton, of the
United States Department of Agriculture; custodian, W. D. Hurd, of Massa-
chusetts; and member of the executive committee. David Fairchild, of the
United States Department of Agriculture.
American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers. — The nineteenth annual
meeting of this association, at Washington, D. C, November 9-11, 1914, at-
tracted an attendance of about 150. The program followed the lines of recent
years but special prominence was given to the relations of farmers' institutes
to other agencies.
The presidential address of Edward Van Alstyne, of New York, reviewed
the many useful results achieved by the farmers' institutes of the past, drew
attention to the fact that the attendance for the past year was by far the largest
ever secured, and expressed the belief that the institutes are needed in this
country for at least a generation. C. B. Smith, discussing The Relation of
Farm Bureaus to Farmers' Institute Work, regarded the farmers' institute as
the forerunner of the county bureau but believed that the latter will eventually
be so developed as to cover substantially the same ground, and will have the
added advantages of all the year operation and of larger resources at its dis-
posal. C. H. Tuck, of Cornell University, believed development of the spirit
of cooperation among extension agencies would be most effective, and he would
federate all agricultural interests with a committee organization.
Hon. Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, addressed the asso-
ciation on the Work of the United States Department of Agriculture for Farm-
98 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
ers' Institutes. In tLis address he called attention to the increased efiforts on
the part of the Department to disseminate agricultural information, and pointed
out what he regarded as some of the specific needs in agriculture at the present
time. Dean E. Davenport, of Illinois, read a paper on Recent Progress in
Agriculture. Among recent developments he indicated the trend from studies
of problems in production to those in economics and sociology. He predicted
that the Smith-Lever Act would insure the perpetuation of the stations as
research agencies.
President K. L. Butterfield discussed the Relations of Farmers' Institutes to
Rural Sociology, taking the ground that the institutes had rendered valuable
service in stimulating the desire for the betterment of rural conditions. Other
addresses on the program included the following :
Improving our Institute Organization and Methods, by A. P. Sandles, of Ohio;
Rural Organizations for Women, by Mrs. Ida S. Harrington, of Rhode Island;
The Function of Farmers' Institutes in Promoting Cooperation Among Farm-
ers, by E. B. Dorsett, of Pennsylvania ; Promoting Cooperation through Farm-
ers' Institutes, by A. D. Wilson, of Minnesota ; Systematic Instruction in the
Rural Districts, by G. A. Putnam, of Ontario ; Helping Farm Women, by
Mrs. Mary E. Dillard, of Virginia ; The Relation of Home Economics to
Farmers' Institutes, by Miss Winifred J. Robinson, of Delaware; Teaching
Home Economics at Farmers' Institutes, by Miss Anna Barrows, of New York ;
and Songs that Live, by Miss Rose Morgan, of New York, this last maintaining
that the country should develop its own standards for music, and that the
cultivation of the taste for good music may be a strong factor in keeping the
boys and girls on the farm.
The report of the farmers' institute specialist of this Department, J. M.
Stedman, included statistical data as to the progress of the work during the
past year. A total of 25,338 half-day sessions were reported, with a total
attendance of 3.656,381 persons, or 145 per session. Although data as to the
sessions and attendance of movable schools were not included in these figures
as in previous years, and the total appropriation of $456,647.51 showed, a de-
crease of over $50,000, an increase over 1913 of about 20 per cent in the number
of sessions and attendance of the institutes was indicated.
Ofiicers for the ensuing year were chosen as follows: President. T. B. Parker,
of North Carolina ; vice-president, G. A. Gigault, of Quebec ; secretary -treasurer,
L. R. Taft, of Michigan ; and executive committee, Edward Van Alstyne, of New
York, A. P. Sandles. of Ohio, and Mrs. Henrietta W. Calvin, of Oregon.
American Society of Animal Production. — This society held its sixth annual
meeting at Washington, D. C, November 10 and 11, 1914.
W. A. Cochel of Kansas opened the sessions with a paper dealing with the
causes of the deficiency in the meat supply. He suggested as some of the prob-
able remedies the long-term lease to tenants, better financial facilities, the
establishment of more uniform market values, the lessening of the cost of pro-
duction by the use of home-grown roughage and waste products, and more
definite information on methods of management of the breeding herd.
B. O. Severson reported experiments at the Pennsylvania Station on the cost
of maintaining a beef-breeding herd, and the influence of the feeding of cotton-
seed meal on the calving ability of cows. Colorimeter tests with cattle were
reported by H. P. Armsby, in which he ascribed the increased metabolism of
standing cattle over those lying down, of those on heavy ration as compared
with those on light ration, and of scrub (nervoiis) cattle over pure-bred (placid)
cattle to nervous stimulation rather than to direct digestive processes, the feed
rather than muscular exertion appearing to be the determining factor.
NOTES. 99
A paper entitled Composition of Steers at Various Stages of Growth from
Birth to 1,500 lbs., was presented by T. L. Haecker, in which he stated that in
seven years' experiments at the Minnesota Station it was found that the percent-
age of water in the body of growing steers decreased very rapidly with a corre-
sponding increase in the fat content. The percentage of ash remained practi-
cally the same, while there was a slight decrease in the percentage of protein.
The optimum amount of cotton-seed meal for beef cattle as determined by
experiments at the Tennessee Station was discussed by C. A. Willson. F. G.
King stated that from the results of experiments at the Indiana Station it was
evident that the efficiency of a ration for fattening steers was not materially
affected by the nutritive ratio so long as this ratio was within reasonable limits,
about 1 : 7, but that succulence and palatability of feed were very important.
J. W. Hammond discussed the studies carried on at the Ohio Station on the
Inheritance of wooling ability iu sheep, and the effect of rations of high, low,
and medium nutritive ratio upon the quality and yield of wool.
A paper by T. F. Trowbridge gave data as to comparative weights and com-
position of various parts of the bovine fetus, and showing the percentages of
flesh, of hair and hide, of skeleton, and of internal organs to the live animal.
L. D. Hall of this Department outlined the work of the Office of Markets in
its efforts to facilitate the distribution of animal products, and to minimize the
waste incident to transportation. Cooperative and other systems of market-
ing are being studied with a view to supplying meat producers with definite
information on the most efficient methods to be practiced.
In discussing the milk records of the dairy herd of the North Carolina Station
J. C. McNutt stated that he attributed the marked improvement in yield in the
past four years to the use of cotton-seed meal. This, he said, had had no dele-
terious effect upon cows, but instead appeared to be highly efficient.
E. S. Savage told of his efforts to harmonize the various feeding standards,
and discussed the importance of animal husbandmen adopting some uniform
feed values. He preferred the Armsby standard for accuracy and simplicity.
J. M. Evvard discussed the efficiency of the self-feeder in the feeding of swine
as determined by several years' trials at the Iowa Station.
L. W. Fetzer of this Office presented a paper entitled Some Pathological
Aspects of Animal Nutrition, in which he discussed the pathological influence
of various feeds such as cotton-seed meal, molasses, and spoiled feeds upon the
animal organism. He emphasized the importance of selecting animals for the
experimental feed lot that were free from disease, and described methods of
testing for tuberculosis, abortion, and other diseases that might materially
affect the feed lot results.
From cattle feeding trials conducted at the New Mexico Station, F. W.
Christensen concluded that thei'e was no superiority of one age over another
as to digestive ability. Per 1,000 lbs. live weight there was no relation in the
amount of food consumed for the different ages, and submaiutenance periods
of some of the cattle appeared not to impair their digestive ability.
Methods of feeding sugar beet products, their feeding value, and pathological
effects were treated in a paper by G. E. Morton. H. S. Grindley reviewetl
Bulletin 165 of the Illinois Station (E. S. R., 30, p. 309), discussing methods
of improving the ordinary feeding standard.
The importance of protein in egg production was discussed by H. R. Lewis
in which he showed that a protein from an animal source was superior to that
from a vegetable source for maximum production, and that the size and weight
of eggs was materially affected by such feeding.
E. W. Morse of this Department spoke on the necessity for standardizing
feeding tests, and stated that while metabolism experiments are important in
100 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
reaching some scientific basis for feeding operations, tlaere is still a large field
for tlie ordinary comparative feeding trial.
President E. B. Forbes concluded tlie program in a paper outlining the de-
velopment of the association, stating that it had arisen out of the need by
animal husbandmen for some central organization, but that the original pur-
pose of cooperation in experimental work had been modified in recognizing the
element of competition which appeared to be an unavoidable and possibly desir-
able characteristic of station work. He stated that in recognizing this changed
aspect the society was now better prepared to accomplish some practical re-
sults, and suggested the appointment of a referee committee which should con-
sider the special problems arising and make recommendations at the next annual
meeting. The appointment of this committee was subsequently authorized.
Recommendations looking toward the elimination of unnecessary variable
factors in feeding trials, presented by E. W. Morse at the last annual meeting
and referred to the committee on experiments, were found suggestive. The
committee on agricultural instruction proposed that the next meeting be
devoted largely to papers on agricultural teaching and suggested topics to be
discussed. The committee on terminology of feeding experiments gave an ex-
tended report recommending a uniform method of conducting slaughter analyses
of experimental animals, and recommending so far as feasible the adoption of
definitions of feedstuffs as used by the Association of Feed Control Officials.
Other animal husbandry and nutritional terms were defined and recommended
for adoption. The standardization of statistical methods was suggested.
Ofiicers for the ensuing year were elected as follows : President, E. B. Forbes,
of Ohio; vice president, W. A. Cochel, of Kansas; and secretary-treasurer,
F. B. Morrison, of Wisconsin.
Miscellaneous. — The rural education conference of Great Britain, constituted
in June, 1910, for three years, has now been succeeded by the agricultural
education conference, with Lord Barnard as president, and H. L. French, of
the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, as secretary. This conference will
act in an advisory capacity on questions pertaining to agricultural education.
According to a note in Mature, the general committee which is promoting
the establishment of an Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, has decided
to attempt to raise $200,000 for buildings and endowment, of which half will
be sought from official sources. The location of the institution has not yet
been decided upon, but the committee favors Ceylon.
The death in the European war is announced of Dr. Franz Marshall, director
of the experimental laboratory of the Agricultural Institute of the University
of Halle; Dr. Franz Waterstradt, professor of agricultui*e in the agricultural
school at Hohenheim ; and Andre Vuillet, well known in this country for his
publications on the gipsy moth and its parasites.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, the well-known English mycologist, died November 12,
1914, in his ninetieth year.
Dr. Jacob Eriksson has resided as chief of the phytopathological experi-
ment station at Stockholm, Sweden.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCUBED FKOM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, SI
V
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers-^ t> 'tit' r^^'
(rl. W . IRI
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
fW. H. Beal.
JULLINGER.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Vegetable Pathology/^- ^- g^Y^ ^' ^^- ^'
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutritionj^- F- Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
[ti. L. Lang. LIR»ao
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. »-»okak
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. NEW YOS
Veterinary Medicinej J;^:^; j?°^°^|^- 80TAN1C/
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. ClAKUtiiSi
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 2.
Editorial notes:
The new Section of Ai^riculture in the American Association 101
Some aspects of the field of rural economics 105
Recent work in agi-icultural science 109
Notes 198
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.
Justus von Liebig, Volhard 109
Handbook of methods in inorganic chemistry, edited by Stabler 109
Methods of organic chemistry, Gattermann, trans, by Schober and Babasinian. 109
Progress in chemistry of foods and condiments during 1912, Kuttenkculer 109
Starch sugar, Wichelhaus 109
Reducing sugars in the fresh beet root, I ellet 110
The acid content of fruits, Dunbar and Bigelow 110
Changes taking place in grass during the process of curing, I leischmann 110
The micro-organisms found in fermenting tea, Staub and Deuss Ill
Respiration, decay, self-healing, and composition of potatoes, Henneberg Ill
Studies of the chemical composition of cotton seed. Hare Ill
The structure of the soy bean, Wallis 112
Nitrogen-containing substances in germinating seeds of Viciafaba, Torquati.. 112
Denitrification as a result of enzym action, Hulme 112
Specific nature of the intracellular enzyms, I, Abderhalden and Fodor 112
Specific nature of the intracellular enzyms, II, Abderhalden and Schiff. . — 112
The speed with which protective enzyms appear, I, Abderhalden and Schiff. . 112
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
Method for estimation of maltose in preaence of other sugars, Davis and Daish. . 112
Determinationof pentoseswiththeaidof thespectroscope, Pino ff and Gude 113
Amylometer for calculating starch content of potatoes, Vilikovsk;^ and Stempel. 114
Estimation of copper in conserve with the spectrophotometer, Tassilly 114
Determination of copper in copper-spraying mixtures, Malvezin 114
General method for the analysis of the ashes of body fluids, Mestrezat 114
A new method for determining lactic acid in organic substances, Bellet 114
Estimation of formic acid, Torquati 115
Estimation of nitric acid, Torquati 115
Detection of nitrous acid when present with ferric salts, Artmann 115
The detection of nitrates and nitrites in sewage, Higginson 115
A method for determining phosphoric acid, Moeser and Frank 115
Citro-phosphate solutions, I , Pratolongo 115
The preparation of Petermann's solution, Zohren 116
The solubility of basic slag, Hughes 116
Method for the titration of sulphurous acid, Bosshard and Grob 116
The determination of calcium as a tungstate, Saint-Sernin 116
The industrial synthesis of sodium cyanid, Matignon 116
Winery directions, Bioletti 117
Manufacture of dried vegetables, fruits, etc._, Valvassori 117
Experiments in the desiccation of wild berries, Lind 117
Production of dextrin and its use, Parow 117
A new agricultural industry: Sugar from millet, Chevalier 117
METEOROLOGY.
Agricultural meteorology and wireless telegraphy, Granderye 117
Analysis of very small quantities of air, Guye and Germann 117
The meteorological aspect of the smoke problem, Kimball 117
The shifting of the climatic belts, Penck 118
Climatic change. Brooks 118
Climatological data for the United States by sections 118
General weather review for Storrs, Conn., 1912 and 1913, Esten and Mason 118
Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and McLain. . 118
The climate of New York in relation to agriculture, Wilson 118
The climate and weather of Australia, Hunt, Taylor, and Quayle 118
Distribution of rainfall in northeastern United States, Wall is 119
The rainfall of California, McAdie 120
Nitrogen in rain and snow. Knight 120
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The Rothamsted memoirs on agricultural science 120
Soil survey of Shawnee County, Kansas, Throckmorton, Byers, et al 121
The loess soils of southwestern Ohio, Cook, Montgomery, et al 122
The ground water in Hamburg, Voller 122
A study of some water tables at Giza. Balls 123
Notes on seasonal variation in the composition of drainage water, Hughes 123
Decomposition of soil carbonates, Maclntire 123
The nitrogen content of soils of Scania, Sweden, Weibull 123
Experiments on the rate of nitrification, Beesley 123
Soil bacteria and soil productiveness, Lohnis 124
Impro\'ing sandy soils by the use of green manure crops, Allen and Dean 124
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by boron compounds, I, Stabler and Elbert. . 125
Synthesis of ammonia from aluminum nitrid, Matignon 125
The oxidation of nitrogen in the voltaic arc, Sapozhnikova et al 125
Catalysis of cyanamid and its importance in agriculture, Kappen 125
Action of carbon dioxid on crude calcium cyanamid [nitrolime], Manuelli 125
The influence of fineness upon the availability of bone meal, Peck 125
Phosphate rock, Waggaman 126
Potassium salts 126
Potash deposits in Spain, Hurst 126
The preparation of potash from feldspar and other sources 126
Granitic soil potassium and the production of hay, Curry and Smith 126
Lime in agriculture ._ 126
Experiments on the effect of different forms of lime, Meyer 127
Gypsum, Wilder 127
CONTENTS. m
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Page.
Relative water requirements of plants, Briggs and Shantz 127
Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to plant associations, Fuller 128
Branch development in a perennial plant, Andre 128
Rapidity of hydrolysis in leaves, Andre 128
Relative chemotropic influence of salts of metals on Lupinus albus, Porodko. . 128
Conditions of chemotropism in rootlets, Porodko 128
Zinc in glass as source of error in studying influence of chemicals, JavilUer 128
The mobility of potassium in vegetable tissue, Maquenne and Demoussy 129
The function of manganese in plants, Kelley 129
The mechanism of oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues, Wolff 129
Influence of vertical illumination on coleoptile of Avena saliva, Vogt 129
Study of rest period in potato tubers, Appleman 129
Enzymatic peptolysis in germinating seeds. Court 130
Blooming of rice and associated phenomena, Akemine 130
Studies on the lactiferous tubes and cells of some native plants, Koketsu 130
Genetic studies on seeds of Fhaseolus vulgaris, Kajanus 130
Studies in selection and crossing in mottled horse beans, Kiessling 130
Utilization of crossing for study of phylogenetic questions, von Tschermak 131
Parallel mutations of Q^^nothera biennis, Stomps 131
Anomalies of development in maize, Bohutinsky 131
FIELD CROPS.
Agriculture, Dominguez 131
Intensive farming in India, Kenny 131
Experimental work on tillage and cropping methods, Scudder 131
Fertility and crop experiments at '\\'est Tennessee Station, Mooers and Robert. 132
Variety tests on moor, marsh, and flooded soils, Briine 132
A text-book of grasses, with special reference to United States, Hitchcock 133
Alfalfa experiments. Carrier et al 133
The cultivation of Turkestan alfalfa, Gydrfas 133
A more accurate method of comparing maize hybrids with their parents, Collins 133
Endosperm texture in sweet X waxy hybrids of maize, Collins and Kempton. . 134
Corn growing in Montana, Wilson 134
Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio, Goddard and Elser 135
Impro'V'ing cotton by seed selection on the farm. Winters 135
Flax croj^ping, harvesting methods, Bolley and Wilson 135
Flax experiments, 1912 136
Sweet jowar as a source of commercial sugar or fodder, Annett 136
Potato growing in the San Joaquin and Sacramento deltas of California, Shear. . 136
Rape for hog pasture, Williams 136
Experimental work of the rice stations in 1913 in Valencia, Spain, Montesoro. . 136
Sugar beet experiments 136
Summary of 10 years' experiments with tobacco in Virginia, Mathewson 137
Experiments with dark tobacco, Anderson 137
Nicotin as aby-productof tobacco culture, Chuard and Mellet 137
Wheat in Alabama, Duggar and Cauthen 137
Wheat and rye of east Siberia, Uglow 138
On the loss in a stack of unthreshed corn, Russell 138
Grades of grain, Quinn 138
Observations on the eradication of woods by use of kainit, Remy and Vasters. . 138
The use of sodium arsenite for killing weeds, Ince 138
The plumber's blowlamp as a garden tool, Durham 139
HORTICULTURE.
Sap studios with horticultural plants. Chandler 139
Hotbeds and cold frames, McGinty 140
Vegetable growing in Colorado, McGinty 140
Mendelism in melons, Lumsden 140
Experiments in onion culture, Lloyd 140
Tomato variety and planting tests, Wliite 141
Tomato culture, Monroe 141
Notes on fruit growing in the East Africa Protectorate, Powell 141
Fruits: Their handling and storage, Hughes 141
rV CONTENTS.
Page.
Handling applea for storage, Young 141
Preparation of fruit exhibits, Baruott 141
Experiments with small fruits, Ballard 141
Management of strawberry soils in the Pajaro Valley, Lipman 141
Vine pruning in California, II, Bioletti 142
Origin of the date palm, Popenoe 142
Mate culture, Girola 142
Olive culture, Allen 142
Further notes on the seedless fruits of the common persimmon, Mottier 142
Vanilla culture in Madagascar, Fauchere 142
Recent experiments in shield budding tropical fruits, WeSter 142
The improvement of medicinal plants, Miller 143
Goldenseal under cultivation. Van Fleet 143
Dreer's hints on the growing of bulbs 143
The daffodil yearbook, 1914 143
Practical h<dp on landscape gardening. Miller 143
Luther Burbank, his methods and discoveries, edited by Whitson and Williams . 143
FORESTRY.
The timbers of British Guiana _ 144
Trees, shrubs, and economic herbs of the Southern Forest Circle, Haines 144
Ecology of sal {Shorea robusta), I, Hole and Singh 144
Studies on color variation in black pine seed, Pittauer 144
Spectrophotometric investigations in woods, Knuchel 144
Annual ring formation and light, Oelkers ]44
Investigations in mixed stands, Schwappach 144
Size and disposition of normal growing stock in seedling forests, Flury 144
Report of the state forest administration of Bavaria 144
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Pulp wood, Lewis and Boyce 144
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Report on plant production in Baden, 19] 3], von Wahl and Miiller. 145
Fungi parasitic on plants in and near the Province of Tiu-in, 1912, VogLino. . . . 145
Culture studies with Uredinse, 1911-1913, Tranzschel 145
[The stem rot of cereals], Mangin 145
Grain rusts and their control, Riehm 145
Barley streak disease, MiJller and Molz 145
Stinking smut in wheat, Woolman 145
A new disease of asparagus, Voglino _ 146
A fungus disease of hemp, Charles and Jenkins 146
Smut in Kafir corn, Evans 146
Some diseases of the potato. — II, Black dot disease, Doidge 146
Potato scab and sulphur disinfection, Sherbakoff 146
Powdery scab of the potato, Gorham 147
The Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, Morse and Shapovalov 147
A ncAV disease of spinach, Voglino 147
Tomato diseases, Norton 147
Development of Cladosporium fulvum violaceum, Savelli 148
A bacterial soft rot of turnips, Harrison and Sadler 148
A bacterial disease of fruit blossom. Barker and Grove 148
The brown rot canker of the apple, Salmon 148
Outbreak of downy mildew in 1913, Capus 149
Combined treatment for downy mildew, Zacharewicz 149
Node canker in grapevines, Maire and Trabut 149
Root rot of grape, Brunet 149
A preliminary report on raspbeny curl or yellows, Melchers. 149
A variety of Cladosporium parasitic on A.gave and Echeveria, Savelli 149
The bud rot of coconut palms in Malabar, Shaw and Sundararaman 150
A new Rhizospha;ra, Bubak 150
A leaf disease of walnuts, Wolf 150
Heart rot of oaks and poplars from Polypoms dryophilus, Hedgcock and Long. . 150
Oak Oidium. Foex 150
Peculiarities of outbreak of oak Oidium, Noffray ... 150
Resistance of oak wood to dry rot in relation to tannic acid, Wehmer 150
Further germination studies 'with spores of Merulius, Wehmer 150
CONTENTS. V
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Page.
Digest of the game, fish, and forestry laws, edited by Kalbfus 150
Notes on mortality of young of wild birds, Butler 150
The red-winged blackbird. — A study in the ecology of a cat-tail marsh, Allen. . 151
Sixth report of Quebec Society for Protection of Plants, 1913-14 151
The forest insects of central Europe: A text-book and handbook, Escherich . . . 151
Entomological notes, Gough 151
Common insects of the garden, Gillette 151
An efficient and practicable method for controlling melon lice. Durst 151
An experiment on killing tree scale by poisoning the sap of the tree, Sanford. . 152
The Great Basin tent caterpillar in California, Van Dyke 152
Seasonal variation in the common bollworm {Earias insulana), Storey 152
Methods for destruction of pink bollworm in cotton seed, Gough and Storey. . 152
The sugar beet web worm, Parker 153
The army worm (Heliophila unipuncta), Fernald 153
The biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidse, Diptera), I and II. . 153
Grub eradication, Ransom 153
Hypoderma bovis and means for controlling it, Lucet 153
Relative attractiveness of oils for Mediterranean fruit fly, Severin 153
The apple maggot, O'Kane 153
Larch killed by a longicorn beetle, Osmaston 155
Otiorhynchus sulcatus on the island of Ol^ron, Feytaud 156
The alfalfa weevil (Phytonovius posticus), Ellis 156
Eurytoma amygdalis, which injures plums and apricots in Astrakhan, Rodzianko ] 56
Description of two braconids parasitic on Earias, Dudgeon and Gough 156
The common red spider or spider mite, Ewing 156
[Spraying tests of insecticides upon potatoes], Ince 158
Preparation of nicotin extracts on the farm, Ellett and Grissom 158
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Minnesota wheat investigations. — Series III, Crops of 1912 and 1913, Bailey. . . 159
Studies of wheat quality under North Dakota conditions. Stockman 160
Further data on the use of calcium in bread making, Emmerich and Loew 161
Some edible fishes of Chile with a description of the new species. Porter 161
Canned corn 161
Corn oil as a substitute for oUve oil and cotton-seed oil, Pool and Sayre 161
Analyses of honey, Kretzschmar 161
Improvement in the commercial supply of spices and its cause, Sayre 161
New physical method for lessening harmfulness of coffee, Schenk and Gorbing 161
"Food and drug exainination and inspection], Ladd and Johnson 162
Food inspection and analyses], I^add and Johnson 162
Food and drug inspection and analyses], Ladd and Johnson 162
Work of inspection department of Dresden, 1913, Beythien and Hempel 162
1,001 tests of foods, beverages, and toilet accessories, Wiley 162
Available food suppUes, Lyman 162
Prices of foodstuffs on the Bern market since 1878 162
Wages and family budgets in the Chicago stockyards district, Kennedy et al. . 163
Workingmen's family budgets for seventy families in Holland 163
The statistical study of dietaries, a reply to Prof. Karl Pearson, Paton 163
The statistical study of dietaries. — A rejoinder, Pearson 163
Influence of fuel value on vitamin to prevent beri-beri, Bradden and Cooper. . 163
Quantity of a diet in relation to quantity of vitamin 164
Nutritive properties of proteins of the maize kernel, Osborne and Mendel 164
Effect of benzoic acid and its sodium salt on the animal organism, Rost et al 164
Bacteria in feces, Osborne and Mendel 165
Urea: Distribution in and elimination from the body, Marshall, jr., and Davis. 165
The suppression of growth and the capacity to grow, Osborne and Mendel 165
The basal, gaseous metaboUsin of normal nien and women, Benedict et al 165
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
International catalogue of scientific Literature. L — General biology 166
Previous nutrition and metabolism in fasting, Schlossmann and Murschhauser. 166
Excretion of purin cataboUtes in urine of ungulates, Hunter Givens et al 166
Notes on some indigenous and other fodder plants, Juritz 166
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
British feeding trials and the starch equivalent theorj', Wood and Yule 166
The forage plants of German Southwest Africa, Heering and Grimme 167
Feeding value of various grasses, Gr^goire and Carpiaux 167
[Silage making and feeding], Dvorachek 168
Nutritive value of potato distillery refuse and other waste material 168
Commercial feeding stuffs, Jones et al 169
Analysis of feeding stufi's for State Department of Agriculture, Curry and Smith. 169
Fertilizers, feeds, and fungicides, Ince 169
The Kansas feediug-stuffs law revision of 1913, Jardine 169
Breeds, varieties, and crossing of species of cattle in France, De Lapparent 169
Some problems of cattle breeding, Cole 169
Preparing wool for market, Arkell 170
Wool and its manufacture, Arkell 170
Studies on material and energy metabolism of growing swine, Fingerling et al. . 170
Experiments with swine. Day 170
Value of skim milk for swine feeding, Hansen et al 170
Forage crops for hogs, Kennedy, Evvard, Kildee, and Bobbins 170
Pork production in Wisconsin, Fuller 171
Distribution of public service stallions, Alexander 171
The breeding of heavy draft horses in the Province of East Prussia, Landmann. 171
Notes on heredity in a cross between silky and Yokohama fowls, Bonhote 172
Improving egg production by breeding. Pearl 172
Factors influencing bacterial content and keeping of eggs, Bushnell and Maurer. 172
Farm poultry in Missouri, Kemster 173
The encyclopedia of the poultry yard, Shaw 173
Ostrich breeding and handling in South Africa and other countries, Hintze. . . 173
Rabbit breeding industry in Germany, Thomson 173
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
[Bibliogi-aphy of dairy literature], Raudnitz and Grimmer 173
A dairy laboratory guide, Ross 173
Feeding of dairy cows, Athanassof 173
Holstein milk yield, Marshall 174
Variation of percentage of butter fat in milk of individual cows, Anderson 174
The phenomena of "clot" formations. — I. The clotting of milk, Schryver 174
Growth and viability of streptococci in milk products, Davis 174
Characteristics of bacteria of colon type found in bovine feces, Rogers et al 175
Inexpensive aids in producing sanitary milk, Lamson 175
Cream grading for Kansas, Hine 175
Cheese that the farmers should make, Tolstrup 175
Action of enzyms due to organisms on rind of hard cheeses, Gratz and Szanja . . . 175
Cheeses of the Neufchatel group, Matheson, Thom, and Ciurie 175
The salt factor in the mold-ripened cheeses, Thom 176
Supplementary data upon Camembert cheese, Matheson, Thom, and Currie. . . 176
Biology of Roquefort cheese, Thom and Matheson 176
Manufacture of a cow's milk cheese related to Roquefort, Thom et al 177
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Tropical diseases, a manual of the diseases of warm climates, Manson 177
Toxic brans, Marchadier and Goujon 178
A pathogenic bacterium in fish meal, Miessner and Lange 178
The specificity of immunity reactions, and their explanation, Landsteiner 178
Alimentary anaphylaxis caused by eggs, Laroche, Richet, jr., and Saint-Girons. 178
Serum anaphylaxis in the bo\'ine, Skiba 178
Sources of error in the dialysis method, Abderhalden and Weil 178
Protein-cleaving ferments in blood in advanced hunger, HeUner and Poensgen. 178
Nucleoproteins as antigens. Wells 179
The anemia produced by the injection of hemolysin, McLeod and McNee 179
The method whereby streptococcic serum acts, Weil 179
Abderhalden serodiagnosis of cancer. Ball 179
The use of Abderhalden's reaction in carcinoma and tuberculosis, Frankel. . . . 179
Experimental transmission of Coccidium oviforme of the domestic rabbit, Lucet. 180
Experimental study of coenm-osis in the rabbit, Henry and Ciuca 180
Degeneration associated with experimental diabetes in the cat, Homans 180
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
In regard to the use of mallein, Mouilleron 180
Production of antirabic immunity by intraspinal injeclions of virus, Uarris 180
The immunization of large animals to a pathogenic trypanosome, Darling 181
Vitality of the tubercle bacillus by inoculation j^nd by inhalation, Chausae 181
The detection of tubercle bacilli in inhalable dust, Engelhardt 181
The presence of tuberculides in bovines, Perard and Ramon 181
Alinaentary tract of pigs with tuberculosis mesenteric lymph nodes, Junack. . . 181
Differentiation of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli, Schieck 181
A clinical study of the complement fixation test, Kinghorn and Twichell 181
Diiignostic and ciu-ative methods in bovine tuberculosis, Ondracek 182
Tuberculin and tuberculosis immunity, Deycke and Much 182
The therapeutic action of tuberculin for tuberculosis, Haupt 182
Tuberculin as a curative agent, and tuberculosis immunity questicms, Haupt.. 182
Results of continued injections of tuberculin upon tubercular cattle, Nelson. . . 183
Treatment of tuberculosis with Bruschettini's serum vaccine, Bruschettini. . . . 183
Bovovaccine against bovine tuberculosis, Almgren 183
Antiphymatol and phymatin for combating tuberculosis in bovines, Titze 183
Bovine anaplasmosis in Argentina, Lignieres 184
The vaccine treatment of mammitis in cattle, Payne 184
A contribution to sheep plague, septicaemia pluriformis ovium, Raebiger et al. . 184
Annual report of the camel specialist for the year 1913-14, Cross 184
Vaccination against hog cholera, Holterbach 184
Suggestions in the prevention and control of hog cholera, Schoenleber 184
Eighteen cases of pectoral influenza treated with atoxyl, Palmgren 184
Serodiagnosis of pregnancy in mares, Briscoe and Ranck 185
Manual of military farriery, Beltran 185
A new nematode, Rictularia splendida, from the coyote. Hall 185
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation and soil-moisture investigations in western Oregon, Powers 185
Records of heavy rainfall and run-off in Porto Rico, Branch 187
Irrigation studies, Reynier 187
Pumping machinery, Schutte 187
The construction, maintenance, and protection of levees, Ehlers 187
The construction of hydraulic-fill levees, Yamell 187
Sijecifications [for tile] proposed by American Society for Testing Materials. . . 187
Twenty-first annual report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission 188
Permanent construction 188
The use of Iowa gravel for concrete, Agg and Nichols 188
A table to figure brickwork 188
Pocketbook of useful formulas and memoranda for engineers, Molesworth 188
Agricultural machines and implements, Hagmann 188
Motor-plow tests, 1913, Fischer 188
Report of international tests of mechanical cultivating apparatus in Tunis 189
Silos and silage in Colorado, Dvorachek 189
Building instructions for concrete silos, Maris [190
Report on construction of pit silos at the Plains substation, Adams 190
Pneumatic water supply systems, Ramsower 190
The hygiene of rural schools, Clark 190
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Population, general report, and analj'-sis 190
Occupation statistics 190
The eight-hour law — ^the standpoint of the farmer, Hecke 191
The relation between yields and prices, Davenport 191
Fundamental principles of cooperation in Agriculture, Powell 191
Rural cooperation and cooperative marketing in Oliio, 1913, Taeusch 192
Cooperative and community marketing of woodlot products. Moon 192
The story of the growth of El^n, Class 192
A system which saves harvest labor by hogging down crops, Drake 192
Some things the prospective settler should know, Hunt et al 193
Ownership of homes 193
Agricultural conditions in Great Britain and Ireland, Wilson and Wallace 193
Agricultural statistics of Netherlands 193
Vin CONTENTS.
AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Page.
Proceedings of Association of Agricultural Colleges and Stations, ed. by Hills. . 194
Relation of the department to agricultural colleges and stations, Galloway 194
Report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, True et al 194
Instruction in pure science for agricultural students, Bessey 194
Definiteness of appointment and tenure, Sanderson 195
The scale and adjustment of salaries and distribution of service, Watts 195
A system of retiring allowances for land-grant institutions, Davenport 195
Report of committee to study extension organization and policy, Hurd et al. .. 195
The organization of an extension service. Waters 195
Things the college should undertake through its extension division. Worst 196
Organization in a county or community for extension, Christie 196
Problems confronting agricultural colleges in extension work, Butterfield 196
Cooperation with other agencies in agricultural extension, McDowell 196
The preparation of extension workers, Hatch et al 196
Comments on European agricultural institutions. True 197
School lessons on corn. Lane 197
Farm demonstration, boys' and girls' club work, Mutchler 197
Home economics and women's auxiliary cluks of institutes, Martin 197
Home-makers' clubs of Missouri 197
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Alabama College Station: Page.
Bui. 179, Sept., 1914 137
California Station:
Bui. 246, Oct., 1914 142
Circ. 119, Sept., 1914 117
Circ. 120, Sept., 1914 136
Circ. 121, Oct., 1914 193
Circ. 122, Oct., 1914 141
Circ. 123, Oct., 1914 191
Colorado Station :
Bui. 199, Axis;., 1914 140, 151
Bui. 200, Aug., 1914. . . . 168, 189, 190
Connecticut Storrs Station:
Bui. 78, June, 1914 175
Bui. 79, June, 1914 118,176,177
Illinois Station:
Bui. 174, Julv, 1914 151
Bui. 175, July, 1914 140
Circ. 176, Oct., 1914 143
Circ. 177, Oct., 1914 191
Indiana Station:
Bui. 177, Aug., 1914 169
Iowa Station:
Bui. 136, Mar., 1913 170
Kansas Station:
Bui. 200, June, 1914 121
Bui. 201, June, 1914 172
Circ. 38, June 1, 1914 169
Circ. 39 175
Circ. 40, Aug. ,1914 184
Maine Station: •
Bui. 230, Aug., 1914 147
Bui. 231, Sept., 1914 172
Maryland Station:
Bui. 180, Mar., 1914 141, 147
Bui. 181, Mar., 1914 175
Bui. 182, Apr., 1914 141
Bui. 183, May, 1914 129
Massachusetts Station:
Met. Buls. 309-310, Sept.-
Oct., 1914 118
Michigan Station:
Spec. Bui. 71, June, 1914 174
Minnesota Station:
Bui. 143, Sept., 1914 159
Mississippi Station:
Tech. Bui. 5, 1914 185
Missouri Station:
Research Bui. 14, May, 1914. . 139
Montana Station:
Circ. 40, Mav, 1914 135
Circ. 41, June, 1914 134
Circ. 42, June, 1914 153
New Hampshire Station:
Bui. 169, July, 1914 169
Bui. 170, May, 1914 126
Bui. 171, July, 1914 153
Bui. 172, June, 1914 140
Stations in the United States — Continued.
New York Cornell Station: Page.
Bui. 350, Aug., 1914 146
North Carolina Station:
Circ. 20, Sept., 1914 136
Circ. 21, Sept., 1914 135
North Dakota Station:
Spec. Bui., vol. 3—
No. 8, July, 1914 162
No. 9, Aug., 1914 138,
158, 160, 169
No. 10, Aug., 1914 162
No. 11, Sept. and Oct.,
1914 162
Circ. 1, May, 1914 135
Ohio Station:
Bui. 266, Dec, 1913 135
Circ. 141, Dec. 15, 1913 192
Circ. 146, Aug. 1, 1914 122
Oregon Station:
Bui. 119, Jan., 1914 131
Bui. 120, Aug., 1914 124
Bui. 121, Aug., 1914 156
Bui. 122, Aug., 1914 185
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 109, Sept., 1914 132
Virginia Station:
Bui. 205, June, 1914 137
Bui. 206, Juu'^, 1914 137
Bui. 207, June, 1914 133
Bui. 208, July, 1914 158
Washington Station:
Bui. 114, Oct., 1914 183
Popular Bui. 70, June 10, 1914. 156
Popular Bui. 71, June 21, 1914. 141
Popular Bui. 72, Aug., 1914. . . 141
Popular Bui. 73, Sept. 10, 1914 145
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 242, Sept., 1914 171
Circ. 50, Sept., 1914 171
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 1,
Oct., 1914 123, 127, 133, 146, 150
Farmers' Bui. 613, Goldenseal
Under Cultivation, W. Van
Fleet 143
Farmers' Bui. 614, A Corn-Belt
Farming System Which Saves
Harvest Labor by Hogging
Down Crops, J. A. Drake 192
Farmers' Bui. 617, School Lessons
on Com, C. H. Lane 197
Weather Bureau:
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 7-8,
July-Aug., 1914 118
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. February, 1915. No, 2.
The Philadelphia meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science Avas a notable one for agriculture, for it
marked its definite enrollment among the sections of the association.
This does not apply specifically to the occupation of agriculture,
but as Professor Bailey explained, to "the assembly of scientific
research that deals with the problems of the occupation and of the
living resulting from the occupation."
As a subject, agriculture has formed a no small part of the pro-
ceedings at past meetings, in the sections of botany, chemistry,
physiology, economics, etc., and several affiliated societies have con-
cerned themselves with matters more or less agricultural. But at
this meeting the subject of agriculture as a department of applied
science and as a branch of industry presenting large social, eco-
nomic, educational, and political "problems, was given place in the
organization of the association, along with the older abstract sci-
ences, with engineering, with medicine, and with education, and
brought into its councils on an equal footing.
This is a great and interesting change, how great those who
have been longer in the agricultural work can the more readily
comprehend. Time was, and not so long ago, when agriculture as
a subject had no place in an association of sciences and would not
have received an invitation. The man who should attempt to pre-
sent a strictly agricultural topic before such an association would
have been out of place, because there was so little basis for a thor-
ough scientific treatment, and because agriculture as a subject of
general interest to science had not yet won its way. The change
which has come is, therefore, a twofold one. It applies to the re-
markable scientific advancement of the subject itself, which finds
few parallels, as well as to a change of attitude on the part of men
of science.
Agriculture has earned a place among the sciences, and having
earned it has been recognized and formally admitted into the fel-
lowship of the sciences. This came without solicitation. It will
now be for the subject and for the group thus honored to see that
101
102 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
the new section reflects honor and credit upon the association, and
becomes a vital a^iency for the further " advancement of science."
A great opportunity is afforded in the new setting to win recogni-
tion for the subject, and to attract to it the men of broad scientific
training it needs for its steady advancement.
The inauguration of the new section was particularly auspicious.
The president of the association. Dr. Charles ^Y. Eliot, honored it
by presiding at the opening of the meeting, and in a brief address
expressed his approval of the new section and his interest and
confidence in the great work for agriculture.
Dr. Eliot thought it was high time that we began to attend to
the building up of American agriculture, and making it a higher
expression of American efficiency. He saw in the teaching of agi'i-
culture an opportunity for furthering a reform clearly needed in
American education, namely, the devotion of much more time to
the teaching of the natural sciences in the schools. This, he de-
clared, is the great reform needed in American education. The popu-
lar interest aroused in agricultural teaching offers an entering wedge
in this direction, and gives hope for the accomplishment of even
greater reforms.
Country life development he pronounced " one of the greatest
humanitarian movements in this .age." Our race can not endure
urban life and the factory system, he said; the ill effects of it have
already been seen. " Hence anything that leads men out into the
country where they ma}^ live a wholesome existence is contributing
to a necessary humanitarian movement."
This was a happy introduction to Prof. L. H. Baile5^'s vice-
presidential address on The Place of Research and of Publicity in the
Forthcoming Country Life Development. The address was essen-
tially a plea for democracy, approached from the standpoint of the
public service institutions for agriculture, and especially the new
national work of agricultural extension.
Taking up the history of the man on the land. Professor Bailey
showed how in the nineteenth century " he began to be recognized
politically^," and institutions were developed on public funds "to
train the farmer and to give him voice." Out of this, the great
American system for agricultural teaching, investigation, and more
recenth^^ for extension work, has grown. A strong plea was made for
maintaining the necessary balance and check in the future develop-
ment, and for meeting the demand for careful inquiry.
" There must be a certain relation or equation between the research
effort and the teaching effort," he said. "The enlargement of one
ought to be conditioned on the enlargement of the other; and cer-
EDITORIAL. 103
tainly we ought to knoAv before we teach. I hope that the new
extension work will demand a great stimulation of research. No
Fubject makes great headway, no people make great progress, unless
it rests on investigation and discovery, and feels the stimulation of
exploitation in fresh fields. . . .
"The vitality of the extension teaching, as of any other teaching
in natural science, will depend on the body of exact knowledge that
lies behind it. This being true, we must see that appropriations
for extension teaching in the years to come are not out of proportion
to appropriations for research. I hope we shall soon find a wide-
spread expression amongst the people for a more complete endow-
ment of fundamental investigation in subjects related to our agri-
cultural industry."
Professor Bailey took occasion to explain the type of research
he had in mind — that which " follows a program looking toward
a solution ; " but he took no narrow or superficial view of it, or of its
direct application in practice. His remarks on the subject are in-
teresting :
" It is not necessary to the broad results we seek that this research
shall all be directly or immediately applicable to the arts of life. It
does not matter if much of it remains practically unknown to the
public. The effect of the accumulation of it, if it is good, will be
beyond all price, establishing a foundation, providing a reservoir
from which we may draw at will, giving us a sense of conquest and
of power, developing a literature, and training many men whose
judgments will be of the greatest value in the control of our rural
affairs. Research in agriculture should look toward a solution, but
not necessaril}'^ toward a definite application, although the purpose
to apply does not make it any the less research or any the less worthy
of respect.
" Knowledge applies itself in the end. The best and the final
application of it is in a new approach to the subject and a better
philosophy of action. This is well illustrated in the great work of
Darwin, which we have now learned to apply in a thousand ways,
because it has entered into our philosophies. So the accumulation of
knowledge touching agriculture will give those who come after us a
new grasp on the rural situation, a readjustment of ideas, and con-
fidence in our ability to handle the situation. Good research, main-
tained continuously and without haste by the ablest men, wdll make
its own application." But because research does not have within
itself the elements of publicit}', it needs to be guarded by organiza-
tions which understand its fundamental importance.
Professor Bailey defined the country life movement, not as a
propaganda, but as '' the expression of a rapidly crystallizing desire
104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to make rural life all that it is capable to become, and to understand
and to realize in the best way all the natural products of the earth."
In the prosecution of the movement he urged that the first principle
of democracy should not be lost sight of, " which is to let the control
of policies and affairs rest directly back on the people." He cau-
tioned against too strong centralization of authority and administra-
tion, but instead urged that the effort should be made a real demo-
cratic expression on the part of the people.
This idea was applied particularly to the extension enterprise,
where much hope was expressed of the county agent work in fur-
nishing stimulation and guidance, " if the motive power in it is kept
with the people." But it Avas maintained that it " can never produce
the background results of which it is capable if it is a strongly in-
trenched movement pushed out from one center, as from the agri-
cultural college. The college may be the guiding force. But it
should not remove responsibility from the people of the localties, or
offer them a kind of cooperation that is only the privilege of partak-
ing in the college enterprise." Some of the so-called cooperation in
public work was characterized -as being " little more than to allow
the cooperator to approve what the official administration has done."
Professor Bailey looked to the colleges of agriculture for leader-
ship, and because of this he warned against their assuming any
dictatorship. " It is just the moment," he said, " to give the people
in the neighborhoods all the freedom and all the responsibility they
ought to have for their own best development. The future will care
very little for the mechanism of administration, but it will care very
much for the results in the training of the folk."
The contention of the j)aper was tersely summed up in these
closing sentences : " Agriculture is in the foundation of the political,
economic, and social structure. If we can not develop starting power
in the background people we can not maintain it elsewhere. The
greatness of all this rural work is to lie in the results and not in the
methods that absorb so much of our energy. If agriculture can not
be democratic, then there is no democracy."
This address dealt with a vital matter, in which we need all the
counsel that can be had at this time. It was suggestive and of
unusual interest, and it will be helpful in avoiding some of the
dangers. It deserves to be widely read.
There is undoubtedly a danger in the latest phase of going too
far — of doing too much for the people, of robbing them of their
initiative and the independence on which they need to rely so
largely, and of leading them to lean too heavily upon their advisors.
The effort may not be stereotyped, and it should be genuinely coop-
erative with the people themselves. But, on the other hand, there
EDITORIAL. 105
must be plan and system in all this varied effort to make it effective,
and man}^ ■will feel that there must be a considerable measure of ad-
ministrative supervision and control to realize for agriculture and
the farming people the purpose which was so ably set forth.
The other feature of the initial meeting of the Section of Agricul-
ture was a s3anposium devoted to The Field of Rural Economics.
This was participated in by four speakers, who dealt with several
different phases of the general topic.
In opening the subject, Hon. Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary
of Agriculture, discussed rural economics from the standpoint of the
farmer. He corrected some of the false popular impressions as to
the advantage of high acre yields, pointing out that the plain busi-
ness question is not how much the farmer could produce if he had no
regard for the cost, but how much he can afford to produce under
present American conditions. He showed by statistics that the larg-
est crops do not necessarily mean the largest net income to the
farmer, and that in years of relatively small production he often
realizes quite as much from his crops as in years of maximum yield.
Secretar}^ Vrooman laid much emphasis on the importance of the
problems of distribution and marketing, enforcing his remarks by
illustrations from his own experience as a farmer. "VVliile frankly
admitting the necessity for middlemen and other intermediaries, he
protested against any allied interest taking more than a legitimate
profit from the farmer. He declared that the average farmer is
only making wages; he is not making a profit over his wages and
the interest on his investment. Until the problems of agricultural
economics are solved there is little encouragement for him in attempt-
ing to raise larger crops. Economic justice to the farmer and pro-
ducing classes, he said, must be the basis of the higher civilization
which we picture.
In discussing credit in relation to agriculture. Prof. G. N. Lauman
of Cornell University maintained that in this country credit has not
been generally available to the farmer except at a considerable pre-
mium, and that in order to develop American agriculture and rural
life it must be made feasible for a man to be successively a farm,
laborer, a farm renter, and a farm owner. Short-time credit was
held to be a distinctly local matter. The community should rally
all its capital to develop itself, and should organize to furnish the
basis for a closer association between itself and existing banking and
credit facilities. The great social and ethical gains from the small
credit imions of Europe was explained, especially in helping the
small farmer.
In order to bring outside capital into agriculture it is necessary to
meet the demands which such capital makes. Credit, it was declared,
106 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
" has no better basis than farm vahies made fluid." Rightly developed,
bonds based on land mortgages have no superiors in the invest-
ment field. These, it was explained, should be of small enough de-
nominations to be accessible to all classes, and available on all ex-
changes. But the prevalent machinery for this is too expensive a
burden on agriculture.
Professor Lauman did not advocate leaving the problem to either
the government or- private cai)ital for solution, but urged organiza-
tion. " If agriculture organized to make it possible to demand the
lowest rates of interest the market affords, can not live and develop,
not even state aid will prevent its ultimate decay."
In considering some of the problems of marketing and distribu-
tion, Mr. C. J. Brand of this Department, presented the needs of the
farmer in the way of assistance in establishing a market system
which will return to him the true value of the various grades of
crops he produces, minus reasonable charges for handling, transpor-
tation, and the legitimate profits of middlemen. He outlined the
various lines of study which are being pursued by the Office of Mar-
kets and Eural Organization. These are concerned, in part, with a
study of conditions as they actually exist over the country in the
handling and marketing of special classes of products, with statis-
tical studies of supply and demand. Market grades and standards
are also being investigated, with the object of effecting greater uni-
formity; and transportation and storage, as to methods, the adequacy
of facilities, and the relation of warehousing, refrigeration, etc., to
prices and to stabilizing supplies.
Market surveys are being made with a view to collecting facts and
developing methods for supplying promptly to producers and con-
sumers useful information in regard to prices and supplies. The
practice in vogue in marketing and distribution in large cities is the
subject of a special inquiry, to make comparisons and arrive at the
most advantageous plans. Direct dealing through marketing by
parcel post and by express is being studied, not only as to practica-
bility and advantages, but as to systems for bringing producers and
consumers into contact and establishing business relations. Coopera-
tive buying and selling naturally attracts considerable attention,
with inquiry into the methods and success of organizations, and the
supplying of assistance in organization, systems of accounting, audit-
ing, etc.
The partial enumeration of these lines of effort illustrates some
of the present problems in marketing. From a consideration of cot-
ton handling and marketing, Mr. Brand showed that the acute prob-
lems are not confined to perishable crops. Tlie cantaloup trade was
cited to show an overdevelopment of the industry, due to ignorance
as to the development of competitive areas, wdiich in 1914 resulted
EDITORIAL. 107
in disaster to the producers and to the large distributors. The con-
chision is that " until we have a more complete system of information
and a better adjustment of production to market requirements, this
problem will continue to be with us." As usual, the slump in prices
was not reflected in the retail trade, consumers paying practically as
much as in a year of scarcity, while the surplus went to the dump.
Cooperation was not regarded as necessarily the panacea for mar-
keting troubles. Organization was favored, but alone it is not suf-
ficient; it must be accompanied by skillful and intelligent manage-
ment. To protect shippers from imposition and misrepresentation
at the large markets and terminals, a licensed inspection system
was suggested, to examine into and report upon the condition of
the products as received, prices at which sold, and otherwise to
look after the interests of the shipper.
The distinction between efficiency in production and efficiency in
bargaining was brought out in an interesting way by Dr. T. N.
Carver, of Harvard University. He explained that every legitimate
business is made up of two parts, one of which may be called pro-
ducing, including any handling of the material which renders it
more usable or useful, and the other bargaining — i. e., buying and
selling, borrowing and lending. Many of the supposed economies of
large scale business turn out upon examination to be advantages in
bargaining rather than economies in production. In most lines of
business there is a certain size which gives the maximum efficiency
in production, and also in bargaining. These do not necessarily
coincide, but as a rule the size which gives the maximum efficiency
in bargaining is larger than that for production.
In agriculture the most efficient producing unit was said to be
the one-famil}^ farm, provided with the best teams, tools, and gen-
eral equipment. This gives the highest average product, man for
man. If the large farmer is able to command some special advan-
tages in securing cheap labor, he may beat the small farmer in
competition with him, but this is advantage in bargaining. His
profit may be larger in spite of the lower average productivity
of the persons engaged. The foisting upon the rural districts of a
large supply of cheap labor results in giving the large farmer an
advantage in purchasing his labor.
Again, it was pointed out that in buying his supplies and in sell-
ing his products, especially if they are perishable, the large farmer
usually has an advantage. " The small farmer of the present day
is the only large class which regularly buys its raw material at
retail and sells its finished product at wholesale." This can be over-
come by " collective bargaining " or "cooperation, which may give
the small farmer the same advantages which the large farmer
75575°— No. 2—15 2
108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
enjoys; and the same is true in borrowing capital. Hence for the
small farmer, who appears to be efficient in production, organiza-
tion into larger units was urged, to overcome inefficiency in buying
and selling.
The meeting of the Section of Agriculture was well attended
throughout, the hall assigned to it being filled to its capacity. Fully
three hundred people gathered for the opening, and a large pro-
portion remained through the program. This showing of interest
was gratifying and encouraging to those connected with the sec-
tion, as the first meeting was regarded as something of an experi-
ment.
There is no field of scientific research that belongs exclusively
to agriculture or to the new section, but there are problems which
are primarily agricultural, and as Professor Bailey well said, it is
imperative that the attitude of all the sciences be brought to bear
on these problems. If this can be furthered by the new section, and
the agricultural point of view contributed to some of the discus-
sions of the association, the result will be of mutual advantage.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICTJLTUIIAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Justus von Liebig, J. Voliiard (Justus von Liehig. Leipsic, 1909, vols. 1,
pp. XI-\-Jf56, pU. 2; 2, pp. VIII-\-Jf3S, pis. 2). — In recent years biographical data
as to von Liebig bave been confined largely to lectures before learned societies
and the more popular scientific journals. The present biography, however, is
the most extensive one which has yet appeared and was written by a former
assistant, who also lived in von Liebig's household. It treats of his work at the
various institutions and his discussions with other famous scientists, and in-
cludes excerpts from his writings on pure, agricultural, and fermentation
chemistry, physiology, and nutrition.
Handbook of methods in inorganic chemistry, edited by A. Stahlek (Hand-
huch dcr Arheitsmetlioden in der anoroanischen Clicmic. Leipsic, 1913, vol. 1,
pp. XII-{-7S7, figs. lOGJf). — This is the first volume of an extensive handbooli
on inorganic chemical methods. It deals with the construction and equipment
of laboratories and the mechanical operations of inorganic chemistry, and Is
plentifully illustrated.
The practical methods of organic chemistry, L. Gattermann, trans, by W.
B. ScHOBER and V. S. Babasinian (Neio York, 1914, 3. ed., pp. X\UI-^If01, figs.
95). — This edition, translated by V. S. Babasinian, is divided into a general and
special part, as well as a section on inorganic chemistry.
The general part deals with crystallization, sublimation, distillation, de-
colorizing, drying, melting points, and the following organic analytical meth-
ods : Detection of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and the halogens ; quan-
titative determination of the halogens and of sulphur (Carius method), nitro-
gen (Dumas method), and carbon and hydrogen (Liebig method) ; and ele-
mentary analysis (Dennstedt method). The special part deals with the ali-
phatic series, transition from the aliphatic to the aromatic series, and the
aromatic, pyridin, and quinolin series.
Progress made in the chemistry of foods and condiments during the year
1912, H. KuTTENKEULER {Cliem. Ztg., 37 {1913), Nos. 103, pp. 1033-1035; 106,
pp. 1058-1060; 108, pp. 1075, 1076; 109, pp. 1087, iOSS).— This is the usual
report (E. S. R., 29, p. 412), and deals with the food laws and regulations,
general chemistry of foods, methods for examining foods and condiments, food
preservatives, meat and meat goods, eggs and egg conserves, vegetables and
vegetable conserves, vinegar and spices, honey, sugar and sugar products, fruits
and fruit juices, and beverages.
Starch sugar, H. Wiciielhaus (Der Siarlcezuclccr. Leipsic, 1913, pp. Vni+
232, figs. 57). — This work deals with the subject from both a chemical and a
technical standpoint, taking up the history of starch sugar, theoretical con-
siderations, properties of glucose, investigations in regard to starch and its
hydrolysis, technical preparation of starch sugar, obtaining glucose from cellu-
lose; concentration of juices containing saccharin matter, the crystallization
method, utilization of starch sugar, and methods for determining starch and
starch sugar.
109
110 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Presence of reducing- sugars in the fresh beet root: Influence of reducing
sugars on the direct determination of sucrose in the beet root. — Origin of
the reducing sugars that certain beet sugar factory products contain, H.
Pelli:t {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sua: ct Distill., 3 {1912), No. 5, pp. 239-253; abs. in
Jour. Soc. CJicni. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 1, pp. 38, 39). — Experiments with roots
grown in France which wei'e in full vegetation in November and which had
been pulled and pressed in from half an hour to an hour have shown that
redTicing sugars are always present in the ripe root, though in small and
variable amount, the extreme differences found in good roots of high sucrose
content being from 0.05 to 0.27 gm. per 100 cc. of expressed juice. For low-
quality roots, likewise freshly picked, the reducing sugars may be as high as
from 2 to 2.5 gm. In the ease of sound roots preserved in silos, either in full
contact with air or covered with earth, the sucrose content gradually dimin-
ishes, but the reducing sugars generally remain within the limits of 0.15 and
0.25 gm. For injured or altered roots the reducing sugar content may rise
to 0.5 gm.
In determining small amounts of reducing sugars in the beet, certain precau-
tions must be taken, the most important of them being to use for defecation
only normal lead acetate solution, otherwise a certain amount of the reducing
sugars, principally levulose, will be precipitated.
As to the formation of reducing sugars during the process of manufacture,
the author states that with the modern method of sulphiting traces of reducing
sugars are formed and accumulate in the final molasses. This, it is stated,
often contains as much as from 0.3 to 0.5 per cent, even with careful working.
The acid content of fruits, P. B. Dunbar and W. D. Bigelow {Abs. in Sci-
ence, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 983, pp. 639, 640).— In this study the characteristic
acids of a large number of common fruits were identified and determined.
" The acidity of plums, apples, and cherries appears to be due entix-ely to
malic acid which is probably present, for the most part, in the free state. Cur-
rants always contain citric acid, and may or may not contain malic acid.
Gooseberries contain large amounts of both malic and citric acids. In persim-
mons and bananas malic acid probably occurs alone. The pomegranate and
cantaloup contain citric acid, probably without malic acid. In the watermelon,
quince, and peach malic acid predominates, and citric acid is probably absent.
Cranberries contain both malic and citric acid. Red raspberries contain citric
acid, with malic acid present in traces, if at all. Blackberries contain citric
acid in some cases, while some samples contain traces of malic acid without
citric and in others neither malic nor citric acid could be identified. The
acid of the apricot has not been positively identified. There is present some
dextrorotatory acid whose rotation is increased by the addition of nranyl
acetate — possibly tartaric or dextromalic acid. The acid of the huckleberry
has not been positively identified. Traces of malic acid without citric appear
to be present. Tartaric acid was not found in any of the fruits examined,
with the possible exception of apricots. In the case of pears, Kieffer, Le Conte,
Idaho, and Bartlett contain little or no malic, while citric acid appears to
predominate. In all other varieties the acidity appears to be due mostly or
entirely to malic acid.
" The paper also includes a review of the literature on the acidity of fruits,
with the results of various writers presented in tabular form."
Changes taking place in grass during the process of curing, F. Fleisch-
MANN {Landw. Vers. Stat., 76 {1912), No. 3-6, pp. 237-W, figs, kl abs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1912, I, No. 26, pp. 2058-2060).— Marked changes were found to take
place in grass even when cured under favorable conditions, consequently it
is believed incorrect to consider hay (Durrheu) as a green feed which contains
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. Ill
a smaller amount of water than ^rass. The changes taking jjlace were as
follows :
(1) Dry substance: On drying the grass slowly losses in dry substance weie
noted, the losses increasing with the temperature and the time of drying, but
drying in strong sunlight at times caused a slight increase in dry substance. If
fresh or wilting grass becomes wet, losses are sustained which are due to the
vital activity of the plant cells. In wilted grass, and still more with hay.
micro-organisms also produce losses in total solids, but these are much lower
than those produced by the above-mentioned factors. The lowest amount of
loss is due to leaching. (2) Phosiihorns compounds: Lecithin is destroyed when
the wilted plant is undergoing blanching or when conditions prevail which are
favorable to bacterial action. (3) Phosphoproteins : These were decomposed up
to an extent of 87 per cent of the total present in the dry substance. (4) Ni-
trogenous compounds : No loss in nitrogen was observed. Protein was decom-
posed by slow heating to the extent of 10 to 50 per cent, due to the vital activity
of the cells.
Losses were noted in crude fat, but none in crude ash. Nitrogen-free ex-
tractive substances were lost in all the curing tests. The saccharose-like sub-
stances were lost in every case, the dextrin in most cases, and starch only
when the heating was prolonged. The total loss in water-soluble substances was
small.
The methods used for determining the substances above mentioned are de-
scribed in much detail in the original.
Some closer investigations on the micro-organisms found in fermenting
tea. W. Staub and J. J. B. Deuss (Dcpt. Landh., iSlijiK en Handel [Dutch East
Indies], Mcded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 18 {1912), pp. i9).— Yeast and bacteria
have no manifest effect upon the fermentation of tea unless a long-continued
abnormal fermentation is present. Pure cultures of yeast added during the
process of tea manufacture have no noticeable effect upon the aroma. Moldy
tea leaves or those containing much yeast and bacteria become brownish black
and have a tendency to rot. The tannic acid of tea liquors may be converted
gradually into gallic acid through the agency of the micro-organism and as a
result the tea infusion takes on characteristics which are specific.
Two kinds of bacteria were isolated from normal and abnormally (deferred)
fermented tea. They are termed tea organisms I and II and both have mai'ked
slime-forming properties. They are probably the cause of the sliminess which
occurs when tea ferments for a long time.
Respiration, decay, self -heating, and chemical composition of potatoes
under different conditions, W. Henneberg (Ztschr. Spiiitusindus., 1912, Er-
gdnzungsh. 2, pp. 15-33, figs. 4; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 7 {1913), No. 13, p. 2261). —
The amount of sugar present in stored potatoes seems to vary directly with
the carbon dioxid content, and this in turn with the temperature of the room
in which they are stored. Potatoes having a very high sugar content decay the
easiest, so that by keeping the temperature of storage low there is less spoilage.
Studies of th.e chemical composition of cotton seed, C. L. Hare {Science, n.
ser., 39 {1914), No. 1001, p. 363).— ''A record of work at the Alabama Experi-
ment Station which was undertaken in order to ascertain whether it would be
possible by breeding cotton to improve the seed in the direction of a larger oil
content and higher protein content, though, of course, without prejudice to the
amount and quality of the fiber, but up to the present little definite progress has
been made. Apparently there is no relation between the amount of lint and
that of oil or protein, but the amount of oil seems to bear some relation to the
weight of the seeds, to the percentage of protein, and, possibly, to the amount
of inorganic constituents."
112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The structure of the soy bean, T. E. Wallis {Pliarm. Jour. [London], 4- ser.,
37 (1913), No. 2597, pp. 120-123, figs. 7).— A description, with illustrations, of
the microscopical anatomy of the soy bean.
About the presence of nitrogen-containing substances in the germinating
seeds of Vicia faba, T. Torquati {Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 1.5 {1913),
No. 5, pp. 213-223; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 45, p. ^56).— From an
aqueous extract of the horse bean {V. faba) with lead subacetate a crystalline
substance was obtained which yielded with ferric chlorid an emerald-green
solution. In a slightly alkaline solution the coloration obtained was violet.
The substance was almost insoluble in cold water and in the usual organic
solvents, but at 40 to 45° C. it was soluble in both water and alcohol. It had
M reducing action, and when exposed to air or oxidizing substances was
unstable. Lassaigne's reaction showed the substance to be of a nitrogenous
nature, and from the elementary analysis the formula CnHisNOs could be
assigned to it.
Denitrification as a result of enzyni action, W. HtrLME {Abs. in Chem. Ztg.,
37 {1913), No. 73, p. 73S). — Tbe tests were conducted in bouillon and fluorescent
denitrifying organisms. The results seem to indicate that the denitrification
process is due to euzyms._
Studies on the specific nature of the intracellular enzyms by means of the
optical method, I, E.. Abderhalden and A. Fodor {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr.
Physiol. Chem., 87 {1913), No. 3, pp. 220-224; «&«• in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London^,
104 {1913), No. 612, I, p. 1118). — Juices of various tissues deprived of blood
were tested against the peptone obtained from the same tissues. Liver juice
hydrolyzed liver peptone but had no action on kidney or thyroid peptone.
Kidney juice hydrolyzed both kidney and liver peptones and in one out of three
cases acted upon thyroid peptone. Thyroid juice hydrolyzed only thyroid
peptone.
Specific nature of the intracellular enzyms studied by raeans of the optical
method, II, E. Abderhalden and E. Schiff {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol.
Chem., 87 {1913), No. 3, pp. 231, 232; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. ILondon], 104
{1913), No. 612, I, p. 1118). — The enzyms of the muscle juice of the horse were
found to hydrolyze muscle peptone but not liver or brain peptone. The
enzyms of the testicle and kidney hydrolyze testicle peptone, while brain pep-
tone is hydrolyzed only by brain and kidney juices.
The speed with which protective enzyms appear after the repeated injec-
tion of the foreign svibstratum, I, E. Abderhalden and E. Schiff {Hoppe-
Seylcr's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 87 (1913), No. 3, pp. 225-230; abs. in Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London], 104 {1913), No. 612, I, pp. 1117, iiiS).— While it takes
some time for protective enzyms to appear after the intravenous injection of
a foreign peptone into the blood stream, the ferments appear in a very much
shorter time if a second injection is made after the serum has become inactive.
The experiments were made with silk and gelatin peptones.
A study of the methods of estimation of carbohydrates, especially in plant
extracts. — A new method for the estimation of maltose in presence of other
sugars, W. A. Davis and A. J. Daish {Jour. Agr. Scl. [England], 5 {1913), No.
4, pp. 437-468, figs. 2). — In the estimation of mixed sugars in plant extracts, the
most satisfactory procedure was the gravimetric method, following the speci-
fications of Brown, Morris, and Millar and using the tables prepared by them.
The tables were tested for their accuracy' by means of carefully purified
specimens of dextrose, levulose, cane sugar, and maltose. " Large errors in
the gravimetric method may be obtained unless special care is taken in purify-
ing the asbestos by boiling for at least 30 minutes with 20 per cent sodium
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 113
hydroxid." From the results "it is clear that there is present in the asbestos,
as an impurity, some easily decomposable silicate which is gradually dis-
solved away by the strongly alkaline Fehliug solution." " Weighing the re-
duced copper as cuprous oxid is likely to give rise to large error [if used for sub-
stances like plant extracts], and a process of weighing as cupric oxid, with
certain precautions, is recommended."
For heating the saccharin solution and Fehling's solution u special form of
bath was devised which is illustrated.
The results of an extended study of the Ling-Rendle-Jones and Bertrand
methods show tliat the methods are at best approximate, but preference is to
be given to the former. For inverting cane sugar in the estimation of sugars
in plant substances it was found advisable to use either invertase or a weak
acid such as citric or oxalic. " In dealing with plant extracts [clarified with
basic lead acetate], owing to the accumulation of sodium acetate in tlie
solutions analyzed, inversion by citric acid of lower concentration than 10 per
cent is generally incomplete. Inversion by invertase is, however, not inter-
fered with by this salt. To estimate cane sugar inversion both by invertase
and 10 per cent citric acid is recommended. No loss of sugars occurs owing to
the use of basic lead acetate as has been sometimes stated; the supposed loss
is probably due to incomplete inversion caused by the presence of sodium acetate.
It is shown by a detailed study of the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on
different sugars that it is impossible to completely hydrolyze maltose at either
70 or 100° C. without simultaneously destroying large quantities of levulose
or dextrose." Minute details of the invertase method are given.
While it has been frequently proposed to estimate maltose by hydrolysis
with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid at 100°, noting the change of cupric
reduction power or specific rotation after allowing for the inversion of cane
sugar present, the method often, when carefully regulated, will give only
approximate results. It is inapplicable in all cases where cane sugar and
levulose, or pentoses, are present in solutions prepared from plant extracts.
Under the conditions recommended by Brown and Morris the levulose is de-
stroyed very early in the process. " With both cane sugar and levulose a con-
siderable decomposition was made evident by the production of much brown,
humus-like material." " The only available method for the accurate estimation
of maltose consists in the employment of special maltase-free yeasts, such as
Saccliaromyces cxiguus, S. marxianiis, or 8. anomalus, introducing a correc-
tion (for pentoses, etc.) obtained by a special fermentation with baker's or
brewer's yeast.
"A scheme for the quantitative estimation of sugars in plant material is
given."
An easily conductible procedure for the quantitative determination of
pentoses in the presence of other sugars with the aid of the spectroscope,
E. PiNOFF and K. Gude {Chem. Ztg.. 37 (1913). No. 61, p. 621).— The pentose
content of a sugar solution can be determined according to the following
method :
Twenty-five ce. of the aqueous solution, containing not more than 3 per cent
of pentose, is placed in a 150 to 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask holding a cork stopper
provided with a 1-meter glass tube, or instead, a small reflux condenser. Then
25 cc. of hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 1.19, 50 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol,
and 0.6 gm. of phloroglucin are added. The mixture is heated from the time
the alcohol begins to boil for exactly one-half hour and the flask with its
contents is then quickly cooled. Twenty cc. of the solution Is run into a
Hehner colorimeter with a pipette and alcohol is added until the tube when
114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
held before tbe spectroscope will just show the presence of two absorption
bands.
By multiplying by 0.0948 the degree of dilution (i. e., the figure which shows
how many times the pentose-coutaiuing solution after treatment is diluted with
alcohol) plus 1, the percentage of pentose added in the original solution can be
ascertained. Dextrose, levulose, and cane sugar when present have no effect
upon the results.
Amyloineter, a new apparatus for calculating the starch content of pota-
toes, W. ViLiKovsKY and G. Stempel (Ztschr. Landw. Versuclisw. Osterr., 16
(1913), No. 9, pp. 893-898, figs. 2).— A description of the apparatus with which
it is possible to determine the starch content of potatoes with small samples.
The JNIaercker, Behrend, Toth, and similar methods require very large quanti-
ties of potatoes for a determination.
Estimation of copper in conserves with the spectrophotometer, E. Tassilly
{Bill. 8oc. Cltini. France, 4. ser., 13 {1913), No. 2, pp. 72-7^; abs. in Chem. Ztg.,
37 {1913), No. 74, Repert., p. 3^1).— From 10 to 15 gm. of the conserve under
examination is dried upon a water bath, ignited, and then exposed to a moderate
degree of heat. After digesting with from 2 to 5 cc. of sulphuric acid for three
hours on a water bath, this is triturated from time to time, water added, filtered,
and the residue washed on the filter with water. The copper in the filtrate is
then precipitated with sodium hyposulphite, boiled, filtered, ignited in a por-
celain crucible, subjected to a moderate heat, dissolved in the crucible with 1 to
1^ cc. of sulphuric acid and a few drops of nitric acid, and heated to remove the
excess of sulphuric acid. The I'esidue is then dissolved in water, and 2 cc. of
a solution of potassium ferrocyunid which contains 0.07 gm. of potassium
ferrocyanid in 1 cc. of water added, made up to 100 cc, and the copper de-
termined spectrophotometrically. The results are compared with those obtained
with a standard copper ferrocyanid solution of known strength.
Determination of copper in copper-spraying mixtures, P. Malvezin {Ann.
Chim. Amilijt., 18 {1913), No. 6, p. 220; abs. in Chcm. Abs., 7 {1913), No. 19,
pp. 3382, 3383). — The method depends on the action of methanal sulphurous
acid (CH2OH2-SO3H) on an ammoniacal copper solution. The reagent is made
by saturating a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde with sulphur dioxid. The
titer of the resulting solution is then determined with a 1 per cent solution of
metallic copper in an aqueous nitric acid solution. One cc. of this solution is
mixed in a test tube with 2 cc. of ammonium hydroxid and 1 cc. of water and
the reagent added until the solution becomes colorless.
In order to determine the quantity of copper in a spray " weigh out 1 gm.,
ignite carefully in a porcelain crucible, and dissolve in nitric acid; dilute in a
graduate to 20 cc. with water, filter, transfer 10 cc. to a large test tube, add 2
cc. ammonium hydroxid, and dilute with water to 20 cc. Filter, and to 10 cc.
of the filtrate add 1 cc. of ammonium hydroxid and titrate as above. The
method is said to be rapid and exact, being designed for the use of pharmacists
in preparing sprays for viticulturists.
General method for the analysis of the ashes of body fluids. W. Mestrezat
{Jour. Pharm. ct Cliiiti., 7. so:, 7 {1913), No. 2, pp. 60-65; abs. in Jour. Chem.
Soc. [London], IO4 {1913), No. 605, II, p. 2U)-—A description of a general
method whereby phosphoric acid, iron, aluminum, lime, and magnesium can be
determined in the same sample of ash from a body fluid. Sodium and potassium
are estimated in a separate sample of ash.
A new method for determining lactic acid in organic substances, A. Bellet
{Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 74 {1913), No. 15, pp. 900-902, fig. 1; abs. in
Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 72, p. 725). — In this method the lactic acid is con-
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 115
verted into aldehyde with potassium permaiigauate in a solution containing
sulphuric acid. After the reduction of a sodium-silver solution by the aldehyde,
the excess of silver is determined. The equation representing the process is
Ag.04-CH3.CHOH.CO,H=Ag2+CH3.CHO+CO.+H20.
Estimation of formic acid, T. Torquati {Rend. Soc. Chim. Ital., 2. scr., Jf
(1912), No. 11, pp. 307, 308; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 45, p. 456).— This
depends upon the reduction of mercuric to mercurous cblorid. The amount of
precipitated calomel corresiwnds to the formic acid present.
Estimation of nitric acid, T. Tokquati (Rend. Soc. Chim. Ital., 2. ser., Jf.
(1912), No. 11, pp. 308-310; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. Jf5, p. //56).— The
method described is based ui)on the reduction of the nitric acid to nitrous oxid
by formic acid.
Detection of nitrous acid when present with ferric salts, P. Artmann
(Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 49, p. 501).— The reaction is conducted as follows:
In 100 cc. of water dissolve 8 gm. of pure disodium phosiphate and add about
0.2 gm. of potassium iodid; shake until the phosphate is dissolved and only a
white turbidity remains. Then acidify with 5 cc. of 4 times normal hydrochloric
acid solution and add 2 cc. of starch solution (zinc iodid starch was found to
serve well for this purpose). If 0.3 mg. or thereabouts of N2O3 is present a blue
coloration is obtained. If large amounts of ferric salts are present, the reaction
is accelerated. By this means as little as 0.1 to 0.2 mg. of N2O3 when present
with ferric salts to the extent of 500 mg. to the liter can be detected.
The detection of nitrates and nitrites in sewag'e, A. Higginson (Chem.
News, 106 (1912), No. 2769, p. 306; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 47, p.
480). — The nitrates in sewage can easily be converted into ammonia with a
copper zinc electrode contained in a solution of sodium hydroxid. The solution
is then distilled and the ammonia determined in the distillate. If too small
amounts of sodium hydroxid are used, the ammonia only passes over into the
distillate when the solution has been concentrated to a very small volume.
The results obtained compare well with those given by the phenolsulphonic
acid method.
A method for determining phosphoric acid, L. Moeser and G. Frank
(Ztschr. Anahjt. Chem., 52 (1913), No. 6, pp. 346-349; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37
{1913), No. 74, Repert., p. 337). — From 0.3 to 0.5 gm. of the mineral under
examination is treated with 4 to 6 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid and heated
to the boiling point on a sand bath for 10 to 50 minutes. After cooling, 30 to
40 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol and 2 cc. of a 10 per cent alcoholic potassium
hydroxid solution are added, shaken, cooled, filtered, and the precipitate washed
with alcohol. All of the buses remain on the filter, while the phosphoric acid is
contained quantitatively in the filtrate, which after dilution with an equal
volume of water is rendered slightly alkaline with ammonia and the phosphoric
acid precipitated with magnesia mixture. The phosiihoric acid is weighed as
magnesium pyrophosphate.
Citro-phosphate solutions. — I, The homog'eneous equilibrium in aqueous
solution as studied by the cryoscopic method, U. Pratolongo (Atti R. Accacl.
Lincei, Rend. CI. Sei. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 20 (1911), I, No. 11, pp. 812-818;
abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 31 (1912), No. 4, P- 195). — A study on the nature
of solutions of calcium phosphates in citric acid and ammonium citrate, which
deals especially with the cryoscopic value of solutions of citric acid, of mono-,
di-, and tricalcium phosphates in citric acid, of diammonium citrate, and of
mono- and dicalcium phosphates in diammonium citrate. The results obtained
were at variance with those found by Ilerzfekl and Feuerlein," Barille (E. S. R.,
"Ztschr. Analyt. Cliem., 20 llSSlJ, pp. 101-208.
116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
20, p. 610), and Quartaroli,'^ that complex ions -are formed by the citric and
phosphoric acids, but can be brought into satisfactory accord with the ideal
that double decomposition takes place, as shown by Grupe and Tollens.'' and
Zulkowski and Cedivoda (H S. R., 14, p. 939). The differences between the
observed and calculated results in the cryoscopic determinations are regarded
as due to varying hydrolytic dissociation of the reaction products.
The preparation of Petermann's solution, F. Zohken {Vhem. Ztg., 37 {1913),
No. GO, pp. 611, 612, fig. 1). — The preparation of ammonium citrate solution
from ammonia and citric acid is often disagreeable on account of the ammonia
which is given oft during the course of its preparation. The loss of this
ammonia obviously also causes some differences in the titer of the solution.
The author therefore proposes the use of an apparatus which consists of an
Erlenmeyer flask with a side neck and provided with a stirring device. To the
side neck is attached a wash bottle which contains some citric acid. This
citric acid absorbs the ammonia which is driven off and may be added later
to the main solution.
The solubility of basic slag, J. Hughes {Chem. News, 107 {1913), No. 2774,
p. 39; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 59, Repert., p. 267).— The presence of
from 2 to 3 per cent of free lime in Thomas slag seems to influence favorably
the solubility of the slag in a 2 per cent citric acid solution. Below this limit
the solution dissolves relatively less phosphoric acid and more calcium oxid.
Method for the titration of sulphurous acid and sulphurous acid in the
presence of thiosulphuric acid, E. Bosshard and W. Grob {Chem. Ztg., 37
{1913), No. 46, pp. 465, 466; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 10,
p. 532). — A mixture of sulphite and bisulphite is first titrated with hydrochloric
acid, using methyl orange as indicator. A saturated solution of mercuric
chlorid and some pure sodium chlorid are added, and the solution is titrated
with sodium hydroxid, using the same indicator. The normal sulphite present
is found by the first titration, and the alkali corresponding to the original bisul-
phite by subtracting from the total required that neuti-alized by the bisulphite
formed in titrating with acid. If thiosulphate is also present the sulphurous
acid may be determined by titration with hydrochloric acid, using methyl
orange as the indicator, and the bisulphite produced is then estimated together
with that originally present by titration with fifth-normal sodium hydroxid
solution against phenolphthalein.
The thiosulphate is determined in another portion of the solution by adding
an excess of mercuric chlorid, 1 gm. of pure sodium chlorid, and 30 cc. of
fourth-normal ammonium chlorid solution, and titrating with an alkaline solu-
tion. The amount of thiosulphate is calculated after subtracting the alkali
used for the bisulphate by the following equation :
Na2S203+2HgCl2+H=0=2HCl+Na:S04+S+Hg2Cl2.
The determination of calcium as a tungstate, A. Saint-Sernin {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 156 {1913), No. 13, pp. 1019, 1020; abs. in Chem. Ztg.,
37 {1913), No. 51, p. 525). — This method, which is especially adapted to the
analysis of hj'draulic limes and cements, depends upon the precipitation of the
calcium with a solution of sodium tungstate. A crystalline precipitate con-
sisting of calcium tungstate is rapidly obtained which can be weighed after
drying. The results are calculated to calcium or calcium oxid.
The industrial synthesis of sodium cyanid, C. Matignon {Rev. Gdn. Sci.,
24 {1913), No. 23, pp. 882-SS6, figs. S; Sci. Amer. Sup., 77 {1914). No. 1991, pp.
° Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 43 (1910), No. 7-9, pp. 545-558.
"Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 13 (1880), pp. 1267-1270.
METEOKOLOGY. 117
134, 135, figs. 3). — This describes the methods of synthesizing sodium cyanid by
the older and newer methods. This substance is being introduced in metal-
lurgical work, and it is predicted will eventually find much use as a substitute
for potassium cyanid for fumigation purposes in agriculture.
Winery directions, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Circ. 119 {1914), PP- 8). —
This circuhir gives directions for the use of pure yeasts and also for fermenting
dry red wine and dry white wine. In addition tabular data are included relat-
ing to avei'age yields, temperature corrections for the Balling saccharometer,
the Balling degree and sugar of must and alcohol of wine (based on California
analyses), and notes on wine fermentation.
Manufacture of dried veg'etables, fruits, etc., V. Valvassori {Bui. R. 80c.
Toscuna Ort., 3. ser., 17 {1912), No. 8, pp. 207-211, fig. i).— This deals with
methods for drying fruits and vegetables, and the time required. An illustra-
tion is given of the drying apparatus used. The product is termed "Julienne"
in Italy. The cost of manufacture is also considered.
Experiments in the desiccation of wild berries, G. Lind {K. Landthr. Akad.
Ilandl. och Tidskr., 52 {1913), No. 3, pp. 172-191, figs, ii).— Tests were made
in 1912 with blueberries and Scandinavian cranberries {Vaccinium oxycoccus).
The methods and apparatus used in collecting and drying them are described,
and the apparatus is illustrated. The author is of the opinion that this method
of utilizing wild berries will prove to be of great economic importance to
Denmark.
Production of dextrin and its use, E. Parow {Ztschr. Spintusindus., 35
{1912), Nos. SS, pp. 507, 508; 39, p. 519; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 31
(1912), No. 20, pp. 1001, 1002). — A discussion of the classes of material made
from potato, maize, and cassava starch, the methods of manufacture, the com-
position of the commercial product, and the amount of production in Germany,
Great Britain, and the United States.
A new agricultural industry: Sugar from millet, P. H. Chevalier {Bol.
Mill. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Brazil], 2 {1913), No. 4, PP- 171-173).— This discusses
the possibility of obtaining sugar, alcohol, feed cakes, and cellulose from millet
stalks. A comparison is made with the corn plant.
METEOROLOGY.
Agricultural meteorology and wireless telegraphy, L. M. Geanderye {Vie
Agr. et Rurale, 3 {1914), A'o. 23, pp. 628-630, figs. 4).— Recent applications of
wireless telegraphy in the dissemination of weather forecasts by the meteoro-
logical service of France are described and details of the apparatus and methods
used are given.
Analysis of very small quantities of gas as applied to the examination of
air, P. A. Guye and F. E. E. Germann {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159
(1914), ^^0. 2. pp. 154-157, fig. 1). — ^A special form of pressure apparatus for
this purpose is described.
The meteorological aspect of the smoke problem, H. H. Kimball {Mellon
Inst. Indus. Research, Smoke Invest. Bui. 5 {1913), pp. 51, figs. 4). — This is a
report on a study of this question in Pittsburgh and surrounding districts.
The results show that in the business section of Pittsburgh the limit of visi-
bility is about one-tenth the limit in the open country, and that the chemical
intensity of the sunlight is about 25 per cent less. The effect of the smoke
upon temperature is to raise the minimum temperature materially, especially
during the warm mouths of the year.
118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The obserA^ations made in Pittsburgh and surrounding districts confirm those
made elsewhei'e.
The shifting of the climatic belts, A. Penck (Scot. Geogr. Mag., 30 {191Jf),
No. 6, pp. 281-293, fig. 1; rev. in Nature [London-^, 93 (19U), No. 2334, P- 532). —
" The main line of the author's argument is that certain lakes — e. g., Lake
Chad in the Sahara, the lakes of Mexico City, and the Titicaca basin — being
very slightly salt, indicate an increasing precipitation, and during the so-
called ' pluvial period ' were drier than at present, owing to a shifting of the
arid belt equatorwards."
Climatic change, C. E. P. Brooks (Nature [Londo7i], 93 (1914), No. 2334, P-
532). — The author takes exception to the conclusion readied by Penck in the
article noted above. He takes the position that saltiness of the inland lakes
referred to indicates a decrease rather than an increase of precipitation,
Climatological data for the United States by sections ( U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 (1914), Nos. 7, pp. 228, pis. 2, figs. 7; 8, pp. 226^
pis. 2, figs. 7). — These numbers contain brief summaries and detailed tabular
statements of climatological data for each State for July and August, 1914,
respectively.
General weather review for the locality of Storrs, Connecticut, 1912 and
1913, W. M. EsTEN and C. J. Mason (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 79 (1914),
pp. 395-410, figs. 3). — The temperature and rainfall are summarized for each
month and tables are given which show the monthly and annual means of
temperature and precipitation for 25 years, 1SS8 to 1912, and the length of the
growing season for 26 years, 1888 to 1913.
The mean temperature for 25 years was 47.2° F. ; highest temperature, 99°,
July 3, 1911; lowest temperature. — 14°, February 7, 1910; mean rainfall,
44.G5 in. ; longest duration of growing season 184 days, April 18 to October 19,
1901; average date of last killing frost in spring. May 4; average date of first
killing frost in autumn, October 9 ; prevailing wind January, February, ]March,
April, May, August, October, November, and December, northwest ; June, July,
September, southwest ; for the year, northwest.
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. E. McLain (Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Buls. 309, 310 (1914), PP- 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst,
Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudi-
ness, and casual phenomena during September and October, 1914, are presented.
The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.
The climate of New York in relation to agriculture, W. M. Wilson ( Cornell
Countryman, 12 (1914), No. 2, pp. 100-108, figs. 8). — ^This article distinguishes
between weather and climate and enumerates the factors which control climate.
New York is divided into ten climatic divisions and the temperature of each of
these divisions is discussed with reference to the effect of water, land, and
elevation. Similarly the rainfall is considered with reference to elevation and
prevailing winds. The distribution of temperature and rainfall is shown in
maps and diagrams.
The climate and weather of Australia, H. A. Hunt, G. Taylor, and E. T.
QUAYLE (Mclhourne: Commonicealth Bur. of Met., 1913, pp. 93, pis. 39, figs. 10;
ahs. in Bui. Amer. Oeogr. Soc, 46 (1914), No. 11, p. 849). — Climatic and weather
data for this country are summarized in detail. The mean climatic condi-
tions are carefully charted and explained and the characteristic weather condi-
tions which make up the climate are clearly and fully presented.
METEOROLOGY. 119
The highest temperatures are recorded over the northwestern portion of
Western Australia, where the maximum shade temperatures have exceeded
100° F. on 64 consecutive days and 90° on 150 consecutive days, the mean tem-
perature of tlie hottest mouth beiug 90° and the mean temperature of the
coldest being G5°.
" The coldest portion of Australia is the Australian Alps, situated in north-
eastern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales, where the mean shade
temperatures range from 65° in January to 40° F. in July. During exception-
ally dry summers the temperatures in the interior reach and occasionally
exceed 120°, and the same areas during the winter months are subject to ground
frosts.
"Talking Australia as a whole, the extremes of temperature annually, sea-
sonally, and daily are less than those experienced in any of the other conti-
nents, and the mean temperatures prevailing are generally lower than for
corresponding latitudes in the other continental land areas of the globe. These
features are due mainly to insularity and the comparative absence of physio-
graphical extremes. . . .
" Brisbane experiences the highest annual mean maximum temperature with
78° ; Adelaide and Perth follow with 73° ; Sydney, 70° ; Melbourne, 67° ; and
Hobart, 62°. But the extremes take a different order. Adelaide comes first
with a maximum of 116° ; Melbourne, 111° ; Brisbane, 109° ; Sydney and Perth,
108° ; and Hobart, 105°.
"The lowest shade temperatures recorded are as follows: Melbourne, 27°;
Hobart, 27° ; Adelaide, 32° ; Perth, 35° ; Sydney and Brisbane, 36°. . . .
"Australia and Tasmania cover 2,974,581 square miles. Of this total area
1,045,073 square miles have less than 10 In. [of rainfall] per annum on the aver-
age; 651,961 square miles have from 10 to 15 in.; 416,135 from 15 to 20 in.;
502,929 square miles from 20 to 30 in. ; 198,608 square miles from 30 to 40 in. ;
and 159,875 squai'e miles have an annual average rainfall of over 40 in."
Ocean currents and topography as controlling factors of climate are
discussed.
The distribution of rainfall in the northeastern United States: Its causes
and results, B. C. Wallis {Scot. Geogr. Mag., 30 (19U), No. 11, pp. 582-595,
figs. 4; ahs. in Nature [London], 9Jf {1914), No. 2352, p. 345). — The area in-
cluded in this study is the triangle roughly bounded by the Atlantic coast, the
line of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and a line stretching across
country from the southeast corner of Lake Michigan to the coast of North
Carolina. Details of rainfall distribution are presented in text, tables, and
diagrams, and the distribution is compared with that under similar conditions
in England. The varying relations of crop production to rainfall in the two
countries are also discussed.
The maps and diagi'ams show by means of " equipluves," or lines of equal
average rainfall coefficients or percentages, the areas and dates of the wettest
and driest months, and consequently the districts where the principal crops
(corn, cotton, and tobacco) can best be grown.
" In both districts the oceanic side of the uplands is absolutely wetter than
the land beyond the hills, but Britain is warmer in winter, cooler in summer,
suffers less variation in actual temperatures, has much less precipitation in the
form of snow, and has a much shorter period of permanent frost. In Britain
the prevailing wind is from the ocean, and in America the prevailing wind is
a land wind. Consequently in Britain the relatively less elevated uplands are
the predominant factor, both as regards the total annual precipitation and as
120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
I'egards the distribution of the rainfall throughout the year, while in America
the rainfall is chiefly governed by the changes which occur in actual tem-
perature.
"At the same time in America the temperature changes render the farmer
more or less independent of the rainfall, while in England the rainfall largely
determines the nature of the crops which the farmer produces. In England
wheat is not grown well where the annual rainfall exceeds 30 in., yet the
greatest attention is paid to wheat in northeastern America where the rainfall
is at least 40 in. per annum. In England cotton and tobacco are not considered
by the farmer as possible crops ; in America in an area which is at least as cold
as Lancashire during the winter the great warmth of the summer makes both
these crops valuable to the farmer."
The rainfall of California, A. G. McAdie (Univ. Cal. Puds., Geogr., l (1914),
No. 4, pp. 127-240, pis. 8, figs. 12; aJjs. in Nature [London], 94 (1914), No. 2346,
p. 184). — Detailed data drawn chiefly from records of the United States Weather
Bureau and extending in some localities over a period of 63 years are sum-
marized and discussed in this report.
Among the chief factors controlling the rainfall of the State considered in
the report are the diversified topography, the prevalent westerly winds from
the Pacific Ocean, and the relatively cold California current. The State is
divided into five climatic sections corresponding roughly with the principal
watersheds, and for each is given the most prominent climatic features and
a general statement of the distribution of rainfall and its- variation with alti-
tude. Detailed information is given in tables and plates. It is shown that
summer in California is practically a rainless season. Certain parts of the
State, however, are shown to lie within the zone of maximum intensity of
rainfall in the United States. For example, a maximum annual rainfall
of 153.5 in. was recorded during the past 10 years in Del Norte County, and
amounts exceeding 100 in. are recorded at many other j^laces. Apparently
the heaviest monthly rainfall in the United States (71.5 in.) occurred at Helen
Mine, Cal., in January, 1909.
The rainfall of San Francisco is discussed in considerable detail. The annual
mean for 64 years at this place is 22.6 in., the maximum annual rainfall 38.8
in., and the maximum 9.3 in. The longest drought recorded was 175 days in
the summer half year of 1903.
Nitrogen in rain and snow, N. Knight (Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 20 (1913), pp.
189-191). — This article reports briefly a continuation of observations on the
amount of nitrogen in rain and snow carried on in 1910 (E. S. R., 30. p. 211).
The methods used in the collection and examination of 14 samples of snow and
13 of rain, or rain and snow, are described and the results are tabulated
without comment.
SOILS— FERTinZERS.
The Rothamsted memoirs on agricultural science (Harpenden, England,
1914, ^^ol. 8, pp. 528, pis. 7, figs. ,101). — This, the eighth volume of these memoirs,
contains all the scientific papers published from the Rothamsted Experimental
Station during the years 1902-1912, except those on partial sterilization of the
soil. These are to be included in the next volume. The subjects of the papers
included are Wheat Grown Year After Year on the Same Land, by J. B. Lawes
and J. H. Gilbert; The Mechanical Analysis of Soils and the Composition of
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 121
the Fractious Resulting Therefrom, bj' A. D. Hall ; The Effect of Long-oontinued
Use of Sodium Nitrate on the Constitution of the Soil, by A. D. Hall ; The
Analysis of the Soil by Means *of the Plant, by A. D. Hall ; Calcium Cyanamid,
by A. D. Hall ; On the Accumulation of Fertility by Land Allowed to Run
Wild, by A. D. Hall; The Effect of Plant Growth and of Manures upon the
Retention of Bases by the Soil, by A. D. Hall and N. H. J. Miller; The Amounts
of Nitrogen as Ammonia and as Nitric Acid and of Chlorin in the Rain WateF
Collected at Rothamsted, by N. H. J. Miller; The Determination of Available
Plant Food in Soil by the Use of Weak Acid Solvents, Part 2, by A. D. Hall
and A. Amos; The Amount and Composition of the Drainage through Un-
manured and Uncropped Land, by N. H. J. Miller; On the Function of Silica
in the Nutrition of Cereals, Part 1, by A. D. Hall and C. G. T. Morison; The
Interaction of Ammonium Salts and the Constituents of the Soil, by A. D.
Hall and C. T. Gimingham ; The Flocculation of Turbid Liquids by Salts, by
A. D. Hall and C. G. T. Morison; Nitrification in Acid Soils, by A. D. Hall,
N. H. J. Miller, and C. T. Gimingham ; Direct Assimilation of Ammonium Salts
by Plants, by H. B. Hutchinson and N. H. J. Miller; Some Secondary Actions of
IManures upon the Soil, by A. D. Hall ; The Development of the Grain of Wheat,
by W. E. Brenchley and A. D. Hall; The Influence of Copper Sulphate and
Manganese Sulphate upon the Growth of Barley, by W. E. Brenchley; On the
Action of Certain Compounds of Zinc, Arsenic, and Boron on the Growth of
Plants, by W. E. Brenchley; The Direct Assimilation of Inorganic and Organic
Forms of Nitrogen by Higher Plants, by H. B. Hutchinson and N. H. J. Miller ;
On the Absorption of Ammonia from the Atmosphere, by A. D. Hall and N. H. J.
Miller; The Experimental Error of Field Trials, by W. B. Mercer and A. D.
Hall ; Soil Surveys and Soil Analyses, by A. D. HaU and E. J. Russell ; On the
Causes of the High Nutritive Value and Fertility of the Fatting Pastures of
Romney Marsh and other Marshes in the Southeast of England, by A. D. Hall
and E. J. Russell ; The Development of the Grain of Barley, by W. E. Brenchley ;
Experiments at Rothamsted on the Clianges in the Composition of Mangels
during Storage, I and II, by N. H. J. Miller ; The Estimation of Carbon in Soils
and Kindred Substances, by A. D. Hall, N. H. J. Miller, and Numa Marmu;
Nitrogen and Carbon in Clays and Marls, by N. H. J. Miller; The Nitrogen
Compounds of the Fundamental Rocks, by A. D. Hall and N. H. J. Miller ; and
A Note on Onion Couch, by L. M. Underwood.
Soil survey of Shawnee County, Kansas, R. I. Throckmorton, W. C. Byers,
ET AL. (Kansas ySta. Bui. 200 (1914), pp. 715-749, map 1). — This survey, made
in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this Department, deals with the
soil types, their mechanical and chemical composition and fertility require-
ments and crop adaptabilities of an area of 357,120 acres situated in north-
eastern Kansas, which topographically is a high plateau frequently cut by
valleys of varying size. The greater part of the drainage of the area flows
into the Kansas River.
The soils of the county are divided broadly into upland soils of glacial and
residual origin and bottom-land or alluvial soils. Eleven soil types are mapped,
of which the Summit silty clay loam with two of its phases is the most extensive
and important. The soils of the area are said to be deficient in available nitro-
gen and phosphorus and well stocked with potash. Calcium is higher in the
bottom soils than in the upland soils. The amount of carbon in these soils is
said to be closely related to the physical texture, the sandy soils containing less
than the silty soils, and these in turn less than the silty clay soils.
122
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The results of analyses of surface soils (to a depth of 7 in.) and subsoils (in
most cases the layer between 20 and 30 or 40 in.) are given in the following table :
Average results of analy-ics of soil types of Shaicncc County, Kansas.
Soil type.
Soil layer.
Nitro-
gen.
Phos-
phorus.
Potas-
sium.
Calcium.
Organic
carbon.
Inorganic
carbon.
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil —
Subsoil
Surface soil
Subsoil
Per cent.
0.168
.116
.201
.030
.133
.059
.041
.033
. 139
.055
.195
.0S6
.255
.093
.212
.083
.275
.0S6
.138
.085
Per cent.
0.053
.044
.061
. 033
.044
.029
.022
.043
.027
.019
.039
. 030
.042
.036
.029
.030
.040
.021
.039
.030
Per cent.
1.85
1.81
2.06
2.11
1.96
2.07
2.06
2.04
1.50
1.58
1.74
1.73
1.57
1.60
1.46
1.63
1.60
1.70
1.10
1.16
Per cent.
0.44
.75
.81
.78
.75
.82
.93
.99
.41
.52
.54
.75
.39
.93
.53
.70
.54
.91
.38
.42
Per cent.
2.16
1.10
2.47
1.29
1.58
.78
.26
.22
1.67
.63
2.47
1.16
2.73
.70
2.77
.86
3.38
.85
1.48
.69
Per cent.
Trace.
Osage silty clay loam
Trace.
Osage very fine sandy
Osage very fine sand
0.067
.107
Shelby loam, sandy phase .
Crawford silty clay loam. .
Trace.
Trace.
.010
.167
Summit silty clay loam...
Boone fine sandy loam
Trace.
.013
The loess soils of southwestern Ohio, W. M. Cook, C. W. Montgomeet, et al.
{OMo Sta. Circ. U/G (1914), pp. 20, figs. 15.) — This circular, prepared in coopera-
tion with the Office of Farm Management of this Department, briefly describes
the loess soils occurring in Hamilton, Clermont, Brown, Adams, Highland, Clin-
ton, and Warren counties in southwestern Ohio, and reports the results of
observations on the methods employed by farmers for the improvement of their
soils, especially the practice of drainage and the use of fertilizers and the
results obtained therefrom.
The loess soils of this section occur as two distinct types, viz, the well-drained
Cincinnati silt loam, yellowish brown in color, and the poorly-drained Clermont
silt loam, which Is light gray to white in color.
The observations indicate in general the effectiveness of proper drainage sup-
plemented by systematic crop rotation and the intelligent use of manures and
fertilizers in increasing the productiveness and agricultural value of these soils.
The ground water in Hamburg, A. Yoller {Jahrh. Hamburg. Wiss. Amt.,
30 {1912), Beiheft 1, pp. 7, pis. 3). — The results of daily measurements during
1912 of the ground water level in 10 experimental wells about 12 meters (39.3G
ft.) deep, distributed according to soil conditions in the Elbe and Bille marsh
districts, the Alster river district, and the high and dry district to the right
of the Alster river, all in the neighborhood of Hamburg, are reported graphically
in correlation with meteorological and flood data for the localities.
In the high and dry district the water table rose in the winter and early
spring, and fell in the summer and fall, and was apparently unaffected by the
variable local precipitations. In spite of the rainfall the soil water in this
district is low in summer, which is said to cause excessive evaporation and
consequent lowering of the water table. In the winter the air is too cold to
cause excessive evaporation, thus allowing the water table to rise. The water
table in the Alster district rose and fell with the Alster River level. In part
of the Elbe and Bille marsh districts large and uniform variations in the water
level at frequent intervals were observed which corresponded to the Elbe
variations due to wind and tide. At higher pomts in these districts, however.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 123
the water table varied generally with the Elbe but did not show the spasmodic
variations.
A study of some water tables at Giza, W. L. Balls (Cairo Sci. Jour., 8
{1914), A'o. 92, pp. 102-111, pis. 2). — The results obtained by measurements in
17 tube wells ou au area of 30 acres near Cairo, Egypt, are presented graphi-
cally and discussed.
With the exception of one hole which was bored G meters, the holes for the
tube wells wore bored 3 meters deep. JNIeasurements were taken weekly and
daily, each measurement being computed on the basis of a common bench mark
of known elevation. In taking measurements a boxwood scale 4 mm. thick and
5 mm. wide and weighted at its lower end by a loose lead bob of 5 cc. volume
was lowered into the well on the end of a light steel chain marked at meter
intervals and the wetted length noted. A correction for the rise in water level
due to the displacement of the scale and bob was necessary.
The extreme complexity of the subsoil structure is said to have caused very
variable behavior in the different wells. Different wells were differently
affected by surface irrigation, by seepage from land channels, by infiltration
from a canal, by the Nile flood, and by the downflow of water from Upper
Egypt coming from canals, out of the river, or from surface irrigation.
The well level in freely permeable soils rose higher during 1913 than the Nile
flood. The water table, instead of being stagnant and quiet, responded con-
tinually to hydraulic impulses from all directions and from unknown distances.
It was never at rest except in isolated clay basins and even there was slightly
troubled by meteorological changes.
It is further concluded that irrigation has increased the level of the natural
water table of Egji^t.
A list of references to related works is appended.
Note on seasonal variation in the composition of drainage water, F,
Hughes {Cairo Sci. Jour., 8 {1914), No. 94, pp. 159, 160).— Weekly analyses of
drainage water from irrigated soil showed the maximum amount of dissolved
solids in July and the minimum in November. The chlorids showed a nearly
constant relation to the total solids, and the alkalinity was extremely constant.
As the Nile rises the salinity of the drainage water is said to decrease, and to
increase during the period when the canals are closed for the winter.
Decomposition of soil carbonates, W. H. MacIntire {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 1, pp. 79, 80). — This is a brief note on the investi-
gations previously noted (E. S. E., 31, p. 815).
The nitrogen content of soils of Scania, Sweden, M. Weibull {K, Landtbr.
Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 53 {1914), No. 2, pp. 65-93; ahs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), ^o. 7, pp.
859-863). — The variation in the nitrate content of soils under different methods
of culture and fertilizing was traced. The nitrate content never exceeded 22
parts per million in cropped soils. In fallow soils it rose to 33 parts per million.
Under beets it was 14 parts and under wheat and peas from 8 to 9 parts. The
nitrate content was low in spring but generally increased in early summer.
Cultivation and manuring increased the nitrates. As a rule the soils examined
did not contain enough nitrates to meet the requirements of growing crops.
It is concluded that if under normal climatic conditions the nitrate content
falls to 2 parts per million before August the need of applying nitrogenous fer-
tilizers is indicated.
Experiments on the rate of nitrification, R. M. Beesley {Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], 105 {1914), No. 618, pp. 1014-1024, figs. 3; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, p. 863).— The
75575°— No. 2—15 3
124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rate of nitrification was determined for carbamid, thiocarbamid, uric acid,
asparagin, glycin, aectamid, anilin, sulphate, nietliylamin sulphate, ammonium
oxalate, and ammonium sulphate in a special form of apparatus permitting por-
tions of the nitrifying solution to be withdrawn for examination without danger'
of contamination by the air. A mixture of hydrolytic and nitrifying organisms
obtained from the secondary contact beds of a sewage works was used and the
progress of nitrification was traced by periodic determinations of ammonia,
nitrous, and nitric nitrogen.
Thiocarbamid and anilin sulphate did not nitrify at all, but 90 per cent of the
nitrogen of the latter was converted into ammonia, indicating simply hydroly-
sis. The rate of nitrification for the other substances was approximately the
same, which leads the author to conclude " that nitrogenous substances, typical
of the products of albuminoid hydrolysis, when exposed under identical condi-
tions to the action of the bacteria contained in a typical filter-bed, nitrify at
approximately the same rate." In no case was more than 95 per cent of the
total nitrogen recovered in the form of nitrate.
In the case of ammonium sulphate and oxalate there was a temporary dis-
appearance of nirogen as measured by the sum of ammonia, nitrous, and nitric
nitrogen. The author concludes " that it is in some stage of oxidation inter-
mediate between ammonia and nitrous acid that the nitrogen becomes non-
realizable.
" Oxidation by bacterial agency can not be regarded as being of a violent
nature, and it seems hardly conceivable that the nitroso-bacteria should be able
to oxidize ammonia straight to nitrous acid, without passing through any inter-
mediate stages of oxidation. . . .
" It appears probable that in the oxidation of the ammonium radicle by bac-
terial agency there are formed, in the course of the reaction, certain intermedi-
ate substances which must be regarded as more or less hydroxylated ammonium
radicles."
Soil bacteria and soil productiveness, F. Lohnis {Boden-Bakterien und
Boden-Fruchtharkeit. Berlin, 1914, PP- VII-\-70). — This pamphlet describes the
nature of bacterial life in soils and discusses the activities of soil organisms
and ferments with, reference to their relation and importance to soil produc-
tion. It discusses particularly the biological transformation of carbon and
nitrogen and nitrogen assimilation in soils, but also deals briefly with the
activity of soil organisms in unlocking stores of plant food and in decomposing
organic manures.
The productiveness of the soil is considered to depend primarily upon its
fertility or plant food content and its activity as determined by the physical,
chemical, and biological changes going on in it. The more active the life of
the soil the higher is its productiveness. The various direct and indirect means
by which these life activities may be controlled with a consequent increase in
productiveness of the soil are indicated.
Improving' sandy soils by the use of green manure crops, R. W. Allen and
W. K. Dean (Oregon Sta. Bui. 120 (1914), PP- 3-14, figs. 7).— This bulletin
deals with the need of the arid soils for an adequate supply of nitrogen and
decaying organic matter, and gives the results of experiments at the Umatilla
substation at Hermiston to determine the plants best suited for this purpose
under the conditions prevailing at that place.
These experiments indicated that hairy vetch was the most valuable of the
crops tested for green manuring on light soils under irrigation, and the methods
of growing and handling this crop for the purpose are described.
SOILS FEETILIZEKS. 125
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by means of boron compounds, I, A.
Stahler aufl J. J. Elbkrt (Jicr. Dent. Chein. Gcscll., 46 {1913), No. 10, pp.
2060-2077, fif/s. 6; abs. in Set. Abs., Sect. A—Phys., 17 {lOlJf), No. 8, pp. 496,
497). — Experiments to determine the conditions under which boron nitrid can
be best obtained from naturally occurring boron compounds are reported. "At
normal pressures the amount of nitrogen absorbed per gram of boron is much
greater with borocalcite than with boron trioxid ; only at very high pressures
are l»etter results obtained with boron trioxid than with borocalcite."
Synthesis of ammonia from aluminum nitrid, C. Matignon {Chem. Ztg.,
3S {1914), No. S5, pp. 909, 910). — The technical efficiency and commercial possi-
bilities of this process of preparing ammonia are briefly discussed.
Influence of various conditions on the oxidation of nitrog'en in the voltaic
arc, A. Sapozhnikova, A. Gudima, and V. Kutovogo {ZInir. Riiss. Fi^. Khiin.
ObshcJi., Chast Khim., 45 {1913), No. 5, pp. 1076-1091, figs. 2; abs. in Sci. Abs.,
Sect. A — Plnjs., 17 {1914), No. 8, pp. ^95, 406). — Experiments with an arc pass-
ing between carbon electrodes to determine the influence of air supply and
moisture on the yield of nitric acid are reported. As the volume of air in-
creased the ratio of this volume to the power consumed also increased.
A yield of 78 gm. of nitric acid per kilowatt hour was obtained. Moist air
gave higher yields than dry. Carbon electrodes are preferred from an indus-
trial standpoint especially if coated electrolytically with nickel on the sides
to prevent burning away.
Catalysis of cyanamid and its importance in agriculture, H. Kappen {Die
Eatolifse clcs CijanumUIs und Hire Bcclcutung fiir die Landicirtscliaft. Jena,
1913, pp. 119; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 41 {1914), No. 9-10, pp. 283,
284)- — In experiments with various soil colloids and metallic oxid and hydroxid
as catalyzators of calcium cyanamid, it was found that the most active sub-
stance in producing urea from the cj-anamid was manganese peroxid. There
seemed to be a direct relation between cyanamid cleavage and the amount of
organic matter and the growth of fungi and bacteria in the soil.
The formation of urea from the cyanamid is considered of special agricul-
tural importance because the urea has been found to be very effective as a
nitrogenous fertilizer.
Action of carbon dioxid on crude calcium cyanamid [nitrolime], C.
Manuelli {Ann. Cliim. Appl. [Rome], 1 {1914), PP- 493, 494; abs. in Jour. Soc.
Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 18, p. 933).—" Some of the difficulties met with in
the use of nitrolime as a fertilizer have been attributed to the presence of
free lime, and it has been suggested that the latter might be converted into
carbonate by substituting carbon dioxid for nitrogen in the furnace during
the cooling of the nitrolime. In two experiments in which nitrolime was
cooled from 800° to 480° C. in one-half hour and from 800° to 500° C. in one
hour in a current of carbon dioxid there were, however, losses of 12 per cent
and 29 per cent, respectively, of the total nitrogen of the nitrolime."
The influence of fineness upon the availability of bone meal, S. S. Peck
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 11, pp. 922-926; abs. in Chem.
Abs., 8 {1914), No. 23, p. SS3.3).— This article reports the results of attempts to
determine the availability of bone meal of different degrees of fineness by
means of the rate of ammonification and nitrification of the organic nitrogen of
the bone meal, and also by measuring the amount of nhosohoric acid rendered
soluble by bacterial action in sand cultures-'.
The results indicate that there is a direct correlation between the fineness
and rate of ammonification and nitrification, and that the solubility of bone
phosphate is directly influenced by bacterial action as indicated by ammonifi-
actiou and nitrification.
126 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The author concludes that the standard of fine bone meal should require
that G5 per cent of it should pass a 50-mesh sieve, and that 90 per cent of
the remainder should pass a 25-mesh sieve.
Phosphate rock, W. II. Waggaman (In The Mineral Industry: Its Statistics
Technology, and Trade during 1913. New York and London, 191J{, vol. 22, pp.
575-594). — Statistics of production and consumption of phosphate rock in the
United States and abroad during 1913 as compared with previous years are
summarized and discussed in this article. The character and possible yield
of the various phosphate beds are also discussed and a bibliography of the
subject is given.
Potassium salts (In The Mineral Industry: Its Statistics, Technology, and
Trade during 1913. 'New York and London, 191Jf, vol. 22, pp. 607-621) .— Statis-
tics of the trade in potash salts during 1913 as compared with those of previous
years are summarized and. a brief account is given of the attempts to develop
sources of supply of potash in the United States.
A bibliography of the subject is given.
Potash deposits in Spain, C. B. Huest (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.],
17 (19L't), No. 261, pp. 615-617). — It is stated that while no careful surveys
have been made there is evidence to warrant the belief that considerable
deposits of potash exist in certain provinces of Cataluna. The government
has granted a number of concessions covering possible deposits of potash, but
is undertaking to make investigations with a view to determining the extent
of such deposits and making reservations.
The preparation of potash from feldspar and other sources (Chem. News,
110 {IDl-'t), No. 2863, p. 175). — This is a brief review of methods which seem to
have most promise of meeting the emergency demand for potash created by
the European war. Attention is called especially to a patented process based
upon the reduction of feldspar by fusion with fluorspar and calcium carbonate.
Granitic soil potassium and its relation to the production of hay, B. E.
Curry and. T. O. Smith (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 170 (WW, VP- 32, figs. 7).—
This bulletin reports a continuation of previous investigations on certain
gx-anitic New Hami^shire soils (E. S. R., 28, p. 30).
These soils are, as a rule, abundantly supplied with potash. Percolation ex-
periments with a solution of potassium chlorid showed that in spite of this
fact the soils absorbed additional amounts of potash from the solution. The
richer the soil in clay and also in potash, the greater the absorption. The
absorbed potash was held so strongly that it was diflicult to recover it by
leaching with water. Dilute solutions of sodium nitrate, sodium chlorid, sodium
carbonate, and acid phosphate released considerable amounts of the soil potash,
the first and last named being especially active. Calcium oxid and carbonate
did not release potash. Calcium sulphate set free a small amount.
A study of the results obtained in experiments in growing hay on these soils
indicates that nitrogen and not iwtash is the limiting factor. The supply of
potash is apparently suflicient even for thv^ increased growth resulting from the
application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The author therefore concludes that the
common practice of top-dressing grass land with potash fertilizers can not be
expected to be profitable on such soils.
Frequent and thorough cultivation, with rotation of crops to create favorable
conditions for increasing the availability of the soil potash, and the use of
sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, acid, phosphate, and acidulated fertilizers
in general which tend to increase the solubility of the potash, are suggested as
preferable to applications of potash fertilizers.
Lime in agriculture (Farmers' Ed. and Coop. Bur. [South Settlement and
Development Organ., Pm6.], pp. 37, pis. 2).— This pamphlet contains a series
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
127
of articles, namely, A Day of Fads, by W. F. Masscy ; The Oldest Cheniical
Fertilizer, by K. Langenbeck; Is the Reconimeudatiou that Only Ground Lime-
stone Should be Used for Agrieultural Purposes a Sound and Rational One?
by H. J. Wheeler; and Some Pliases of the Relation of Lime to Soil Improve-
ment, by E. O. Fippen. These pai)ers set forth the relative merits of quick-
lime and ground limestone for fertilizing purposes and deal particularly with
the views expressed by C. G. Hopkins in his pamphlet on Ground Limestone
for Southern Soils (E. S. R., 31, p. 322).
Experiments on the effect of different forms of lime, D. Meyer {Illus.
Lamlw. Ztg., 2Jf (1914), ^o. 61, pp. 571, 572). — In comparative tests of quick-
lime, pure calcium carbonate, ground limestone, and the waste lime product
from the manufacture of sodium and potassium chlorids on mustard and horse
bi>ans the fertilizing effect of the waste product was 82 as compared with 100
for the calcium carbonate and limestone and 95 for burnt lime.
Gypsum, F. A. Wilder (In The Mineral Industry: Its Statistics, Technology,
and Trade during 1913. 'New York and London, 191//, vol. 22, pp. 372-381). —
Statistics of the gypsum industry in the United States and foreign countries
for 1913 are summarized. The principal uses which are made of gypsum are
also briefly discussed. It is stated that the amount used as land plaster has
remained nearly stationary during the last four years, but the price dropped
from $2.02 to $1.75 in 1913.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Relative water requirements of plants, L. J. Briggs and H. L. Shantz
(U. 8. Dept. Agr.. Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-64, pl-^- 7, fig. 1).—
In continuation of the authors' investigations on the water requirements of
plants (E. S. R., 29, p. 825), accounts are given of further experiments carried
on at Akron, Colo., with a large number of crops. In these experiments it was
found necessary to protect the plants from birds, winds, and hailstorms by the
erection of an inclosure, and tests showed that this inclosure reduced the solar
radiation to about SO per cent of its normal value. Under the conditions of the
experiment the average amount of water required to form 1 lb. of dry matter
of various crojis was as follows :
Water required to form one pound of dry matter in various crops.
Kind of crop.
Proso
Millet
Sorghum
Corn
Teosinte
Wheat
Barley
Buckw'heat
Oats
Rye
Rice
Flax
Sugar beet
Potato
Cabbage, turnip, and rape
Cotton
Watermelon
Cantaloup and cucumber.
Squash and pumpkin
Cowpea
Chick-pea
Water
require-
ment.
Pounds.
293
310
322
368
383
513
534
578
597
68.5
710
905
397
636
640
640
600
667
791
571
663
Kind of crop.
Beans
Soy beans
Sweet clover
Field peas
Vetches
Clovers
Alfalfas
Wheat grass and brome grass.
Tumlileweed and pigweed . . .
Purslane
Buffalo grass
Russian thistle
Buffalo grass and grama grass
Cocklebur
Gum weed
Mountain sage
Sunflowers
Lamb's quarters
Marigold
Western ragweed
Western wheat grass
Water
require-
ment.
Pounds.
728
744
770
788
794
797
831
861
287
292
308
336
389
432
608
616
683
801
881
948
1,076
128 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to the succession of plant asso-
ciations, G. D. Fuller {Hot. Guz., 58 {VJL'i), No. 3, pp. J9.i-23^. flys. 27).— The
author gives data collected during several years as to various plant associations
near Chicago, 111., stating among other conclusions that the ratios between
evaporation and growth water in the beech-maple forest, oak-hickory forest, oak
dune, pine dune, and cottonwood dune associations have the comparative values
of 100, G5, 20, 17, and 15, respectively, and that these differences may be the
cause of succession. The midsummer conditions of the prairie association seem
to be decidedly xerophytic.
A bibliography is given.
Branch development in a perennial plant, G. Andr^ (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris}, 158 (1914), No. 21, pp. i5J7-J520).— Reporting on his more recent
work (E. S. R., 29, p. 218), and giving the results of analytical studies made at
five dates in the development of chestnut shoots as to the leaf and twig content
in dry matter, ash, nitrogen, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, and calcium, mag-
nesium, and potassium oxids, with the seasonal variations observed, the
author states that the annual shoot is found to increase considerably in absolute
nitrogen and in fixed materials, and that the leaf increases continually in con-
tent of assimilated materials, excepting phosphoric acid, until the latter part
of the growing period. October 8, about two weeks before the leaves begin to
fall, they were found to contain the greater part of the material appropriated.
The annual branch as a whole retains in the main the substances that have been
accumulated, the leaves giving up very little of any component except nitrogen
and phosphoric acid until just before their separation from the branch.
Rapidity of hydrolysis and of removal by water of the nitrogenous and
mineral matter in leaves, G. Andee {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 158
il91Jf), No. 24, pp. 1812-1815). — Reporting exact analyses at several periods
during the growth of chestnut leaves, the author states that the general con-
clusions presented above are sustained in the work here noted. The exosmosis
of minerals from the leaves is given as regards nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas-
sium, and is stated to have increased for these comiionents in the order named.
The relative chemotropic influence of salts of metals on radicles of Lupinus
albus, T. M. PoRODKO (Bcr. Dcut. Bot. Gcscll, 32 {19U), No. 4, pp. 211-215).—
Continuing previous work on L. albus (E. S. R., 31, p. 325), but employing
herein salts of metals, the author details in tabular form the results obtained,
stating that all the salts tested gave negative tropisms.
Conditions of chemotropism in rootlets, T. M. Porodko (Ber. Dent. Bot.
Gescll., 32 (1914), No. 4, pp. 215-282, figs. 2). — Continuing the above work, and
giving details and curves obtained therefrom, the author states that both positive
and negative tropism occur only with limited sti-engths of certain substances
named, and that chemotropic sensitivity is limited to about 1 to 2 mm. of the
root tip.
Zinc in glass containers as a source of error in studying the biological
influence of chemicals, M. Javillier {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158
{1914), No. 2, pp. 140-143; abs. in Jour. Chem. 80c. [London], 106 {1914), No.
617, I, pp. 364, 365). — Experiments cited, employing Stcrigmatoeystis nigra,
showed a gain in dry weight on the addition of zinc to cultures in flasks of
quartz and of Bohemian glass, but not to cultures in Jena glass, the differences
being attributed to zinc present in Jena glass. This influence of traces of zinc
in such glass may, it is thought, prevent accuracy of results in delicate tests.
The mobility of potassium in vegetable tissue, L. Maquenne and E. De-
MoussY {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parisi], 158 {1914), No. 20, pp. I4OO-I404).—
Analyses of portions of several kinds of plants subjected to an electrolyzing
AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 129
current are said to have shown that potassium may be made to pass for a con-
siderable distance into vegetable tissues.
The function of manganese in plants, W. P. Kklley {Bot. Ga~., 57 (191Jf),
No. 3, PI). 213-227). — This is a shorter account of work already noted (E. S. R.,
27, p. 129).
The mechanism of oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues, J. Wolff
iCoiupt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. IParis], 158 U'J14), No. 16, pp. 1125-1127).— Bescrih-
ing experiments producing oxidation and reduction in tissues and juices of
apple and pear and in solutions, and referring in this connection to the claim
of Lindet (E. S. R., 6, p. 775) that brown coloration in juices or in bruised
tissues of pome fruits is due to the presence of a diastase, also to that of
Bourquelot and Fichtenholz (E. S. R., 24, p. 31) that arbutin was demonstrated
in pear leaves, the author claims that the i)henomena here described show a
causal relation to the same general sort of mechanism demonstrated in those
experiments.
The influence of vertical illumination upon growth of the coleoptile of
Avena sativa, E. Vogt (Bcr. Dciit. Bot. Gcscll., 32 (1914), No. 3, pp. 173-179,
fig. 1). — The author gives some results of tests made by himself on the influence
of vertical illumination of the coleoptile of A. sativa. Graphically represented
data show little change during exposure, but a subsequent slight check in
elongation of this part for 12 minutes, then a steep rise for about IS minutes,
followed by a somewhat less steep decline for about 45 minutes, with two
decreasing interruptions, to the original rate of growth.
The investigations here sketched tend to show that artificial vertically inci-
dent light of not too high intensity or too long duration exerts a predominantly
favorable influence upon the rate of elongation of A. sativa, while shading
tends to check the growth in plants accustomed to light; also that sudden and
considerable change in illumination acts as a stimulant, to which this portion
of the plant reacts in somewhat rhythmical alterations of growth rate.
Study of rest period in potato tubers, C. O. Appleman {Maryland Sta. Bui.
1S3 {1914), pp. lSl-226, figs. 18). — The author has given the results of a bio-
chemical and physiological study of the rest period in tubers of Solannm
tuberosum.
It was found that under normal planting conditions potato tubers will not
sprout for several weeks after harvest. During this rest period certain changes
occur which are essential to the growth processes. These changes are spoken
of as after-ripening. The carbohydrate transformation during the rest period
was found -to be entirely dependent upon changes in temperature. Active
diastase and invertase were found present at all stages of the rest period, but
showed no increase under normal growing conditions until the tubers began
to sprout. The oxidation of pyrogallol was more active when juices from tubers
at the end of the rest period were used than with those from immature tubers.
After-ripening, it is claimed, does not involve protein hydrolysis. Protein,
lipoid, organic extractive, and inorganic phosphorus, calculated to percentage
of total phosphorus, remained constant up to the time of sprouting. The
metabolic changes involving these foi'uis of nitrogen and phosphorus began
rather suddenly and were concurrent with sprouting, and the same was true
with regard to diastase.
Suberization reduces permeability of the skin to water and gases. It was
found that potatoes may be sprouted at any time during the rest period by
removing the skin and supplying the tubers with favorable growing condi-
tions. The earliest sprouting occurred when the skins of the tubers had been
removed and the potatoes cut transversely.
130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
It was claimed that subdued light stimulates growth in buds on new tubers
with slightly suborized skins, but that the light influence disappears entirely
when the skin is removed. The rest period of new potatoes was shortened by
wrapping the tubers in cotton saturated with hydrogen peroxid, the abundant
catalase in the potato tuber decomposing the hydrogen peroxid diffused through
the skin and liberating free oxygen.
The above treatments greatly accelerated the rate of respiration, and the
author concludes that the elimination or abbreviation of the rest period is
correlated with increased oxygen absorption. The rest period, it is claimed, is
not firmly fixed and hereditary, nor is it due to autogenic metabolic changes,
as it can be eliminated, as shown above. In nature the oxygen supply to
internal tissues is said to be regulated by skin characters which are greatly
influenced by moisture relations.
A bibliography is given.
Enzymatic peptolysis in germinating seeds, Dorothy Couet {Proc. Roy.
8oc. Edinb., 3^ {1913-14), No. 2, pp. 113-127) .—Besnlts given of experiments
described are said to indicate the presence in germinating barley of two different
peptolytic euzyms, one of which can be readily extracted with water while the
other is apparently of the nature of an endo-enzym and can be obtained only by
destroying the cells of the seed tissues. The temperature curves of the two,
as noted in connection with the tests made, are also said to differ materially.
This view of the nonidentity of these enzyms is said to have been confirmed
by further experiments carried out with fruit of the pineapple {Ananassa
sativa), also with several fungi named.
Blooming of rice and associated phenomena, M. Akemine (Ztschr. Pflanzen-
zilclit., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 339-375, figs. 6). — Numerically and graphically rep-
resented results are given, with detailed conclusions of studies carried out by
the author regarding the development of the rice flower; alterations in the sizes
and relations of the flower parts during the flowering period and the influence
thereon of external conditions ; the relations between time or succession of
blooming and grain weight; and grain formation as influenced by weather.
A bibliography is appended.
Studies on the lactiferous tubes and cells of some native plants, R.
KoKETSU (Jour. Col. Set., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 35 (1913), Art. G, pp. 57, pis. 3,
fig. 12). — This work deals with the structure, functions, and contents of lac-
tiferous tubes and cells in a number of plants studied, the results of which
are given in some detail. It is held that the primary significance of lactescence
is ecological rather than physiological.
Genetic studies on seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris, B. Kajanus (Ztschr. Pflan-
zen^ilcht., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 377-388) .—The author gives detailed results of a
study with about 20 different strains of bush beans in regard to some apparent
divergences and spontaneous hybridization and the more or less continuous
hereditary coloration of violet marbled types of seeds. The indicated results
were only in partial agreement with those of some of the other authors
mentioned.
Studies in selection and crossing in mottled horse beans, L. Kiessling
{Ztschr. Pflanzenzucht., 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 313-338). — Horse beans bred selec-
tively for three years still manifested impurity of stock as regards coloration
in some lines, which showed a white and yellow mottling of the leaves. Later
the hereditary abnormality became more noticeable, some plants which showed
a more pronounced degree of abnormality dying before or after emergence from
the soil, and others recovering.
Inoculation studies including spraying and injection with sap of abnormal
plants showed no results, but further breeding seemed to show that the tendency
FIELD CROPS. 131
to abnormal deficiency of chlorophyll was inherited through both parents and
followed the Meudelian scheme, the phenomenon being divisible into different
and heritable degrees.
Utilization of crossing for study of phylogenetic questions in connection
with, the grains, E. von Tschermak (Ztschr. Pflanzcnziicht., 2 {191Jf), No. 3,
pp. 291-312, fig. 1). — The author gives data obtained by crossing among varieties
within each of four species of domestic grains, showing in some detail the
phylogenetic relations claimed to have been indicated by these results in certain
cases, among which are mentioned some alleged evidence of derivation of culti-
vated rye from Sccale montanuin, separation of hurleys into a distichum and
polystichum series, exclusion of ^Egilops ovata as a primitive form from the
ancestry of cultivated wheat, and derivation of some or all forms of domestic
panicle and side oats from the wild species Avcna fatua.
Parallel mutations of CEnothera biennis, T. J. Stomps (Bcr. Dcut. Bot.
GeseU., 32 {WlJf), No. 3, pp. 179-188). — Discussing some studies previously
reported in part (E. S. R., 28, p. 40), the author claims that there is now no
reasonable ground for doubting that genuine mutants have been obtained from
(E. biennis.
Anomalies of development in maize, G. Bohutinsk^- (Bci: Deut. Bot.
GeselL, 32 (1914), No. 3, pp. 222-248, figs. 14).— The anomalies of maize here
illustrated and described pertain to the shoot, tassel, ear, and grain of this
plant, which also shows some interesting peculiarities as regards sex.
FIELD CROPS.
Agriculture, Z. Dominguez (Agricnltura. Mexico, 1913, pp. 391-\-XIII, figs.
236). — The first 304 pages of this book treat in detail of the production of corn
from the selection of seed, culture, harvest, and the manufactured products.
The remainder of the book treats, in a general way, of the production of wheat,
barley, oats, cotton, and legumes. The work has special reference to methods
and systems employed and adaptable to Mexican conditions.
Intensive farming in India, J. Kenny {Madras and London, 1912, pp. V+
585-\-XI, figs. 2). — This book consists of papers previously published singly and
treats of methods of improving agricultural conditions in India, comprising some
first lessons in agriculture covering the air, soil, plant, and manures, and includ-
ing results of improved methods of cultivation and fertilization with rice, cotton,
wheat, sugar cane, tobacco, tea, coffee, coconuts, potatoes, and onions.
A report of the experimental and demonstration work on the substation
farms at Moro, Burns, Redmond, and Metolius. — I, Tillage and cropping
methods, H. D. Scuddeb (Oregon Sta. Bui. 119 {1914), pp. IV +188, figs. 87).—
" This bulletin is written as a popular report of the experimental and demon-
stration work carried on at the eastern Oregon di'y farming substation, Moro,
Sherman County ; the Harney branch experiment station. Burns, Harney
County; the dry land demonstration farm, Metolius, Crook County; and the
irrigation demonstration farm, Redmond, Crook County. It covers the work
of each farm since its establishment to the end of the year 1913, giving the essen-
tial facts for each as to the conditions encountered, plan of the work, important
results obtained, and conclusions and recommendations as to tillage and crop-
ping methods, in each different region. No technical discussion of the results
obtained is entered upon, if for no other reason than that the work has only
proceeded at Moro for four years, at Burns two years, and at Metolius and
Redmond one year. All the discussions bear particularly uiwn the advantages
and feasibility of a more diversified and intensive sort of farming than that now
prevalent in the eastern Oregon region."
132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The croi>i)lng methods discussed refer to winter aud spring wheat, barley, oats,
emmer, rye, corn, buclcwheat, alfalfa, field peas, field beans, soy beans, broad
beans, vetch, crimson and sweet clover, Tangier pea, grasses, sorghums, rape,
kale, squash, potatoes, artichokes, mangels, turnips, carrots, sugar beets, fiax,
cabbage, and onions.
Fertility and crop experiments at the West Tennessee Station, C. A. Mooers
and S. A. Robert {Tennessee Sta. Bid. 109 {lOlJf), pp. 215-2U, fiffs. 9).— In the
work recorded in this bulletin two types of soil were used, described as a
light, brown-colored silt loam with, a yellowish-colored subsoil, and a gray-
colored, " crawfishy " type, with a gray subsoil. This latter described soil is
noted, as being very high in silt, does not drain readily, and is troublesome to
handle.
It is noted that the requirements of these soils for phosphoric acid and
potash are very slight, and that applications of these fertilizers increased crop
yields but not to a profitable degree.
In studying the effect of burnt lime and ground limestone applied at the
rates of 2,000 lbs. and 4,000 lbs., respectively, per acre, it was observed that
increased yields of corn, oats, and red clover followed the applications of lime
on both types of soils; that cotton and cowpeas were little influenced, fre-
quently being slightly injured, and that the returns from the two forms of lime
were very similar with the two tons of ground limestone showing slightly
superior. These results are given in tabular form.
Experiments in regard to time of application of nitrate of soda showed that
" the results watli the corn point very definitely to the application of the nitrate
at an early stage of growth, the gain being greatest when the plants were
from 3 in. to 2 ft, high. ... In none of the three series from which the
averages were obtained did any increase in yield of grain result from applica-
tions made at tasseling time, the only api>arent effect being a deeper green
foliage.
" The results of the experiments on Irish i)otatoes are of special interest, as
three of the four sets were made on the fine sandy loams of the Cumberland
Plateau, which might be expected to suffer from leaching. In practically every
one of the four sets nearly as good results as any were obtained when the
nitrate was mixed with the phosphate and potash applied in the row before
planting. This was rather unexpected, for the rainfall at this time of the
year is heavy, so that loss of nitrate would be looked for. The results from
applying one-half of the nitrate as a top-dressing when the plants were just
coming up, and the balance in ten days or two weeks, were unfavorable to this
method. As with the corn, the results are, thei-efore, decidedly in favor of
an early application."
In testing nonlegumes and legumes as green manure the results obtained
showed nonlegumes other than rye to be unsatisfactory, while legumes con-
tinued to improve the soil fertility year after year.
Notes are given on the seeding and fertilization of alfalfa, red, alsike. crim-
son, Japan, and sweet clovers, soy beans, grasses, cotton, corn, wheat, oats,
barley, rye, and sorghum. A guide to the establishment of a rotation is shown
and the different i>hases of it are discussed.
Variety tests on moor, marsh, and flooded soils, F. Brune (Jahrb. Dent.
Landxo. GcsclL, 29 {1914), A^o. 2, pp. S.5i-J?7).— This paper gives results of
testing the crops bred and grown on these types of soils as compared with crops
grown from seed raised on ordinary soils. These results, obtained with cereals,
potatoes, field beans, and mangels, and given in tabular form, have led the
author to note a wide field of possibilities in th^ breeding of crops acclimatized
FIELD CROPS. 133
on these types of soils. Such crops invariably outyieUled others, even when
highly bred on the uplands.
A text-book of grasses, with especial reference to the economic species of
the United States, A. S. Hitchcock (Xcw York, JOL't, pp. XVI I +.276, fujs. 6^).—
Primarily a text-book of 25 chapters, this contains some reference matter,
and although the chief emphasis is placed on systematic agrostology, this
comprising part 2, a brief outline of economic agrostology is presented in
part 1,
Alfalfa experiments, L. Carrier, E. R. Hodgson, R. P. Cocke, and B. G.
Anderson (Viryinia Sta. Bui. 207 {1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives
cultural methods and results of exi)eriments, in cooperation with the State
Department of Agriculture, which are summarized as folUows :
"August seeding is preferable to spring seeding. Liming is usually neces-
sary, even on limestone soils. Experiments at Appomattox and Williamsburg
showed very marked benefit from liming. At Staunton little benefit was
observed.
"Acid phosphate and basic slag have given the most marked results on alfalfa
of any commercial fertilizer, especially when used in connection with a liberal
application of stable manure. At Williamsburg, in Tidewater, a plat seeded
in September, 1912, and fertilized with 10 tons of manure and 400 lbs. acid
phosphate per acre yielded at the rate of G tons per acre in 1913' [as against
2 tons 356 lbs. without fertilizers]. At Staunton, in the Shenandoah Valley,
alfalfa fertilized with 15 tons of stable manure alone yielded 6 tons per acre
in 1913 and 2i tons the first cutting in 1914. The use of inoculating soil is
strongly reconmiended over any other method. Pure cultures are a less desir-
able, but practicable substitute. The experiments on rates of seeding, using
from 10 to 30 lbs. per acre, gave very little diiference between light and heavy
seedings. On a good seed bed 15 lbs. should be sufficient. A comparison of
alfalfa seeded alone with alfalfa seeded with other grasses or clovers indicates
that it is the best to seed it alone."
The cultivation of Turkestan alfalfa, J. Gy areas (MonatsJi. Lanclw., 7
{19U),^No. 8, pp. 192, 193). — This discusses results obtained in Hungary at 26
different centers that show the inferiority of Turkestan alfalfa as compared
with the native varieties.
A more accurate method of comparing first-generation maize hybrids with
their parents, G. N. Collins {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 85-91). — The author states that "the development of satisfactory
methods of comparing the yield of first-generation hybrids with that of their
parents has been retarded by (1) a failure to fully appreciate the importance of
individual diversity in hybrids, (2) the abnormal behavior of self -pollinated
maize plants, and (3) the difficulty of securing for comparison hybrids and
parents with identical ancestry.
" To compare the behavior of two varieties, which may be called A and B,
with that of a hybrid between them, two plants were selected in each variety,
Al and A2 in the one variety, and Bl and B2 in the other variety. The follow-
ing hand pollinations were made: A1XA2, A2XB1, B1XB2, and B2XA1.
The result is two hj'brid ears and one cross-pollinated ear of each variety.
It is believed that the mean yield produced by seed from the two hybrid ears
compared with the mean yield produced by seed from the two pure seed ears
gives a fair measure of the effects of hybridization. By making two hybrids
involving all the plants used in producing the pure seed ears individual differ-
ences that affect the yielding power of the pure seed ears are similarly repre-
sented in the hybrids. Thus in both the parents and the hybrids the average
yield represents the mean yielding power of the four parent plants, the only
134 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
difference being the way in which the individuals are combined. To secure
the most accurate comparison of the yield of the four ears, one seed from each
of the ears was planted in each hill. The different kinds were identified by
their relative position in the hill."
The figures in the following table express average percentages of the mean of
the four kinds :
Yield and height of tico varieties of sweet com and hybrids between them.
Variety of corn.
Yield.
Height.
Egyptian
Voorhees Red
Egyptian+Voorhees Red.
Voorhees Red+ Egyptian.
Per cent.
112.8±4.6
55.6±4.0
89.0±5.1
142.8±4.3
Per cent.
111.3±1.0
84.0±0.9
100.0±1.2
103. 0± 1.1
Further data give the height, number of suckers, total number of leaves,
exsertion of tassel, length of axis of tassel, length of central spike, number of
primary branches in tassel, number of secondary branches in tassel, length of
longest leaf, number of nodes above longest leaf, and number of nodes above
the ear of the above-named varieties and their hybrids.
Inheritance of endosperm texture in sweet X waxy hybrids of maize, G. N.
Collins and J. H. Kempton {Amer. Nat., ^8 (,191Jt), No. 574, PP- 584-59Jf, fig.
1). — This continues the report of work previously noted (E. S. E., 29, p. 35),
which covered the first and second generations. " The third generation, like the
second, gave results sufiiciently close to dihybrid ratios to render unprofitable
the assumption of more complicated ratios. There are, however, deviations
from the expected numbers of too great magnitude to be ascribed to chance.
" The ratios of waxy to nonwaxy seeds were regular as far as the conditions
of the experiment could determine, except for a slight excess in the number
of waxy seeds in nearly all the ears in which all three classes appeared. A
deviation in number of waxy seeds as large as that shown in the total would
not be expected to occur as the result of chance more often than once in 1,000
times. The ratios between sweet and homy, while approximating the predicted
ratios, show numerous irregularities. Wherever there is a significant deviation
in the number of sweet seeds, the observed number is below the expected. Rea-
sons are advanced for believing that the deficiency of the sweet class may
result from a failure of some sweet seeds to develop a wrinkled exterior rather
than from any iregularities in segregation.
" The results show the value of representing the characters by gametic factors.
This method provides an orderly arrangement of the facts of heredity thus far
observed with respect to these characters, and makes possible fairly accurate
predictions regarding the genetic behavior of the various seed classes."
Corn growing' in Montana, M. L. Wilson {Montana Sta. Circ. Jfl (1914), PP-
49-7.'f, figs. 31). — This circular is addressed primarily to those who have had
some experience with corn and desire information upon the methods which they
should practice in Montana. The difference between Montana and eastern and
southern corn growing is brought out in the discussions on culture, eradication
of the Russian thistle, harvesting, stacking, threshing, and the preparation of
corn stubble for small grain. The group characteristics of early flint, early
dent, semident, late flint, and late dent varieties of corn are given.
The successful use of the ordinary threshing machine for threshing the Mon-
tana type of the dry crop as it comes from the field or stack is noted. The
resulting products are shredded fodder, cobs, and shelled corn.
FIELD CROPS. 135
Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio, L. H. Goddard and W. L. Elser (Ohio
Sta. Bui. 266 {JOl.r,, pi). 8o-J2-',, figs. ^//).— The work reported in this bulletia
was carrie<l on in cooperation with the Ollice of Farm Management of this De-
partment, and consists of data compiled from a survey comprising nearly 200
fields, with a total of more than 2,000 acres, representing 23 counties of the
State.
The rate of wages paid farm laborers ranged from S3 cts. to $1.55 per day
with board, and from $10.28 to $25.42 per month with board. The total cost of
labor required for producing corn that yields an average of 36.57 bu. per acre
is given as 33.7 cts., and for that yielding an average of 74.85 bu. per acre as
28.8 cts. per bu.
" The labor cost is the largest single item in the total cost of producing com.
From the fields under consideration it is found that the total labor required is
48.18 man hours and 55.44 horse hours, or, at 16 cts. per hour for man and 8 cts.
per hour for horse labor, the cost is $12.14 per acre. Replies from 34 Ohio
municipalities having an average population of 5,831 show the average wage
per hour for common laborers to be approximately 19 cts., for the common
laborer with team 44 cts. Wlien figured at these rates the labor cost per acre
of producing corn for the State is $10.08. . . .
" In many cases the crop jield is not sufficient to pa}^ for the single item of
jabor I'equired to produce it unless the labor is figured at an extremely low
rate. Within certain limits, at least, tlie labor cost per acre is less on large
fields than on small ones. The man labor per acre of replanting, which is still
a common custom, is more than is required to make the first planting by ma-
chine. A large amount of hand labor, especially in cultivating, is done on the
corn crop. It would seem that much of this could well be avoided. The labor
cost of harvesting is more than one-third the total labor cost. An appreciable
amount of labor is therefore saved when the crop is harvested by live stock
in the field."
Data are also included as to the cost of various methods of harvesting the
crops and the relative amount of labor expended in growing it on fields of
various shapes and sizes.
Improving cotton by seed selection on the farm, R. Y. Winters (North
Carolina Sta. Circ. 21 (1914), pp. 6, figs. 5). — This circular gives detailed direc-
tions for improving cotton in North Carolina by the plant-to-row method of
selection.
Flax cropping, harvesting methods, H. L. Bolley and M. L. Wilson (North
Dakota Sta. Circ. 1 (1914), pp. 32, figs. 43; Montana Sta. Circ. 40 (1914), PP-
17-48, figs. 43). — This continues discussions previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p.
034). and is published jointly and simultaneously by these stations. It relates
to saving the crop, and discusses good seed, weed pests, diseases, weather
and soil conditions that influence the ripening of flax, the state laboratory,
preparing and harvesting the seed plat, when to cut for seed, harvesting the
general crop, short irregular flax, stacking headed flax, threshing, storage,
handling, shipping, flax straw and its uses, and feeding green or frosted flax.
It is noted that " it is a fundamental feature of flax cropping that seed,
to be of good strength and reasonably free from the diseases which are
destructive to the crop, must be harvested and saved dry."
" When properly handled in proper rotation, flax can be grown successfully
on old lands. Flax is a valuable crop to complete a rotation for small grains.
Therefore it should be a part of farm policy in this region to take all of the
steps necessary to establish the flax crop in the new but rapidly developing
system of diversified farming."
/
136 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Flax experiments, 1912 (Dcpt. Ayr. and Tech. Insir. Ireland Jour., 14 (WlJf),
No. 3, pp. 5 15-53 Jf). — The reports of manurial tests at several centers showed
muriate of potiish alone to be unproductive. Combined applications of muriate
of potash and sulphate of ammonia gave profitable returns, but when steamed
bone flour was added to the potash and ammonia the yields were decreased below
the checli plats. The addition of 1 ton of burnt lime per acre to the primary
crop (oats) proved beneficial to flax. "Apart from its value to other crops,
the results of these preliminary trials indicate that the liming of land one
year in advance is of considerable benefit to the flax crop. They also show
that for flax muriate of potash forms a valuable supplemental dressing to
lime."
The use of sweet jowar (Sorghum sp.) as a source of commercial sugar or
as a fodder and the variation in composition of the crop during- growth, H. E.
Annett (Agr. Research Inst. Pum Bui. Jfl {191Jf), pp. 9+VI, j)ls. 2).— This
records analyses of sweet sorghums grown at several places in India that show
they can not be profitably grown for sugar purpose. As a source of fodder,
however, these sorghums were shown to be useful. Yields of 13 tons of green
produce were obtained per acre. Data " show that after the seed is in the
thin milk stage no increase in total weight of the crop takes place, and also
the amount of total sugar in the crop has almost reached its maximum.
Hence the crop, when being cut for fodder, should not be allowed to get beyond
this stage."
Potato growing in the San Joaquin and Sacramento deltas of California,
W. V. Shear (California Sta. Circ. 120 (1914), pp. 11, figs. 7).— This circular
describes the conditions of potato production in these areas, mentions Rhizoc-
tonia, Fiisarium oxysporum, Verticillium alho-atrum, scab, tuber moth, nematode
gall worm, as directly responsible for the decrease yields, and makes general
recommendations for the improvement of the industry, notably longer rotations
and the use of disease-free seed potatoes.
Rape for hog- pasturage, C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 20
(IDl.'f), pp. 3). — This circular discusses the possibilities of the crop and gives
advice regarding soil and its preparation, seeding, and precautions in grazing.
Report of experimental work of the rice stations in 1913 in the Province
of Valencia, Spain, E. G. Montesoro (Mem. Estac. Arrocera Sueca (Valencia),
1913, pp. VI+4Jf, pis. 8). — This outlines the first year's work, and gives some
results of A-ariety tests and cultural and fertilizer experiments with rice at
three stations.
Sugar beet experiments (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14
(1914), No. 3, pp. 471-482, pis. 2).— The results of cultural experiments with
sugar beets in Ireland are given as follows:
" With proper care and management, crops of sugar beets comparing favor-
ably in yield with continental crops can be grown in Ireland. For example, in
spite of somewhat adverse weather conditions, in 1912 and 1913, an average
yield of over 10 tons (factory weight) per statute acre was obtained from the
molded-up drill plats. The sugar content of the roots was also satisfactory:
the average in 1911 was IS. 5 per cent. In 1912 and 1913, the average was 18.2
and 14.6 per cent, respectively,
" Of the three methods of cultivation, the system of growing the crop on
molded-up drills was the best,
"Top-dressings of nitrate of soda to beets manured with (a) a moderate
dressing of farmyard manure and a complete mixture of artificials (including
sulphate of ammonia), or (b) a rather heavier dressing of the same mixture of
artificials without dung, were not generally remunerative.
FIELD CROPS. 137
" The factorj' weight was rather less than three-quarters that of beets roughly
cleaned and topped. The yields from the best plats were about half those of
mangels grown alongside."
Summary of ten years' experiments with, tobacco in Virginia, E. H.
Mathewson (Virginia Sta. Bui. 205 (,1914),. pp. 3-35, figs. 6).— This bulletin
summarizes in a general way work that has been previously noted in detail
(E. S. R., 20, p. 333; 22, p. 37; 25, p. 734; 27, pp. 436, 437). Descriptive notes
are here given of bright, dark, sun-cured dark, and olive-green or black-stem-
ming types of tobacco. The use of phosphates, nitrogen, potash, and rotation
of crops for dark tobacco soils are discussed as is also the work in the sun-
cured tobacco district regarding humus and fertilizers for flue tobacco.
Experiments with dark tobacco, B. G. Anderson (Yirignla 8ta. Bui. 206
(1914), PP- 15, figs. 3). — This bulletin records the yields obtained by a six-year
rotation from 190S-1913 on Cecil sandy loam, Cecil clay, depleted Cecil clay,
and Iredell clay loam in Appomattox County, continuing work in cooperation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, previously noted (E. S.
R., 20, p. 333).
It seems that the fertility of the soil on these types has been fairly well main-
tained by the rotation followed, and the yields of grass have in most cases in-
creased. Notes are given upon the culture of the crops in the rotation.
The records of fertilizer experiments with dark tobacco and crops grown in
rotation with tobacco indicate the value of a formula applying 250 lbs. dried
blood, 600 lbs. acid phosphate, and 100 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre. In
general, an application of 2,000 lbs. of burnt lime per acre increased the yields
of all of the rotation crops, legumes most notably.
Yields of seven varieties of tobacco are given as ranging from 950 to 1,600
lbs. per acre on red clay soil. " The variety Lizard Tail showed superiority in
every way including quality, weight, and color in curing."
Nicotin as a by-product of tobacco culture, E. Chuard and R. Mellet
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 208-210).— In a study
to determine the most profitable method of handling the tobacco crop to secure
the maximum amount of nicotin as a by-product, it was found that in general
plants not suckered were not good producers of alkaloids. The yield of nicotin
in the individual plant left in the field after the harvest, with the small buds
recently formed at the axils of the large leaves, was considerably superior
to that of individuals that were completely stripped. An application of nitrate
of soda to the stripped plants did not alter the relative composition of the
different plant organs, but increased the actual production of alkaloids per
plant and favored growth.
Wheat in Alabama, J. F. Duggae and E. F. Cauthen (Alabama Col. Sta.
Bui. 179 (1914), PP- 103-124, pis. 2, fig. i).— This bulletin gives results of variety
tests, fertilizer experiments with wheat, and advice to farmers on the pro-
duction of wheat in Alabama, including data on disease, insect pests, and
weeds.
Different varieties show average yields for four years or more varying from
13.6 to 18.2 bu. per acre. The varieties found to be best suited to Alabama
conditions were Alabama Blue Stem, Red Wonder, Golden Chaff, Currell, Fultz,
and Fulcaster. The protein content of 9 varieties ranged from 11.25 with
Alabama Blue Stem to 13.75 with Stoner. Twelve varieties are described.
In regard to plowing under cowpeas and velvet beans, it is noted that " the
entire vines of these two legumes afforded a large increase as compared with
the weed plat. However, the entire plant in this case proved less valuable in
its first year effects than did the stubble of cowpeas and velvet beans. This
138 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
was probably because the vines were rather poorly plowed under and left this
sandy, loose soil in a condition too loose and open for the best growth of wheat."
Fertilizer experiments have showed that nitrogen is of first importance,
phosphorus secondary, and that potash, though often useful, is less important
than the other two constituents. Equal amounts of nitrogen applied at planting
time proved to be of practically equal value for wheat whether in the form
of nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, or cotton seed ; but nitrate of soda when
ai)plied as a top-dressing in March proved much more effective than any other
fertilizer.
Wheat and rye of east Siberia, W. A. Uglow {Ztschr. Gesam. Oetreideic, 6
(1914), No. 6, pp. 113-118). — This article discusses the production of wheat and
rye and their adaptation to the climatic conditions, and gives tables of analyses
of these cereals from the 1910-11 crops of Amur and Primorsk districts.
On the loss in a stack of unthreshed corn, E. J. Russell (Jour. Bd. Agr.
[Loiidoit], 21 (IDU), No. 4, pp. 300-.303).—T\ie inadvisability of holding wheat
unthreshed in the stack is shown in results obtained at Rothamsted. The loss,
due chiefly to mice, was 14.7 bu. per acre, or 53 per cent, in holding the stack
for 9^ months. In another case a loss of 6.8 bu. per acre, or 20 per cent, oc-
curred in a stack in 6 months.
Grades of grain, C. Quinn {Toledo, Ohio [1914'\, PP- 16). — Commercial grades
of grain, comprising those of wheat, rye, oats, corn, milo maize, Kafir corn, and
barley, and the rule for using the testing kettle, are described.
Observations on the eradication of weeds by the use of kainit, T. Remy
and J. Vasters {Landw. Jalirh., 46 (1914), No. 4, pp. 627-657, figs, o).— In this
paper are described 12 experiments in which several kinds of weeds growing
with cereals were treated, with varying amounts of kainit in different degrees
of fineness.
The author concludes that kainit is a serviceable weed killer when used under
certain favorable conditions. The first requirement is the application of a
sufficient quantity, not less than 1,200 kg. per hectare (1.06S lbs. per acre),
and increasing with the age of the weed to a probable maximum application
of 2,000 kg. The application must be made on heavy dew or rain-dampened
plants, and the best results follow a dry day. Foggy or misty weather after
the application retards the action of the kainit and will make the results
doubtful. The action of kainit was especially favored by dry or slightly frozen
ground, which conditions seems to retard the flow of water to the plant to
relieve the plasmolytic action of the kainit. The use of finely ground kainit,
evenly distributed, greatly favored its action. The weeds must not be old,
and the younger the better were the results.
All kinds of weeds were not equally acted upon by the kainit. Three groups
are noted: Sensitive, wild mustard, wild radish, wild buckwheat, chamomile,
nettle, groundsel, knapweed, speedwell, chickweed; medium sensitive, smart-
weed, spurry, tower cress ; and slightly sentitive orach, sow thistle, fumitory.
A heavy application of kainit had an injurious effect upon the texture of the
soil surface except in the presence of calcium, although the potash in the kainit
served for remaining plants or future crops. Cereals were only temporarily
injured by the applications. Barley seemed the most easily affected, but soon
recovered even with an application of 2,500 kg. per hectare.
The author discusses at some length the action of the various compounds of
the kainit in killing weeds. The caruallite was more effective than the syl-
vanite.
The use of sodium arsenite for killing' weeds, J. W. Ince (No)-th Dakota
8ta. Spec. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 9, pp. 146, i^7).-— This article gives some results
of methods of preparing sodium arsenite and of preliminary experiments in
HOBTICULTUEE. 139
spraying with the solution to kill weeds. These results point to the probable
eflicieucj- of the formulas used as a weed destroyer.
The plumber's blowlamp as a garden tool, H. K. Durham (Jour. Roy. Hort.
Soc. [London'], ffO {1914), Ko. 1, pp. 16-18). — This article describes a method
of using on a small scale the plumber's blowlamp to destroy weeds and sprout-
ing seeds at the surface of the ground.
HORTICULTURE.
Sap studies with horticultural plants, W. H. Chandler (Misssouri 8ta.
Research Bui. 14 (1914), pp. 491-552, figs. 13). — In connection with a study of
(he killing of plant tissue by low temiierature (E. S. R., 32, p. 42), freezing-
point determinations as well as electrical resistance and molecular weight
determinations were made of sap from the cortex of tissue of many different
kinds of plants, including orchard fruits as well as flowering plants and vege-
tables. The determinations were made throughout the winter season and during
part of the summer season with the view of detecting possible changes in the
sap during the winter that might help to account for the increased hardiness
of mature winter tissue. Although no changes were found that would explain
why plants acquire greater resistance to cold in winter, the data secured in
these investigations, as well as those from other sap studies, are here presented
for any value they may have in similar investigations.
The data are presented in a series of tables and discussed under the follow-
ing general headings : Method of making freezing point determinations, deter-
mining the electrical resistance, molecular weight determination of plant sap
solute, plant density of various tissues of trees, sap concentration at different
periods of the year, sap concentration of green and ripe fruit, effect of vigorous
growth upon sap concentration, and sap concentration in relation to water
movement. A bibliography of related studies is given.
The author's principal deductions from his studies as a whole are presented
in the following summary: "A very small proportion of the osmotic strength
of leaf and cortex sap as measured by the lowering of the freezing point is
produced by electrolytes, except in the leaves of succulent plants. It is also
true that generally more than half of the osmotic strength of leaf and cortex
sap is produced by neither sugars nor electrolytes.
" The molecular weight of the sap solute varies for different tissues, but for
any given tissue it does not vary greatly except in early summer during the
period of rapid growth, when it seems to be somewhat smaller than at other
times. The molecular weight of the sap solute of twigs from peach trees
that have been forced into vigorous growth by pruning seems to be smaller
during most of the summer than that of the cortex sap of peach twigs from
trees not so pruned.
" During the growing period there is a fairly constant increase in the
molecular concentration of the cortex sap from the roots up through the trunk
and large branches to the twigs, exceptions to this, apparently, being most com-
mon in the trunk. In late winter this greater molecular concentration of the
cortex sap in the upper portions of the tree does not generally prevail. The
molecular concentration of cortex sap is the smallest during the period of
rapid growth. In case of roots, especially, and to a lesser extent in other
tissues, the molecular concentration of the cortex sap is not so great during
early summer with trees that have been forced into vigorous growth by heavy
pruning as with trees not so pruned.
"A molecular concentration as determined by the freezing point seems a fair
measure of the condition of nutrition, at least of the roots. The molecular
75575°— No. 2—15 1
140 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.
concentration of the young leaves near the growing point of peach and apple
twigs is not so great as that of the old leaves. The molecular concentration of
the leaves of fruit trees is generally considerably greater than that of fruit
except in the case of some ripe fruits like cherries or currants. Where this
difference prevails the leaves are able to remove water from the fruit. There
seem to be times in the orchard when the air is very dry and the moisture
supply limited when a large foliage may remove the water from the fruit to an
Injurious extent."
Hotbeds and cold frames, R. A. McGinty (Colorado Sta. Bui. 199 (1914),
pp. 35-JfO). — This paper contains popular instructions for the care and manage-
ment of hotbeds and cold frames.
Vegetable growing' in Colorado, R. A. McGinty [Colorado Sta. Bid. 199
(1914), PP- 3-34). — This paper contains popular directions for the culture of
different vegetables under Colorado conditions.
Mendelism in melons, D. Lumsden (Neiv Hampshire Sta. Bui. 112 (1914),
pp. 3-58, figs. 20). — The author here reports a study of a portion of the progeny
of two distinct types of melons with reference to their inheritance of such char-
acters as form and size of fruit, color of skin, size of seed, ribbing, and netting.
The English muskmelon, Sutton Superlative, was used as the female parent
and the French cantaloup, Delices de la Table, as the male parent. In certain
cases crossing was continued through the fifth generation.
Summarizing the work as a whole, the author concludes that the pairs of char-
acters here considered show a blend in the Fi generation rather than a domi-
nance of one of the characters as determined in Mendel's work with peas [E. S.
R., 13, p. 744]. The segregation of dominant and recessive characters occurs in
the Fa generation. The six pairs of characters studied show dominance and
recessiveness as follows: Dominant — yellow color of skin, round form of fruit,
large size of seeds, ribbing, netting, and large size of fruits. Recessive — green
color of skin, obtuse-elliptical form of fruit, small size of seeds, nonribbiug,
smoothness, and small size of fruits. Seeds of one hybrid having a green skin
and of another having a yellow skin were selected for the purpose of ascertain-
ing whether a pure hybrid type had been fixed. The test as continued for two
generations proved fixation of type.
Experiments in onion culture, J. W. Lloyd (Illinois Sta. Bui. 175 (1914),
pp. 337-362, figs. 2; Ais., pp. 4, fios- 2). — This bulletin reports experiments in
onion culture which have been conducted at the station for a period of six years.
A test of the effect of using wood ashes in addition to manure as a fertilizer
for onions shows that the yield was increased five years out of the six by the
use of the ashes. The net value of the increase was sufficient to make their use
profitable in only three of the years, but there was an average net profit due to
the use of ashes of $17.46 per acre annually for the six-year period.
In order to test the relative value of early and late planting, four plantings at
intervals of 14 days, beginning the latter part of March, were made during the
first four years and three plantings in the last two years. The results show, in
general, that the period of growth decreased as the date of planting was de-
ferred. Likewise, the shortening of the growth period by late planting had a
decidedly unfavorable influence on profitable yield. The average size of the
bulbs decreased as the planting became later. However, in addition to the time
of planting, the size and yield of onions were also influenced by prevailing
weather conditions, there being more differences in the size of onions from the
same plat in different seasons than from different plats in the same season.
In order to secure data regarding the influence of thinning on the size and
yield of bulbs and the relative cost of growing onions with and without thinning,
HORTICULTURE. 141
tests were conducted for four seasons. After the seedlings had become fully
established they were thinned to a distance of approximately 3 in. The results
show that thinning has a decided influence on the size of the bulbs. Attempts to
grow onions without thinning resulted in the production of a high percentage
of undersized bulbs, except when the original stand was comparatively thin.
Larger yields of onions were produced from sets than from seed. The sets
are more certain to province a paying crop than the seed, especially under un-
favorable weather conditions. The crop ripens earlier from sets and can usually
be disposed of promptly at harvest time. The chief objection to the gi'owing of
onions from sets is the amount of labor involved in planting. This appears to
be offset by the saving of expense in weeding, thinning, and tillage. The excess
cost of sets over seed and the increased labor of harvesting a larger crop from
the sets are usually more than balanced by the greater value of the crop. The
author concludes that for local markets at least the growing of onions from sets
offers greater opportunity for large profits from small areas than growing onions
from seed.
Tomato variety and planting' tests, T. H. White (Maryland Sta. Bui. 180
(lOlJf), pp. 89-102). — In continuation of variety tests reported in 1906 (E. S. R.,
18, p. 937) data are here given on tests which have been conducted since that
time. In addition to a general variety test, comparison has also been made
between certain varieties planted both early and late and the results are here
presented in tabular form and discussed.
Tomato culture, J. F. Monroe {Maryland Sta. Bui. 180 (1914), pp. ll/f-134,
figs. 11). — This paper contains popular suggestions relative to the culture and
management of a tomato crop.
Notes on fruit growing in the East Africa Protectorate, PI. Powell {Roy.
Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 8 {1914), pp. 268-273).— Notes are
given on the condition and behavior of a large number of fruits being tested at
the experiment stations in the East Africa Protectorate.
Fruits: Their handling- and storage, J. L. Hughes {Trans. Amer. Soc.
Refrig. Engin., 9 {1913, pp. 203-215). — ^A paper on this subject presented before
the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers at their annual meeting in
New York, December, 1913.
Handling apples for storage, W, J. Young (Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
72 (1914), pp. 8). — ^This contains popular instructions for handling apples
intended for storage. A list is also given of a number of varieties of apples
showing their customary behavior under storage conditions.
Preparation of fruit exhibits, R. J. Barnett (Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
11 (1914), pp. 16, figs. 6). — A popular bulletin of information relative to
premium lists and rules for fruit exhibits, preparing exhibits, characteristics
of show fruit, transportation of show fruit, nomenclature, score cards, district
displays, and important points to be observed in exhibiting fruit.
Experiments with small fruits, W. R. Ballard (Maryland Sta. Bui. 182
{1914), PP- 155-179, figs. 4)- — The experimental work here discussed deals chiefly
with variety tests of raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, and currants.
Suggestions are also given for the culture of the above fruits and also for
grapes.
The management of strawberry soils in the Pajaro Valley and its prob-
lems, C. B. LiPMAN (California Sta. Girc. 122 (1914), PP- 4)- — As a result of a
preliminary study of the management of strawberry soils in the Pajaro Valley
the author here presents a short statement relative to the present methods of
management and offers suggestions relative to improvements in methods of
soil handling. The study was made primarily to determine what ground thex-e
was for the rather common claim that a new crop of strawberries should not
142 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
be planted on land which had grown a previous crop of strawberries for three
or four seasons.
The author found tliut some deterioration does occur when a second crop of
strawberries is planted. The cause of this deterioration is thus far unknown, but
there is no evidence to show that this condition is due to a direct injurious effect
of the strawberry plant on the soil. He also found that it was a common prac-
tice not to cultivate the irrigation ditches between the rows of strawberries
and that this soil became packed and baked during irrigation periods, thus
preventing a proper supply of air to the soil. It is recommended that irriga-
tion be less frequent and that the ditches be cultivated deeply with a one-horse
cultivator between irrigation. Where one crop of strawberries is to follow
another, it is suggested that the land be plowed deeply in the fall and sowed
to bur clover or some other legume which will make a heavy winter growth,
this cover crop to be plowed under in the spring and the soil prepared for the
new planting.
Vine pruning in California, II, F. T. Bioletti (Calif ornia Sta. Bill. 246
{1914), pp. 57-lOS, figs. 51). — In continuation of a previous bulletin discussing
the principles of pruning Vitis vinifera grapes (E. S. R., 30, p. 741) an account
is here given of the principal systems of pruning adapted to California con-
ditions.
A description is first given of an ideal mature vine in full bearing. This is
followed by a discussion of methods of handling a young vine to make it ap-
proach as nearly as possible this ideal. An acPount is then given of the regular
pruning necessary to make the vine produce maximum crops to a respectable old
age, together with a discussion of the renovation of imperfect and misshaped
vines. The bulletin concludes with a discussion of the choice of system and
lists of varieties adapted for long, half long, and short pruning.
Origin of the date palm, P. Popenoe {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 11, pp.
lfiS-508, figs. 5). — Notes on the history of the date palm, including a reference
to Berry's discovery of fossil fruit and seed in Texas (E. S. R., 31, p. 142).
Mate culture, C. D. Girola {El Cultivo del Mate. La Plata, Argentina, 1914,
pp. 21, figs. 3). — ^A discussion of yerba mate (Ilex paraguayensis) culture, with
special reference to methods of reproduction and propagation.
Olive culture, W. J. Axlen {Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 82 {1914),
pp. 42,^ figs. 35). — A general treatise on olive culture, oil extraction, and olive
pickling, with si^ecial reference to the development of the industry in New
South Wales.
Further notes on the seedless fruits of the common persimmon (Diospyros
virginiana), D. M. Mottieb {Proc. Ind. Acad. Set., 1912, pp. 67, 68). — This com-
prises a brief reference to the parthenocarijic nature of seedless fruits growing
on persimmon trees on the campus of Indiana University. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 22, p. 340).
Reference is also made to the successful ripening of i:)ersimmons by inclosing
fully-developed firm fruits in Mason jars and allowing them to remain in a
cool place in the basement for from ten days to two weeks. The lids of the
jars were screwed on without rubbers. The fruits when removed were soft,
juicy, and without a trace of astringeney.
Vanilla culture in Madagascar, A. Fauch£:re {Bui. Econ. Gouvt. G4n.
Madagascar, 14 {1914), H, No. 2, pp. 122-126). — An account of vanilla culture
and the preparation of the beans for market in Madagascar.
Recent experiments in shield budding tropical fruits at the Lamao Ex-
periment Station, P. J. Wester {PJiilippine Agr. Rev. [En.glish Ed.], 7 {1914),
No. 9, pp. 356-359, pis. 2). — The work here noted deals with the asexual
propagation of the durian {Durio ^ibcthinus), hevi {Spondias cythcrcw), caram-
HORTICULTURE. 143
bola (Averrhoa caram^ola), bilimbi {A. Itiliinbi), atemoya (E. S. R., 31, p. 47),
and cherlinoya (Annona cherimoUa), and the budding of some of the cultivated
citrus fruits on the calamondin {Citrus niitis).
Tbe experiments carried out during the dry season of 1913-14 have shown
that the durian and carambola may be readily shield budded with the inverted
T bud. The carambola and bilimbi budded on each other and the bilimbi budded
on itself have thus far failed to grow. Atemoya buds well on the mamou but
not so well as on the custard ai)ple, which imparts to the atemoya a very char-
acteristic upright growth. The cherimoya and atemoya do not thrive on the
soursop but the cherimoya can be budded on the sngar a])i)le, custard apple, and
mamon with good results. Of the Philippine citrus fruits the orange, mandarin,
lime, and pomelo have grown well on the calamondin. There is a tendency for
the calamondin to dwarf the more robust species grafted upon it. Repeated
attempts to graft and bud seedless breadfruit upon the seedling type have
failed absolutely. The author lias met success in budding avocados and large-
fruited guavas.
The improvement of medicinal plants, F. A. Miller (Proc. Ind. Acad. 8ci.,
1912, pp. 115-120, figs. Jf). — Some preliminary notes are given on selection
studies of belladonna, henbane, stramonium, Digitalis, and Cannabis which are
being conducted with the view of increasing the percentage of alkaloids. The
results, although not conclusive, indicate that not only greater yields but better
and more reliable medicinal products can be secured through, judicious selection.
Goldenseal under cultivation, W. Van Fleet {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers^
Bui. 613 (lOlJf), pp. 15, figs. 5). — This describes the goldenseal plant and gives
an account of its production and culture, both under lath shed shade and under
forest tree shade. Information is also given relative to digging, curing, dis-
eases and pests, yield, and cost.
The author concludes in general that regarded as a minor money crop, golden-
seal is well adapted for small growers who can meet the special requirements of
the plant. Since goldenseal requires essentially the same conditions as ginseng
(E. S. R., 29, p. G39), although easier to grow, it is suggested that it may prove
a desirable side or succession crop with ginseng.
Dreer's hints on the growing of bulbs {PlnladeJpliia, lOlff, pp. 6-'f, figs. 20). —
A practical manual of information on the indoor and outdoor culture of bulbs.
The dafeodil yearbook, 1914 (London: Roy. Hort. Sac, 19U, pp. IX+lJfO,
pis. 37). — A yearbook of information dealing with various phases of daffodil
culture, varieties, diseases, insect pests, exhibitions, etc. In addition to infor-
mation dealing principally with Great Britain, papers and notes from Australia,
New Zealand, Holland, and the United States are also included.
Practical help on landscape gardening-, W. Millee {lUinois 8ta. Circ. 116
(1914), PP- 16, figs. 9). — This circular briefly outlines the assistance rendered
to the people of the State by the division of landscape extension of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, and contains instructions for securing illustrated lectures,
advice, and plans for home grounds, streets, roads, library, school, and other
public buildings.
Luther Burbank, his methods and discoveries and their practical applica-
tion, edited by J. Wuitson and R. J. and H. S. Williams (Neio York and Lon-
don, 191.',, vols. 1, pp. 308, figs. 105; 2, pp. 308, figs. 105; 3, pp. 308, figs. 105).—
"Volume 1 of this work comprises a survey of the breeding methods employed
by Burbank, volume 2 gives the history of a number of his productions, and
volume 3 deals with various phases of plant propagation, such as pollination,
grafting, plant affinities, fixing traits, and selection. The work as a whole was
prepared from Burbank's original field notes under the direction of a board of
editors.
144 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
FORESTRY.
The timbers of British Guiana {West India Com. Circ, 29 (IQlJf), Nos. 4OO,
pp. SJ,, 35; 401, pp. 54, 55; 402, pp. 81-83, fig. 1; 403, pp. 103, 10.',; 404, pp.
12rt, 128; J,05, pp. 152, 153; 4O6, pp. 173-175).— An account of the forests and
timber industry in British Guiana, including a descriptive list of the principal
woods.
List of the trees, shrubs, and economic herbs of the Southern Forest
Circle of the Central Provinces, H. H. Haines {Indian Forester, 38 (1912),
No. 10, pp. 495-509; 39 {1913), No. 2, pp. 49-69+3; 40 {1914), Nos. 5, pp. 194-
229+3; 6, pp. 264-283; 7, pp. 330-355; 8, pp. 392-403; 9, pp. 429-440; 10, pp.
472-502). — A descriptive list of the economic plants of the Southern Circle of
the Central Provinces, containing information as far as could be obtained rela-
tive to the nomenclature, botanical characteristics, distribution, and uses of
each species.
Ecology of sal (Shorea robusta). — I, Soil composition, soil moisture, soil
aeration, R. S. Hole and P. Singh {Indian Forest Rcc, 5 {1914), No. 4, pp.
11+42, pis. 2). — This paper describes the preliminary experiments which have
been carried out in the Dehra Dun experimental garden to determine the effect
of soil composition, soil moisture, and soil aeration on the development of sal
seedlings. The work is being conducted with special reference to the deter-
mination of those factors which influence the healthy development of sal trees.
Studies on color variation in black pine seed, Pittaueb (Centbl. Gesam.
Forstio., 40 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 185-202, figs. 4)- — -^ preliminary report on a
study of color variation in black pine seed, with special reference to the in-
fluence of color on the germinative value of the seed.
Spectrophotometric investigations in woods, H. Knuchel {Mitt. Schweiz.
Centralanst. Forstl. Tersuchsw., 11 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-94, P^^- 3, figs. 34). —
The results are here given of a study of the influence of light on the growth and
development of individual trees and of stands composed of various species of
trees. The data are presented in tabular form and fully discussed.
Annual ring formation and light, Oelkees (ZtscJir. Forst u. Jagdw., 46
{1914), Nos. 8, pp. 455-472, pis. 2, figs. 4; 9, pp. 519-538, figs. -J).— The author
here reports a study of the two factors, light and heat, as influencing wood
accretion in forest stands. A bibliography of cited literature is appended.
Investigations in mixed stands, Schwappach {Ztschr. Forst. u. Jagdw., 46
{1914), No. 8, pp. 472-491). — A further report on the growth behavior of mixed
forest stands as compared with pure forest stands in East Pi'ussia and Silesia
(E. S. R., 21, p. 144).
Size and disposition of normal growing stock in seedling forests, P. Fluey
{Mitt. Schweiz. Centralanst. Forstl. Tersuchsw., 11 {1914), No. 1, pp. 97-148,
figs. 20). — The present study of normal growing stock is based on an analysis
of yield tables and other yield investigations which have been conducted with
different timber species.
Report of the state forest administration of Bavaria {Mitt. Staatsforstverw.
Bayerns, No. 15 {1913), pp. 165). — ^A statistical review of forest operations in
Bavaria for the year 1912.
The data given show the extent of forest areas of all kinds at the beginning
of the year, yield in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures,
planting operations, forest protection, etc. The results of the felling opera-
tions, forest plantings, and other improvements in the forests belonging to
communes, institutions, corporations, and estates are included.
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Pulp wood, R. G. Lewis and W. G. H.
BoYCE {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 46 {1914), PP- -^7, pi. 1, figs.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 145
3). — A statistical account is giveu of the quautity and value of pulp wood
produced in Canada according to Provinces, species used, and method of manu-
facture, of the pulp wood exported from the Dominion, and of the imports and
exports of wood pulp during the calendar year 1913. The report also contains
a map showing the location of the pulp mills of the Dominion.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Report on plant protection in Baden, 1913], C. von "Wahl and K. MOller
(licr. IlauptstcUc P/htnznischutz Baden, 1912, pp. 70, figs. 5). — This report is
similar in plan and scojie to that of the previous year (E. S. R., 31, p. 539).
Several newly proiwsed treatments tested for Perouospora on grapevines
proved inferior to Bordeaux mixture for this purpose. Iron sulphate in 20 per
cent solution brushed into scab areas on vine stocks was only partially suc-
cessful in eradicating the scab, which afterwards reappeared.
Fungi parasitic on plants in and near the Province of Turin, 1912, P.
VoGLiNo {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 115-138). — This is a sys-
tematic arrangement of the parasites as noted on various plants in this portion
of northwest Italy, including more or less discussion in connection with each.
Culture studies with. Uredinae, 1911—1913, W. Tranzschel {Mycol. Ccnthh,
Ji {191Jf), No. 2, pp. 10, 71). — Results are here sketched of studies carried out
on Pticcinia hclianthi, P. elymi, P. perplexans, P. isiacce, P. stipina, P. permixta,
P. UttovaUs, and P. opizii; also on the incomplete fungi P. simplex, P. hemcro-
calUdis, P. nitidula, and a form said to be a variety of P. stipw-sihiricw and
claimed to be a new biological form.
[The stem rot of cereals], L. Mangin (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 27 (1914),
No. 9, pp. 267-269). — ^This is a brief review of the history of stem rot or foot
rot of cereals and of observations concerning that condition, its causation, and
treatment, since about the year 1878. Alternation with noususceptible crops, com-
bined with eradication of stubble, later planting with employment of drill seed-
ing, resistant varieties, and drainage, are given as the chief means of avoiding
loss from this source.
Grain rusts and their control, E. Riehm {Deut. Landw. Presse, J^l {1914),
Nos. 51, pp. 631-633, figs. 8; 52, p. 649, figs. 2).— This is a brief discussion of
the life history, injuries, effects, and control of Tillctia tritiei, Ustilago hordei,
U. avence, and U. oeculta as parasites of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, respec-
tively.
Barley streak disease, H. C. Mijller and E. Molz {Dent. Landw. Presse, 41
{1914), A^'o. 17, pp. 205, 206. fig. i).— Reporting tests made looking to the control
of Pleospora trichostoma {Helmintlwsporium graminemn) on barley, the author
states that treatment of the seed wuth a 0.5 per cent solution of copper sulphate
was very successful with winter barley. The hot-water treatment of the seed
was not uniformly successful as a preventive, but the intermittent plan gave
very good results, and a combination of the hot water with the copper sulphate
treatment was successful. Formaldehyde was not successful, and the hot-air treat-
ment apparently increased the attack and Impaired germiuability. Temperature
during early stages of growth appears to exert some influence on this disease.
Stinking smut in wheat, H. M. Woolman {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 73
{1914), pp. 8). — A popular preliminary report is giveu of investigations carried
on at the station, in part in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department, for the control of stinking smut in wheat.
From these experiments it is apparent that the organism may, under certain
conditions, be present in the soil and affect the crop in that manner. In treating
146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
seed with coi>per sulphate, formalin, and copper sulphate to which common salt
is added, it was found that the addition of salt to copper sulphate solution
materially increased its efficiency. Treatment of seed for 10 minutes in a solu-
tion of 1 lb. copper sulphate, 1 lb. common salt, and 5 gal. water, or with a
formalin solution, 1 lb. to 40 gal. water, for 30 minutes, is suggested. In either
treatment it is recommended that the grain be immersed in an open tank, thor-
oughly stirred, and the smut balls which float on the surface skimmed off. It
is also recommended that treated seed be tested for germination so as to deter-
mine the amount to be sown, as machine-threshed seed was found to be severely
injured, and such seed, when treated, showed low vitality.
Some studies are briefly outlined on soil treatment to determine the life of
the smut in the soil and on times of planting.
A new disease of asparagus, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56
{1913), pp. 176-180). — A fungus attacking leaves of Asparagus officinalis is
claimed to be a new species and is described under the name Leptothyrium
asparagi.
A fungus disease of hemp, Vera K. Chables and Anna E. Jenkins ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 1, pp. 81-84, pi. 1, fig. i).— The
authors describe Botryosphceria marconii on hemp. The disease was called
to their attention in September, 1913, on a variety of hemp grown for experi-
mental puii^oses by this Department. Although the disease did not make its
appearance until the plants were nearly full grown, it was rapid in its action,
about two weeks having intervened between the time when it was first noticed
and the death of many of the plants. The authors consider the imperfect stage
of the fungus identical with that described as Dendroplioma marconii, the per-
fect stage not having been hitherto recognized. The name B. marconii n. sp.,
is given it.
Smut in Kafir com, I. B. P. Evans {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914),
No. 6, pp. 811-814, figs. 2). — ^A description is given of this disease due to
Sphucelotheca sorghi, with directions for treatments recommended. These
include steeping or sprinkling with formalin solution 1 lb. to 30 gal. of water,
soaking with copper sulphate 1 lb. to 10 gal. of water, and immersion in water
heated to 135° F.
Some diseases of the potato. — II, Black dot disease, Ethel M. Doidge {Agr.
Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 879-882, figs. 4)- — Continuing pre-
vious work (E. S. R., 32, p. 50), the author notes a disease of potatoes not
hitherto reported in South Africa and attributed to Vermicularia varians. The
author prefers the descriptive name black dot disease to that of French potato
scab which has been applied to the disease elsewhere.
Preventive measures include burning all diseased plants and the nonuse of
suspected tubers for seed and of infected soil for planting either potatoes or
tomatoes. It is not yet known how long the sclerotia in the soil may con-
tinue capable of spreading the infection.
Potato scab and sulphur disinfection, C. D. Shebbakoff {New York Cor-
nell Sta. Bui. 350 {1914), pp. 705-743, figs. 2).— The results are given of a series
of experiments conducted to determine the value of sulphur for preventing
potato scab and its effect on the subsequent crop and on its possible fertilizing
value. After a summary review of the literature relating to experiments
where sulphur was used for scab control, the author describes in detail his
investigations carried on in 1911,. 1912, and 1913, unusual precautions having
been taken to reduce the experimental error.
As a result of his experiments the author concludes that sulphur treatment
of the soil against potato scab, when applied at the rate of from 450 to 900 lbs.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147
per acre, sown broadcast aud thoroughly mixed with about 2 in. of the surface
soil just before the iX)tatoes were planted, considerably i-educed the amount of
scab. In no cases, however, was scab entirely eliminated. When lime was
applied at the rate of from 350 to 400 lbs. per acre in conjunction with 450
lbs. of sulphur, the fungicidal i)ower of the sulphur was reduced to practically
nothing. Whore the same quantity of lime with 900 lbs. of sulphur was used
the fungicidal value of sulphur was not i-educed, and at the same time its
injurious after effect on the crop was considerably diminished.
Sulphur added to commercial fertilizer reduced the value of the fertilizer
more or less noticeably, although a small quantity of sulphur, about 100 lbs. per
acre on certain soils, was found to have some fertilizing value for potatoes.
Where it was used in quantities of over 300 lbs. per acre it seemed to be more
or less injurious to the crop. As a rule the effect of sulphur treatment on the
potato crop in the succeeding season is that of reducing yield and scab, the
scab being reduced more than the yield.
A bibliography is appended.
Powdery scab of the potato, R. P. Gorham {Dept. Agr. Now Brunswick,
Hort. Div. Leaflet 3 (1914), PP- 6, figs. 3). — A description is given of this disease
of potato, with measures recommended for its control. These include the use
of only such seed as are known to be free from the disease, as there is no
known remedy for potatoes when once infected, the spores remaining virile in
the soil for many years.
The Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, W. J. Morse and M. Shapovalov
(Maine Sta. Bui. 230 (1914), pp. 193-216, pis. ii).— Attention is called to the
disease of potatoes due to Rhizoctonia solani or Corticiiini vagmn solani. It
is said to be widely spread and lately observed as seriously affecting the
potato crop in parts of Maine, where poor uneven stands, low yields, and pre-
mature ripening are reported. Field observations and greenhouse experiments
have been conducted to learn the nature of the injury and method of control.
In the experiments with fungicides, solutions of corrosive sublimate and
formaldehyde destroyed the sclerotia of the fungus. Lime, which has been
recommended for its control, was tested in pots with little success. Some ob-
servations were made on the liability of varieties of potatoes to the disease,
most of the experiments, however, being carried on with the varieties Irish
Cobbler and Green Mountain.
While the experiments thus far have shown no definite means of control, the
authors recommend seed disinfection with corrosive sublimate solution before
planting and rotation of crops, allowing as long a time as possible between
successive crops of potatoes.
A bibliography is apjiended.
A new disease of spinach, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56
{1913), pp. 377-379). — ^The author describes the attack and progi-ess of a para-
site on spinach in Savona and in Turin, Italy. The fungus is said to be Col-
letotrichum spinaei(e, which was studied in this connection.
Tomato diseases, J. B. S. Norton (Maryland Sta. Bui. ISO (1914), PP- ^02-
114). — The author describes a number of tomato diseases, among which the
most troublesome are said to be the Fusarium wilt, due to F. lycopersici and the
leaf blight caused by Septoria lycopersici.
For the control of the Fusarium wilt the author thinks the most promising
method for relief is the growing of resistant varieties. In a test, about 40
varieties showed marked differences in their susceptibility to attacks of the
fungus. In experiments for the control of the leaf blight, practically all
varieties grown in this country and Europe have been tested and all showed
about the same susceptibility to the fungus attack. Spraying with Bordeaux
148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
mixture was found to reduce the loss, but unless begun early and kept up
tbi'oufjhout the season complete protection is not be be expected.
Among the other diseases described are bacterial wilt, mosaic disease,
downy mildew, blossom end rot, anthracnose, shedding blossoms, and sunburn.
The author states that the best means of controlling most tomato diseases
is to keep plants in strong active growing condition. Attention to this, to-
gether with rotation of crops and spraying, it is said, will prevent much loss.
Development of Cladosporium fulvum violaceum, M. Savexli (Ann. R.
Accitd. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 63-66). — Reporting on a study of C. fulvum
violaceum as related to C. fulvwm of tomato, these two fungi being very similar
externally except in the coloration of the hyjihie and of the conidiophores. the
author states that infection occurs readily by si)ores on the upi)er leaf surface
in moderately warn>, moist air, the spores germinating quickly and the fungus
rapidly making its way among the tissues, disorganizing them and killing the
plant. The mycelium produces continually a vast number of secondary spores
ready to germinate at once under the conditions usually present in tomato
growing. The spores are thought to retain germinability for months in the
dead leaves.
A bacterial soft rot of turnips, F. C. Harbison and W. Sadler (Proc. and
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 7 (1913), Sect. IV, pp. 91-106, pis. 5; Ann.
Rpt. Quel)ec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-14), pp. 59-12, figs. 15).— The
authors describe this disease of crucifers, its cultural characters, progress, and
effects as noted in recent studies at the bacterial laboratory at Macdonald
College, giving lists of i>lants attacked by the soft rot organism. This occurs
in both wet and dry years. The wet years 1910 and 1912 were characterized
by much soft rot, 40 per cent of the turnips being diseased in 1910 on farms
in some sections of Canada. Figures seem to indicate a lower degree of sus-
ceptibility of the long shaped than of the globe shaped roots. Culture seems to
increase the vigor and virulence of the bacterial organism.
A bacterial disease of fruit blossom, B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove (Ann.
Appl. Biol., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 85-97; ahs. in Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 (1914),
No. 1433, p. 42O). — This is a preliminary account of the authors' studies on a
disease of pears, probably due to a Pseudomonas, which may also attack other
fruits. The appearance and progress of the disease are marked by a blackening
of the sepals or by spots on the floral receptacles and the extension of the dis-
coloration to other parts, large i>ortions sometimes being rendered sterile
thereby. Infection is thought to be carried by wind and by insects.
The brown rot canker of the apple, E. S. Salmon (Gard. Chron., 3. ser.,
56 (1914), No. 1440, p. 85, figs. 3).— Referring to his previous work (E. S. R.,
23, p. 548) on brown rot of apples due to Sclerotinia (Monilia) fructigena, the
author states that outbreaks have been unusually common during the past
autumn and spring, the attack resulting in many cases in the formation of
cankers in the branches, proceeding sometimes from the fruit but perhaps
more frequently from the blossoms. The attack of several contiguous fruit
spurs I'esulted later in a canker as much as a foot in length. Several varieties
observed to have been attacked are named.
Remedies recommended include the cutting out of all affected branches and
cankerous spots and spraying with Bordeaux mixture immediately before the
flower buds open. For severe cases a second spraying is prescribed, employing
Bordeaux mixture, or lime-sulphur wash in case of a sensitive variety. Dis-
eased spurs and branches are said to be dangerous not only to apple trees near,
but also to plums and cherries in the vicinity, spores being produced by the
fungus during nearly the whole year.
DISEASES OP PLANTS. 149
Outbreak of downy mildew m 1913, J. Capus (Rev. Vit., 4I (1914), Nos.
1060, pp. 398-403, fujs. 2; 1061, pp. 428-4-^3, figs. 2; 1063, pp. 419-483, figs. 3;
1064, PP- 508-^13). — The author organized an inquiry, which was carried out
in 1913 in several parts of France simultaneously, regarding dates of mildew
outbreali, the temporal and successional relations of meterologoical phenomena
to each phase of evolution of the fungus, the apparent relation of each out-
break to others, and means of control of the causal organism.
Presenting results obtained in descriptive and graphical form, the author
states that the general course of the attaclis in the various districts was some-
what the same as in 1910, but some differences ai»peared in severity and in
other respects. At least two primary outbrealvs occurred in two regions. Sec-
ondary attacks are favored by rain, and the lengths of intervals between such
outbreaks are affected by the same agency.
Com.bined treatment for downy mildew, B. Zachaeewicz (Rev. Vit., 4I
(1914), ^0. 1054, pp. 237-239). — The author gives explicit directions for a
so-called combined treatment, in five applications, for downy mildew in vine-
yards, which is approved after having been tested under his supervision and
having proved its superiority over simple treatments in 1910 and other years
of severe attack.
Node canker in grapevines, R. Maire and L. Trabut {Rev. Vit., 4I (1914),
No. 1065, pp. 537-541, figs. 5). — ^The authors describe the effects of a disease
attacking grapevines at the nodes. This trouble is ascribed to a fungus held
to be a new variety and technically described under the name Phoma cookei
rectispora.
Root rot of grape, R. Brunet (Rev. Vit., 41 (1914), Nos. 1065, pp. 533-537,
pi. 1, figs. 4; 1066, pp. 561-567, figs. 11; 1067, pp. 589-593, fig. i).— The author
presents the results of studies on several organisms noted in connection with
root rot of grapevines, in particular Dcmatophora necatrix, which is discussed
in some detail in its various phases.
A preliminary report on raspberry curl or yellows, L. E. Melchees (Ohio
Nat., 14 (1914), No. 6, pp. 281-288, figs. 5).— Attention is called to the previous
note on this disease (E. S. R., 31, p. 545). While the disease is believed to be
the same as that described by Detmers, the cause is as yet unknown.
A variety of Cladosporium parasitic on Agave and Echeveria, M. Savelli
(Ann. R. Accacl. Agr. To)i}w, 56 (1913), pp. 112-114)- — "fhe author reports a
study of a fungus parasitic on the upper leaf surfaces of A. americana and of
Echeveria in Turin. The parasite was at first referred to the species C. hcr-
harum, but on being further studied in culture it showed certain characters
which led the author to consider it a specialized form, and it was given the
name G. herbanim agavc-echeveria.
The bud rot of coconut palms in Malabar, F. J. F. Shaw and S. Sundara-
RAMAN (Agr. Jour. India, 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 111-117, pis. 3; Ann. MgcoL, 12
(1914), No. 3, pp. 251-262, pi. 1, fig. 1; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 13
(1914), No. 322, p. 286). — The authors give a description of the bud rot which
has recently become destructive among coconut palms in Malabar.
This disease is said to be due to Pythium palmivoruni, previously noted by
Butler as causing rot entailing serious loss in the case of the Palmyra palm
in the Godavari district of India (E. S. R., 24, p. 351), also as attacking coco-
nut palms, though somewhat sparingly, in that region. Infection with spores
from pure cultures ou wounded or unwounded leaves and leaf sheaths under
atmospheric conditions resembling those during the wet season in Malabar
succeeded in reproducing effects typical of the disease.
It is concluded from the results of this work that infections uiwn the ex-
ternal surface of the leaf bases do not take place very readily, but that
150 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
infections upon tlie folded lamina of the central leaf are practically certain to
talte. Zoospores washed down the leaf may spread infection to deeper por-
tions of the leaf, the disease malting rapid progress when the bud is soaked
with water.
The only entirely reliable means of checking the spread of this disease is
thought to be destruction of trees as soon as infection is evident, though care-
ful pruning has given good results in the drier Godavari district.
A l)rief bibliography is appended.
A new Rhizosphsera, F. Bubak (Ber. Dcut. Bot. GcseJL, 32 (WU), No. 3,
pp. J88-190). — The author gives the new name R. kalkhoffli to a fungus found
on needles of Picea excelsa in Bohemia and France and on P. pungens argentea
in the Tyrol, and said to have been previously studied by various other authors.
A leaf disease of walnuts, F. A. Wolf {Mycol. CentU., 4 {1914), No. 2, pp.
65-69, figs. 7). — The Cylindrosporium causing walnut blight and inflicting con-
siderable damage in Alabama has been studied by the author and is said to be
distinct from other known species. The name C. juglandis u. sp. has been
given to the fungus, which is technically described.
Destruction of fallen leaves in autumn and use of Bordeaux mixture on the
first appearance of the infection controlled the disease.
Heart rot of oaks and poplars caused by Polyporus dryophilus, G. G.
Hedgcock and W. H. Long (C/. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 65-78, pis. 2). — ^According to the authors P. dryophilus is widely dis-
tributed throughout the United. States, being noted to occur in at least 23
States and to attack 29 species of oaks, 3 of poplars, and probably on birch and
pine.
Oak Oidium, E. Foex (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 {1914), No. 11, pp. 333-
335). — This is mainly a discussion, partly controversial, regarding the mode of
preservation and transmission of Oidium on oak, giving views of several other
authors.
Peculiarities of outbreak of oak Oidium, E. Noffray {Jour. Agr. Prat.,
n. scr., 21 {1914), No. 16, pp. 494' 495). — A reply to the article noted above.
Resistance of oak wood to dry rot in relation to tannic acid, C. Wehmeb
{Bcr. Dcut. Bot. GcseU., 32 {1914), No. 3, pp. 206-217, figs. 2).— Reporting and
discussing his more recent work with wood of domestic and foreign oaks as
related to attack from Merulius lacrymans, the author states that in most tests
the oak wood proved resistant to the fungus, the exemptions from attack being
as previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 654), ascribed to the presence of tannic
acid. This constituent increases in proportion with the age of the oaks, but
very young oak wood is yet to be tested in this connection.
Further g'ermination studies with spores of Menilius, C. Wehmeb {Ber.
Dcut. Bot. Gescll, 32 {1914), No. 4, pp. 254-256, pi. i).— In continuation of a
report previously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 852), the author states that in later
studies carried out with apparently normal siwres from pure cultures of If.
lacrymans on favorable media germination did not take place in 24 days.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Digest of the game, fish, and forestry laws, edited by J. Kalbfus (Harris-
hurg. Pa.: State, 1913, pp. 320). — This handbook is divided into three parts
which contain the text with index of the laws pertaining to game, fish, and
forestry.
Notes on mortality of young of wild birds under natural nesting condi-
tions and under artificial or protected states, J. Butler {Rpt. Midi. Acad.
8ci., 15 {1913), pp. 114-119). — This paper reports upon observations made along
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 151
the Rouge River, north of Dearborn, Mich., with a view to noting the mortality
of bird life during the nesting period under natural conditions and to compare
them later with artificial or protected states, such as in the use of nesting
boxes and with their natural and other enemies removed.
They have led the author to conclude that birds have no infallible protective
Instincts and that evolution is such a slow process that a species is liable to
diminish greatly in changing habits to meet new conditions, such as the destruc-
tion of forests naturally impose. Those nesting in trees appear, on the whole,
to have a better chance than the ground nesters, and those using holes in trees
apparently are better off than those nesting outside.
The red-winged blackbird. — A study in the ecology of a cat-tail marsh,
A. A. Allen (Abs. of Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 24-25 {1914), pp. 43-128, pis.
22, figs. 2; abs. in Auk, 31 {1914), No. 3, pp. 414, 415).— A report of biological
studies of Agclaius ph(jcnicens, conducted in large part near Ithaca, N. Y. The
first part of the work (pp. 48-74) deals with the environment, and the second
part (pp. 74-126) with the life history and ecology.
" During the greater part of the year the red-wing obtains its food outside
of the marsh, and that which it does secure here, is taken, without selection,
from the preponderant forms as they occur in succession. Its dependence upon
the marsh, or, in other words, the reason for its being a marsh bird, lies in the
shelter which it or its offspring receives. ... It spends hardly more time
in the marsh than is necessary to rear its young."
A l)ibliography of 41 titles is appended.
Sixth annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants
from Insects and Fungus Diseases, 1913-14 (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec.
Plants [etc.], 6 {1913-14), pp. 85, figs. 49)- — Among the pai)ei-s presented in
this report are the following: Insects and Disease, by W. Lochhead (pp. 11-21) ;
The Injurious Flea-beetles of the Province of Quebec, by A. Gibson (pp. 25-30) ;
Insects of 1913, by E. M. DuPorte (pp. 3S-43; Notes on the Life History and
Control of the Bee Moth or Wax Moth, by J. I. Beaulne (pp. 57-59) ; etc.
The forest insects of central Europe: A text-book and handbook, K.
EscHEBiCH {Die ForstinscTctcn Mittelciiropas. Ein Lehr- und Handbuch. Bcrlm,
1914, vol. 1, pp. XII-\-433, pi. 1, figs. 248; rev. in Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914),
No. 4^ PP- 350-352). — This volume furnishes a general introduction to the
structure and life history of insects and the fundamental principles of practical
forest entomology. The several chapters deal with their classification, mor-
phology, internal anatomy and physiology, reproduction, economic importance,
natural limitation of insect increase, prevention and control, etc.
Entomological notes, L. H. Gough {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp.
103-106, pi. 1). — The notes here presented relate to Pimpla roborator, a parasite
of the pink bollworm fairly common around Cairo which is thoug)ht to
have recently taken to preying on Gelechia larvae in Egypt; Crytoblabes
gnidicUa, a small pyralid moth that has been reared from cotton bolls collected
at several points in Egypt; EphcMia cautella, a pyralid known as the Kharga
Oasis date worm, which feeds on half ripe dates ; and the pomegranate butter-
fly {Virachola (Deudorix) livia), the larva of which damages pomegranates and
also feeds on dates, sunt pods, and pods of Acacia cdgworthi.
Common insects of the garden, C. P. Gillette {Colorado Sta. Bui. 199
{1914), pp. 40~48). — This bulletin contains descriptions of the more commonA /
garden insects, together with suggestions for their control.
An efficient and practicable method for controlling melon lice, C. E. Durst
{IlUnois Sta. Bui. 174 {1914), PP- 321-334. figs. 3),— In tests by the station of
the more important in.secticides during a period of 12 years none has given as
satisfactory results as blackleaf 40, work with which has covered 3 years.
152 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
It has been found that the melon aphidid can be controlled by applications of
this insecticide made with a barrel pump, equipped with a lead of hose, bamboo
rod, and nozzle with bent shank and fine cap. At a strength of 1 : 250 it will not
injure melon foliage. A strength of 1 : 500 or 600 is as effective against the
aphidid and is recommended particularly when quick results are desired, while
a 1 : 1,000 solution is practically as eflBcient and is recommended for use in com-
mercial operations.
" With proper equipment and thorough application, it is possible to kill prac-
tically every melon louse on the vines. The material appears to be so destruc-
tive to the lice that the finest mist, coming in contact with their bodies, is
cajiable of killing them. When the vines are of medium size, about 200 gal. of
solution are required for spraying an acre of ' rowed ' melons. Allowing a
1 : 1,000 solution, the blackleaf 40 for this amount would cost $2.50.
"Whale-oil soap and tobacco decoction are fairly efficient for controlling
melon lice if applied repeatedly, but do not compare with blackleaf 40 in effec-
tiveness or in the ease with which they may be prepared. In the tests at this
station, fumigation with carbon bisulphid did not prove to be an efficient or
practicable method of controlling attiicks of melon lice. Kerosene emulsion can
not be used with safety for spraying muskmelons and cucumbers. Homemade
lime-sulphur solution injures melon foliage when used as weak as 1 : 40, and
does not control the lice when used as strong as 1 : 20."
An experiment on killing tree scale by poisoning the sap of the tree, F.
Sanford {Science, n. ser., 40 il9U), No. 1032, pp. 519, 520).— It is stated that
the cottony cushion scale on a 12-year-old Spanish broom tree, 4 in. in diameter,
was destroyed by the author in February by boring a S-in. hole to a depth of 3
in. in the trunk and filling it with potassium cyanid. A similar hole bored in
an old peach tree and filled with potassium cyanid seemed to increase its vigor.
The Great Basin tent caterpillar in California, E. C. Van Dyke {Mo. Bui.
Com. Hort. CaJ., 3 {1914), No. 9, pp. 351-355, figs. 3).— During the summer of
1914 caterpillars of Malacosoma fragilis were found in enormous numbers in
the territory about Mt. Shasta. The extensive brush areas found on the south-
ern and eastern slopes and to the northeast of the mountain were throughout
much of their territory completely defoliated, and presented a brown and seared
appearance. The food plants consisted primarily of the thick or broad-leaved
Ceanothus {Ccanothus velutinus), or snow-bush, and C. cordulatiis. The so-
called "squaw carpet" (C. prostratus), wild cherry, willow, and many culti-
vated plants, including the apple, are also attacked by this insect.
Seasonal variation in the common bollworm (Earias insulana), G. Storey
{Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 99-102, pis. 2).— A colored plate illus-
trating a series of 16 adults which show the natural variation of the species
is presented.
Methods for the destruction of the pink bollworm (Gelechia gossypiella)
in cotton seed, L. II. Gough and G. Storey {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914). No. 2,
pp. 73-95, fig. 1). — The authors describe experiments conducted with mechanical
and chemical means for destroying the pink bollworm in cotton.
The different methods that have been found effective and commercially appli-
cable are (1) hot-air treatment, consisting of exposure of the seed to a tempera-
ture of between 75 and 94° C. for ten minutes, which did not affect its germina-
tion in any way; (2) treatment by poisonous gases, including carbon bisulphid,
hydrocyanic acid gas, and sulphur dioxid; and (3) treatment by soaking in
cyllin solution 1 : 1.000 for 24 hours. The first two methods can be employed on
a large scale at the time of ginning, the third only immediately before sowing.
Treatment is not possible when the seed is in the sacks.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 153
The sugar beet webworm, J. R. Parker {Montana Sta. Circ. 42 {1914), pp.
75-86, figs. 6). — A concise account of Loxostege sticticaUs and means for its
control.
The army worm (Heliophila unipuncta), H. T. Fernald {Mass. Bd. Agr.
Circ. 22 {1914), PP- IS, pi. 1, figs. 2). — A sunimnrizod acconnt of tlie occurrence
of this army worm, its life history and habits, and remedial and control meas-
ures. It was particularly abundant in Massachusetts in 1914, especially in the
southern part of Tlymouth County and in Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket
counties, reports of its injury having been received mainly from points south
of Boston and east of Mansfield.
The biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidae, Diptera), I and
II {Jour. Ent. and Zool., 6 {1914), A'os. 1, pp. 12-34, pis. 3; 3, pp. 105-118,
pjs. 2). — Biological and systematic studies of Erioccra longicornis, E. spinosa,
and E. fultonensis, are reported by C. P. Alexander and J. T. Lloyd in part 1 of
this article, and of Liogma nodicornis, by C. P. Alexander in part 2.
Grub eradication, B. H. Ransom {Nat. Assoc. Tanners, Tanners Work, No.
3 {1913), pp. 40). — A paper on the ox warble and its eradication read before the
National Association of Tanners at their annual meeting, held at Chicago, on
October 31. 1913.
Investigations of the life history of Hypoderma bovis and means for
controlling it, A. Lucet {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 13,
pp. 968-970; al)S. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, p. 776). — A report of further investigations of
the biology of the ox warble (E. S. R., 31, p. 85).
The number of eggs found in the bodies of four females ranged from 343
to 386. Quite satisfactory results in the destruction of warbles beneath the
skin have been obtained through the use of tincture of iodin. pure or diluted
(Gram's solution). The injection of 0.5 and 1 cc. of tincture of iodin into 81
swellings in two oxen destroyed all the warbles and their absorption followed.
Relative attractiveness of vegetable, animal, and petroleum oils for the
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), H. H. P. and H. C. Severin
{Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 22 {1914), No. 3, pp. 240-248, fig. i).— The authors
report upon investigations carried on in which the attractiveness of various oils
was tested, including the vegetable oils (citronella, turpentine, and coconut) ;
animal oils (whale and fish) ; naphtha distillate (benzin and gasoline) ; burn-
ing oil distillate (kerosene, etc.) ; and lubricating oil distillate, crude petro-
leum, etc.
The results are presented in tabular form. They indicate that the attrac-
tion of the Mediterranean fruit fly to these oils was confined almost entirely
to the male sex. " Female flies were present in these orchards because hun-
dreds were caught by sweeping with an insect net among the fruit trees. Trap-
ping the pest with kerosene was carried on for a period of eight months in the
Hawaiian Islands in connection with other experiments and the results sliow
that of every 1.000 fruit flies captured only three on an average were females,
the remainder being males."
See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, pp. 257, 6.56).
The apple maggot, W. C. O'Kane {Ncio Hampshire Sta. Bid. 171 {1914), PP-
3-120, i)ls. 8, figs. 9). — This is a report of studies of the apple maggot or rail-
road worm {Rhagolctis pomonclla) that were started during the summer of
1909 and have been carried on by the author during a period of four years.
Preliminary accounts have been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 662).
Following a brief introduction, the author i-eviews the early history of the
pest. He considers it probable that the apple maggot is a native American
154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
species, with one or more species of CriiUegus as its original food. In addition
to tlie apple, it may attack hybrid crab apples, haws {Cratcegus sp.), huckle-
berries, and ))lueberries.
It is shown that its present known distribution approximates in general the
limits of the eastern or humid part of the Transition Life Zone; in other words,
the so-called Alleghanian Zone. It reaches its greatest abundance and de-
structiveness in Maine, in New Hampshire, parts of Vermont, in Massachusetts,
parts of Connecticut, and New York, with an additional wide, though scattering,
distribution in Ontario, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. It is also present in
Canada — in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec. An account given of its
occurrence in the United States is based upon correspondence with state and
station entomologists.
Its economic status in New Hampshire is next dealt with at some length in
connection with a questionnaire in which 210 replies were received from fruit
growers who represented practically all sections of the southern two-thirds of
the State. The factors influencing comparative infestation are season of ripen-
ing, aroma, and thickness of skin; location is an indirect factor. Of twelve va-
rieties of which the most reports relating to infestation were received, six were
summer or fall fruit, and of these, five varieties, namely, the Porter, August
Sweet, Found Sweet, Hubbardston, and Early Harvest, are notoriously severely
attacked.
Life history studies based upon the work at one or more of three places in
the vicinity of Durham are reported. They deal with the dates of emergence
of the adult, influence of temperature and moisture on rate of emergence, ovipo-
sition, choice of varieties for egg laying, number of egg punctures per apple,
period during which eggs are laid, length of the life of the female, dispersion
habits of the adults, etc. The studies have failed to give evidence of the occur-
rence of a second brood in the State. The emergence of the adults begins the
last of June or the first week of July, is at its maximum in the second and third
weeks of July, and is practically at an end by the middle of August. Oviposi-
tion may begin in less than a week after emergence, commencing the first or
second week of July and proceeding until the latter part of September. From
five to seven days are passed in the egg stage. The larval stage may be passed
in 30 days or less, or may be greatly prolonged. The duration of the pupal
stage is widely variable, the species exhibiting both a 1-year and a 2-year life
cycle. In the 1-year cycle the pupal stage occupies approximately 300 days. A
proportion of the early as well as the late-maturing larvse may requii'e an extra
year for the pupal stage. Technical descriptions of the several stages are in-
cluded.
Under control measures the author discusses poison bait spraying, relation
of codling moth sprays, and poison trap pans as measures directed against the
adults ; control by picking up drops and the use of live stock to keep the drops
cleaned up as measures directed against the larvje; and the use of poultry, use
of chemicals in the soil, burying pupa; by plowing, compacting the surface soil,
and cultivating the soil as measures directed against the pupa;. " Poison bait
sprays, in three years' extended trials in New Hampshire, have entirely failed
to insure satisfactory protection of fruit from attack by the maggot. With
five or more applications the apples often show abundant egg punctures. Even
with ten applications the fruit may be worthless. The adults are not materially
atti'acted to the bait, as so far devised, and are not poisoned in sufficient num-
bers to render the treatment a definite benefit in the absence of other measures
of control." " Emergence of adults can not be prevented by burying the pupse
by plowing, or by cultivating the soil ; and probably not by compacting the sur-
face."
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155
It is recommeuded that iu the control of the apple luaggot attention be
directed especiaJlly toward infested early varieties of apples. It is pointed out
that the life economy of the maggot is essentially adapted to early tyiJes of
fruit, the larva requiring a mellow pulp to reach maturity. Thi.s is readily
available in the drops of soft, summer varieties, while winter fruit, especially
the hard, late-maturing type, is not adapted to the needs of the maggot. Mid-
summer drops of such fruit are likely to mellow sufficiently for tlie purposes of
the larva, but iu general few of the maggots that may be in winter fruit are
likely to reach maturity. Infestation of such fruit is often due to flies from
neglected earlier varieties nearby. In any fruit the very early drops, falling
in June, offer no danger. Drops that fall after the end of September are not
apt to mellow sufficiently for the maturity of the larvfe, the critical time being
limited to the two months period, from mid July to mid September. The pre-
vention of infested fruit from decaying on the ground is the most important
step and is an efficient check ; iu fact, it is the only known measure that in
itself is definitely effective. This end may be accomplished by picking the
infested fruit before it ripens sufficiently to fall, by collecting the drops by
hand, or by making use of live stock to gather up the drops.
" The frequency with which the drops should be collected depends on the
variety of apple. With the earliest and softest of summer fruit, drops should
be collected twice a week. This applies to apples of the type of Early Harvest.
With early varieties of somewhat firmer flesh, such as Red Astrachan or
Sops-of-Wiue, once a week is sufficient. This also applies to the softer fall
apples, such as the Porter. Later varieties may safely be collected once in
two weeks, or longer with hard, winter fruit. With this schedule very few
maggots in the apples will be able to leave the fruit and enter the soil for
pupation. A reasonable rule to follow, whatever the variety, is not to permit
infested apples to grow mellow or soft on the ground. . . .
*'Anj" apples trees worth the space they occupy should be sprayed. The
ordinary spraying for codling moth and for apple diseases is of indirect help
in efforts toward control of the maggot because such spraying tends to reduce
dropping of the fruit. Wild apple trees in the vicinity of the orchard should
be grafted over to fruit of value or cut down. Usually they are infested with
the maggot, as well as other apple pests, and their presence is a source of con-
stant danger. The possible complication that may be offered by adjacent blue-
berries attacked by the apple maggot remains to be worked out. If such fruit
is found infested close by, it should be removed and destroyed. ... If winter
fruit shows attack by the maggot on picking it should be disposed of promptly,
or placed immediately iu cold storage. Sent at once to cold storage it may be
expected to keep fairly well. In no case should such apples be allowed to
remain in the orchard or barn for a period after picking. Such practice is
likely to result in rapid deterioration of the fruit."
A bibliography of 66 titles is appended.
Larch killed by a longicorn beetle, B. B. Osmaston {Quart. Jour. Forestry,
8 {191-^t), No. 4, pp. 277-279, fig 1). — Tetropium gahrieli cruicfshayi, which does
not appear to have attracted the notice of foresters up to the present time,
has recently been found to be the source of considerable damage in larch woods
in several localities in England.
The eggs are deposited in crevices iu the bark of sickly larch trees of from
about 6 in. in diameter upward. The eggs are laid in June and hatch in about
two weeks. During July and August the larva devours the soft bast and cam-
bium layers, penetrating 2 in. or so into the wood before forming its pupal
cell, where it lies until early in April when it pupates finally, emerging as an
75575°— No. 2—15 5
156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
adult ill May. The tree is quickly killed and some damage doue to the outer
layers of the wood, but chiefly to the sap wood.
Otiorhynchus sulcatus on the island of Oleron, J. Feytaud {Bui. Sac.
j^tudes et Viilg. Zool. Agr., IS (1914), ^'os. 1, pp. 1-14, fius- 3; 2, pp. 21-25; 4,
pp. 53-55; abs. in Rev. Api)l. Ent., 2 (1914), Set: A, Nos. 4, PP- 229, 230; 6, pp.
360, 361). — This article deals with O. sulcatus. its natural enemies, and remedial
measures. It is a vineyard pest that was first observed on the island four years
ago and has since spread in all directions. The larva attacks the roots and the
adult damages the vines by attacking the shoots and arresting their develop-
ment. Collection by hand at night from shelter traps is considered the simplest
method of combating them.
The alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus posticus), W. O. Ellis (Washington Sta.
Popular Bui. 10 (1914), pp. ^, figs. .'/). — A brief descriptive account of this pest
and of control measures.
On Eurytoma amygdalis which injuries plums and apricots in the Govern-
ment of Astrakhan, Y. N. Rodzianko (Ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Her.
A, No. 6, pp. 348, 349). — ^An account of the biology of this chalcidid and the
injury which it causes.
The eggs are dei)osited in the young fruit and the larva lives inside the stone,
feeding on the unripened kernel, which it usually destroys. The attacked fruits
fall off, either when still green or not half mature, though some may ripen and
can not be distinguished from healthy fruits.
As remedies the collection and destruction of prematurely fallen fruits and
the prevention of oviposition are recommended. The collection of immature
fruit alone, however, can not be considex'ed adequate as the larvje sometimes
inhabit mature fruits.
Description of two braconids parasitic on Earias, G. C. Dudgeon and L. H.
GouGH (Ayr. .Jour. Egypt, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 108-110, pis. 2).—Rhogas
Jcitchencri and R. lefroyi, two parasites of the Egyptian bollworm. the former
also parasitic on the date worm (Ephcstia cautella). are described.
The common red spider or spider mite, H. E. Ewing (Oregon Sta. Bui. 121
(1914), pp. 3-95, pi. 1, figs. 38). — This is a monographic account of the common
red spider or spider mite which the author shows to be specifically identical
with the common European form (Tctranychus tclarius). It is shown that
T. telarius, T. Mmaculatus, and T. gloveri should be regarded as synonymous
and that T. sexmaculatus should be considered as only a variety of T. telarius
since it apparently differs from the latter, not structurally, but only in size and
to some extent in color and habits. Through the employment of the characters
of the male genital armature the author has also demonstrated that two sepa-
rate species, which have been considered in the past as synonymous with the
common spider mite, occur in the Western States, namely, T. fiavus and T.
weldoni.
In reporting life history studies of the species reference is made to the obser-
vations of Perkins in Vermont (E. S. R., 9. p. 859), Morgan in Louisiana (E. S.
R., 9, p. 1065), Worsham in Georgia (E. S. R., 25, p. 562), McGregor in South
Carolina (E. S. R., 27, p. 264). and Parker in California (E. S. R.. 29, p. 261).
Sixty-three eggs, deposited between October 7 and 25. was the largest number
obtained from three mites under observation in October, although Worsham has
recorded 94 as having been deposited by a single female. The species reproduces
parthenogenetically, but the progeny of the virgin females are always of the
male sex. In observations of the incubation period of the egg S days was found
to be the maximum, 3 days the minimum, and Syf days the average. The larval
stage covers an average active period of 2J days and a quiescent period of 1§
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 157
days. The larva apparently does uot spin a web, but will be found on webs spun
by the adults. The time passed in the first nyniphal stage (protouyniph) aver-
aged oj days during the last of September and early October, it being divided
into an active feeding and a quiescent period. The protonymphs are active feed-
ers and their habits are similar to those of the larva. During early October
the second nymphal stage (deutonyniph) averaged 3i days. The deutonymphs
have the ability to spin webs and pass an active and a quiescent period. The
average preoviposition period is 3§ days, while the average obtained for the
entire adult stage duriug early October was 21J days.
Notes on the general biology of the spider mite which follow deal with the
spinning process and use of the web. average length of life period, embryonic
development, molting process, parthenogenesis, sex ratios, time and method of
copulation, and methods of disiiersion. A somewhat extended discussion of
color pigments and color variation is presented in which it is shown that casual
observations have been very misleading in regard to color variations. The
author has obtained all the common color variations among the first and second
genei-ation descendants of a single female. Five of these individuals are repre-
sented in colors.
In reporting studies of the distribution of the spider mite tables are presented
which show its host a-nd geographical distribution in the United States. The
species has at present almost a world-wide distribution. Among the regions in
the United States that are probably free from general infestation, the author
mentions the Great Plains region between the Rocky Mountains and the eastern
jtart of the Dakotas. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. This region is
chiefly occupied either by native grasses or by field crops that are not known to
be hosts of the red spider. A list is presented which shows that the plants that
have been most frequently reported as attacked in this country are. in order of
the number of records obtained for each, as follows : Rose, hops, beans, violet,
cotton, strawberry, and tomato.
The injury due to the spider mite is caused by its puncturing the tissues of
the leaves from the underside and withdrawing the liquid contents of the leaf
cells. Following the primary injury there is a change of color in those parts of
the leaves most severely injured, the change usually being simply a paling effect,
but there may be some reddening of the leaves, the leaves finally shrivelling
and dying.
Among the more important natural enemies mentioned are an acarid (Seius
j)omi), which in Oregon is i^rhaps the most efiicient of any of the natural
enemies of the red spider; a predaceous thysanopteran {Scolothrips sexmacu-
latus) ; the insidious flower bug (Triphleps insidiosus) ; a neuropteran (Con-
ventzia hagcni) ; two lace^A^ngs (HemcroMus pacificus and CJinjsopa calif or-
nica) ; a cecidomyiid {Arthrqcnodax occUlentalis), the larva of which is pre-
daceous, which is one of the most important enemies and perhaps the most
widely distributed of all; a rove beetle (OUgota oriformis) which occurs in
citrus districts of southern California ; and several coccinellids, namely, 8te-
thonis picipes, 8. punctum, Scymniis nanus, and -S?. marginicolHs. A number of
other i)robable enemies are noted.
Control measures are dealt with at length. Under cultural methods, the
author discusses clean culture, removal of infested plants, pruning and stripping
of leaves, trap crops, time of planting, rotation of crops, etc. Fumigation,
banding, and spraying are then taken up. It is pointed out that preventive
measures are more important and practical than remedial measures. The im-
portance of the destruction of useless host plants, especially those which remain
green during the winter, is emphasized. Clean culture is the most important
158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
procedure with field and truck crops and usually will prevent serious infesta-
tion, although there are some exceptions to the rule.
" Crop rotation I'romises to be u good procedure in certain instances, although
much care should be exercised in selecting a crop that either matures early in
the season before serious mite attaclis or is quite resistant to the mites. Trap
crops, banding, and irrigation are of questionable value. Fumigation is not
effective. This appears to be due to a general resistance of arachnids to poison-
ous gases which is correlated with the difference in their system of respiration,
from that of insects and some of the other arthropods. Spraying in general,
while it will kill a large percentage of the mites if properly done, will not give
as satisfactory results as it will with most insects. It is especially troublesome
as it must be done in the heat of the summer, and is expensive since two appli-
cations must be made. Dry sulphur has a very limited use on account of de-
pendency upon weather conditions for effectiveness. Nicotin and emulsion
sprays are preferable to the sulphur and lime-sulphur sprays. The latter are
at times of questionable value. Adhesive sprays will not always give success;
they probably are effective under certain local conditions. The free use of water
as a spray is to be reeommende<l, as it knocks many mites from the leaves, so
injuring them that they do not return; it lowers the temperature and in this
manner reduces the rate of reproduction among the mites ; it checks migrations ;
and finally, it favors the multiplication of predaceous mite enemies. The paint-
ing of sulphur on the steam pipes in greenhouses, and the throwing of handfuls
of sulphur in the crotches of trees, although both are practices time honored
and entrenched by custom, should not be followed. They are useless and ex-
pensive and give no relief from mite attacks."
A bibliography of 01 titles is appended.
[Spraying tests of insecticides upon potatoes], J. W. Inge {North Dakota
Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 {IDlJf), No. 9, pp. Ufl-lol). — This is a report of a preliminary
series of potato spraying tests with insecticides, fungicides, and " stickers."
There were 150 small plats of potatoes under observation, all sprays being
applied four times, about two weeks intervening between sprayings during the
season. The results are dealt with under the headings of (1) adhesiveness,
(2) effect upon the plant, (3) effect upon insects, (4) effect upon blight, (5)
effect upon maturity, and (6) effect upon yield.
" Lead arsenate and zinc arseuite were s-hown to be greatly superior to Paris
green in the power of adhering upon the plant. There was also an apparent
increase in sticking power produced by the addition of soap and glue and the
carbonates of either iron, lead, or zinc. Even slaked lime and flour seems to
increase the adhesive property of sprays. ... It was shown in a very striking
manner that sulphur sprays are not satisfactory for potatoes. In every case
where lime-sulphur, ' soluble sulphur,' and ' sulfocide ' were used in combination
with the arsenicals, the foliage was badly burned at every application and the
plants never fully recovered. The sulphur comiX)unds with Paris green seemed
to be even more caustic in their action upon the plants than with the lead
arsenate. . . . With a few exceptions the beetles invariably avoided the ar-
senical sprayed plants and the slugs which started to work upon the vines were
very few in number and quickly killed. From the tabulated data it would seem
that certain fungicides, as lime-sulphur, and the carbonates and hydroxids of
zinc, copper and manganese, exerted a repressive action upon the slugs. . . .
The combination of arsenicals and fungicides seemed to be quite effective in
prolonging the life of the vines."
Preparation of nicotin extracts on the farm, W. B. Ellett and J. T.
Grisso-M (Virginia St a. But. 20S (lOl-'t), pp. 3-16, fig. 1).— The investigations
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 159
here reported were made with a view to discovering wiiether the home prepara-
tion of nicotin sprays is practicable. A study made of the analvtical methods
is also briefly reported upon.
In analyses made of tobacco leaves, stems, and sweepings it was found that
the nicotin content of stems did not fall below 0.48 per cent and was not above
0.609 per cent. Analyses of leaves of Virginia tobaccos gave a variation of
from 2.47 to 0.63 per cent nicotin. Analyses made of seven different nicotin
preparations are also reported. The results of laboratory work showing the
results of ditt\'rent method.^ of extraction follow:
"It was found that by soaking the material overnight 70 per cent of the
nicotin of sweepings was extracted, while by soaking overnight and bringing to
boiling, 78 per cent was extracted. However, the yield of juice was diminished
by cooking, so that by heating to boiling, cooling, and straining, only 68 per
cent of the nicotin was available. Practically the same results were obtained
with stems as with sweepings. The stems would take up about 25 per cent of
the water added to make the extract, and this diminishes the yield accord-
ingly. ... It was found that by soaking 24 hours, 78 per cent of the total
nicotin was extracted, and that from 50 gal. of water used 3S| gal. of juice
were obtained. ...
"At current prices for tobacco stems, sweepings, and damaged tobacco, nicotin
extracts can be made on the farm more economically than they can be pur-
chased. The chief difficulty is the impossibility (without chemical analysis,
which is impracticable on the farm) of standardizing the extract, that is,
always making it at a certain definite strength or percentage of nicotin, since
the nicotin content of tobacco varies according to the variety, soil, method of
curing, and other factors. The experiments show, however, that for all prac-
tical purposes tobacco decoctions can be made on the farm that are near enough
to the desired strength, since an excess of nicotin in the spray does not injure
the plants. . . . Laboratory experiments showed that the home prepared to-
bacco decoctions gave equally good results for killing plant lice as the proprie-
tary extracts. . . . When tobacco stems cost $20 i>er ton, a homemade tobacco
spray for aphis will cost about $1 per 100 gal., as compared with $1.20 for black-
leaf 40, and the stems are worth about $10 per ton for fertilizer after their
nicotin is extracted, since they still contain all the phosphoric acid and most
of the potash originally present."
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Minnesota wheat investigations. — Series III, composition and quality of
spring' and winter wheats, crops of 1912 and 1913, C. H. Bailey (Minucsota
^^t(i. BuJ. IJfS {lOlJ/), PI). 5S, figs, .'i).— This bulletin reports the results of inves-
tigations of Minnesota wheats which were carried out in continuance of those
previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 202). In these investigations studies were
made of the hard winter and spring wheat crops of 1912 and 1913. Analyses
and studies of the milling quality of the wheats and of the baking qualities of
the flour produced from them were made for the purpose of comparing different
types and varieties of wheat grown under varying conditions and to study the
relation between environment and composition and quality of the wheats. The
results of this investigation may be summarized briefly as follows:
" The average quality of the spring wheat samples of the crop of 1912 was
inferior to that of the crop of 1911 so far as protein content and baking strength
were concerned. The kernels were plumper, however, and yielded higher per-
centages of flour. The samples of the 1912 crop grown in the northwestern
section were generally superior in baking quality to those grown in the same
160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
section the preeediug year, and in tliis rof^ard averaged higher than those from
the other sections of the State. The samples from the central section averaged
lowest in baking quality, followed closely by those from the southeastern section.
" The average baking quality and protein content of the spring wheat sam-
ples of the crop of 1913 were about intermediate between those of the two pre-
ceding crops. The relative plumpness, accompanied in most instances by a rela-
tively dense endosperm, resulted in a higher average yield of total flour. The
difference in the average baking quality of the flours milled from wheats ob-
tained from the several sections of the State was slight. The samples gi-owu
in the southwestern section were poorest in that regard, while those from the
western, northwestern, and eastern sections averaged about the same.
" The winter wheat samples of the crops of 1912 and 1913 were inferior in
baking quality to the spring wheats grown under the same conditions in almost
every instance. The difference was less in the crop of 1913 than in that of
1912. Many of the winter wheat samples were decidedly poor in quality, while
others were equal to the average of the hard spring wheats.
" The variations in the comjiosition and quality of wheat of the same varieties
and types grown in different seasons, or in different localities the same year,
are attributable principally to varying climatic conditions rather than to the
fertility of the soil.
" The beai'ded spring or velvet chaff wheat samples tested were slightly in-
ferior on the average to the bluestem samples with which they were compared,
so far as baking strength was concerned. In many instances individual sam-
ples were superior to the average of the bluestem samples. On the other hand,
the Marquis wheat samples were, in most instances, superior to the bluestem
samples, and, it is therefore concluded, to the bearded spring wheats as well.
Instances, however, have been noted where these relations did not prevail.
" Bearded Bluestem or Humpback wheat was decidedly inferior to wheat of
the other types grown in this State, and in no instance of good baking quality."
Hard red spring wheats from the demonstration farms. — Studies of wheat
quality under North Dakota conditions, W. L. Stockman (Xorth Dakota
8ta. Spec. BuL, 3 (191.'i), No. 9, pp. 129-140, figs. ^).— This article discusses
factors that seem to influence the milling and baking qualities of wheat grown
on about 25 demonstration farms as studied by the station in cooperation with
the Office of Grain Standardization of this Department. Topics taken up In-
clude the influence on quality of climate, temperature, moistui'e, yield per acre,
crops grown with wheat the preceding crop, and manure. The findings are sum-
marized as follows:
" Differences in temperature alone produce some differences in quantity of
wheat but very little in quality. Moisture conditions determine largely the
relative yield per acre, composition, and baking strength variations. They de-
termine what parts of the plant shall matui'e. The larger quantities of moisture
at maturity produce on the average higher yields per acre, lower percentage of
protein, higher milling yields, but lower baking strength. In this State the
percentage of protein and soil nitrogen do not parallel each other. The higher
yielding wheats have relatively less baking strength, but produce more flour
than those yielding less. The baking strength follows protein content fairly
well, except that with the extreme low yields under dry conditions the baking
strength suffers. Differences in flour yield are usually differences in quantities
of patent flour. Yeai's of low state production are years of relatively high
baking strength. Difference in yield on adjacent fields with similar climate and
general conditions produce but very little difference in quality.
" Crops grown with wheat (clover and timothy especially) consume part
of the moisture and produce wheat of lower milling quality but of slightly
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 161
higher baking strength. Wheat docs not yield as much under such circum-
stances as in other demonstration farm rotations. The composition of wheat
as well as the quantity, is affected by rotation of crops. Wheat tends to have
higher protein content after clover than after cultivated crops and higher after
the latter than after small grain. Under the present farm conditions a large
quantity of nutrients removed one year does not necessitate a lower produc-
tion the year following. There is a natural tendency for some plats to be
regularly more efficient than others. Manure accompanies the very low and the
high yields. The relative baking strength is higher, diminishing with the
length of time after the application. The reverse is true regarding the milling
j-ield of tlour."
Further data on the use of calcium in bread making', Emmerich and
LoEW {Ztschr. Gesam. Qctreidcw.; 6 {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 97-09).— The authors
give additional reasons for their contention that the addition of calcium in
bread making is desirable. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 31, p. 8G0).
Some edible fishes of Chile with a description of the new species, C. E.
roRTEB {An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, 77 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 185-210, pi. 1).—A
digest of biological and other data with many references to original sources.
Canned com {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 285 {1914), PP- 17)- — None
of the 205 samples of canned corn examined showed saccharin, but sulphites in
more than traces were found in about 25 per cent of the samples. The can con-
tents were uniform in weight, approximating 20 ounces.
One of the questions considered is the use of starch in the packing liquid.
In respect to this the author states that he is " unable to discover any intention
to defraud the consumer, in this practice. The stai'ch commonly employed is
that natural to the corn itself. In the light of present knowledge no further
comment upon this feature can be usefully made."
The opinion of the United States Board of Food and Drug Inspection, how-
ever, with reference to such use of starch is quoted, to the effect that starch
may be added to sweet corn in a manner whereby inferiority is concealed or
water is added, this being deemed clearly a violation of the United States Food
and Drugs Act.
The value of corn oil as a substitute for olive oil and cotton-seed oil, B. E.
Pool and L. E. Sayre {Trans. Kans. Acad. ScL, 26 {1912), pp. 41, //3).— This
study of corn oil was undertaken chiefly with reference to its use in various
medicinal preparations in which the other oils are used.
From their experimental work the authors conclude that corn oil has very
similar pi'operties to cotton seed and olive oils, and that it resembles them closely
in appearance. They recommend that its use for certain medicinal prepara-
tions be recognized, since this would be economical and would also increase the
market for this cheap and valuable oil.
Analyses of honey, H. Kretzschmar {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. n.
Genusswil., 28 {1914), No. 2, pp. 84-89). — A large number of analyses of honeys
of different years and of different types are reported.
Improvement in the commercial supply of spices and its cause, L. E.
Sayre {Trans. Kan.s. Acad. 8ci., 26 {1912), pp. 43-46). — The author reports
results of examinations of samples of cloves and allspice made by J. F. King
under his supervision. From a discussion of these and figures previously pub-
lished he concludes that since the enactment of the pure food laws few samples
of these spices on the market are adulterated, whereas formerly the majority of
them contained much foreign material. He believes that the same statements
may be made with regard to black pepper.
A new physical method for lessening the harmfulness of coffee, A. Schenk
and J. GoRBiNG {Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 20 {1914), Xos. 11, pp. 202-216. 12, pp.
162 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
222-229). — The results of studies of coffee quality as affected by handling are
reported. The author treats the coffee beans with finely powdered clay, such as
is used in porcelain manufacture, to remove any oil present on the surface of
the coffee bean. Such treatment, he believes, improves the quality and lessens
disturbance which some persons experience after drinking coffee.
[Food and drug examination and inspectioii of food establishments],
E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (Xorili Dakota Hta. Spec. Bid.. 3 {J'Jl.'f),
No. 8, pp. 105-128). — In this Ixilletin are given the results of a sanitary inspec-
tion, including tlie score-card rating, of a number of places where foods and
food products are prepared, stored, and sold, together with analytical data re-
garding a number of samples of milk, ice cream, food preparations, and drugs.
There is also included a report by L. A. Congdon of an investigation of com-
mercial fruit jellies. Analytical data are given regarding 19 so-called pure
jellies of which 8 were found to be pure. Special attention was given to the
detection of the presence of added acids and the use of apple base as a jellying
agent without a declaration of its presence.
Hints are also given regarding the varnishing and finishing of woodwork
which are of interest to tlie housewife.
[Food inspection and analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North
Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1914), No. 11, pp. 169-200) .—This bulletin contains a
report of the sanitai-y inspection of dairies, meat markets, bakeries, grocery
stores, restaurants, etc., in a number of cities in the State, together with the
score-card ratings of such places. The results are also given of the inspection
of a number of samples of milk and other food products made in connection
with the above inspection.
[Food and drug' inspection and analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson
(North Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1914), No. 10, pp. 153-168).— This bulletin
contains a digest of data regarding the general sanitary inspection of bakeries,
meat markets, and slaughterhouses. The results of the sanitary inspection of
a number of places where food is prepared and sold are given, together with
score-card ratings. Analytical data are also given regarding the examination
of a number of samples of food and drug preparations, and the text of a patent-
medicine law for the Philippines.
The work of the chemical inspection department of Dresden for the year
1913, A. Beythien and H. Hempel (Pharm. Zentralhalle, 55 (1914), Nos. 11,
pp. 389-395; 18, pp. 414-420; 19, pp. 4S8-444; 20, pp. 462-467; 21, pp. 485-491;
22, pp. 511-511). — In addition to other information data are reported regarding
the examination of a number of breads and other bakers' goods and of other
food products.
1001 tests of foods, beverages, and toilet accessories, H. W. Wiley (New
York, 1914, pp. XXVIII-\-249, pi 1). — This volume, arranged by Anne L. Pierce,
contains an introduction. The Pure Food Battle. Looking Backward and For-
ward, a Key to Method of Rating Products, and a classified list of the results of
testing foodstuffs, beverages, and cosmetics, with comments on quality. A full
index is provided.
Available food supplies, J. F. Lyman (Pop. Set. Mo., 85 (1914), JV'o. 2, pp.
180-183). — A discussion of the foodstuffs available at the present time and in
the future.
Prices of foodstuffs on the Bern market since 1878 and especially from
1910-1913 (,1/(7^ Kanton. [Bern] Statis. Bur., No. 1 (1914), PP- 9.3).— This
article shows the changes in the price of cereals, meats, fruits, vegetables, and
other foodstuffs by months for 1910-1913 and by years for lSTS-1913. Between
1887-88 and 1912-13 the greatest relative change took place in the different
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 163
meat products and the least iu the cereals. The prices of practically all the
products mentioned in this report showed an increase,
A study of Chicago's stockyards community. — III, Wages and family
budgets in the Chicago stockyards district, J. C. Kennedy et al. {Chicago:
Univ. Chicago, 1914, pp. 80). — This study of the Chicago stockyards com-
munity was carried on under the direction of the Board of the University of
Chicago Settlement. The results are considered In connection with wasje sta-
tistics from other industries employing skilled labor. Many nationalities were
represented. Of the 1S4 families S8 were Polish and 08 were Lithuanian.
Quotations from the summary follow :
"One hundred and thirty-one families rented their quarters. The average
rental per family was $107.83, or 13.2 per cent of the total expenditure. One
hundred of the 131 renting families occupied flats of four rooms. The 68
Lithuanian families had on an average 4.12 lodgers per family. In one case 13
people were crowded together in four small basement rooms.
" The average expenditure for foodstuffs and liquors was $441.83 per family,
or 53.62 per cent of the total expenditure [the amount expended for alcoholic
liquors being 4.42 per cent of the total expenditures in 180 families using itj.
" The minimum amount necessary to support a family of five eflaciently in the
stockyards district is $800 i>er year, or $15.40 per week."
Workingmen's family budgets for seventy families in Holland (8oc.
Democrat. Studie-Club Amsterdam Rap. 69 [1912], pp. 112). — This investiga-
tion was made by the Social-Democratic Study Club of Amsterdam. The
methods followed in this study are described and the results reported and sum-
marized. Expenditin-e for food was one of the subjects considered.
The statistical study of dietaries, a reply to Professor Karl Pearson,
D. N. Paton (Biometrika, 10 {1914), No. 1, pp. 169-172).— In reply to the
criticism previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 560) the author points out that no
matter what the statistical knowledge, it can not be applied without a knowl-
edge of the subject matter, in this case the physiology and chemistry of
nutrition.
The statistical study of dietaries. — A rejoinder, K. Pearson {Biometrika,
10 {1914), No. 1, pp. 172-174).— The author defends the importance of statis-
tics and apparently believes he has taken into account the different chemical
and other necessary factors.
[This and the papers noted above make it clear that expert knowledge of
statistical data is an important consideration in discussing the results of scien-
tific investigation and make equally clear the difiiculties in applying statistical
methods without full knowledge of the subject matter to which they are applied.
In this particular case the critic apparently has not fully appreciated the sig-
nificance of such things as the laws of growth, the dual functions of food, and
<he influence of age. sex, and nnisculnr work upon nutritive requirements.]
The influence of the total fuel value of a dietary upon the quantity of
vitamin required to prevent beri-beri, W. L. Braddon and E. A. Cooper {Brit.
Med. Jour., No. 2790 {1914), pp. 1S48, 1349).— The authors discuss the general
question and summarize experimental data with reference to the total fuel value
of the food supply. They state that " by doubling the carbohydrate ration
of the dietary [of pigeons and poultry] the rate of onset of polyneuritis was
thus actually increased as much as from two to four fold. The results so far
obtained demonstrated that the amount of antineuritic substance required by
the organism increased with the quantity of carbohydrate ingested.
" There are at least two possible explanations of this phenomenon. First, the
view already advanced by Funk [E. S. R. 31, p. 463] . . . that the
164' EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
active substance participates in some way in carbohydrate metabolism, and
thus the more metabolic work the organism is called upon to undertake the
greater its demand in respect of this essential substance. Secondly, that when
large rations of starch are ingested the absorption of the antineuritic material
is interfered with owing to the presence in the alimentary canal of excess of
undigested carbohydrate."
Experiments show that even when daily rations of polished rice amounting
to as much as one-tenth of the body weight were fed to chickens together with
varying amounts of yeast, from 93 to OS per cent of the starch was digested and
absorbed and that the excreta was free from the antineuritic substance. It
was also noted that in vitro starch did not absorb the substance from the
aqueous solution. Pigeons fed exclusively on glucose, which is rapidly ab-
sorbed, develojied polyneuritis.
" These observations exclude the physical factor, and show that the anti-
neuritic substance is utilized in some way during carbohydrate metabolism.
Whatever be the mechanism involved, it is clear that for the maintenance of
health the intake of active substance must be adjusted in relation to the ration
of carbohydrate supplied, and it is when this necessary balance is not main-
tained in the dietary that beri-beri results.
" The precise relation which must subsist between the supply of antineuritic
substance and the amount of carbohydrate ingested has not yet been ascertained,
nor has the corresponding relation for each of the other normal components of
a dietary (i)rotein and fat) been determined. Funk . . . however, has made
some experiments which indicate that protein and carbohydrate can be inter-
changed in a dietary without materially affecting the rate of onset of poly-
neuritis, whereas if these food materials be replaced by fat the disease develops
less readily.
" The fact that attention must be paid not merely to the absolute amount of
antineuritic foodstuff incorporatecl in the dietary but also to the proportion
which this bears to its total calorific value is of great practical importance in
framing a dietary for the prevention of beri-beri."
Quantity of a diet in relation to quantity of vitamin {Brit. Med. Jour.,
No. 2700 (1914), pp. 1373, 1374).— A discussion of the data reported above.
The observations, it is stated, demonstrate " that the antineuritic substance is
expended in some way in carbohydrate metabolism, so that the larger the
amount of carbohydrate consumed the greater the demand of the organism in
respect to the essential substance. . . .
" [In framing a dietary to obviate beri-beri] it is advisable to maintain the
amount of antineuritic foodstuff as high as possible and to avoid large rations
of food materials deficient in vitamin."
Nutritive properties of proteins of the maize kernel, T. B. Osborne and
L. B. Mendel (Jour. Biol. Cheni., 18 (1914), ^^o. 1, pp. i-iG).— The authors
report experiments in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R.. 28,
p. 759).
It is pointed out that when the entire maize kernel is fed the amino-acid de-
ficiencies of zein are supplemented to a gi'eat extent by other proteins which
contain the amino acids that zein lacks. An inadequate but cheap protein can,
therefore, be supplemented by another protein which supplies the lacking amino
acids. The relative economy of the added proteins depends largely on their
amino-acid makeup.
The study of the effect of benzoic acid and its sodium salt on the animal
organism, E. Rost, F. Franz, and A. Weitzel (Ar6. K. Gsndhtsamt., ^5 (1913),
No. Jf, pp. 425-490). — The technique is described and results reported of a
series of experiments with dogs which show in general the following results :
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 165
In tbe case of a single administration of benzoic acid or sodinm henzoato,
vomiting was caused. In the case of daily administration of benzoic acid or its
sodium salt, a typical poisoning was produced, the symptoms resembling buman
epilepsy. If the dose was continued death resulted through paralysis of the
central nervous system. It was found that the smallest dose of sodium ben-
Koate which produced toxic effects was 1 gm. per kilogram of body weight.
Experiments carried out to determine the effect of glycocoll as an antidote for
benzoic acid poisoning showeil that this substance caused the benzoic acid to be
excreted in the urine as hippuric acid.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
The contribution of bacteria to the feces after feeding diets free from
indigestible components, T. B. Osbokne and L. B. Mb:ndel {Jour. Biol. Chcm.,
18 (1914), No. 2, pp. 111-182). — The experiments reported, in which rats were
fed upon diets composed entirely of digestible foods which yielded no cellulose
residue, permitted the authors to determine the quantity of bacterial cells in the
dried feces by successively treating them with ether, absolute alcohol, SO per
cent alcohol. 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid solution, and finally with absolute alco-
hol containing 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid to remove any fats, protein, or min-
eral matter. The remaining- residue was finally analyzed for nitrogen and ash.
From the microscopic appearance and staining qualities of this residue and
from its chemical composition, the authors feel justified in regarding it as
consisting of masses of bacterial cells rather than undigested food residue.
Urea: Its distribution in and elimination from the body, E. K. Marshall,
Jr., and D. M. Davis {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 18 (191/,), No. 1, pp. 53-80).— The
••esults are reported of a lai'ge number of experiments from which the following
are among the conclusions drawn :
" Urea is present in all the organs and tissues of normal animals.
" The urea content of all organs and tissues is approximately uniform, and
approximately equal to that of the blood, both in normal conditions and when
there is an abnormally large amount of urea present. Exceptions to this rule
are fat, which has a low content, and the urinaiy tract, which has a high
content.
" When urea in solution is injected intravenously, it diffuses to all parts of
the body almost instantly, the diffusion being complete in a few minutes.
" Urea is eliminated very rapidly by the kidneys ; the rate of excretion may
rise to 16 gm. per kilogram of body weight per day, or much higher.
" When excretion of urea is prevented, the entire amount formed is stored
in the body — except small amounts secreted in the bile, sweat, etc. — and there
is no evidence of the conversion of urea into other substances."
The suppression of growth and the capacity to grow, T. B. Osborne and
L. B. Mendel {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 18 {191J,), No. 1, pp. 95-106).— A. digest of
experimental data which, in the opinion of the authors, does not support the
^ iew that the ability to grow " is lost with age, independently of whether it
has or has not functioned during the period usually associated with increase in
size. ... It api>ears as if the capacity to grow is only lost by the exercise of
this fundamental property of animal organisms."
The basal, gaseous metabolism of normal men and women, F. G. Benedict,
L. E. Emmes. p. Roth, and II. M. Smith {Jour. Biol Chew., 18 {191Ji), No. 2,
pp. 139-155). — The authors report the results of a series of observations made
upon normal men and women at rest. Some of the experiments were carried
out with the bed calorimeter and some with an especially designed respiration
apparatus. Among the observations rei)orted were the amount of carbon dioxid
produced, the oxygen consumption, the value of the respiratory quotient, the
body temperature, and the pulse rate.
166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
International catalogue of scientific literature. L — General biology (In-
termit. Cat. ,Sci. Lit., 9 {1012), pp. \'1II+117; 10 (.1913), pp. Vlll + l.iS; 11
(1913), pp. VIIl-\-130). — ^These volumes contain the usual indexes in four
languages, an autlior catalogue, and a subject catalogue of manuscripts received
between December, 190'J, and January, 1913. Tbe subjects included are methods,
general morphology, general physiology, and genei'al cytology. See also pre-
vious notes (E. S. R., 24, p. 670).
The effect of previous nutrition upon metabolism during fasting, A.
Schlossmann and H. Murschhauser (Biochcm. Ztschr., 53 (1913), No. J/S,
pp. 265-299; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Ac/r. Intel, ami Plant
Diseases, Jf (1913), No. 10, p. 1511). — In experiments at the Akademische
Kinderklinik at Diisseldorf dogs were starved until they lost one-third of their
weight, when their gaseous interchange vv^as determined. One of the dogs was
then fed fat, another carbohydrate, and a third protein, until each had attained
its original weight. A fasting period of 24 hours followed, concluded by a
respiration experiment. In another experiment the dogs were deprived of feed
for periods lasting from 1 to IG days.
It was concluded from these experiments that the respiration quotient de-
pends, in the case of a fasting animal, upon the substances which have pre-
viously taken part in building up its body. When a single substance, such as
glycogen or fat, is fed the body accustoms itself to consume more or less
glycogen or more or less fat and the respiratory quotient approaches very
nearly the theoretical quotient for that particular substance. With long and
continuous fasting, the glycogen supply is more quickly consumed than the fat
supply.
Studies in the comparative biochemistry of purin metabolism. — II, The
excretion of purin catabolites in the urine of ungulates, A. Hunter, M. G.
GiVENS, ET AL. (Jouv. Biol. Ckem., IS (191.lt), No. 3, pp. ^0.3--^i6).— The studies
reported in this paper were conducted with the ungulate gi'oup, including the
sheep, goat, cow, horse, and pig, and the results compared with those obtained
with Carnivora, Rodentia, and Marsupialia. It was observed that " most un-
gulates, yet apparently not all, have a capacity for uric acid oxidation inferior
to that of the orders just mentioned." The " total endogenous purin metabolism
per unit of weight is in a general way inversely related to the size of the
animal ; but there are many striking exceptions, and many other factors evi-
dently play a part in determining this relation."
Notes on some indigenotis and other fodder plants, C. F. Jueitz ( Union
So. Africa Dept. Agr. Sci. Bui. 6 (1914), PP- ~0). — Analyses are given of fodder
plants grown in South Africa, including vlei grass, mangolds, tussock grass,
Muskus grass, American aloe, prickly pear, and Kafir melon, and also of grape
marc.
Statistics of British feeding trials and the starch equivalent theory, T. B.
Wood and G. V. Title (Jour. Agr. Sei, [England], 6 (1914), Xo. 2. pp. 233-251,
figs. 7). — A statistical examination wns made of the results of a large number
of British feeding exi>eriments. including about 200 trials with oxen and 200
trials with sheep with a view to determining the reliability of the starch
equivalent theory as applied to British conditions.
It is concluded that "while Kellner's starch equivalents may give a fairly
accui'ate measure of the amount of fat production to be expected from various
foods in the early stages of fattening, they fail to do so in the later stages,
because as fattening approaches completion the law of diminishing return as-
serts itself, and a given amount of starch equivalent produces less and less fat
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167
as time goes on and the animal gets ripe. Kelluer's starch equivalents, too,
fail when very liberal diets are usetl, because here the animal very quickly
reaches that stage of fatness at which the law of diminishing return begins to
make itself felt."
The authors propose the drawing up of a sliding scale for the utilization of
starch equivalents varying with the conditions which have been shown to influ-
ence the utilization of the diet. In a consideration of the standard deviation
in results obtained with individual animals it is shown that " the amount of
variation in efficiency as fat-producing machines among animals of the same
breed fed under identical conditions is remarkable."
The forage plants of German Southwest Africa, W. Heeking and C.
Grimme (Arb. Deiit. Landw. GcsclL, No. 262 {WW, PP- VIII+106, pis. 40).—
Analyses and digestion coefficients of the following species of grasses and forage
plants are reported: Andropogoii contortus, A. nardus, A. paiiiUoms, A. ischce-
mum, Anthcphora hochstetteri, A. pubcsce)is, Trayus racemosus, I'anicum colora-
tum, P. maximum, P. nigropcdatum; P. notabile, P. trichopus, TrichoUena drcgc-
ana, T. madagascariensis, Setaria vcrtioillata, Pennisetum ciliare, Aristida
alopecuroides, A. barbicollis, A. ciliata, A. congesta, A. namaquensis, A. obtusa,
A. stipoides, A. uniplumis, Sporobolus indicus, 8. nebulosus, Cynodon dactylon,
Chloris virgata, Dactyloctenium wgyptiacum, Pappophorum abyssinicum, P. cen-
chroides, P. scabrum, Schmidtia pappophoroides, S. quinqiieseta, Pogonarthria
fleckii, Triraphis ranwsissima, Diphachne fusca, Fingerliuthia africana, Era-
grostis denndata, E. echinochloidea, E. Icevissima, E. porosa, E. superba, E.
tricJiophora, Cyperus Msitatus, EyUingia alba, Asparagus asiaticus, Osyris abys-
sinica, Atriplex vesicaria, Kochia salsoloides, Salsola aphylla, Leucospliwra
bainesii, Cyathula hereroensis, Boerhavia pentandra, PlicEoptilon spinosum,
Amsostigma schenekli, Mesembrianthemiim rupicola, Polanisia lilderUziana,
Cleome rubella, Boscia foetida, B. pechuelvi, Cadaba juncea, Kalanchoe panicu-
lata, Albizzia anthclmintica. Acacia albida, A. giraffw, A. hebcclada, A. herero-
ensis, A. horrida, A. maras, Parkinsonia africana, Peltopliorum africanum,
Crotalaria) diversistipula, Tephrosia purpurea, Bliynchosia gibba, R. toita,
Zygophyllum afflne microcarptun, Tribulus terrestris, Commiphora africana,
Aitonia capensis microphylla, Flueggea obovata, Croton gratissimus, Cephalocro-
ton piischelU, Heeria mucronata, Rhus albomarginata, R. ciliata, Zizyphxis mu-
cronatus, Helinus ovatus, Grewia bicolor, G. olulcondw, Eennannia afflnis ienella,
Tamarix usneoides, Combretum hereroense, C. primigenium, Roycna pallens,
Ehretia hottentotica, Bouchea pinnatifida, Leucas pechuelvi, Solanum incanum,
Aptosimum albomarginatum, Rhigozum triehotomum, Catophractcs alexandri,
Petalidimn linifolium, P. physaloides, Blepharis edulis, Cucumis prophetarum,
CitruUus vulgaris, NiiJorclla auriculata, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Dicoma
anomala, Garuleum bipinnatum.
Feeding value of various grasses, A. Gregoire and E. Carpiaux {Min. Agr.
ct Trav. Pub. [Belgium], Off. Rural Raps, et Communs., No. 8 {191.'f), pp.
5-Jf8). — In sheep feeding experiments to determine the digestibility of hays of
various grasses it was found that there was a general decrease in the digesti-
bility of the hay as the grass reached maturity, but the amount of decrease
varied considerably with the different species. The content of protein and fat
showed the greatest variation.
The actual feeding value of these hays was found to vary considerably from
the Kellner standard. The addition of calcium carbonate to the ratioji exerted
no influence on the digestibility, but appeared to have an influence on the utiliza-
tion of the absorbed elements. A ration composed entirely of hay increased the
losses of phosphoric acid and lime to the animal organism, esi>ecially when the
168
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
liay WHS cut very young, probably because of the low solubility of the phosphoric
acid and to the presence of silicic acid which has a toxic effect.
The results of the digestibility triiils are shown in the following table:
Coefficients of digesUMlity of various grasses.
Kind of hay.
Dry
matter.
Organic
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Nilro-
gen-free
extract.
Fiber.
Italian ryo grass:
Per cent.
82.15
80.32
80.06
80.93
83.28
84.42
87.84
85.47
85.90
83.93
Per cent.
74.6
58.7
76.0
59.8
70.7
63.3
56.7
57.8
56.4
54.4
Per cent.
56.4
26.4
62.1
40.9
63.2
53.6
51.0
46.5
43.7
37.1
Per cent.
53.4
36.4
53.1
48.9
55.9
73.0
82.6
52.3
4S.7
60.1
Percent.
79.1
68.0
80.6
64.7
75.4
64.3
62.1
54.4
47.5
62.5
Per cent.
73.7
Cut in flower
46.2
English rye grass:
76.6
Cut In flower
55.1
Tall fescue:
67.7
Cut in flower
53.5
47.0
Tall oat grass:
63.9
66.3
Timothy, cut after flowering
43.9
[Silage making and feeding], H. E. Dvorachek (Colorado Sta. Bui. 200
(1914), PP- 22-32, fig. 1). — An account of methods of ensiling corn, sorghum,
Kafir corn, alfalfa, peas, small grains," Ilussian thistle, beet tops, beet pulp, and
cured fodder, and the feeding of these to farm animals.
On the nutritive value of potato distillery refuse and other waste mate-
rial (Landir. JaJtrh.. J,', (1913), Xo. J, pp. GSl-S.'i'i. pis. J,, fig. 1). — I. Introduc-
tion, W. Vultz nud N. Zuntz (pp. GS1-GS4). — Commenting on the value of the
waste material from the potato distillery plants it is stated that in general the
feeding value of the refuse depends upon the quality of the material, and upon
its actual content of potato, malt, and yeast.-
II. On the specific value of the feed materials, W. Yoltz. J. Paechtaer. and
A. Baudrexel (pp. 685-764). — Experiments conducted in 1S5G on the feeding of
potato refuse in various proportions with grain to dairy cattle are cited. The
organic matter in the dried refuse is given as 79.35 per cent, protein 23.81, fat
0.66, fiber 6.82, and nitrogen-free extract 48.06 per cent: in dried waste ma-
terial, consisting of potato, malt and yeast, 87.83, 7.19, 0.22. 154, and 78.88 per
cent, respectively.
The following table summarizes feeding exi^eriments with sheep and rats,
showing the siiecific value of certain feeding materials :
Summary of feeding experiments with sheep and rats.
Kind of
animal.
Kind of feed.
Daily rations per 1,000
kg. live weight.
■ Coefficient of digestibilitj-.
Daily
nitrogen
intake
per 1,000
kg. live
weight.
Digestible
protein.
Available
energy.
Organic
matter.
Protein.
Nitrogen
free j Energy,
extract.
Sheep —
Do....
Do
Distillery waste . . .
f Potato refuse
\Potato strach
Lentils
Kilograms.
1.25
1 1.38
2.6
Calories.
55,000
59,000
62,000
Per cent.
69
86
85
87
86
Per cent.
20
27
79
52
44
Per cent.
74
91
90
91
Per cent.
67
83
84
Grams.
58.4
78.8
46.3
Rats
111.3
Do
/Potato refuse
\Potato starch
\ . ..
90
—100.8
1
ANIMAL TKODUCTION, 169
It is coucliidcHl that the Kellner starch values are uncertain and do not agree
with results obtained in actual practice. The mixing of feeds and the specific
values of certain feeds depreciate the value of the standard.
III. RcsiJiration and assimilaiion trials icith cattle, K. von der Ileide. Klein,
and N. Zuntz (pp. 7G5-S32). — In these trials it was found that slight variations
in the comiK)sition of feeds influenced the fermentation i^rocess in the paunch of
the ruminant. Variations in the character of feeds influenced the quantity of
hippuric acid in the urine. There was found to be a material variation from
Kellner's starch values. The actual starch value of hay fed as a fodder with
potato refuse was double the value of the Kellner standard.
IV. Mineral assimilation icith cattle, M. Diakow (pp. S33-S-i4 ) .— The digesti-
ble coefficients of the mineral compounds are given as follows : P^Oo from 24..!
to 28.6 per cent, CaO 15.8 to 26.5 i>er cent, MgO 39.2 to 47.0 per cent, 'Sa.iO 52.4
to 61.5 i>er cent, and K^O 92.3 to 94.5 per cent.
Commercial feeding- stuffs, W. J. Jones. Jr., F. D. Fuller, E. G. Proulx,
C. Cutler, and J. H. Koop {Indiana Sta. Bui. 177 {19 U), pp. 47-340, fig. 1).—
This I'eports analyses of the following feeding stuffs: Wheat bran, wheat mid-
dlings, red dog flour, low grade flour, rye middlings, buckwheat bran, cotton-
seed meal, cotton-seed feed, cold-pressed cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls, linseed
meal, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, malt sprouts, gluten feed,
corn-germ meal, hominy feed, corn bran, corn flakes, rice products, dried sugar
beet pulp, alfalfa meal, dried blood, meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, beef scrap,
fish scrap, feeding tankage, molasses feeds, and various mixed and proprietary
feeds. There are included the text of the State feeding stuffs law, rulings to
date, and similar data.
Analysis of feeding stuffs made for the State Department of Agriculture,
B. E. CuBRY and T. O. Smith {Xew Hampshire 8ia. Bid. 1G9 {lOlJ,), pp. 26).—
Analyses are reported of wheat middlings, bran, red dog flour, and other wheat
products, cotton-seed meal, hominy feeds, molasses feeds, alfalfa meal, dried
beet pulp, distillers' dried grains, linseed meal, gluten feed, beef scrap, bone
meal, fish scrap, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. The text of the
state feedings stuffs law is included.
Fertilizers, feeds, and fungicides, J. W. Inge {Xorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bid.,
S {1914), Xo. 9, pp. 140-146)- — Analyses are reported of screenings, pigeon
grass, wild oats, Kinghead, smartweed, ragweed, pig\A'eed, lambs' quarters,
shrunken wheat, corn fodder, corn silage, tankage, and meat scrap, as well as
of fertilizers, Pai'is green, lead arsenate, lime sulphur, and commercial insecti-
cides and fungicides.
The Kansas feeding-stuffs law revision of 1913, W. ^M. Jardine {Kansan
Sta. Circ. 38 {1914), PP- 7). — This is an exi)lanation of the Kansas feeding-
stuffs law as revised in 1913, with other data as to its enforcement.
Study of the breeds, varieties, and crossing of species of cattle in France,
DE Lapparent {Bid. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Bari.s], 13 {1914), ^os. 5, pp.
493-551; 6, pp. 641-715). — This treats of the origin, development, and breed
characteristics of the principal breeds of cattle in France, among them the
Flemish, Dutch, Normandy, French Durham, Brittany, Parthenaise, Charolaise,
etc.
Some problems of cattle breeding, L. J. Cole {Guernsey Breeders' Jour.,
n. ser., 6 {1914), iVo. 1, pp. 22-25, figs. //).— A situdy made of the records of
American-bred and of imported Guernseys indicates that on the average " Guern-
sey cows imported to this country . . . are somewhat higher producers of milk
and butter fat than the Guernseys bred in this country, in spite of the fact that
170 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
the latter have a slight advantage in percentage of butter fat in the milk. On
the other hand, the native-bred stock make a decidedly better showing with
respect to the number of advanced registry progeny they have produced, both
of sons and of daughters."
Preparing- wool for market, T. R. Arkell (Canada Dept. Agr., Ldve Stock
Branch, Pamphlet 2 U914)> PP- 8, figs. 5). — Directions are given for caring for
sheep in order to produce a good quality and condition of wool, and for pre-
jiariii.i,' and packing wool.
Wool and its manufacture, T. R. Arkell (Canada Dept. Agr., Live Stock
Branch, Pamphlet 3 (1914), pp. 13, figs. 10). — Information is given on the
character of the wool fiber, tests for wool in cloth, classification of wools in
the fleece, skirting and sorting the fleece, scouring, and carbonization.
Studies on the material and energy metabolism of growing swine, G.
FiNGERLiNG, A. KoHLER. F. Reinhakdt. E. Bretscii, G. Arndt, and R. Dietrich
(Landw. Vers. Stat., 84 (1914), ^'O. 3-4, pp. 149-230). — In experiments with
swine in which rations were fed in which the various nutritive elements pre-
dominated, it was demonstrated that on the average the power of assimilation
of growing swine is 35.1 per cent greater for protein elements, 31.8 per cent for
fat, 30 per cent for carbohydrates, and 32.1 per cent greater for sugar than indi-
cated, by Kellner's values for ruminants. The value of crude fiber is less for
swine than for ruminants.
Experiments with swine, G. B. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt.
Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 101-104). — The results of feeding experiments with 40-lb.
pigs indicated that supplemental feeds, such as skim milk or tankage, have a
marked influence in increasing the gains and improving the thrift of pigs over
middlings and barley meal alone. One hundred lbs. of meal proved equal to
406.9 lbs. of skim milk and to from 37.6 to 48.5 lbs. tankage, depending upon
the grade used. The skim milk w^as fed in the proportion of about 1^ lbs. to 1
lb. of meal, the tankage 1 lb. to about 6 lbs. of meal.
The results of feeding experiments with 125-lb. hogs indicated that the feeding
of supplemental feeds, such as skim milk and tankage, for finishing hogs is not
a profitable practice.
Value of skim milk for swine feeding, J. Hansen et al. (Deut. Landw.
Presse, 41 (1914), A'os. 45, pp. 549, 550; 46, pp. 561, 562).— Several lots of pigs
were fed a basal ration of barley and potatoes, group 1 receiving as a protein
supplement meat and fish meal and group 2 skim milk. In one lot fed 69 days,
group 1 received a starch value of 1,455.3 kg., made an average daily gain of
0.708 kg. per head, and required 2.71 kg. starch value per kilogram of live
weight; while group 2 utilized 1.508.9 kg. starch value, made 0.705 kg. daily
gain per head, and required 2.58 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight.
In another lot fed 98 days, group 1 utilized 2.270.4 kg. starch value, made 0.848
kg. daily gain per head, and required 2.49 kg. starch value per kilogram of live
weight, while group 2 utilized. 2.965.2 kg. of starch value, made 0.869 kg. daily
gain per head, and required 2.49 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight.
Forage crops for hogs, W. J. Kennedy, J. M. Evvard. H. H. Kildee. and
E. T. RoBBiNS (Iowa Sta. Bui. 136 (1913), pp. 5-116, figs. 15; popular ed., pp.
883-419, fig. 1). — In three years' experiments in which a total of 461 high-grade
Duroc Jersey hogs wore fed, the relative efiiciency of various forage crops and
pastures for pork production in Iowa was determined. In these experiments
corn and meat meal 10 : 1 w^ere fed in such quantity as to require the pigs to get
the full benefit of the forage supplements. The summarized results are shown
in the table following.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171
Results of feeding trials of forage crops irilli hogs, J909-J!>l I.
Kind of forage.
Aver-
Aver-
age
number
of hogs
Num-
ber of
age
daily
gain
per
per
acre.
head.
Lbs.
1.3.9
165
0.72
13.9
165
1.07
13.9
165
1.07
18.8
141
.84
18.8
141
1.13
13.9
165
.99
16.5
180
1.04
16.7
147
.81
18.8
104
1.36
20.0
141
1.10
43.1
100
1.07
22.5
141
1.02
20.0
150
.53
30.0
90
.63
16.7
147
.91
16.7
147
.85
23.5
160
1.15
23.5
160
1.16
30.9
160
1.16
31.1
60
.81
22.5
36
.26
9.8
120
.24
10.0
150
.63
11.1
169
1.22
12.5
169
1.17
11.1
169
1.31
11.1
169
1.21
10.0
169
1.41
9.3
100
1.01
9.3
100
.92
9.3
100
.96
Aver-
age
daily
gain
Total
cost per
pound
of gain
nef 100 (''"'" ^^
ll.s lii-o -"J CIS.
lbs. live.
-^^■^..^
Net
profit
per
aero
(hogs at
$6 per
head).
Total
grain
per
pound
of gain.
Net
return
per
bushel
of corn.
Pork
accred-
ited to
an acre
of forage
(esti-
mated).
Spring pigs — Current year.
Blue grass and timothy
Medium red clover
Do
Do
* Do
Alfalfa
Do
Rape (Dwarf Kssex)
Do
Do
Do
Sweet clover
Do
Oats
Oats, clover, and rape
Oats, peas, and rape
Do
Do
Do
Rye (green)
Rye (ripe)
Check dry lots
Do
Hogs — Fall pigs of previmis
year.
Oats, clover, and rape
Oats and clover (altemale
with rape)
Oats, peas, and rape
Oats, vetcn, and rape
Check dry lot
Yearling sows (not preg-
nant)—Spring pigs of pre-
vious year.
Oats, clover, and rape
Oats, peas, and rape
Rape, clover (J area in each)
Lhs.
3.68
3.63
3.66
3.50
3.74
3.82
4.04
3.89
3.62
.3.64
4.28
3.96
4.36
4.66
3.61
3.91
4.08
4.24
4.16
4.51
.61
3.98
4.28
2.50
2.57
2.41
2.53
2.91
1.70
1.64
1.67
Cents.
4.09
3.69
3.73
3.71
3.84
3.90
2. SS
3.63
3.95
3.79
3. 91
3.70
3.54
4.10
3.56
3.91
3.77
4.10
3.88
3.67
7.75
5.87
4.36
4.95
5.02
4.73
5.08
4.76
4.59
5.31
4.23
$;31.85
57.07
56.00
51.20
64. 55
46.39
97.09
47.47
54.24
68.64
154. 63
74.50
39.50
32.53
54.70
43.86
96.99
83.26
122. 13
35. 18
—3.83
.35
15. o'^
24.02
24.27
31.33
21.00
29.79
13.32
5.94
15.86
Lbs.
3.93
3.52
3.55
3.71
3.34
3.67
3.45
3.26
3.71
3.27
3.85
3.38
3.76
3.65
3.18
3.39
3.52
3.67
3.70
3.24
1.69
5.97
3.99
4.45
4.60
4.14
4.47
4.72
3.79
4.16
4.00
Cents.
75.6
88.0
87.2
84.6
90.4
82.2
103.8
93.0
82.5
92.2
80.2
91.0
88.9
81.0
95.0
86.1
87.7
81.8
84.1
95.2
9.4
51.2
76.2
64.2
62.8
68.5
62.4
65.9
70.7
59.3
74.7
Lbs.
378. 27
765.42
742.12
756. 62
649. 66
623.22
865. 54
666. 48
633.94
730.63
1,438.80
854.25
340.64
398. 93
795.41
657.10
1, 147. 70
760.86
1,299.08
347. 46
—44.50
82.90
18. 23
308.01
72.46
305. 43
223. 43
256.88
There is included a discussion of the essentials of an ideal forage for hogs,
together with analyses of the green forage crops used in these experiments,
and a table showing the cost of growing these forages and their production
^nhle.
Pork production in Wisconsin, J. G. Fuller (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 2Ji2
(liUJf), pp. 3-35, figs. 26). — This bulletin includes general instructions on the
feeding, care, and management of swine under Wisconsin conditions, including
plans for hog houses and other equiimieiit.
Distribution of public service stallions, A. S. Alexander (Wisconsin Sta.
Circ. 50 (IdUt), pp. 3-82, figs. 7). — A directorj' of the public service stallions
enrolled in the counties of Wisconsin during 191-1. wi(h a discussion of the im-
prove<l conditions in the State.
The breeding- of heavy draft horses in the Province of East Prussia. A.
T.ANDMANN (Kiilui Arclt., // (1914), PP- 137-293. pis-. 2). — This is an account of
the native breeds of horses of the Province of Ka.st Prus-^ia. together with a
discussion of possible methods of improving their utility value by crossing and
75575°— No. 2—15 6
172 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
selection. Measurements were made of a large number of cross-bred horses and
comparisons made with those of pure-bred Belgians, showing the advantage of
using this breed in cross-breeding operations.
Preliminary notes on the heredity of certain characters in a cross between
silky and Yokohama fowls, J. L. Konhote (Cairo Sci. Jour., '8 (1914), No. 91,
pp. 83-89). — "The object of these experiments, which have so far been carried
to the Fo generation, has been not only to study the inheritance of certain
definite characters but also to study the comparative inheritance of these char-
acters and to see if certain combinations would occur with greater frequency
than others. The silky male was dark-fleshed, white with short silky feathers,
a rose comb, five-toed, with feathered legs and a small crest. The Yokohama
female was white-fleshed, duckwing with long normal feathers, a single comb,
four-toed, clean legs, and no crest." The characters involved are discussed in
detail and it is shown how the expected Meudelian proportions with regard to
each character have been to a large extent realized. The author endeavors to
prove that " recessive characters will occur more frequently in females owing to
the absorption of more of their initial vigor on their sex, and so that recessive
characters more usually associated with the female can be produced in males
by an artificial reduction of vigor (cf. dun color in pigeons)."
On the average the females have 0.41 more recessive characters than the
males, and the whites 0.74 more recessive characters than the colored. It is
suggested that " the proportions of Mendelian characters may be to a certain
extent governed by other causes, notably vigor, and that therefore from a prac-
tical point of view it becomes possible to increase the number of individuals
possessing a certain character by attention to such details as the food, temiiera-
ture, age of breeding stock, and time of year at which breeding takes place."
Improving egg production by breeding, R. Peael (Maine Sta. Bui. 231
(1914), pp. 217-236, figs. 3). — This material has been previously reported (E. S.
R., 29, p. 874).
Some factors influencing the bacterial content and keeping quality of eggs,
L. D. BusHNELL and O. Maueek (Kansas Sta. Bui. 201 (1914), pp. 749-777). —
The authors summarize the results of their studies, in which 2,759 eggs were
examined, as follows :
"Almost all the eggs containing bacteria were infected in the yolk, while
very few of them showed bacteria in the white. Very few of the bacteria in
eggs grow at blood temperature, while they grow abundantly at room tem-
perature. This is of special interest because of its bearing on the hatching
quality of eggs. The number of infected eggs increases slightly with the age
of the fowl. Eggs from different hens vary widely in bacterial content and
keeping quality. The extremes for the whole period are percentage of eggs in-
fected— minimum 15, maximum 42 ; percentage of eggs spoiled — minimum 4,
maximum 34. The eggs from the same hens vary widely in bacterial content
and keeping quality at different times, and without apparent cause. When the
fowls were given range the number of infected eggs decreased. Feeding wet
mash produced an appreciable rise in the number of infected eggs. This in-
creased infection was due to bacteria growing at blood temperature.
" Mating of the hens did not inci'ease infection of the eggs, as determined by
our methods. This suggests that the greatly increased spoilage of fertile eggs
is a direct or indirect consequence of the development of the embryo. Besides
giving rise to losses from blood rings, etc.. the presence of a dead embryo
seems to increase the susceptibility of the eggs to decomposition. "We have
observed frequent and striking divergencies between the number of eggs in-
fected and the number of eggs spoiled. Increase in infection and decrease in
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 173
keeping quality do not necessarily run parallel because it is the qualitative
rather than the quantitative bacterial content that detennines keeping quality.
It follows that our quantitative method for determining the infection in eggs
does not fui-nish us a very reliable index to the influence of various factors
upon the keeping quality of our eggs.
" Summer eggs show more bacteria than fall eggs, and as shown in Bulletin
ISO [E. S. R.. 27. p. 73] also more bacteria than spring eggs. The ratio of
coagulable to uncoagulable nitrogen did not reveal any appreciable influence
of the factors investigated upon the keeping quality of the eggs examined.
No grass eggs were laid by a number of hens whose diet consisted chiefly of
alfalfa, nor could any green pigment-forming bacteria be detected in such
eggs."
Attention is called to recent studies made by the Connecticut Storrs vStation
(E. S. R., 31. p. 171) in which a much lower bacterial infection was obtained.
It is stated that this discrepancy can not be accounted for as being due en-
tirely to contamination during the manipulation of the cultures. A bibliography
is included.
Farm poultry in Missouri, H. L. Kempstes {Missonri Bd. Agr. Mo: BiiL, 12
(1914), No. 7, pp. 98, figs. 52). — ^A general account of the methods of feeding,
care, and management of poultry, with special reference to Missouri condi-
tions, and including artificial incubation, brooding, care of market eggs, and
prevention and cure of poultry diseases.
The encyclopedia of the poultry yard, Y. Shaw (London and New York,
1913, pp. IX-\-ns. pis. 16, figs. 21). — An encyclopedia on breeds of poultry and
general poultry topics.
Ostrich breeding and feather handling in South Africa and other coun-
tries, H. HiNTZE (Tropenpflanzcr, IS {19U), Nos. 5, pp. 259-271; 6, pp. 323-
331; 7, pp. 881-392). — A general account of the distribution and commercial
importance of the ostrich in South Africa and elsewhere, and a discussion of
methods of management for commercial purposes.
Rabbit breeding industry in Germany, A. R. Thomson {Daily Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 (191Jf), No. 171, pp. 454, //55).— It Is Stated that the
rabbit raising industry in Germany has received a marked impetus during the
past few years owing to governmental encouragement. During the past five
j^ears the demand for rabbit meat caused the price to increase from approxi-
mately 7.1 to 23.84 cts. per head.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
[Bibliography of dairy literature], R. AY. Raudnitz and W. Grimmer (Arb.
Gel). Milch ir. u. Molk. I'rajis, 1913, I, No. 17, pp. 4'^)- — This is a general review
of articles on the science and practice of dairying imblished during a por-
tion of the year 1913.
A dairy laboratory guide, H. E. Ross {New York, 1914, pp. T'l-fS-J, pi. 1). —
General instructions for use in the dairy laboratory.
Feeding of dairy cows, N. Athanassof (Rev. Vet. c Zootcch., 1 {1911),
No. 3, pp. 162-174, pis. 4; 2 {1912), Nos. 1, pp. 58-65, pis. 2; 3, pp. 102-114;
4 {1914), Nos. 1, pp. 73-86; 2, pp. 127-143; 3, pp. 174-188) .—This is a general
exi>osition on the theory of the feeding of dairy cows, including a discussion of
the physiology of milk secretion, the influence of individual and breed upon
milk yield, and the influence of methods and time of milking. The author out-
lines the main principles of the Kellner theory of feeding and feed require-
ments for milk production. There is included a discussion of the feeding value
174 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
of the various roughages, concentrates, and commercial feeds especially adapted
to South American conditions.
Holstein milk yield, F. R. Marshall (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp.
Jf37-43!)}.—Jn ooiitiuuution of work previously reported (E. S. R., 27, p. 574) the
author presents the results of examinations made by P. Van Ewing of the
records of Holstein cattle, in which it appeared that the idea that milking
capacity in cows is transmitted through males rather than females is erroneous.
The number of cases in which resemblance was closest on the maternal side
wei-e for pounds of milk 403, pounds of milk fat 407, and percentage of milk fat
345, while the number of cases in which resemblance was closest on the paternal
side were 262, 258, and 320, respectively.
Studies in the range of variation of the percentage of butter fat in the
milk of individual cows, A. C. Andkhson (Michif/an Sta. Spec. Bui. 11 (1914),
pp. 3-13, figs. 5). — In a study of 200 seven-day records of dairy cows it was
found that 27.5 per cent varied not over 1 per cent in milk fat in the seven days,
44 per cent varied between 1.1 and 2, 21.5 per cent between 2.1 and 3, 4 per
cent between 3.1 and 4, 1.5 per cent between 4.1 and 5, and 0.5 per cent between
5.1 and 6. In a study of 2,000 seven-day records of cows on advanced registry
tests the percentages were as follows: 28.45, 54.55, 13.4, 2.65. 0.8, and 0.15.
In 600 two-day records the percentages were 74.3, 20.1, 4.6, 0.5, and 0.3.
Some investig'ations on the phenomena of " clot " formations. — I, On the
clotting- of milk, S. B. Schryver (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 86 (1913),
No. B 590, pp. 460-481; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [LondoWi, 104 (1913), No. 612,
II, pp. 850, 851). — In milk the substances necessary for clot formation preexist,
but the adsorption of simple molecules from the solution prevents aggregation.
In this work it is assumed that the ferment clears the surface of colloid from
adsorbed substances and allows aggregation to take place.
The addition of calcium chlorid to solutions of caseinogen in sodium hydroxid
gives a precipitate only within certain definite limits of concentration of the
calcium salt. Rennet, when added to a mixture in which precipitation is in-
hibited by an excess of the calcium salt, immediately causes precipitation.
When the optimal amount of calcium salt is present precipitation may be pre-
vented by adding milk serum, peptone, or glycin. Rennet precipitates only
when a proper amount of inhibitor is present ; an excess prevents precipitation.
The clot is formed from caseinogen and not from the calcium salt.
"The clot produced by rennet alone is formed from metacaseinogen ; that
produced by calcium chlorid alone is formed from caseinogen. The rennet clot
can not be converted into natural caseinogen. The rennet does not in any way
affect proteoclastic digestion in the clot. In milk the clot formation depends on
the presence of four series of substances in the system, namely, simple inhibitory
substances, colloids, enzyms, and calcium salts."
The growth and viability of streptococci of bovine and human origin in
milk and milk products, D. J. Davis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914). No. 2,
pp. 378-388). — From investigations made in connection with epidemics of sore
throat it appeared that all the streptococci causing the epidemic were of the
hemolytic variety. A study of these showed that " in the process of milk sour-
ing the growth of hemolytic streptococci is inhibited and the organisms are
gradually destroyed. I They are killed in three hours or less by the acidity of
sour milk (48 hours''. after curdling) and of buttermilk. In ordinary butter
they die in the course of a few days, due to the acidity, although in neutral but-
ter they live for a long time. In ice cream, hemolytic streptococci remain alive
for at least 18 days without any appreciable diminution in number or virulence.
Ice cream would seem to be. therefore, a most suitable medium for the trans-
mission and preservation of dangerous streptococci. Separator cream contains
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175
more streptococci than the whole milk, skim milk considerably less, while the
sediment contains a large number.
" Hemolytic streptococci do not multiply to any extent at 20° C. or below in
milk ; at 26° there is little or no multiplication during the first six hours in
sterile or commercial milk, but at the end of 20 hours there is considerable in-
crease in the sterile milk. In the commercial milk their growth is inhibited
by the growth of other bacteria ; this holds also for higher temperatures. It
seems that under no conditions met with in the ordinary handling of milk can
there occur any apprtx'iable multiplication of hemolytic streptococci. Inasmuch
as under the most favorable tenii)orature multiplication of heniolylic strepto-
cocci in milk does not occur inside of one to two hours, it is impossible for any
appreciable increase to occur during the short interval between the raising
and lowering of the temiierature of milk in the process of pasteurization."
The characteristics of bacteria of the colon type found in bovine feces,
L. A. Rogers, W. M. Clark, and Alice C. Evans (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15
U9J4), No. 1, pp. 99-123, figs. 5). — This paper records the results of a study
made of 150 cultures isolated from bovine feces.
" None of these cultures liquefied gelatin and all but one formed indol from
tryptophan. By the use of a simple medium and exact methods of analysis it
was found that in 149 cultures the CO2 : PL ratio varied only from 0.08 to 1.2.
One culture only gave a ratio identifying it with the high-ratio group which
made up 48 per cent of the milk series [of previous studies (E. S. R., 30, p. 875) ].
"The 149 low-ratio (0.98 to 1.2) cultures were readily divided into two gx-oups,
one of which fermented dextrose, saccharose, lactose, raffinose, mannite, glycerin,
and dulcite, but almost invariably failed to ferment staix-h, inulin, and adonite.
while the second group fermented adonite and dulcite and failed to ferment
saccharose, raffinose, starch, and inulin. " These groups agi'ee almost perfectly
with two groups which may be formed from the low-ratio cultures isolated from
milk."
Inexpensive aids in producing sanitary milk, R. W. Lamson {Maryland
Sta. Bui. 181 (19U), pp. 135-15/,, figs. 6).— The author concludes from his study
of methods of producing sanitary milk that discarding the first few streams of
foremilk reduces the bacteinal content. Pails having a flat strainer on to which
the milk is drawn are not to be recommended, and. many of the so-called " sani-
tary " palls were complicated and hard to keep clean. The use of glycerin,
sweet oil, or vaseline as a wash for the udder, teats, and flank decidedly reduced
the bacterial content of the milk. Clipping the udder and flank appeared to aid
in the production of sanitary milk. The use of these simple methods and pre-
cautions lowered the bacterial content of milk from one-third to one-tenth.
Cream grading' for Kansas, G. S. Hine (Kansas Sta. Circ. 39, pp. 4)- — An
outline of the plan of cream grading adopted by Kansas creamery companies,
together with directions on how to get first-grade cream.
Cheese that the farmers should make, M. R. Tolstrup {Iowa Agr., 15 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 89, 90). — Information is given on methods of making club cream,
nut cream, olive cream, pimento and cottage cheeses, and Devonshire salad.
Action of the enzyms due to organisms on the rind of hard cheeses, O.
Gratz and S. Szanyi {Biochcm. Ztschr., 63 {191Jt), No. 4-6, pp. 436-478, figs.
15). — In a study of the various layers of cheese, starting from the outside and
proceeding inward, it was found that in Trappist and Ovar cheeses the enzyms
of the flora of the rind have no action on the decomposition of casein and fat
in the inside of the cheeses. On theoretical grounds the possibility of the
diffusion of the enzyms from the rind toward the interior must be rejected.
Cheeses of the Neufchatel group, K. J. Matheson, C. Thom, and J. N.
CtJRBiE {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui 78 {1914), pp. 313-329, figs. 5).— The
176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
process of making Neufchatel and cream cheese is described and analyses
reported.
"An approximate standard of composition for whole-milk Neufchatel or Neuf-
chatel proi)er is water 50 to 55 per cent, fat 23 to 28 per cent, casein about 18
to 21 r>er cent, salt 0.5 to 1.25 per cent. Such cheese is best jjroduced from good
clean milk testing about 4 per cent fat. Yield of cheese per 100 lbs. of milk,
12 to 14 lbs. A similar standard of composition for cream cheese (made from
cream testing 7 to 9 per cent fat) is water 38 to 43 per cent, fat 43 to 48 per
cent, casein 13 to 16 per cent, salt 0.5 to 1.25 per cent. Yield per 100 lbs. of
cream, 16 to 18 lbs."
The salt factor in the mold-ripened cheeses, C. Thom {Connecticut Storrs
Sta. Bui. 79 {191.',), pp. 387-39-i, fig. i).— From the results of these studies the
author concludes that " the percentage of salt which may be incorporated into
a variety of cheese is directly limited by the intensity of the flavors to be
developed. In the hard cheeses with their mild flavors, more than 1 to 1.5 per
cent salt becomes offensive. In Camembert 2.5 ])er cent is acceptable, and in
Roquefort, 4 per cent.
"As a factor in cheese biology, salt restrains the development of Oidium in
Camembert and shuts it out of Roquefort. Salt delays but does not prevent the
development of the molds active in ripening Camembert, Roquefort, and the
ripened forms of Neufchatel. Ten per cent of salt in culture media stopped or
reduced to negligible the growth of PeniciUium pinophUum, P. lilacinum,
P. luteum, P. digitatum, P. purpurogcniim. P. roseiun, P. duclauxi, Aspergillus
nidulans, A. fumigatus, and Oidium {Oospora) lactis. The rate of development
of the other species tried was markedly retarded but more or less characteristic
colonies finally developed."
Supplementary data upon Camem.bert cheese making, K. J. Matheson, C.
Thom, and J. N. Currie {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 19 {1911,), pp. 348-358).—
Material here given supplements data previously reported (E. S. R.. 22, p. 79).
It is concluded from these observations that Camembert cheese making is com-
mercially practicable along the lines presented in this and the preceding paper.
Biology of Roquefort cheese, C. Thom and K. J. Matheson {Connecticut
Storrs Sta. Bui 79 {1914), pp. 335-31,7, figs. 3).— The authors summarize the
results of their studies as follows :
"The flora of Roquefort cheese consists of the Roquefort mold {PeniciUium
roqueforti), bacteria of the common lactic type {Bacillus lactis acidi group)
and of the B. hulgaricus group in small numbers, some liquefying organisms,
yeasts in small numbers, and the varied flora of the surface slime. The organ-
isms of the slime, yeasts, bacteria, and Oidium lactis have been eliminated in
paraffining experiments completely enough to indicate for them only a sec-
ondary function in ripening the cheese. The slime in normal amount has been
found to be a correct index to proper ripening room conditions, however. The
lactic bacteria account for the primary souring of the curd which should take
place within the first 24 hours, thus eliminating gassy fermentation.
" The low temperatures used reduce the activity of B. hulgaricus to negligible
amounts during the early stages of the ripening. The extent to which organ-
isms of this group participate in the final ripening changes has not been
deterniiued. The dominance of P. roqueforti within the cheese is secured by
the low oxygen content of the open si^aces and by the high salt content which
excludes 0. lactis. Known activities of P. roqueforti through enzym production
are tke reduction of acidity, proteolysis of casein, and partial decomposition of
fat. These appear to be the principal factors in ripening the cheese, although
some participation in these processes by the bacteria and yeasts found is not
excluded by any work thus far possible.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 177
" From the study of acidity in Roquefort curd tlie following results are
deemed important : With initial acidities of 0.25 per cent or higher in milk,
and temperature of 84° F. (20° C.) the production of acid becomes very rapid
within the first two hours. Graphs representing the rate of rise of acidity
become parallel or nearly so after the percentage reaches 0.25 to 0.27 per cent.
Below this percentage great diversitj' in the rate of souring represents the
differences in chemical composition of the sami)le of milk, the variations due
to vigor of culture, amount of inoculation, temperature, and perhaps other
features. The acidity produced during the first two and one-half or three hours
will be enough to change the texture of the curd if the initial percentage is
0.25 per cent, or if during that period the amount shown in the milk samjjle
pa.sses 0.27 to 0.3 according to the other conditions j^resent. At acidities of
0.21 or lower the development of acid is too slow to give sufficient aid in
proper drainage of whey from the curd.
" To obtain a margin of safety in the production of a smooth, friable curd,
free from waxy, granular, or tough chai*acteristics, the initial acidity should
not pass 0.23 per cent, which approaches, therefore, the optimum initial acidity
in cow's milk for this type of cheese. With a vigorous, pure culture of the
B. lactis acidi group as a starter the initial acidity may be obtained with equally
good results by adding enough starter to raise the titration figures of the milk
to 0.23 i)er cent or by the use of little starter with a subsequent ripening iieriod.
The former .practice is usually preferable as an economy of time.
" At the working temperature of Roquefort, the organisms of the B. hiilgaricus
group are not a factor in the initial souring. The low temperatures that char-
acterize this process make desirable the use of a large enough amount of
starter to insure the dominance of the lactic organism of the starter over any
variety which may be accidentally present. Comparison of the graphs showing
the rate of development of acid under Cheddar and Roquefort conditions show
that this amount of inoculation (the percentage of starter used) will need to
be greater in Roquefort than in Cheddar to secure the same protection from
the acid oi'ganisms."
The manufacture of a cow's milk cheese related to Roquefort, C. Thom,
K. J. Matiieson, and J. N. Currie {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Bui. 19 (1914), pp.
S59-3S6). — "This reports an investigation of the possibility of making a cheese
from cow's milk which will equal Roquefort as made from sheep's milk. Re-
sults thus far indicate that texture and flavor as produced in sheep's milk
cheese can be approximated but not duplioated. One thoroughly familiar with
the qualities of Roquefort and especially with both cheeses before him can
detect the difference between them. The quality produced has been such as to
lead us to believe that the completion of the work will add a profitable product
to our dairy manufactures in this country."
A description of the practices found most successful is given.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Tropical diseases, a manual of the diseases of warm climates, P. Manson
(London, New York, Toronto, and Melbourne, 191Jt, 5. ed., rev. and cnL. pp.
XXiy+9Sl, pis. 16, figs. 239).— The several sections of this manual deal with
the subject as follows: Fevers (pp. 1-416) ; general diseases of undetermined
nature (pp. 417-446) ; abdominal diseases (pp. 447-598) ; infective granulom-
atous diseases (pp. 599-665) ; animal parasites and associated diseases (pp.
666-837) ; skin diseases (pp. 838-883) ; and local diseases of uncertain nature
(pp. 884-895). In an appendix (pp. 806-922) some of the commoner parasitic
Protozoa of vertebrates and invertebrates are dealt with.
178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Toxic brans, Marciiadier jiiid Goujon {Ann. FaUif., 7 {191Jf), No. 6-i, pp.
77-81). — It is claimed tbat tbe detorniination of the acidity of a bran will give
an idea as to the amount of oxidizing ferments present and also as to the
toxicity of the bran. Brans having an acidity of 0.15 per cent (expressed in
terms of sulphuric acid) are deemed normal. Those containing from 0.15 to 0.3
per cent are considered in a state of decomposition, and while not dangerous
to health, are susceptible to rapid spoilage. An acidity higher than 0.3 per cent
is thought to make the feed unsuitable for consumption.
A pathogenic bacterium in fish meal, Miessnee and Lange {Dent. Tier-
drztl. Wchnschr., 21 {IDIH), N(j. -'/7. p. 7-'/.J). — During the course of examinations
of fish meal for the presence of the anthrax bacillus, the authors discovered a
capsulated bacterium, ])athogenic for mice, rabbits, and rats, to which they give
the name Dlplobacilliis ro;).s?/?a/?<.s.
The specificity of immunity reactions, and their explanation as colloidal
chemical phenomena, K. Landsteiner {Biochcm. Ztschr., 50 {1913), No. 1-2,
pp. 176-184; d^J'^- in Jour. Chein. »S'oc. [Lomfon], I04 {1913), No. 60S, I, p. 668).—
The conclusions of Michaelis and Davidsohn that certain immunity reactions are
not of a colloidal chemical character are not deemed justifiable.
" The view was arrived at on the ground that certain precipitin reactions are
independent to a large extent of the hydrogen ion concentrations. Attention is
especially called to the fact that serum, blood corpuscles, etc., of different species
exert the maximum action in the presence of different hydrogen ion concentra-
tions. This point is illustrated by the adsorption of ricinus agglutinin, by the
different strengths of acid or alkali which hemolyze the corpuscles, by the dif-
ferences in the agglutination of stroma ta. and the differences in the precipita-
bility of the .sera-precipitating reagents."
Alimentary anaphylaxis caused by eggs, (J. Laroche. C. Richet, Jr., and F.
Saint-Girons {Arch. Med. Expt. et Anat. Path. [Paris], 26 {1914), No. 1, pp.
51-59). — Experiments were made with guinea pigs, which received either the
white of eggs, the yolk, or the white and yolk, mixed with green feed.
The results show that anaphylaxis can be easily produced in guinea pigs
providing large amounts of eggs are fed over a long period of time. It is also
possible to arrive at a point of immunity which is not considered to be an
a.ntianaphylaxis.
Serum anaphylaxis in the bovine, Skiba {Dent. Tierlirzth Wchnschr., 21
{1913), No. 22, pp. 338-340; abs. in Ztschr. Immtinitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II,
Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, pp. 362, 363).— Of 23 young bovines which had received
10 cc. of anthrax serum (Sobernheim) subcutaneously 10 became anaphylactic
after a second injection of serum 20 to 30 minutes post injection. The symp-
toms remained for 10 to 20 minutes. A third injection 33 days later resulted in
15 animals becoming anaphylactic.
Sources of error in the dialysis method in serological investigations.
About the influence of the blood content of organs, E. Aederhalden and A.
Weil {Miinchcn. Med. Wchnschr., 60 {1913), No. 31, pp. 1703, 1704; als. in
Zentbl. Expt. Med., 5 {1914), No. 1, p. 15). — The use of sera or organs not free
of blood never gives satisfactoi'y results. Coagulable serum protein and coagu-
lated blood corpuscles were treated in a manner prescribed by Abtlerhalden. and
the former was cleaved only 3 times and the latter 46 times out of 96 cases.
After the injection of 3 cc. of hemolytic serum in the jugular vein the blood of
the animal digests blood corpuscles but not serum proteins.
The occurrence of protein-cleaving ferments in the blood in advanced
hunger, E. Heilner and F. Poensgen {MUnchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914),
No. 8, pp. 402, 403). — When protein loss is prevented by the utilization of the
body glycogen, no protein cleavage ferments are present in the blood serum. As
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179
Starvation proceeds and the fat depots have been utilized, the ferments make
their appearance and can be noted by the Abderhalden methods.
Nucleoproteins as antigens, H. G. Wells {Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt.
Ther., I, Orig., 19 {1913), No. 5, pp. 599-611).— The author believes that pure
nucleins are probably not antigens in the ordinary sense of the term because
their constituents (nucleic acid, and histones or protamins) are not antigens.
Much depends upon the method of preparing the nucleoproteins, and there
exists no ground for assuming that these protein nuclein complexes are in a
measure si^ecific or characteristic of the cells from which they are derived.
A review of the literatui'e is given.
On the anemia produced by the injection of the nemolysin obtained from
streptococci, and on the question of natural and acquired immunity to
streptolysin, J. W. M'Leod and J. W. M'Nee (Jour. Path, and Bad., 11 {1913),
Ko. Jf, pp. 524-537, pis. 2). — "Rabbits vary in their susceptibility to injections
of streptolysin, the variation being, in part at least, due to differences in the
amount of natural antibody to streptolysin present in their sera. The more
susceptible animals die after one or two injections, evidently from a toxic
effect of the filtrate. Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria are marked in these
animals, and the toxic and hemolytic properties of the filtrate are closely re-
lated. It has not been possible to demonstrate toxic effects of the filtrate after
destruction of the hemolysin by incubation at 37° O. The less susceptible ani-
mals survive repeated injections. No toxic symptoms occur, and a definite
anemia results. Slight hemoglobinuria follows as a rule when the filtrate in-
jected is a powerful one.
" The changes in the blood are similar to those which have been produced
experimentally by other hemolytic agents. The bone marrow in the longer ex-
periments becomes markedly hyperplastic. The leucoblastic and erythroblastic
portions of the marrow as a rule react equally. The liver shows as marked a
hemosiderin reaction, post-mortem, as the kidneys and spleen. This contrasts
with experimental anemia in rabbits produced by injection of a hemolytic im-
nmne serum. In the greatly enlarged spleen of one animal a very marked
myeloid transformation was found. Large collections of myelocytes, many in
active mitosis, surrounded closely each Malpighian body. No immunity to the
streptolysin is produced even after repeated injections. On the contrary, a
slightly increased susceptibility may result. The amount of hemolysis produced
in vivo is much less than that which is produced in vitro. In the animal body,
as in the test tube, hemolysis does not continue for more than about two hours.
Hemoglobinemia is most marked after this interval, then gradually disappears."
See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 28, p. 179).
The method whereby streptococcic serum acts, E. Weil {Ztschr. Eyg. u.
Infektion^krank., 75 {1913), No. 2, pp. 245-310). — Streptococci do not intoxicate
by virtue of a true toxin or endotoxin and the nature of the poison is still un-
known. Polyvalent serum (Aronson) can be rendered inactive to the original
streptococcus by saturation with killed cultures. In order for the serum to act
the presence of living leucocytes is necessary. No antiaggressins are con-
tained in the serum and it is inactive toward most streptococcic strains ob-
tainable from man. Despite the polyvalent origin of the serum it contains only
one immune bo<ly, by means of which it acts upon strains toward which it has
an affinity, and only a few of the strains are capable of reacting in the horse.
Abderhalden serodiagnosis of cancer, C. F. Ball {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
62 {1914), No. S, pp. 599-602, fig. i).— This gives the results of tests and a
description of a new form of apparatus for making the test.
The use of Abderhalden's reaction in carcinoma and tuberculosis, E.
Feankel {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 {1914), No. 8, pp. 356-358) .—This is a
180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
study of the literature aud relates some of the author's experience with the
method. While the results obtained with serum from tuberculous subjects are
more satisfactory than the ones given by carcinomatous subjects, they are not
entirely reliable.
Experimental transmission of Coccidium oviforme of the domestic rabbit,
A. LucET {Bid. ,Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., VO (1013), No. 2.'i, pp. ////f)--'/.5.?, figs. 5;
Compt. Rend. Aead. Sei. [Paris], 151 (WIS), No. 22, pp. lO'Jl, 1092).— The
author concludes that the two species of Coccidium described by Leuckart are
distinct, and that two forms of coccidiosis occur In the domesticated rabbit,
one, the hepatic form, caused by Eimcna stiedxe (C. cunieuJi, C. oviforme) ;
the other, the intestinal form, by E. perforans (G. perforans).
Experimental study of coenurosis in the rabbit, A. Henry and A. CitrcA
(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 (1914), A'O. 4, pp. 365-386; abs. in Rev. Bact., 4 {1914),
No. 2, p. 28). — Experimental infection of the rabbit with Cwnurus serialis,
which is the cystic stage of Tamia seriaUs of the dog, was obtained in from 40
to 50 per cent of the tests where young rabbits were used, if fertile segments of
the worm were selected and if the rabbits were fed with the segment without
other food. The cysts appear on about the eighteenth day and attain full de-
velopment within four months.
A study of the serum of infected rabbits shows that it possesses properties
resembling those found in infection by the echinococcus. Precipitins are not
found in the natural disease, which the authors regard as being due to the
impermeability of the membrane, as precipitin appears after the escape of the
fluid into the tissues by operation or injection. Complement fixation tests
gave positive results in two out of ten cases of natural infection, and in all
four cases of experimental infection. The serum of infected rabbits produced
passive anaphylaxis in guinea pigs whether or not a positive complement
fixation reaction was obtainable.
Degeneration of the islands of Langerhans associated with experimental
diabetes in the cat, J. Homans {Jour. Med. Research, 30 {1914), ^o. 1, pp.
49-68, pis. 3). — "The islands of Langerhans must be deeply concerned with
experimental pancreatic diabetes, for (a) the removal of more than three-
quarters of the pancreas of the cat, leaving the main duct in situ, usually
leads to a disappearance of secretory granules in the islands of Langerhans,
with suggestive evidence of over activity without the production of diabetes,
and (b) the same procedure occasionally causes a degeneration of the islands
of Langerhans accompanied by fatal diabetes without disturbance of the re-
maining acinous tissue."
A bibliography of 23 titles is appended.
In regard to the use of mallein, Mouili.eron {Bui. 8oc. Cent. M6d. Vet.. 91
{1914), ^0. 2, pp. 63-77). — A description of cases of glanders in which the
mallein test did not give a hyperthermic reaction. The hyperthermic reaction
of itself is not deemed suflicient to diagnose the presence of glanders, and it
is advisable to consider other clinical signs in condemning animals. It is also
recommended that a second mallein test be made.
It is obvious that under conditions where hyi>erthermia is present the test
can not be used.
A discussion of the paper by Drouin. Jacoulet, Bourg^s, Martel, Mouilleron,
aud Letard is included.
The production of antirabic immunity by intraspinal injections of virus,
D. L. Harris {Jotir. Infeet. Diseases, 11 {1912), No. 3, pp. 397-401; ahs. in
Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 14 {1913), No. 19-20, p. 759).— It appears that by
giving one intraspinal injection of noninfectious dried virus to rabbits, a cer-
tain and rapid immunity can be jiroduced.
VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 181
The immunization of large animals to a pathogenic trypanosome (Try-
panosoma hippicum Darling) by means of an avirulent strain, S. T. Darling
{Jour. Ed'iJt. Med., 11 {1913), No. 5, pp. 5S2-5S6; abs. in Ztschr. Immiinitutsf.
n. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, pp. 378, 379).— Mules were immunized
successfully with au avirulent strain of T. hfppicum.
The vitality of the tubercle bacillus by inoculation and by inhalation, P.
Chausse {BuI. Soc. Cent. Med. V6t., 91 {19U), No. 2, pp. .',2-57, figs. 2).— At
the outset the theories of Cornet and Fliigge are discussed, but considered in-
adequate to explain infection by inhalation.
In the investigation the vitality of the tubercle bacillus under the influence
of diffuse light, temperature, and humidity was studied with regard to causing
the disease in healthy individuals. The tests were made in a special form of
inhalation chamber. The conclusions reached are that the virus is very dan-
gerous during the first stages of drying and can be easily inhaled.
The detection of tubercle bacilli in inhalable dust, L. Engelhabdt {Bcitr.
Klinik TuherkuJosc, 26 (1913), No. 2, pp. 155-lSJf, figs. 10; ahs. in Ccnthl. Bulct.
[efc], 1. AM., Ref., 57 {1913), No. 8, p. 235).— The air of living rooms in
which three very clean patients with open tuberculosis resided was examined.
In each case the results were positive for tubercle bacilli. No tubercle bacilli
were noted in the room of a healthy person, nor in the case of joint tuberculosis.
The presence of tuberculides in bovines, P^rard and Ramon {Coinpt. Rend.
Soc. Biol. [Paris], 7-'t {1913), No. 3, pp. 133, 134; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc],
1. Aht., Ref., 57 {1913), No. 8. p. 251). — In the subcutaneous tissues of three
bovines there were found numerous homogeneous, yellowish-green, slightly
fibrous nodules the size of a nut. Similar nodules were found in the viscera,
but here they were caseated in the interior and calcified on the exterior. The
bacteriological examination showed tubercle bacilli to be present. The changes
are believed to be similar to the tuberculides or sarcodes found in man. The
cases were due to organisms with diminished virulence.
The alimentary tract of pigs affected with tuberculosis mesenteric lymph
nodes, M. Junack (Ztschr. Flcisch u. Milchlujg., 24 (1914), No. 14, pp. 321,
323). — In the author's oiiiniou, too much stress during meat inspection must
not be laid upon a minor involvement of the mesenteric lymph glands.
The differentiation of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli by
producing an experimental, corneal, and iris tuberculosis in the rabbit's
eye, and some investigations in regard to the significance of complement-
fixing antibodies, F. Schieck (Vcroffentl. Robert Koch Stift., No. 5-7 (1913),
pp. 1-132, pis. 2; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Ref., 58 (1913), No. 7-8,
pp. 227, 228). — By instilling au emulsion of a pure culture of tubercle bacilli in
the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye, it was found possible to differentiate
the human from the bovine type of bacillus. With the human tyioe au atten-
uated or a resolving tuberculous process is produced in the iris. The bovine
type of bacillus, on the other hand, produces a progressive and caseatiug
tuberculosis of the eye.
The human type of bacillus, when given in the opposite eye, goes through its
usual course.
Injection of the bovine type of tubercle bacillus in the common carotid artery
induces a rapidly progressing tuberculosis of the eye on the same side. The
human type does not do this.
The complement-fixing antibodies apparently have nothing to do with the heal-
ing process in tubeix-ulosis. The "Wassermann-Bruck theory of specific therapy
ill tuberculosis could not be confirmed by this work.
A clinical study of the complement fixation test in the diagnosis of pul-
monary tuberculosis, II. M. Kingiiorn and D. C. Twichell (Ztschr. Tuber-
182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
kiilose, 20 (1913), No. 1, pp. 11-21; ahs. in Centbl. Bald. [etc.'\, 1. Abl., Ref.,
58 (1913), No. 7-8, p. 234). — ^Apparently no significance can be attached to the
complement fixation reaction as regards the early diagnosing of cases of
luberculosis.
Diagnostic and curative methods in bovine tubercuiOsis, ^. Ondracek
(TierlirzU. Zcntbl., 36 (1913), No. 32, pp. Ji88-J,91 ; aU. in BcrUn. TierdrzU.
Wchnschr., 30 (191J,), No. If, pp. 123, i^^).— This details the work done in
regard to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Goding, Austria.
Up to 1909 Bang's procedure was used with good success, but the tuberculin
testing which was done in conjunction with the method caused a diminution of
tlie milli yield. After 1909 Klimmer's phyniatin eye test was employed. The
tuberculin (phymatin) is instilled in the morning, and the first temperature
observation Is made after 6 to 12 hours. Cows not reacting within this time
should be given another test after 24 hours. The curative properties of anti-
phymatol were studied with 59 cows, and an injection was made every three
months for a period of one year. In one barn very good results were obtained,
and in the other the results were not so good but satisfactory.
Tuberculin and tuberculosis immunity, Deycke and Much (MUnehen. Med.
Wchnschr., 60 (1913), Nos. 3, pp. 119-121; 4, pp. 190-193; abs. in Chem. Abs.,
7 (1913), No. 8, p. 1378). — "The authors continued previous studies with the
products of the ' Milchsaure aufschliessung ' of tubercle bacilli and com-
pared them with tuberculin (old). The matei'ial giving the tuberculin reac-
tion (subcutaneous tests) in the water solution filtrate was precipitated by
alcohol and alcohol-ether ; this precipitate gave the reaction, but it was only
equivalent (quantitatively) to that remaining in the alcohol and alcohol-ether
filtrates. There is a marked difference in the activity of the different fractions
for the intracutaneous reaction ; the protein is 1,000 times as active as the fatty
acid lipoid mixture, which is 10 times as active as the neutral fat.
" There is also a marked difference between the protein and fatty substances
with regard to the appearance of the intracutaneous reaction; while the pro-
tein reactions appear in a few hours and completely develop in 1 to 2 days,
the fatty substances require a much longer time to develop, and for comple-
tion 1 to 2 weeks are necessary (the neutral fats being slower in action, appear-
ing in 3 to 4 days, than the fatty acid lipoid mixtures, appearing in 24 hours).
" The authors discuss tuberculosis immunity on the basis of their experi-
ments with regard to cellular and humoral immunity."
Investigations as to the therapeutic action of tuberculin for tuberculosis
in guinea pigs and rabbits, H. Haxtpt (Beitr. Klinik Tuberkulose, 23 (1912),
No. Jf, pp. 471-524). — No curative action could be ascribed to tuberculin when
artificially infected guinea pigs and rabbits were treated with this substance.
Tuberculin as a curative agent, and a contribution to tuberculosis im-
munity questions, H. Hx\.upt (Berlin. Tiercirztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), Nos. 2,
pp. 28-30; 3, pp. 41-43; 4j PP- 60, 61). — After reviewing the literature on the
use of tuberculin and similar substances for curing tuberculosis, experiments
made with animals hypersensitized toward tuberculin are briefly reported (see
abstract above). The animal organism, according to the author, can form
tuberculosis antibodies after intravenous or subcutaneous injections of stand-
ardized tubercle bacilli antigens.
Healed tuberculous processes are recognized by marked encapsulation with
connective tissue. These new formations (encapsulations) occur as soon as the
tuberculous foci take the form of foreign bodies, and these result only when
through the agency of the antibodies the tuberculous process has become checked.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183
Tuberculin, on account of its insufficient antigenic properties, is not deemed a
satisfactory tlierapeutic agent for treating tuberculosis in bovines. Antiphym-
atol is considered the best agent for curing tuberculosis which we have to-day.
Tuberculosis. — A report of the results of the continued injections of
tuberculin upon tubercular cattle, S. B. Nelson (Washuigton Sta. Bui. llJf
(1914), PP- 3-15). — Impressed by the therapeutic work done with tuberculin
on man affected with tuberculosis, the author made a series of experiments to
study the effect of subcutaneous injections of tuberculin into cattle affected
with tuberculosis. The tests were made " under the conditions under which
the animals are generally kept; that is, a fairly well-kept stable in the winter
time, being outdoors a part of the daytime, and a run to pasture during the
summer months, being kept in the barnyard at night during this time."
It was found that the injecticm into tubercular cattle of large monthly or
small weekly doses of tuberculin had apparently no therapeutic value. " The
injection of constantly increased daily or weekly doses of tuberculin apparently
does have therapeutic value. The evening temperature is usually higher than
the morning temperature in tubercular cows. The oftener tuberculin injections
are made into tubercular cattle, the sooner the temperature reaction begins and
the sooner the zenith is reached."
The specific treatment of tuberculosis with Bruschettini's serum vaccine
(preliminary communication), A. Bruschettini (Ztschr, Titberkulose, 20
{1912), No. 1, pp. 43-48; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Ref., 58 {1913),
No. 7-8, p. 241)- — Bruschettini's serum was prepared by vaccinating animals
with lung extracts from tuberculinized animals, but particularly those animals
in which a hyperleucocytosis took place, and with an emulsion of fat-free
tubercle baccilli in hydrogen peroxid. The serum is given with a vaccine pre-
pared from tubercle bacilli which have been exposed to the action of living
leucocytes.
The author hopes to give at the next International Congress of Tuberculosis
an account of the metliods of using the vaccine.
Bovovaccine against bovine tuberculosis, A. Almgken (Svensk Vet. Tidskr.,
18 {1913), No. 4, pp. 146-148; abs. in Ztschr. Inimunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II,
Ref., 7 {1913), No. 13, p. 591). — Bovovaccine is deemed of service in combating
tuberculosis in bovines.
Antiphymatol and phymatin of Klimmer as a means of combating' tuber-
culosis in bovines, C. Titze (Dent. Tierar~tl. Wchnschr., 21 {1913), No. 23, pp.
353-356; ahs. in Ztschr. Immuniidtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8,
pp. 365, 366). — On the basis of the experiments reported, in the literature
antiphymatol is deemed of no value for combating tuberculosis. Phymatin
does not seem to possess any advantages over Koch's old tuberculin. With the
ophthalmic reaction it is not possible to obtain in practice results which are
valuable for detecting the presence of tuberculosis.
Bovine anaplasmosis in Arg'entina, J. Lignieres {Centhl. Bakt. [etc."], 1.
Aht., Oriff., 74 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 133-162, figs. 5).— This is a detailed report
of investigations of anaplasmosis by the director of the Bacteriological Institute
of the Ministry of Agriculture at Buenos Aires.
Anaplasmosis occurs endemically in certain regions in the north of Argen-
tina, from which it may be carried accidentally to other zones by infected
bovines, which serve as reservoirs for the virus. Anaplasuia argcntinum is of
the same type as A. marginalc, but a comparative study of the two is neces-
sary before definite conclusions as to their specific relation can be drawn. In
nature auai^lasmosis does not occur alone, but in connection with the piroplas-
184 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
moses due to Piroplasma Mgeminum and P. argentinum. It may also be trans-
mitted by the same tick, namely, Margaropus microplus; it is not transmitted
by Stomoxys.
The inoculation of bovines with Anaplasraa may be accomplished equally
well through subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular injections. The
incubation periotl is notably longer than for the piroplasmoses and the course
is more irregular. Animals vaccinated against P. higeminum and P. argentinum
remain susceptible to Anaplasma, and bovines Immunized against Anaplasma
are susceptible to P. Ugeminum and P. argentinum. Anaplasmosis is a specific
disease distinct from piroplasmosis.
The vaccine treatmeat of mammitis in cattle, A. Payne {Vet. Jour., 10
{191Jf), No. Jf64, pp. 94-96). — Three cases affected with streptococcic mammitis
were treated with a vaccine consisting of killed streptococci and staphylococci,
with good results. The vaccine was given subcutaneously in a fold of the skin
above the udder and anterior to the patella in four doses at intervals of three
days apart. The first dose was 250.000,000 and the last 700,000,000 bacteria.
A contribution to sheep plague, " septicaemia plurif ormis ovium (Miessner
and Schern)" and combating the same by serum in practice, H. Raebigeb,
W. Kliem, and E. Seibold {Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913), No. 10, pp.
11(0-149; ahs. in Ztschr. Immimitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8,
p. 355). — The immunization with specific serum seems to have given good
results.
Annual report of the camel specialist for the year 1913-14, H. E. Cboss
{Ann. Rpt. Camel Specialist [Punjab], 1913-11,, pp. i7+///).— This annual
report deals largely with the diseases of camels, especially with the treatment
of surra. A report on the biting flies in the Punjab by Patel (pp. I-III) is
appended.
Vaccination against hog cholera, H. Holtekbach {Osterr. Wchnschr. Tier-
heilk., 38 {1913), p. 51; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 1. AM., Rcf., 58 {1913), No.
4, pp. Ill, 112). — When a diagnosis for hog cholera is uncertain the author
recommends injecting several of the sick animals with Hutyra's vaccine, some
with Suiseptiferin, and others with a mixture of both substances. The animals
receiving the Hutyra serum alone in this investigation recovered quickly, those
injected with Suiseptiferin died, and those receiving both substances showed
some improvement. The diagnosis was hog cliolera.
Suggestions that will assist in the prevention and control of hog cholera,
F. S. ScHOENLEBER (Eansas Sta. Circ. 40 {1914), pp. 3). — Directions are given
for the cleaning and disinfecting of farms where hog cholera exists or existed
during the past year. The means that should be taken to prevent the disease
from gaining entrance to the farm are also pointed out.
* Eighteen cases of pectoral infl,uenza treated with atoxyl, G. Palmgren
{Svcnsk Vet. Tidskr., 19 {1914), No. 1, pp. 6-13; abs. in Rev. GtUt. MM. V6t.,
23 {1914), No. 211, pp. 311, 318). — While sjilvarsan has been recognized as a
specific for pectoral influenza, its high price and the favorable results obtained
by Bochberg « from the use of atoxyl led to the experiments here reported.
The author administered atoxyl subcutaneously to three horses, increasing
the daily dosage from 0.3 to 0.4 to 0.5 to 0.75 gm. The treatment, which was
commenced on the second and third days of the disease, resi>ectively. and con-
tinued for four days, soon relieved the fever. In order to determine whether
the temperature was raised by the injection of atoxyl, as has been observed
in certain cases following the administration of salvarsan. records were made
hourly up to the eighth hour following the injection but no hyperthermia
resulted.
•Ztschr. Veterinark., 22 (1910), No. 7, pp. 332-334.
RUEAL ENGINEERING. 185
Atoxyl was also administered subcutaueously, commencing from the second to
the fourth day of the disease, to eight horses in daily doses of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0
gm., resi>ectively, and in a majority an improvement resulted. In two cases re-
ceiving 0.75 gm. on the fourth day, it was necessary to continue the treatment
for four days.
Four horses were treated by a single subcutaneous injection of 4 gm. of
atoxyl dissolved in 75 cc. of water, but uns;itisfactory results were obtained
with three of the horses. Three horses were treated by administering 4 gm.
of atoxyl in 100 cc. of water intravenously ; their temperature fell below 40° C.
on the second, third, and fourth days following, respectively.
Serodiagnosis of pregnancy in mares, C. F. Briscoe and E. M. Ranck
{Mississippi 8ta. Tech. Bui. 5 (1014), pp. 8). — The Abderhalden test was studied
for diagnosing pregnancy in mares. The report is prefaced by a brief descrip-
tion of the test (E. S. R., 31, p. 278) and the sources of error which may be
encountered in conducting it. About 10 animals were tested, including a
Percheron stallion and an unbred Hackney filly, from which blood was collected
before and two hours after feeding. The reactions were positive in all cases
except that of the stallion, but the fact that the filly gave a test before feeding
is attributed either to leaks in the diffusion thimble or to her having been
accidentally in foal. The conclusions reached were as follows:
"The serodiagnosis of pregnancy is applicable to mares; and with due pre-
cautions is fairly reliable. To make the test reliable, it is necessary to control
each individual test. Precautions must be taken to guard sources of error
from bacterial contamination and from digestive products in the blood of the
animal tested. The test is practicable for scientific experimentation and prob-
ably in the breeding of high-priced stock."
The work is being continued and the authors hone to include in the tests other
animals, as the cow, goat, and pig.
Manual of military farriery, L. A. Beltran (Manual del Uerrador Militar.
Havana, Cuba, 1914. pp. V-{-182, figs. lOS). — This is a handbook on horse-
shoeing.
A new nematode, E-ictularia splendida, from the coyote, with notes on
other coyote parasites, M. C. Hall {Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 46 {1914), pp. 75-
84, figs. 6). — The parasite here described as new was collected from the small
intestine of Canis ncbracoisis, at Amo,jiear Colorado Springs, Colo. A key is
given for the separation of this from other species of the genus, and it is
pointed out that the parasites of the coyote have practically the same consid-
erable economic importance that those of the dog have.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrrigation and soil-moisture investigations in western Oregon, W. L.
Powers (Oregon Sta. Bui. 122 (1914), pp. 3-110, figs. 2;J).— This bulletin reports
a continuation by the station, and on broader lines, of the preliminary investi-
gations begun in cooperation with this Office (E. S. R., 23, p. 393). The experi-
ments were extended to include studies of the effect of irrigation upon soil-
moisture movements, moisture consumption by crops, best time and amount of
application for different crops, and costs and profits, and covered a period of
four years. The main puriwse was to determine " the value of irrigation for
' increasing and insuring productiveness ' of the agricultural lands in the semi-
arid Willamette Valley and other similar valleys of western Oregon."
Evaporation from the water surface from April 30 to October 1 averaged about
24 iu. and the average rainfall for this period was 5.52 in. Under field condi-
186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
tions the valley silt loumwas found to have a maximum capillary water content
of about 34 per cent, a maximum content for proper cultivation of about 27
per cent, an optimum water content of about 23 per cent, a drought point
content of about 14 per cent, and a minimum moisture content of about 11
per cent.
Irrigation caused a higher seasonal moisture content but was associated with
temporary loss in moisture in the subsoil, which was, however, regained between
irrigations. The highest seasonal moisture content in irrigated plats was
obtained in connection with early spring plowing, manuring, crop rotations,
including legumes, and frequent cultivation. Irrigation caused a lowering of
the temperature of the surface soil as much as 4° in cultiv.ited plats and 10°
in meadows, but caused an increase in yield of all crops, which averaged about
65 per cent for a 7-year period.
Kale, clover, and beets did better with one irrigation than with two and the
reverse was true for potatoes. The use of 4 acre-inches of water per acre in
the wet season and of about 6 acre-inches in the dry season pi'oduced the most
economical increase of alfalfa, while the maximum yield was obtained with
6 in. in a wet season and 12 in. in a dry season. The most economical return
with potatoes was obtained with 2 in. in a wet season and with 3 or 4 in. in a
di-y season, while the maximum yield with potatoes was secured with 3 in. in
a wet season and 6 in. in a dry season. Clover was best irrigated on gray
silt loam when the moisture content of the first 2 ft. dropped to about 14 per
cent, while potatoes were best irrigated on this soil when the moisture content
of the first foot dropped to 20 per cent. Potatoes did best with a uniform
moisture content. Water was best distributed over this soil by the corrugation
method.
" Irrigation has made it xiossible to raise two difi'erent crops in one season,
and not only to get a cutting from new seeding of clover or alfalfa the first
season, but also to secure a more perfect stand. It was found that under field
conditions the use of a moderate amount of irrigation greatly reduced the
water cost of dry matter, which varied about as the most economical returns
per acre-inch, above which the water cost increases. The time and frequency
of irrigation also afifected the water cost. Growing crops in an irrigated rota-
tion, including a legume, greatly decreased the water cost of dry matter as
compared to growing crops in an uuirrigated rotation following an unirrigated
legume crop. The water cost under field conditions varied with the different
crops and crop varieties. Kale and potatoes proved to be crops of high water
requirement, while the reverse was true with corn and beans.
At a maximum price of $1 per acre-inch, irrigation ^ith pumped water ap-
plied to ordinary field crops made an average profit of $2.66 per acre-inch.
Electricity proved more economical than gasoline as a source of eueregy for
a small pumping plant where labor cost was more important than fuel cost.
Proper irrigation did not injure the palatability of potatoes, decreased the
percentage of culls, and did not increase the moisture content of crops except
where irrigation was excessive.. However, it altered the shape and size of
plants, caused better shaped ears and a higher percentage germination in corn,
a lower percentage germination in beans, and altered the percentage of market-
able product, causing more beans in proportion to plant, more beets in propor-
tion to top, but more vines in proportion to potatoes.
Irrigation caused a slight decrease in soil water capacity, an increase in
volume weight where rank field crops were grown, but caused an impro\enient
in this respect where soil-building crops were grown. It had little appreciable
effect on the acidity or the available plant food content, and caused a decided
increase in organic content where leguminous crops wex'e grown.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 187
In experiments on gravelly loam soil three 3-in. irrigations proved about tlie
riglit amount for cultivated crops, and IS in. in three applications for meadow
crops. Tills soil allowed ready lateral percolation and was best irrigated by
the furrow method. It responded most to fertilization with manure and lime,
while other chemical fertilizers were less effective.
Soil-moisture experiments in southern Oregon showed a close relation exist-
ing beto'een soil texture and moisture content and responsiveness to irrigation,
light irrigations having the greatest relative effect on the moisture content.
The soil temperature was lowered more by irrigation than by the shading of
trees. There was a storage of heat in the soil near the close of the season,
the subsoil being cool in the spring and warm in the fall as compared with
the surface soil.
It is generally concluded that irrigation to be of much value in the Willa-
mette Valley must be used only in a supplemental and proper way.
Records of heavy rainfall and run-off in Porto Rico, L. V. Branch (Engin.
News, 11 il91Jt), No. 25, pp. 1358, 1359). — Data of the maximum run-off of the
principal streams in the district under development by the Porto Rico Irriga-
tion Service are given.
Irrigation studies, Reyniek {Bui. Econ. Gouvt. 06n. Madagascar, 14 {1914),
I, No. 1, pp. 3-15). — The work and conclusions of several experimenters are
reviewed, particularly with reference to the relations between soil permeability
and water utilization.
It is concluded that a knowledge of soil permeability is of prime importance in
any irrigation enterprise as the pevmeability strongly influences not only the
amount of water required but the choice of the method of irrigation. The
establishment of a table of permeabilities of different soils under different
conditions is suggested so that a permeability chart of an irrigated area may
be maintained in connection with lysimeter measurements of evaporation under
the crops grown, thus more rigorously regulating the use of irrigation water.
Pumping- machinery, W. M. Schutte {Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 6 {191Jf), No.
1, pp. 20-25). — A comparison of power and animal methods of pumping irri-
gation water in Bombay shows that a saving is realized with the former method.
The author states that in his experience the most reliable, simple, and efficient
type of power for irrigation pumping is the kerosene oil engine of the 4-cycle
type.
The construction, maintenance, and protection of levees, Ehlees {Bou,
Unterhaltung, und Verteigigung der Flussdciche. Berlin, 1914, pp. V-\-54, figs.
54; rev. in Engin. Bee., 69 {1914), No. 15, p. 430). — In this book a brief intro-
duction dealing with the various purposes and types of levees is followed by a
discussion of their location and height. Subdivisions follow which deal with
cross-sectional shape of levees, influence of character of available materials,
etc. As to shape, the author advocates an addition at the downstream toe of
a trapezoidal section. The slopes recommended are 1 on 3 on the upstream
and 1 on 2 on the downstream side. Other chapters deal with construction of
levees, summer levees, openings and culverts through levees, drainage projects,
protection of levees in emergencies, and repair of washouts.
The construction of hydraulic-fill levees, D. L. Yaenell {Engin. News, 71
{1914), No. 24, pp. 1288-1290, figs. 5).— A description of the construction of
levees by pumping fill through hydraulic dredges in drainage districts in Wis-
consin and Illinois is given with illustrations of the works.
Specifications [for drain tile] proposed by American Society for Testing'
Materials {Cement Era, 12 {1914), No. 9, pp. 56-58).— The specifications pro-
posed are for strength tests, quality of drain tile, and for recommended practice
in the design and construction of tile drains.
75575°— No. 2—15 7
188
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Twenty-first annual report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission
(Ann. nj)t. Mass. nUjhway Com., 21 (1913). pp. 21.',, pis. 6, figs. 7).— This report
covers finances, administration, construction, and maintenance for the year
ended November 30, 1913.
Permanent construction (Scatle, Wash., 1911,, pp. 5 J,, figs. 37). — This pam-
phlet deals in a popular manner with the selection, testing, and measuring
of cement, sand, gravel, or crushed rock, and gives information as to methods
of mixing them in the proper proportions for the manufacture of concrete.
It points out also how to improvise tools and build the mixing board, measuring
boxes, and forms for a large number of permanent improvements around the
home and on tlie farm.
The use of Iowa g'ravel for concrete, T. R. Agg and C. S. Nichols (loioa
Engin. Expt. Sta. Bui. 34 {191J,), pp. 29, figs. 9; al)S. in Good Roads, n. ser., 7
{191J,), No. 23, pp. 326, 321 ) . — The contents of this bulletin comprise the results of a
survey of deposits of concrete materials made by the Iowa Highway Commission.
A table to figure brickwork {Brick and Clay Rec, 1,5 (1911,), No. 5, p. 1,13,
fig. 1). — A table is given by means of which one may calculate the number of
bricks required for any common types of brickwork.
Pocketbook of useful formulas and memoranda for civil, mechanical, and
electrical engineers, G. L. and H. B. Moles worth {Nexo York, 1913, 27. ed.,
pp. 9U, figs. 800; rev. in Engin. Rec, 69 {191J,), No. 7, p. 202).— A revision of
this handbook.
Agricultural machines and implements, J. Hagmann (Jahresher. Landic,
28 {1913), pp. 1,97-532, figs. 20). — A number of reports on tests of agricultural
machinery are briefly reviewed.
Motor-plow tests, 1913, G. Fischer (Ar6. Deut. Landw. Gesell., No. 260
(1914). pp. 55, figs. 23). — This is a detailed report of trials of 9 mechanical
plowing outfits, including one 2-engine and cable system, 5 tractors, and 3 motor
plows. The total trials included preliminary, general, duration, and brake tests.
The mechanical details of each machine and the methods of testing are
described in full, and the test results reported in tabular and graphic form and
discussed for each engine. The machines were tested on level ground and on
ground with a heavy grade. The more important results obtained are sum-
marized in the following table :
Results of motor-plow tests.
Type of outfit.
Two engines and cable
plow.
Tractor and plow
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Motor plow.
Do
Do
Normal
brake
horse-
power.
24.1
64.7
46.3
65.3
25.2
45.5
5L2
60.2
Drawbar
horse-
power.
19.0
36.2
29.6
44.4
17.0
28.2
34.6
39.3
Plowing
depth.
Inches
10.
lo!
7.
10.
8.
11.
7.
8.
10.
9.
12.
7.
10.
Plowing
width.
Inches.
45.0
95. 0
40.0
87. 0
72.0
34.2
65.0
82.0
68.0
88.0
Hourly
capacity.
Acres.
1.05
1.04
1. 7S
1.94
.82
1.28
1.68
2. IS
.99
.68
.74
1.48
1.53
L29
L39
L35
1.62
Typo of fuel and
"heat units per
pound.
jCrude oil (4,200)...
jcitin (4,325)
JBenzol (4,360)
JBenzine (4,5.50)....
Benzol (4,360)
|....do
....do
....do
....do
Fuel con-
sumption
per acre.
Pounds.
17.5
15.0
27.8
21.8
22.8
26.4
18.3
33.4
34.1
26.5
24.8
19.2
2L2
23.7
18.3
KUKAL ENGINEERING.
189
Under the test conditions it is concluded that all the outfits may be classed
together as regards depth of plowing and plowing capacity. On damp and
slippery soils two of the tractor outfits experienced considerable difficulty in
operation, and the work of none of the outfits except the cable plow was
entirely satisfactory on damp ground. Difficulty was generally experienced on
steep grades, but the American plow arrangements which permit one or more
of the shares to be raised was used with success on grades.
The cable system was particularly successful on stony soil, owing to the
elasticity of the cable, but all of the outfits were sufficiently elastic in some of
their main parts to do fairly good work on stony soil. The tractors were the
most flexible for the different operations, but their broad wheels left a greater
trace and were apparently more injurious to the soil than were those of the
motor plows. The tractor outfits consumed the greatest amounts of fuel per
imit volume of moved soil, followed in order by the motor plows and the cable
outfit.
Report of international tests of mechanical cultivating apparatus in
Tunis {Bid. Dir. G6n. Agr., Com. ct Colon., Tunis, 18 (1914), No. 79, pp. US-
SOS, pis. 30). — A large number of mechanical cultivating implements are de-
scribed and illustrated, and tests of outfits, including tractors, motor plows, and
scarifiers, are reported. The test results, including the results of dynamometer
tests, are given in tabular form. The more important results are summarized
in the following table :
Results of tractor, motor ploic, and scarifier tests.
Type of outfit.
Tractor
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Motor plow
Do
Do
Scarifier (plowiiifj 9.85 in.)
Scarifier (plowing 7.90 in.)
Scarifier (plowing 7.10 in.)
Indicated
horse-
power.
•10 to 50
80
55 to 60
60
40
60
33 to 40
30
45
80 to 105
10 to 20
42 to 50
Average
required
drawbar
pull at 3.3
ft. per
second
plowing
7.9 in.
Pounds.
3,2)0
5,030
4,300
2,060
2,200
2,260
3,960
1,720
6,160
1,760
5,720
Plowed in
10 hours.
I erf .5.
12.3
17.3
14.8
16.8
6.9
13.6
9.4
11.1
11.4
22.2
4.9
19.8
3.80
3. 96
5.70
Fuel con-
sumption
per acre.
Gallons.
4.17
3.45
5.40
3.22
6.64
5.17
4.32
5.80
6.76
2.83
3.99
2.28
7.8
9.6
6.8
Type Of
fuel.
Essence.
Do.
Petrol.
Do.
Kssence.
Petrol.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Essence.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Silos and silage in Colorado, II. E. Dvorachek {Colorado 8ta. Bui. 200
(1914), PP- 3-21, figs. 8). — This portion of the bulletin sets forth some of the
advantages of silos as they apply to Colorado conditions and the essentials to
be considered in the selection of a suitable silo for that State. In this con-
nection various types of silos commonly used are discussed as to their merits.
The homemade stave silo is said to be generally a costly experience. The
patent stave silo is considered thoroughly established, but its measure of suc-
cess is said to depend largely upon the method of construction, quality of
material used, and tlie care and attention given it. Otlier wooden silos, includ-
/
190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
ing the wooden-hooped, Wisconsin, and Gurler silos are said to have been used
with variable success.
As regards the concrete silo it is stated that the percentage of failures is
less with this type than with most others, and that the experience in that
State has demonstrated that they are a success. When brick can be obtained
cheaply a good silo can be built at a moderate cost. The vitrified hollow tile
silo is considered the best silo made, embodying every factor which goes to
make a perfect silo, but its cost is said to be almost prohibitive to all but the
well-to-do or wealthy farmer. Metal silos are not wholly satisfactory in
Colorado owing to freezing. The pit silo, for the money Invested, is said to
be by far the best silo used and the bank and trench silos, both of which are
closely related to the pit silo, are said to be convenient and give good results
where they may be used.
Building instructions for concrete silos, P. V. Maeis {Colorado Sta. Bui.
200 {1914), pp. 32-49, figs. 12). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the
Dairy Division of this Department, contains instructions for the building of the
monolithic concrete silo, including illustrations, working plans, and bills of
material.
Report on construction of pit silos at the Plains substation, J. W. Adams
{Colorado Sta. Bui. 200 {1914), pp. 49-55, figs. ^).— The details of construction
of two pit silos, each 10 ft. in diameter and having depths of 23 and 28 ft,
are reported. To insure durability and efBciency a concrete ring was placed at
the top of the ground in each case. These silos are said to have proved satis-
factory in every way and it is concluded that where the ground formation is
suitable and there is no danger from seepage the pit -silo is perfectly practical
and is within the reach of many who can not afford a high silo.
Pneumatic water supply systems, H. C. Ramsoweb {Ohio Farmer, 134
{1914), No. 13, pp. 1, 18, figs. 7). — Working data and practical information
are given regarding the installation and operation of pneumatic and hydro-
pueuuiatic water supply systems for farm homes.
The hygiene of rural schools, T. Clark (Pm6. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29
{1914), No. 37, pp. 2364-2367, pi. 1).— The results of inspections of a number
of rural schools indicate a widespread need for instruction in rural sanitation.
The author in the course of his investigations failed to find a single sanitary
privy installed for the use of rural school children. In numerous instances
no privy accommodations whatsoever were provided, and soil pollution in the
neighborhood of the schoolhouse was evident.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Population, general report, and analysis {Thirteenth Census U. S., 1 {1910),
pp. 1369, pis. 12, figs. 90). — In this summary and analysis of the census data
statistics relating to the rural population have been shown as to the number
by age groups, by sex, and by nativity and parentage. The tables show the
conditions by States and geographic divisions for 1910 and in most instances
comparative data for earlier years.
Occupation statistics {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 4 {1910), pp. 615, figs. 9). —
This volume of the census contains statistical data showing by geographic
divisions, States, and principal cities the number of persons engaged in specified
occupations by sex, age, and nativity. The table following shows the compara-
tive number of persons engaged in agriculture.
EUEAL ECONOMICS. 191
Number of persons engaged in all occupations and in agriciiHiire, lSSO-1910.
Males.
Females.
Census year.
All occu-
pations.
Agricul-
ture.
Relation of
at,'ricu!ture
to all occu-
pations.
All occu-
pations.
Af,'ricul-
lure.
Relation
of aso'i-
culture to
all occu-
pations.
1910
Number.
30, 091,. 504
23.7.53,8:36
19,312,651
14, 744, 942
Number.
10,760,875
9,404,429
8,378,603
7,119,305
Per cent.
35.8
39.6
43.4
48.3
Number.
8,075,772
5,319,397
4,0a5,532
2,647,157
Number.
1,807,0.50
977,336
769,845
594,510
Per cent.
22.4
1900
18.4
1890
19.2
1880
22.5
A wide variation was noted in tlie percentage of males engaged in agriculture
in the various geographic divisions, ranging from 12.4 in the Middle Atlantic
to 64.5 in the East South Central. All the geographic divisions, except the
South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central, show less than
10 per cent of the females of all occupations engaged in agriculture, but in
these three divisions, however, between 45 and GO per cent of all females
employed are so engaged. A large proportion of female agricultural workers
are negro women of the South, who are engaged either on their home farms or
work out in counection with cotton farming. The hirge increase in the number
of females engaged in agriculture in 1910 is partially due to a difference in
the manner of taking that census.
The eig'ht-hour law — the standpoint of the farmer, G. H. Hecke {Trans.
Commonwealth Club CaL, 9 {1914), No. 7, pp. 430--'f37).— The author claims
that if the eight-hour law as advocated in California should pass it would de-
plete the farms of white laborers and make a greater demand for oriental
laborers, and that since the farmer's work is seasonal he and his help must
work' long hours at certain times of the year to secure the crops. Since the law
prohibits overtime and establishes a severe penalty, California would have to
compete with other States and countries where there is no eight-hour law. He
also claims that since the law applies only to employees the bulk of extra work
would fall upon the farmer and his family.
The relation between yields and prices, E. Davenport {Illinois Sta. Circ.
177 {191.'i), pp. S). — The author criticizes the views, which he states are gener-
ally assumed by many writers and speakers, that large yields ai'e always profit-
able and the best farmers those who raise the largest crops; that large yields
are a natural antidote for the high cost of living; that we should now copy
the intensive methods of older countries; and that more capital is needed for
the best results. He believes that it is relatively safe to invest capital freely
upon the farm for the sake of correcting abnormal conditions and raising the
yield to the normal, but that beyond that point, because of the law of diminishing
returns, it will pay only when prices rise. As we approach this point by reason
of increased demands, either the cost of food must rise or labor be greatly
degraded, else the farmer can not afford to produce the increase needed. As
population increases, therefore, but one alternative will present itself. Each
human unit must become more efficient in production or it must deny itself
much of what is now enjoyed.
Fundamental principles of cooperation in agriculture, G. H. Powell {Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. 123 {1914), pp. 16). — The author maintains that the basis of
192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
cooi>erative organization is men, not capital nor produce. The cooperative
spirit is essential, and a cooperative organization of farmers must be founded
upon economic necessity. Membership should be confined exclusively to pro-
ducers, and be governed by the principle of "one man. one vote." Success
depends primarily upon the loyalty and stability of its members and upon the
efficiency of its management. lie believes that a cooperative organization should
be founded on a special crop, and the locality in which it handles the product
should be comparatively restricted. Other principles to be observed are dis-
cussed, and some difficulties considered.
Rural cooperation and cooperative marketing in Ohio, 1913, C. F. Taeusch
(OMo Sta. Circ. I'fl {1913), pj). 17-39).— The author describes the various
types of cooperative organization found within the State and points out their
strength and weal^nesses. Among the conclusions drawn are that the success of
cooperation depends upon the directness of the business relationship between the
producer and the consumer, and that failure has often resulted from an attempt
to extend the organization over too large a territory before the local organiza-
tion has been successfully developed. Other elements of success are a well-
organized sales department and a good business mauagei'. The absence of a
penalty clause among the cooperative concerns has caused the members to feel
free to sell their produce as they pleased, but the author believes that this
difficulty might be solved by making every patron a stockholder, so that if he
desertetl the cooperative company his investment would become nonproductive.
Cooperative and community marketing- of woodlot products, F. F. Moon
(Proc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 303, 309).— The author claims
that if the products of the small woodlot could be marketed at a good profit it
would serve as an effective stimulus to reforestation. He suggests as a means
of increasing the profit to the owner of small woodlots that there be established
a system of cooperative mai-keting where aid would be given to the private
owner from a central bureau, or a community market which may assume the
form of a township wood market, or a subsidized millman who would receive
support from a State forester in return for square dealing and liberal prices
for stumpage.
The story of the growth of Elgin, C. F. Class (Hoard's Dairyman, 48
(1914), No. 9, pp. 224, 225, 247, figs. 4). — This article contains a historical
description of the growth of the dairy industry about Elgin, 111., and the func-
tion of the Elgin board in determining butter prices.
A corn-belt farming system which saves harvest labor by hogging down
crops, J. A. Drake (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 614 (1914), PP. 16, figs.
7). — The author outlines a system of farming whereby the harvesting of the
crop's Is mostly performed by swine, thereby enabling one man to care for an
extensive acreage in crops. The system calls for a four or five year rotation,
whereby the first year consists of corn to be hogged off, the second year of corn
to be cut and rye to be sown in the fall, the third year of rye and young clover
hogged off and pastured, and the fourth year of clover and timothy which are
hog pastured. If a fifth year is added, timothy and clover are pastured and
then cut for hay.
It is claimed that by the use of this system 1 man and 3 horses, with a small
amount of outside help, can cultivate 100 acres, that is, 20 acres to each phase
in the rotation. The system demands that the swine be turned in to pasture
the i-ye about April 10-15, into the clover INIay 1-15, and to harvest the rye
about July 15, and the new corn crop about September 10. Under this system
the larger hogs could be fattened off and sold the latter part of August. Rye
and the hogging off of this crop offer a substitute for wheat, which has become
unprofitable on many farms in the Middle West. This system has a tendency
RUEAL ECOXOMICS.
193
to build up the soil and consen'e the fertility and bas given a satisfactory-
income on a number of farms.
Some things the prospective settler should know, T. F. PIunt et al. {Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. 121 (1014), PP- 64> fios. 8). — The authors have attempted to
set forth what the prospective settler in California may expect as to average
yields of crops, investment required for satisfactory income, and size of farms
necessai-y to obtain this income. They outline a method of estimating the
value of land, describe the various types of soil and climate, irrigation, the
farm-labor problem, and give au imaginary example to illustrate how a man,
who desires a certain gross income, may get started. Specialists have con-
tributed articles on the growing of about 16 standard crops showing the impor-
tant producing centers and describing the best methods of production.
Ownership of homes {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 1 {1910), pp. 1293-1366,
figs. 2). — This portion of the summary of census data regarding population
shows the number of farm and other homes, and whether they are owned free,
encumbered, or rented. This infonnation is shown by geographic divisions and
States. The following table shows the conditions of homes in the various
classes :
OicnersJiip of farm and other homes in the United States, 1890-1910.
Per cent of total.
Census year.
Farm homes.
Other homes.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned
free.
Owned
encum-
bered.
0^-ned.
Rented.
Owned
free.
Owned
encum-
bered.
1910
62.8
64.4
65.9
.37.2
3.5.6
34.1
42.5
44.5
47.3
20.3
19.9
IS. 6
3S.4
36.2
36.9
61.6
63. S
63.1
25.7
24.7
26.7
12 7
1900
11.5
10 2
1890
Agricultural conditions in Great Britain and Ireland, J. Wilson and II.
Wallace {Des Moines, Iowa: Dept. Agr., pp. 16). — This report is devoted
principally to a description of the system of tenancy in the above countries.
It was found that a large percentage of the land was cultivated by tenants
and that the leases generally ran for a long series of years.
In England and Scotland the landlord has title to the land itself. He also
owns the improvements which he and his ancestors put there, but there is a
i-ecognition of the right of the tenant to remove at the end of his lease (without
damage to the interests of the landlord) any improvement he has been obliged
to make, and especially of his right to any fertility to the land he may have
made during his occupancy. Such a .«;ystem has made it to the interest of the
tenant to farm to the best of his ability and to the interest of the hmdlord to
keep the tenant as long as possible and thus conserve the fertility of the land.
In Ireland the land became so high-priced that the Government, by a series
of laws, began to purchase the estates of landlords and distribute them among
the tenant class. These lands have been purchased at about 20 years' judicial
rent and the tenant has been required to pay 3^ i>er cent for 6S* years, at the
end of which time he and his heirs became owner of the landlord's interest.
About GO per cent of the land has already passed from lantUord to tenant.
Agricultural statistics of Netherlands {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel
[Netherlands], Yerslag. en Mcded. Dir. Landh., No. 4 {1914), pp. 134).— This
report contains statistical data showing the area and average production of
194 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
agricultural products for minor divisions for 1913 and for 10-year periods
beginning with 1S51, the number of farm animals for 1913 by minor geographic
divisions and from 1S04 to date for the country as a wliole, and the production
of butter and cheese for 1910 and 1912. Additional information is given re-
garding cooperative organizations for credit and the production and sale of
agricultural products.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Proceeding's of the twenty-seventh annual convention of the Association
of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, edited by J. L.
—Hills {Proc. Assoc. Avier. Ayr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 298). —
This is a detailed account of the proceedings, including the papers submitted,
of the convention held at Washington, D. C, November 12-14, 1913 (E. S. R.,
29, p. 601). In addition to papers noted or abstracted elsewhere in this issue
it contains as the report of the bibliographer a bibliography of 12S publications
on rural economics and sociology, 1906-1913 (pp. 26-39), a report of the com-
mittee on extension organization and policy which includes a statistical sum-
mary of agi'icultural extension carried on by the agricultural colleges for the
year ended June 30, 1913, other reports, and the following addresses : Address
of Welcome, D. F. Houston (pp. 19-23) ; Presidential Address, by E. H.
Jenkins (pp. 63-68) ; Rural Credit, by J. L. Coulter (pp. 69-73) ; Agricultural
Research in Europe and America, by W. H. Jordan (pp. 74-79) ; Marketing
Farm Products, by C. J. Brand (pp. 80-87) ; The Relation of the Rural Organi-
zation Service to the Colleges of Agriculture, by T. N. Carver (pp. 87-92) ;
The Relations Between the Federal Department of Agriculture and the Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, by E. Davenport (pp. 121-133) ;
The Status of the Military Department in the Laud-Grant Colleges, by
B. Orton, jr., et al. (pp. 172-186) ; How Can We Secure a More Serious Atti-
tude on the Part of the Average Student Toward His Work, by E. E. Sparks
(pp. 218-222) ; Securing a More Serious Attitude on the Part of Students,
by H. C. Price (pp. 222-224) ; Student Character Records, by W. M. Riggs
(pp. 224-227) ; The Organization of Station Administration Work, by W. H.
Jordan (pp. 242-248) ; and Definitions and Lines of Demarcation in Research,
Experiment, and Demonstrations, by J. F. Duggar (pp. 248-251).
Relation of th.e United States Deiiartment of Agriculture to the agricul-
tural colleges and experiment stations, B. T. Galloway (Washingtan: Govt.,
1913, pp. 6; Proc. Assoc. Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. Ill-
121). — This discussion has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 603).
Report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, A. C. Tblte et al.
{Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. 40-61).— This
report deals with the subject of farm practice as a prerequisite to the degree
course in agriculture and as a subject of instruction in the agricultural col-
leges. Information is given concerning farm practice requirements in agricul-
tural colleges in foreign countries and in the United States, followed by a
tabulated summary of data on farm practice in 47 agricultural colleges in this
count i-y and descriptions of some projects referred to in the discussions.
Instruction in pure science for agricultural students, C. E. Bessey {Proc.
Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 213-217).— The author
discusses the advantages and disadvantages of two somewhat opposing educa-
tional theories as to the relation of science to the different phases of agricul-
ture. In the first theory " the teacher of agriculture, or any of its subdivisions,
while teaching it should make the adjustment of his subject to the underlying
sciences, referring to such sciences, but not requiring the student to have puiv
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION". 195
sued them," while in the second theory the teacher of agriculture " requires the
student to have pursued tlie underlying sciences to such an extent as will make
him familiar with those portions that immediately underlie agriculture, and
on this foundation of science the agricultural teacher will build his instruction."
Definiteness of appointment and tenure, E. D. Sanderson {Proc. Assoc.
Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. 203-210). — Data are presented
showing the prevailing custom in manner of appointment and tenure of pro-
fessors, assistant professors, and instructors as shown in 43 replies to a
questionnaire sent to the presidents and deans of agriculture of the land-grant
colleges.
The scale and adjustment of salaries and distribution of service in the
college, station, and extension departments, R. L. Watts (Proc. Assoc. Amer.
Agr. Cols, and Expt. ^tas., 27 {1913), pp. 22S-238).—A tabular statement is
given, compiled from answers received from 30 colleges for the collegiate,
station, and extension departments, and from 4 stations as such, showing a
total of 1,878 individual staff members in the institutions reporting, of whom
19 per cent were engaged solely in experimental work, 35 per cent in teaching,
S pe?.- cent in extension work, 23 per cent in experimental work and teaching,
2 per cent in experiment and extension, 3 per cent in teaching and extension
work, and 10 per cent in experimental, teaching, and station work. A comparison
of the figures for 14 institutions with staffs or faculties averaging 31 members and
7 institutions with an average faculty membership of 118 shows essential simi-
larity except that the proportion of the total number engaged solely in experi-
mental woi'k is higher in the smaller colleges, while the proportion of the
total number engaged solely in teaching is higher in the larger colleges. The
distribution of service in relation to efficiency, research work with very limited
service in other lines, and the apportionment of time and salaries are discussed.
A system of retiring allowances for land-grant institutions, E. Davenport
{Proc. Assoc. Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 187-196) .—This
paper outlines some of the reasons for establishing and maintaining a definite
system of retiring allowances or " emeritus salaries," as a fundamental element
in the administration of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and
presents a tentative plan together with an estimate of its cost.
Report of special committee to study types of extension organization and
policy in the land-grant colleges, W. D. Hurd et al. {Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr.
Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 279-292).— The author analyzes the data
received in replies from 28 institutions as to organization, administration, inter-
departmental extension work, titles and methods for selecting extension men,
direction of men and work, sources and expenditure of funds, salaries, correla-
tion of extension, research, and teaching work, cooperative relationships in
practice between the extension work of the colleges and other organizations,
direct relationships of boards of trustees to the organization and direction of
extension work, desirability of centering all extension woi'k at the college,
advisability of centralizing the work of the several divisions or colleges in an
institution under the direction of one extension organization, extension publica-
tions, lecture and demonstration work, demonstration or model farms as a
part of the work, and miscellaneous forms of extension work, opportunities
given extension men for professional improvement, and plans for a long term
policy. A summary and recommendations are given.
The organization of an extension service, H. J. Waters {Proc. Assoc.
Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. l.'tl-lolf). — In this paper the
author attempts to lay down principles rather than outline a definite form of
extension organization, discussing the need for the special extension teacher,
present organization of the land-grant college, an extra-mural college, respon-
196 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
sibility for the teachings of the extension movement, separate organization
and housing of the extension service, advisability of the extension people
teaching college classes, who shall conduct demonstration work and make and
judge exhibits at the fairs, and county agents.
Things the colleg'es should undertake to accomplish through its extension
division, J. H. Wobst (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27
(1913), pp. 161-165). — In this discussion the author holds that needless
drudgery may be avoided, waste eliminated, the premises beautified at trifling
expense of money and labor, the business of farming modernized, systems of
cooperation in labor as well as in buying and selling established, amusements
provided for old and young alike, roads and schools improved, and a com-
ttiunity spirit developed on a basis that will endear the social life to all its
members if the extension workers will work to make every farm a laboratory
and every home a nursery for inculcating the principles of better farming,
better business, and better living.
Organization in a county or community for extension, G. I. Christie
(Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 260-26-'f) .—The
author believes that whenever possible the policy of grouping the various lines
of work in charge of a few organizations is to be preferred to dividing it
among several bodies. It is seldom wise to disregard or disband established
organizations in favor of new and untried forms, and usually better policy to
attempt to bring all of these forces into one large federation for county-wide
extension work. His idea of county organization and of the relations such
organizations should bear to the extension service is given in tabular form
and briefly discussed.
Problems confronting the agricultural colleges in their extension work
and suggestions for meeting them, K. L. Butterfield (Proc. Assoc. Amer.
Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 154-158). — In this paper the author
expresses his views as to the relationships of the extension service to the
experiment station, the agricultural survey work, college teaching, other public
supported agencies like the boards of agriculture, education, and public health,
voluntary associations in agriculture, the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
and privately supported agencies. In his opinion the fundamental principle
that must ultimately be accepted, namely, that the agricultural college through
its extension service is the main agricultural agency of the State, will solve
most of the difficulties in these relationships.
Cooperation with other agencies in agricultural extension, M. S. McDowell
(Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 252-255).— The
author discusses briefly cooperation in agricultural extension with govern-
mental or ofHcial agencies, including national and state activities, and unoffi-
cial agencies which may be divided into two groups — those which are directly
agricultural in character and aim and those which are commercial but may
have an indirect relation to agriculture.
The preparation of extension workers, K. L. Hatch et al. (Proc. Assoc.
Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 272-219) .—This, the first
report of the committee, discusses the results of an inquiry based on replies
received from 43 of the 48 state agricultural colleges as to the professional
and technical preparation and the practical experience that an extension
worker should have before entering the service, the need for further special
preparation of those engaged in distinct lines of extension activity, such as
boys' and girls' club work, county agent work, and various other special lines
of service, the course of study best adapted to the preparation of extension work-
ers, the administration of the extension service by the agricultural colleges, and
the various lines of work offered.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 197
Comments on. European agricultural institutions, A. C. Trtje (Proc. Assoc^
Amer, Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 106-111). — The author calls
attention to the fact that in recent years the higher agricultural institutions
in Europe have been made more strictly and fundamentally institutions of
real university grade, through the improvement of their equipment and facili-
ties, an increase in the size of farms, the assembling of collections of fai'm
machinery, enlarging the scope and extent of the curriculum with a more
definite application to practical agriculture, and increasing the faculty. There
is not in Europe entire unanimity as to the desirability of making the agricul-
tural colleges departments of the universities.
As regards secondary agricultural schools a number of countries have a
much more complete system than we have as yet in this country and the tend-
ency is to increase their number and make them more efficient. They are still,
however, largely for the peasant classes. In a general way these schools may
be divided iuto two classes, (1) those in which great stress is laid on theo-
retical instruction, and (2) those in which the emphasis is laid on practical
instruction. With reference to Denmark, " what they have done is well
adapted to their conditions and to a small country where the agricultural
industries are of a limited variety; but it would not do at all in the United
States, except perhaps as one phase of the work where short courses of study
are desired in the secondary schools."
The author finds that one of the developments along the line of elementary
instruction in agriculture, to which much attention is now being given in
European countries, is the continuation classes which are held on Saturdays
or in the eveniugs. Attendance on these can to some extent be made compulsory
by village authorities in Germany.
A brief account is also given of the recent developments with reference to
a system of agricultural education in England.
School lessons on corn, C. H. Lane (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 617
{1914), pp. 15, figs. 5).— This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 409 (E. S. R., 24,
p. 92), and consists of 12 lessons arranged topically with practical exercises
and references. A suggestive program for observing Corn Day in the school
is also given.
Farm demonstration work, boys' corn club work, and girls' canning club
work, F. MuTCHLEB (Bien. Rpt. Bur. Agr., Lahor, and Statis. Ky., 20 (,1912-13),
pp. 74-78, pis. 2). — ^A brief statement by the state agent as to the history and
development, together with data on results and progress, of the Farmers' Coop-
erative Demonstration Work and boys' and girls' club work in agriculture, is
given.
Plan of organization and administration of home economics clubs and
women's auxiliary clubs of county fanners' institutes, iSIrs. C. L. Maktin
(Ky. Dept. Agr., Labor and Statis. Bui. 2, pp. 8). — This bulletin suggests how
Kentucky women may organize themselves into clubs and become a part of the
county farmers' institute.
Home makers' clubs of Missouri (Missouri Bd, Agr. Mo. Bui., 12 (1914) ^
No. 1, pp. 46, figs. 7). — Suggested programs for meetings are given, together
with other similar data and a bibliography of literature bearing on home topics
suitable for club study.
NOTES.
Arkansas University and Station. — DeForest Hungerford, instructor in soils
in the University of Minnesota and assistant in agricultural chemistry in the
station, has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy and assistant
agronomist.
Purdue University and Station. — Recent appointments include R. A. Lamson,
of the Idaho University and Station, as instructor in dairying and the following
assistants: O. H. Anderson, in dairying; G. L. Ogle and R. O. Bausman, in
creamery inspection; S. S. Cromer, in education; C. H. Clink, in serum pro-
duction ; L. R. George, in animal pathology ; T. W. Harvey,' in county agent
work ; W. E. Lommel, in horticulture ; W. R. Skelly. in farm crops and agricul-
tural botany; W. L. Elser, of the Ohio Station, in farm management demon-
strations; L. S. Robertson, in farm efficiency; F. M. Shanklin, in young
people's club work ; and L. L. Jones, in poultry work.
Massachusetts College and Station. — Estimates for 1915 appropriations have
been submitted for $313,,30O for maintenance and additional appropriations as
follows: Microbiology laboratory, $67,500; for the completion of the agricul-
tural building, $122,500; new dormitory, $40,000; enlargement of the power
plant, $30,000; and minor improvements, $10,000.
The trustees have authorized the beginning of investigations in microbiology,
in which projects connected with milk and soils are to be taken up, and agri-
<;ultural economics. The emplos^ment of an assistant in the veterinary depart-
ment, to deal especially with the problems connected with bacillary white
diarrhea and contagious abortion of cows, has also been authorized.
North Dakota College.— J. R. Keithley, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of
this Department, has been appointed professor of dairying.
Ohio State University. — A section of greenhouses, 30 by 100 feet, is under
construction, and will be followed by two vegetable houses, each 45 by 250
feet, naaking about 8,000 square feet under glass. The entire greenhouse will
be divided into a number of special compartments, including a palm house, a
head house, a vegetable house, and a students' laboratory.
A combined 6-year agricultural veterinary course is under consideration. The
first 3 3'ears would be siieut in the college of agriculture and the remainder in
the college of veterinary medicine, degrees being granted from both colleges.
A state biological survey, suggested by the Ohio Academy of Science, is
being undertaken with a state appropriation of $2,500, a number of the colleges
of the State cooperating. The preparation of duplicate material and separate
collections for the colleges and other educational institutions is the primary
feature of the work.
Pennsylvania College and Station. — Dr. H. P. Armsby, director of the Insti-
tute of Animal Nutrition, has been relieved of all undergraduate instruction
and will devote his entire time to research in animal nutrition and to advanced
graduate instruction.
198
NOTES. 199
Earl L. Moffit has resigned to accept a position with the Office of Farm Man-
agement of this Department.
South Dakota Station. — Wilson Cramer, a 1914 graduate of the University of
Missouri, has been ajipointed assistant in animal husbandry.
Wisconsin University and Station. — The university has accepted offers from
farmers of Ashland and Ilnylield counties to erect on the substation farm at
Ashland a building suitable for short courses and similar gatherings, at a
cost of $1,000. When not in use for these purposes, the building will be avail-
able for exix^rimontal work.
American Society of Agronomy. — The seventh annual meeting of this society
was held in Washington, D. C, November 9 and 10, 19M, with a large attend-
ance and marked interest. .
The address of the president, C. V. Piper, was delivered at the joint session
with the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, as previously
noted. Its title was Fundamental Principles in Agronomy, and eighteen gen-
eralizations were formulated and discussed. These principles were as follows:
(1) Every crop plant has a definite range of adaptations or reactions as re-
gards climate and soil; (2) tillage tends to increase yields; (3) shallow tillage
conserves soil moisture; (4) rate of seeding or distance of spacing effects
yield; (5) depth of planting affects stand and therefore may affect yield; (6)
time of seeding affects yield; (7) quality of seed affects yield; (8) rotative
cropping tends to increase or to maintain yields, single cropping tends to re-
duce yields; (9) mixed seedings tend to increase yields; (10) fertilizers
(nearly all common substances) tend to increase yields; (11) the nitrogen con-
tent of the soil is most cheaply maintained by keeping up the supply of humus
and especially by growing legumes, which alone of crop plants can utilize at-
mospheric nitrogen; (12) productivity is approximately maintained by feeding
crops to animals and returning the manure to the soil; (13) selecting the best
plants tends to improve the breed; (14) hybridization tends to stimulate vigor;
(15) plants introduced from their original to a new and similar environment
often tend to become aggressive; (IG) thinning buds by pruning or otherwise
tends to increase the size of the remaining resultant flowers and fruits; (17)
vegetative vigor and reproductive vigor are mutually antagonistic; and (18)
dwarfing of perennial plants may be secured by budding or grafting on stocks
not wholly congenial.
Professor Piper pointed out that this is the first attempt to enumerate these
principles, although only the one relating to the use of nodule bacteria is
clearly the product of the last 50' years. In conclusion he referred to the
difliculty of drawing any but very broad generalizations because of the differing
adaptations of plants, and maintained that " the best hope of progress in
agronomy lies not in the search for broad generalizations, but in a much more
intensive study of the environmental relations of every important plant culti-
vated."
The success with which the unit-acre platting system is being applied in
Texas was described by B. Youngblood and A. B. Conner. Under this system
the same kind of crop is assembled within the unit-acre, which may be divided
into plats of suitable size to accommodate the requirements of the several ex-
periments in progress at the time.
C. B. Lipman discussed the solids of smelter wastes and plant growth, indi-
cating their value as plant food when applied in proper quantities.
In discussing the origin of " niter spots " in certain western soils, R. Stewart
and W. Peterson presented data to show a mineral origin caused by water
movement in the soil and evaporation fi'om the surface, in distinction from the
bacterial origin held by some investigators.
200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Experiments on the effect of different methods of preparing a seed bed for
winter wheat on yield, soil moisture, and nitrates, were described by L. E.
Call. He pointed out the value of early preparation, whatever the method.
G. N. Coffey, reporting for the committee on soil classification and mapping,
presented a scheme of classification for use throughout North America based
on five grand factors, with their several subdivisions, for further consideration
and discussion. This scheme is as follows: I, Precipitation and humidity (Soil
liegion) ; (a) humid, (b) seniiarid, (c) arid. II. Dynamic agencies (Soil
Province) ; (a) weathering, (b) biological processes, (c) gravity, (d) aqueous
agencies, (e) aeolean, (f) glaciation. Ill, Lithology (Soil Group); (a) acid
crystalline rock, (b) basic crystalline rocks, (c) sandstones, quartzites, shales,
and slates, (d) lime rocks, including marl, limestone, and marble. IV, Specific
■characters and conditions (Soil Series) ; (a) color, (b) drainage, (c) lime car-
bonate, (d) organic matter, (e) relation of soil to subsoil. V, Texture (Soil
Type) ; (a) sand, (b) sandy loam, (c) loam, (d) silt loam, (e) clay loam,
(f) clay.
G. S. Fraps discussed soil moisture relations and the relation of chemical
composition to soil fertility. A paper on the naming of varieties, by E. G.
Montgomery, was also presented.
The officers elected for the following year included, as president, C. E.
Thorne, of Ohio ; vice-presidents, L. J. Briggs, of this Department, and Alfred
Atkinson, of Montana; secretary, C. W. Warburton, of this Department; and
treasurer, George Roberts, of Kentucky.
Association of Feed Control Officials. — This association held its sixth annual
meeting at Washington, D. C, November 13 and 14, 1914. Following an address
by the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, H. J. Waters spoke on the de-
ficiencies of corn as a feed, and H. W. Wiley on Ethical Advertising of Cattle
and Poultry Foods and Remedies. The Possibilities of Damaged Feeds Pro-
ducing Disease in Animals was discussed by J. S. Buckley, and the Deterioration
of Grains in Storage and Transit, by J. W. T. Duvel. R. W. Chapin spoke on
some of the feed manufacturers' problems.
The association adopted a new constitution and by-laws. New definitions
were accepted for several flaxseed products, but no action was taken as to
the proposed federal feeding stuffs inspection law.
Officers were chosen as follows: President, H. B. McDonnell, of Maryland;
vice-president, R. E. Stallings, of Georgia; secretary-treasurer, L. A. Fitz.
of Kansas; and executive committee, W. J. Jones, of Indiana, J. K. Haywood,
of this Department, and S. K. Johnson, of Ohio.
Association of Seed Analysts of North America. — The annual meeting, held
in Washington, D. C, November 12 and 13, 1914. dealt, as usual, mainly with
seed inspection, laboratory apparatus and methods, and seed laws. Papers
were also presented on The Necessity of Standardization of Methods, by Edgar
Brown, The Weed Content of Seeds, by L. H. Pammel, and The Germination of
Seeds Buried Ten Years, by W. L. Goss.
W. L. Oswald, of Minnesota, was elected president; E. D. Eddy, of Ottawa,
Canada, vice-president ; and J. P. Helyar, of New Jersey, secretary -treasurer.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PtraLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, SI
h /'^^v
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj]^; ^; Trullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^' g- ^^yd^' ^^' ^'
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutritionj^- ^. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — -H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology^W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
Veterinary MedicinejJ^- A- Hookek.
Rural Engineering— R. W. Trullinger. ^'
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. '^cW VOf^|
Agricultural Education — C.H.Lane. tiiJTANtrAi
Indexes— M. D. Moore. ,, ^^'^AU
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 3.
Recent work in agricultural science 201
Notes 292
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — ^agrotechnt.
The simpler natural bases, Barger 201
Nucleic acids. — ^Their chemical properties and physiological conduct, Jones. . . 201
The decomposition of sugar in the living cell, Oppenheimer 201
About plant tallows, Wagner and Lampart 201
The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — I , Method of preparation, Wheldale . 202
The flower pigments of Antinhinum niajus. — II, Wheldale and Bassett 203
Lycopersicin, the red pigment of the tomato, and its development, Duggar 203
Effect of certain conditions on acidity of tomato fruits, Duggar and Merrill. . . 204
The nature, value, and limits of biological water analysis, Thienemann 205
The microscopy of drinking water, Whipple 205
Report of committee on phosphoric acid, Farnham et al 205
Triammonium citrate. Hall 205
About cholesterol and its estimation in fats, Klostermann and Opitz 205
Method for extremely small quantities of boron, Bertrand and Agulhon 20G
Rapid estimation of phosphoric acid in baked goods, etc., Sobel 206
Methods for determining sulphur dioxid in dried fruits, Jaffa 206
Phosphomolybdic acid for detection of adulteration in saffron, Verda 207
The estimation of tannin in cider. Spiers 207
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Minimal content of total nitrogen of milk, Kling 207
The determination of the titer of arsenite solutions, Deiss 207
Vinegar making, Bioletti 207
Manufacture of unfermented fjrape juice in California, Cruess and Ilintze 208
Clarification of grape juice, Bioletti 208
Amounts of wine and by-products yielded by grapes in California, Bioletti . . . 208
Use of sulphurous acid and pure yeast in wine making, Bioletti 208
A new method of handling the distillation residues of wines, Matignon 209
Bitter principles of olives, Bioletti 209
Softening of olives, Bioletti 209
Sizing of pickled olives, Bioletti 209
Olive paste, Bioletti 209
A history of the canning industry, edited by Judge 210
•
METEOROLOGY.
Weather forecasting, Simms 210
Monthly Weather Review 210
The weather and climate of Chicago, Cox and Armington 211
Report of meteorological observations at Wisley , 1913, Curtis 211
The rainy season in southern Rhodesia, Goetz 211
The microbic content of indoor and outdoor air, Winslow and Browne 211
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The fertility in Iowa soils. Brown 211
Soil acidity and the liming of Iowa soils. Brown, Howe, and Sar 212
The utilization of muck lands, Robinson 213
Soil survey of Ralls County, Missouri, Sweet and Watkins 213
Soil survey of Cass County, Nebraska, Meyer, Scarborough, et al 214
Soil survey of Forsyth County, North Carolina, Allen and Jurney 214
Soil survey of Union County, South Carolina, Lounsbury et al 214
Soil survey of Henrico County, Virginia, Latimer and Beck 214
Systematic study of the soils of the Netherlands, Maschhaupt 215
The scouring lands of Somerset and Warwickshire, Gimingham 215
Soil culture primer, Campbell, revised and edited by Haste 215
A nitrogenous soil constituent: Tetracarbonimid, Shorey and Walters 215
Recent investigations of soil concretions due to manganese or lime, Helbig 215
Determining water content of soil on basis of soil volume, Regel 216
A study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils, Greaves 216
Bacteriological studies of field soils. — III, Effects of manure, Brown 216
The results of fertilizer and variety tests, Rogalski 216
Fertilizer experiments, 1911-1913, Schneidewind and Meyer 216
Experiments with fertilizers in Java, De Jong 217
The fertilizing of fish ponds, Hamer 217
The nitrogen of processed fertilizers, Latlirop 217
On the presence of nitrites in calcium cyanamid, Manuelli 217
The synthetic use of metals in organic chemistry, Hale 217
Phosphate deposits in the Mississippiau rocks of northern Utah, Peterson 217
Production and value of citric-soluble phosphoric acid and potash, Waggaman. . 218
Progress in the potash industry in 1913, Hof 218
Ashes of hedge clippings and trimmings as a source of potash, Russell 218
Potassium salts and agriculture 218
The so-called potash liine, a by-product of potash works, Ehrenberg and Nolte. . 218
Relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil, Fippin 218
Recent investigations on magnesia, Miege and Compain 218
The utilization of fish and marine animals as sources of oil and manure 219
Fish meal and fish manure 219
Transformation of vinasse into fertilizer, Roos 219
Road sweepings as manure 219
Fertilizers, Rose and Wilson 219
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Curtis 219
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Stackhouse, Brackett, et al 219
Commercial fertilizers in 1913-14, Fraps 219
The South and the fertilizer industry 219
CONTENTS. ni
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Page.
A botanical lexicon, Gennadius 219
Contributions ou plant breeding 220
Hereditary variations in clilorophyll content of cereals, Nilsson-Ehle 220
Tobacco investigations, Setchell 220
Variation in bacteria, Jordan 220
Flower pigments oi Jintirrhinummajus. — III, Wheldale and Bassett 220
Distribution of stomata in some graminaceous seedlings, Zaepffel 221
The transpiration current in plants, II, Janse 221
Activities of protoplasts in the cells concerned with water transport, Janse 221
Osmotic pressure of some epiphytes and parasites, Senn 221
The exudation of ice from stems of plants, Coblentz 221
Method of determining the life duration of seeds, Crocker and Groves 221
Plant autogi'aphs and their revelations, Bose 222
A comparison of responses of sessile and motile plants and animals, Shelford . . 222
Thermotropism of roots, Eckerson 222
Nutritive conditions determining growth of protista, Thornton and Smith 222
The assimilation of nitrites and nitrates, Baudisch and Mayer 223
The influence of salt on plants, Ewart 223
The measurement of antagonism, Osterhout 223
FIELD CROPS.
Work of Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, Knorr 223
The work of the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in J 1)13, Blair 225
t Field crops work at the Texas Station], 1913, Youngblood 226
experiments in crop production on fallow land at San Antonia, Letteer 226
[Field crop experiments], Watts 227
[Field crop experiments], Scotland 227
Agricultiu-e in the Tropics, Willis 227
Natural revegetation of range lands, Sampson 227
Influence of potassic fertilizer on legumes, Barontini 228
Practical corn culture, Ainsworth 228
Report of the work in corn pollination, IV, Fisher 228
Cotton , Watt s 229
Economic conditions in the Sea Island cotton industry, Meadows 229
Notes on the cotton of Cambodia, De Flacourt 229
Flax from the East Africa Protectorate 229
Guinea corn 229
Hemp, Counsins 229
Better methods of potato production for Iowa, Greene and Mauey 229
Better methods of potato production for Iowa, Maney and Greene 230
Xenia (?) in rice, Jacobson 230
Head-to-the-row test -with rice, Jacobson 230
The transplanting of rice, Gregotti ._ _. 230
Drilling-fertilizer experiments with sugar beets in Hungary in 1912, Gydrfas. . 230
Can sodium, wholly or partially, replace potassium for sugar beets? Kriiger. . 230
The future of sugar cane and the sugar industry in Mexico, Fourton 231
Sweet clover, Shoesmith 231
Experiment in the selection of seeds, Griffin 231
Thirteen years of wheat selection, Hutcheson 231
The physiological selection of Tuscany wheat, Rampazzo 231
Varieties of wheat in Semiretchinsk, Haksberger 231
Further observations on wheat, Flaksberger 231
Bulk handling of wheat, compiled by Jackson 231
Iowa seed analyses, 1910-1913, Pammel and King 231
A manual of weeds, Georgia 232
HORTICULTURE.
The development of gardening, with special reference to Dresden, Hofmanu.. 232
The garden at home, Thomas 232
[Horticultural investigations at the Yuma experiment farm, 1913], Blair 232
[Report of the] citrus experiment station, Webber 233
[Horticultural investigations at Scottsbluff experiment farm, 1913], Knorr... 233
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
[Report on] genetics, Babcock 234
Precooling and handling investigations with oranges and lettuce, Ramsey 234
Stocks for fruit trees, H edrick 234
Practical orchard pruning, Crider 234
Bridge grafting 234
[Report of investigations with grapes and olives], Bioletti 234
Cacao, Henry 235
The development of female sexual organs in Theobroma cacao, Kuijper 235
First report on cacao selection. Van Hall 235
Second report on cacao selection at Djati Roenggo, MacGillavry and Van Hall . . 235
Second report on cacao selection at Getas, Meyer and Van Hall 236
A study of the factors influencing seed formation in citrus fruits, Colt 236
The present condition of citrus growing in Spain, Priego 236
The coconut, Collet 236
Manurial experiments on coconuts, 1913-14, De Verteuil 236
Second report on selection tests of Robusta coffee, Voiite and Van Hall 236
Some aspects of modern tea pruning, Hope and Carpenter 236
Report on the botanic gardens and their work, Waby 236
FORESTRY.
The place of forestry among natural sciences. Graves 237
Forests and floods, Andrews 237
Tree growth and meteorological factors, Kapteyn 237
Current annual increment in girth of a Douglas fir plantation, Nisbet 237
Germination and reproduction of longleaf pine in Mississippi, Buttrick 237
Distribution of mountain pine {Pinus montana) in the Alps, Vierhapper 237
Average returns from the afforestation of waste lands. Maw 237
Sixth annual report of the state forester in Vermont, Hawes 237
Report of state forester, Elliott 237
Results of the Saxony state forest administration for 1913 237
Notes on forestry in Russia 237
Statistics relating to forest administration in British India, 1912-13 237
[Report of the] forestry section, Rutter 238
Annual report of subdepartment of forests. Wood 238
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Poles and crossties, Lewis and Boyce 238
Report of fifteenth convention of Canadian Forestry Association, 1913 238
DISEASES OP PLANTS.
Plant pathology, Smith -^ 238
[Investigations of plant diseases], Webber 238
Diseases of cultivated plants in Westphalia and their control, Spieckermann . . . 238
Report on diseases observed at Rio Janeiro, Maublanc 238
The spread of celery leaf spot disease by use of affected seed, Pethybridge .... 239
Investigations on potato diseases (fifth report), Pethybridge 239
Potato diseases — the danger of importation, Brittlebank 239
Blotch and streak in potatoes. Home 239
The effect of potato scab treatments on seed \dtality, Maney 240
Sorghiim smut 240
Black rust of Deli tobacco. Honing 240
Diseased tomatoes -. 240
The oak fungus disease of fruit trees. Home 241
Peach cankers and their treatment, Jehle 241
Peach leaf curl fungus, Quinn 241
Violent outbreak of currant rust, Noffray 241
Citrus canker, Edgertou 241
Pecan rosette, Orton and Rand 241
A beech disease 242
Hevea canker, I, II, Rutgers 242
Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, Butler 242
Notes on the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, Butler 243
The action of Bordeaux mixture on plants. Barker and Gimingham 243
Spreading and adherent sprays, Vermorel and Dantony 243.
The compatibility of insecticides and fvmgicides, Gray 243
CONTENTS. V
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Page.
Game laws for 1914, ifalmer et al 244
The California toad, an economic asset, Storer 244
Entomology', Woodworth 244
Report of the entomologist, Fernald 245
Insects injurious to stored raisins, Bioletti -. 245
The parasitism of insects by the Entomophthoreaj, Picard 245
Hosts of insect egg parasites in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, Girault. . 246
High temperature for control of insects injuring cereal products, Goodwin 246
The destruction of underground pests, Molinas 246
Soil fumigation, Hyslop 246
The food of the earwig {Forficula auricularia), Liistner 246
Forficula auricularia in Khode Island, Glaser 247
The green soldier bug {Nezara hilaris), ^\^litmarsh 247
Mr. Crawford's recent work on the Delphacinse, Van Duzee 247
Papers on Aphididae. — The yellow clover-aphis {Callipterus trifolii), Davis. . . . 247
The conquest of verniga, Townsend 248
The biology of Bihio hortulanus and its control, Molz and Pietsch 248
The apple root borer. Brooks 248
The western corn rootworm, Ainslie 250
The carpet beetle or "buffalo moth," Howard 250
The postembryonal stages of Otiorhynchus cribricollis, Grandi 250
The codling moth in Iowa {Carpocapsa povionella), Webster 250
A destructive pine moth introduced from Europe (Evetria buoliana), Busck. . . 251
Red spider control, McGregor 251
Tick eradication in Arkansas, Gow 251
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
[The importance of sea food in the diet], Linthicum 251
The water content of oysters, Shannon 252
The water content of meat products, Feder 252
The bacteriology of sausage and similar goods, Sacquepee and Loygue 252
Eggs, Matthews 252
[Composition of] cassava, Camus 252
Rice (Oryza sativa) 252
[\\'Tieat and flour investigations], Harcourt 252
The baking quality of German wheats, Corduan 252
Study of some Italian hard wheat flours, Maurantonio 252
Diminished gluten content of flour, Balland 252
The bread-making industry at Milan 252
Use of dried potatoes in bread making 252
A program for dehydrated vegetables. Burgess 253
Use of green vegetables in the farm home 253
The banana fruit, Dacanay 253
Ice cream experiments 253
Ice cream, Matthews 253
Confectionery, McGill 253
Candy making in the home, Herrick 253
Canning, preserving, and pickling, Neil 253
Preserving and canning, Riesenberg 253
Ground ginger and a study of analytical results, McGill 253
An examination of catsups, Gabel 253
Safe ice, Cumming 253
Federal Food and Drugs Act and decisions, compiled by Gwinn 254
General [food, drug, and health laws] 254
[Food and drug inspection and analysis], Barnard 254
[Inspection of creameries, dairies, and ice cream factories], McGuire 254
Meat inspection, oyster culture, food preparation, etc., in Holland, Howarth. . 254
Cooperative public health administration in small communities, Phelps 254
Institutional supplies 254
Report upon the high cost of living, Dohme 254
Low cost recipes, compiled by Harbison 255
Education in food values 255
The hj^giene of the preparation, storage, and distribution of food, Cates 255
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
The cause and prevention of pellagra, Goldberger 255
The treatment of pellagra, Lorenz 255
A nutritional index for school children, Tuxford 256
Studies of the influence of diet upon growth, Aron 256
Effect of different foods on secretion of digestive ferments, Wolfsberg 256
Metabolism of nucleosids, guanosin, and adenosin, Tannhauser and Bommes . . 256
Digestion of the protein of cooked meat in dogs, Zunz 256
The excretion of creatinin by normal women, Tracy and Clark 256
Creatinin and creatin in starvation, Graham and Poulton 257
On uricolysis, Taylor and Adolph 257
Influence of a vitamin-free diet on metabolism. Funk and von Schonbom 257
Calorimetric observations on man, Macdonald, Duffield, and Lucas 257
Improved myothermic apparatus, Hill and Weizsiicker 257
The energy requirement of the new born, Bailey and Murlin 257
The animal organism as a machine, Reach 258
Mechanical efficiency of man, Macdonald 258
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
The chemistry of cattle feeding and dairying, Murray 258
The utilization of potato haulms and artichoke foliage, Voltz et al 258
Value of stems and leaves of sweet potato plants as a feed material, Katayama. . 259
Manufacture of food for cattle and other animals, Eastick and De Whalley 259
Inspection of commercial feeding stuffs, Smith and Beals 259
The acidity of important commercial feedstuffs, Wilk 259
Animal husbandry. True 259
Corn silage and cottonseed hulls for fattening beef cattle, Curtis et al 260
Indian cattle in the Philippines, Edwards 260
Influence of summer shearing on the skin temperature of sheep, Traut 260
Caracul sheep in Argentina 261
The value of silage in the winter ration for the breeding flock, Jones 261
[Animal husbandry experiments], Youngblood 261
The sheep and wool industry of Australasia, Smith 261
A dynamometric calculation of the character of wool fiber, Macha 261
Nitrogen retention from ammonia salt or urea, Henriques and Andersen 261
Extent of hippuric acid formation in body of swine, Abderhalden and Strauss. . 262
The self-feeder for swine feeding, Eward 262
Productive swine husbandry, Day 262
Digestion experiments with Equidae, P>anck 262
Study of the proportions of the horse, Van Meldert 262
Breeds of draft horses, Bell 262
The South Oldenburg horse and the influence of environment, Burmeister 263
The Beery system of horsemanship. Beery 263
Pituitary body and the early growth period of birds, Wulzen 263
Influence of male parent on character of eggshells in fowls, Walther 263
Histological basis of the shank colors in the domestic fowl. Barrows 263
Natural and artificial brooding of chickens, Lamon 264
European milk chickens 264
Method of desiccating eggs, Hara 264
Seasonal changes in testes and plumage in wdld duck, SeUgmann and Shattock. . 264
The transmission of secondary sexual characters in pheasants, Thomas 264
The development of the Ftomach in the Euphonias, Wetmore 265
Pigeons for profit. — The whole art of squab raising, Bretton 265
Squab secrets. Rice 265
The first poultry show in America, Robinson 265
DAraY FARMING — DAIRYING.
The value of soy-bean and alfalfa hay in milk production, Caldwell 265
Feeding experiments with rice-gluten meal, Reisch, Schweiger, and Hansen. . 266
[Dairy husbandry studies]. True 266
Dairying on cut-over pine lands, Ferris 266
Growth of bone, horn, and performance in cattle, Miiller and Narabe 266
Body weight and milk yield 267
Observations in Britain on Kerries and Dexters, Plumb 267
Red Poll dairy cattle.— Report on the departmental herd for 1913-14, Kerr 267
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
Dairy record centers and cow testing, Whitley 267
Increasing milk flow by frequent milking 267
Effect of pituitary extract on milk secretion in the goat, Hill and Simpson 268
Dairy bacteriology, Roadhouse 268
Bacteria found in milk heated to various temperatures, Ford and Pryor 268
Presence of spore-bearing bacteria in Washington market milk, Pryor 269
The relationsnip of septic sore throat to infected milk, Cappa and Davis 269
[Germ content of salt], Weigmanu 269
The sterilization of milk, using high-potential electric discharges, Kershaw 269
[The "biorizator"], Weigmann 269
t Dairy experiments], Barr 270
''ormation of tiu-nip flavor in butter, Weigmann and Wolff 270
[Milk fat tables]. Heller 270
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Infection and resistance, Zinsser 270
Defensive ferments, Abderhalden, trans, by Gavronsky and Lanchester 270
Pathology and anatomy, edited by Lubarsch and von Ostertag 270
PHrst International Congress of Comparative Pathology 271
Veterinary science, Haring 271
Report for 1913 of principal of Royal Veterinary College, McFadyean 271
Report of Ci\dl Veterinary Department, Bihar and Orissa, 1913-14, Qidnlan . . 272
Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College, 1913-14, Pease et al 272
On metallic colloids and their bactericidal properties, Crookes 272
Infusion apparatus for administering artificial sera, etc., Gottschalk 272
The technique of the Wassermann reaction, Browning 272
About some tests with antistreptococcic serum, Perl 272
Ultravisible \irus, Loeffler 272
Interesting cases of anaphylaxis, Balla 272
Aphthous fever or foot-and-mouth disease, Marshall 273
East Coast fever, Robertson 273
Johne's disease, Twort and Ingram 273
The trypaublue treatment in pirplasmosis in South Africa, Goodall 273
Serum therapy in tetanus, Theisz 274
"Tick paralysis " in man and animals, Nuttall 274
The arsenical dip and its value in combating ticks, Theiler 274
Ferment-inhibiting substances in tubercle bacilli, Jobling and Petersen 274
Ferment-inhibiting substances in caseous material, Jobling and Petersen 274
The methods employed for experimental tuberculosis by inhalation, Chauss^.. 274
An attempt to immunize guinea pigs against tuberculosis, Brown et al 275
What has been done with the tuberculin test in Wisconsin, Hastings 275
Agglutination of Micrococcus melitensis by normal cows' milk, Bassett-Smith . . 276
Loco weed disease of sheep, Marshall 276
Investigation into the disease of sheep called "scrapie," M'Gowan 276
Diseases of swine with particular reference to hog cholera. Lynch 277
The hog cholera situation in Michigan 278
The surgical anatomy of the horse, Share-Jones 278
Narcosis by choral hydrate in horses, Friis 278
Poisoning of horses by ground ivy {Glecovia hederacea), Ferenczhdzy 278
The results of eating St. John's wort noted in horses, Henry 278
Equine biliary fever in Madras, Valladares 278
Notes on the treatment of biliary fever of the horse with trypanblue, Bevan. . . 278
The more recent conceptions of pectoral influenza of the horse, Haan 278
Modification of diet saves ducklmgs from epidemic disease, Merklen 278
Transmission of Spirochseta gallinarum by mites, Mayer 279
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation investigations, Adams 279
Profile surveys in the basin of Clark Fork of Columbia River, Marshall et al. . . 279
Profile surveys in Snake River Basin, Idaho, Marshall et al 279
Surface water supply of Colorado River Basin, Follansbee, Porter, and Padgett. 279
Surface water supply of the Missouri River Basin, 1912, Lamb et al 279
Deschutes River, Oregon, and its utilization, Henshaw et al 279
Quality of the surface waters of Oregon, Van Winkle 280
The water supply of Indiana 280
Vin CONTENTS.
Page.
Water analyses from the United States Geological Survey, Clarke 281
The farm water supply, Ramsower 281
Results of tests on stationary gas engines 281
The theory of the plow mold board, Bernstein 281
Results of motor plow demonstrations and tests, Martiny 281
Threshing with electricity in Iowa, Dewey 282
Performance tests of sugarhouse heating and evaporating apparatus, Kerr et al . 282
Ventilation of cattle barns, Knoch 284
Movable hog houses, E ward and Davidson 284
Silos in Oklahoma, Bray and Forrester 285
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The training of rural leaders, Butterfield 285
The rural community and church federation, Hargreaves 285
The land and the laborer, Aronson 285
The land and the capital, Fernandez de la Rosa 286
Compensation to tenant farmers in England and Wales for improvements 286
Report of the departmental committee on agricultural credit in Ireland 286
The German credit institution, 1900-1909, Schulte _. 287
Proceedings of the first annual conference of cooperative associations 287
Helps for organizing farmers' clubs and cooperative associations 287
Report of the California fruit growers exchange, 1913-14, Powell 287
Marketing farm products, Higgins 287
The agricultural outlook 287
Agricultural production in Belgium 288
Agricultural statistics of Belgium 288
Data relating to the agricultural industry in Russia and in foreign countries. . . 288
ABC of Queensland statistics, 1914, compiled by Weedon 288
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report on agricultural education work in California, 1914] 288
Home economics work at the Universi.ty of Illinois] 288
^lassachusetts independent vocational schools in operation May 1, 1914 288
Social surveys of rural school districts, Galpin and Davies 289
Practical training in negro rural schools, Davis 289
[Home and school gardening] 289
[Agricultural education in Canada] 289
Scheme of aCTicultural education 289
A residential course for the training of farm lads, Garrad 289
History of Grignon, Bretigniere and Risch 290
Foundation of Forestry Institute and Imperial Agricultural High School 290
Agricultural instruction [in Bohemia] 290
Effecting uniformity in instruction in agricultural schools, Prochaska 290
Elementary exercises in agricultiu-e, Dadisman 290
Laboratory exercises in the elements of agriculture. Lackey 290
[Agriculture in the Missouri high school] 290
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of California Station, 1914 290
Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1912-13 291
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1913 291
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1913 291
A handbook for farmers and dairymen, Woll et al 291
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Arkansas Station: Pas®-
Bui. 119, July, 1914 251
California Station:
An. Rpt. 1914 . 206, 207, 208, 209, 220,
233, 234, 236, 238, 244, 245, 259,
266, 268, 271, 279, 288, 290
Connecticut Ston-s Station:
Bien. Rpt. 1912-13 291
Iowa Station:
Bui. 146, Mar., 1914 231
Bui. 147, Apr., 1914 250
Bui. 148, Apr., 1914 240
Bui. 149, Apr., 1914 229,230
Bui. 150, June, 1914 211
Bui. 151, Sept., 1914 " 212.
Bui. 152. Oct., 1914 284
Research Bui. 13, Sept., 1913. 216
Kentucky Station:
Bui. 177, Dec. 31, 1913 219
Louisiana Stations:
Bui. 149, Aug., 1914 282
Bui. 150, Oct., 1914.^ 241
Maine Station: ^
Bui. 232, Sept., 1914 263
Massachusetts Station:
Control Ser. Bui. 1, Oct., 1914. 259
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913,
pts. i, 2 245,291
Michigan Station:
Bui. 273, June, 1914 213
Circ. 21. Apr., 1914 234
Circ. 22, June, 1914 278
Circ. 23, June, 1914 231
Mississippi Station:
Bui. 166, 1913... 266
New Hampshire Station:
Cir. 15, Mav, 1914 243
Circ. 16. June, 1914 261
New York Cornell Station:
Circ. 25, July, 1914 218
_ Circ. 26, Sept., 1914 241
Ohio Station:
Bui. 267, Dec, 1913 265
Oklahoma Station:
Bui. 101, July, 1914 285
South Carolina:
Bui. 176, Apr., 1914 234
Bui. 177, Sept., 1914 219
Texas Station:
Bui. 168, July, 1914 219
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913. . 226,
261, 291
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 243, Oct., 1914 275
Circ. 51, Oct., 1914 289
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 2,
Nov., 1914 215, 227, 241, 248
Bui. 143, Production and FertiUzer
Value of Citric-Soluble Phos-
phoric Acid and Potash, W. H.
Waggaman 218
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.
Bui. 146, Economic Conditions in Page,
the Sea Island Cotton Industry,
W. R. Meadows 229
Bui. 151, Experiments in Crop
Production on Fallow Land at
San Antonio, C. R. Letteer 226
Bui. 158, The Nitrogen of Processed
Fertilizers. E. C. Lathrop 217
Farmers' Bui. 619, Breeds of Draft
Horses, G. A. Bell 262
Farmers' Bui. 624, Natural and
Artificial Brooding of Chickens,
H. M. Lamon 264
Farmers' Bui. 626, The Carpet
Beetle or "Buffalo Moth," L. 0.
Howard 250
Farmers' Bui. 628, Game Laws for
1914, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 244
Farmers' Bui. 629, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 287
Bureau of Entomology:
Tech. Bui. 25, pt. 2, The Yel-
low Clover Aphis, J. J.
Davis 247
Bureau of Plant Industry:
Work of Scottsbluff Expeii-
mentFarm. 1913, F.Knorr. 223, 233
Work of the Yuma Experi-
ment Farm, 1913, R. E.
Blair 225,232
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1913 —
Soil Survey of Ralls
County, Missoui-i, A. T.
Sweet and W. I. Wat-
kins 213
Soil Survey of Cass County
Nebraska, A. H. Meyer,
R. J. Scarborough, et al. 214
Soil Survey of Forsyth
County, North Caro-
lina. R. T. Allen and
R. C. Jurney 214
Soil survey of Union
County, South Carolina.
C. Lounsbury, W. E.
McLendon, and J. A.
Kerr 214
Soil Survey of Henrico
County, Virginia, W. J.
Latimer and M. W.
Beck 214
Weather Bureau:
Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42,
Nos. 7-8, July-Aug., 1914. . . 210,
211, 221
Office of the Solicitor:
Federal Food and Drugs Act
and Decisions 254
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. Abstract Number. No. 3.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICTJLTTJRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
The simpler natural bases, G. Barger {London, New York, Bomhay, and
Calcutta, Idllf, pp. VIII -{-215). — ^The contents of this volume, which is one of
the well-known series of monographs on biochemistry edited by R. H. A. Plim-
mer and F. G. Hoi^kins, are as follows : Amins derived from protein ; w-amino
acids and other bases containing a carboxyl group; betains; cholin and allied
substances; creatin, creatinin, glycocyamin, and guanidins; adrenalin; bases of
unknown constitution; and practical chemical methods and details, (a) general
methods for the separation and isolation of bases, (b) special methods — proper-
ties of individual bases and of their salts.
A very large blbliograpliy is appended.
Nucleic acids. — Their chemical properties and physiological conduct, W.
Jones (Netv York, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1914, pp- VIII-{-118). — Despite the
fact that the field of nucleic acids is one of the best understood in biological
chemistry, this work constitutes the first separate treatise on the subject. Its
contents are as follows: Thymus nucleic acid, yeast nucleic acid, the physiolog-
ical conduct of nucleic acids, preparation of thymus nucleic acid, the analytical
chemistry of the purin derivatives and of the pyrimidin derivatives, preparation
of thymin and cytosin from thymus nucleic acid, preparation of uracil and
cytosin and of guanylic acid and guanosin from yeast nucleic acid, and demon-
stration of the purin ferments.
An extensive bibliography is appended. This volume is another of the well-
known series of monographs on biochemistry referred to above.
The decomposition of sugar in the living cell, C. Oppenheimer {Naturwis-
senschaften, 2 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 49-52; 4, pp. 78-82).— This deals minutely
with the subject from the standpoint of both animal and plant phj'siology.
About plant tallows, II. Wagneb and J. B. Lampart (Ztschr. Untersuch.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 10, pp. 731-733).— A fat declared as plant
fat to the customs authorities and said to originate in the East Indies had an
odor reminding one of beeswax, a yellow color, and a brittle, hard consistency.
The tallow contained many particles of wood and bark. When melted the fat
had a still more pronounced honey-like odor and a tallowy taste. Tests for
sesame and cotton-seed oil were negative, and Bellier's reaction did not give a
test for plant fats.
The refractive index of the fat at 40° C. was 43.7, melting point 38.75° C,
solidifying point 29.3°, acidity degree 17.25, acid number 9.6, ester number 197.9,
201
202 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
saponiflcation number 207.5, Reicliert-Meissl number 0.11, and iodin number §7.1.
The fatty acids gave a refractive index of 32.1, melting point 54.8°, solidifying
point 52.05°, acid number 211.4, average molecular weight 265.4, and iodin num-
ber 41.4. The unsaponifiable material was present to the extent of 0.25 per cent,
but phytosterol acetate could not be obtained. After purification with petroleum
ether and attempted recrystallization from alcohol an amorphou.s mass was
obtained which gave a slight Salkowski and Liebermann reaction.
The fatty acids, separated as lead salts after repeated recrj'stallization from
benzol, were decomposed with hj'drochloric acid, and after repeated recrystal-
lization from alcohol a constant melting point of from G2.9 to 63° C. was ob-
tained. The neutralizing figure was 219,1 and the average molecular weight
256.07, essentially that of palmitic acid. The amount of solid acid present was
from 55 to 66 per cent.
The refraction number of the liquid fatty acids at 40° was 40.6 and the
iodin number 85.7. The fat corresponded to Malabar tallow or Chinese tallow
from Stillingia seMfera and various varieties of the Jatrophas.
The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — I, Method of preparation,
MuBiEL Wheldale {Biochcm. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 1, pp. 87-9i).— The author
has previously (E. S. R., 25, p. 324) made suggestions as to the nature of the
chemical reactions involved in the formation of anthocyanin.
The yellow coloring matters of plants are said to be present largely as glu-
cosids, some, or probably all, of the hydroxyl group being replaced by sugar.
The reactions involved in the formation of anthocyanin are represented, gener-
ally considered, as follows:
Glucosid+water ^ chromogen-f sugar
(Flavone or xanthone)
X (Chromogen)+oxygen—> anthocyanin.
" The first reaction may be regarded as controlled by one or more glucosid-
splitting enzyms and it is conceivable that si>ecific euzyms may act on hydroxyl
groups in different positions. When certain hydroxy! groups (position to be
determined) are free from sugar, oxidation may take place at these points, or
possibly condensation, or both, with the formation of anthocyanin. The residual
hydroxyl groups in the anthocyanin molecule would probably be replaced by
sugar, and hence the anthocyanins would occur as glucosids. There is evidence
that the second reaction may be brought about by an oxidase system."
Investigations conducted for the purpose of testing the first of these hypoth-
eses with regard to the nature of the pigment in Antirrhinum resulted in devis-
ing a method for obtaining the pigment in a solid form. The pigments, dissolved
in water, are precipitated with solid crystalline lead acetate until no further
material is thrown down. Most of the supernatant liquid is decanted from the
precipitate after a few hours and the residue is filtered through a Buchner
funnel with the aid of the filter pump. The lead salts of the pigment are then
decomposed with 5 to 10 per cent sulphuric acid. The insoluble lead sulphate
is filtered off and the filtrate therefrom contains the pigments as glucosids in a
dilute sulphuric acid solution. The solutions are boiled for several hours
under a reflux condenser, which results in a hydrolysis of the glucosids and a
deposition of the pigments. The pigment separated by filtration is dried, after
washing, over sulphuric acid.
The following varieties of Antirrhinum have been extracted: Ivory, yellow,
ivory tinged with magenta, magenta, crimson, rose dor§. and bronze. The
ivory and yellow contained in a crude pigment in association with magenta
was soluble in warm ether, though not readily. The ivory and yellow could
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 203
be separated by a fractional crystallization from alcohol and ethyl acetate, but
not in a pure state.
" Of the known flavones, the ivory pigment bears most resemblance to apigenin
in properties and acetyl derivative. The yellow pigment crystallizes in plates
from dilute alcohol but was not obtained in the pure state; melting point 290
to 300°. After extraction with ether for several weeks, the magenta pigment
was obtained free from yellow. It crystallizes, but not well, fi'om a mixture
of alcohol and ethyl acetate. It decomposes without melting when heated to
340°."
The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — II, The pale yellow or ivory
pigment, Mukikl Wheldale and H. L. Bassett (Biochcm. Jour., 7 {1913),
No. 5, pp. 4-il-4Hj fig- !)• — This is a continuation of the work noted in the
ab.stract above.
" It has been previously suggested that ivory contains a chromogen of the
nature of a flavone, from which the red and purple anthocyanins are formed by
stages of oxidation or polymerization or both. Also that the pigment of the
yellow variety and of the yellow patch on the palate of all varieties (except
white) is due to a second, more deeply colored flavone. Microscopic examina-
tion and microchemical tests showed that anthocyanin and yellow pigments are
mostly limited to the epidermis of the corolla, while the inner tissues contain
the ivory chromogen. It is obvious, therefore, that all crude extracts of entire
flowers will contain two or more pigments."
The purification of the crude pigment from the crimson and bronze varieties,
although no analyses have been made of them, led to the conclusion that the
colors of the varieties mentioned in the abstract above are merely due to a
mixture of magenta and yellow and red and yellow, and not to specifically
different pigments.
" The constituent pigments of the varieties may be thus expressed : Yellow
(ivory, yellow) ; ivoiy, lower lip (ivory, yellow) ; ivory, upper lip (ivory) ;
yellow tinged bronze, bronze, ivory tinged rose dore, rose dore (yellow, ivory,
and red) ; yellow tinged crimson, crimson, ivoiy tinged magenta (yellow,
ivory, magenta) ; magenta, lower lip (yellow, ivory, magenta) ; magenta, upper
lip (ivory, magenta)."
The first deposits from yellow ether extracts when ciystallized from alcohol
gave, at first, deposits having a melting point of from 336 to 340° C, and in five
cases the acetyl products were in the form of needle-shaped crystals. Analyses
of acetyl and benzoyl derivatives of the pigments led to the conclusion " that
the ivory pigment is apigenin, and that it is present in each of the main classes
of varieties of Antirrhinum with the exception of the white. In the plant,
apigenin exists undoubtedly as a glucosid, though the kind of sugar and the
number of molecules attached still remain to be ascertained.
" It appears possible that the deeper yellow pigment may prove to be a
flavone, similar in constitution to apigenin, but deeper in color owing to the
presence of an additional hydroxyl group."
Lycopersicin, the red pigment of the tomato, and the effects of conditions
upon its development, B. M. Duggab {Wash. Univ. [St. Louisi Studies, 1
{1913), I, No. 1, pp. 22-45). — As the chief pigment of the tomato has been
shown (E. S. R., 22, p. 609) to be distinct from carotin, the adoption of the
name lycoi^ersicin is suggested. The absorption spectra of carotin and lyco-
persicin are distinct. The latter pigment occurs in the mature fruit in the form
of needle-shaped crystals, but it may also be present as narrow, elongated bars
or bacilloidal granules, and possibly in irregular forms. So far as is known lyco-
persicin does not occur in normal plastids and is found only in crystalline or
204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.
isemicrystalllne condition. " Besides the occurrence of lycopersicin in crys-
talline form, carotin occurs as granules outside of the plastid in the ripening
red tomato, and one or more of the orange pigments occur in the fatty oils of
many fungi, and possibly In certain fruits, the detailed evidence of which can
not be presented liere."
In attempting to ripen quickly some tomato fruits which were gathered green,
the fruits available were roughly divided into three lots, one of which was
placed near a south window in a room kept moderately warm both day and
night ; a second lot was wrapped In black paper and placed in a locker In the
laboratory where the temperature was usually 20° C. ; and the third lot was
incubated at a temperature of 35°.
After the lapse' of a week, about half of the fruits near the south window
had reddened well. Those at a moderate temperature, and in complete dark-
ness in the locker, however, gave a larger number of ripe fruits, also with
higher color, than the first lot. The incubator fruits showed very little redden-
ing, but rather a preponderance of orange and yellow pigment. It was there-
fore obvious that the chemical effects of light were unimportant in the redden-
ing process.
As to the affects of higher temperatures, " the red pigment of tomatoes,
lycopersicin, is partially or completely suppressed when green fruits are ripened
at a temperature of 30° or above, a yellow, orange, or orange red coloration
resulting. The inhibition of reddening is proportional to the temperature (be-
tween 30 and 37°) increase, and inversely related to the age of the fruits used.
The factors for reddening are not destroyed by high temperature, and a return
of the fruit to favoi'able conditions permits rapid pigmentation.
" Fruits maintained in an oxygen-free atmosphere fail to redden at a nor-
mal ripening temperature. Fruits of the red peppers ripen normally at high
temperature, but the red arils of Momordica seem to follow the behavior of the
tomato. The chief pigments of red peppers and of the arils of Momordica ex-
hibit the absorption bands of lycopersicin. In the tomato lycopersicin forma-
tion follows the destruction of the chlorophyll, also certain other changes, sug-
gesting an increased permeability of the cell structures. Lycopersicin suppres-
sion at high temperature may be related to decreased acidity, but unknown
factors are concerned."
"A study of the oxidase and peroxidase content was also undertaken, but
so far as the determinations have been carried, there is no correlation between
oxidase content and lycopersicin development."
The effect of certain conditions upon the acidity of tomato fruits, B. M.
DuGGAB and M. C. Mekrill (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 237-
240)j — In the work reported in the abstract above reference is made to the
possible relation the total acid content of tomato fruits ripened at 30° C. or
above may have in hindering the development of pigment (lycopersicin) at
that temperature. " It was determined that the * total acidity for green, ripen-
ing, and ripe fruits, grown under the same conditions, is unexpectedly uniform,
amounting to 0.57 to 0.58 per cent citric acid.' The fruits .iust referred to
were of the same variety picked at the same time. The tests were made by
pulping thoroughly a weighed quantity of the tissue (15 gm.), diluting with
150 cc. distilled water, employing for each titration 25 cc. of this solution diluted
with distilled water to 50 cc, and titrating with tenth-normal NaOH. using
phenolphthalein as indicator.
" There were no marked differences between the green and ripe stages within
the variety; yet the acidity of the green fruits of the red varieties in these
tests is somewhat higher, while the acid content of the green fruits of the
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 205
one yellow variety tested is somewhat lower. Fruits of Dwarf Stone, Truckers
Favorite, Red Peach, Yellow Peach, and Yellow Pear, which were picked green
and ripened in the incubator at 32 to 33° C. (10 to 22 days), exhibit a higher
acid content than either those ripened on the vines or those ripened at the tem-
perature of the laboratory. There are considerable differences in the acidity
of varieties, but judging from the results of these tests the normally ripened
fruits of yellow varieties commonly contain as much acid as those of red
vai'leties."
The tests show no relation between pigmentation and total acidity.
The nature, value, and limits of biological water analysis, A. Thienemann
(Ztschr. Untersuch. Kahr. n. Oenussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 273-281).—
Biological water analysis is defined as the judgment of the chemical composition
of a water on the basis of its fauna and flora. The topics are discussed from
various aspects and compared with the results obtained in the chemical exami-
nation of water.
The microscopy of drinking water, G. C. Whipple (Neiv York and London,
1914, 3. ed. rewritten and enh, pp. XXI +409, pis. 26, figs. 73).— This is a third
and enlarged edition of this work. The first part of the work has been re-
written and several new chapters have been added. The most important chap-
ters are on the copper treatment of water; the stripping of reservoir sites; the
purification of algfe-ladeu waters; and the use of the microscope and photo-
micrography (by J. W. M. Bunker).
Report of committee [of the fertilizer chemistry division] on phosphoric
acid, G. Faknham et al. (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp.
513, 514). — This is a resume of the work done by the committee of the fer-
tilizer section of the American Chemical Society since its organization.
Triammonium citrate, R. A. Hall (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 1,
pp. 208-216). — "Triammonium citrate can be obtained readily and easily as a
stable compound by the passage of anhydrous ammonia gas into citric acid dis-
solved in an anhydrous solvent. The best solvent for this purpose is absolute
alcohol heated to its boiling point. The yield of triammonium citrate is quan-
titative. Ninety-five per cent alcohol may be used, but the yield is not quan-
titative.
" The salt is a stable, crystalline substance. Analyses show it to have the
composition represented by the formula (NH4)3C6H607. It reacts alkaline to
rosolic acid. It is exceedingly soluble in water and can not be recrystallized
from its water solution. Precipitated, in the cold, from an aqueous solution by
addition of alccThol an unstable crystalline form of the salt is obtained.
" From practical tests in laboratories where daily analyses of fertilizers are
made it has been shown that the salt lends itself readily to the making of solu-
tions of 1.09 specific gravity at 20° C. ; that this solution of normal ammonium
citrate gives, in parallel phosphoric acid determinations, results practically
identical with the most carefully prepared ' neutral ' ammonium citrate solu-
tions and can, therefoi'e, well be substituted."
About cholesterol and its estimation in fats, M. Klostebmann and H.
Opitz (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 27 (1914), No. 10, pp. 713-
723). — This work was done for the purpose of determining the form in which
cholesterol is present in the usual edible fats and the proportions in the free
and combined state.
In solid animal fats (lard, butter, beef tallow, mutton tallow, goose fat,
oleomai'garin, and human fat) cholesterol occurs in the free state. In cod liver
oil, however, a number of esters are present which contain about one-half of the
total cholesterol.
206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
As to the presence of plant fats in supposedly animal fats the question is pro-
pounded whether phytosterol is present in a free state lilie cholesterol. Other
investigations have shown that the phytosterols exist chiefly in ester combina-
tions in plant fats and oils ; conseciuently when these fats are present in animal
fats saponification is necessary for their determination. The digitonin method
gives higher results than Burner's method.
The results of the investigation on the quantitative determination of phy-
tosterol will be reported on later.
Method for determining extremely small quantities of boron in organic
substances, G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon {Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), ^^o. 6.'f, pp.
67-69, fig. 1). — In this method the length of color obtained by capillary attrac-
tion, etc., on strips of turmeric paper placed in a receptacle containing the solu-
tion to be tested and hydrochloric acid is noted.
Rapid estimation of phosphoric acid in baked goods, etc., L. Sobbx
(Schweis;. Wchnsclu: Chem. n. Pharm., 51 {1913), No. J,o. pp. 677-679; ahs. in
CJiem. Ztg., 3S {1914), ^o. 26, Repert., p. i76).— Twenty-five gm. of well-dried
and finely pulverized goods is rubbed up three successive times with 100 cc. of
96 per cent alcohol and filtered from the residue. The residue is then washed
with alcohol until a total bulk of 300 cc, inclusive of the original extracts, is
obtained. An aliquot of the upper clear fluid is evaporated carefully with from
2 to 3 gm. of magnesium chlorid and 3 gm. of sodium nitrate, and then ashed
and the ash taken up with dilute hydrochloric acid. The phosphoric acid is
determined in the filtrate as magnesium ammonium phosphate, etc.
A study of the methods for the determining of sulphur dioxid in dried
fruits, M. E. Jaffa {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 131-13S). — On reviewing the
literature on the determination of sulphur dioxid in dried fruits the data found
were too inadequate to enable the analyst to obtain correct and duplicate results.
A study was made with apricots, peaches, pears, nectarines, prunes, and raisins,
for the purpose of obtaining an adequate procedure for this work, and consid-
ered the following points: Precautions against extraneous sulphur, amount of
sample to be used, amount of distillate, number of distillations necessary, number
of absorption jars, nature of the oxidizer, quality of the carbon dioxid, and
amounts of other reagents.
" Sulphur dioxid determinations in fruits are now being made according to
the following method: Side neck 500 cc. distillation flask with a cork stopper,
fruit finely macerated and thoroughly mixed, 8 gm. sample placed in flask. 20
cc. 20 per cent phosphoric acid added, 175 cc. distilled water added to contents
of flask; 500 cc. Dreschel absorption jar connected to condenser with as short
rubber connection as possible, inlets bent vertically for direct connection with
vertical spiral condenser, 100 cc. solution of 20 gm. per liter potassium bromid.
saturated with bromin, and 10 cc. 10 per cent sodium carbonate solution used in
jar for absorbing medium ; sodium bicarbonate used in second 500 cc. Dreschel
absorption jar to catch volatile bromin; current of pure carbon dioxid gas
passed through the whole apparatus. Distill with medium flame until about
180 cc. have passed over or until the fruit in the distilling flask is m pasty
condition. Transfer distillate to 600 cc. Jena beaker, add 5 cc. concentrated
hydrochloric acid, and evaporate to about 5 or 10 cc. on electric hot plate in
clean hood. Take up with hot water, transfer to 150 cc. beaker, heat to boiling.
Precipitate with few drops of barium chlorid. Leave in warm place overnight,
filter, wash with hot water, burn, and weigh. The method as given thus in
detail gives very satisfactory results. Almost perfect blanks are obtainable at
will and duplicate and concordant results are the rule."
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 207
Phosphomolybdic acid as a reagent for the chemical and microchemical
detection of adulteration in saffron, A. Verda (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 30,
pp. 325-327). — Saffron adulterated with drugs having microscopic characteris-
tics simih^r to saffron and others having only similar coloring powers were
studied.
When treated with a solution of phosphomolybdic acid saffron gives a beauti-
ful green color. The test may be used microchemically, and thereby differen-
tiates saft'ron from other substances. Tbe reaction is said to be dependent upon
crocin, a glucosld present in saffron.
The estimation of tannin in cider, C. W. Spiers (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England},
6 (1914), No. 1, pp. 77-83). — ^The various methods in use by chemists and
botanists are criticized, especially those for determining tannin in cider. The
use of fat-free casein to remove the tannin is recommended since it removes
nothing else.
"Although it was found that the strychnin method of Trotman and Hackford
[E. S. R., 17, p. 530] is not accurate in the case of gallotannic acid, the tannin
in cider is quantitatively precipitated by strychnin after careful neutralization.
This is shown by the fact that there is a parallelism between the results ob-
tained by this method and by the permanganate titration method ; although in
the absence of a method of quantitative precipitation of a standard gallotanuiu-
strychnin compound, the strychnin precipitate results can not be expressed
as gallotannin comparably with those of permanganate titration."
The amount of tannin removed is determined by the loss in permanganate
value on titration. The solutions of tannins studied lost their tannin on shak-
ing 50 cc. with 1 gm. of casein for 15 minutes. The i^ermanganate solution was
istudied with various commercial tannins and 1 gm. of ammonium oxalate was
found to be equivalent to 0.4648 gm. of tannin.
" The preparation of the tannin of apples is now being undertaken, so that it
is hoped to standardize both the permanganate solution and the strychnin pre-
cipitate by the pure apple-tannin itself." The results of analyzing ciders,
healthy and sick, and mostly of tbe bitter-sweet variety, are presented.
Minimal content of total nitrogen of milk, A. Kling (A»m. Falsif., 6
{1913), No. 56, pp. 340-342; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 26, Repert., p.
116). — ^The method propo.sed by Roy and the author for the detection of
adulterated milk is considered accurate by A'uaflart (E. S. R., 31, p. 810), who,
however, believes that the total protein content of milk sbould be taken as 29
gm. per liter and of fat as 30. The author thinks that the figures proposed may
be correct for the north of France, but that in the Department of the Seine and
the adjacent departments materially higher values prevail.
The determination of the titer of arsenite solutions, E. Deiss (Chem. Ztg.,
38 {1914), No. 39, pp. 413-415). — lodin solutions containing iodates may under
certain circumstances yield erroneous figures for the titer of an arsenite solu-
tion. A method is suggested for preventing this, namely, by adding acid to de-
stroy the iodate formed. By the use of a permanganate solution of known
strength, however, reliable figures may be obtained in a short time without
doing this.
Vineg'ar making, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 194)- — Many
complaints have come to the station regarding failures to obtain vinegars of
standard strength and quality from apparently good raw material. Imperfect
fermentation seemed to be the cause of most of the trouble. A table is presented
which gives the results of fermenting apple juice with pure yeast and sulphurous
79934°— No. 3—15 2
208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
acid as compared with the old spontaneous fermentation method which is usu-
ally employed. The pure yeast and sulphurous acid process gave much more
alcohol than the natural fermentation. The natural fermentation showed the
presence of detrimental bacteria ; the other did not.
Manufacture of unfermented grape juice in California, W. V. Cruess and
C. J. IIiNTZE {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chnn., 6 (19U), No. 4. pp. S02-SOJt).—
The present output of unfermented grape juice in California is estimated at
from 80,000 to 100,000 gal. per year. The present methods for preparing and
bottling grape juice are considered, and various technical hints are included in
the text. In addition the results of experiments made during 1912 and 1913
are reported upon.
" In view of these tests it is recommended that the process of grape juice
manufacture be modified to conform to the following outline : Use a mixture of
ripe grapes to give flavor with grapes of high acid to remedy the lack of acid
in the ripe grapes. Add 8 to 12 oz. of potassium metabisulphite per ton of
grapes at the crusher, to prevent fermentation during defecation. Allow the
juice to defecate 24 to 48 hours and rack from the sediment.
"Add to each 100 gal. of juice 4 to 6 oz. of casein dissolved in sodium car-
bonate or ammonium hydroxid. Add a small amount of tartaric acid to increase
the rate of separation of the cream of tartar. Heat the juice to 165° F. and
store in 50 gal. barrels until most of the excess cream of tartar has separated.
Rack from the sediment and filter, if necessary. Add a small amount of citric
acid to prevent fux'ther separation of cream of tartar, and bottle. Pasteurize in
bottle at 160°.
" Note that a temperature of 165° is recommended for the first cooking and
160° for the final heating. These are high enough temperatures to keep well-
handled juice and will give a great deal less of the objectionable cooked flavor
so evident in all grape juice now on the market."
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 316).
Clarification of grape juice, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914. PP-
190, 191). — These data are noted above.
Amounts of wine and of by-products yielded by grapes in a California
winery, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914. pp. 192. 193). — '"In order
to determine the degree of efficiency of our methods of wine making in utilizing
the raw material as accurate an account as practicable was kept of the intake
and output of a winery of moderate size." The results are given in tabular
form.
"Use of sulphurous acid and pure yeast in wine making, F. T. Bioletti
(California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 191, 192). — Modern methods of using pure yeast
and sulphurous acid in the fermentation of wine were introduced into many
wineries during the last vintage with excellent results. The wines produced
were analyzed and compared with those made by the old methods in the same
districts from the same varieties of grapes.
A very marked superiority as to the lowness of the volatile acid of the wines
fermented with sulphurous acid was noted. The presence of a large number of
injurious bacteria in most of the wines fermented without sulphurous acid was
shown, not only by the high volatile acidity, but also by direct microscopic ex-
amination. The presence of a few bacteria in one-third of the wines fermented
with both sulphurous acid and pure yeast probably indicate that owing to the
greater clearness of these wines small numbers of bacteria were more easily
observed.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 209
"The benefits to be obtained from the nse of pure yeast are more complete
elimination of the sugar, as indicated in the table of analysis and higher quality
of flavor and appearance, which were noticeable."
A new method of handling the distillation residues of wines, Camille
Matignon {Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 36, pp. 386, 387).— A description of the
EfEront fermentation process for the utilization of wine distillation residues for
the preparation of organic bases, cyanids, acids (acetic, butyric, etc.), and
glycerin.
Bitter principles of olives, F. T. Bioletti (California 8ta. Rpt. 191 Jf. pp.
197-199). — In the preparation of either green or ripe olives for food one of the
points taken into consideration is the removal of the bitterness. This is accom-
plished by prolonged soaking in water, by treatment with a caustic alkali (or
lye) solution, or by a combination of both. As the exact nature of the sub-
stances to which the bitterness is due does not seem to be well understood, nor
the effect on the principles by the various pickling operations, a series of tests
was made for the purpose of throwing some light on these points.
The bitter principles are soluble in water, hot alcohol, and chloroform, and
slightly soluble in ether. In crushing olives, some of the bitterness comes out
with the juice and some remains in the pulp. The bitterness of olives is not
discharged by exact neutralization, by the presence of a slight excess of alkali,
by exact neutralization and heating under 15 lbs. pressure for one hour, by a
slight excess of hydrochloric acid and heating under pressure, by heating un-
treated juice under pressure, the presence of an excess of sodium bicarbonate,
or by fermentation with yeast. It is destroyed by using a considerable excess
of either sodium hydroxid or sodium carbonate, or a slight excess of alkali and
heating under pressure. The tests on juice alone indicated that a 2 per cent
potassium hydroxid solution will destroy the bitterness immediately, and neu-
tralization and the addition of a 0.7 per cent excess of potassium hydroxid
within 24 hours. Adding an excess of 0.56 per cent of alkali had little effect.
Owing to the resistance of the tissues of the olive to the passage of water the
bitter principles are not so readily removed by water alone. The resistance may
be diminished by soaking the olives in water containing caustic potash or soda,
and these when used in excess will hydrolize oleuropeine, a glucosid which ap-
pears to be the cause of the bitterness.
Softening- of olives, F. T. Bioletti {California l^ta. Rpt. Wlff, pp. 199, 200).—
" Certain varieties of olives, and all when overripe, tend to become soft during
the pickling processes, especially in the lye solutions. Salt may be used in
conjunction with the lye to counteract this softening effect." Tests made to
determine the proper amount of salt to use resulted in showing that 3 per cent
appears to be suitable and sufficient even with strong lye solutions.
Sizing of pickled olives, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 200,
201). — Determinations of the sizes — i. e., average diameters and corresponding
number of olives per pound — were made on a number of commercial samples of
pickled olives. The variations in each size were found to differ very much
with different brands of olives, the differences depending probably on the kind
of sizing machine employed.
Tables giving the results of the measurements are presented.
Olive paste, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, p. 200). — Certain
varieties of olives, and a certain proportion of even the largest varieties, are
too small to satisfy the popular demand for a large pickled fruit. The small
fruits are used for the manufacture of oil, but their value for this purpose is
small, although when pickled they equal or exceed the large olives in flavor.
210 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
" More or less successful attempts were made to use these small olives and
also overripe, frost-bitten, and bruised olives for the preparation of an olive
paste, which could be used in the same way as the various meat pastes com-
monly found on the market. It was found possible to remove the pits of the
fresh olives, grind up the pulp, remove the bitterness, salt to taste, and thus
produce an olive paste that was relished by everyone to whom it was sub-
mitted and usually pronounced better than any meat paste and even better
than the best ripe pickled olives. The processes tested were rapid, requiring
from 48 to less than 5 hours. It is probable that a process could be devised
which would be continuous.
" The main defects of this method of utilizing olives are the comparatively
small amount of paste yielded by a given weight of olives. . , . With the
methods used, a ton of small olives would yield on the average about 1,000 lbs.
of olive paste. As the process of manufacture is simple and inexpensive, even
this yield should be more profitable than oil-making if the public would be will-
ing to pay as much for olive paste as for meat pastes."
A history of the canning industry, edited by A. I. Judge (Nat. Canners'
Assoc. Ann. Conv., 7 {1914), PP- 162, 2>?s. 4, fiffS- HI). — Contained in this report
are a series of articles relating to various phases of the canning industiy,
among which are the history of the canning of meat, milk, tomatoes, and
corn, and the development of the canning industry in the different parts of the
United States. The report also contains statistical data concerning the packs
of corn, peas, and tomatoes, and the ripening and canning dates of certain vege-
tables and fruits.
METEOROLOGY.
Weather forecasting, S. F. Simms (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 23It-2.'tO, pi. 1; 11 (1914), No. 3, pp. J/28-435) .—This article discusses briefly
the main principles of weather forecasting and explains how such forecasts can
be made by an observant person with a few instruments at his disposal.
Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), ^'os. 7, pp. 409-
472, pis. 11, figs. 43; 8, pp. 473-518, pis. 13, figs. 15).— In addition to notes on
weather forecasts for July and August, 1914, river and flood observations, lists
of additions to the "Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorol-
ogy, the weather of the month, a condensed climatological summaiy, and cli-
matological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles :
No. 7. — Free-Air Data in Southern California, July and August, 1913, by
W. R. Blair and W. R. Gregg; The Horizontal Rainbow, by S. Fujiwhara;
Observations of Horizontal Rainbows, by K. Nakamura ; The Halos of _ Novem-
ber 1 and 2, 1913, by L. Besson ; The Different Forms of Halos and Their Ob-
servation, by L. Besson; Halos and Their Relation to the Weather, by A, H.
Palmer; The Microbic Content of Indoor and Outdoor Air, by C. E. A. Wins-
low and W. W. Browne (see p. 211) ; Theoretical Meteorology : More Particularly
the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, by W. von Bezold ; and Ice Storms of
New England.
No. 8. — The Total Radiation Received on a Horizontal Surface from the
Sun and Sky at Moimt Weather, Va. (illus.), by H. H. Kimball; The Absorp-
tion of the Atmosphere for Ultraviolet Light, by T. Lyman ; The Exudation of
Ice from Stems of Plants (illus.), by W. W. Coblentz (see p. 221) ; Are Light-
ning Flashes Unidirectional or Oscillating Electric Discharges? (illus.), by C. F.
Marvin; The Atmosphere of the Planet Mars, by W. H. Pickering; Does the
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 211
Darkest Hour Come Just Before Dawn ? and Notes on Balloon Observations and
on Waterspouts from the Voyage of La P6rouse.
The weathier and climate of Chicago, H. J. Cox and J. H. Aemington
(Geogr. Soc. Chicago Bui. J, {WW, pp. XXV -{-315, pJs. 3, figs. 110).— The char-
acteristic features of the climate and weather of Chicago are dealt with in
detail. In the main divisions of the work the order adopted is that of annual,
seasonal, and monthly values followed by a discussion of daily conditions.
Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture, cloudiness and sunshine,
wind direction and velocity, and barometric pressure are discussed in turn.
The data upon which these discussions are based are chiefly those of the
official records of the Weather Bureau beginning with the establishment of the
local weather office in October, 1S70.
Report on meteorolog'ical observations at Wisley, 1913, R. H. Curtis
{Jour. Roy. Bort. Soc. iLomlon], 40 {191^), No. i, pp. 50-64, figs. 4).— The
meteorological conditions, mainly temperature and rainfall, of each month of
the year are summarized and compared with conditions in other parts of the
United Kingdom.
The rainy season in southern Rhodesia, E. Goetz {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11
(1914), No. 5, pp. 689-702). — ^The characteristic conditions preceding and
accompanying the rainy season which begins in this region about the last of
October and ends about the last of March are briefly discussed. The rains like
most other weather changes proceed from the west to the east.
The microbic content of indoor and outdoor air, C. B. A. Winslow and
W. W. Browne {Mo. Weather Rev., 42 {1914), No. 7, pp. 452, ^53).— Examina-
tions of 353 samples of air from different sources indicate that "(1) the number
of microbes developing at 20° C. from outdoor air in suburban districts is
generally under 50 per cubic foot and rarely over 100. The count at 37° C.
for such air is about half that at 20° C. and rarely over 50 per cubic foot. The
number of mouth streptococci in such air is small — in the neighborhood of 10
per 100 cu. ft. The air from more remote regions would no doubt show still
smaller numbers.
"(2) The air of city streets shows a slightly higher number of microbes, but
the general relations are much the same in all the respects noted above.
"(3) The air of occupied spaces shows, as might be expected, larger average
numbers of bacteria and much greater fluctuations. The 20°-count may average
over 100 microbes per cubic foot, as in the factories studied, and may i-each 700
or more as in some of the offices. The 37°-count averaged over 50 both in fac-
tories and offices and was nearly as high as the 20° -count in the latter case.
A few very high 37 "-counts were obtained, two between 1,000 and 2,000 in
offices, 'and one of 5,200 in the country, the latter clearly abnormal. Mouth
streptococci are much more abundant in indoor air, ranging from 20 to 40 per
100 cu. ft. of air, and the I'esults bear out the conclusion that the number of
these organisms furnishes a good measure of mouth pollution due to concen-
tration of population in confined spaces."
SOILS— FEETIUZERS.
The fertility in Iowa soils, P. E. Brown {loiva Sta. Bnl. 150 {1914), pp. 89-
152, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the soils of Iowa with reference to plant
food content, progi-essive removal of plant food by crops, and methods and re-
quirements for the maintenance of fertility, and reports chemical analyses of
212
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
3G6 samples of soils taken at three different depths in 122 different localities in
the State, the average results of which are given in the following table:
Plant food in loxoa soilts.
Soil area.
Number
of samples
analyzed.
Total
calcium.
Total
inorganic
carbon.
Total
organic
carbon.
Total
nitrogen.
Total
phos-
phorus.
Total
potas-
sium.
In pounds per 2,000,000 pounds
of surface soil (fi-fJ'i inches).
Missouri loess
Mississippi loess
Southern Iowa loess
Wisconsin drift
lowan drift
In pounds per 4,000,000 pounds
of subsurface soil (SJ-^O in.).
Missouri loess
Mississippi loess
Southern Iowa loess
Wiseonsm drift
lowan drift
In pounds per 6,000,000 pounds
of subsoil {20-40 in.).
Missouri loess ,
Mississippi loess
Southern Iowa loess
Wiseonsm drift
lowan drift
Pounds.
12,059
10,912
10, 522
18,975
22,838
19, 766
20, 418
29, 401
18,199
34,805
32,620
35,576
257,9.54
24, 795
Pounds.
117
90
74
135
97
162
132
107
382
168
288
138
118
48,727
258
Pounds.
48, 895
51,320
55,424
69, 730
57,211
67,934
65,061
71,976
98, 765
74,169
.55,041
49, 140
48, 876
54,825
42, 637
Pounds.
4,017
4,110
4,464
5,458
4,526
5,265
5,2.32
5,596
8,011
5,716
4,110
4,037
3,909
4,255
3,372
Pounds.
1,538
1,361
1,368
1,395
1,289
2,697
2,204
2,089
2,217
2,207
3,892
3,003
2,972
3,253
2,889
Pounds.
33,875
31,100
32,584
28,742
22,247
67,382
64,069
65,984
55,800
48,019
96,372
91,980
93, 119
77,500
72,380
From these analyses it is concluded that " there is not an inexhaustible supply
of either phosphorus or potassium in the soils of the State," although " if the
content of the soil in these constituents to a depth of 40 in. is considered the
'life' of the soil may be considerably lengthened." Maintenance of the supply
of potash requires less emphasis at this time than the keeping up of the supply
of phosphorus. It is pointed out that in many cases it is just as essential, if not
more so, with many of the soils to maintain suitable moi-sture and air conditions
by proper cultivation, and to keep the soil " sweet " by means of ground lime-
stone and well stocked with organic matter by means of green manure and barn-
yard manure as it is to keep up the plant food supply by means of fertilizers.
Analyses of gumbo and peat soils are also reported. The infertility of gumbo
soils is said to be due to their physical condition rather than to a lack of plant-
food constituents. Physical methods of treatment of such soils are urged with
possibly the application of phosphoric acid to insure their continued fertility.
The addition of plant-food constituents is said to be also unnecessary for peat
soils at present, but proper physical treatment is particularly needed, together
with a system of cropping.
An investigation of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the various soil tyi^es of the
State showed, that, not only in the surface soils but also in the subsurface and
subsoils, in no case was the ratio narrow enough to show the lack of easily
decomposable matter.
Soil acidity and the liming of Iowa soils, P. E. Brown, F. B. Howe, and
M. E. Sar (lotca Sta. Bui. 151 {191J,), pp. 156-200, fig. i).— This bulletin dis-
cusses causes and effects of soil acidity, reports comparative tests of methods
of detecting soil acidity, and gives the results of examinations for soil acidity
of the various classes of Iowa soils. A study of the sources, kinds, and methods
of application of lime compounds best suited to correct acidity in these soils
is also reported.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 213
" The results of tests of many samples from the five large soil areas in Iowa
show that soils in the Mississippi loess, the southern Iowa loess, and the lowan
drift areas are very apt to be acid while those in the Wisconsin drift are only
occasionally in need of lime and those in the Missouri loess are very rarely in
an acid condition.
" The average amounts of limestone needed by acid soils in the large areas
have been calculated and average recommendations have been made. When
soils within the Missouri loess and Wisconsin drift areas show acidity an appli-
cation of 3i to 4 tons of limestone per acre may be regarded as the proper
amount to use in most cases. Three and one-half to 44 tons of limestone per
acre is the average recommendation for the Mississippi loess, 34 to 5 tons per
acre for the southern Iowa loess, and 4 to 5^ tons per acre for the lowan drift.
"Acid soils in these three latter areas are usually underlaid by acid sub-
surface soils and subsoils, and as the limestone requirement is determined only
for the surface soil future tests of the soils will be necessary to insure the
maintenance of a basic reaction, even after the application now recommended
is made.
"After acidity in the soil has once been entirely neutralized the use of 1 to 2
tons of limestone per acre once in four or five years should prove ample to
keep the soil from becoming acid."
The comparative tests of methods for detecting soil acidity indicated that
the A'eitch and litmus paper methods are very satisfactory when made by
experienced persons. The litmus paper test is especially recommended for field
use.
Ground limestone or limestone screenings are considered the cheapest and
best form of lime to use on Iowa soils, being fully as satisfactory as hydrated
or caustic lime and not subject to the objection of causing injurious effects in
the soil. The limestone can be more cheaply secured in the State than the
other forms.
The utilization of muck lands, C. S. Robinson (Michigan Sta. Bid. 273
(1914), PP- 3-29, figs. 8). — This is a general discussion of types, agricultural
uses, crop adaptations, and fertilizer requirements of muck lands, based in
part upon work done by the Michigan Station and in part upon other investi-
gations.
Swamp lands are said to constitute one-seventh of the total area of the State,
a large portion of which could be developed in a practical way for the per-
manent production of crops by draining and fertilization. " Potash and phos-
phoric acid are the mineral fertilizing elements which give the best returns,
while barnyard manure also causes a large crop increase in most cases. Except
on distinctly acid deposits, lime does not as a rule give good results.
"[Muck] deposits which are not suited to the direct production of crops may
be used to reinforce manure either in composting or as a stable litter. In this
way the manurial value of the muck is increased while the valuable ingredients
of the mixture may be materially enhanced by the addition of phosphatic
material."
Soil survey of Ralls County, Missouri, A. T. Sweet and W. I. Watkins
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. J^l,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the University of
Missouri, was issued November 24, 1914. It deals with an area of 307,840 acres
in northeastern Missouri which comprises three distinct topographic divisions,
the level or gently rolling uplands, the hilly regions, and the bottom lands or
stream flood plains.
214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The county is drained almost entirely by the Salt River and its tributaries.
Many areas in the county are in need of drainage. The soils of the county are
grouped according to origin into residual, glacial, loessial, and alluvial soils.
Eleven types are mapped, of which the Putnam silt and Shelby loams are the
most extensive. " There is a general need in Ralls County for the more
extensive growing of clover and cowpeas, the moi-e careful and liberal use of
manure and of green fertilizers, the application of lime, deeper plowing fol-
lowed by more persistent surface cultivation, to collect and hold moisture, and
the intelligent use of commercial fertilizers."
Soil survey of Cass County, Nebraska, A. H. Meyee, R. J. Scarboeough,
ET AL. (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913,
pp. 46, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the University of
Nebraska, was issued October 12, 1914. It deals with the soil types and crop
adaptabilities of an area of 353,280 acres located in the extreme eastern part of
Nebraska and comprising three general topographic divisions, viz, uplands, ter-
races, and river bottoms. In texture the majority of the upland and terrace
soils are silty, while those of the bottom lands vary from a loose, incoherent
sand to a heavy clay. Seventeen soil types are mapped, of which the Marshall
silt loam is the most extensive and the most important for grain farming.
Every part of the county is said to be, in general, well drained. Grain farming
is the chief type of agriculture practiced.
Soil survey of Forsyth County, North Carolina, R. T. At.t.ex and R. C.
JuBNET {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils', 1913,
pp. 28, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the North Caro-
lina Department of Agriculture, was issued October 31, 1914. It deals with
an area of 253,440 acres in northwestern North Carolina, which topograpliically
is a high plateau dissected by numerous streams and having a generally rolling
and uneven surface. Drainage is said to be well established, the greater part
of the area being drained by the Yadkin River and its tributaries. The soils
of the county are of residual and alluvial origin. Six types are mapped, of
which the Cecil series is the most important and extensive, covering more than
SO per cent of the county. " Most of the soils of Forsyth County are capable
of being built up and maintained in a high state of productiveness."
Soil survey of Union County, South Carolina, 0. Lounsbury et al. {TJ. S.
Dept. Agr., Advanee Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 36, fig. 1,
map 1). — This survey, issued November 9, 1914, deals with an area of 327.6S0
acres in the northwestern part of South Carolina. The general topogi'aphy of
the county is that of a modei'ately sloping plain thoroughly dissected by stream
erosion. "Topographically most of the land is suitable for agricultural opera-
tions, but there are many slopes sufficiently steep to cause the soils to erode
badly under cultivation, unless terraced or left in timber or grass." The drain-
age is to the southeast, eventually entering the Broad River. The soils of the
county are separated into 15 different types, 12 of which occupy the residual
uplands and 3 the alluvial bottom lands. The Cecil sandy and Cecil clay loams
are the most extensive types. "Average crop yields are low, owing to poor
practice rather than poor soils. . . . Commercial fertilizers are depended upon
for crop production, and little attention is given to the increase or maintenance
of the organic supply of the soils."
Soil survey of Henrico County, Virginia, W. J. Latimer and M. W. Beck
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 38,
fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, issued October 15, 1914, deals with an area of
168,960 acres near the center of Virginia, the topography of which varies from
gently rolling or hilly to gently inidulating or level. The county embraces a
large variety of soils, ranging from well-drained uplands and poorly-drained
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 215
flat uplands to productive bottom lands. The upland soils are broadly divided
into Piedmont and Coastal Plain soils and the alluvial soils into overflowed
stream bottoms and bench lands which are not subject to overflow. Twenty-
seven soil types, varying from a silty clay loam to a gravelly sandy loam are
mapped. " There are no two [types] which have exactly the same crop adapta-
tion, crop value, or fertilizer, lime, drainage, or tillage requirement." It is
stated that nearly all of the land in the county can be farmed and is, or has
been, under cultivation.
" The majority of the soils are very productive, some of them representing
the strongest soil types of the Southeastern States. The lighter soils respond
very readily to good treatment and are excellent for early truck crops. The
' slash lands ' represent the poorest soil in the county. These need thorough
drainage before they can be most profitably cropped."
Systematic study of the soils of the Netherlands in the interest of agri-
culture, J. G. Maschhaupt (Cultura, 26 {WW, No. 311, pp. 235-240} .—The
author suggests the reorganization of the soil studies at the agricultural ex-
periment stations in the Netherlands on a more systematic basis, taking account
of the various geological, physical, chemical, and agronomic factors.
The scouring lands of Somerset and Warwickshire, C. T. Gimingham (Jour.
Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (191-',), No. 3, pp. 328-3^6) .—Further studies of the
so-called "teart" lands (E. S. R., 28, p. 216) which cause scouring in cattle at
certain times of the year led to the conclusion " that scouring is due to the
physiological action of some constituent or constituents of the herbage which
are not normally present but only occur under special soil (and weather)
conditions; and further that the soil conditions are determined by the texture
and can be removed when the texture is appropriately changed."
Soil culture primer, H. W. Campbell, revised and edited by R. A. Haste
{Lincoln, Nchr., 1914, 4- ed., rev., pp. 108, figs. 24). — This is the fourth revised
edition of this manual dealing especially with the author's method of soil
culture for semiarid regions. It presents in a brief elementary way what is
treated in detail in the author's larger manual on the subject (E. S. R., 19,
p. 42S).
A nitrogenous soil constituent: Tetracarbonimid, E. C. Shoeey and E. H.
Walters (U. S. Dept. Agr., Joiir. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 175-178).—
The isolation from soils and identification of tetracarbonimid (C^HiNiOi) are
described. The substance was isolated from a number of different kinds of
soils from various localities indicating that it " is not an uncommon or acci-
dental soil constituent."
In one case as much as 30 mg. of the substance was obtained from IS kg. of
soils notwithstanding a loss in purification of at least 50 per cent. It is esti-
mated that an acre-foot of the soil contained approximately 7 lbs. of tetra-
carbonimid representing 2.3 lbs. of soil nitrogen. "This soil had a total nitro-
gen content of 0.13 per cent, or approximately 5,200 lbs. of nitrogen per acre-
foot, and it appears that the quantity of tetracarbonimid nitrogen is at any one
time but a very small part of the total." However, some evidence was obtained
in the investigation " indicating that the quantity of tetracarbonimid fluctuates
under varying conditions of cultivation or crop growth," and may under certain
conditions represent " an important step in the transformations that organic
nitrogen undergoes in the soil."
Recent investigations of soil concretions due to manganese or lime, M.
Helbig {Natiirw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12 {1914), No. 8, pp. 385-392). —
Nut-shaped inorganic concretions of about 3 cm. diameter were found at about
22 cm. depth in soil overlying a bed of diluvial sand. These contained on the
average 26.8 per cent manganese dioxid, 23.5 per cent ferric oxid, and 10.5 per
216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cent aluminum oxid. and constituted about 44.24 per cent of the total soil. The
conditions of their occurrence are said to indicate that they are of recent local
origin, and although several theories are advanced no satisfactory explanation
of the manner of their origin is given. Similar concretions were found in a
sandpit in a diluvial loess loam underlain by a strongly kaolinized leached out
porphyry, which in turn rests on diluvial sand. It is thought that these
originate from the precipitation in place of manganese, and iron in solution
coming from below.
The origin of a limestone concretion found in the Rhine Valley is attributed
to the precipitation of leachings from adjacent limestone cliffs.
The necessity for determining the water content of soil on the basis of
the soil volume, R. Kegel {Trudy Biuro Prikl. Bot. (Bui. Angeic. Bot.), 7
{IDUf), No. Jf, pp. 257-262). — Soil moisture determinations at different depths
and at different parts of each of several experimental plats showed no corre-
spondence between the quantity of soil moisture and crop development, owing
mainly it is thought to the varying specific weights of the soil. It is concluded
that to correlate more accurately soil moisture content and crop development
the determination of soil moisture contributing to crop development .should be
based not on the weight but on a fixed volume of soil.
A study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils, J. E.
Greaves {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., U {WW, No. 11-17, pp. ^.J.M59).— A
study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils from nine farms
in Utah, situated at various places within a radius of 45 miles, is reported.
The soils varied in physical composition from a heavy clay to a fine sand, and
were well stocked with calcium carbonate and plant food elements with the ex-
ception of nitrogen. The number of organisms, the amount of nitric nitrogen,
and the nitrogen fixation were found to be twice as great in cultivated soils as
in virgin soils. Wheat soils contained greater numbers of organisms and more
nitric nitrogen than alfalfa soils, but nitrogen fixation was slightly greater in
the latter. Nitrogen fixation was greater in soils comparatively rich in com-
bined nitrogen than in those poor in organic nitrogen. Cultivation of the soil
increased bacterial activity and available plant food.
It is thought likely " that a part of the increase in crops which results from
summer fallowing, disking, and the like is due to increased available plant food
of the soil brought about by increased bacterial activities. The various micro-
scopic nitrogen fixing organisms of the soil play an as yet unmeasured, but ap-
preciable part in the maintenance of the nitrogen content of the cultivated arid
soils. The abundance of Azotobacter present in the soil and the ideal condition
prevailing for their activity make it appear that it is this species that play
the greatest part in fixing the nitrogen."
Bacteriological studies of field soils. — III, The effects of barnyard manure,
P. E. Brown {Iowa Sta. Research Bui. 13 {19U), pp. .i21-US) .—The work
here reported has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 31,
p. 121).
To what extent can the results of fertilizer and variety tests be influenced
and thus lead to false conclusions? B. Rogalski {IUus. Landw. Ztg., 34
{19W, Nos. 43, pp. iOO, 401; 44, pp. ^07, //OS).— The various factors which
must be taken into consideration in planning and in drawing deductions from
the results of such experiments are discussed.
Results of fertilizer experiments carried on in the years 1911-1913 at
Lauchstadt and Gross-Liibars, Schneidewind and D. Meyer {Mitt. Deut.
Landic. Gesell., 29 {1914), No. 28, pp. 406-409) .—Tests of various green manur-
ing plants (serradella, yellow and white clovers, peas, beans, and lupines) on
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 217
sugar beets and potatoes are reported. The direct and after effects of the
manures are discussed.
Experiments with fertilizers in Java, A. W. K. De Jong {Dept. Landb.,
Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Mcded. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 6 {191Jf),
pp. 1-65). — Experiments with fertilizers, particularly superphosphate, on dif-
ferent Java soils are reported. The crop most largely experimented with was
rice, but experiments were made with other crops including sugar beets, sweet
potatoes, corn, and tobacco. The most pronounced result obtained was the evi-
dence of a general need of phosphoric acid in the soils.
The fertilizing of fish ponds, W. Hamee (Mitt. Land. Fisch. Vet: Herzog.
Oldenburg, Jf {1911,), No. 2; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chcm., J,3 (191^), No. 8, p.
571). — Comparative tests on a number of fish ponds of various fertilizer mix-
tures used to increase the aquatic growths which the fish can consume and thus
reduce the amount of food which must be supplied them are reported. It was
found that the most profitable returns in fish produced were from the use of a
mixture of potash and Thomas slag.
The nitrog'en of processed fertilizers, E. C. Lathrop (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui.
158 (1914), pp. 24)- — An account is given in this bulletin of studies of the
nitrogenous compounds occurring in a fertilizer made by the treatment of vari-
ous trade wastes and refuse such as hair, garbage tankage, leather scraps, etc.,
with rock phosphate and the requisite amount of sulphuric acid.
It was found that the hydrolysis of the protein was almost complete, the
nitrogenous compounds in the finished fertilizer being principally the products
of primary protein decomposition, together with a small amount of a proteose-
like compound. Among the nitrogenous compounds isolated were guanin, hy-
poxanthin, arginin, histidin, lysin, leucin, and tyrosin, as well as a proteose-
like compound which was found to be composed of acid amid radicals, diamino
acid radicals, especially lysin, and monoamiuo acid radicals, particularly the
monoamino acids which contain nonamino nitrogen.
" From a consideration of the amount and the physiological action on plants
of the different forms of nitrogen present in the fertilizer it is concluded that
the water soluble nitrogen of this fertilizer should have an availability equal to
or greater than the nitrogen of dried blood, or other high-grade fertilizers.
These results are in accord with the results obtained by the plant method of
determining availability."
The general principle underlying this method of rendering available the
nitrogen in trade waste is, therefore, shown to be either partial or complete
hydrolysis of the protein, resulting in products which are not only directly
utilized as nutrients by plants, but are more easily ammonified in the soil than
the more complex compounds such as peptones, proteoses, and the proteins
themselves.
On the presence of nitrites in calcium cyanamid, C. Manuelli (Ann. Chim.
Appl. [Rome], 1 {191.'t), No. 3-.'f, pp. 110-114). — Calcium cyanamid was found to
contain a maximum of 0.56 per cent calcium nitrite.
The synthetic use of metals in organic chemistry, A. J. Hale (Philadelphia,
1914, PP- XI -{-169). — This book contains a section explaining fully the reactions
involved in the fixation of free nitrogen resulting in the formation of calcium
cyanamid which is of special interest from the standpoint of agricultural
science.
Phosphate deposits in the Mississippian rocks of northern Utah, W.
Peterson (Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), ^^0. 1038, pp. 755, 756). — Examinations of
phosphate exposed in a cliff of very compact bluish gray limestone outcropping
along the sides of the Logan River Canyon in Utah are reported. The zone of
218 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
which this is an outcrop is said to be more than 100 ft. thick and " consists of
layers of phosphate and blacls and brown shale with interstratified layers of
sandy limestone. In extent it is known to outcrop in a north-south direction for
more than 40 miles, and sections studied show it to have an area of more than
100 square miles. It has been reported as far south as Ogden Canyon, but no
detailed section has been measured in that locality."
Samples containing as high as 68.59 per cent of tricalcium phosphate were
obtained from this outcrop.
The production and fertilizer value of citric- soluble phosphoric acid and
potash, W. H. Waggaman (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1J,3 (19U), pP- i2).— Previous
investigations bearing on this subject are reviewed and a method devised by
the author for obtaining both potash and phosphoric acid in forms soluble in
citric acid is described. This consists in mixing phosphate rock and feldspar,
adding small quantities of iron and manganese oxids to promote fluidity or
lower the melting point of the slag and heating the mixture to about 1,400° C.
for about 20 minutes. This was found to give a product soluble not only in 2
per cent citric acid, but also fairly soluble in water saturated with carbon
dioxid.
" Pot tests with typical soils showed that the [material] increased the growth
of wheat plants, but the beneficial effect derived from such applications was
not, on the whole, as marked as it was when more soluble forms of phosphate
and potash were used. The indications are, however, that the slag product has
a distinct high fertilizer value."
Progress in the potash industry in 1913, H. Hof (Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914),
No. lOJf-105, pp. IO45-IO47). — This is a brief review of literature appearing
during the year bearing upon the geology, mineralogy, and general chemistry
of potash deposits, and the technical chemistry, manufacturing methods and
appliances, and agricultural use of potash products.
Ashes of hedge clippings and trimmings as a source of potash, E. J.
Russell (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 8, pp. 694-691!).— It is shown
in this article that under favorable conditions hedge clippings and cleanings
will yield at the rate of about 20 lbs. of ash containing about 10 per cent of
potash for each 100 yards of hedge annually. It is also shown that the screen-
ings and other waste from threshing grain will give about 52 lbs. per aci*e of
ash containing 11.2 per cent of potash.
Potassium salts and agriculture {Nature [London], 94 {1914), No. 2350, p.
287). — This is a brief note on the iwssible sources of potash for the British
farm aside from the German potash salts. The sources referred to include kelp
and hedge clippings (see above). The author expresses the opinion that "tak-
ing all circmustances into consideration, ... it does not appear that British
agriculture will suffer for two or three years from potash starvation."
On the so-called potash lime, a by-product of potash works, P. Ehrenberg
and O. NoLTE {Jour. Landw., 62 {1914), No. 3, pp. 235-284).— The material
used in the experiments reported in this article contained 0.45 per cent of
potash, 42.1 of lime, and 5.3 of magnesia. Its fertilizing value, both as a source
of potash and of lime, was tested in comparison with lime ash in a series of
pot experiments with various crops on sandy and loam soil. The results of
these experiments showed a very low fertilizing value for the material.
Outline of the relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil,
E. O. FrppiN {N&io York Cornell 8ta. Circ. 25 {1914), PP- 41-49) .'—This is a
brief popular discussion of the subject.
Recent investigations on magnesia, E. Miege and Compain {Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 19, pp. 532, 533). — Recent investigations on the lime-
magnesia ratio are briefly reviewed.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 219
The utilization of fish and marine animals as sources of oil and manure
{Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kciusington], 12 (WUf), No. 3, pp. J,29-U2) .—This article
describes briefly methods of manufacture of flsh manure, cost of fish-reduction
plants, kinds and composition of different fish used, and the quality and fer-
tilizing value of fish scrap of different kinds.
Fish meal and fish manure (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 21 (1914), No. 8, pp.
688-694)- — This is a brief summaiy of information on this subject. Analyses
and methods of use of fish feeds and manure are given.
Transformation of vinasse into fertilizer, L. Roos (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed.
VEst-Ccntre), 35 (1914), No. 4'h PP- W, W^)- — Brief directions are given for
mixing this material with other fertilizing substances to produce a balanced
fertilizer.
Hoad sweeping's as manure (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 8, p.
755). — An analysis is reported which shows road sweepings to be "little if at
all richer than ordinary soil, as far as manurial value is concerned." The sam-
ples examined contained 0.5 per cent of lime, 0.2 per cent of phosphoric acid,
and 0.0S6 per cent of nitrogen. The potash is not reported.
Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and F. T. Wilson (Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 24
(1914), No. 4, pp. 89-114, 126-135, 140-164).— A.n account is given of the fer-
tilizer inspection during 1914, including analyses of fertilizers examined, with
notes on laws and regulations and valuation of fertilizers. There are also spe-
cial articles on home mixing and on commercial fertilizers from the manufac-
turer's viewpoint (by Mrs. N. M. G. Prange).
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. E. Curtis (Kentucky Sta. Bui. Ill
(1913), tip. 413-591). — Analyses and valuations of 735 brands of commercial
fertilizers examined during 1913 are reported.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. M. STACfKHOUSE, R. N. Beackett,
ET AL. (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 117 (1914), pp. 93). — ^This bulletin reports
and discusses analyses and valuations of 2,539 samples of commercial fertilizers
examined during the season of 1913-14.
The quality of the fertilizers offered for sale in South Carolina during the sea-
son is compared with that of fertilizers examined in previous years. It is
shown that 21.85 per cent of the fertilizers examined during 1913-14 were de-
ficient in one or more ingredients as compared with 20.6 per cent during the
previous year.
A table is given showing results of determinations of the nitrogen availability
of various nitrogenous materials as shown by the Street method. The results
show an average availability of at least 85 per cent of the total organic nitrogen
and indicate raw materials of good quality.
Commercial fertilizers in 1913—14, G. S. Fbaps (Texas Sta. Bill. 168, pp.
3-34)- — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers inspected during the season of
1913-14 are reported, with collateral information regarding fertilizers and fer-
tilizer inspection, and a list of registered brands is given. The consumption of
fertilizers in the State during the period covered by the inspection is estimated
to have been 77,400 tons.
The South and the fertilizer industry (Manfrs. Rec., 65 (1914), No. 24, pp.
4t, 48). — Statistics of the production and consumption of fertilizers in the
Southern States as compared with the whole United States are presented and
discussed.
AGRICTJLTURAL BOTANY.
A botanical lexicon, P. G. Gennadius (Lexikon Phytologikon. Athens, 1914,
pp. 16-\-1148). — This lexicon gives the names, habitat, and characteristics of
more than 10,000 species of useful and ornamental plants with accounts of their
220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
bistories, uses, culture, diseases, etc. Appendixes are given which include the
scientific names, English and French common names, synonyms, etc.
Contributions on plant breeding (Beitr. Pflanzetizucht, No. 4 (1914), PP-
VIII +162, figs. 24). — This report, issued by the Society for the Advancement
of Plant Breeding in Germany, gives an account of the fourth meeting at Bonn,
June 1-3, 1913, with the addresses delivered on the subjects listed below, and
discussions by numerous members: New Aims in Plant Breeding, by T. Remy;
The Production of Species Through Crossing and the Cause of Variability, by
J. P. Lotsy ; Modifications of Grape Stoclis Through Breeding, by Dern ; Sexual
Propagation in Plants and its Significance in Heredity, by M. Ivoernicke; Ten
Years of Practical Plant Breeding in Baltersbach (Winter Wheat, Maize, Peas,
etc.), by Pflug; Plant Breeding as a Developmental Factor in Colonial Agricul-
ture, by T. Roemer; The Problems and Practices in the Production of Tobacco
Seed, by H. Lange; Application of Results of Recent Investigations to Plant
Breeding in Agricultural Practice, by Dix ; and Beet Raising for Feeding Pur-
poses, by Tritschler.
Hereditary variations in. chlorophyll content of cereals, H. Nilsson-Ehle
(Ztschr. Induktivc Abstani. v. Vcrerhungslehre, 9 (1913), No. 4, pp. 289-300, pi.
1). — Selective breeding experiments with several domestic cereals exhibiting
occasionally plants lacking chlorophyll or having other colors are said to have
led to the general conclusion that such variations in chloi-ophyll content are
recessive in relation to the normal or green color. It is pointed out that this
finding agrees with that of Emerson (E. S. R., 28, p. 231) for maize.
Tobacco investigations, W. A. Setchell (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP-
152-156). — An outline is given of investigations in tobacco breeding which are
carried on under the author's direction.
These different investigations include attempts to analyze the various factors
entering into the general inheritance, particularly to that of the flower, the
behavior of sterile and partially sterile hybrids, the fixation of hybrids, experi-
ments with the common peasant tobacco of Europe and the behavior of hybrids
between the difi'erent varieties, hj'brids between certain species of tobacco grow-
ing wild in California or cultivated by the Indians of that region, and observa-
tion of the parents of the various hybrids, together with a general study of
species of Nicotiana for future experimentation.
Variation in bacteria, E. O. Jordan (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 40 (1914),
No. 1039, p. 776). — The author has attempted to distinguish in specific cases
between true mutations and the more or less permanent adaptive modifications
in bacteria that are due to environmental conditions, and to determine the
relative value of each in the formation of so-called bacterial species and va-
rieties. The effect of the acclimatization upon bacteria is considered as part
of the problem.
The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — III, The red and magenta
pigments, Muriel Wheldale and H. L. Bassett (Blochem. Jour., S (1914),
No. 2, pp. 204-208). — In continuation of work noted on page 202. the authors
state that there are only two kinds of anlhocyanin in Antirrhinum, red and ma-
genta. Admixture with ivory pigment (apigenin) leaves these colors unaffected,
but admixture with yellow pigment (luteolin) gives two other colors, bronze and
crimson, respectively. Both red and magenta anthocyanin occur in varying
amounts, giving rise to tinged, pale, and deep varieties, and both contain more
oxygen than do the flavones, the percentage in the magenta being the higher.
It is thought that if anthocyanins are derived from flavones the process is in
part one of oxidation, as the anthocyanin molecules are thought to be larger than
is the flavone molecule. If a flavone constitutes the chromogen, condensation
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 221
must take place, either of two flavoue molecules or of a flavone with one or more
molecules of an aromatic acid or phenol.
This work, discontinued for lack of pure material, is expected to be carried
forward later and to throw liglit upon the constitution of anthocyanins.
Distribution of stomata in some graminaceous seedlings, E. Zaepffel
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (.1914), No. 2, pp. 205-207; ahs. in Pharm.
Jour. [London], J,, ser., 39 (19U), No. 2652, p. 251; Qard. Chron., 3. ser., 56
(1914)- No. m6, p. 192). — Studies herein described regarding the location of
stomata on growing seedlings of wheat, oats, Panicum altissimum, and Pas-
palum stoJonifcrum in connection with localization of heliotropic response of the
different parts apparently tend to indicate that the region of the cotyledon in
which the stomata are most abundant is that of greatest heliotropic sensitivity.
The transpiration current in plants, II, J. M. Janse (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.
[Fringsheim], 52 {1913), No. 5, pp. 509-602, figs. 12; aT)S. in Bot. CentU., 123
(1913), No. 22, pp. 565, 566). — In continuance of a previous contribution (E. S.
R., 20, p. 324) dealing chiefly with water movements concerned in transpiration,
the author here discusses the apparent agency of the roots in this connection,
including the activity of endodermal cells as studied in vascular plants, views
of some other authors being given. The protoplast alone is credited with work
so done, the exact character of its action remaining unknown.
The activities of the protoplasts in the cells concerned with water trans-
port, J. M. Janse (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], 52 (1913), No. 5, pp. 603-
621, figs. 2). — Discussing data and conclusions above mentioned, the author
suggests the possible efficacy, in this connection, of a hydrolytic ferment in the
cell protoplasm; of ready reversibility in reactions (hydrolytic processes in
some cases requiring but little energy for their accomplishment or reversal) ;
of circulation in cell contents, bringing any given portion alternately to oppo-
site sides of the cell ; of synchronism between reversal of reaction and circula-
tion period; and of the above ferment as controlling the direction and extent
of the reaction even in the presence of considerable opposing forces.
Osmotic pressure of some epiphytes and parasites, G. Senn (Verhandl.
Naturf. Gesell. Basel, 2/,. (1913), pp. i79-iS3).— This is a study of the osmotic
pressure of the cell sap of some parasites and epiphytes and of other plants
from the same localities. The results, as tabulated, tend to show that parasites
possess a higher osmotic pressure than their corresponding host plants, with
the possible exception of certain succulent species of both classes.
The exudation of ice from stems of plants, W. W. Coblentz (Mo. Weather
Rev., Jt2 (19U), No. 8, pp. Jt90-Jt99, pis. 5, figs. 7).— In this paper the author
describes the formation of ice fringes upon the dittany (Cunila mariana).
The data given are based upon experiments and observations in the field and
laboratory, from which it appears that the ice foi-mation is not a function of
the surface condition of the stem. The ice was found to be formed on stems
without roots, and consequently it can not be considered as a result of hydro-
static pressure exerted by the roots. The ice fringe was found to be a com-
posite of a number of very thin ribbons, the composition of which is described.
It is considered that moisture is brought to the surface by capillary action,
and when the rate of supply to the surface is more rapid than the loss by
evaporation, ice is formed if the air is at a sufficiently low tempei'ature.
Method of determining the life duration of seeds, W. Crocker and J. F.
Groves (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., J^O (1914), No. 1039, pp. 775. 776).— The authors
briefly outline various theories regarding the cause of the loss of vitality in
seeds and give a preliminary account of investigations to test the hypothesis
that the loss of vitality is due to a slow coagulation of cell proteins of the
222 EXPERIMEiTT STATION RECORD.
embryo. This was tested by making a study of the life duration of seeds at two
high temperatures, and using these values to express the relation between time
and temperature for the coagulation of protein formation to determine the life
duration at any desired temperature.
Plant autographs and their revelations, J. C. Bose (Nature [London'], 93
U914), No. 2334, PP- 546-550, figs. 10; noted in Agr. News [Barbados], 13
(1914), No. 322, p. 279). — ^This is a condensed account of the author's recent
investigations (E. S. R., 30, p. 429).
Results of 12 methods employed ai'e elaimed to agree in showing that the
nervous impulse in plants is fundamentally identical in character with that in
animals. Its velocity of transmission in plants tested was less than in those
of the higher, but greater than in those of the lower, animals, being affected
by conditions in both cases.
The rate of plant growth and its variations under the action of food materials
and different forms of stimulation can be recorded very quickly, it is claimed,
by the crescograph, an instrument devised by the author, which offers a delicate
means of testing the effects of foods, stimuli, etc., in agricultural experi-
mentation.
A comparison of the responses of sessile and motile plants and animals,
V. E. Shelford (Amer. Nat., 48 (1914), No. 575, pp. 641-674). — On account of
the increased attention the biologists are giving to responses to stimuli, the
author presents an analysis of the kinds or aspects of response, the kinds of
response that are comparable, and the bearing of response phenomena on
biological theory and controversy.
The paper aims to show that the numerous kinds of resjionse are reducible
to a few simple types common to both plants and animals and that the failure
to consider all types has been responsible for confusion and various one-sided
theories.
A bibliography is appended.
Thermotropism of roots, Sophia Eckebson (Bot. Gaz., 58 (1914), No. 3, pp.
254-263, figs. 6). — ^An investigation of seedlings of Raphanus satirus and PUum
sativuin, whose roots were exposed to unilateral warming, and a study of
permeability of roots of these plants are said to show that thermotropic curva-
tures of roots and permeability of their cells to solutes both vary with species
and with temperatures employed. It is also stated that the greater permeability
is on the concave side of the root, changing with the thermotropic reaction,
these two showing an exact pa*'allel, and turgor change due to permeability
accounting for the curvature. Heat also acts here not as a stimulus, but by
affecting permeability as a direct factor producing curvature. The general
conclusion is reached that thermotropism is not a tropism but a turgor move-
ment.
On the nutritive conditions determining the growth of certain fresh-
water and soil protista, H. G. Thornton and G. Smith (Proc. Roy. Sac.
[London], Ser. B, 88 (1914), No. B 601, pp. 151-165, pi. 1. figs. 2).— This is a
preliminary study of the determining causes of changes noted in the successive
but usually irregular developmental phases of certain organisms.
A study of the cultures of soil flagellates is said to show that, as compared
with Euglena, they are able to live in cultures to which organic compounds of
varying natures have been added, this comparative impartiality being the
result of the holozoic mode of nutrition, and the development of the flagellates
being dependent on the bacterial growth. It is said also that the presence of
Miquel salts in the solution is necessary for the growth of the soil flagellates
and for the proper development of the different types of bacteria upon which
they feed.
FIELD CROPS. 223
Photochemical studies on the assimilation of nitrites and nitrates, O.
Baudisch and E. Mayer (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. CJiem., 89 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 175-227; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 617, I,
p. 365). — The authors claim to have shown that under suitable IHumiuation
both nitrates and nitrites give off oxygen, this result being due mainly to the
ultraviolet rays. In solutions of potassium nitrite in alcohol or aldehyde the
corresponding hydroxamic acids are produced. On prolonged illumination
amino-compounds, and probably nitrogenous cyclo-compounds, are formed after
the disappearance of the nitrite and the hydroxamic acid. This is said to be
the first instance of the conversion of nitrites and nitrates into organic nitro-
gen compounds by the action of light. It is thought probable that in plants the
same process may take place since here the factors nitrates, formaldehyde, and
light are present.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
The influence of salt on plants, A. J. Ewart {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria,
12 {1914), No. 7, pp. 420-423). — Experiments were carried out in 1912 and 1913
primarily to determine the after-effect of a salt dressing and how long the
effect lasts. Figures are given for eight common crops.
A very heavy salt dressing retarded germination, the seeds in some cases rot-
ting in the soil. The injurious action of salt where it appeared is said to have
been due mainly to osmotic influence, the seedlings usually growing vigorously
after heavy rains began.
The second year insufficient salt remained to injure the crops directly, and
a decided increase occurred in most of the crops tested. The stimulating action
of a moderate dressing of salt is said to be due partly to its solvent action on
the mineral constituents of the soil, possibly in part because the absorbed salt
acts as an oxidase sensitizer or catalytic agent in plant metabolism. The
injurious effect of a dressing of 64 cwt. of salt per acre was still perceptible
the second year after a rainfall of 35 in. with some crops noted, but a degree
of benefit was apparent in about as many others. One plat treated with 64
cwt. of salt and giving a high yield of beets in the first year gave a light
crop of rape the last year. It is thought that salt may increase the yield at
the expense of food materials in the soil, which thereby tend to be exhausted
by the increase of solubility of such constituents.
The measurement of antagonism, W. J. Y. Osterhout (Bot. Gaz., 58 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 272-276, figs. 3). — Methods are suggested for the graphical expression
of antagonism in mixtures of three or more components in the nutritive medium.
FIELD CROPS.
The work of the Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm in 1913,
F. Knorb {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Worlc Scottsbluff Expt. Farm,
1913, pp. 1-18, figs. 4). — In this paper the progress of the work with irrigated
crops in 1913 at the Scottsbluff experiment farm near Mitchell. Nebr., is briefly
discussed. The weather and crop conditions for the year are given.
The crops used in the rotation experiments include alfalfa, beets, corn, flax,
oats, potatoes, and spring and winter wheats. These are arranged in 22 dif-
ferent rotations. It is noted that " in every case where the crops followed
alfalfa the highest average yields were obtained, indicating very strongly that
the alfalfa had a beneficial effect on the succeeding crops. Manure on oats
stubble greatly increased the yields of beets and potatoes the following year.
The yields of the crops following beets and potatoes were very good, almost as
good as those obtained with -crops following alfalfa or grown on manured oat
79934°— No. 3—15 3
224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
land. Crops following corn were rather poor. This was particularly noticeable
in the case of oats. Perhaps the most striking- effect of a previous crop on yield
was in the case of oats following corn, beets, and potatoes, respectively. These
plats were not plowed, but were disked in the spring, seeded the same day, and
received the same treatment throughout the remainder of the season as the
other oat plats, but the yield of oats following com was 36.2 bu. per acre less
than that following potatoes and 34.5 bu. per acre less than that following
beets. As the stands and the treatment of these plats after planting were prac-
tically the same, the differences in yield appear to be due to the previous crops
and their cultural treatment. Oats following fall-plowed flax, oats, and wheat,
respectively, were fairly good. Wheat following oats was poor. The yields
from continuous cropping were, in most cases, low."
In one rotation the alfalfa was pastured off with hogs. " During the whole
season the hogs produced from the one-fourth acre alfalfa pasture and 41.3 bu.
of corn a total of 988 lbs. of pork. Figuring this grain at 7.5 cts. a pound and
the cost of the corn fed at 60 cts. a bushel, the local market prices at the time
the experiment closed in 1913, the hogs returned an equivalent of $49.24 for the
one-fourth acre of alfalfa pasture. . . . Eleven similar plats of alfalfa were cut
for hay and yielded an average of 5.46 tons per acre. Assuming that the yield
from the pastured plat would have been the same as that fi'om the 11 similar
plats, the first lot of hogs paid an equivalent of $37.71 per ton for the first
cutting and the second lot paid $35.33 per ton for the second and third cuttings,
or an average for the season of $36.13 i>er ton for alfalfa hay. To this must
also be added the value of the manure left on the land."
In another rotation the corn crop was pastured off with hogs. " The hogs
were on the corn plat 28 days. When they were taken off they weighed 800
lbs., having gained 253 lbs. from the one-fourth-acre corn plat, or 1,012 lbs. of
pork per acre. This, at 7.5 cts. a pound, is equivalent to $75.80 per acre. The
daily gain was 1.3 per cent. A similar com plat in the rotations yielded at the
rate of 82.6 bu. of com per acre. . . . Assuming that the yields from these
two corn plats were the same, the hogs paid an equivalent of 93 cts. a bushel
for the corn in the field. Figuring corn at 60 cts. a bushel and allowing $10
per acre for alfalfa pasture, each pound of pork put on the hogs in the different
lots cost as follows : The first lot on alfalfa, 3.1 cts. ; second lot on alfalfa, 2.5
cts. ; and the lot on corn, 4.9 cts."
Data give yields in variety tests of cereals for 1911, 1912, and 1913, comprising
seven varieties of spring wheat, ranging from 31.9 to 37.6 bu. per acre, seven
varieties of winter wheat ranging from 30.5 to 34.8 bu., three varieties of rye
ranging from 25 to 27.3 bu., 16 varieties of barley ranging from 18.4 to 68.9
bu., and seven varieties of oats with yields ranging from 68.5 to 78.5 bu. per acre.
In 1913 14 varieties and crosses of corn gave an average yield of 33.5 bu.,
with a maximum yield of 43 bu. produced by the Blue Squaw variety. It is-
noted that the season in western Nebraska seems to be too short to mature
grain sorghums. A comparison of stock beets with sugar beets gave an average
yield of 35.5 tons per acre for thi-ee varieties, while sugar beets yielded 18 tons,
indicating the desirability of growing stock beets rather than sugar beets for
feeding purposes. The growth and yield of field peas in a test of six varieties
for three years " do not warrant the growing of this crop under irrigation in
western Nebraska." It seems that the cowpeas and spring varieties of vetch
are of doubtful value for western Nebraska, while hairy vetch made good
growth and survived the winter.
Preliminary experiments with pasture grass in irrigation were begun in 1913,
involving tall oat grass, Italian rye grass, smooth brome grass, timothy, redtop,
blue grass, wheat grass, orchard grass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, perennial rye
FIELD CROPS. 225
grass, red clover, alsike clover, and white clover. It is noted that all of the
grasses made good growth during the summer except wheat grass, redtop, tim-
othy, blue grass, and orchard grass.
Fall irrigation experiments with wheat, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, and sugar
beets showed an average increase in yield of all the crops in favor of fall (Sep-
tember) irrigation amounting to 16 per cent. The increase with potatoes, how-
ever, seems to be insignificant, only 2 per cent, while with the other crops the
increase was from 15 to 23 per cent.
Sugar beets cultivated to a depth of 3 in. throughout the season yielded an
average of 16.3 tons for two years; a first cultivation to 3 in., subsequent culti-
vations shallow, and knife attachments on the cultivator, 18.3 tons; and shallow
cultivation throughout the season 39.1 tons per acre.
Experiments in plowing 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 in. deep for sugar beets showed
that "while the results were not consistent, the highest yield was obtained
from shallow plowing. The effect of varying the depth of plowing probably
would differ on different soils. The soil at the experiment farm is a light sandy
loam and probably does not require as deep plowing as heavier soils."
In an experiment regarding distance of planting sugar beets " rows were
planted 20, 24, and 28 in. apart, and in each of these plantings the beets were
thinned to 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 in. in the row. The results so far obtained in
this test have been very inconsistent, but in general the closer spaced plats have
produced the highest yields."
In regard to potatoes " 11 standard varieties of potatoes were tested in 1913,
together with 21 seedling stocks. These were tested in single plats on land
which grew alfalfa in 1912. The highest yield with the named varieties was
produced by the Pearl, which yielded 314.9 bu. per acre. The Eureka was sec-
ond, with a yield of 247.9 bu. per acre. One of the seedlings, not yet named,
gave the highest, total yield in 1913. It produced 370 bu. per acre." It is noted
that with potatoes as with sugar beets summer rains interfered with irrigation
plans and no consistent results were secured.
The tillage work consisted in deep and shallow ditching preparatory to irri-
gation. " The average yield in 1912 and 1913 for shallow ditching was 197.4
bu. per acre, as compared with 173.9 bu. per acre for deep ditching."
The work of the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in 1913,
R. E. Blair (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Yuma Expt. Farm,
1913, pp. 1-11, figs. Jf.). — ^This briefly outlines the work of the experiment farm
located near Yuma, Ariz., as carried on jointly by several otfices of the Bureau
of Plant Industry, and continues previous studies (E. S. R., 229, p. 330). Cli-
matic and crop conditions of the project are briefly discussed.
In experimenting for a suitable green manure alfalfa was found to be the
most satisfactory crop, although for a quick summer crop to turn under cow-
peas seem to have given good results. In the production of alfalfa it is noted
that in cases where the crop began to fail after three or four years, the subsoil
proved to be unfavorable and prevented the taproot development and induced
surface root system which did not prove suflicient for the needs of the crop.
By plowing under the crop every two or three j-ears and introducing a culti-
vated crop for a season, it is suggested that the soil would again be in condition
to produce a maximum yield of alfalfa, for alfalfa seed is the chief money crop
of this project. Cotton is suggested as being most suitable for this rotation.
In regard to the production of cotton on the alkali soils it is noted that " sev-
eral significant observations were made upon the production of cotton from
soil containing high percentages of alkali salts, chiefly sulphates and chlorids.
Cotton was grown well on certain fields where other crops had previously been
killed by the presence of excessive amounts of these salts. In one case where
226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
determinations were made of the salt content it was found that cotton grew
on a field containing more alkali in the surface three feet of soil than the
adjacent field in which alfalfa seed had failed to grow. Experiments in volun-
teering cotton have been continued. A plat of Egyptian cotton was volun-
teered through the past winter to a stand of 91 per cent. Different planting
methods have been practiced to ascertain the effect of volunteering for the fol-
lowing season."
Of seven varieties of grain sorghum tested in 1913 feterita gave the highest
yield, 73 bu. per acre, followed by Dwarf milo maize with 41 bu. For forage
or silage Red Kafir corn is noted as being superior.
Brief notes upon the successful trials of broom corn and hemp are given.
Tunis grass produced the best hay yield when planted in 3-ft. rows and culti-
vated, while Sudan grass produced best when seeded broadcast as against 3-ft.
row plantings. The former yielded at the rate of 4.2 tons per acre in three
cuttings, and the latter 8 tons.
In experiments in regard to the water requirements of different crops it
was observed that almost twice as much was used on light soils as on a medium
soil by alfalfa, cotton, grain, sorghums, broom corn, hemp, and cowpeas for
green manure.
[Field crops work at the Texas Station], 1913, B. Youngblood {Texas 8ta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 2If-2y, 28-30, 31-35, 35-55, 60-72).— These pages contain reports
of the work for the year 1913 at the various substations of the State and
include brief cultural notes with corn, cowpeas, sorghum, oats, rape, wheat,
thousand-headed kale, rice, Chinese bean, Yokohama bean, beggar weed,
kulthi bean, moth bean, tepaiy bean, Sudan grass, teosiute, Dolkhos lahlad,
Japanese cane, guar, befri, Ciccr arietmum, Medicago obicularis, jack bean,
Kafir corn, milo maize, and peanuts, variety tests with vetches, cotton, wheat,
corn, rice, soy beans, cowpeas, peanuts, and millet, and fertilizer tests with cot-
ton and corn.
In studying the effect of source of seed corn it was found that for the three
highest yielding varieties Texas seed gave 17.12 ; Virginia, 14.5 ; Louisiana, 12.7 ;
and Georgia, 11.5 bu. per acre. In a similar test with cottons Georgia seed
gave 971.6; Texas, 925.6; Tennessee, 612.3; and South Carolina, 566 lbs. per
acre.
Experiments in crop production on fallow land at San Antonio, C. R.
Letteeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 151 (1914), pp. 10, figs. 4)- — From experiments
conducted in 1911, 1912, and 1913 on one-quarter acre plats with corn, cotton,
and winter oats, the author concludes that " the yields of com and cotton have
been less on biennially cropped land than on annually cropped land. The yields
of winter oats have been somewhat larger on the biennially cropped land.
" Soil-moisture studies made in connection with these tests do not show any
important differences in the amount of soil moisture present in fallowed land
and in continuously cropped land at planting and harvest time for corn and
cotton. In the plats used for oats there was more moisture present at planting
and less at harvest time on the biennially cropped land than on the annually
cropped land. In other words, the oats grown biennially used more water and
made less vegetative growth, but gave larger yields. Observations made after
heavy rains show that in most cases the proportion of run-off from hea^-y
rains was greater on land which had been fallow for several months than on
land which had been fallow for a comparatively short time. The run-off from
an oat plat was less than from any of the fallow plats.
" Considering both crop yields and cost of production, the results of these
experiments indicate that biennial cropping, at least for corn, cotton, and
oats, is not to be recommended for the San Antonio region."
FIELD CROPS, 227
[Field crop experiments], F. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpts.
Bot. Stii. [etc.] Montscrrat, 1913-lJf, pp. 3-9, 13-16, pi. i).— This includes reports
of variety tests with cotton that not only consider yield of seed cotton, but
length of staple, percentage of lint, strength, fineness, good fiber per 50 seeds,
weak fiber per 50 seeds, short fiber per 50 seeds, weight of 200 seeds, and
weight of lint; manurial tests with cotton that show a depressed yield with
the application of any kind of commercial fertilizer over untreated areas;
field tests with hybrid cotton, and variety tests of sweet potatoes and peanuts.
[Field crop experiments], D. W. Scotland {Ann. Rpt. Agr. Dept. Sierra
Leone, 1912, pp. 5-14). — This reports results of field trials at the experimental
station at Jala, Mano, with rice, peanuts, ginger, yams, towe beans, hondroi
beans, kroo beans, black gram, pigeon pea, Bengal gram, lablab {Dolichos lah-
lab), soy beans, milo maize, Guinea corn, bulrush millet, ragi {Eleu-sine cora-
cana), korra {Setaria italica), castor bean, cotton, millet, and benni seed
( Sesamum indicum ) .
In rice experiments it is shown that li bu. of seed gave larger yields, 30.2 bu.
per acre, than either a larger or smaller quantity. With the native method of
sowing millet and benni seed with the rice (i bu. per acre), the average yield
was 16.8 bu. of rice, 177 lbs. of millet, and 24 lbs. of benni seed per acre. Rice
that was kept weeded averaged 26 bu. per acre and that left uncultivated
yielded 11 bu. per acre.
Agriculture in the Tropics, J. C. Willis {Cambridge, England, 19H, 2.
rev. ed., pp. XVI +223, pis. 24)- — ^This is a second edition with slight changes of
the book previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 631).
Natural revegetation of range lands based upon growth requirements
and life history of the vegetation, A. W. Sampson ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 3 {1914), Xo. 2, pp. 93-148, pis. 12, figs. 6).— This article gives
the results of an investigation to determine a system of grazing that would
overcome the deteriorating effect of premature grazing and overstocking, as
well as of trampling, in the extensive ranges of the western United States.
As the result of a careful and scientific study of the vegetation making up
the forage, and of the natural factors upon which depends the success or fail-
ure of this crop and its perpetuation, a grazing system involving a combination
of deferred and rotation grazing has been developed which is now being applied
with minor variations to range lands throughout the National Forests.
Included in the notes on character and distribution of the vegetation on these
ranges, aside from timber, is a list of 46 plants which, it is stated, comprise
about 90 per cent of the range forage.
The summary of the findings of this investigation, which began in 1907 in
the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon and was undertaken by the
Forest Service and Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, is as follows:
" Normally the spring growth of forage plants begins in the Hudsonian zone
about June 25. For each 1,000 ft. decrease in elevation this period comes ap-
proximately seven days earlier. In the Wallowa Mountains the flower stalks
are produced approximately between July 15 and August 10, while the seed
matures between August 15 and September 1. Even under the most favorable
conditions the viability of the seed on summer ranges is relatively low. Re-
moval of the herbage year after year during the early part of the growing
season weakens the plants, delays the resumption of growth, advances the time
of maturity, and decreases the seed production and the fertility of the seed.
Grazing after seed maturity in no way interferes with flower-stalk production.
As much fertile seed is produced as where the vegetation is protected from
grazing during the whole of the year.
228 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
" Germination of the seed and establisbnient of seedlings depend largely upon
the thoroughness with which the seed is planted. In the case of practically all
perennial forage species the soil must be stiiTed after the seed is dropped if
there is to be permanent reproduction. Even after a fertile seed crop has been
planted there is a relatively heavy loss of seedlings as a result of soil heaving.
After the first season, however, the loss due to climatic conditions is negligible.
When three years old, perennial plants usually produce flower stalks and mature
fertile seed.
" Under the practice of yearlong or season-long grazing both the growth of
the plants and seed production are seriously interfered with. A range so used,
when stocked to its full capacity, finally becomes denuded. Yearlong protection
of the range favors plant growth and seed production, but does not insure the
planting of the seed. Moreover, it is impracticable, because of the entire loss
of the forage crop and the fire danger resulting from the accumulation of in-
flammable material. Deferred grazing insures the planting of the seed crop and
the permanent establishment of seeding plants without sacrificing the season's
forage or establishing a fire hazard. Deferred grazing can be applied wherever
the vegetation remains palatable after seed maturity and produces a seed crop,
provided ample water facilities for stock exist or may be developed.
" The proportion of the range which should be set aside for deferred grazing
is determined by the time of year the seed matures. In the Wallowa Mountains
one-fifth of the summer grazing season remains after the seed has ripened, and
hence one-fifth of each range allotment may be grazed after that date. The
distribution of water and the extent of overgrazing will chiefly determine the
area upon which grazing should be first deferred. After the first area selected
has been revegetated it may be grazed at the usual time and another area set
aside for deferred grazing. This plan of rotation from one area to another
should be continued, even after the entire range has been revegetated, in order
to maintain the vigor of the forage plants and to allow the production of an
occasional seed crop."
Infl.uence of potassic fertilizer on legumes, G. Bakontini (Coltivatore, 60
{1914), ^0. 29, pp. 332-334). — This paper presents the results of experiments
which show the advantage of the use of potassium in increased yields and
quality of red clover forage and seed, and also the increased yield of wheat
following clover that had been so fertilized.
Practical corn culture, W. T. and R. M. Ainswoeth (Mason City, III., 1914,
pp. 166, pi. 1, figs. 40). — This book is divided in three parts. Part 1, on culture,
discusses the preparation of the seed bed, planting, and cultivation. Part 2,
on building up the land, discusses the rotation of farm crops, leguminous crops,
stable and barnyard manures, and phosphorus and limestone. Part 3, the seed,
includes chapters on selecting the best ears for seed, the "ear to the row"
breedihg plat, drying and storing seed corn, preparing seed corn for planting,
and insect enemies and plant diseases. An appendix consists of letters from
30 practical farmers describing their methods of corn culture.
Beport of the work in corn pollination, IV, M. L. Fisher (Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci., 1912, p. 87). — This article gives results of continued work with the Sweet-
Reid Yellow Dent cross in corn (E. S. R., 30, p. 635). In 1912 the character-
istics of the two types of this cross were as follows :
" The light-colored type had large ears, white in color. Upon cooking the
flavor was found to be excellent, being very sweet. The sweet flavor combined
with a long grain makes this a very desirable type. The cooking test showed
it to be superior to the corn bought on the market in West Lafayette. The
yellow type had a medium-sized ear, creamy white in color, and when cooked
FIELD CROPS. , 229
had also an excellent, sweet flavor. The flavor vras considered not quite so
good as that of the light-colored type.
"At maturity the light-colored type showed itself quite true to type, having
whitish kernels, red cobs, and large size. There were few yellow dent kernels,
probably no more than due to cross-pollination from adjoining plats. The yel-
lowish type had smaller ears, mostly white cobs, yellowish kernels, and a
larger proportion of yellow dent kernels than the other type. The yellowish
type does not have the depth of kernel that the whitish type possesses."
Cotton, F. Watts (/mp. Depf. Agr. West Indies, Rpts. Bot. Sta. [etc.]
Montserrat, 1911-12, pp. 3-6). — This gives brief notes on variety tests of Im-
mune, Sakellaridis, and other cottons, and hybrids.
Economic conditions in the Sea Island cotton industry, W. R. Meadows
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. IJfG {liUJf), pp. iS).— This bulletin gives results of
inquiries to determine the cause for the low price of Sea Island cotton in 1913,
and discusses Egyptian competition, causes of decreased consumption, and con-
ditions among the producers of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It
places the cause of depression of prices on underconsumption brought about by
(1) the deadlock of 1912-13 between spinners and growers; (2) the competition
of the Sakellaridis variety; (3) the deteriorated quality of Sea Island cotton;
and (4) change in styles and enforced economy of production.
Notes on the cotton of Cambodia, M. de Flacourt {Bui. Econ: Indochine,
11. scr., 11 {191-'i), A'o. 107, pp. 212-21.5).— This gives results of studies of bolls
of three varieties of cotton, some of which are three- and some four-celled. The
percentage of fiber for a four-celled variety averaged for 20 bolls 32.5 per cent,
and for two varieties with three-celled bolls 24.S and 34.8 per cent, respectively.
Tabulated data include weight of boll without shell, weight of fiber, and weight
of seed.
Flax from the East Africa Protectorate {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington],
12 (191J/), No. 2, pp. 211-213). — This article gives data obtained in the exami-
nation of samples of flax grown in the Highland districts of the East Africa
Protectorate. The fiber merchants in London, who valued the samples, reported
very favorably on them, regarding them as superior to Russian flaxes and more
comparable with the Belgian kinds.
Guinea corn {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 18 {1914), No. 8, pp. 344, 345). — This
article records the excellent showing that Guinea corn (durra), especially the
red variety, has made in times of drought in Jamaica.
Hemp, H. H. Cousins {Jour. Jamaica Agr. ^oc, 18 {1914), ^o. S, pp. 334-
S36). — This article gives a history of the introduction and cultivation of Agave
fourcroides and A. sisalana in Jamaica. The first introduction seems to have
taken place about 1855 from Yucatan.
Better methods of potato production for Iowa, L. Greene^ and T. J. Maney
{Iowa Sta. Bui. 149 {1914), PP. 65-81, figs. 3). — The methods here reported con-
sisted of spraying experiments, variety tests, selection of best hills as a means
of increasing yield, and a comparison of different planting dates as they influ-
ence the yield of the main or late crop of potatoes. It is noted that " in 1910
six sprayings gave an increase of 61.50 bu. of marketable tubers over the check ;
in 1911, five sprayings gave an increased yield of 36.94 bu., and in 1912, seven
si)rayings increased the yield 33.6 bu." The estimated cost of spraying with
Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate is $1 per acre.
Eight varieties of early and 12 varieties of late potatoes are described, and
results of yields for 1910, 1911, and 1912 are given that show Prosperity rank-
ing first as a late potato and Irish Cobbler as an early variety, with yields of
230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
132.54 and 116.42 bu., respectively. Rural New Yorker is noted as more ex-
tensively grown thi'oughout the State than any other variety.
The following statement is made in regard to the results of selecting the
best and the poorest hills under test : " In making selections those hills which
had an average number of well-formed, medium-sized tubers for the variety
were selected. These hills could, as a rule, be chosen by the appearance of the
vines, though this was not always true. This method of seed selection would
prove profitable to the grower if he could set aside a small seed plat and select
his next year's seed from it. The results are striking in that the yield was
increased 50 bu. by taking the best and poorest seed only one year. By taking
the best seed from each of these lots of seed the strain with quality behind it
still outyielded the poorest strain [the following year] by nearly 50 bu."
The data presented in regard to the influence of planting date upon yield
indicate that the soil temperature as affected by weather is more influential
than is the date. The inconclusive results obtained from a three-year experi-
ment that indicates about the best time for planting has been that following
the corn planting, or from May 10 to May 25.
The effect of potato scab treatment on seed vitality. — Better methods of
potato production for Iowa, T. J. Maney and L. Greene {Iowa St a. Buls. 148
and 149, popular ed. (1914), pp. 8). — This is a popular edition of Bulletins 148
(abstracted on page 240) and 149, abstracted above.
Xenia (?) in rice, H. O. Jacobson (.Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7
(1914), A'O. 9, p. 361). — This notes the appearance of two pinkish colored ker-
nels of rice appearing in a head of variety No. 73, which is a white variety.
" These two kernels were planted separately and crops therefrom matured.
One kernel («) produced white kernels only, while the second kernel (&) pro-
duced nothing but red-cuticled kernels. Each lot was again planted separately
and the (a) lot when harvested contained 6 per cent of red-cuticled kernels.
The (h) lot produced 24 per cent of white kernels, the remainder being red.
In no case were red and white kernels found in the same head, of course. It
Is plainly evident that the (&) kernel was a hybrid produced through cross-
fertilization by the pollen from some near-by red-cuticled variety."
Head-to-the-row test with rice, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev.
[English Ed.}, 7 (1914), ^o. 9, pp. 346-351, pis. 2).— This article describes a
method of head-to-the-row selection, and gives some results that show great
possibilities in rice improvement. Observations are noted as being taken and
recorded on 27 variable characteristics of individuals within each variety under
trial, that of yield being most marked and important. The yield of 100 plants,
the progeny of single heads, was at the rate of from 375 to 6,625 kg. of rough
rice per hectare, all within the same variety.
The transplanting of rice, P. and G. Gbegotti (Gior. Risicolt., 4 (1914),
No. 20, pp. 301-307, figs. 3). — This article gives data of work done at Valencia,
Spain, showing the advantage secured both in yield and in actual profits by
the practice of transplanting rice in the field.
Drilling-fertilizer experiments with, sugar beets in Hungary in 1912, J.
Gyarfas (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindits. u. Landw., 42 (1913), No. 6, pp.
883-893, pi. 1). — The results given show larger yields whei-e the fertilizer is
applied in drills at seeding time than when broadcasted, in some cases even
when only one-half the amount was drilled that was applied broadcast.
Can sodium, wliolly or partially, replace potassium as a fertilizer for
sugar beets? Krxjger (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckcrindiis., No. 703, II (1914). PP-
694-702). — This article gives the results of a pot experiment in which potash
in varying quantities was given and sodium was supplied in quantities to equal
the deficiencies in potash that would be required to produce a maximum yield
FIELD CROPS. 231
of sugar beets in the pots. The tabulated results of the harvests, showing green
weights, sugar content, and potash content, were such as to induce the author to
conclude that sodium can not physiologically replace potassium in cultivated
plants, particularly the sugar beet, but that its pi'esence has an indirect influence
such as to allow the plants to utilize more readily increased quantities of
potassium.
The future of sugar cane and the sugar industry in Mexico, L. Foueton
{El Porvenlr de la Cana de Azucar y de la Industria Azucarera en Mexico.
Mexico, 1914, PP- 31). — ^This booklet reviews the sugar industry of Mexico since
1898, and discusses the manufacture of sugar and alcohol, briefly touching upon
the production of sugar cane.
Sweet clover, V. M. Shoesmith {Michigan Sta. Circ. 23 {1914), pp. 151-156,
figs. Jf). — This circular describes cultural methods and uses of sweet clover for
Michigan conditions.
Experiment in the selection of seeds, C. Griffin {Univ. Nac. La Plata,
FacHlt. Agron. y Yet., 1913, pp. 63-70, pi. 1). — This article gives results in
seed selection of wheat that show increased yields amounting to 435.25 kg. per
hectare. The selection was based upon the size, weight, specific gravity, and
purity of the seed.
Thirteen years of wheat selection, T. B. Htjtcheson {Amer. Nat., 48 {1914),
No. 572. pp. 459-466, figs. 3). — In this article the author gives results of pure
line selections of six varieties of wheat that show no permanent change in
point of yield, height of plant, and length of upper internode, in 13 years of
breeding at the Minnesota Station.
The physiological selection of Tuscany wheat, F. Rampazzo {Atti R. Accad.
Econ. Agr. Gcorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 10 {1913), No. 3, pp. 253-272).— This paper
discusses the value and importance of improvement in wheat in general, and
gives some results of selection which show that there is a correlation between
productiveness and the disposition of the spikelets on the rachis, and that a
short, thick spike corresponds to increased productiveness.
Varieties of wheat in Semiretchinsk, K. Flaksberger {Trudy Biitro Prlkl.
Bot. {Bui. Ang&w. B'ot.), 3 {1910), No. 3, pp. 62-165, figs. i2).— This discusses
wheat found in northern Turkestan by the author, and describes 24 varieties.
Further observations on wheat, K. Flaksberger {Trudy Bvuro Prlkl. Bot.
{Bui. Angeiv. Bot.), 7 {1914), A'o. 8. pp. 493-502, pi. 1, fig. i ) .—Differences dis-
covered in the formation of the glumes of the spring wheat {Triticum vnilgare
alhidum. iuflatum) are described which Indicate certain forms to be of the
winter wheats. (See above.)
Bulk handling of wheat, compiled by H. V. Jackson {Dept. Agr. N. 8.
Wales, Farmers' Buls. 13 {1908), pp. 67, figs. 23; 13, 2. ed. {1912), pp. 71, figs.
16; 85 {1914), PP- 15). — ^These bulletins give in detail methods of handling
bulk wheat at elevators, silos, and public warehouses, and the grades used, in
the Unitetl States, Canada, and Great Eritain.
Iowa seed analyses, 1910-1913, L. H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King
{Iowa Sta. Bui. 146 {1914), pp. 41S-440).—Thifi bulletin gives the results of
purity and germination tests of seed for the years 1910-191 .''>. including some
germination studies of clover, alfalfa, and timothy. It is noted that under the
state seed law seed conditions have become much better, and the presence of
dodder, Canada thistle, and the like is much less frequent than formerly.
In 1910, 286 samples of commercial seed were examined and in 1913, 1,058.
In 1913 the general average of purity is noted as having been high except in the
case of sweet clover, which had an average of only 74.2 per cent pure for 35
samples. A total of 4G5 tests of red clover samples showed 96.72 per cent
purity. A total of 168 tests of timothy samples showed 07.75 per cent purity.
232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The average purity of 112 samples of alfalfa seed was 97.3 per cent. The
average germination of the principal seeds was high.
In a study of vitality of commercial seeds it was found that " the highest
germination of alsike clover, three years old, was 95 per cent, the lowest 70
per cent. The highest for 2-year-old seed was 92 per cent, the lowest 68 per
cent. The highest for 1-year-old seed was 96 per cent, the lowest 69 per cent.
The highest for 3-year-old seed for alfalfa was 90 per cent, the lowest 83 per
cent. For 2-year-old seed the highest was 92 per cent, the lowest 75 per cent.
For 1-year-old seed the highest was 98 per cent, the lowest 62 per cent. The
highest percentage of germination for 3-year-old red clover was 91 per cent, the
lowest 54 per cent. For 2-year-old seed the highest was 96 per cent, the lowest
66 per cent. For 1-year-old seed the highest was 97 per cent, the lowest 66
per cent."
A study of the vitality of the hulled and unhulled timothy seeds covering a
period from 1909-1913, inclusive, shows that the hulled seeds averaged 61.4 per
cent in germination power, as compared with 90.7 per cent for the unhulled
seeds.
A bibliography of 42 titles is appended.
A manual of weeds, Ada E. Georgia {ISleio York, 191Jf, pp. XI+593, figs.
387). — In this book the author discusses the definition of a weed, and also
touches briefly upon the financial loss due to weeds, the dissemination of weeds,
and chemical herbicides. The bulk of the book consists of a descriptive list
and means of control of weeds, followed by a list of plants distinctly poisonous
or mechanically harmful to animal life.
HORTICULTITRE.
The development of gardening', with special reference to conditions in
Dresden, K. Hofmann (Die Entwickching der Gurtncrei unter besonderer
Berucksichtigung der Verhdltnisse in Dresden. Leipsic, 1913, pp. VIII-\-87,
pis, 30). — In this paper the author briefly reviews the history of gardening,
and discusses in detail the market gardening and floricultural industries in the
vicinity of Dresden, with special reference to their economic status in both the
agi'iciiltural and industrial world.
The garden at home, H. H. Thomas (London, New York, Toronto, and Alel-
hourne, 1912, pp. XII +276, pis. 108). — A popular treatise on gardening, dealing
primarily with ornamental gardening but containing also suggestions relative
to the home fruit and vegetable garden.
[Report on horticultural investigations at the Yuma Experiment Farm,
1913], R. E. Blair (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., ^York Yuma Expt.
Farm, 1913, pp. 11-18, figs. 2). — A brief progress report on cultural and variety
tests of dates, figs, deciduous fruits and nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals being
conducted at the farm.
In the work with dates seedling plants representative of nine promising
varieties are being grown in experimental orchards. Despite a minimum tem-
perature of 16° F. on January 6, 1913, it was found that 66 i^r cent of the
seedling plants had received less than 50 per cent of leaf injury. The remaining
seedlings were alive although more seriously damaged. The Smyrna Adriatic
fig hybrids mentioned in a previous report (E. S. R., 29, p. 338) bore their first
fruit during the summer of 1913. Of 1,600 seedlings in all, 54 bore and matured
fruits of good quality, hut owing presumably to injuries received during the
preceding winter 1.219 trees did not flower. Observations made during the two
winters show some variation in frost resistance among these seedlings. An
HORTICULTURE. 233
extensive variety test of deciduous fruits and nuts lias been established. The
pomegranate has been found to be well adapted to the local soil and climate.
The best of the named varieties thus far tested are " Sweet Fruited " and
" Wonderful."
Notes are given on the varieties of vegetables which have produced the best
results, together with suggestions as to cultural methods. During the spring
of 1913 a number of ornamental plants were set out for testing. Of those
already growing at the farm tlie ornamental date palm {Phoenix canariensis)
and the weeping fan palm (Wushingtonia fllifera) have proved very desirable,
both as specimen trees and for street plantings.
[Report of the] citrus experiment station, H. J. Webber {Calif oi'nia Sta.
Rpt. 191 Jf, pp. 60-67, 72). — A progress report on the various horticultural
projects being conducted at the citrus substation.
Some data are given on fertilizer experiments with oranges and lemons.
The results thus far indicate the importance of nitrogen fertilization and the
desirability of using nitrogen from organic sources rather than from such
chemicals as nitrate of soda. Among the green manure crops which are being
tested with special reference to their use in citrus orchards in southern Cali-
fornia, purple vetch and melilotus clover are especially promising. For the
one season tested purple vetch gave a yield of 18.25 tons of green tops. It is
so vigorous in growth that it entirely chokes out all weeds and is resistant to
aphis attack. During a 4-year period melilotus clover has given an average yield
of 12.75 tons. It is found gro'^ing wild all over the southern part of California,
is apparently adapted to a great variety of soil types, is veiy deep-rooted,
resistant to aphis attack, and also withstands quite low temperatures. Some
data are given showing the increases in yields of corn, potatoes, and sugar
beets following the use of various cover crops. The gi'eater yields following
the use of leguminous cover crops as compared with nonleguminous cover crops
clearly indicate the importance of legumes in adding nitrogen to the soil.
A comparative test is being made of the Washington navel and "Valencia
oranges and the Eureka lemon grown upon sweet, sour, and trifoliate orange
stock and upon pomelo. As determined by the results thus far secured it ap-
pears that varying soil conditions may modify the influence of various stocks
on oranges and lemons. A marked dwarfing of lemon trees grown on trifoliate
stock was noted in every instance. There was also an increased diameter on
the trifoliate stock below the bud union in practically all cases. In point of
fruit production the navel orange appears to yield best on sour stock, followed
by sweet, with Trifoliata stock third. In case of the Eureka lemon, pomelo
was the best stock with sour, sweet, and Trifoliata following in the order
named.
A brief progress report is given of other studies being conducted.
[Report on horticultural investigations at the Scottsblufif experiment
farm, 1913], F. Knork ( E7. /S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Scottsbluff
Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 18, 19, fig. 1). — A brief statement of progress made in the
work of testing fruits, vegetables, shade trees, and ornamental shrubs during
the year 1913.
The severe winter of 1912-13 was vei-y hard on fruit trees, a number of
varieties being frozen almost to the ground. Of the apples the Anisim, Uni-
versity, Patten, Northwestern, Hibernal, Florence Crab, Whitney Crab, and
Hyslop Crab withstood the winter well. Wealthy, Oldenburg, Yellow Trans-
parent, and White Pearmaiu froze almost to the gi'ound, but the trees made a
vigorous growth in the spring. Of the pears only one tree, of the Seckel, came
through fhe winter successfully. Unprotected raspberries, including the Sun-
234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
beam, which is advertised as winter hardy, froze to the ground line. Of the
trees being tested at the farm, the hacliberry and green ash have proved very
hardy. A large number of trees and shrubs were planted for testing in the
spring of 1913.
A detailed report of the work with vegetables has previously appeared in
Bulletin 142 of the Nebraska Station (E. S. R., 31, p. 336).
[Report on] genetics, E. B. Babcock {California Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 120-
123, fig. 1). — ^A progress report on plant breeding investigations at the station,
including some data on a study of the Quercina walnut which has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 46).
In the work with tomatoes, second generation plants have been grown from
certain crosses made in 1911. The author states that the results generally
agree with those secured by Gilbert (E. S. R., 28, p. 539).
Precooling and handling investigations with oranges and lettuce, Florida,
season 1913-14, H. J. Ramsey (Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc, 27 {1914), PP.
199-210). — In continuation of the Bureau of Plant Industry's investigations
relative to the handling of citrus fruits (E. S. R., 31, p. 338), precooling investi-
gations with oranges were conducted during the season of 1913-14.
The first season's results as here reported show that precooling has a decided
influence in retarding the decay of oranges. In several conunercial handled lots
of oranges, both pi*ecooled and nonprecooled, which were held in an iced car
for ten days, there was three times as much decay in the nonprecooled as in
the precooled fruit when the oranges were removed from the car. One week
later the nonprecooled fruit showed almost twice as much decay as the pre-
cooled, and the differences were still consistent but not so great two weeks
after withdrawal from the car. Data obtained from actual shipping experi-
ments were not po satisfactory owing to the impossibility of having the cars
sent to the same market The results emphasize, however, the importance of
careful handling as a factor in the control of decay.
Data are also given on the precooling and handling of lettuce. The results
show in general that by changing somewhat the methods of handling the crop
lettuce can be landed at the northern markets in much better condition than is
now common. The most important change in handling consists in removing the
heads in the field so as to leave the more or less diseased bottom leaves attached
to the roots, thus preventing the spread of disease to the shipping baskets. The
effect of careful cutting was more pronounced than that of precooling, although
the precooled lots reached the market in noticeably better condition than the
nonprecooled lots.
Stocks for fruit trees, U. P. Hedrick {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 {1914),
No. 11, pp. 449-455). — ^An address delivered before the State Fruit Growers'
Convention, Davis, Cal., in June, 1914, in which the author points out various
ways in which the stock may influence the scion, and calls attention to the de-
sirability of using selected stocks as well as selected scions.
Practical orchard pruning, F. J. Crider {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 116
{1914), pp. 7--i7, figs. 13). — This bulletin contains practical instructions for
pruning orchard fruits, grapes, and bush fruits.
Bridge grafting {Michigan Sta. Circ. 21 {1914), p- 1, fig- 1)- — A popular
description of the process.
[Report of investigations with grapes and olives], F. T. Bioletti {Cali-
fornia Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 1S5-1S9, 194-198). — Exi)eriments were made in three
bearing vineyards to determine the effects of early and late pruning of vines.
Pruning before the leaves fall in autumn delayed the starting of buds slightly.
HORTICULTURE. 235
Pruning the vines after the terminal buds have started was found to delay the
starting of the buds near the base of the canes. Delayed pruning in one in-
stance saved the crop from a subsequent frost. Whitewashing the vines after
pruning delayed the starting slightly. Late pruning, after the starting of the
buds, w'as found to delay blossoming, but when early pruning resulted in frost
injury to the buds the late pruned vines blossomed first. Frost injury in spring
diminished the crop of early pruned vines, whereas pruning after the terminal
buds had started seemed to increase the crop irrespective of frost injury.
Pruning after the shoots had grown several inches seemed to diminish the crop.
Late pruning delayed the ripening of the grapes, and pruning as late as May
decreased the quality of the grapes.
A test of hot water as a means of disinfecting cuttings and rooted vines indi-
cates that either cuttings or roots may be safely disinfected from phylloxera by
immersion in water at .55° C. for five minutes. Some data are given on a study
of the relation of the degree of ripeness of the Muscat grapes to the quality and
quantity of the crop of raisins. The evidence obtained shows the advisability
of allowing Muscat grapes to become very thoroughly ripe before gathering for
raisins. The gain is sufficiently marked to cover the added expense of protect-
ing the raisins from rains during early rainy seasons. In a study of the process
of cap-stemming Sultanina raisins, it was found that much of the failure to cap-
stem readily is due to an excess of moisture in the raisins.
Data are reported on some tests which were made to determine a practicable
method of eliminating bad olive seed and of hastening the germination of good
olive seed. In 16 samples examined the proportion of bad seed varied from none
to 46 per cent. It was found possible to separate bad seed by using a salt
solution, the best concentration of the solution depending on the condition of
the seeds. Seeds freshly separated from the pulp gave the best separation in
a solution containing 25 parts of salt to 100 parts of water by weight, the good
seed sinking to the bottom. Dried seeds gave the best separation in a 10 per
cent salt solution. After soaking dried seeds for two days in water, satisfac-
tory separation was obtained, as with fresh seed, in a 25 per cent salt .solution.
Cutting off the apex of the seed was found the most effective aid to germination.
Seeds of naturally poor germinating powers gave better results when the apex
was cut than seeds of good germinating power when untreated. When planted
with the pulp the germination was very slow, none of the seeds starting within
five months.
Cacao, Y. Henry {Le Cacao. Paris, 1913, pp. 105, pi. 1, figs. 13). — A treatise
on cacao with reference to its production, commerce, culture, and preparation
on the west coast of Africa.
The development of female sexual organs in Theobroma cacao, J. Kuijper
(Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., 11 {19U), No. 1, pp. 311-43, pi. 1, figs. 7).— In a
study of the development of the female sexual organs of cacao flowers, here
illustrated and described, the author finds that the development is entirely
normal.
First report on cacao selection, C. J. J. Van Hall (Meded. Proefstat. Mid-
den-Java, No. 10 (1913), pp. 45). — This is the first report on selection studies
with cacao trees being conducted under the direction of the Experiment Station
for Central Java. Data are given on the work conducted in 1912.
Second report on cacao selection at Djati E.oeng'go, E. E. L. MacGillavby
and C. J. J. Van Hall (Meded. Proefstat. Midden-Java, No. 16 (1914), pp. 10,
figs. 3). — A progress report on that part of the above noted selection studies
with cacao trees which is being conducted at Djati Roenggo, Java.
236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Second report on cacao selection at Getas, A. H. Meyee and C. J. J. Van
Hall {Meded. Proeffitat. Midden-Java, No. 11 {1914), pp. 15, figs. 2). — A similar
progress report on tliat part of the above noted cacao selection studies that is
being conducted at Getas, Java.
A study of the factors influencing seed formation in citrus fruits, J. E.
CoiT {California Sta. Rpt. lOVf, PP- 105, 106). — This comprises a brief sum-
mary of the results thus far secured in this investigation.
The results indicate that cross pollination is unnecessary in all naturally
fertile varieties of orange trees and that pollination takes place without the
activity of insects. Viable pollen of parthenocarpic varieties is either entirely
wanting or is very scarce. Consequently these varieties bear fruit without
pollination. "The time i-equired for complete fertilization after pollination
varies with the variety, from 30 hours in the Satsuma orange to four weelis
in the trifoliate orange. Disintegration of the embryo sacs sometimes takes
place in the Washington navel and Satsuma oranges. It may occur before the
formation of the megaspores, but usually not until afterwards. Some normal
embryo sacs are produced in occasional fruits of both Washington navel and
Satsuma oranges. Thus a few seeds may be produced, provided these par-
ticular fruits happen to be pollinated with viable pollen from fertile varieties.
It is the remoteness of the chance of this occurring under ordinary field con-
ditions that accounts for the seedlessness of these fruits. There appears to
be nothing in the structure of the flowers of either the Washington navel or
the Satsuma oranges which would interfere in any way with the germination
of pollen or normal extension of the pollen tube. Parthenocarpic citrus varie-
ties are probably hybrids between naturally fertile varieties."
The present condition of citrus growing in Spain, J. M. Priego {Internat.
Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 2, pp.
161-166). — ^A short general and statistical account of the citrus industry in
Spain.
The coconut, Octave J. A. Collet {La Noix de Coco. Paris and Brussels,
1913, pp. 176, figs. 33). — A treatise on the coconut with reference to its botany,
plantation culture and management, and the preparation of copra, coconut oil,
and other products. The subject matter is based primarily upon a study of the
industry as conducted in various tropical countries.
Manurial experiments on coconuts, 1913—14, J. de Verteuil {Bui. Dept.
Agr. Trinidad and Tolago, 13 {1914), No. 83, pp. 267-276, pi. 1).— This report
deals with the third year's results of manurial experiments on coconuts being
conducted under the direction of the Trinidad Board of Agriculture (E. S. R.,
30, p. 644).
Although no conclusions are drawn from the work as yet, the results for the
third season failed to show any decided gains by the use of commercial fer-
tilizers.
Second report on selection tests of Robusta coffee, O. Vot^XE and C. J. J.
Van Hall {Meded. Procfstat. Midden-Java, No. 15 {1914). PP- 16. figs. 6).—
A progress report on breeding and selection experiments with Robusta coffee in
Java (E. S. R., 30, p. 43).
Some aspects of modern tea pruning, G. D. Hope and P. H. Carpenter
{Calcutta: Indian Tea Assoc., 1914, PP- 57+IV, pis. 12). — ^A discussion of the
principles and practice of pruning, with special reference to the tea plant.
Report on the botanic gardens and their work, J. F. Waby {Rpt. Dept.
Sci. and Agr. Brit. Gitiana, 1912-13, App. 2. pp. 19). — A report on the botanic
gardens of British Guiana for the year 1912-13, including notes on the character
and condition of ornamentals and economic plants being tested.
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 237
FOKESTRY.
The place of forestry among natural sciences, H. S. Graves (Jour. Wash.
Acad. ScL, 5 (1915),, No. 2, pp. 41-57). — A paper on this subject delivered before
the Washington Academy of Sciences, December 3, 1914.
Forests and floods, F. M. Andrews (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 203-
212). — ^A partial review of the literature of the subject.
Tree growth, and meteorological factors, J. C Kapteny (Rec. Trav. Bot.
N^erland., 11 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 70-93, pis. 2). — A contribution to the knowledge
of this subject based on measurements made of oak trees in different sections of
Germany some 30 years ago. The data are presented now largely with the view
of stimulating more fundamental work along this line.
Report on an investigation into the current annual increment in girth
at 5 feet above ground of a Douglas fir plantation, 32 years of age, in the
Quarries Wood on the Benmore Estate, Kilmun, Cowal District of Argyll-
shire, during the year 1911, J. Nisbet (West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 59 {1912),
pp. 11). — This is the first report on measurements of a sample plat of nearly
pure Douglas fir which was ring banded in 1911 and is to be kept under con-
tinuous observation year by year. From the data already secured it is esti-
mated that the current increment is about 150 cu. ft. per acre and per annum.
ITotes on germination and reproduction of longleaf pine in southern Mis-
sissippi, P. L. BuTTRiCK {ForeHnj Quart., 12 (1914), No. //, pp. 532-637, pi.
1). — ^A contribution to the knowledge of longleaf pine reproduction, based on
data collected partially by the senior class of the Yale Forest School and par-
tially by the author.
The distribution of mountain pine (Pinus montana) in the eastern central
Alps, F. ViERHAPPER (Osterr. Bot. Ztschr., 64 {1914), ^o. 9-10, pp. 369-407).—
A review of the literature of the subject, including a bibliography of the cited
literature.
Average returns from the afforestation of waste lands, P. T. Maw {Quart.
Jour. Forestry, 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 18-33). — A discussion of this subject in
in which the author compares the results of observations made in Great
Britain with results obtained in Germany.
Sixth annual report of the state forester. — Progress of forestry in Ver-
mont, A. F. Hawes {Ann. Rpt. State Forester Vt., 6 {1914), PP- 63, pis. 5).—
Consideration is given to the topics of needed legislation, forest taxation, edu-
cational work, assistance rendered to private owners, nursery and planting
operations on the different State forests, and forest fires.
Report of state forester, F. A. Elliott {Ann. Rpt. State Forester Oreg., 3
{1913), pp. 7/6). — ^The present report comprises a concise record of the fire
losses and of the work performed by state and private agencies in safeguarding
the forest wealth of the State.
Summary of the results of the Saxony state forest administration for the
year 1913 {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrlj., 65 {1914), No. 4. pp. 346^350).— X statis-
tical review relative to forest areas, yields in major and minor forest products,
revenues, esiienditures, etc., for the various districts of Saxony, with compara-
tive data for the year 1912.
Notes on forestry in Russia {Forestry Quart., 12 {1914), No. 4> PP- 567-
577). — Descriptive notes on forest organization, investigations, and practices
in Russia, the subject matter being based on a conversation with M. Tkatchenko,
of the Russian Department of Forestry.
Annual return of statistics relating to forest administration in British
India, 1912-13 {Ann. Return Statis. Forest Admin. Brit. India, 1912-13, pp.
238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
27, pi. 1). — A progress report on forest administration in Britisli India, includ-
ing a financial statement for the year 1912-13. Data relative to forest areas,
working plans, protection, forest surveys, yields in major and minor forest
products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form.
[Report of the] forestry section, W. 11. Rutteb {Ann. Rpt. Bot., Forestry,
and .Set. Dcpt. Uganda, lOl^. PP- 7-13). — A brief progress report of forest opera-
tions in the Uganda Protectorate for the year ended March 31, 1914.
Annual report of subdepartment of forests, S. A. Wood (RptH. Finance,
Admin., ami 0(mdition Sudan, 1913, "vol. 2, pp. 1G5-189). — A progress report on
the administration, management, and exploitation of the forests of the Sudan,
including a financial statement for the year 1913.
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Poles and cross-ties, R. G. Lewis and
W. G. H. BoYCE (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. ^1 (1914), pp. 16,
figs. 2). — ^A statistical account of the poles and cross-ties purchased in Canada
during the calendar year 1913. In addition to the number and value, the poles
and cross-ties are listed with respect to kinds of wood and chief uses, with
comparative data for 1912.
Report of the fifteenth convention of the Canadian Forestry Association,
held at Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 7—9, 1913 {Rpt. Canad. Forestry Assoc,
15 {1913), pp. 118, pis. Jf, figs. 19). — This report includes the addresses and
papers covering various phases of forestry as presented at the convention.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Plant pathology, R. E. Smith {California Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 1.39-U2).—
The author gives an outline report of investigations in progress, dividing them
into physiological plant diseases and those due to definite organisms.
Among the first class are mentioned studies on the internal brown streak
of the potato, the little leaf of the cherry and other trees, exanthema or die-
back of the olive and other trees, and curly top of the sugar beet. Of the dis-
eases due to definitely known organisms, descriptions are given of the rot
caused by Armillaria mellea, walnut blight, bean rust, pear canker, asparagus
diseases, and wood decay of orchard trees, with suggestions for their pre-
vention.
[Investigations of plant diseases], H. J. Webber {California Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. 67-72). — ^A report is given outlining work in plant diseases at the Citrus
Substation. Among the investigations in progress are studies of the infectious-
ness of the crown gall organism, lemon decay fungi, black pit of lemons, gum
diseases of citrus and other fruit trees, a new disease of English walnut trees,
mottling of citrus trees, fruit spots and stains, and nematode diseases.
Diseases of cultivated plants in Westphalia and their control, A. Spieckeb-
MANN {Vcroffcntl. Landw. Kammer Pror. WcstfaJcn. No. 17 [1914], PP- 56,
figs. 17). — This is an indexed report for the years 1910, 1911, and 1912, includ-
ing a discussion of outbreaks, symptoms, causes, results, and treatments of
diseases affecting various grains, tubers, roots, forage and garden plants, fruit
trees with their products, etc., and giving also a tabulation of rainfall at eight
stations during each month of the three years.
Report on the diseases observed at the phytopathological laboratory of
the National Museum of Rio Janeiro, A. Maublanc {Intcniat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913). Xo. 6. pp. 858-861;
ais. in Bot. Centbh, 123 {1913), No. 26, p. 672).— The author lists, with brief
discussion, some of the more important and widely extended fungi parasitic on
sugar cane, cotton, grapes, rice, wheat, etc., as reported from the southern States
of Brazil since the founding of the phytopathological laboratory in 1910.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 239
The spread of the celery leaf spot disease by the use of affected seed, and
its prevention, G. H. Pethybridge (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.,
14 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 687-69Jf, pi. 1). — This is an account of investigations re-
garding the propagation and control of Septoria petroselini apii on celery.
Tests were made with 109 samples of celery seed representing all common
vax'ieties obtained from dealers, 92 itev cent of the samples showing the presence
of the fungus. Tests for germinability of the spores present on the seeds
showed a low rate which, however, might cause a high degree of infection when
seeds are sown thickly, as is common in practice.
Tests with fungicides are described, from which it was found that infected
seed are rendered safe, without serious injury to germinability, by immersion
for three hours in hydrogen peroxid or formalin with or without one hour's
previous soalcing in water. Immersion in 2 per cent copper sulphate for 24
hours seriously impaired germinability.
Investigations on potato diseases (fifth report), G. H. Pethtbridge (Dept.
Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 {1914), No. 3, pp. 433-455, pis. 3; abs.
in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), ^0. 4, pp. 342-344). — Continuing previous
communications (E. S. R., 29, p. 549), the author reports on several potato
diseases.
As regards potato blight {Phytophthora infestans), it is stated that while
results of spraying experiments may have been vitiated by weather conditions
in 1913, spraying just before the beginning of unfavorable weather gave the
best results, as in previous years. Spraying from below seemed superior to
that from above. Burgundy mixture seemed on the whole superior to Bordeaux
mixture, and fungicidal powders appeared to be inferior to sprays.
Stalk disease {Sclcrotinia sclerotiorum) was best controlled by late planting,
the best results being obtained from planting about May 15. Black stalk rot
{Bacillus melanogenes) was less abundant on the hardier plants from seedings
of May and June than fi-om those of March and April.
Regarding corky or powdery scab {Spongospora suMerranea) , it is said that
among the varieties tested for several years there is not one which shows a
constant tendency to resist the disease. Treatment of the soil with a mixture
of ammonium sulphate and quicklime at the rate of 30 and 15 lbs., respectively,
per square rod reduced the disease somewhat.
Pink rot and wilt are both claimed to be due to P. eryihroseptica, which can
attack the plant directly from the soil, possibly not through seed potatoes.
Investigations are claimed to show that a specific Verticillium disease of
pototo exists.
Potato diseases — the dang'er of importation, C. C. Brittlebank {Jour.
Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 7, pp. 400-403).— It is stated that the only
important new disease of the potato appearing in Australia since 1911 is that
known as scurf or dry scab, due to Spondylocladium atrovirens. Consignments
of imported potatoes examined showed an abundance of disease present in most
cases. One shipment, said to be fairly representative, contained Spongospora
subterranea, Phytophthora infestans, Rhisoctonia solani, Spondyloeladium atro-
virens, Fusariuni oxysporum, Oospora scabies, and Bacillus solanaccarum.
Blotch and streak in potatoes, A. S. Hoene {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. ILondon],
39 {1914), No. 3, pp. 607-614, pi. i).— Reviewing the previous progress of inves-
tigations (E. S. R., 24, p. 247) on what it is thought may prove to be two forms
of a single disease recently prevalent in the British Isles, the author describes
experiments carried out at Wisley in 1912 and 1913.
It is stated that while in 1912 streak appeared in about 10 per cent of the
tubers from diseased parent tubers, in 1913 no case of streak occurred. Dis-
79934°— No. 3—15 4
240 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD.
eased crops may result from planting apparently healthy tubers, also probably
sound crops from diseased tubers. Streak-free tubers descended from those on
land previously showing streak in the crop gave rise to very few affected tubers
in the descendants, while diseased parent tubers gave a considerable percentage
of affected descendants. Planting sound tubers from land previously free from
streak disease gave no typical cases of streak, but a small percentage of tubers
showing some marks of internal disease. No increase or spread of the disease
during the storage period could be detected, a result possibly due to care in
storing.
The efifect of potato scab treatments on seed vitality, T. J. !Maney (loica
Sta. Bill. IJfS {lOL'i), pp. 30-60. fi(js. 13). — A suniniary is given of results of
investigations carried on for three years to determine the effect of solutions of
formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate and of formaldehyde gas treatment on
the germination of potatoes.
All of the treatments were efficient in reducing the amount of scab. The
author jconcludes that where whole tubers are treated formaldehyde at the rate
of 1 pt. to 30 gal. of water or corrosive sublimate solution, 2 oz. to 16 gal. water,
may be safely employed, the tubers to be soaked from 2 to 6 hours. If the
tubers are left in the solution for longer periods or are not spread to dry imme-
diately, the germination of the tubers is considerably diminished. The for-
maldehyde gas treatment was found to be unfavorable for use in the proportions
generally recommended on account of its injurious effect on the germinating
power of the tubers. The author states that seed tubers should never be cut
before treatment for prevention of scab.
Sorghum smut {Agr. News IBarbadosI, 13 (1914), No. 324, p. 316).— This
is a brief discussion of the smut of sorghum noted at Montserrat, ascribed to
Sphacclotheca (Ustilago) sorghi, which is said to occur from time to time also
on imphee and Guinea corn in the West Indies.
Infection of sorghum occurs during germination either from the soil or from
adhering spores sown with the seed. The fungus first shows itself outwardly at
flowering time in small masses of black powdery spores, replacing pollen and
seeds. The spoi'es are very resistant and the disease is rapidly cumulative, but
the fungus does not enter the seed and is therefore accessible to fungicides.
For this purpose commercial (40 per cent) formalin (1 pt. to 30 gal. water), or
copper sulphate (1 lb. to 10 gal. water) are recommended. The former is used
to soak the seed for two hours. The latter is employeti for three minutes only,
after which the seed must be quickly dried. The hot water process recom-
mended must employ temperatures between 129 and 138° F. in order to avoid
both ineffectiveness and injury to germinability.
Another smut of sorghum, Sf. {U.) reiliana, which conglomerates the whole
head into a smutted mass, and which is said to require measures different from
that above mentioned, is not yet certainly known to exist in the Lesser Antilles
Black rust of Deli tobacco, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 8
(1914), No. 4, PP- 107-111, pi. 1). — This is mainly a brief discussion of the
writings of other authors on diseases caused by organisms similar or related to
that described by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 149) as causing black rust in
tobacco.
Diseased tomatoes (Agr. Oaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 1, p. 26).— It is
stated, on the authority of G, P. Darnell-Smith, that bacteria are probably the
primary cause of the black spot of tomatoes, the presence of Macrosporium
tomato being secondary. It is thought that infection is favored by the presence
of the rough scars left by the fall of the styles, by irregular and intermittent
water supply, by very bright sunlight, and by heavy applications of sodium
nitrate. Some varieties are comparatively free from the disease.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 241
Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed ou the plants immediately after the
blossoms have fallen, but such treatment is ineffective after the disease has
become evident.
The oak fungus disease of fruit trees, W. T. Hobne {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort.
Cal., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 215-282, figs, a).— The author gives an account of
experiments with Armillaria mcUea as a very common and serious disease of
orchard trees in California. The fungus appears to live for a long time in
soil containing roots of various wild or cultivated plants, sometimes destroying
whole orchards by spreading, though slowly, from root to root and tree to tree
by means of its rhizomorphs.
Cultivation of nonsusceptible plants, as alfalfa, for several years is recom-
mended. Treatment of individual trees is said to be usually disappointing.
Treatment of affected spots includes encircling ditches, also soil sterilization,
for which purpose carbon bisulphid is said to offer the most promising agency
so far, though care is essential to avoid overdosing. Caution is advised as
regards planting infected areas with supposedly resistant trees. Fine roots
are thought to be less liable to infection than larger ones.
Peach cankers and their treatment, R. A. Jehle (New York Cornell 8ta.
Cir. 26 {1914), pp. 53-6ff, figs. 8). — Two types of cankers, brown rot cankers and
cankers caused by winter injuries, are said to be very common on peach trees.
Several other types are sometimes found, but are said to be not abundant.
The author describes the brown rot cankers due to Sclerotinia fructigena and
frost cankers, giving suggestions for their control.
The treatment involves the cutting out of the infected portions of trees and
coating the cut surface with gas tar as soon as the wound has dried. The gas
tar is said to act as a disinfectant and preservative, and no other treatment is
necessjiry.
Peach leaf curl fungus, G. Quinn {Jour. Dept. Agr. 8o. Aust., 18 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 32-37). — Results are given of tests carried out with Exoascus de-
formans, the cause of peach leaf curl, during 1913, also in comparison with
figures previously reported (E, S. R., 30, p. 50). It is stated that Burgundy
mixture proved superior to all others except the standard Bordeaux mixture,
also that the action of lime sulphur shows promise in this connection.
Violent outbreak of currant rust, E. Noffbay {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27
(1914), No. 23, pp. 722, 723).— The attack on several species of Ribes is de-
scribed. The removal and destruction of diseased portions and plentiful em-
ployment of fungicides are prescribed.
Citrus canker, C. W. Edgerton {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 150 {1914), PP- 3-10,
figs. 2). — A report is given of citrus canker, a recently recognized disease that
the author says is particularly serious on grapefruit and Citrus trifoliata, but
also attacks sweet oranges and Satsumas and sometimes occurs on kumquats.
All above-ground parts of the plant are subject to the attack, the appearance
of the spots varying according to the part of the host upon which they are
present. The author states that the disease is known to occur in practically
all the Gulf States. Its origin has not been definitely settled, although it is
believed that it probably came from Japan on nursery stock, or from Brazil,
where a similar disease due to DidymeUa citri was described some time ago by
Noack (E. S. R., 13, p. 258).
No definite means of control are known, but the author suggests the destruc-
tion of diseased material, spraying with a good fungicide, and rigid inspection
of citrus stock, followed by a strict quarantine on all infected nurseries.
Pecan rosette, W. A. Orton and F. V. Rand {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 149-174, pis. 5, fig. /).— Pecan rosette, which has
been the subject of investigation for several years, is said to be generally
242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
recognized as a serious disease. It does not appear to be limited to any par-
ticular soil type, topography, or season. The disease first makes itself evident
by the tree putting out undersized, more or less crinkled and yellow mottled
leaves. The axes of growth are usually shortened so that the leaves are
clustered together into a sort of rosette. In well-marked cases the branches
usuMlly die b;ick from the tip and other shoots are developed from normal or
adventitious buds and in turn those pass through the same series of symptoms.
The nonparasitism of the disease seems to be rather definitely established
by results obtained in isolation cultures, inoculation tests, etc. As a result
of experiments in pruning, fertilizing, transplanting, etc., it is considered
that the disease is directly or indirectly caused by some soil relation.
The evidence at hand appears to indicate that pecan rosette belongs among
the chlorotic diseases of plants which are noninheritable and noninfectious,
but due mostly to improper nutrition or injurious physical conditions.
A beech disease {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew. Bui. Misc. Inform., A^o. 4 (191.'f), p.
176). — Reference is made to a contribution by Elsie M. Prior (E. S. R., 30, p.
653). The action of wind on the crown of the tree in connection with the
tapering form of the trunk may, it is thought, cause cracking of the stem at a
somewhat definite height as noted, giving access to Polijporus adust us, the
fungus found in alleged causal connection with the diseased condition.
Hevea canker, I, II, A. A. L. Rutgers {Dept. Landh., Nijv. en Handel
[Dutch East Indies], Meded. Afdeel. Plantensiekten, Nos. 2 {1912), pp. 10, pis.
6; 4 {1913), pp. i-7).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 29, p. 248), it is
stated that Hevea canker has appeared in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Its
presence and progress are marked by a cessation of latex flow, claret-colored
patches under the cork layers of the bark, and later an enlarging discoloration
of the inner layers. This is followed by the formation of woody tissue (or
wound cambium) around the dead brown cells in the inner cortex, which
formation may continue even long after the infection itself is past.
Measures for eradication of the disease are those securing increa.sed access
of air and sunlight, as thinning, pruning, and removal of intercrops; prevent-
ing spread in the tissues by removal of all diseased portions of the cortex
without disturbing the cambium (which requires specially trained workmen) ;
disinfection of tapping knives by means of formalin ; and preventing infection,
as by spraying the stems with Bordeaux mixture.
In the second paper, the proper employment of carbolineum on first appear-
ance of the canker is outlined and recommended. Cultural and climatic con-
ditions and tapping as bearing upon progress and control of the disease are
also discussed.
Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, O. Butler {Phytopathol-
ogii, .'i (191Ji), No. 3, pp. 125-180, pis. 2, figs. 3). — Preliminary to an investigation
of the biological properties of Bordeaux mixture, the author gives an account of
studies of the physico-chemical nature of this important fungicide, in which he
describes the chemistry, effect of weathering, physical properties, and methods
of preparation and properties of various types of Bordeaux mixture.
Summarizing his conclusions, he states that Bordeaux mixture may be com-
posed of one or several basic cupric sulphates or mixtures of basic cupric sul-
phates, depending on the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcium oxid employed. The
copper precipitate of Bordeaux mixtures in which the ratio of cupric sulphate to
calcium oxid is 1 : 1 or 1 : 0.5 becomes crystalline on standing when the solution
contains more than 0.125 per cent of cupric sulphate. The rate of crystalliza-
tion depends on the temperatui'e and concentration of the cupric sulphate in the
mixtures. The crystallization was found to be retarded by the presence of such
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 243
impurities as ferrous sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxid, and mag-
nesium carbonate, but this retardation is not due to the diluent action of the
salts in question. The crystallization may also be delayed by various inorganic
salts and organic substances, saccharose being particularly effective.
Bordeaux mixtures, after carbonization, are slightly soluble in pure water
and dissolve readily in water containing carbon dioxid in solution. They are
also soluble in water containing ammonia salts, and alkaline Bordeaux mixtures
are soluble in solutions containing dextrose, saccharose, and some other organic
substances. The physical state of the copper precipitate was found to be af-
fected, irrespective of the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcium oxid, by the dilu-
tion of the salts and the manner in which they are brought together and the tem-
perature of the water. After the copper and lime have been brought together a
slight delay in stirring the mixture was found not to affect materially the physi-
cal state of the precipitate, nor did long-continued stirring materially affect it.
Three types of Bordeaux mixture are recognized, neutral Bordeaux mixtures,
of which the Woburu Bordeaux mixture is a type, slightly alkaline Bordeaux
mixtures, and strongly alkaline or basic mixtures.
Notes on the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, O. Butler {New Hampshire
8ta. Circ. 15 (191.',), pp. 10, figs. 2). — This circular gives some practical deduc-
tions from the studies described above, treating principally of the nature of
Bordeaux mixture, effect of method of mixing, relative value of hydrated lime
and quicklime, effect of temperature on keeping quality, methods for preventing
deterioration, tests for soluble copper, and descriptions of proprietary Bordeaux
mixtures.
Of practical importance attention is called to the fact that hydrated lime is
not to be recommended in lieu of quicklime in the preparation of this mixture
except where quicklime is not obtainable or is of too poor quality to be advan-
tageously used. The studies on temperature showed that low temperatures, 48
to 50° F., for making the mixtures and keeping them are more satisfactory than
higher temperatures. In testing for excess of copper the author suggests testing
for alkalinity will be usually sufficient, but he states that the 4 : 4 : 50 mixture,
which is commonly used, has an excess of lime so that testing for copper would
be superfluous.
The action of Bordeaux mixture on plants, B. T. P. Barker and C. T.
GiMiNGiiAM (Ann. Appl. Biol, 1 (1914), ^No. 1, pp. 9-21, figs. 6).— Recent tests
continuing previous work (E. S. R., 25, p. 458), made on injured and uninjured
apple seedlings one year old and sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, showed that
even slight fresh injuries to the leaf cuticle will permit of scorching by that
fungicide; also that weather and season as well as long contact with the mix-
ture are influential in determining susceptibility to such injurious influence.
Cells with readily premeable walls may absorb dissolved copper and be killed
thereby. The nature of the cell wall is said to determine the interaction, when
such occurs, between cells of higher plants and the copper compounds, some
types of leaves absorbing and translocating copper without local injury. Cop-
per may also be carried up through the roots to the aerial parts of some plants
without apparent injury to the cells through which it passes.
Spreading and adherent sprays, V. Vermorel and E. Dantony (Rev. Vit.,
Ifl (191 If). No. 1063, pp. J,93. //.9./,).— The authors, replying to questions from
vine growers, give directions for the preparation and application of sprays for
which, when used as prescribed, superior effectiveness with economy is claimed.
The compatibility of insecticides and fungicides, G. P. Gray (Mo. Bui.
Com. Hon. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 265-275) .—The relations of compatibility
or incompatibility of various mixtures and solutions in use against insects and
244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
fungi are shown in a tabular arrangement for convenient reference, with a key
and interpretative discussion.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Game laws for 1914. — A summary of the provisions relating to seasons,
export, sale, limits, and licenses, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Bancroft, and F. L.
Earnsiiaw (C7. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. 628 {1914), PP- o.'f, figs. 3).— This,
the fifteenth annual summary of the game laws of the United States and Can-
ada which has been prepared on the same general plan as those previously
issued (E. S. R., 30, p. 52), includes the proclamation of the President and the
amended regulations for the protection of migratory birds, approved October
1, 1914.
The California toad, an economic asset, T. I. Storee {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr.,
2 {191J,), Ko. 3, pp. 89-91, fig. 1).—A brief account of Bufo halophilns, which
ranges throughout the greater part of California, being found along the coast
from San Diego on the south to at least Humboldt County on the north, through-
out the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and well up into the Sierra Nevadas.
On the hot deserts in the southeastern part of the State, in the region east of
the Sierras, and to the north it is replaced by other species which differ but
slightly in form or habit.
Entomology, C. W. Woodworth {California Sta. Rpt. 191^, pp. 109-118, fig.
1). — The author here reports upon the work of the year under the headings of
silkworms, spraying versus bees, factors in longevity, cyanid as a soil fumigant,
and insecticides.
It has previously been pointed out (E. S. R., 15, p. 1091) that in the Pajaro
Valley the apples that set may be wholly those from the first blossoms, that
this fruit may be already as large as cherries before the lai'ger part of the
blossoms fall, and that to poison the blossom cups of the fruit the sjiray would
have to be applied before full bloom. Thus it became necessary to determine
the effect on bees of arsenical spray applied to trees just coming into full
bloom. A colony was shipped fi'om the University apiary at Berkeley to Wat-
sonville and placed in a tree in the center of a 40-acre apple orchard just before
spraying with an unusually heaAT dose of ai'senicals as the trees were coming
into full bloom. An examination of the hive later showed no evidence of the
poisoning of bees or brood. Samples of the pollen and newly stored honey were
also analyzed, with negative results in the case of the latter. The hive was
kept closed until a number of dead bees had accumulated, which were then
analyzed and an amount of arsenic nearly approaching a toxic dose was recov-
ered. Analyses of samples of honey gave negative results. "All clearly showed
that even under the scA'ei'e conditions of the excessive dose and a locality where
practically all the food was from sprayed trees there was no appreciable danger
to man from poisoned honey. When the more soluble arsenicals were in use
there is reason to believe that many bees were killed, and even with the insol-
uble lead or zinc compounds now in use a small percentage evidently die of the
poison."
A series of experiments was conducted by J. P. Baumberger to determine
the effect on longevity of a variable temperature as contrasted with one held
practically uniform. He found that when insects are exposed to an unusual
temperature, either hot or cold, for two days they live longer in any other
temperature than when placed directly in that temiierature. " It is probable
that temperature is only one of the means of so upsetting the physiological bal-
ance as to affect longevity, and that we have the suggestion of a law that may
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 245
be of highest siguilieaucv to students of the action of insecticides iu the inter-
pretation of their experimental data."
The author describes experiments conducted by E. E. Ong with a view to
determining the value of hydrocyanic acid gas as a soil fumigant. The method
devised consists in the use of a series of tubes in the soil, through which air
could be extracted and the amount of hydrocyanic acid gas quantitatively deter-
mined by the iodin test developed the previous year in the course of experi-
ments with scale-insect eggs. The results obtained were positive and definite.
Where the cyanid gas was pumped into the soil within a foot of the sampling
tube, only a very small fraction of 1 per cent was recovered. The soil evidently
filtered out the gas, either by absorbing or decomposing it. To determine the
capacity of the soil in terms of cyanid loss, calcium chlorid tubes were then
employed holding 50 cc. of soil, and gas of known strength pumped through, and
it was found that before any considerable quantity of cyanid could pass the soil
had taken nearly its full capacity, which was found to vary from 0.03 to 0.012
gm. per liter, or 122 to 440 lbs. of sodium cyanid per acre-foot.
" While this amount makes the cost i^rohibitive for large use, it is well
within the possiblities for soil fumigation of small areas, and, indeed, is only
a little more expensive than carbon bisulphid in clayey soils, and much cheaper
In sandy soil and in any soil if the fertilizer value of the nitrogen in the
material is deducted. The dose will have to be regulated by the character of
the soil, since no results will be produced until after the soil has received the
full amount which it can absorb or decompose."
New methods of studying the action of cyanid gas on scale-insect eggs are
Baid to have been employed with very satisfactory results, data having been
obtained on about 30.000 layings. The methods employed are briefly described.
Report of the entomolog'ist, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pt. 1, pp. 55a-58a). — During the year the box leaf miner (Monarthropalpus
buxi), a recently imported insect, caused much injury to box trees and hedges.
It is pointed out that during the year over 90 per cent of the San Jose scales
examined were parasitized by a species, previously described by Tower as
ProspalteUa pernidosi (E. S. R., 29, p. 459). This parasite is said to have been
reported from Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania, and has been sent to
a number of other States for colonization.
Insects injurious to stored raisins, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt.
1914, PP- 189, 190). — It is stated that much injury is caused to raisins by in-
sects, the Indian meal or raisin moth (Plodia interpuncteUa) and the saw-
toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis) being the principal pests con-
cerned. Since the methods of control by screening and fumigation have proved
ineffective in many cases an investigation was undertaken, and it was found
that slight changes in the methods in use would insure protection. It is pointed
out that the fumigating rooms should be very carefully constructed to prevent
the escape of the gas, and should preferably be built of concrete. It is impor-
tant that improvements in screening and trapping devices be made and the
insects, usually allowed to escape when the raisins are passed through the siz-
ing and screening machines, be caught and destroyed.
A study of the life history of the raisin moth indicates that their numbers
can be considerably reduced by carefully regulating the time of storage of the
raisins in the vineyard and packing house.
The parasitism of insects by the Entomophthorese, F. Picard (Bui. 8oc.
Etudes et Vxilg. Zool. Agr., 13 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 1-1; 2, pp. 25-30, pis. 2; 3,
pp. 37-40, pi. 1; 4, PP- 62-65). — This is a comprehensive review of the subject,
with references to the literature.
246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Hosts of insect egg parasites in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, with
a suppleinentary American list, A. A. Gir^vult {Ztschr. Wiss. Inscktenbiol.,
10 {lUU), Nos. 3, pp. 87-91; 4, pp. 135-139; 5, pp. 175-178; 6-7, pp. 238-240).—
This list is arranged on the same plan as that for North and South America,
previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 852).
Some factors affecting results in the use of high temperature for the con-
trol of insects injuring cereal products, W. H. Goodwin (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
{1914), ^<J. 4j PP- 313-322). — The author reports upon experiments conducted
with 13 ditTerent pests which show that moisture is a very important factor
when using high tempei*atures for the control of insects affecting cereals and
cereal products. He concludes that the practical value of high temperature at
48 to 50° C. for the destruction of pests affecting such products is much les-
sened when the heated atmo.sphere contains moisture greater than 40 to 50 per
cent. Oven experiments demonstrate that 50 to 55° kills all stages of cereal
insect pests if they are actually subjected to this temperature for one to two
hours. " In practical work, moisture conditions are extremely important and
must not be overlooked, as failure to obtain the necessary temperature is often
due to lack of sufficient radiating surface to overcome the excessive moisture
conditions. Because of the more rapid radiation obtained, the use of steam at
50 to 60 lbs. pressure will give results superior to those gotten with 8 lbs. pres-
sure with one-fourth more of radiating surface."
The destruction of underground pests, E. Molinas {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 12, pp. 374-S78; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914),
Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 362, 363). — The author calls attention to the work of Dumas
and others with potassium sulphocax'bonate as an insecticide. Through the
action of the carbonic acid contained in the air and in water, potassium sulpho-
carbonate, which is produced commercially in the form of a dark red solution
containing 14 to 16 per cent sulphid and 18 to 20 per cent of ix)tash, slowly
decomposes and resolves itself into carbon bisulphid and sulphureted hydrogen,
both of which gases are insecticides, and a residue, potassium carbonate, which
can be used as a fertilizer. Potassium sulphocarbonate is said to have an
advantage over carbon bisulphid in that it acts more slowly and for a longer
time, and that it entirely impregnates the mass of soil. One part of the com-
mercial solution diluted in 100 parts of water, both by volume, and the liquid
poured from a watering can in such quantity as to insure adequate penetration
kills slugs, cutworms, earthworms, white grubs, longicoru larvae, and millipedes.
Tulips and carnations are not affected by a 1 per cent solution, and even 2
per cent may be used. Only when a 5 per cent solution is employed do carna-
tions begin to suffer. The cost of potassium carbonate solution is not very
high and its manurial value may also be deducted. See also the work by Bour-
cart, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 341).
Soil fumigation, J. A. Hyslop {Jour. Ecvn. Ent., 7 {1914), No. ^, pp. 305-
312). — This discussion relates to soil fumigation work conducted by the Bureau
of Entomology of this Department during the season of 1913. It is claimed
that the work has shown (1) that sodium cyanid will not permanently injure
the soil; (2) that it can not be api^lied while crops are on the land nor imme-
diately prior to seeding; and (3) that it will kill wireworms.
The food of the earwig (Forficula auricularia) as shown by the contents
of its crop, G. LusTNEE {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 40 {1914), No. 19-21, pp.
482-514; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 546, 5^7).— The
author summarizes the literature on the subject and reports upon examina-
tions made of crop contents.
Examination of several lots, compi'ising 162 earwigs, have led to the conclu-
sion that they are omnivorous feeders. Normally they feed on dead plants and
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 247
on fungi such, as Capnodium, but when favorable opportunity occurs, living
leaves and flowers are attacked. While the author states that only dead animal
matter appears to be consumed, a footnote in the abstract calls attention to the
fact that earwigs consume living insects, such as Depressaria pupaj, as well.
Forficula auricularia in Rhode Island, R. W. Glaser {Psyche, 21 {IQlJf),
No. 5, pp. 151, 158). — The author reix)rts that in July, 1914, this European
earwig was the source of considerable annoyance on an estate at Newport, II. I.,
through entering the house and crawling over the inhabitants at night. The
species was first observed in 1912. In 1913 they had increased to such an ex-
tent that suppression by spraying was begun, and by July, 1914, they seemed
to have passed beyond control and had spread to adjoining estates. The species
is supposed to have been introducetl through the agency of imported plants.
The green soldier bug (Nezara hilaris), R. D. Whitmarsh {Jour. Ecun.
Ent., 7 (1914), No. 4, PP- 336-830). — Severe loss was sustained by peach grow-
ers along the Marblehead peninsula region of Lake Erie during 1911 as a
result of injuries caused by N. hilaris, which commences its feeding on the small
fruit during the last part of June and early July and continues working upon
the fruit until late fall. Where the fruit is badly pimctured it becomes un-
salable, while the extra fine fruit showing but one or two punctures has to be
graded lower, thus decreasing its value.
Practically no damage was done during 1912. In 1913 it occurred in small
numbei's on peaches in the previously infested district along Lake Erie, but the
damage done was slight as compared with that of 1911.
Mr. Crawford's recent work on the Delphacinge, E. P. Van Duzee {Psyche,
21 {1914), ^0. 5, pp. 163-166). — A discussion of the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 31, p. 550).
Papers on Aphididae. — The yellow clover-aphis (Callipterus trifolii), J. J.
Davis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 25, pt. 2, tech. ser. {1014), pp. 17-40,
pi. 1, figs. 6). — The yellow clover-aphis (C. trifolii seu ononidis [Chaitophorus
maoiilatus]), originally described by Monell from Washington, D. C, is com-
mon and oftentimes abundant throughout the eastern half of the United States,
except possibly in the extreme southern portions, although it has never been
considered a pest in this country, and consequently little of its life history and
habits has been studied.
In Asia the species was first reported from Jodhpur, India, by Buckton in
1889, and the author has received specimens presumably collected at Lahore,
India. In America red clover {Tri folium pratensc) is the universal food plant
of this species, it usually being found on the underside of the leaves, living more
or less solitary. It has also been reared from white clover {T. repens). Tests
made of various plants show that this species can also breed without diflaculty
on alsike, English, and mammoth clovers. In India the species lives on alfalfa,
and Buckton has received reports that it is destructive to this plant, but it has
not been found to attack alfalfa in this country. Why this species lives on
Trifolium but not on alfalfa in America while in India it is found on alfalfa
but ai:>parently not on Trifolium remains to be explained.
Descriptions are presented of the wingless stem mother, winged viviparous
female, wingless viviparous female, winged male, and wingless oviparous female.
*• With C. trifolii, as with most other plant lice, a number of generations of
winged and wingless viviparous females are produced during the summer, and
the true sexes, consisting of winged males and wingless oviparous females,
appear in the fall ; these females in turn laying eggs on the stems and leaves
of clover to carry the species over the winter months. This species does not
have an alternate host, nor does it ever pass the winter, in the latitude of
La Fayette, Ind., as viviparous females." The author is of the opinion that in
248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the Southern States, however, it probably does winter as viviparous females,
since viviparous forms are not uncommon at Clemson College, S. C, in Decem-
ber, whereas a careful search for sexual individuals proved fruitless. "As is
characteristic of this tribe of plant lice (Callipterini), the species under discus-
sion is sporadic in habit and is very easily roused, the least disturbance causing
it to jump from its host. This habit is much to its advantage, for it seems to
render the si>ecies almost immune from predaceous and parasitic enemies."
In generation studies at La Fayette, Ind., in 1913, the details of which are
reported in tabular form, the author has found the maximum number to be 17
«nd the minimum 8; thus 12i is the approximate average number of genera-
tions. The first generation extended over a period of 39 days, from April 22
to May 31 ; the second, 60 days ; the third, 54 days, etc. ; and the eighth genera-
tion, which includes the last generation of the last-born series, being the longest,
extending over a period of 128 days. Studies by Phillips and Parks of the line
of generations of C trifolii from May 13, 1909, to oviparous generation, at La
Fayette, Ind., are also presented in tabular from. Observations indicate that
this species invariably molts but four times.
"Weather conditions, esi^ecially heavy rains, are thought to be the most im-
portant checks of the yellow clover-aphis. The aphis fungus, Empusa aphidis,
is likewise quite an imix)rtant factor in holding this plant louse in check. On
account of its habits of living singly and jumping from the leaf at the least
disturbance, this species is seldom attacked by internal parasites. Three species
of coccinellids. namely. McgiUa maculata, Hippodamia convergens, and Cocci-
nella 9-notaia, have been reared from larvae found feeding on C. trifolii.
A bibliography of 14 titles is appended.
The conquest of verruga, C. H. T. Townsend (Peru To-day, 6 (1914), No. 2,
pp. 57-67, figs. 20). — This is a brief statement of the results of investigations
relating to the transmission of verruga by biting flies {Phlebotomus verruca-
rum), carried on under the direction of the author from February 22, 1913, to
June, 1914, accounts relating to which have been previously noted (E. S. R.. 20,
p. 856; 30, pp. 252, 658; 31, p. S47).
The author believes it to be possible to I'emove entii'ely the Phlebotomus from
the vicinity of any given habitation or house in the verruga zone, by simply
clearing away all stone walls and rock piles within a radius of several hundred
yards and doing away with any caves or cavities in the rock that may be
located within that radius.
Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Bibio hortulanus and its
control, E. Molz and W. Pietsch (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 10 (1914), Nos.
3, pp. 98-105; Jf, pp. 121-125; ahs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Ag'r. Intel, and; Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^"o. 7, pp. 966, 967). — ^An outbreak of
B. hortulanus occurred in the Province of Saxony in 1913 and in addition to
sugar beets, the only crop which it had previously been known to injure, it
attacked spring barley and wheat so severely that many fields had to be plowed
up and resown. The damage is caused by the larvae, which feed until the begin-
ning of May and then pupate at from 2 to 4 in. below the surface of the soil.
In investigations conducted by the author it was found that contact poisons
had very little effect. The most satisfactory control measures consist in plow-
ing deeply and rolling at the time of pupation.
The apple root borer, F. E. Brooks (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 179-188, pis. 3). — During the course of investigations of
the rouudheaded apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida) carried oo by the author
in West Virginia in 1911, numerous associated buri'ows of a smaller insect were
observed which later wei*e found to be those of Agrilus rittaticollis, a beetle
which hitherto had not been recognized as an enemy of cultivated fruit trees,
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 249
and to which the name apple root borer is given. Further observations have
shown that the species is quite generally distributed throughout the Appala-
chian fruit region and that in places it is doing considerable damage to young
apple trees. A study of the literature has shown that this species was first
described from Massachusetts in 1837 and was reported in 1875, as having been
found living on the service tree or shadbush {Atuelanchier canadoiKis) in
various parts of that State. It was reported in 1889 as being found occasionally
in Massachusetts in June feeding on the leaves of thorn, service tree, and
chokeberry. A specimen in the National Museum Is recorded as having been
collected at Tryon, N. C, in June on leaves of Oxydendruin. Since the sjiecies
is also recorded from Michigan, Peunsj'lvania, and New Jersey, it is thought
probable that it occurs throughout the greater part of the eastern United
States.
The injury to the trees is done bj^ the slender, white larva which bores
through the sapwood and heartwood of the roots and lower trunk, the burrows
through the I'oots frequently extending ouward for several feet and in badly
infested trees being so numerous that the roots often die, causing a weakness of
the whole tree. The work of the insect is obscure, there being no chips or
castings coming to the surface as is the case with the roundheaded apple tree
borer. The egg, which is placed rather conspicuously on the bark of the trunk,
and the exit holes through which the adult escapes from the wood are the
only external marks made by the insect on the tree. In addition to the injury
resulting from the damaged roots, the exit holes in the bark admit more or less
water, which frequently induces decay of the heartwood. At French Creek,
W. Va., 125 apple, 20 pear, and 200 service trees from one-half to 5 in. in diame-
ter were cut off a few inches above the ground and, upon examination, showed
311, 9, and 342 burrows of Agrilus and 101, 0, and 21 burrows of Saperda, re-
si^ectively. The author reports having found the larva to attack apples,
pear, wild thorn, wild crab, and service tree. Of the several larval food plants
named the aijple and service tree seem to be greatly preferred.
In the latitude of West Virginia the eggs are deposited in May and June.
They are glued tightly to the bark of the trank a few inches above the ground
singly or, rarely, in pairs. On hatching out the larva leaves the egg fx*om the
underside, bores directly through the bark to the cambium, and thence through
the cambium down the trunk to the ground, whence it proceeds onward through
a convenient root. After boring through the cambium for a distance of from
6 to 12 in. it burrows abruptly into the solid wood, where all the feeding
throughout the remaining part of the larval stage is done. After burrowing
into the solid wood of the root the larva continues to feed outward from the
tree. If the root is long enough the burrow may continue toward the tip for
a distance of 3 or 4 ft, after which it turns and is directed back toward the
base. It spends its first winter weU out from the trunk, often in a root not
more than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. It is active late in the fall
and early in the spring, and it is thought probable that considerable feeding
is done during the winter. " With the coming of warm weather it feeds rapidly
back toward the base of the root, and by midsummer it has reached the center
of the root system and has begun to ascend the body of the tree. The latter
part of the summer and the fall are spent in boring upwax'd through the trunk
and in fashioning a pupal chamber. In trees that are quite small pupation
takes places within 5 to 10 in. of the ground, but in larger trees the larvje for
some reason ascend higher before forming the pupal cells. In apple and pear
trees that are as large as G in. in diameter at the base of the trunk it is not
unusual for the larvse to ascend 2 or 3 ft. to pupate, and in one case an indi-
\idual was found in a 12-year»old pear tree that had burrowed up fi-om the
250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
roots and pupated in a branch 46 in. above tlie ground. Tlie ascent through
the trunk is usually made withm half an inch of the inner bark, the larva occa-
sionally approaching the bark but never entering it." In December of the
second year the larva gets permanently settled in its cell and pupation takes
place w^ith the coming of the first few wanu days of spring. The pupal stage
lasts from three to four weeks and the adults emerge in May. It is probable
that the life of the adult does not often exceed two or three weeks.
Mention is made of the habits of other members of the genus Agrilus, several
of which are well-known pests. As regards natural enemies, the author reports
the discovery of one hymenopterpus parasite which attacks and destroys the
larva and pupa, and which has been described by Viereck as Xylophruridea
agrili n. g., and n, sp. (E. S. R., 29, p. 563). Two generations of this parasite
occur annually, one brood of the adult appearing early in the spring and the
other late in the fall. From 25 to 40 per cent of the root borers are said to
be destroyed by this enemy. It is pointed out that control measures must be
directed toward the protection of the trunk of the tree against the deposition
of the egg rather than the killing of the borer after it begins feeding. " Where
paints, washes, or mechanical devices of any kind are used on trees as a pre-
ventive of injury by the roundheaded apple tree borer, equal protection may
be had against the apple root borer by treating the trunks at about the time
fruit is setting in the spring. The egg-laying season is of short duration, and
temporary wrapi>ers of paper or burlap, or any other material that will entirely
cover the lower 2 ft. of the trunk for a period of four or five weeks following
the blooming season of the apple, will in a large measure prevent eggs from
being placed on the bark. Treatment with sticky adhesive or heavy paints
that are not injurious to the trees will answer the same purpose." Since the
apple root borers develop freely in the common service tree, the proximity of
apple orchards to woods in which this tree flourishes may always be regarded
as a source of possible infestation.
The western com rootworm, G. G. Ainslie {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), Xo.
4, pp. 322-324). — The data here presented supplement an account by Webster,
previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 56).
The author has almost completely worked out the life and seasonal histories
of the species in Tennessee and found them to be substantially the same as
farther north. It is stated that on river bottom land in Tennessee which was
under water eleven times in one winter, each time for from two to twelve days,
the larvae were as numerous the following summer as elsewhere.
The carpet beetle or " bufEalo moth," L. O. Howard ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 626 {1914), pp. 4, fig. i).— This popular account of Anthrenus
scrophulariw is a reprint of Bureau of Entomology Circular 5, revised.
The postembryonal stages of Otiorhynchus cribricollis with partheno-
genetic reproduction at irregular intervals, G. Geandi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen.
e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 7 {1913), pp. 72-90, figs. 12; aU. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 3, p. 181). — Both the larva and adult of 0.
cribHcoUis are a source of injury to alfalfa in the vicinity of Portici, Italy. It
is stated that in addition to O. e7'ihHcoUis, the biology of which is here dealt
with, two other species, namely. O. turea and O. ligustici, are known to reproduce
partheuogenetically. A bibliography of 22 titles is included.
The codling moth in Iowa (Carpocapsa pomonella), R. L. Webster {Iowa
Sta. Bui. 147 {1914), pp. 5-35, figs. 17; popular ed. {1914), pp. 8, figs. 5").— The
author estimates the annual damage to the apple crop in the State of Iowa by
the codling moth to amount to approximately $3,000,000. Studies of its life
history have shown that there are two distinct generations each year in Iowa,
FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION, 251
the larvae of tlie first generation entering the f rnit early in June ; those of tlie
second late in July and early in August.
Details are presented of spraying experiments conducted at Ames. It was
found that where the infestation was not severe the larvae were kept well under
control by two sprayings ten days apart with lead arsenate after the blossoms
fell. Of these two sprays the first alone did almost as well as the two combined
where the infestation was not severe, but under badly infested conditions these
two sprays did not keep the worms in check, and in Iowa orchards where the in-
festation is severe it will be necessary to spray during the summer. " In order
to catch the first of the second brood worms spraying must be done in July.
In southern Iowa it should be finished by mid July, in central Iowa by July 20,
in northern Iowa by July 25. These dates are approximate.
" To keep down the codling moth, spray thoroughly immediately after the
blossoms fall, then if wormy apples are found in July spray again for the sec-
ond brood."
A destructive pine moth introduced from Europe (Evetria buoliana), A.
BuscK {Jour. Ecoii. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 4, pp. 3J,0, 341, pi. /).— A lepidopteran
that was reported in May, 1914, to be seriously injuring young Scotch pines at
Great Neck, L. I., has been reared and identified by the author as E. huoUana, a
species recognized by the leading foresters of Europe as one of the most or even
the most injurious of the insect enemies of Pinus sylvertris and other pines.
The larvje tunnel in the tips of the leading branches and thereby check the early
growth and injure the appearance of the trees. A peculiar curved growth, the
so-called " Posthorner," or " Baionnette," a familiar sight in European pine
forests, which seriously depreciates the value of the trees, is a characteristic
result of the injury.
An investigation made by the author leads him to conclude that the pest is a
recent introduction.
Red spider control, E. A. McGregor (Jow: Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), ^o. 4, pp.
324-336). — The data here presented supplement the account previously noted
(B. S. R., 29, p. 360). The author states it appears to be established that
in South Carolina the great bulk of continuous dispersion of the red spider
on cotton is effected by means of travel from plant to plant across interlacing
branches. Experiments have shown that nine hours of complete submergence
is necessary to insure the death of the red spider by water.
Tick eradication in Arkansas, R. M. Gow {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 119 {1914),
pp. 3-20, figs. 8). — ^This bulletin presents a brief discussion of the importance
of eradication of the tick, its life history and habits, and methods of combating
it, including specifications and plans for the construction of a concrete dipping
vat.
As a result of the work fifteen counties in the State have been released from
federal quarantine and portions of several others. The total area released is
12,668 square miles, or nearly one-fourth of the entire State. The estimatal
number of cattle in the released area is 217,000. It is stated that a general
interest in tick eradication is now being shown all over the State. During
the winter months concrete dipping vats have been built in three-fourths of the
counties in the State, some by individuals and others by several farmers
working together.
FOODS— HUMAN NTJTRITION.
[The importance of sea food in the diet], J. C. Linthicum {Cong. Rec, 51
{1914), No. 182. pp. 9561-9564). — In emphasizing the need for conservation and
development of marine sea-food life, the author considers somewhat at length
the importance of fish as food.
252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The water content of oysters, F. L. Shannon {I'roc. Assoc. Amer. Dairy,
Food and Drug Officials, 17 {1913), pp. 161-165).— The author reports the
results of a study of the water content of ten samples of oysters marketed in
sealed cans, undertaken with special reference to the determination of a
market standard for oysters. The paper is followed by a discussion.
The water content of meat products, E. Fedeb (Chem. Ztg., 38 (,1914), No.
67, pp. 709-711). — From the large amount of analytical data here presented,
the author draws the general conclusion that there is a definite relationship
between the water content of meat and the amount of organic nonfatty mate-
rial. The water content appears to be approximately equal to four times the
amount of organic nonfatty material.
Studies of the bacteriology of sausag'e and similar goods, E. Sacquepee
and P. LoYGUE {Gompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (191-',), No. 17, pp. 820-
822). — The studies reported had to do with the occurrence of proteus and para-
typhoid bacilli.
Eggs, W. S. Matthews (III. State Food Com. Bui. 30 (191Jf), pp. .'/).— Recom-
mendations as to how the egg supply may be improved are given for the benefit
of the farmer, the buyer, the baker, the retailer, and the housewife.
[Composition of] cassava, J. S. Camus (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3
(191Jf), No. 4, p. 75). — Analytical data are presented and discussed.
Rice (Oryza sativa) (Food and Drugs, n. sef., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 145-15S,
figs. 3). — In addition to describing some of the more common varieties of rice
grown in India, this article contains a summary and digest of data regarding
the chemical composition of the raw and cooked product and the dietetics of rice.
[Wheat and flour investigations], R. HAECOtJBT (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr.
Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 24, 25). — The results are reported of
analyses and baking tests of several samples of wheat.
The baking quality of German wheats, G. Corduan (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 33
(1913), No. 101, pp. 917, 918).— The composition and baking quality of flours
from rye and wheat grown in foreign countries were studied in comparison with
flour from German grains grown upon plats which had been intensively fer-
tilized. The experiments tended to show that although with the use of fertilizer
the protein value increased, the ash and fat content remained constant, and the
amount of carbohydrates decreased, no constant and definite relationship ex-
isted. No apparent difference was noted, for example, in the baking qualities,
in the yield of dough, and in the weight and volume of the loaf.
Study of some Italian hard wheat flours, L. Maurantonio (Staz. Sper. Agr.
Ital., 47 (1914), ^0. 3. pp. 2/7-2.30).— Analytical data are presented and dis-
cussed regarding a number of samples of flour from hard wheat grown in the
district of Bari.
Diminished gluten content of flour, Balland (Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), No.
69, pp. 381-383). — Some fluctuations were noted, but on the whole there has
been a decline in the gluten content of French wheats, the average value in 1869
being 28.4 and in 1914 24.23 per cent.
The bread-making industry at Milan (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 62 (1914), No.
8222, pp. 841, 842). — A brief survey is given of the bread-making industry
with special reference to the introduction of improved methods, the sanitary
condition of the bakeries, and the wages of the employees.
Use of dried potatoes in bread making (Landw. Wchnhl. Schlcs. Hoist.. 64
(1914), No. 35, pp. 851, 852),.' — By a modern milling process drie<I potatoes
yield a flour of good keeping quality. It is stated that in making different kinds
of bread as high as 40 per cent of this flour can be used to good advantage.
FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 253
A program for dehydrated vegetables, H. J. Burgess (Pure Products, 10
(1914), No. 8, p. 309). — The nature, luarketiug, and use of dehj'drated vegetables
and similar topics are discussed.
Use of green vegetables in the farm home (Landio. WchU. Schles. Hoist.,
6Jf (1914), No. 35, pp. 852-854)- — The use of green vegetables like peas, beans,
asparagus, cauliflovper, etc., is discussed briefly and directions given for their
preparation.
The banana fruit, J. Dacanay {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (1914), No.
Jf, pp. 81-83). — Data are presented regarding the chemical composition and
culinary proi>erties of bananas. Some recipes are also given.
Ice cream experiments {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39
{1913), pp. 92-94)- — In the investigation here reported studies were made of
the factors which cause " swell " or " overrun," and the percentage of " over-
run " which is possible with good results.
Studies were also made of the factors causing smoothness or lack of smooth-
ness, the factors favorable to and necessai'y for producing a good shipping
product, and the profits of ice cream manufacture as compared with selling
the cream for consumption as such or for the manufacture of butter.
Ice cream, W. S. Matthews {III. State Food Com. Bui. 28 {1914), pp. 16,
fig. 1). — This bulletin, which is intended for the use of persons engaged in the
manufacture and sale of ice cream, contains data regarding the state food
laws, as well as information relative to the purchase of raw materials, and the
construction, lighting, ventilating, and general sanitary condition of ice cream
factories.
Confectionery, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 288 {1914),
pp. 21). — ^The results are reported of the analysis of 174 samples of confec-
tionery purchased throughout the Dominion of Canada. These were especially
examined for the presence of arsenic which might enter into their composition
either through coloring matter or glucose. In no case was arsenic found beyond
such minute traces as were regarded as entirely harmless.
Candy making in the home, Christine T. Herrick {Chicago and New York,
1914, PP- 130). — This book contains a large number of recipes.
Canning, preserving, and pickling, Marion H. Neil {Philadelphia, 1914,
pp. 28.'i, flgs. 12). — A large number of recipes for homemade preserves, pickles,
catsups, etc.
Preserving and canning, Emily Riesenbeirg {Chicago and New York, 1914,
pp. /0.J).— Directions are given for the canning of fruits and vegetables, to-
gether with recipes for the preparation of jams, preserves, jellies, marmalades,
pickles, and beverages.
Ground ginger and a study of analytical results, A. McGill {Lab. Inland
Rer. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 286 {1914), PP- 35)- — Analytical data are given con-
cerning 259 samples of ground ginger as sold in Canada, of which 194 were
found to be genuine. Attention is called to the practice of the adulteration of
this spice with exhausted ginger, which is difficult to detect.
An examination of catsups, C. E. Gabel {Amcr. Food Jour., 9 {1914), No. 9,
pp. 561-564- fig- 1)- — 111 this article directions are given in detail for the exam-
ination of catsups for yeasts, molds, and bacteria, together with a discussion
of the necessity for microscopical examination of catsups and of the methods
most commonly used.
Safe ice, H. S. Gumming {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. 8.], 29 {1914), No. 32, pp.
2066-2074)- — It is pointed out that both natural and artificial ice may be
formed from water containing infectious pollution. It is concluded that clear
254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ice is of itself ;is free from tlie danger of convej'ing infectious diseases as is
necessary, but that dirty or cloudy ice may be dangerous. " We may eliminate
all danger by avoiding the handling of ice with dirty hands, by washing the
ice with pure water, and by using only clear ice."
Federal Food and Drugs Act and decisions, compiled by C. A. Gwinn
(Washington: U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, IdlJ^ pp. 857). — In addition to
the text of the statutes are included the following: Rules and regulations for
the enforcement of the acts; a compilation of food-inspection decisions; selected
court decisions which involve an opinion or charge to the jury ; a digest of
decisions; and opinions of the Attorney General. An appendix also gives
a legislative history of the food and drugs act and the amendments of August
23, 1912, and March 3, 1913, and the report of the Solicitor General to the
President and the decision of the President regarding the labeling of whisky.
General [food, drug, and health laws] (Topelca, Kans., 1913, pp. 115, figs.
17). — A compilation of the state laws and regulations of the state board of
health, with which are incorporated a number of rules and suggestions for
health officers.
[Food and drug inspection and analysis], H. E. Barnard (Aim. Rpt. Ind.
Bd. Health, 31 {1912), pp. 39.3-547).— The work carried on during the year
ended October 1, 1912, is reviewed. It included the examination of 2,050
samples of miscellaneous food products, of which 546 were found to be illegal.
This is an improvement over preceding years.
The results are also given of the examination of 399 samples of drugs, of
which 142 were found to be illegal.
Inspections were made of a large number of dairies, creameries, and estab-
lishments where foods were manufactured or sold. A study of the daily soot
deposit in the city of Indianapolis is also reported.
[Inspection of creameries, dairies, and ice cream factories], G. W. Mc-
GuiRE (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health N. J., 37 {1913), pp. 205-227).— In addition to
general data regarding routine inspection, attention is called to a number of
existing conditions, among which is the frequent imperfect washing of utensils,
glasses, and dishes in which ice cream is served. Since heavy sirups and ice
cream very readily adhere to containers in which they are served, and can
not be thoroughly removed without the use of hot water and soap, it is deemed
essential that all places dispensing ice cream should be equipped with proper
washing facilities and a sufficient supply of hot water.
The question of a fixed standard for ice cream is also discussed.
Notes on meat inspection, oyster culture, food preparation, etc., in Hol-
land, W. J. HowARTH {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 35 (191^), Ko. 6, pp. 2.5.^-262).—
A summary of data.
Cooperative public health administration — an experiment in small com-
munities, E. B. Phelps {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 {1914). -Vo. 5.9, pp. 2477-
2526, figs. 3). — The results are reported in considerable detail of an experi-
ment in which was studied the possibility of a number of small towns securing
proper health administration through cooperation. Such cooperative work
offers an important means of securing, among other things, an efficient milk,
food, and general sanitary inspection.
Institutional supplies {Rpt. [Md.} Bur. State and Mimic. Research, No. 5
{1913). pp. 66). — This publication, which was prepared for the guidance of
purchasing officials in Maryland institutions, consists of three parts, a general
discussion, notes for the use of purchasing officials, and specifications.
Report upon the high cost of living of the committee of forty of the city-
wide congress, A. R. L. Dohme {Baltimore. 3Id. [1912], pp. 15). — According
to the conclusions reached, the facts, briefly summarized, which have increased
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 255
the cost of foodstuffs, ure as follows: "Increased supply of gold; tariff upou
foodstuffs and other products; price control by exchanges and agreements;
abuse of cold storage to help corner markets; decreased amount of labor on
farms and consequent increase in wages; decrease of truck farms and farming
around the city; excessive profits by middlemen, due to too many small shops,
and too much handling between producer and consumer; too much purchase on
credit at advanced prices; inadequate transportation to proximate farming
districts, especially in winter; bad roads and inadequate repair of same; short
weights and inadequate control of scales, measures, and weights; abuse of
patent laws; architects making no provision in modem houses for storage of
goods; growing luxuriousness of the people, which eliminates careful and
businesslike housekeeping and shopping; telephones, resulting in ordering on
credit without bargaining for price; and inadequacy of facilities, too high
charges, and improper conditions of our city markets."
Legislative and other remedies are suggested, including measures designed
especially to remedy local conditions. Among others may be mentioned the
suggestion " that schools for teaching farming in a businesslike way be estab-
lished in connection with our public school system ; . . . that our markets be
so reconstructed as to be sanitary throughout and kept so at all times, amply
supplied with running water, comfort stations, and cold storage plant; and so
arranged that farmers, butchers, fish dealers, provision dealers, etc., have
separate sections, and that the stalls be leased under annual contract at a
nominal charge sufficient only to cover cost of maintenance of cold storage plant
and employees necessaiy to manage the market ; . . . and that a Farm Products
Company be formed by capitalists and interested householders on the coop-
erative plan, which shall buy up or lease land for truck gardening contiguous
to the city, and manage it in a businesslike way from a central office employing
the most approved business methods of management and most approved scien-
tific methods of farming, fertilizing, etc."
Low cost recipes, compiled by Edith G. Harbison (Philadelphia, 1914, pp-
208). — A large number of recipes are given.
Education in food values (Chambers's Jour. [London and Edlnb.], 7. ser.,
pt. .'lO (1914), pp. 268, 269). — A discussion of the nutrition investigations of
the United States Department of Agriculture, and their results.
The hygiene of the preparation, storage, and distribution of food, J.
Gates (Jour. Roy. Snnit. Inst., 35 (1914), No. 6, pp. 237-247).— A digest of
data. The paper is followed by a discussion.
The cause and prevention of pellagra, J. Goldbergeb (Pub. Health Rpts.
[U. S.], 29 (1914), No. 37, pp. 2354-2357).— In an investigation of pellagra in a
number of institutions it was noted that in the diet of those developing pellagra
there was " a disproportionately small amount of meat or other animal protein
food, and consequently the vegetable food component, in which corn and sirup
were prominent and legumes relatively inconspicuous elements, forms a dispro-
portionately large part of the ration."
The inference is drawn that pellagra is not an infection but a disease essen-
tially of dietarj' origin and is probably caused either by the absence from the
diet of some essential substance, or vitamins, or possibly by the presence of
some excessive amounts of a poison in the vegetable part of the diet.
The treatment of pellagra, W. F. Lorenz (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29
(1914), No. 37, pp. 2557-25^0).— Improvement was noted in the majority of 27
acute cases of the disease, in which practically the only treatment given was
rest in bed and a generous diet consisting chiefly of fresh meat, eggs, wheat
bread, fresh vegetables, and milk.
79934°— No. 3—15 5
256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
A nutritional index for school children, A. W. Tuxfobd {Pub. Health
[London'], 21 {191^), No. 11, pp. 377, 378).— This article discusses a nutritional
index calculated from the body weight and height, which is designed for use in
comparing children in different locations as to their general nutritional con-
dition.
Studies of the influence of diet upon growth, H. Aron (Berlin. Klin.
Wchnschr., 51 {191Jt), No. 21, pp. 972-977. figs. 10).— A digest of data in which
the work of others is reviewed as well as previous work by the author which
has already been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 365).
Study of the effect of different foods upon the secretion of digestive fer-
ments, O. WoLFSBEitG {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 91 (1914), No.
5, pp. SJiIt-371, fig. 1). — Some experiments were carried out with dogs, in which
a large number of different foods were employed. The following conclusions
are drawn :
In the case of meat, bouillon, and milk, secretion was found to be propor-
tional to the amount of food, while with vegetables, bread, butter, and sugar,
no great increase in secretion was noted even when the quantity of these foods
was doubled. Extractives produced increased secretion, due to stimulation of
the hormones of the membrane of the pylorus. This stimulation was believed
to be of chemical nature and was possible only when the extractives remained
for some time in the stomach. Under similar conditions with the same food the
amount of secretion was approximately constant. Even with a twofold secre-
tion the time of emptying the stomach was not doubled and often this time was
not changed.
Experimental studies of the metabolism of nucleosids, guanosin, and
adenosin, I, S. J. Thannhauseb; II, S. J. Thannhausee and A. Bommes
(Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 91 (19U), No. 5, pp. 329-335, 336-
343). — The results are reported of a large number of experiments carried out
with men in good health, and also with rabbits, which show that uric acid is
readily formed from a purin base. After subcutaneous injection of guanosin
and adenosin, a corresponding increase in uric acid excretion was noted.
Studies on the digestion of the protein of cooked meat in the case of dogs,
E. ZuNz (Internat. Beitr. Path. u. Ther. Ettulhrungsstor., Stoffic. u. Yer-
dauungskrank., 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 265-286). — In the experiments here reported
laboratory animals (fasting dogs) were fed upon a meat diet of known nitrog-
enous content. After being killed, at from 1 to 8 hours after the ingestion
of the meal, the contents of the fundus, pylorus, and upper part of the intestinal
tract were isolated and digested with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Considerable data are given regarding the amounts of protein cleavage
products present, but the greater part of the article is devoted to the dis-
cussion of the relative value of two methods for separating the soluble nitrog-
enous matter from the materials not attacked by the acid and from the
accumulated proteins.
Of the two methods studied, namely, filtration and centrifuging, the author
draws the conclusion that more rapid and correct determination of the nutritive
content of protein cleavage products is made by the latter method, when car-
ried out at a speed of 7.000 revolutions per minute.
The excretion of creatinin by normal women, Martha Tracy and Eliza-
beth E. Clark (Jour. Biol. Chcni., 19 (1914). No. 1, pp. 115-117).— The results
of these exi>erimeuts, in which observations were made upon a number of
women kept " upon a strict creatinin- and creatin-free diet for two days or
longer," showed a creatinin coefficient below 8. This coefficent as a rule
apparently applies to women w^ho have no definite muscular work to perform.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 257
Creatinin and creatin in starvation, G. Graham and E. P. Poulton {Jour.
Physiol., Jf8 (1914), ^^0. 5, pp. LI II, LIV). — In continuation of work previously
reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 864), the authors report the results of two complete
starvation experiments which " suggest that traces of ' true ' creatin are
excreted during absolute starvation lasting for three days." In the opinion
of the authors, owing to the extremely small amounts found and the liability
to error these results do not permit them to draw too definite conclusions.
On uricolysis, A. E. Taylor and W. H. Adolph (Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 521-523). — An experiment is reported which shows that an increase
in the digestion of purin increases the output of urea nitrogen, while the out-
put of creatinin nitrogen x-emuins constant.
The influence of a vitamin-free diet on the carbohydrate metabolism, C.
Funk and E. von Schonborn {Joxu: FhymoL, ^8 (f914). No. Jf, pp. 328-331).—
In the experiments here reported pigeons maintained upon a vitamin-free diet
developed a tendency to hyperglycemia with a decrease of glycogen in the liver.
In the case of a sugar-free diet the hyiierglycemia was especially marked and
was followed by the entire disappearance of liver glycogen. A formation of
glycogen in the liver and a diminution of sugar in the blood were produced by
the addition of yeast vitamin to the vitamin-free diet. In the case of a fat-
free diet an increase was noted in the liver glycogen.
Calorimetric observations on man, J. S. Macdonald, F. A. Duffield, and
K. Lucas (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 262-264) .—In this progi-ess
report various changes in the apparatus are noted, the most important of
which is the changing of the calorimeter from one of the closed-type to an open-
type form of apparatus. The experiments which have been carried out tend
t<5 show that the total transformation of energy varies with the amount of
mechanical work performed and not with the length of time of the performance.
The calorimeter has been previously described and earlier work I'eiwrted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 262).
Improved myothermic apparatus, A. V. Hill and V. Weizsackee (Jour.
Physiol., 48 {1914), No. 4, XXXV, XXXVI).— The authors describe an appara-
tus for measuring the heat production involved in the contraction of isolated
muscles in which the rise of temperature of the muscles is measured directly
by means of a thermopile.
The energy requirement of the new born, H. C Bailey and J. R. Murlin
(Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 11 {1914), No. 4, pp. 109-111).— In determin-
ing the desirability, from a phyiological standpoint, of supplementing the
colostrum with some artificial food during the first three days of life, the en-
orgy requirement of the new born was studied in a respiration incubator.
The initial loss in weight, which averaged over 250 gm., was lessened by the
supplementary feeding of a milk mixture similar to colostrum. No digestive
disturbances were noted in the case of the extra feeding.
"The respiratory quotient reaches as high as 1.0 on the first day of life
and indicates the combustion of carbohydrates. Thereafter it drops to 0.67 on
the second day and remains in the neighborhood of 0.7 for the following two
days, indicating a condition of starvation and the combustion of fat. After
the milk secretion is well established the quotient reaches 0.0, which is the
normal for a mixed diet."
From a comparison of the energy requirement and the composition of a
number of samples of colostrum, the results apparently show that the breast
secretion is not sufficient to supply the energj'^ required until the fourth day.
*' Feeding the new born infants for the first three days, in addition to the breast
secretion, a formula of about the same composition as colostrum would appear
258
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
to be a logical proceeding not only to fulfil] the energy requirement but also to
supply the water lost."
The animal organism as a machine, F. Reach (Fortschr. Naturw. Forsch.,
10 {lOl'f), pp. 91-130). — A summary and digest of data in which the subject
is treated chiefly from the standpoint of thermodynamics. There is included,
for example, a study of the different theories which have been offered in ex-
planation of muscular activity.
Mechanical efficiency of man, J. S. Macdonald {Jour. Physiol., ^8 (1914),
No. It, pp. XXXI 1 1, XXXIV). — Several formulas for expressing the efficiency of
the human mechanism are discussed.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
The chemistry of cattle feeding- and dairying, J. A. Murray (London, New
YorJc, Bombay, and Calcutta, 19U, pp. Z//+.3//3, pi. 1, figs. 29).— It is the
aim of this volume, according to the preface, to develop and explain those funda-
mental principles which are the basis of all effective control in farming opera-
tions, and not to prescribe rules for particular cases. The book is made up of
data gathered from American and German sources, and the interpretation of
them as based largely upon the results of the Rothamsted investigations. It is
assumed that the reader is familiar with the rudiments of inorganic and. or-
ganic chemistry. The feeding standards of Wolff and Kellner's system of
starch values are examined, with an attempt to break away from both and from
the rule of three in which they are involved.
The work is divided in four parts. Part 1 on the constituents of plants and
animals consists of chapters on the mineral salts, carbohydrates, fats and fixed
oils, nitrogenous compounds (amids), nitrogenous compounds (proteins), and
ferments and miscellaneous products; part 2 on requirements of animals con-
sists of chapters on nutrition, statics, dynamics, milk production, and increase ;
part 3 on feeding stuffs deals with the valuation of feeding stuffs, compounding
rations, succulent and watery feeds, coarse dry fodders, and concentrated
feeds ; and part 4 on dairying deals with the composition and general properties
of milk, the chemical constituents of milk, and milk products.
The utilization of potato haulms as hay and as silage for ruminants
(sheep and dairy cows). — The feeding of artichoke foliage, TV. Voltz, A.
Bu\UDKEXEL, and A. Deutschland (Landic. Jahrb., 46 (1914), No. 1, pp. 105-^
160). — From experiments conducted at the Agricultural High School of Berlin
in feeding dried and ensiled potato haulms, and dried leaves and stalks of
Jerusalem artichokes to three sheep and four dairy cows, the following coeffi-
cients of digestibility were calculated :
Coefficients of digestiMlity of potato haulms and Jerusalem artichokes.
Kind of feed.
Organic
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitro-
gen-free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Energy.
Potato haulms, dried
Potato, fresh ensiled
Potato, dried ensiled
Jerusalem artichokes, dried leaves and
stalks
Per ct.
64
62
65
65
Per ct.
57
62
56
55
Per ct.
53
66
77
70
Per ct.
Perct.
Perct.
No bad effect upon the health of the animals was noted in the feeding of
these materials. The Jerusalem artichoke was about equal in nutritive value
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
259
to good meadow hay. When fed alone, however, it causes strong fermentation
in the alimentary canal, so that not more than half the bulky food should be
replaced by it.
On the value of the stems and leaves of the sweet potato plant (Ipomoea
batatas) as a feed material, T. Katayama (Bui. Imp. Cent. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Japan, 2 (.1914), ^o. 1, pp. 41-74)- — From three experiments in feeding sweet
potato haulms in various forms to sheep the following average coefficients of
digestibility were obtained :
Digestible nutrients and coefficients of digestibility of sweet potato haulms.
Kind of material.
Organic
matter.
Nitro-
gen-free
extract.
Fat.
Crude
fiber.
Starch
value.
Dried sweet potato haulms:
Digestible nutrients
Coefficient of digestibility
Ensiled sweet potato haulms:
Digestible nutrient,s
Coefficient of digestibility
Per ct.
48.8
55.5
■17.6
54.0
Per ct.
4.7
41.9
5.0
42.0
Per ct.
24.8
56.8
24.9
57.9
Per ct.
2.3
59.2
3.4
67.9
Per ct.
17.0
57.9
14.2
50.3
Per ct.
29.6
5.7
The sweet potato tops were ensiled in pits, the material being put in in the
latter part of October and removed in March. Only a small loss in nutrients
was entailed in the ensiling process, and although dark brown in color and
somewhat moldy on top the silage was well liked by the sheep. It is stated
that sweet potato foliage in the fresh state is very watery and is similar to
beet leaves, but contains tannic rather than oxalic acid. The air-dried foliage
has a fine aroma and was well relished by the animals.
Manufacture of food for cattle and other animals, J. J. Eastick and J. J.
A. DE Whallky {English Patent, 14,607, June 24, 1913; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem.
Indus., 33 {1914), ^^o. 15, p. 803). — "Peat mo.ss, containing about 30 per cent
of moisture, is treated in an autoclave with 3.5 per cent of its weight of gaseous
sulphur dioxid, and then heated for about 30 minutes by the introduction of
steam under a pres.sure of 100 lbs. per square inch."
Inspection of commercial feeding- stuffs, P. H. Smith and C. L. Beals
{Massachusetts Sta. Control Scr. Bill. 1 {1914), PP- 4-61)- — ^Analyses are given
of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal,
gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, malt sprouts, brewers' dried grains, wheat
middlings, wheat bran, molasses feed, corn meal, ground oats, rye meal, hominy
meal, provender, dried beet pulp, meat scrap, bone meal, fish meal, milk albu-
min, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. A discussion of the results
obtained is appended.
The acidity of important commercial feedstuff s, L. Wilk {Ztschr. Landio.
Versuclmo. Osterr., 17 {1914). ^^o. 5, pp. 231-269).— A study was made of the
fatty acid content of various commercial feedstufifs, Including pumpkin-seed
cake, sunflower-seed cuke, rape-seed cake, linseed cake, peanut cake, sesame
cake, and rice-feed meal.
Animal husbandry, G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 98-100, figs.
5). — Four lots of 25 steers each were fed all the beet pulp they would eat, lot
1 also receiving 15 lbs. alfalfa hay, lot 2, 20 lbs. alfalfa hay, lot 3, 7i Iba
barley hay, and lot 4. rye grass hay and 2 lbs. horse beans daily. Lots 3 and
4 made the largest gains, there being but little difference between lots 1 and
2. In steer-feeding experiments, including about 2,000 animals, In which
260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
grain feeds were fed supplementary to alfalfa hay, it was found that the best
returns obtained were with barley and alfalfa hay, the average daily ration
fed being 5.5 lbs. of barley and 21.8 lbs. of hay.
Four lots of 15, 76-lb. pigs were fed for a 70-day period as follows: Lot 1
barley alone, lot 2 barley and alfalfa pasture, lot 3 barley, alfalfa pasture, and
shorts, and lot 4 barley, alfalfa pasture, shorts, and skim milk. They made
an avei-age daily gain per head of 0.75, 0.81, 0.85, and 1.27 lbs., respectively.
A fifth lot weighing 114 lbs. per head and fed barley, alfalfa pasture, shorts,
and skim milk gained 1.57 lbs. daily.
Two lots of 114-lb. pigs fed barley, one lot being on alfalfa pasture and the
other being fed green alfalfa, made practically the same gains.
Corn silag^e and cotton-seed hulls for fattening' beef cattle, R. S. Curtis,
L. AV. Shook, and F. T. Meacham (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 35 (1914), No. 8, pp.
5-28, figs. i7).— Two lots of 24 head each of 900-lb., native grade, Shorthorn
feeders were fed during a 112-day feeding period equal amounts of cotton-seed
meal, lot 1 receiving in addition com silage, lot 2 cotton-seed hulls. The aver-
age amount of cotton-seed meal fed daily was 7^ lbs. per steer, of com silage
42.46 lbs., and of cotton-seed hulls 21.95 lbs. The average daily gain per steer
for lot 1 was 1.62, and for lot 2, 1.63 lbs. ; the cost of feed per pound of gain
11.4 and 10.9 cts. ; the profit per steer $8.29 and $11.36.
It is noted that the steers in lot 2 sold for 20 cts. more per hundredweight
than those in lot 1. They were in better condition, thicker, smoother, and
with a more uniform distribution of fat. A slaughter test made at the begin-
ning of the experiment indicated that the steers in lot 1 would dress 52.24
per cent, and those in lot 2, 54.53, while at the close of the experiment the
respective values were 52.24 and 56.41 per cent. It required to make 100 lbs.
gain in lot 2 1,352.2 lbs. of cotton-seed hulls, in conjunction with 45S lbs. of
cotton-seetl meal, and in lot 1. 2,611.4 lbs. of corn silage with 458 lbs. of cotton-
seed meal.
Charging cotton-seed hulls at $7.50 per ton, cotton-seed meal at $27.75, and
corn silage at $3.50, the values returned were $8.38 per ton for hulls, $5.25 for
silage, and $30.34 for cotton-seed meal fed with hulls, or $37.71 fed with
silage. All of these figures were exclusive of the manurial value of the feeds.
Indian cattle in the Philippines, C. W. Edwards { Philip irine Agr. Rev.
[English Ed.], 7 (1914), No. 7, pp. 28S-29t pi. 1).—An account of the breed
characteristics, utility value, and possibilities of improvement of the principal
breeds of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle in the Philippines.
It is stated that the Nellore is the only breed with which any definite breed-
ing experiments have been can-ied on in the country. They are silvery gray
with darker shadings over front and hind quarters, pure white, and occasion-
ally red and white in color. This breed has been imported into Brazil, Argen-
tina, Java, and Africa in considerable numbers for crossing upon indigenous
stock, and a few have been imported into the United States, particularly into
Texas. Chai-acters which commend these cattle are their high resistance to
rinderpest, tick fever, and insect pests, vigorous rustling qualities, excellence
as work animals, and tlieir value as a cross or factor for upgrading native
stock. However, as regards conformation they are inclined to be slab-sided
and often have a tendency to be vicious. More extensive importation and
breeding of these Indian cattle in the Philippines is recommended.
Influence of summer shearing on the skin temperature of sheep, R. Traut
(Der EinflusH dcr Sommerschur auf die Ilaiitfonpcraiur des Schafes. Inaug.
Diss.. Univ. Ofcssen, 1913; ahs. in Zcnthl. Phijsinl.. 2S (1914). No. 4. p. 221).—
In summer at a temperature of from 16 to 24.75° C. (60.8 to 86.6° F.), un-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 261
sheared sheep showed a body tempera t lire of from 34 to 38.5°, while sh(>ared
sheep ranged between 30.G and 3G.8°.
Caracul sheep in Argentina (Bol. Alin. Agr. [Buenos Aires], 11 (19U), No.
1, pp. 121-lSO; ahs. in Inteniai. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, p. 917). — An account of an importation made
in 1911. It Is noted that wet, damp soil has proved very disastrous to the
pure-bred sheep, which contracted serious parasitic diseases. The lambs of
both the first and second generation have remained true to type without show-
ing any signs of degeneration.
The value of silage in the winter ration for the breeding flock, J. M.
Jones (New Hampshire Sta. Cire. 16 {lOL't), pp. 3-^6).— Five lots of fivfe
yearling lambs each were fed per day during three winter months as follows:
Lot 1 alfalfa hay 1, native hay 0.25, roots 2.5, and cracked corn 0.25 lbs. ; lot 2
native hay 1.5, roots 2.5. cracked corn 0.125, and oil meal 0.2 lbs. ; lot 3 alfalfa
hay 1, native hay 0.25, corn silage 2, and cracked com 0.25 lbs. ; lot 4 native
hay 1.25, corn silage 2, oil meal 0.2, and cracked corn 0.125 lbs. ; and lot 5
native hay ad libitum, roots 1 lb., and oats and bran 1 : 1, 2 oz. The following
average gains were made per head: 7.6, 2.9, 4.4, 4.5, and —0.2 lbs., respectively.
In a duplicate experiment the following year, the following gains were obtained :
4.7, —0.1, —0.7, 0, and —2.6 lbs., respectively.
The first four rations are recommended for winter feeding of the breeding
flock, but the fifth ration was unsatisfactory. Lambs on roots made a slightly
larger gain than those receiving silage. Native hay and silage appeared to be
as satisfactory as alfalfa hay and silage.
[Animal husbandry experiments], B. Youngblood {Texas Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 59, 60). — In sheep breeding experiments conducted with a pure-bred
caracul ram and pure-bred Lincoln, Hampshire, Shropshire, and Southdown
ewes, it has been found that the growthiness and vigor of the rams and the
very good quality of the fur resulting from the first cross make the possibili-
ties for the development of both mutton- and fur-bearing breeds very encour-
aging.
From trials with goats on clearing land of stumps it is estimated that in two
years goats have killed 90 per cent of the stumps on what was previously
wooded land. These goats are yielding from $1.00 to $1.50 worth of mohair,
and from 85 to 90 per cent of the does are raising a kid annually.
The sheep and wool industry of Australasia, H. B. Smith {London, Mel-
hourne, and Christchurch, Neiv Zealand, 191Jf, pp. XVI+1S7, figs. 70).— An
account of the history and development of the sheep and wool industry in
Australasia with chapters on shearing, care of wool, wool sorting, manufactur-
ing textile fibers, wool classing, pressing the clip, wool scouring, selling and
buying, and killing, skinning, and dressing a sheep.
A dynamometric calculation of the character of wool fiber, W. Macha
{Dent. Landw. Ticrzucht, 18 {WlJf), No. 29, pp. 3J,5, 3-'/6\ fig. 1).—X dynamome-
ter for determining the elasticity and strength of wool fibers, recently designed
by a mechanic in Leipsic, is described.
Nitrogen retention from allowances of ammonia salt or urea. — Experi-
ments with permanent intravenous injection, V. Henriques and A. C.
Andersen {Iloppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 92 {1914), No. 1, pp. 21-
45). — In these experiments, which were performed upon goats, the authors
were unable to secure a permanent nitrogen retention when urea and other
nitrogen-containing substances were intravenously injected into the animals.
The nitrogen retention reported by Grafe (E. S, R., 31, p. 2C5) is thought
262
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to be due to bacterial influence or to the retention in the intestinal canal of the
substances in an unchanged form.
Studies on the extent of hippuric acid formation in the body of swine,
E. Abderhalden and H. Stuauss {IJoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. PhyHol. Chcm., 91
(1914), -ZV'o. 1-2, pp. 81-85). — For swine fed an ordinary ration of bran and
potatoes the estimated hippuric-acid excretion was 1.15 gm. per day; for those
fed from 5 to 10 gm. of benzoic acid, 2.5 to 3 gm. ; those fed 5 gm. benzoic acid
and 6 gm. glycine, 3.74 ; 10 gm. benzoic acid and 12 gm. glycine, 4.51 ; 10
gm. benzoic acid and 12 gm. alanin, 3.3 gm. ; and 10 gm. benzoic acid and 15.5
gm. ammonium carbonate, 2.2 gm. The experiments show that the pig has
available much more glycine than it absorbs in the proteins of its food.
The self-feeder for swine feeding, J. M. E\^ard (Iowa Affr., 15 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 17-19, figs. 3). — ^A comparison at the Iowa Station of pigs, hand- v.
self-fed, taken from weaning to 250 lbs. in weight on alfalfa pasture and fin-
ished in the dry lot w'hen the alfalfa season was over, showed an average
daily gain per head of 1.06 lbs. where corn and meat meal were hand-fed, and
1.22 lbs. where self-fed. The cost per pound of gain was 3.96 cts. for the former
and 3.S3 cts. for the latter.
Productive swine husbandry, G. E. Day (Philadelphia and L&ndon [1913],
pp. X+330, pis. 2, figs. 70). — A general treatise on the breeding, feeding, care,
and management of swine, together with a summary of results of swine-feeding
experiments.
Digestion, experiments with Equidae, O. Franck (Kiihn Arch., 3 (1913),
pt. 2, pp. 363-396, pis. 2). — This reports digestion experiments made with eight
animals of the Equid?e group fed 10 kg. each of hay and oats per 1,000 kg. live
weight, during a seven-day preliminary period and a ten-day experimental
period. Comparative body measurements of the several animals are given.
The digestive coefficients are given in the following table :
Digestion coefficients for Equidw.
Kind of animal.
Dry
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitro-
gen-free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Ash.
Ass, male
Per ct.
63.04
67.53
71.72
66.06
62.32
67.10
64.04
63.00
Per ct.
65.01
66.41
73.50
66.57
71.08
70.73
66.47
58.87
Perct.
39.35
49.09
51.12
61.79
34.51
42.39
39.20
39.78
Per ct.
39.56
49.05
46.53
46.16
37.82
45.46
43. 48
40.00
Perct.
34.32
20.42
37.90
32.20
28.81
31.04
39.71
35.53
Perct.
76.10
80.25
85.54
77.42
74.59
Mare
79.79
75.87
Mule, female
76.83
Early studies made by Sanson are cited, comparing the coefficient of digesti-
bility for the horse and mule as follows : Dry matter 61 and 67, protein 76 and
82, fat 60 and 62, nitrogen-free extract 71 and 79, crude fiber 63 and 57, and
ash 42 and 69 per cent, respectively.
Study of the proportions of the horse, L. Van Meldert (Ann. Gembloux,
24 (19W, Nos. 3, pp. 121-151, figs. 2; 5, pp. 2^9-274, figs. 5; 6, pp. 305-336,
figs'. 17; 7, pp. 369-391, figs. 6; S. pp. 425-452, figs. 5").— This is an account of
an extensive study made of the body measurements and general conformation
of the various breeds of draft and light horses.
Breeds of draft horses, G. A. Bell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 619
(1914), PP- iG, figs. 10). — An account of the breed characteristics and desirable
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 263
qualities of tlie Belgian, Percheron. French Draft, Clydesdale, Shire, and Suf-
folk breeds of draft horses under American conditions.
The South Oldenburg horse and the influence of environment, H. Bur-
MEisTEB {Kuhn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 397-505).— A. description is given of
the climatic and environmental conditions of South Oldenburg, together with
a review of the history of horse breeding in that Province since 1820, Body
measurements were made of stallions, mares, and geldings from 1 to 21
years old.
A comparison of these measurements shows an increase in height at the
withers, height of back, height at croup, breast circumference, breadth of
breast, and breadth of croup during the past 20 years. Color has changed
slightly, brown greatly predominating but on the decrease, black and chestnut
increasing, and white decreasing.
The Beery system of horsemanship, J. Beery (Pleasant Hill, Ohio, 19Vh
pp. [SiS], pi. 1, figs. 172). — A series of lessons on special methods of horse-
breaking and training. The topics included are colt training, disposition and
subjection, kicking and balking, shying and running away, shoeing, halter
pulling, promiscuous vices, overcoming special fears, and teaching ti'icks.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary body in its relationship to the early
growth period of birds, Rosalind Wulzen (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 34 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 127-139, figs. 7). — From experiments carried on with two groups of
White Leghorn chickens two and nine days old at the start, and fed an amount
of pituitary material roughly equal to 0.01 of the average body weight of the
chicks, and compared with liver-fed chicks, it is concluded that " the growth of
young fowl is retarded by the addition to the diet of fresh, unmodified anterior
lobe of ox pituitary. This is shown both in body weight and in length of the
long bones. Involution of the thymus accompanies this retardation and may
bear a causal relation to it. These effects are more marked in the males than
in the females."
The influence of the male parent on the character of the eggshells in
fowls, A. R. Walther (Landw. Jahrb., 46 (1914), No- 1, pp. 89-104) .—Dv^avt
fowls, comprising three different breeds, and medium-sized fowls, also com-
prising three breeds, were interbred, all the hens being first mated with cocks
of their own breed, and the cock being then removed and an interval of ten
days allowed to elapse before he was replaced by a cock of another breed. It
was concluded that the fact of the cock's belonging to a different breed had
no influence upon either the weight, shape, color, or gloss of the eggs, thus
discrediting the claims of influence of telegony made by certain investigators.
The histological basis of the different shank colors in the domestic fowl,
H. R. Barrows (Maine Sta. Bui. 232 (1914), pp. 237-252, pis. 6).— In a study
of the histological conditions that are associated with the different shank
colors observed in fowls it was found that " yellow and variations are due to the
presence of lipochrome pigment in the epidermis, with the absence of melanin
pigment. White results from the lack of pigment. Blue color obtains when
melanin pigment lies in the upper dermis, with the absence of this type of
pigment in the epidermis. Black and variations depend upon the presence of
melanin pigment in the epidermis. Green appears when lipochrome pigment
lies in the epidermis, and melanin pigment in the corium only. All shades,
with the exception of red and pink, are the result of various combinations of
these pigments : Orange-yellow and black-brown."
A table is given showing the nature and location in the skin of the different
types of pigment concerned in producing each shank color. A bibliography of
14 references is included.
264 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Natural and artificial brooding- of chickens, II. M. LiVmon (C7. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 62.'t (lOlJf), pi>. IJf, fiys. JO). — This gives practical instrue-
tious iu both natural and artificial brooding of chickens, and includes doscrip-
tions of tbe brooders used, togetber witb an explanation of tbe most approved
methods of heating and handling, and data on feeding chickens.
European milk chickens (\. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 38 {191Ji),
No. 17, pp. 728, 729). — ^The production of milk chickens is confined to sections
of France, Belgium, and northwestern Germany. In France the FaveroUe is
the favorite breed for this purpose. It is a large bird and a rapid grower,
tutting on flesh at all times. At six to eight weeks old the chicks weigh 8 to
12 oz. After they have reached a certain age they are specially fed for two
weeks on oatmeal, buckwheat meal, sometimes a little barley meal, and cooked
rice mixed with soured skim milk. For evei-y 100 birds it is customary to add
per day about one-half pound of pure fat, preferably mutton.
In Belgium the Campine and Malines breeds are largely used, while in Ger-
many Orpingtons and Wyaudottes are in favor.
Method of desiccating eggs, T. Hara {U. 8. Patent, 1,100,973, June 23,
1914; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 33 {19U), No. 15, p. S0.3).—" Yolks and
whites of eggs are beaten up separately, then mixed and dried in thin layers
on metallic plates heated to about 110° F. (43° C), the drying operation being
carried out in a dark room the air in which is dried and heated to about
105° F."
Seasonal changes in testes and plumage in wild duck, C. G. Seligmann
and S. G. Shattock (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1914, I, PP- 23-43, figs. 6; abs.
in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], No. 4 {1914), PP- 341, 342). — The authors
have inquired into the reality of a correlation between seasonal changes in the
testes and the " eclipse " plumage of the mallard.
"As iu many other birds, the testes of the mallard undergo a series of sea-
sonal changes, and are spermatogenic only during the winter months and early
spring. But the two periods of activity and uonactivity do not coincide with
the two seasonal changes in the plumage. The normal passage of the bird from
full winter (breeding) plumage to its dusky summer (eclipse) plumage is,
however, delayed if castration is effected during the months whilst the gonads
are assuming or have attained activity. One bird which was castrated in the
winter, and in which the advent of the succeeding eclipse was delayed the
following summer, was kept until the summer of the next year. The second
eclipse occurred at the normal period, but nodules of regenerated testicular tis-
sue were found. It is a remarkable fact that the grafts were fully sperma-
togenic in the month of September, an occurrence altogether abnormal in the
testicle of the entire bird. The delay above referred to has its parallel in the
well-established fact that if a colt is castigated when shedding its winter coat,
the shedding is for a time arrested and then proceeds only very slowly. When
wild ducks assume the drake plumage the spurious males undergo the seasonal
eclipse, but this is somewhat incomplete and aberrant.
" Removal of the testes during the eclipse does not produce any constant
appreciable effect ui>ou the next passage of the bird into winter i)lumage. It
would appear that the seasonal change of plumage in the mallard is not con-
nected with the spermatogenic function of the testicle, but the influence of a
hormone was not excluded since the castration never prevented some regi'owth
of testicular tissue."
The transmission of secondary sexual characters in pheasants, Rose H.
Thomas [Jour. Genetics, 3 (1914), No. 4. pp. 275-29S. pis. 6. figs. 2).— The
results of breeding experiments with pheasjints, to determine the extent of
transmission of secondai-y sexual characters, are reported.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 265
The development of the stomach in the Euphonias, A. Wetmore (Auk,
31 (191.'t), Su. Jf, pp. 45S-461). — In attempting to account for the aberrant form
of stomach of the small brightly colored tanagers, the author studied 51 speci-
mens of the Porto Rican Euphonia {Tana</ra sclateri). This species fee<ls en-
tirely on the berries of mistletoe {Phoradcndron spp.), a food readily assimi-
lated and one not requiring a nuiscular stomach for its digestion. " In conse-
quence we have a degeneration of the ventriculus into a thin membraneous
band and a straightening of the stomach to facilitate the passage of food, no
cardiac or pyloric constriction being necessary to hold matter in the ventriculus
for digestion as the process of conversion is carried on wholly by the secre-
tions of the alimentary canal."
Pig'eons for profit. — The whole art of squab-raising' with chapters on
fancy and racing' pigeons, P. Bretton {London, 1914, PP- 125, pis. 9, figs.
24). — This contains general information on the feeding, care, and management
of pigeons for commercial purposes.
Squab secrets, "W. E. Rice (Philadelphia, 1914, PP- 48, fiffs. 21). — Methods of
feeding, care, and management of pigeons for commercial purposes are de-
scribed.
The first poultry show in America, J. H. Robinson {Boston, 1913, pp. 31,
figs. 10). — An account of this show, which was held at the Public Gardens,
Boston, Mass., in November, 1849.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYIITG.
The value of soy-bean and alfalfa hay in milk production, R. E. Cald-
well {Ohio Hia. Bui. 267 {1913), pp. 125-145, figs. 2).— In 1908 two lots of
five and six cows each, producing approximately the same amount of milk,
were fed during a 31-day preliminary period, a 60-day exi>erimental period, and
a subsequent 30-day period as follows: Lot 1 corn silage, soy-bean hay, and a
grain mixture of corn meal and cotton-seed meal 6:1; lot 2 corn silage, corn
stover, and a grain mixture of corn meal, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal in
equal parts. Lot 2 received slightly more protein and fat, yet the two rations
were very close in total composition. Lot 2 gave slightly more milk and milk fat
daily per cow than lot 1. but this difference did not change with the change of
ration, indicating that the two rations were practically equal in feeding value
so far as milk and milk fat production are concerned. The gain in live weight
was practically the same in both lots. A comparison of the amount of dry
matter consumed per nit of product, milk or milk fat, indicates that the differ-
ence is very small.
The average daily cost of feed for lot 1 was 15.5 cts. per cow ; the average
cost per pound of milk produced 0.86 ct., and per pound of milk fat produced
17.9 cts. The average daily value of the product was 25 cts. per cow. For
lot 2 the avera^ costs were 16.4, 0.86, and 18.5 cts., respectively, and the value
of product 25.6 cts. per cow.
In 1909 a similar test to the above was conducted and in general confirmed
the results obtained in this first test. It appears that 5 per cent more dry mat-
ter was required to produce a unit of product with the grain ration than with
the soy-bean ration, but the difference is small and means that the two rations
were practically equally efficient. These tests indicate that a large share of
the protein can be supplied in .soy-bean hay instead of concentrates with equal
efficiency.
Two lots of six cows each were fed during a 28-day preliminary period, a
56-day experimental period, and a 28-day subsequent period as follows: Lot 1
corn meal, corn silage, and alfalfa hay; lot 2 corn meal, wheat bran, cotton-seed
266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED,
iiie.-il, corn silage, and corn stover, the nutritive ratio of the two rations being
practically the same. Lot 1 cousuuiod less protein and more crude fiber than
lot 2. Lot 1 i)roduced slightly more milk than lot 2, but slightly less milk fat.
This difference in fat is thought to be due to the difference in the original
percentage of milk fat between the two lots. The difference remains quite con-
stant throughout the three periods, indicating that the two rations were practi-
cally equal in ethciency.
Lot 1 made an average gain in weight per cow of 3G.5 lbs. and lot 2 of but 1 lb.
Every cow gained on the alfalfa ration while three gained and three lost on the
other ration. Lot 1 consumed 16.6 per cent more dry matter per 100 lbs. of
milk and 19.3 per cent more per pound of milk fat. It is thought that more
carbohydrates and fat were given than were required for milk production.
The average daily cost of feed for lot 1 was 16 cts., the cost to produce 1 lb.
of milk 0.81 ct., and 1 lb, of milk fat 18 cts. For lot 2 the costs were 17, 0.85,
j'Ud 19 cts., respectively. From this test it is seen that alfalfa as well as soy
beans can replace most of the high-priced protein concentrates.
Feeding experiments with rice-g'luten meal, E. Reisch, M. Schweiger, and
J. Hansen (Deiit. Landw. TierzucM, 18 {WlJf), No. 21, pp. 2^5-^48).— Rice-
gluten meal is a concentrated feed found in the German markets. It consists
of a mixture of rice gluten, a product of rice starch, and of rice meal, an offal
from rice middlings. Its comiX)sition is given as follows : Dry matter 92.3 per
cent, protein 36.94, fat 11.86, carbohydrates 36.87, crude fiber 1.32, and ash 5.31.
Feeding experiments show that for dairy cows the feed is equal In feeding
value to a mixture of peanut cake, dried-beet slices, and wheat bran.
[Dairy husbandry studies], G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 93-
98). — Fourteen cows fed barley in addition to alfalfa produced 16.2 per cent
more milk and 13.2 per cent more milk fat than when fed alfalfa hay alone,
and they also gained 12 lbs. more per head in body weight. The feeding of
silage in addition to alfalfa to cows was followed by a gain of 22 per cent in
milk, 10.8 per cent in milk fat, and 12.3 per cent in milk solids over a roughage
feed comix)sed of alfalfa alone.
In trials to determine the efficiency of the milking machine it was found
that the average time required for milking cows by machine was 10.9 minutes,
and 0.78 lbs. of milk was obtained per minute (strippings included). The
corresponding data for hand milking were 4.3 minutes and 1.78 lbs. The cows
produced 8.2 per cent less milk and 6.7 per cent less milk fat on the 4-week
period of machine milking than on the preceding and following two weeks
of hand milking. On the average the machine left from 1.2 to 6.8 lbs. of
strippings per day to be milked out by hand, containing from 11.8 to 66.4 per
cent of the total amount of milk fat produced by the cows. The average left
for all cows was 3.5 lbs. of strippings per day and 37.2 per cent of the total
fat in these.
Dairying on cut-over pine lands, E. B. Ferris {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 166
{1913), pp. 24, figs. 4). — A general discussion of methods of fee<^ling. care, and
management of dairy cattle under south Mississippi conditions, particularly the
cut-over pine lands.
Relation between growth of bone, horn development, and perfoxmance
in cattle, M. MiiLLER and K. Narabe {Landw. Jahrb., 46 {1914), No. 1, pp.
1-40). -^In a study made of Dutch, Ayrshire, and Rinunental cows, the cir-
cumference of cannon bone and the length and circumference of the horns were
taken as test measurements. The animals were divided into groups and their
relation studied.
It was found that in the breeds examined, an increase in the size of the
bones was correlated with a decrease in the thickness and length of the horns.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 267
This correlation was more marlced in tlie Ayrshire than in Sinimental and
Dutch cows. Iinportetl and Holvlcaido (Japan) -bred Ayrshire and Dutch cows
did not show any appreciable difference in the circumference of the cannon
bone. The absolute circumference of the horns seems to diminish from gener-
ation to generation in Ayrshire and Dutch cows bred in Japan, while the abso-
lute horn length of the Ayrshire cows born in Japan is greater than in the
original Ayrshires, but in the Dutch cows the opposite takes place. The differ-
ent growth of the horns in the original breeds, and in the animals raised in
Japan, Is attributed to the difference in environment.
The small-boned Ayrshire cows are in general, notwithstanding their rela-
tively smaller live weight, better milkers than the large-boned ones weighing
about 110 lbs. more. Also the fine-horned Ayrshires under experiment proved
better milkers than the thick-horned ones, while length of horn was not cor-
related with any difference in this respect. It appears that well developed
bones and slightly developed horns in young animals point to a continuation of
growth of the body, while moderately developed bones together with highly
developed horns are signs that body growth will stop early.
Body weig'ht and milk yield (ililchio. ZentM., JfS (WUf), No. Jf, pp. 103,
104). — Tests were made which indicate that heavier cows give proportionately
more milk than lighter ones. Cows that were five years old. or had calved
not less than three times, were grouped according to body weight. Cows of
1,000 lbs. averaged 3,228 kg. milk with 105.3 kg. butter; 1,200 lbs., 3,571 kg.
and 114.6 kg. ; and over 1,200 lbs., 3,686 kg. and 118.7 kg. The utilization of
feed represented 6.54 efliciency units for light cows and 7.02 for heavy ones.
Simultaneous tests showed that the purer bred cows, 1. e., those registered
which showed more correct structure than the unregistered ones, also excelled
in milk yield. The average for registered cows of the Shorthorn type was
3,526 kg. milk and 113.8 kg. butter, with a feed utilization of 6.87 units, as
against 3,281 kg. milk and 104.6 kg. butter with 6.54 imits for unregistered
cows.
Observations in Britain on Kerries and Baxters, C. S. Plumb {Amer.
Kerry and Dexter Cattle Cluh Bui. 4. (1914), PP- 15, figs. 6). — ^A general de-
scription of the native environment, breed characteristics, and utility value of
these breeds.
Bed Poll dairy cattle. — Report on the departmental herd for the season
1913-14, R. K. Kerr (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 9, pp. 528-537,
figs. 10). — In four annual tests of a Red Poll herd of from 12 to 22 animals,
the milk yield ranged from 5,750 to 6,564 lbs., the fat test from 4.4 to 4.8 per
cent, the pounds of fat from 255 to 304, and the average milking period from
261 to 285 days.
Dairy record centers and cow testing, O. F. Whitley (Rpt. Dairy and Cold
Storage Conn: Canada, 1914, PP- 15-103). — Included in this are data on con-
trasts in yield and percentage of fat in the same herd, and a comparison of
herds as to yields and cost of feed and profits.
Increasing' milk flow by frequent milking (Milchw. Zentbl., 43 (1914),
No. 4, PP- 100, 101). — In tests made of the Hegelund method of milking, it is
claimed that one cow gave 7 lbs. of milk daily three weeks after calving when
milked three times a day, and on the same ration when milked eight times a
day 20 lbs. After three weeks she was restored to the three times per day
milking and continued to give the higher amount of milk. Another cow gave
from 10 to 12 lbs. milk per day on three times milking and 29 lbs. when
milked seven times per day, which amount she continued to give when returned
to three times milking.
268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
By the Hegelund metbod the cow is milked every two or three hours for the
first few days after calving, and then Ave times per day for three or four
weeks.
The effect of pituitary extract on milk secretion in the goat, R. L. Hill
and S. Simpson {Quart. Jour. Expt. Physiol., 8 {19U), No. 2-3, pp. 103-111,
fig. 1; abs. in Lancet [London], 191^, II, No. 12, pp. 753, 75^).— As the result
of their researches, the authors have found that " intravenous or subcutaneous
injection of the extract obtained from four ox pituitaries produced a marked
increase in the amount of mammary secretion of a goat when milked 15 minutes
after injection. A corresponding decrease below normal follows at the next
milking several hours later. As pointed out by Hammond [E. S. R., 31, p. 272],
there is also a marked rise in fat content in the milk secreted after injection,
but there is no sudden fall in the fat percentage at the next milking, as was
observed by this investigator. The solids-not-fat of the milk appear to be
unaffected by the extract."
Dairy bacteriology, C. L. Roadhouse {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 184)- —
From examinations made by R. S. Adams of 100 samples each of milk, skim
milk, and cream, coming from different sources, it is concluded that " the pro-
portion of bacteria distributed from whole milk into skim milk and cream by
means of a centrifugal separator varies in different classes of milk. The skim
milk and cream resulting from the separation of fresh certified milk each had
a bacterial content about equal to that of the original milk. The skim milk
resulting from the separation of fresh market milk contained 29.5 per cent
less bacteria per cubic centimeter and the cream 51.4 per cent more bacteria
than the milk from which it was separated. When old market milk was sepa-
rated, the resulting skim milk contained 15 per cent less bacteria and the
cream 25 per cent more bacteria than the whole milk."
Observations upon the bacteria found in milk heated to various tem-
peratures, W. W. Ford and J. C. Pbyob {Bui. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 25 {1914),
No. 283, pp. 270-276). ■ — ^The authors have attempted to confirm the earlier
findings of FKigge to the effect that "milk always contains the heat-resistant
spores of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, which, by their development, can give
rise to disagreeable and unwholesome changes in milk, converting it from a
food of great nutritive value into an undesirable if not a dangerous article of
diet."
In a study of 78 samples of Baltimore milk, representing 21 different dairies,
it was found that " these changes take place in milk heated to any tempera-
ture from 65 to 100° C. and kept at any temperature from 22 to 37°, but not
at that of the ice box, 4 to 6°. The spores of the bacteria causing these changes
survive in milk for long periods of time on ice and can initiate the same
changes in milk kept on ice when transferred to higher temperatures. There
is a danger zone in the heating of milk which may be described as ranging
from about 65 to 85° in which milk will never clot normally. Below this
temperature heated milk may clot normally. Above this temperature milk will
either clot or slowly peptonize.
" The problem of pasteurization of milk must be worked out on the basis of
the changes which occur in milk heated to 60 to 65° and the result may de-
pend upon the original character of the milk, upon local bacterial infections of
milk, on the character of the stables in which the milk is first obtained, upon
methods of preservation, or upon unknown factors. Further investigation
alone can determine these points. With our present knowledge as to the diffi-
culty of getting milk free from pathogenic organisms the safest milk is that
which has been boiled for a time varying from ten minutes to half an hour
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 269
and then preserved on ice. In such milk the organisms giving rise to explosive
and putrefactive changes are destroyed, while the organisms which remain
usually coagulate the milk or coagulate it and then peptonize it. Rarely they
peptonize it without coagulation. While these bacteria may give rise to severe
derangements of metabolism in children, and even to disease, as Fliigge main-
tains, this has not yet been clearly shown clinically. Danger from them may
probably be almost entirely eliminated by keeping the milk on ice from the
time of boiling till the time of use. Milk heated to any temperature from 60
to 100° must be kept on ice, since heated milk is far more apt to decompose
than raw milk."
On the presence of spore-bearing bacteria in Washington market milk,
J. C. Pryor (Bui. Johns UopJans Hosp., 25 (WL'f), No. 283, pp. 276-278).— The
author states that "from the study of over 50 samples of Washington market
milk representing fairly accurately the different kinds of milk sold in the
city, we are able to confirm Fliigge's original observation as to the presence
of spore-bearing bacteria. In our experience the most important anaerobic
species is Bacillus (crogcnes capsulatus, whicli we believe to be universally
present. Aerobic spore-bearing bacteria are also found in practically all sam-
ples, such organisms belonging in general to the group of gelatin liquefiers.
Such species do not develop normally in raw milk nor in the milk sold in
Washington as ' pasteurized,' only the ordinary lactic acid bacteria being
found.
"All these spore-bearing organisms have a profound effect npon milk and
when their development is not hindered by the lactic acid bacteria will pro-
duce changes of decomposition and putrefaction, rendering the milk unfit for
food. How far they play a role in clinical conditions, especially in children,
remains to be proved."
The relationship of septic sore throat to infected milk, J. A. Capps and
D. J. Davis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 130-13-',, figs. 2).— A
report of an investigation made of certain dairy farms and milk-delivering sta-
tions of Chicago, in which it was found that a single farm where mastitis was
prevalent in the cows and sore throat in the milkers, and which was delivering
to a dairy company that did not pasteurize, was the direct cause of an exten-
sive sort throat epidemic
[Germ content of salt], H. Weigmann (Jahresher. Vers. Stat. Molkio. Landw.
Kammer Schleswig-Holstein, 1918, pp. 9, 10). — Bacteriological analyses made
of various kinds of salt showed that shipments fresh from the mine contained
but few bacteria. Salt kept in barrels in the creamery showed a high bacteria
content in the top layers and much less in the lower parts. The fungus and
spore-forming varieties were in evidence and were found to attack the milk fat.
A new process for the sterilization of milk, using high-potential electric
discharges, J. B. C. Kershaw (Milk Dealer, 3 (1914), No. 12, pp. 32-34, fig-
1; 4 (1914), ^0. 1, pp. 58-60, fig. 1). — This is a detailed account of an electrical
process for sterilizing milk which is claimed to have met with marked success
in tests made by the municipality of Liverix)ol, England, and by various indi-
vidual investigators.
[The " biorizator "], H. Weigmann (Jahresher. Vers. Stat. Molkic. Landw.
Kammer Scldesmg-Holstein, 1913, pp. 11-15). — It is stated that milk heated
with the biorizator so preserves the characteristics of raw milk that the odor
and taste are in no way impaired. The enzyms of the milk, catalase and re-
ductase, are preserved in spite of the high heating. The coagulability is only
reduced to a very small extent, but the cheese is softer than that from raw
milk. The skimming of the milk is not interfered with, the cream rising more
270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
quickly though possibly not so thoroughly as on raw milk. The keeping quality
is increased li clays, and since the lactic acid bacteria are not entirely de-
stroyed, the milk becomes sour when old.
[Dairy experiments], G. H. Barb {Rpt. Dairy and Cold Storage Comr.
Canada, 191.'f, pp. 71-7Jf). — In comparing the shrinkage in weight of different
packages of Cheddar cheese it was found that at the end of seven days the full-
sized cheese had shrunk 1.13, the flat 1.52, and the 10-lb. cheese 2.15 per cent ;
after 28 days 1.9, 2.51, and 3.46 per cent, respectively. The average percentage
of shrinkage between the weight of the curd and the weight of the cheese was
on the seventh day after manufacture 7.36, 8.18, and 9.37, and on the twenty-
eighth day 8.13, 9.17, and 10.68, respectively.
Butter made from whey in the summer months proved to be unsatisfactory,
the butter being of a soft consistency. The average pounds of whey butter
made from 1,000 lbs. of milk was 2.03.
In comparing insulated-milk cans and ordinary cans it was found that the
former increased in temperature about 7° F., while the latter increased 30°.
No constant relation between the casein and fat contents of milk was found,
except that in general the richer milk showed a higher percentage of casein
than the poorer milk. The percentage of casein did not vary to the same
extent as the percentage of fat in the herd milk. There was found to be a
wide variation in both the fat and casein in herd milk as delivered to the
cheese factory from day to day, the average difference in 24 fat tests being 0.4
per cent, and in 24 casein tests 0.306 per cent. The Hart casein test is not
regarded as practicable in buying milk for the ordinary cheese factory.
Formation of turnip flavor in butter, H. Weigmann and A. Wolff (Landw.
Jahrb., 46 (WW, No. 3, pp. 3J,3-365) .—In studies made of the effect of
Swedish turnips, carrot leaves, shives, kohl-rabi leaves, grass, hay, straw,
beets, cabbages, and other feeds upon the flavor of butter it was found that
changes in flavor were in part due to the taste and odor of the feeds, and in
part to bacteria found on these feeds which generate new flavors. While it
is probable that each group or type of bacteria has a specific action in pro-
ducing taste and odor, it is not certain if the same feed medium will produce
the same taste and odor with different types of bacteria.
[Milk fat tables], L. U. Helleb {Chicago, 1914, pp. i70).— Tables are given
for determining the milk fat in cans of cream and the value thereof. They
cover a range in the test of cream from 15 to 54.5 i^er cent, and a range of price
of fat from 20 to 40.5 cts. per pound.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Infection and resistance, H. Zinsser {JVcw York, 1914, PP- XIII-\-546, figs-
44.) — ^^This book constitutes an exposition of the biological phenomena under-
lying the occurrence of infection and the recovery of the animal body from
infectious disease. A chapter on colloids and colloidal reactions, by S. W.
Young, is appended.
Defensive ferments of the animal organism, E. Abderhalden, trans, by
J. O. Gavbonsky and W. F. Lanchesteb {London, 1914, PP- XX-j-242, pi. 1,
figs. 11). — This is a translation of the third German edition (E. S. R., 31,
p. 278).
Results of research in the general pathology and pathologic anatomy of
man and animals, edited by O. Lubaesch and R. von Ostertag {Ergeh. AUg.
Path. Mensch. ti. Tiere, 17 {1913), pt. 1, pp. riII+951, pi. 1, figs. 27).— The
contents of this volume are as follows : I.ympho- and Leucix-ytosis, by K.
Helly (pp. 1-136); The Study of General and Local Eosinophilia, by E,
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 271
Schwarz (pp. 137-789) ; The Biology and Pathological Action of Light, by F.
Bering (pp. 790-S5S) ; and The General Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy of
the Teeth and the Buccal Cavity, by G. Blessing (pp. 859-912). A large bibli-
ography is included in each case.
First International Congress of Comparative Pathology {1. Cong. Internal.
Pathol. Compardc U'aris}, 1912, vol. 1, Raps., pp. 792, jjIs. 3, figs. 6Jf). — Among
the papers here presented that are of interest to the veterinarian are the fol-
lowing :
Tuberculous Animals and the Part They Play in the Infection of Man, by A.
Calmette (pp. 1-G), previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 382) ;
Dangers to Man from the Tuberculous Bovine, by J. Lignieres (pp. 26-30) ;
Avian Diphtheria and Human Diphtheria, by F. Arloing (pp. 31-95) ; Human
and Avian Diphtheria, by Rappin (pp. 95-120) ; Meningo-encephalitis in Com-
parative Pathologj' — "General Paralysis" of the Dog, by L. Marchand and
G. Petit (pp. 123-130) ; Report on Rabies, by Remlinger (pp. 149-178) and by
V. Babes (pp. 179-189) ; The Etiology and Diagnosis of Rabies, by Mme.
Luzzani Negri (pp. 189-210, 744-782) ; The Microccoccnis melitensis in France,
by C. Dubois (pp. 211-234) ; Variola and Vaccine, by Chaumier (pp. 333-361) ;
Alveolar Echinococcosis and Hydatid Echinococcosis, by F. Dev6 (pp. 363-426) ;
Measles of Domestic Animals and Their Relation to Human Tseniasis, by C.
Morot (pp. 42(>-453) ; The Problem of Fungus Parasites of Man and Animals
in 1912, by E. Bodin (pp. 453-499) ; Verminous Toxins, by M. Weinberg (pp.
653-677), previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 278) ; Latent Viruses or Durable
Germs and Epidemic Diseases, by E. Perroncito (pp. 678-688) ; and Compai'a-
tive Pathology of the Sporotrichoses of Animals, by De Beurmann and Gouge-
rot (pp. 688-719), previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 282).
A number of the papers include extensive bibliographies.
Veterinary science, O. M. Haring (California Sta. Rpt. 191 Jf, pp. 157-179,
figs. 7). — Several papers are presented which report upon the work of the
year, including a discussion of Tuberculosis in Farm Animals (pp. 157-160),
The Prevention of Hog Cholera, by J. F. Mitchell and W. J. Taylor (pp. 161-
168), Miscellaneous Investigations Concerning Hog Cholera (pp. 169, 170)
and The Activities of the Veterinai'y Division at the University Farm (pp.
171-177), by F. M. Hayes, and Activities of the Veterinary Division in South-
ern California, by W. J. Taylor (pp. 178, 179).
The conclusions drawn by F. M. Hayes from bacterial studies of antihog-
cholera serum are as follows : " Practically all antihog-cholera sera contain
living bacteria. California serum showed the lowest bacterial count. A spe-
cies of streptococci predominated in all sera examined. Hyperimmunes do not
give off bacteria in their blood. Organisms enter the serum during the proc-
ess of defibrination and bottling. Squeezing the serum from the clot by the
hand contaminates the serum to a greater extent than the use of some form
of sterilized press. It is possible for organisms to multiply in serum preserved
in 0.5 per cent carbolic acid. Very little difference in the number of bacteria
in the state and commercial sera examined [was found]. State and commer-
cial sera are about equal in potency. A high bacterial count does not neces-
sarily predispose to abscesses." He failed to find spirochetes in the blood of
twelve cholera-infected hogs.
Annual report for 1913 of the principal of the Eoyal Veterinary College,
J. McFadyean (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. England, 7.) {1913), pp. 3J,6-358). —Jn
this annual rejwrt the author discusses the occurrence of and work against
glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep scab, parasitic mange, hog cholera, and
tuberculosis.
79934"— No. 3-
272 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
Annual report of the Civil Veterinary Department, Bihar and Orissa, for
the year 1913—14, D. Quinlan (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dcpt. Bihar and Orissa,
191S-1J/, pp. 5+8+Z7+2). — This, the usual annual report, deals with veteri-
nary instruction, the occurrence of contagious diseases of animals and their
treatment, preventive inoculatiou, breeding operations, etc.
Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College, Civil Veterinary De-
partment, Punjab, and the Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, for the year
1913-14, Pease, J. Farmer, and R. Branfoed (Ann. Rpt. Punjah. Vet. Col.
and Civ. Yet. Dept., 1913-U, pp. ///-|-^+i7+Zy//).— This is the usual annual
report dealing with the occurrence and treatment of contagious diseases of
domestic animals, breeding operations, etc.
On metallic colloids and their bactericidal properties, H. Ceookes (Chem.
News, 109 U91Jf), No. 2841, pp. 217-219, figs. 2; 8ci. Amer. Sup., 78 (1914),
No. 2009, pp. 2, 3, fig. 1). — The collosols differ from radium in tliat they do not
burn the flesh but exert a bland and soothing effect on the animal tissues and
kill the bacteria. These preparations are stable, harmless liquids containing
metnllic particles in suspension which exhibit the Brownian movement.
Infusion apparatus for administering artificial sera, etc., W. Gottschalk
(BerJin. Tierdrztl. Wclmschr., SO (1914), No. 6, p. 93, fig. 1).—X description of
an apparatus for the subcutaneous administration of large amounts of medici-
nal agents such as physiological salt solution.
The technique of the Wassermann reaction, with special reference to the
use of antigens containing cholesterol, C. H. Browning (Lancet [London],
1914, I, ^f>- li^ PP- 74O-742). — This has special reference to the use of antigens
containing cholesterol for the complement fixation test.
About some tests with antistreptococcic serum, Perl (Berlin. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 6, pp. 91-93). — Experiments with Schreiber's serum,
which is obtained by treating horses with cultures of streptococci from cases
of mastitis (bovines), infected wounds (horses), and also from lame patients,
led the author to ask whether it would not be more rational to iise a serum
prepared from the streptococcus causing the disease and not a polyvalent
serum. Eighteen cases, which included mastitis in cows, acute pneumonia
(possibly affected with strangles), phlegmons on an extremity, polyarthritis
in suckling foals, morbus maculosus, arthritis of the fetlock joint (due to
stepping on a nail), lacerated cervix in a mare, bronchopneumonia and bilateral
pneumonia in horses suspected of having strangles, strangles in a foal, and
a swollen extremity in a cow, were treated by this method.
No definite conclusions are drawn except that the intravenous method of
administration seems to be the most feasible, but that a special apparatus must
be devised for the purpose. The doses of the serum were al.so too small.
TJltravisibie virus, Loeffler (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wclmschr., SO (1914), Nos.
12, Beilagc, pp. 15, 16; IS, Beilage, pp. 17-19). — ^A lecture delivered at the
thirteenth general meeting of the official Prussian veterinarians in Berlin,
December 6, 1913. It mentions the diseases caused by filterable viruses and
discusses the findings in this field chronologically.
Interesting cases of anaphylaxis, V. Balla (Allatorvosi Lapok, 36 (1913),
No. 46, pp. 547-549; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), ^^0. 6, p.
97). — In a barn in which five months previously animals were vaccinated
against anthrax with Pasteur's vaccine (I and II), death occurred amongst
the animals. Serum treatment was given and no new cases occurred. Nine
months later a newly-imported but not vaccinated animal died from anthrax
and the other animals in the barn received injections of 10 cc. of serum as
before. This resulted in the production of typical anaphylactic symptoms.
VETERINARY MEDICINE, 273
When anthrax is susi)ected the author recoruiuends giving 40 cc. of serum
subcutaneously, or 30 cc. intravenously, and also including those animals which
have previously been vaccinated with serum. The use of Sobernheim's anti-
toxin (prepared with horses) the second time is discouraged.
Aphthous fevej" or foot-and-mouth disease, C. J. ^Iaksiiall (Penn. Live
Stock Sanit. Bd. Circ. !.'> [vcv. eel.] (,1914), PP- ~6). — A summarized account of
this disease and its occurrence in Pennsylvania at the time of publication.
East Coast fever, W. Roheutson {Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13,
pp. 135, 136). — About 159,000 head of cattle were immunized against East
Coast fever during 1912. The practical outcome of these investigations is
summarized as follow^ :
" The experience in the field indicates that the inoculation can safely be
undertaken in respect of either clean or infected cattle with the prosi^ect of
conferring immunity on from 56 to 60 per cent.
"The best results in the field may be expected by the injection of 5 cc.
spleen and gland pulp (medium, half coarse, or coarse grain, mixed with pep-
tone or aleuronat, such animals to be kept on clean veld for 14 or 15 days before
they are exposed to natural infection.
"The immunity conferred by the injection may not be absolute, inasmufh
as 12 breakdowns were noted amongst the experimental animals, or 1 per cent.
"The juiimal which supplied the spleen and gland pulp for the injection has
apparently an influence on the results, as the variation in mortality from the
injection can not be considered to be due to any other factor.
"As a possible improvement to the present method of immunizing cattle
against East Coast fever, the saturation of the pulp in a solution of quinin
hydrochlorid is suggested, the strength of the solution to be between 0.6 per
cent and 0.7 per cent."
Johne's disease, F. W. Twort and G. L. Y. Ingram {London, 1913, pp. VI -\-
178, pis. 9; rev. in Vet. Jour., 69 {1913), A^o. J,59, p. U5).—The authors sum-
marize the present status of the knowledge of this disease. The first five
chapters deal with the history of the disease, its importance to stock owners
and breeders, its clinical features, methods of diagnosis and treatment, and
the pathological lesions found post-mortem.
The trypanblue treatment in piroplasmosis of domesticated animals in
South Africa, A. Goodall {Parasitology, 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 62-68). — The
author reports upon a number of cases of piroplasmosis treated with trypan-
blue, including biliary fever of dogs due to Piroplasma cams, equine piroplas-
mosis due to Nuttallia equi, piroplasmosis of donkeys due to P. cabaUif, and
South African redwater in cattle due to P. higcminxim. The general conclu-
sions drawn from these studies are as follows:
" Parasites are not always present in the peripheral blood of dogs, and are
often extremely difficult to find in other animals, especially under conditions
encountered in the field. If well-marked clinical symptoms are shown one
is justified in using trypanblue, even if parasites can not be satisfactorily
demonsti-ated. A large dose of a weak solution of trypanblue should be ad-
ministered. The writer can not help thinking that the failures attributed to
the drug by other observers are due, in many cases, to too small a quantity
of the solution being injected. After an experience of the tx'eatment in some
hundreds of cases, the writer feels justified in stating that animals do not
suffer from relapses if a sufficient quantity of the solution is used. The dog
can become infected a second time after trypanblue treatment, but this second
infection is also amenable to the drug."
274 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD.
Serum therapy in tetanus, G. Theisz (Allatorvosi Lapolc, 36 (1913), No. 34,
pp. 403-/,05; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 12, p. 204).—
Tetanus antitoxin is usually recommended only as a preventive, but the author
used it as a curative with good results. Large doses are necessary, however.
''Tick paralysis" in man and animals, G. H. F. Nuttall ( Paraaitology,
7 {1914), No. 1, pp. 9.5-iO-i).— The author reviews and comments upon pub-
lished records of tick paralysis which have come to his attention since the
publication of the ])revious paper (E. S. R., 30, p. 182).
The arsenical dip and its value in combating ticks and tick-transmitted
diseases, A. Theiler (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Ilyg. Uaustiere, 16 {1914),
No. 1-2, pp. 1-26, figs. 3). — This article is based upon investigations and
observations of the author in South Africa.
Perment-inhibiting' substances in tubercle bacilli. — Studies on ferment
action, XI, J. W. Jobling and W. Petersen (Jour. Expt. Med., 19 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 251-258, figs. 4)- — Much work has been done in an attempt to explain
the processes that lead to the production of caseation in tuberculosis. Some
have abscribed it to anemia, the tubercle being avascular, and others to the
action of toxins derived from the tubercle bacilli.
This work shows that tubercle bacilli contain ferment-inhibiting substances,
which " brings us one step nearer a rational explanation of caseation in tuber-
culosis. Tubercle bacilli contain unsaturated fatty acids which, when saponi-
fied, have the property of inhibiting the action of ti*ypsin and leucoprotease.
In proportion to their iodin value these soaps are more active as inhibiting
agents than the soaps prepared from linseed, olive, and cod liver oils. The
activity of the soaps Is dependent on the presence of unsaturated carbon
bonds. Saturation of the soaps with iodin destroys their inhibiting action.
Soaps probably play an important part in the production of the condition known
as caseation in tuberculosis."
A study of the ferments and ferment-inhibiting substances in tuber-
culous caseous material. — Studies on ferment action, XII, J. W. Jobling and
W. Petersen {Jour. Expt. Med., 19 {1914), No. 4, pp. 383-397, figs. 6).— Con-
tinuing work noted above it is now shown that " caseous matter obtained from
lymph glands which have not become secondarily infected contains substances
which inhibit enzym activity. These substances consist chiefly of soaps of the
unsaturated fatty acids. The inhibiting substances are present in relatively
smaller amounts when the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. This
is probably due to the dilution and washing out of the soaps. Ferments are either
entirely absent or present in very small amounts, unless the caseous matter
has become secondarily infected.
" Caseous material from the lungs contains smaller amounts of the inhibiting
substances. This may be due to the acuteness of the process, which does not
permit an accumulation of the soaps, or to the binding of the soaps with the
ferments. Ferments are present in caseous pneumonia. In the whole emul-
sion the fei'ments are less active in an alkaline than in an acid reaction; but
removal of the soaps shows that those active in an alkaline reaction are also
present in considerable amounts. The previous treatment with iodin of case-
ous matter from both lymph glands and lungs increases the action of the
trypsin."
The methods employed for experimental tuberculosis by inhalation, P.
CHAUssli {Rec. Med, Yet., 90 {1913), No. 14, pp. 267-274, fig- i).— A discussion
of methods, but more especially the one utilized by the author, with a descrip-
tion of the apparatus employed. The advantages of using good technique for
realizing a tuberculosis by inhalation are emphasized.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 275
An attempt to immunize guinea pig's ag'ainst tuberculosis by the use of
graduated, repeated doses of living' tubercle bacilli, L. Bkown, F. IT. IIeise,
and S. A. Petroff (Jour. Med. Research, 30 (I'Jl-ff), No. 3, pp. Jp'S-^SS). — The
experiments show that repeated doses of even virulent tubercle bacilli prolong
the life of the animal far beyond that of the controls. The probable explanation
lies in the fact that the superinfection may be held in check for a time by the
presence of a slight, active tuberculous focus. "It is very probable from the
.lutopsy findings that all of the treated guinea pigs would have eventually died
from chronic tuberculosis."
What has been done with the tuberculin test in Wisconsin, E. G. Hast-
ings {Wiscomin Sta. Bui. 2//5 (lOl/f), pp. 3-2.'f, fig. 1). — ^This is a discussion of
the results achieved by the State of Wisconsin in the eradicating of tuberculo-
sis on the basis of the tuberculin test, especially when carried out by the non-
professional tester. The figures given are taken from the records of the State
Live Stock Sanitarj^ Board, and continue work previously noted (E. S. R.
21, p. 384).
Wisconsin is the only State, as far as the author's knowledge goes, in which
the funds for compensation ai*e not limited. The number of voluntary tests
made in 1901 was 425 and in 1908, 40,995. The first compulsory law requiring
that only healthy animals should be sold was enforced in the State for six
months, i. e., from December, 1910, to June. 1911. The law was repealed.
" With the advent of general testing, 1907-S, the percentage of reacting
animals declined to 8.1 per cent. The results obtained in subsequent years
showed a constant decline to 1911-12. The lowest mark was reached in 1910-11,
when 200,000 cattle were tested, of which it is estimated that 3 per cent re-
acted. It is believed that the results obtained during the last three years indi-
cate an actual decrease in the percentage of tubercular animals in the State.
This belief is strengthened by the fact that during 1911-12 the testing was less
general than during the two previous years. In spite of this fact, the percent-
age of reacting animals was lower than in any previous year except 1910-11,
when the testing was widespread. It is certain that not over 5 per cent of the
dairy cattle of the State are tubercular, and possibly not over 4 per cent. It
is probable that the percentage of diseased animals is lower than in any other
of the great dairy States."
No data are given regarding the percentage of diseased herds but it is said
not to be in excess of 25 per cent. The larger part of the reacting animals
were turned over to the State as provided by law. The percentage of reacting
animals condemned in 1906-7 was 48, and in 1911-12, 28.7 per cent. The net
return to the State was variable. " The average return was $18.88 per car-
cass. The net returns in Wisconsin for the two years, 1910-11 and 1911-12,
were $14.21 and $12.90 per head. This is after all freight and killing charges
have been paid. . . . For the 6-year period, 190G-1912, the amount recelvetl by
the State for the passed meat has amounted to 34.7 per cent of the amount
paid by the State to the owners of tubercular cattle."
The question of compensation, cost of eliminating reacting animals, and the
advantages to be gained by the early recognition of reactors are discussed.
In addition, the basis of compensation by the State, considerations in deter-
mining the value of animals, and the manner of applying the tuberculin test
in Wisconsin are gone into. The policy of nonprofessional testing was adopted
because it was considered of the greatest imiwrtance to the live stock industry
of the State to have the widest possible use of the test.
The records of testing in Wisconsin differ from those obtained in other
States Inasmuch as fewer of the reacting cattle are found to have lesions. " It
276 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
is evident from tlie data that tliere is no essential difference between the rec-
ords of the two groups of testers, [professional and nonprofessional], and that
those are in error who have claimed that the apparently less satisfactory re-
sults obtained in this State with the tuberculin test, so far as the occurrence
of animals that failed to show lesions on slaugliter is concerned, have been
due to the nonprofessional testing." The percentage of animals that do not
show lesions on slaughter increases with the more general application of the
test, " or, in other words, with the testing of what represents the average herd
of the State, rather than when a considerable portion of the animals tested are
from badly infected herds. Thus, in the year 1910-11, when over 200,000 ani-
mals were tested, the effect of the nonprofessional testing was to increase the
percentage of no-lesion animals from 20.6 per cent, tlie record of the veteri-
narians, to 21.8 per cent. During this year 44.5 per cent of all testing was
done by nonprofessional men. It is clear that the cause of the large percent-
age of no-lesion animals is not to be found in the way in which the test has
been handled in Wisconsin, but that the explanation must be sought elsewhere."
A study was also made to determine whether there was any essential dif-
ference between the temperatures of the animals showing lesions and those
having no lesions. " The no-lesion animals as a class tend to have lower
temperatures after injection of the tuberculin than do those animals that show
lesions of tuberculosis on slaughter. It is again clear that no accurate divi-
sion of the lesion and no-lesion animals can be made by aid of the temperature
records alone."
The agglutination of Micrococcus melitensis by normal cows' milk, P. W.
Bassett-Smith {Lancet [London], 1914, I, No. 11, pp. 737-739). — "Using a
48 hours' culture for the emulsion and a dilution of 1 : 20 in this series, none of
the milk from 21 cows gave a positive reaction when examined quite fresh,
but with mixed samples of milk a high proportion reacted positively at this
dilution, most of which were cut out by using heated milk and diluting with
distilled water instead of saline solution. In any case it is very necessary to
centrifuge the milk very thoroughly and to examine it at once, using an emul-
sion made from the M. melitensis not more than 48 hours old, and even then
a few errors will occur by false clumps in the sedimentation tubes carrying
down micrococci with them.
" There is no doubt that cows' milk in some cases has a natural tendency to
agglutinate the M. melitensis, but if care is taken most of these nonspecific
reactions may be avoided. The reaction always requires to be controlled by
other methods of diagnosis before an animal can be considered to be infected."
See also previous notes (E. S. R., 27, 380; 29, p. 780).
Loco weed disease of sheep, H. T. Marshall (Univ. Ya., Bui. Phil. Soc.,
Sci. Set:, 1 (1914), No. 19, pp. 373-436) .—This is a detailed report of investi-
gations conducted in Montana in 1903 and 1904, particularly as relate to the
symptoms and to the anatomical changes characteristic of loco weed poisoning,
a summary of w^hich has previously been noted from another source (E. S. R..
31, p. 781). The subject is reported under the headings of information ob-
tained from the ranchmen and from the literature (pp. 375-380). examina-
tions of "locoed" sheep (pp. 380-399), feeding experiments (pp. 400-420),
discussion of parasitic diseases encountered (pp. 421-423), review of recent
publications dealing with loco weed disease (pp. 423^33), and the loco prob-
lem (pp. 433-436).
Investigation into the disease of sheep called *' scrapie " (Traberkrank-
heit; la tremblante), with especial reference to its association with sarco-
sporidiosis, J. P. M'Gowan (Edinhiirgh, 1914, pp. TI+116, pis. 14).— The
VETERINARY MEDICINE, 277
several chapters of this work deal with the history of the disease iu Britain ;
the disease as it occurs in other countries of Europe, and especially in Ger-
many and France; symptoms and pathology of the disease; account of a case
of scrapie seen in Germany; the structure and possihle developmental stages
of the sarcocyst and their relation to the spread of the disease ; symptoms
exhibited by animals heavily infected with sarcosporidia ; the action of the
sarcocystin, the toxin produced by the sarcocyst ; the mode of spread of sarco-
sporidiosis from animal to animal in carnivorous animals ; method of spread
of sarcosporidiosis in graminivorous animals; observations as to the presence
of sarcocysts in the muscles of apparently healthy sheep ; and epizootiology.
In conclusion tlie author states that he believes scrapie to be caused by a
heavy infection with sarcosporidia. This heavy infection appears to be brought
about by the system of breeding in vogue in the regions where scrapie is in
evidence, namely, the keeping up of the ewe stock by means of the ewe lambs
derived from the 2-year-old ewes, this being the age period at which scrapie
occurs most abundantly, and which results in the heavily infected mothers
passing on a heavy infection to their progeny. He has obtained no evidence,
epizootiological or pathological, that the disease is spread by the ram.
Among the considerations that have led the author to conclude that scrapie
is due to a heavy infection with sarcosporidia are the following: The sarco-
cyst is always present in the skeletal muscles of scrapie sheep in large num-
bers, and the more advanced the case the larger is the number of the sarco-
cysts present. Pruritus (or itching), the chief symptom in scrapie, can be
reproduced in rabbits by the injection into them of sarcosporidial emulsions.
Careful clinical examinaton of typical cases makes it highly probable that the
paretic phenomena of the disease are due to a primary muscle lesion. There
is an absence of any condition of post-mortem, except extensive sarcosporidio-
sis, sufficient to or of a nature likely to cause the phenomena observed in the
disease, and no single view can explain so well the symptomatology and
epizootiology, etc., of the disease as this.
Treatment of the disease appears to be useless and the author recommends
that the affected animal be sent to the butcher at once before the sarcocysts
have become verj' numerous and the animal emaciated, that the ewe stock be
kept up from the progeny of the older ewes, and that the progeny of the 2-year-
old ewes, and possibly of the two-crop ewes, be sent to the butcher. Diseased
animals should at once be killed to prevent any possibility of their being used
as breeding stock.
In an appendix reference is made to a report" and a paper (E. S. R., 30, p.
783) by Stockman relating to the subject, and to the work on Johne's disease
by Twort and Ingram noted on page 273.
A glossary of terms is appended.
Diseases of swine with particular reference to hog' cholera, C. F. Lynch
iPJiiladclphia and London, 191 Jf, pp. Ufl, flgs. 120). — This work deals espe-
cially with hog cholera and the manufacture and use of autihog-cholera serum.
In the first part of the work (pp. 17-83) the author discusses the various
breeds of swine. Under the headings of infectious diseases of swine, he first
takes up hog cholera (pp. 84-510) at considerable length, and then briefly con-
siders the other infectious diseases (pp. 511-534). Discussions of diseases of
the digestive tract, respiratory tract, kidney and bladder, heart, skin, nervous
pystem, organs of locomotion, organs of generation, parasitic diseases, and sur-
gical diseases (pp. 535-709) follow.
A chapter on castration by G. R. White (pp. 710-728) is appended.
" Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], [Vet. Dept.] Ann, Rpts. Proc. 1909, p. 22.
278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The hog cholera situation in Michigan {Michigan ^ta. Circ. 22 (19lJt), pp.
145-IJ/8). — A popular statement. See also a previous note (E S. R., 31, p.
585).
The surgical anatomy of the horse, J. T. Shaue- Jones {London, 1914, pt. 4,
pp. X-\-259, pis. 22). — This fourth part of the work previouslj- noted (E. S. R.,
24, p. 684) deals with the foot and trunk.
Narcosis by chloral hydrate in horses, H. Friis {Maanedakr. Dyrlwger, 26
{191Jf), No. 4, pp. 97-113; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 26 {1914), No. 1355, pp. 832, 833).—
A discussion of the dosage, administration, and effect of chloral hydrate, in
which the author considers its advantages in veterinary practice over chloro-
form, ether, and morphia.
Poisoning of horses by ground ivy (Glecoma hederacea), J. Febenczhazy
{Allatorvosi Lapok, 37 {1914), No. 8, pp. 89, 90; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrzth
Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 15, p. 259). — ^A report of nine ca.ses of poisoning in
horses by this plant. It was found to have no detrimental effect on bovines
or sheep. The toxic symptoms noted in horses were anemic api^earance, dyspnea,
fcalivation, perspiration, dilation of pupils, cyanosis, and edema of the lungs.
The treatment administered consisted of venesection, injections of camphor, and
the giving of castor oil, followed by tannic acid in mucilage. Only two of the
animals die<l.
The results of eating St. John's wort noted in horses, Henby {Bui. Soc.
Cent. M6d. Yet., 90 {1913), No. 24, pp. 459-465; ahs. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl.
Wchnschr., SO {1914), No. 15, p. 259). — Horses eating hay contaminated with
St. Johns' wort {Hypericum perforatum) showed exanthema in the mares and
on the nonpigmented portions of the forehead and on the lips. Intense itching
and marked salivation were also present. In the blossoms, hulls, and in the
seeds of St. John's wort a blood-red coloring matter is present (hyperizin or
hypericum red). The solution in a thin layer has a high blood-red fluorescence,
which acts uix»n the nonpigmented skin through the aid of the sun's rays.
Equine biliary fever in Madras, J. F. Vai.ladares {Parasitology, 7 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 88-94)- — Both Nuttallia eqni and Piroplasma caballi occur in equine
biliary fever in India, giving rise to two distinct diseases in the Madras Presi-
dency. The infection is more prevalent among Australian horses. Both forms
are amenable to treatment, if diagnosed at an early stage, but nuttalliosis may
persist and is liable to recurrence when the infected animal is subjected to un-
favorable conditions.
Note on the treatment of biliary fever of the horse with trypanblue,
L. E. W. Bevan {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 {1914), No. 5, pp. 735, 736. pi. 1).—
The author states that the results obtained from the treatment of the case here
reported and of others in the field have led him to the opinion that trypanblue
exerts no beneficial effect, in the horse, and it may even prove harmful.
The more recent conceptions of pectoral influenza of the horse, P. Haan
{Rev. G&n. MM. V4t., 23 {1914), No. 272, pp. 409-416; abs. in Vet. Rec, 27
{1914), No. 1365, pp. 153-155) .—This is a brief review of the recent work of
Gaffky and Liihrs, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 382).
Modification of diet saves ducklings from epidemic disease, P. Merklen
{Bui. Soc. PMiatrie Paris, 16 {1914), No. 4, pp. 197, 198; abs. in Jour. Amer.
Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 25, p. 1996).— The disease referred to is called " the
cramp" and affects ducklings from three to four weeks old. "A number of
cases having occurred on a farm near Paris, [the author] had the feed changed
to a greater variety, and no further cases developed. A return to the former
monotonous diet was speedily followed by development of new cases, and the
epidemic subsided again when the mixed feed was resumed."
RURAL ENGINEERING. 279
Transmission of Spirochaeta gallinarum by mites, M. Mayer {Arch.
Schiffs M. Tropen Ilyg., IS (191.'/), No. 7, pp. 25^, 255; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur,
12 (1914), No. 10, p. 4Jf2). — At the Hamburg Institute of Tropical Diseases
where a spirochete virus is preserved in canaries the disease has often been
observed to spread from cage to cage. Investigations have led to the conclu-
sion that mites {Dennanyxsu.s sp.) may at times be agents by which the disease
is spread.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation investigations, F. .\dams (Calif ornia Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP' 124-
127, figs. 2). — Irrigation experiments in 1913, carried on in cooperation with
this Office and the State Department of Engineering, show that up to a certain
point crop yields increase quite consistently with increasing amounts of irri-
gation water, after which in some cases they decrease. Soil moisture determi-
nations made before and after irrigations indicate the care which is desirable
in the use of water, and show that a large part of the water applied, even under
what are generally considered good methods of practice, percolates below the
zone of observation which, except with alfalfa, is usually the chief zone of root
growth.
Profile surveys in the basin of Clark Fork of Columbia River, Montana-
Idaho-Washington, R. B. Marshall et al. (U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply
Paper 346 (1914), pp. 6, pis. 22). — A number of profile maps of these surveys
are given.
Profile surveys in Snake Eiver Basin, Idaho, R. B. Marshall et al.
{V. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper S'/7 (1914), pp. 12, pis. 37).— This
report describes the general features of the Snake River Basin and gives a large
number of profile surveys made in the basin.
The Snake River Basin is said to have many feasible storage sites, few of
which have been developed. "Irrigation has reached a high stage of develop-
ment in the Snake River Valley, yet approximately 6,000,000 acre-feet of water
annually runs to waste. Eventually these flood waters will be stored and used
to irrigate thousands of acres of arid land."
Surface water supply of Colorado River Basin, R. Follansbee, E. A.
Porter, and H. D. Padgett (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 329
{1914), pp. 238, /J?s. 2). — This report presents the results of measurements of
flow made on the Green and main Colorado Rivers, New Fork River, Big
Sandy Creek, Yampa River, Ashley Creek, Duchesne River, White River,
Price River, San Rafael River, Grand River, Dolores River, Fremont River,
Escalante River, San Juan River, Virgin River, Bill Williams River, and Gila
River basins in 1912. Tables give daily gage heights and daily and monthly
discharges at each station.
Surface water supply of the Missouri River Basin, 1912, W. A. Lamb, R.
Follansbee, and 11. D. Padgett (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 326
{1914), PP- 575, pis. 2). — This report presents the results of measurements of
flow made on the Missouri River and its tributaries during 1912. Daily gage
heights and dally and monthly discharges are given for each station.
Deschutes River, Oregon, and its utilization, F. F. Henshaw. J. H. Lewis,
and E. J. McCaustland {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 844 (1914),
pp. 200, pis. 43, figs. 8). — ^This report, prepared in cooperation with the State
of Oregon, describes the general features of the Deschutes River Basin, pre-
sents the results of measurements of stream flow made in the basin, and deals
in more or less detail with such related subjects as economic distribution of
water, quality and availability of the water supply, developed and undevel-
280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
oped power sites in tlie basin, water rights and appropriations, the relation of
the Federal Government to the development of water power iu the basin, and
government permits for power and reservoir sites.
"From information now in hand it appears that more than G00,000 horse-
power can be developed and that approximately 500,000 acres of arid land can
ultimately be irrigated from Deschutes River and its tributaries. . . . The irri-
gable lands . . . are so situated on a plateau in the upper part of the basin
that the total flow of the upper river and its principal tributaries may be
utilized for irrigation ; and below the irrigable area the river flows in a deep
canyon having a fair slope and affording excellent opportunities for power de-
velopment. ... If the development of this stream is left to private capital
without public consideration of the effect of each new project on the compre-
hensive plan for the development of the valley as a whole enormous waste
may take place before the highest use of these waters is attained. . . . Ex-
tensive storage to supplement the flow of water in the lower river for power
should not be permitted on Deschutes River above Bend but should be confined
to Crooked River, from which stream the diversion of water for irrigation is
more difficult. With this exception, all the water in the upper two-thirds of
Deschutes River Basin should be reserved for irrigation."
Quality of the surface waters of Oregon, W. Van Winkle {U. S. Geol.
Sm-vey, Water-Supply Paper SGS (1914), pp. 137, pis. 2, fig. 1). — ^This paper
describes the natural and economic features of Oregon and reports a cooper-
ative survey between the U. S. Geological Survey and the State of Oregon to
determine the chemical composition of the watei's of the State.
A summary of the survey indicates that the river waters of Oregon are low
in mineral content and are very good for general industrial use and for irri-
gation. With one or two exceptions they carry small amounts of susi^ended
matter that can be readily removed. " The waters of John Day and Sandy
Rivers, however, are characterized by very finely comminuted suspended mat-
ter, the removal of which would be difiicult and would probably necessitate
filtration through rapid filters. Slow sand filtration can be used with many of
the river waters, but coagulation and rapid filtration is better suited to some
of them.
" Erosion pi-ogresses most rapidly in the upper basin of John Day River,
where it is chiefly by corrasion, somewhat less rapidly in the Coast Range,
still less in the Cascades, and most slowly in the central part of the State.
" The lakes of central Oregon are large and the waters of some of them are
economically important. Detailed studies should be made of the deposits and
brines in order to ascertain the location, nature, extent, and commercial value
of the residue."
The water supply of Indiana {Ann. Rpt. Ind, Bd. Health, 31 (1912), pp.
533-541, figs. 4). — Data are given of examinations of 217 public water supplies
and 947 private water supplies in the State iu 1912.
Of the public supplies 66 were streams, 63 deep wells, 42 ponds, 29 shallow
wells, and 17 springs. Of the 66 streams examined the waters of 36 were
good, of 10 bad, and of 20 doubtful. Of the 63 deep wells examined 57 were
good, 1 bad, and 6 doubtful. Of the 42 ponds examined the waters of 26 were
good, of 6 bad, and of 10 doubtful. Of the 29 shallow wells examined the
waters of 21 were good, of 3 bad, and of 5 doubtful. Of 17 springs the waters
of 10 were good, of 1 bad, and of 6 doubtful.
The private supplies consisted of 587 shallow wells, 271 deep wells. 42 springs,
31 cisterns, and 16 miscellaneous. Of the shallow wells examined the waters
of 254 were good, of 246 bad, and of 87 doubtful. Of the deep wells examined
RURAL ENGINEERING.
281
the waters of 207 were good, of 26 bad, aud of 38 doubtful. Of the springs ex-
amined the waters of 26 were good, of 5 bad, and of 11 doubtful. Of the cis-
terns examined the waters of 22 were good, of 6 bad, and of 9 doubtful.
Water analyses from the laboratory of the United States Geological
Survey, F. W. Ci^vrke (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Siipply Paper 364 U914),
pp. 40)- — ^This paper contains 203 water analyses, most of which have been
published elsewhere.
The farm water supply, H. G. Ramsoweb (Farm Engin., 2 {1914), No. 3,
pp. 50, 51, figs. 4)- — In discussing power for pumping farm water the author
is of the opinion that for the average farm the windmill will, in the long run,
afford a cheai^er and more satisfactory pumping power than the gas engine.
He prefers the steel wheel and tower and states that a back-geared mill should
be used in windy sections and a direct-geared mill in less windy sections. A
12 ft. w'heel is considered to be the largest practical size to use.
Results of tests on stationary gas engines (Oas Engine, 16 (1914), No. 9,
pp. 548-551). — The results of tests of 7 stationary farm gas engines are
reported in tabular form, giving in addition complete data of dimensions of
parts, methods of governing, ignition, oiling, cooling, etc. Five engines were
rested on gasoline, 1 on kerosene, and 1, a 2-cycle engine, on distillate.
Out of a possible total of 500 points rated according to economy,, general
operation, design, and construction, the kerosene engine, rated at 6 horsepower,
made the highest score of 451.5 points. The following scores were made by
the gasoline engines: 7 horsepower, 411.9; 5 horsepower, 406.5; 6 horsepower,
385.8 ; 4 horsepower, 383.9 ; and 8 horsepower, 332.5.
The more Important test results are summarized in the following table :
Summary of gas engine tests.
Kind of
fuel used.
Feed grinder test of 60
minutes.
No load test.
120-minute economy-
brake test.
30-minute maxi-
mum brake horse-
power test.
Rated
horse-
power.
Amount
of fuel
used.
Weight
of
barley
ground.
Cost of
fuel
per
100
pounds
feed.
Fuel
used
per
hour.
Cost
per
rated
horse-
power
for 10
hours.
Fuel
used.
Horse-
power
hours
per
gallon
of
fuel.
Cost of
fuel
per
horse-
power
for 10
hours.
Fuel
used.
Aver-
age
brake
horse-
power
devel-
oped.
Cost of
fuel
per
brake
horse-
power
nour.
6
7
8
5
4
6
6
Gasoline. .
...do
...do
...do
...do
Kerosene..
Distillate .
Lbs.
4.10
4.60
9.95
4.25
2.60
5.45
2.85
Lbs.
723.0
1,010.0
560.0
720.0
441.0
1,106.0
441.5
as.
1.65
1.33
5.18
1.72
1.76
.99
1.25
Lbs.
0.6
1.0
2.0
1.6
1.2
1.8
5.0
Cts.
2.90
4.16
7.29
9.33
8.75
6.00
16.10
Lbs.
10.90
9.10
12.30
6.70
5.25
9.10
12.70
7.88
9.70
8.19
8.55
9.31
10.54
7.42
as.
26.6
21.6
25.6
24.6
22.4
15.1
20.4
Lbs.
2.7
3.5
3.3
2.6
3.4
3.0
6.6
6.46
7.75
7.86
5.80
3.95
7.58
6.59
Os.
2.43
2.63
2.45
2.60
5.02
1.59
4.31
The theory of the plow mold board, R. Bernstein (Kiihn Arch., 5 (1914),
pp. 169-189, figs. 11). — The author di-scusses mathematically and graphically
the development of the plow mold board, dealing mainly with the action in soil
of both the curved and the so-called cylindrical mold board.
Results of motor plow demonstrations and tests, B. Martiny (Kiihn Arch.,
5 (1914), PP- 111-126). — The author reviews the results of several motor
plowing contests, held in Germany, for the purpose of showing how the oper-
ating characteristics of several of the better-known motor plow systems are
affected by the conditions of a motor plow demonstration. The main points con-
sidered are steering, uniformity and completeness of the plowing, soil com-
282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pression, and the sliding and siulcing of the drive wheels. It is concluded not
only that external conditions exert a strong influence on the general behavior
of the motor plow, but also that the same differences in external conditions
produce unlike effects in the operation of the different individual plows.
Threshing with electricity in Iowa, F. S. Dewey {Elect. World, 64 (19 W,
No. 8, pp. 378, 379, figs. 2). — Results obtainetl on several threshing jobs with an
electrical threshing outfit owned by a neighborhood association in Iowa are
i-eix)rted.
The electrical equipment consisted of a 30-horsepower. 220-volt, 60-cycle,
single-phase motor, operating at 1,165 R. P. M., and provided with pulley sizes
to obtain three different speeds according to the kind and condition of the grain
threshed. The threshing machine cylinder measured 32 in. with a 54-in.
separator.
On five tests with barley, 1,150, 1,800, 1,045, 1,375, and 1,045 bu. were threshed
with 140, 278, 160, 170, and 100 kilowatt hours, respectively. In two tests with
oats, 1,125 and 720 bu. were threshed with 73 and 67 kilowatt hours, respectively.
In threshing barley a cylinder si^eed of about 1,100 R. P. M. was found to be
most satisfactory. An advantage of the electric motor is said to be that the
constant speed obtainable does not carry the grain over into the straw pile.
It is thought that with electrical energy at 5 cts. per kilowatt-hour the operating
expense will be 25 per cent less than that of a steam engine.
Performance tests of sug'arhouse heating and evaporating apparatus,
E. W. Kerr et al. (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 1^9 (1914). PP- 178, pi. 1. figs. 64).—
This bulletin reports a partial repetition and a continuation of laboratory ex-
periments reported in Bulletin 138 (E. S. R., 28, p. 893), and the results of per-
formance tests made on a large number of full size sugarhouse apparatus in
Louisiana and Porto Rico.
The results obtained in the laboratory as regards the effect of air in the heat-
ing steam, of hydrostatic head, and of the quality of the steam on the coefficient
of heat transmission were practically the same as those found in the previous
experiments. Other conditions being equal, the lower the temperature and density
of the heating steam, the smaller was this coefficient. " Increasing the density
of the boiling liquid causes a loss in heat transmission due to the decrease in
temperature fall according to the equation y—CD^^, in which C=a constant
and D= density in degrees Brix. The total loss due to the density of the
boiling liquid seems to be in excess of that due to loss of temperature fall. . . .
The vapors evolved from liquor of high density or from liquor under hydro-
static head are superheated. The entrainment was less in the double tube
calandria than in the standard calandria. . . . Within reasonable limits the
coefficient of heat transmission seems to be independent of the temperature
fall . . . and of the temperature of juice feed. The coefficients . . . obtained
in the small laboratary apparatus were much higher than are obtained in full
size evaporators. . . . The great temperature fall required in the last body
of a multiple evaporator is due to the combined influence of greater amounts
of air, steam of lower density, liquid of higher density, also in many cases,
more foul heating surfaces than in preceding bodies. The downtake or circu-
lation tube increased heat transmission materially. Long tubes give better re-
sults as to heat transmission than short tubes, due to better circulation. The
double tube and the baffle plate calandria gave greatly increased heat trans-
mission as compared with the standard types tested, indicating that attention to
steam distribution and the removal of incondensable gases is very important.
The object of the sugar factory experiments was to obtain data regarding
the capacity and economy of evaporating and heating apparatus, including
multiple effects, vacuum pans and heaters, and data regarding barometric jet
RURAL ENGINEERING. 283
condensers, especially the effect of design and operaUon upon tlie iinioimt of
injection water required and the vacuum obtained.
In the evaporator tests there was much variation in the temperature fall, even
in evaporators of the same type, and there was little regularity in the variation
of the temperature fall in the different bodies. The results as regards the
effect of density and head on temperature of boiling were somewhat iri'egular,
and observations of head were possible only in a few cases although the tem-
perature rise is in all cases attributed to head as well as to density.
A great variation in the coefficient of heat transmission in the different bodies
was found although the coefficient was always less for the last than for the
lu-eceding bodies. The greatest variation in the relative coefficients for quad-
ruples, that of the last body being 1, was with the standard type of evaporator,
that in the first being 5.09, in the second G.95, and in the third 6.03. The San-
born type was next in the amount of variation and the least variation was
found in the Kestner type. The highest actual coefficients were obtained from
the Webre atmospheric double effect. The film evaporators gave coefficients
considerably higher than did the submerged tube evaporators. The average
actual coefficient for the horizontal evaporators was some 13 per cent greater
than the average for the standard.
The initial juice temperature was found to affect more or less the evaporating
capacity, and data are also given showing the so-called self-evaporation due to
the juice entering the first body at a temperature higher than that of boiling.
The heating efficiency was found to vary from a minimum of 85.06 to a maxi-
mum of 9S.33 per cent, the average being about 94 per cent for all the tests,
including different types and different numbers of bodies. It was also found
that a multiple evaporator with a small number of bodies has a smaller loss
due to radiation in percentage of the total heat supplied than one with a larger
number of bodies. The effect of high rates of evaporation in increasing heat
efficiency are also brought out.
In tests of vacuum pans, the coefficient of heat transmission for the coil
pans with straight strikes was found to vary from a minimum of 76.28 to a
maximum of 174.8, with the heating surface in fairly good condition. It is
pointed out that although there is no definite relation between the highest ratio
of length to diameter of coil and the coeflicient of heat transmission, the length
of the coil had much to do with the variation of the coefficients. Varying kinds
cf product were found to affect more or less the coefficient.
The temperature rise was found to vary from a minimum of 11.9 to a maxi-
mum of 27.5 degrees, the average being 19.7 degrees. The minimum rise was
obtained with a calandria pan and the maximum with a 10-ft. coil pan. The
effect of purity upon the temperature rise is clearly shown. " The capacity of
a pan decreases with the purity, not only because of the low coefficient of heat
transmission, but because of the reduced temperature fall due to rise of the
boiling point as well."
The average coefficient of heat transmission for the Expre.ss type of calandria
pan was 40 per cent greater than that in the coil pans and the temperature
rise of boiling due to hydrostatic head, density, etc., was less in the calandria
pans.
As regards rate of vapor formation it is stated that "for all practical pur-
poses it may be assumed that the rate of vapor formation is proportional to
the rate of steam condensation . . . and the velocity of vapors in a coil pan
may be assumed to be the same at all times during a strike." The heat effi-
ciency in vacuum pans was found to vary from 90.9 to 9(5.95 per cent and the
tests did not show any difference in economy for coil and calandria pans.
V
284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In tests of juice heaterg the coefficient of heat transmission varied from a
minimum of 70.9 to a maximum of 375.1, the average being 155.3. Most of the
low coefl5cients are said to be due to foul heating surface, as is also the varia-
tion in heat transmission. The heat efficiency varied from 90.13 to 96.79 per
cent, the average being 94.1. The juice heater tests also brought out the im-
portance of keeping the heaters in good condition.
In tests of sugarhouse condensers, particularly to gain information regard-
ing the relative merits of the counter current and parallel curi'ent types, it was
found as regards temperature that there is little difference in the results when
worked counter current or parallel cun-ent. Pressure observations indicated
the desirability of liberal size and careful designing of trays, both as to the
size and location, in order to secure steady action and the prevention of
pockets. As regards quantity of injection water it was found that, other
conditions being the same, the weight of cooling water required i>er pound of
vapor is almost proportional to the difference between the temperature corre-
sponding to the vacuum and the leg pipe temperature, this difference varying
from a minimum of 6.8° to a maximum of 25.8°. As regards the amount of
cooling water required, there was in general a considerable advantage for the
counter current type of condenser over the parallel current tyi^e.
Ventilation of cattle barns, R. Knoch {Kuhn Arch., 5 {1914), PP- 289-
30S). — The results of investigations on the ventilation of cattle barns led to the
following conclusions :
A cow contributes only about 20,000 heat units daily to the warming of the
stall. The minimum permissible temperature in a cow stall may be from 17
to 18° C. (62.6 to 64.40° F.), and at times as low as 15° (59° F.). A complete
change of air in the cow stall should occur from two to three times a day, since
an animal should have about 50 cubic meters of fresh air hourly and the carbon
dioxid content should not exceed 2.4 per cent. When the air is changed from
1 to li times daily the limiting temi>eratiire below which the animal heat is
insufficient to maintain the desired stall temperature is approximately 0°. It
is, therefore, necessary at lower temperatures that the ventilating apparatus be
so regulated as to limit the air addition to below the desired amount. In such
cases it is advisable to provide a simple, easily regulated heater to heat the air
previous to its admission to the stalls.
On excessively hot days ventilation depending on ordinary air movement is
insufficient and some type of ventilator is usually necessary. In cold seasons
the expulsion of bad air by means of foot boards and the admission and distri-
bution of fresh air under the roof is the safest method for uniform heat dis-
tribution.
Movable hog' houses, J. M. Evvard and J. B. Davidson (Iowa Sta. Bui. 152
(1914), pp. 201-246, figs. 58).— It is the purpose of this bulletin to describe and
illustrate movable hog houses which have undergone successful tests at the
station.
The essentials of an ideal hog house are pointed out as warmth, dryness,
abundance of light and direct sunlight, shade in summer, ventilation, sanita-
tion, safety and comfort as regards doorways and floors, convenience, service-
ability, sufficient size to shelter advantageously, durability, reasonably low first
cost, minimum cost of maintenance, and pleasing appearance. The important
considerations to be emphasized in selecting the location of the hog house are
said to be economy in labor and time in management, drainage, sunny exposui'e,
southern slope, protective windbreaks, nearness to pasture and summer shade,
suitable elevation, prevention of odors reaching dwelling, and lessened risk from
disease Infection.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 285
The advantages and disadvantages of the movable house as compared with
the centralized are discussed. The movable types, of which photographs, specifi-
cations, working drawings, bills of material and labor, and estimates of cost are
presented, are the Iowa gable roof house, the Ames combination roof house,
the "A" house with doors hinged at the sides, the "A" house with doors hinged
at the top, the tepee house, and the economy house.
In a series of experiments conducted with a house of each type the range of
temperature was found to be greater within the new metal "A" houses than
within the standard wooden house. The metal house was hotter in the middle
of the day and colder at night than the wooden, and in no instance was the
metal house the cooler at noon or warmer sliortly after midnight.
It is conclude<l in general as regards all the types that tlie selection of the best
possible hog house is largely a problem of correctly interpreting local conditions.
Silos in Oklahoma, C. I. Bray and D. R. Forrester (Oklahoma Sta. Bui.
101 (IDl.'f), pp. 83, figs. 87). — It is the purpose of this bulletin to describe the
more common tn^es of silos and to point out the essential features of a good
silo and the most common defects of construction. The types of silos discussed
range from the cheaper forms of homemade wooden or pit silos to the more
expensive types, as concrete, tile, or metal silos.
It is stated that spoiling of silage in metal silos due to radiation of heat has
not as a rule been found under Oklahoima conditions. Detailed instructions for
the construction of the different types of silos described are given, with tables
of quantities for different sizes of silos and bills of material.
ETJRAL ECONOMICS.
The training- of rural leaders, K. L. Butteefield (Survey, 33 (lOlJf), No. 1,
pp. 13, llf). — The author believes that rural leadership is necessary to main-
tain a consistent philosophy of the rural problem, to vitalize rural movements,
and to unite the people into effective organizations. The local leadership
should be trained through service in its own rural community and professional
leaders or organizers should be trained in special schools patterned after school
training for social service in cities. The author believes that the rural district
does not need so much men or women of great learning or research as a kindling
of the imagination and an enlargement of the view of the local leader through
occasional conferences at some institution, as an agricultural college.
The rural community and church federation, J. R. Hargreaves (Amcr.
Jour. Socio!., 20 (1914). No. 2, pp. 249-260) .—The author discusses the under-
lying reasons for the seemingly unnecessai'y number of small churches in rural
communities, outlines a constitution for a fedei'ated church, and defines the
attitude toward federation in several typical communities.
The land and the laborer, H. Aronson (Lahdon, 1914, pp. XIV +290). —The
author maintains as the reason for the decrease in tlie number of agricultural
workers in Great Britain the breaking off of the personal relationship that
previously existed between the lord of the manor and his laborers and tenants,
the influx of people from the cities who take no part in agricultural iiroductiou,
the transfer of village and home industries to manufacturing centers, and the
decline in the real wage of the agricultural worker. He believes that this low
wage has led to physical inefficiency and advocates an increase so that the
farm laborer can be properly fed, clothed, and sheltered. He also calls attention
to the need of better housing conditions, but warns against so increasing the
rents as to take up all the increase in wages. He believes that the cottage
gardens are not sufficient in size and that the agricultural laborer should be
286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
given an opportunity to acquire small allotments and gradually work up into
an independent farmei*. While he is acquiring the land there should be a co-
operative organization to list the workers and the tyi>es of work that they are
efDcieut in, so that all inquiries for laborers can be readily satisfied. He also
advocates ttuit the cooperative movement should be extended to securing credit
for the small farm operator.
The land and the capital, G Fernandez de la Rosa (Bol. Agr. T6c. y Econ.,
6 (19U), Nos. 61, pp. 67-78; 62, pp. 129-149; 63, pp. 238-248; 64, pp. 333-342;
65, pp. 430-439; 66, pp. 513-523). — The author discusses the economics of pro-
duction as it relates to agricultui'e, the influence of proximity to centers of
population upon land value, and of local customs, fiscal regulations, and owner-
ship uijon agricultural production, the various forms of capital, the development
of agricultural credit in Spain, and the reforms suggested for reorganization
of the rural credit of that country.
Compensation to tenant farmers in England and Wales for improvements
and for disturbance {Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc.
Intel., 5 {1914), No. 7, pp. 89-102). — This article discusses the common law
position of the tenant farmer, the legislative changes in regard to his position
and further alterations suggested, and concludes that the legislation giving the
tenant the right of compensation for improvements and disturbance tends to
lead to more fundamental changes in the relations existing between landlord
and tenant, and may even lead to the adoption of a different system of tenure
altogether.
Report of the departmental committee on agricultural credit in Ireland
{Dept. Agr. and Tech. Imtr. Ireland, Rpt. Agr. Credit, 1914, pp. Xyi-\-407,
pis. 3). — This report discusses the types and amount of credit furnished the
farmers by various credit institutions and the cooperative credit movement in
Ireland.
Among the findings of the committee were that the veiy large sums on deposit
in postal savings banks in rural districts prove that there would be ami)le
funds for small rural credit purposes if the confidence of depositors could be
attracted, and that the history of the existing cooperative credit associations
shows that there is need for state supervision to inspire this confidence. The
tendency of a peasant proprietary to incur overindebtedness is deemed a real
danger, from which the new tenant purchasers in Ireland should be safe-
guarded. A complete system of compulsory registration of title is an abso-
lutely indispensable condition of every sound system of real credit. From the
borrowing farmer's point of view the absence of an amortization scheme for
repayment and the uncertainty as to when a mortgage may be called in are
serious drawbacks to the present method of obtaining capital.
The committee believes that the attention of the new holders should be
directed rather to making the ihost of their land by work than by pledging it
for the purpose of borrowing. The establishment of a long-term-credit mort-
gage institution on Landschaften lines may eventually become a necessity in
Ireland if it be not found possible to revise the land-loan schemes of the
Board of Works with a view to their greater elasticity and their adaptation
to the needs of small farmers. The development also of the agricultural loan
schemes of the Department of Agriculture and of the Congested Districts
Board, combined with the agency of credit scx?ieties for shorter term loans,
should prove sufficient in most cases for the credit requirements of farmers
not met by the joint stock banks. The full development of these sources of
credit should be thoroughly tested before any experiment based on continental
land-mortgage-credit organizations be attempted.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
287
The German credit institution, 1900-1909, F. Schulte (Veroffentl. titatis.
Bodenkr. [Bavaria^, No. 1 {1011), pp. 1'+^/^, pls. 6).— This report gives with
cousitlerable detail the progress of agricultural credit in Germany and shows
for 1900-1909, by statistical data, the form of the loans, the active and reserve
capital, and the rate of interest for a large number of credit institutions.
Proceedings of the first annual conference of cooperative associations
{N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 63 {19U), pp. 2201-2328, pis. 2).— At this conference
methods of purchasing farm supplies and the marketing of farm products were
discussed, and brief reiiorts submitted concerning the different types of coop-
erative organizations within the State.
Helps for organizing farmers' clubs and cooperative associations {[Wash-
ingtvn, D. C, IdlJf^, pp. 22). — Contained in this i-eport are suggestions for
organizing farmers' clubs and model constitutions and by-laws promulgated by
the conference of business men in connection with the conferences on country
life development at Louisville, Ky., April 9, 1914 (E. S. R., 30, p. 608).
Beport of the California fruit growers exchange, 1913-14, G. H. Powell
(CaL Fruit (J rowers Ex. Circ. 3 (lOlJf), pp. 11). — This annual report sets forth
what has been accomplished in tlie various departments of the exchanges and
gives an insight into their methods and management.
Marketing farm products, W. W. Higgins {Vt. Dept. Agr. Bui. 17 (1914),
pp. 61, figs. 24). — The author outlines briefly methods of marketing and dis-
tributing farm produce and gives a detailed description of packages and meth-
ods of preparing and grading fruit, vegetables, and other produce for market.
The agricultural outlook {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 629 (1914), PP-
S5, figs. 5). — On October 1 the composite condition of all crops was 90.3 per
cent of average conditions, indicating 6.4 per cent better yields than last year,
when production was below the average.
On the basis of an inquiry made of the crop reporters N. C. Murray has de-
termined the disposition of certain farm crops. The following table gives the
principal results:
Quantity and percentage of total crop.s fed to specified farm animals.
Corn.
Oats.
Barley.
Hay.
Kind of animal.
Total
crop.
Per
capita
quantity.
Total
crop.
Per
capita
quantity.
Total
crop.
Per
capita
quantity.
Total
crop.
Per
capita
quantity.
Horses and mules
Milch cows
Per cent.
27.0
8.6
9.4
26.8
2.2
Bushels.
29.2
11.1
6.7
11.2
1.2
Per cent.
46.4
5.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
Bushels.
21.0
2.7
.5
.3
.4
Per cent.
14.8
4.4
1.1
9.4
.6
Bushels.
LI
.4
.1
.3
Per cent.
35.9
23.2
15.5
.3
5.1
Tons.
1.190
.920
Other cattle
.340
Swine
Sheep
.004
.080
There is also included a report of the condition of the wheat crop of 1913-14.
the cotton crop in the United States and British India, sugar beets and citrus
fruit in the United States and in foreign countries, data as to the trend of
farm prices, and a preliminary estimate of the crop production in Canada.
T. N. Carver has contributed an article on taking pains and points out that
when one gets the habit of keeping accounts, of rotating and diversifying crops,
of making the farm feed the family, and running cooperative enterprises, it is
not half as much trouble as it was feared that it would be when first consid-
ered. He claims the real test of a farmer's quality is his ability to take pains
In the things mentioned above.
79934°— No. 3—15 7
288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Stutistical tables are shown giving the estimated surplus of wheat and flour
by States, the condition, production, forecast, and prices of specified crops by
States on October 1, 1914, the average prices paid in the United States to pro-
ducers for farm products in recent years, and the range of prices of agricul-
tural produce at market centers.
Agricultural production in Belgium {Blin. Agr. et Trav. Pub. [Belgium],
Off. Rural Raps, et Communs., Xo. 9 {1914), VP- 307). — Contained in this report
are statistical data showing for 1913 by provinces and minor subdivisions the
area, average yield, production of the principal farm crojis, and number of live
stock, and by months for 1914 the number and price of meat animals at the
principal markets.
Agricultural statistics of Belgium {Ann. Statis. Belg., 4i U^J3), pp. 251,
252, 346-375). — ^Among the statistical data shown in this report are the number
of cooperative societies, their membership, and amount of business transacted
from 1895 to 1912, the agricultural population for 1846, 1880, and 1895, the
area in specified crops for 1910, the number of farms by size for 1846, 1866,
1880, and 1895, the amount of commercial fertilizer used in 1909, the number
of agricultural machines on farms in 1880 and 1895. and the number of live
stock by ages for 1810, 1840. 1856, 1866, 1880, and 1895.
A collection of statistical and economic data relating' to the agricultural
industry in Russia and in foreign countries (Rec. Donn6es Statis. et Econ.
Indus. Agr. Russie et Pays Strangers, 7 {1914), pp- XIV-\-624). — This annual
report contains statistical data showing for 1912, with comparative data for
earlier years and by minor geographic divisions, the total production, area,
and average yield of the principal farm crops, number of distilleries, breweries,
and sugar and tobacco factories, and quantity of materials used and produced,
for 1911 the number of live stock, and for 1912 the trade in agricultural prod-
ucts, the wages of farm laborers, and information regarding agricultural credit.
A B C of Queensland statistics, 1914, compiled by T. Weedon {Brisbane:
Govt., 1914, pp. 41)- — Among the statistical data shown in this annual state-
ment are the area cultivated and in the principal crops, the production, the
crown lands alienated, leased, or in other form of alienation, the number of
live stock, and the quantity of agricultural products manufactured in Queens-
land. In many instances comparative data are shown for other States.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
[Report on agricultural education work in California, 19141 {California
Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 11-24, 52-59, 76-83, figs. 6).— This report contains accounts
of the internal and external instruction of the department of agriculture of the
University of California by the director; of the work of the Univei-sity Farm
School at Davis, by H. E. Van Norman ; of the division of agricultural educa-
tion, by W. G. Hummel ; and of the agricultural extension work, by W. T.
Clarke.
[Home economics work at the University of Illinois] {III. Agr., 18 {1914),
No. 7, pp. 309-430, 432, 434, 436, figs. 9).— A. number of papers by different
authors are included. As a whole the material presented gives an idea of the
extent and character of the students' work in this subject.
Massachusetts independent vocational schools in operation May 1, 1914
{Bui. Bd. Ed. Alass., Xo. 5 {1914), pp. 6.3). — This bulletin includes a statistical
summary arranged according to types of schools, laws under which the schools
are operated, and a descriptive catalogue of all state-aided vocational schools
in Massachusetts, including, among others, 4 agricultural schools, 8 agricultural
departments in high schools, and 25 home-making schools.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 289
Social surveys of rural school districts, C. J. Galpin and G. W. Davies
(Wisconsin Sta. Circ. 51 (1914), pp. 15, figs. 3). — This circular explains what a
social survey is, how It aids the teacher, and liow it is made, and gives some
i-esults of school district surveys and a suggestive outline for a district survey.
Practical training in negro rural schools, J. Davis (Hampton Bui., 9
(1913), No. 6, pp. 15, figs. 20). — To give an idea of the definite improvement
brought about by supervision and industrial training in negro rural schools in
Southern States, largely through the aid of the Jeanes Fund, the author gives a
summary of the virork in Virginia in 1912-13. One of the most promising devel-
opments of this work has been the cooperation of the supervising industrial
teacher with the farm demonstration agent in girls' gardening and canning club
work during the summer mqnths.
[Home and school gardening] (Ann. Rpt. Home and School Oard. Com.,
Tiventieth Cent. Club Detroit, 10 (1913), pp. 28, figs. 12).— A brief review of
the committee and its work from its establishment in April, 1903, to the present
time is given. On July 1, 1913, instruction in the practical school gardens in
Detroit passed under the control of and was furnished by the board of educa-
tion, although the maintenance of the gardens still remains a part of the obliga-
tions of the organizations which brought them into existence.
[Agricultural education in Canada] (Agr. Gas. Canada, 1 (191Jf), No. 4,
pp. 235-332, figs. 10). — ^A report is given of the Conference of Agricultural
Instruction held in Ottawa March 24 and 25, 1914, consisting of the representa-
tives of the Dominion and provincial departments of agriculture and education
and of the agricultural and veterinary colleges in Canada. The salient features
of the demonstration work carried on under the agricultural instruction act
and the agricultural instruction in the schools and agricultural colleges and
schools in the various provinces are briefly I'eported on.
The number also contains a description of the buildings and equipment and
information concerning courses of instruction of the Saskatchewan College of
Agriculture, and the recommendations of commissions appointed in 1912 to
investigate agricultural and industrial education in Saskatchewan and British
Columbia, respectively.
Scheme of agricultural education (Preston, England: Lancashire Ed. Com.,
1914, pp. 85, pis. 11). — ^An outline is given of the scheme of agricultural educa-
tion to be carried out in 1914-15 in Lancaster County at the County Council
Farm, the dairy, poultry, and horticultural schools at Hutton, near Preston, the
County Council Agricultural School, at Harris Institute, Preston, and in various
parts of the county.
A residential course for the training of farm lads, G. H. Garkad (Jour.
Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 4, pp. 292-300) .—This is a description of a
month's course begun in the latter part of December, 1913, at Toys Hill, Kent
County, England, for the purpose of interesting farm laborers and small farmers
In their work and instructing them in manual labor.
Only 20 applicants between IG and 20 years of age who were actually at work
on farms in the county were admitted. They were divided into three classes
for practical work, bnt all classes were combined for lectures, so that fairly
close individual attention was possible for all students. The course of instruc-
tion included farm carpentry, forge and rough veterinary work, hedge laying,
draining, thatching, pruning and growing fruit trees, the measurement of land
and stacks, wood cutting, sharpening tools, construction and setting of farm
implements, killing, plucking, and trussing chickens, calf rearing, kitchen
gardening, and lectures on how plants feed and grow. The amount of time
devoted to each subject depended very largely on the weather, which permitted
290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of 38 hours of lecture work iiiid 98} hours of practical work. On three after-
noons excursions were made to neighborinj? farms. A garden being the only
land attached to (he house in which the school was held, much of the practical
work had to bo done on neighboring farms.
History of Grignon, L. Bketignieke and L. RiscH (Eistoire dc Grignon.
Chateuroux, 1910, pp. 2^4+L,XXV, pis. 5, fiys. 29). — ^The history of Grignon
from its origin in 1827 to 1909, an account of its organization, equipment, and
instruction in 1909, and occupations of former students are given. Admission
examinations, the faculty, and description of subjects are appende<l.
Memorial of the foundation of the Forestry Education Institute, Maria-
brunn, 1813, and the Imperial Royal Agricultural High School of Vienna,
1872 (Zur Gcdenkfeicr dcr Griindung dcr Forst-Lchranstult, Mariahninn,
1813, und der K. K. Hochschule fiir Bodcnkultur in Wien, 1872. Vienna,
1912-13, pp. VI-\-S16, pi. 1, figs. 3//).— This memorial contains a detailed ac-
count of the development of high school (collegiate) forestry instruction in
Austria by von A. Cieslar; agricultural instruction from 1S72-3 to 1911-12, by
A. Hitter v. Liebenberg de Zsittin ; agricultural engineering instruction at the
agricultural high school from 1SS3-1912, by A. Friedrich ; and of the various
faculties, special lecturers, institutes and associations, history and attendance of
the agricultural high school from 1872-1912, organization of faculty in 1912-13,
and an outline of the course of study.
Agricultural instruction [in Bohemia] {Ber. Dcut. SeJct. Landesk. Rates
Eonigr. Bohmen, 21 {1912), pp. 23-70). — Detailed reports are given of the
work of the itinerant agricultural instructors, together with statistical data on
itinerant instruction, and notes on agricultural schools in Bohemia.
Some considerations of the proposals for effecting uniformity in methods
of instruction in elementary agricultural schools, M. Prochaska (Land. w.
Foffittv. Untcnirlits Ztg., 2S {191-'f), No. 1. pp. Jf7-55). — In this discussion the
author frequently refers to the opinions of F. Jachimowicz, previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 195). He thinks, however, that while the 3-semester winter
schools recommended by the latter may seem desirable the 2-semester winter
school with a farm and obligatory summer course and with a more uniform
direction is the next goal to be aimed at.
Elementary exercises in agriculture, S. H. Dadisman {New York, 1914,
pp. VII-{-106, figs. 54). — Simple laboratory experiments to be conducted by the
pupils in the study of soils, plants, weeds, horticulture, domestic animals,
insects, bacteria, birds, etc., as well as methods of conducting excursions, study,
and discussion, are outlined.
Laboratory exercises in the elements of agriculture, E. E. Lackett ( Wayne,
Nebr., 1914, PP- 86). — Outlines are given for 38 exercises in the study of plants,
soils, insects, dairying, and feeding materials, together with a list of the
necessary apparatus.
[Agriculture in the Missouri high school] {Rpt. Pub. Schools Missouri, 64
(1913), pp. 165-188). — ^This article presents a syllabus of a course in agricul-
ture, lists of required equipment in the laboratory and library, and suggestions
to teachers on the use of demonstration plats and notebooks, community surveys,
etc., to bring about some uniformity in equipment and instruction in the high
schools receiving state aid for agricultural instruction. A list of library books
on agriculture is added.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of California Station, 1914 {California 8ta. Rpt. 1914' PP-
215, pi. 1, figs. 38). — This contains the organization list, reports of the director.
MISCELLANEOUS. 291
heads of divisions, and others. The text of tlie Smith-Lever Act is appended.
The exiierimental worli reported is, for the most part, abstracted elsewhere in
this issue.
Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1912—13 {Cormecticut
morrs Sta. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. A'+Z/iff, pis. Jf, figs. 100).— This contains tlio
organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1912,
and June 30, 1913, a report of the director, and reprints of Bulletins 70-79,
previously noted.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1913 {Massa-
chusetts Sta. Rpt. 1913, i)ts. 1-2, pp. X-{-59a-\-201, pis. 2, fig. i).— This contains
the organization list, reports of the director and heads of departments, a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and reprints of Bulletins
14.S-155, previously noted. The report of the director includes fertilizer tests
with asparagus, rhnl)arb, blackberries, raspberries, alfalfa, apples, and corn.
The report of the entomologist is abstracted on page 245 of this issue.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1913 {Texas Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. S5). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the
federal funds for the fiscal year eude<^l June 30, 1913, and for various state
funds for the fiscal year ended August 31, 1913, a report of the director on
the work of the station and the various substations, and the text of the various
federal and state laws relating to the station. The experimental data recorded
are, for the most part, abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
A handbook for farmers and dairymen, F. W. Woll et ajl. {New York and
London, 1914, 6. ed., rev., pp. XVI +400, figs. 10). — A sixth edition of this work
(E. S. R., 11, p. 883). It is stated that a number of new subjects have been
added and tables and articles brought up to date.
NOTES
American Farm Management Association. — The fifth annual meeting of this
association was held in Washington, D. C, November 9 and 10, 1914, with an
unusually large attendance and marked interest.
The address of the president, D. H. Otis, dealt with The Farm Manager Well
Trained. Professor Otis claimed that farm management consists in coordinat-
ing all the forces connected with agriculture to the farmer's financial gain.
Courses in farm management should be practical, based on the accounts of
Individual farmers, and should develop executive and business ability. He
favored requiring active farm experience of all farm management students,
and claimed that it is better to have students work on good farms at a low
wage than on poor farms at a better wage. The system of accredited farms
which has been developed in Wisconsin was explained.
Reports were received from the standing committees on teaching and in-
vestigation. The former committee presented through K. C. Livermore, chair-
man, detailed outlines of the courses in farm management in several agri-
cultural colleges. It was found that of 40 colleges reporting, 38 offered farm
management as a separate study in 1913-14, an average of four hours' credit
being allowed exclusive of advanced and seminar courses. Suggestions for
the arrangement of elementary courses and replies to various questions sub-
mitted were also included. Some differences of opinion were found as to the
proportion of time which should be allotted to farm management, the require-
ment of this subject of all agricultural students, and prerequisites for admis-
sion to this course, including farm exi^erience. The consensus of opinion was
unfavorable to the operation of separate farm management farms to demon-
strate business methods. The cooperation of Institutions in the exchange of
illustrative material was advocated.
The committee on investigation, J. A. Foord, chairman, recommended the
utilization of a central agency such as the Office of Farm Management of
tills Department to serve as a clearing house for the exchange of projects.
The appointment of a special committee on standardization of terms used In
farm management was also suggested.
F. A. Pearson discussed the Fundamental Principles in Keeping Farm
Accounts. He claimed that farmers should be organized to keep accounts and
stated that in Illinois associations had been formed for this purpose, in
several instances the work of the local cow testing associations being used
as a medium. D. H. Otis outlined a form of accounting wherein by the
mechanical arrangement of the book iised a farmer can carry on his accounts
with as little posting as possible.
O. R. Johnson considered the use of the farm diary in farm management
investigations, and stated that because of the large amount of labor required
to keep farm records, efforts should be made to simplify the usual method as
much as possible. A method that he has devised requires the proprietor to
make all reports for the day on a single sheet, a chore statement at the end
of the month, and a feeding statement when changes in feeding or in the
number of live stock took place. These records are transmitted to the central
292
NOTES. 293
ollice at tlie college, where Lliey are irautsferred to the ledger aiui a coiiiitlete
statemeut for the year obtained aud returned to the farmer.
Farm organization investigations and their relation to the farm survey
were taken up by C. L. Goodrich. He enumerated as essential to success in
farming the general organization of the farm, the selection of suitable fea-
tures in the way of live stocli aud crops, aud the making of the management of
man, horse iwwer, labor, aud capital more effective. Survey work is intended
to study organization and practices, and to learn which are successful and
unsuccessful and the reason why. The area selected should be typical as to
soil and farm practices, and at least 100 farms should be studied for a series of
years.
J. H. Arnold discussed Some Principles of Farm Organization, taking as
the basis of his paper the crew efficiency. He stated that farm practices are
usually a result of the experience in that section, aud before any of these should
be changed there should be a thorough study of the community. The area
devoted to a particular crop is limited by that operation which determines the
minimum acreage that can be cared for during a certain period o^ the season.
A. D. McNair called attention to the fact that the area cultivated varies
with the amount of work, size of animals, labor, sui:»plies, etc. He considered
that the fai'mers know practically how much a certain crew can cultivate
in their region, and it is chiefly in connection with new crops that they need
assistance. He also pointed out that if oue part of the farm operation is varied
that it may have marked influence upon all the other farm operations and upon
the economic movement on the crops in that locality.
Under the title of Efficiency Factors and Caution in Their Use, G. F. Warren
enumerated as the principal factors in efficiency the size of the business,
diversity of crops, crop yields, and production per acre. Unless the farm is
efficient In all of these factors the chances are that the farm income will not
he as high as possible, but the size of business is probably the most important.
K. C. Livermore discussed the Method and Application of Farm Efficiency
Analysis. He stated that the analysis should vary with the pui'pose for which
it was being used, and that by picking out the succes.sful farmer and selecting
tlie factor that made that farmer efficient, a standard would be obtained that
would give a better judgment as to what successful farming should be than to
take the average for the community. To suggest improvements in the manage-
ment of a farm requires a knowledge of the local conditions, the system of farm
management in the community, the farmer's temperament, and the ability of his
family to aid him in his farm work.
W. A. Etherton discussed the relation of the income of farms to the invest-
ment in buildings. He maintained that the value of buildings varied with the
farm capital, with the income, and with the size of the farm, and that there
seeme<l to be more or less correlation in this relationship.
Plans for fai-m management demonstration were outlined by L. H. Goddard.
Caution was deemed essential in beginning such work and radical changes
should be poslix»ned until the confidence of the counnunity is gained. He
pointed out that in most localities, demonstration work is still in a pioneer
stage aud emphasized the constant need of tact on the part of demonstrators.
M. C. Burritt described the system of farm surveys being made in New
York as a basis for the offering of suggestions. He too pointed out the need
of conservatism in giving advice, especially to the individual. G. P. Scoville
outlined the practical workings of the New York system in greater detail,
including the correspondence metliods in use, and H. W. Hawthorn discussed
some experiences along this line in Ohio. The application of farm management
surveys in Massachusetts was discussetl by H. J. Baker, who narrated some
294 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
practical results there. C. B. Smith concludea the program with a summary of
What This Meeting Teaches in Farm Management Extension.
Officers were elected as follows : Tresident, A. Boss, of Minnesota ; vice
president, J. A. Foord, of Massachusetts; and secretary-treasurer, G. A.
Billings, of Washington, D. C. The 1915 meeting will probably be held at
Berkeley, California, August 9 and 10, a number of joint sessions with other
organizations meeting at that time being contemplated.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The thirty-first annual conven-
tion was held November 16 to 18, 1914, at Washington, D. C, with the largest
registration in the history of the association.
The address of the president, E. F. Ladd, dealt with the increased demands
placed on the agricultural chemists by the enactment of the inspection laws
of recent years, and emphasized the need for calling into the service other
specialists, such as physiologists. The work of the association was also dis-
cussed, and the necessity of devising a means of publishing the proceedings and
methods of the association was dwelt upon, as well as the desirability of a
journal of agricultural chemistry. Dr. H. W. Wiley also addressed the asso-
ciation on some problems raised by the war.
C. L. Alsberg, secretary of the association, presented a digest of what had
been done in the way of gaining information relative to methods and costs
for publishing the proceedings of the association, and of a journal of agricul-
tural chemistry. C. H. Jones, on behalf of the executive committee, recom-
mended (1) that the proceedings be published in the form of a quarterly;
(2) that a one-half day session be given to section meetings to be arranged by
the executive committee; and (3) that the matter of the revision of the con-
stitution and by-laws relating to annual dues be left until the 1915 meeting.
This report was adopted by the association.
The association admitted municipal chemists to associate membership. Reso-
lutions were adopted in memory of the late Professor Francis H. Storer, of the
Bussey Institution of Harvard University. The committee on food standards,
on the motion of its chairman, W. Frear, was discharged.
A. J. Patten, referee on phosphoric acid, reviewed the work of the past two
years. The opinion was expressed that the variations for total phosphoric
acid reported by cooperating analysts were probably due to iron, and possibly
manganese, being carried down with the yellow precipitate. The determination
of total phosphoric acid was studied in this year's cooperative work by the offi-
cial gravimetric, the optional volumetric, and the von Lorenz (E. S. R., 13, p. 14)
methods; and the available phosphoric acid by the molybdate, optional volu-
metric, von Lorenz, and iron citrate (E. S. R.. 29. p. 410) methods. Four slags
and a synthetic solution corresponding as nearly as possible to a citric acid
solution of an average basic slag were used, and the results obtained were very
satisfactory, especially with the iron citrate and von Lorenz methods. Further
work is to be done on the methods for basic slag, with special attention to
standardizing the alkali solution used in the volumetric method.
The associate referee on phosphoric acid. L. S. Walker, presented results of
studies on neutral ammonium citrate solution with the titration (E, S. R.. 29,
p. 71S) and litmus methods. The work for the coming year is to ascertain
whether neutral ammonium citrate, sodium citrate, or citric acid solution
should be employed as a solvent in the determination of reverted phosphoric
acid in fertilizers. Suggestions were made by P. Rudnick as to obtaining a
substitute for neutral ammonium citrate, and in this connection a paper on
ammonium tricitrate. by R. A. Hall, was presented (see p. 205).
R. N. Brackett. referee, and II. D. Ilaskins. associate referee, for the deter-
mination of nitrogen, reported on work which had for its chief object the
NOTES. 295
ascertaining of whether the establisliineut of certain standards of nitroson
activity for raw materials and mixed fertilizers furnishing organic nitrogen is
warranted. The materials studied were tartar pomace, dried blood, nitrogenous
manures containing about G, 8, and 0 per cent of nitrogen, beet-root manure,
and a mixture consisting of beet-root manure and nitrogenous manure 3:1.
The previous experiences that both the Jones and Street methods are satis-
factory for differentiating between good and poor organic nitrogenous material
were confirmed by this year's work, with, one exception. The Jones method
gave results more in accordance with pot tests than the Street metliod and is
somewhat shorter, but the work showed that in the hands of inexperienced
persons more uniform figures are obtained by the Street method. Both methods
are to be further studied with tlie view of increasing tlie accuracy of the water-
msoluble nitrogen determination, and in the case of the Jones method to over-
come the difficulties experienced by most analysts in the distillation with alka-
line permanganate.
Collaborative results with the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold method in its present
state on the whole were very satisfactory. When copper sulphate was used
in lieu of oxid of mercuiy the time of digestion was somewhat prolonged, and
the method, although adopted as official, is to be further studied. Nitrogen
determinations by the Gunning copper method and the Kjeldahl-Gunning-
Arnold method wei'e made by A. J. Patten on a large variety of animal and
vegetable materials. The results reported by the cooperating analysts with
the zinc-ferrous sulphate-soda method for nitrates indicated that more work is
necessary before it can be recommended for adoption as official.
The associate referee on the availability of potash, E. E. Vanatta, gave a
report of progress on a series of pot culture experiments in conjunction with
the department of soils of the Missouri Station, for tlie puri^ose of studying the
effect of different soil treatments on the availability of potash in ground
feldspathic rock. The availability was measured by plant (corn) growth sup-
plemented by chemical determinations.
Work on the determination of potash, reported by T. D. Jarrell, associate
referee, included cooperative tests on (1) the use of denatured alcohol for
washing potassium platinic chlorid; (2) the necessity for the use of hydro-
chloric acid in the water extract; and (3) the perchlorate method. The sam-
ples tested were commercial muriate of potash, kainit, and a mixture of kainit
and acid phosphate. The results obtained collaboratively with the perchlorate
method showed quite a variation, and with mixed fertilizers it consumes too
much time, but it was concluded that in tlie hands of analysts familiar with
its limitations, and with some modifications, especially with regard to the
method of washing the potassium perchlorate, it might give reasonably uniform
and dependable results. Ethyl alcohol denatured with methyl alcohol, or with
benzin and methyl alcohol, can apparently be safely used as a wash for
potassium platinic chlorid. but pyridin can not be used as a denaturant.
In the collaborative work comparing the official method with modifications
in which the addition of hydrochloric acid was omitted, certain differences were
noted, but all results were well within the limits of experimental error. The
association next year is to study why hydrochloric acid is added to the potash
extract, the perchlorate method with regard to washing the perchlorate pre-
cipitate, and the use of denatured alcohol.
J. W. Ames, referee on soils, in discussing means for estimating organic
carbon in soils containing carbonates pointed out that the official method for
carbon dioxid in soils was indefinite. He reported a study of methods for
determining inorganic carbonic acid and organic carbon in soils, and some data
obtained with other methods. A further test of methods for the determination
296 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of soil carbonates is to be made, comparing (1) the Marr method (E. 8. K., 22,
p. 511) with methods which involve the use of dilute hydrochloric acid and coi -
stant aspiration of air with and without heating, and (2) the wet combustion
method witli a mixture of chromic and sulphuric acids for estimating organic
carbon with the combustion of the soil in the furnace, as well as of the
Hutchinson and MacLennan method for determining the lime requirements of
the soil. The official method for carbon dioxid is to bo eliminated.
C. B. Lipman, referee on nitrogenous coustitnonts of soils, expressed the
opinion that the association has been giving considerable time to the study of
methods for soil chemical work which are already well established, while the
study of some of the methods now in use which need much improvement has
been neglected. The methods for nitrites and nitrates and for ammonia, as
adopted for water in 1913, were accepted as official methods for the determina-
tion of these constituents in aqueous soil extracts.
W. H. Mclntire gave a brief account of a new method for determining the
lime requirement of soil. In the method 10 gm. of soil is sifted through a
100-mesh sieve and heated with 100 cc. of a specially prepared calcium carbon-
ate solution to a paste, the jiaste transferred by means of carbon dioxid-free
distilled water to a flask and shaken with 5 cc. of 85 i)er cent phosphoric acid
solution in a special device, and the liberated residual carbon dioxid collected
in a 4 per cent sodium hydroxid solution contained in a Camp absorption tower.
The amount of calcium carbonate in the carbonate solution is determined by
backing off the excess of dissolved gas and decomposing the precipitated car-
bonate by the above procedure. The difference between the added and the
residual calcium carbonate in the soil is tlien determined, a correction being
made for the carbon dioxid in the air of the apparatus and the carbonate in
the sodium hydroxid solution.
G. S. Fraps gave a paper on the interpretation of soil analyses which in-
cluded a discussion of the various methods of analysis and the benefits to be
derived therefrom. Experience has sho^NTi that pot experiments do not always
confirm the chemical analysis, and the ix)t experiments are themselves open to
irregularities. Standards of interpretation on the basis of the corn plant, how-
ever, will show the relative deficiencies of the soil in plant food.
The associate referee's report on alkali soil, given by R. F. Hare, consisted
of a comparison of methods now in common use for the analysis of alkali soils.
A number of analyses of New Mexico soils taken from a region in which black
alkali is the dominant type were presented, followed by a review of some of the
methods for the determination of alkali in soils. The association's method for
alkali waters was provisionally adopted for alkali soils.
A cooperative study was reported by R. C. Roark on the determination of
moisture, carbon dioxid, copper, jirsenic, and lead o.xid in Bordeaux mixture,
Bordeaux-lead arsenate, and Bordeanx-I'aris green, and comi)aring new methods
for nicotin, and of arseuious oxid in Paris green with the ottit-ial method. The
oflicial, C. M. Smith, and C. C. Hedges methods for tot.il arsenious oxid in
Paris green did not agree as closely as might be expected, and even the official
method varied nearly 2 per cent. With a modification described both the Smith
and Hedges methods gave better results. Methods for total arsenic present as
ASsOa and AssOi^, and as As-^^Os only, are proposed to displace those for total
arsenic and water-soluble arsenious oxid.
The results with Bordeaux mixture (dry and paste) included those for copper
(electrolytic and thiosulphate methods) and moisture. Good results were ob-
tained in general hy the analysts, but little work was done by the electrolytic
method. With Bordeaux-Paris green the results for copi^er by the thiosulphate
method, carbon dioxid, and moisture agreed very well, but total arsenic varied
NOTES. 297
more than It should. The methods given for Bordeaux-lead arsenate for the
electrolytic determination of copper worked very well when applied to Bordeaux-
Paris green. It was also found that the arsenious oxid could be easily deter-
mined by either the C. C. Hedges or C. M. Smith method. Water-soluble arsenic
varied from 3.92 to 4.92 per cent. The results for Bordeaux with lead arsenate,
moistui-e, carbon dioxid, lead, total arsenic, copijer, and water-soluble arsenic
agreed fairly well, considering the difficulties of analyzing a sample of this Iiind.
The results for nicotin by the Chapin silicotungstic acid method (E. S. R..
25, p. 36) agreed closely, and its adoption as an official hiethod was urged.
Some of the methods are to be further studied, but work on the Lloyd method
for nicotin determination is to be discontinued.
W. W. Skinner, referee on water, gave an account of the work on the detenni-
nation of strontium, with special reference to why low results were obtained
in last year's work. The methods for strontium are to be .studied further.
C. B. Williams, chairman of the committee on the availability of phosphoric
acid in basic slag, presented a report of progress. C. L. Alsberg, of the special
committee on the study of the vegetable proteins, reiwrted that this committee
was of the opinion that work in this difficult field of research should not be
begun until some means could be found whereby it could be conducted under
conditions that would assure its continuation for a sufficient length of time to
enable those engaged in the work to acquire skill and experience in the methods
of isolating and separating the proteins from one another and in the methods
used for studying their properties.
J. Hortvet, referee on food adulteration, stated that several lines of investiga-
tions which were under way during the past two years have been either com-
pleted or the work has been so satisfactory that definite recommendations can bo
made for the final adoption of methods or for further study along well-defined
lines. The work of the various associate referees was then reviewed.
W. E. Mathewson, associate referee on colors, reported on the coloring mat-
ters of a number of fruits, and gave a brief review of the literature pertaining
thereto and upon coal tar dye mixtures.
The associate referee on fruits and fruit products, H. C. Gore, gave an
account of collaborative work on the estimation of malic and citric acids In
fruit Juices, and stated that a new basis for a method for estimating citric
acid has been found, in which the polariscoi>e is used and sodium molybdate is
the reagent. Methods for citric and malic acids are to be studied further.
B. G. Hartmann, associate referee on wine, gave the results of studying
methods for determining tartaric acid in wine and grape .iuice. The figures
submitted by the various collaborators .showed that the method described in
Bulletin 107, revised, p. 86, is unreliable when phosphoric acid is present. The
association voted to study further the proposed method with regard to its use
for red wines, and also to study the effect of adding Rochclle salts instead of
tartaric acid as provided in the Hartmann and Eoff method.
The method for determining phosphoric acid in beer by the addition of cal-
cium acetate and subsequent ashing was adopted as a provisional method
Instead of the direct volumetric determination with uranium acelate. A paper
on Maraschino cordials was presented by J. G. Riley and A. L. Sullivan.
The associate referee on vinegar, E. H. Goodnow, rejKjrted on work done
with cider vinegar and with methods 6. 11, 15, and 17, as given in the 1911
proceedings of the association, and these method? were adopted provisionally.
Methods 10 and 20 are to be given further study.
A report on flavoring extracts was given by the associate referee, A. E. Paul,
and a paper on the relationship between the alcohol-soluble solids* and ether-
soluble solids in st:indard ginger oxtriicts by C. W. Harrison and A. L. Sulliv.Tu.
298 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The associate referee on spices, R. W. Hilts, after reviewing the status of
methods' for catsup examination recommended tliat final action regarding the
lactic acid and citric acid methods be withheld pending further study and the
collection of data, and that methods for determining insoluble solids and sand as
applied to tomato catsup (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 162, pp. 128, 129)
be adopted as provisional. These recommendations were adopted.
R. E. Remington, associate referee, reported on cooperative work in the
determination of lead in baking powders, particularly the alum phosphate type,
and dwelt principally on the simplification and improvement of existing
methods. E. L. P. Trenthardt, associate referee on heavy metals in foods,
reported on determining arsenic and tin.
The cooperative work on fats and oils, presented by the associate referee,
R. H. Kerr, consisted of a comparison of his own method (E. S. R., 29, p. 204)
for the detection of phytosterol in mixtures of animal and vegetable fats, with
the digitonin method of Marcusson and Schilling. Each method led to uni-
formly correct conclusions, and both were adopted as provisional methods.
J. Ilortvet, associate referee on dairy products, reported a further study of
the modifications of the continuous extraction method for determining fat in
evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, and cream, and comparative fat
determinations by the Rose-Gottlieb method. In the main the results obtained
by the continuous extraction method, both with sweetened condensed and
unsweetened evaporated milk, were lower than by the Rose-Gottlieb method, but
a special investigation of the details of the various methods for determining fat
pei'centages in condensed and evaporated milk was deemed imperative. G. E.
Patrick, in discussing the Rose-Gottlieb method, stated that when it is modified
and acid treatment after the usual extraction process is resorted to higher
results are obtainable. This was concurred in by F. F. Fitzgerald and W. D.
Bigelow. The method proposed in 1911 as applied to milk, evaporated milk,
sweetened condensed milk, thin cream, and ice cream, is to be further studied,
and special attention is to be given to the Rose-Gottlieb method along the lines
suggested. C. M. Bradbury read a paper on the alkali method for the deter-
mination of fat in ice cream and condensed milk.
F. L. Shannon, associate referee on saccharine products, gave a report of a
study of the Fiehe method and its modifications for the detection of added
invert sugar in honey. The only advantage apparently gained by any of the
modifications of Fiehe's test seems to be in the keeping quality of the reagent.
E. W. Magruder, associate referee on vegetables and canned goods, and J. B.
Robb reported on a detailed study of the separable fluid of canned goods (toma-
toes, green peas, and Lima beans). The studies are to be continued on the
same lines as recommended by the referee in 1913. A. Yiehoever gave an
account of the characteristics of common and Lima beans.
Analyses of some commercial cocoas were reported by H. C. Lythgoe, asso-
ciate referee. The Ulrich method for cocoa shells (E. S. R., 30, p. 413) has
apparently no advantages over the fiber and pentose determination methods.
The Baier-Neumann method for determining casein in milk chocolate should be
further studied since ob.iections have been raised against it on the grounds that
it will not detect the casein rendered insoluble in chocolates by different methods
of manufacture. The association voted to study the effects of high temperature
used in the process of manufacture on the casein determination, and also to
study the methods for crude starch in cocoa.
The associate referee on tea and coffee, J. M. Bartlett, gave a report on
methods for determining caffein.
A. F. Seeker, associate referee on preservatives, gave the i-esults of a further
study of the Fincke method (E. S. R., 26, p. 312) for the determination of
NOTES. 299
formic acid, as well as of a trial of the Fenton and Sisson reduction of
formic acid to formaldehyde as a qualitative means for the detection of this
preservative iu foods. The endeavor was also made to note the effect of
various interfering substances and caramel, and to determine how much formic
acid is present in various materials and prepared food products when examined
by the prescribed method. The Finclie method was adopted jtrovisionally by
the association. The natural occurrence of formic acid in food products is
to be further investigated, and the Wegner method is to he given a trial as a
confirmatory test. Steps are also to be talien to find a quantitative method
for the determination of saccharin in foods.
E. B. Forbes, I'eferee on organic and inorganic phosi)horus, reported on
inorganic phosphorus in vegetable and animal substances. The magnesia mix-
ture method gave satisfactoiy results on blood, brain, liver, and flesh, and
showed a recovery of 9G to 100 i>er cent of added phosphates. The work with
vegetable materials was done on alfalfa hay, blue grass, rice polish, rice
polish and phosphate, and middlings, soy beans, and oat straw with and with-
out phosphate. It was found that the use of the centrifuge greatly facilitated
the separation of dilute aqueous acid extracts of vegetable substances, and
when filter pulp is introduced into the extraction process it materially assists
in the maintenance of an easily penetrable condition of the magnesia mix-
ture precipitate. The modification of the acid alcohol method of Forbes and
associates by the introduction of filter paper pulp into the extraction, the
use of excessive amounts of magnesia mixture in the first precipitation, and
allowing an unusual length of time for precipitation gave apparently perfect
results as judged from the recovery of added phosphates, but unsatisfactory
results in other cases. No method was recommended for determining inorganic
phosphates in vegetable substances generally. A number of recommendations,
which included a description of methods for the examination of animal tissues,
were made. The magnesia mixture method of Forbes and associates for the
de!ermination of water-soluble inorganic phosphates was adopted as official.
Further efforts are to be made to obtain methods of separation of organic and
inorganic phosphorus in vegetable foods.
Ij. S. Palmer, associate referee on the separation of nitrogenous substances
in milk and cheese, pointed out the need of changing the term " albumin of
milk " to " heat coagulable proteins." Studies on a method for heat coagulable
proteins are also necessary, and methods ought to be devised for nitrogenous
substances other than casein, albumin, and globulin. The so-called neutraliza-
tion precipitate obtained from the filtrate of the acetic acid coagulation of cow's
milk appears to be largely a mixture of di- and tri-calcium phosiJhates. The
as.sociatiou is to make studies of methods for the determination of the noncasein
proteins of milk and the i^roducts of protein decomposition in milk.
The associate referee on the separation of nitrogenous bodies iu meats, A. D.
Emmett, submitted a brief report on creatin and creatinln in meat extracts
and meats by the Folin method and amino nitrogen in meat extracts and meats
by the Van Slyke and Kober methods, and ammonia nitrogen in the same sub-
stances by the Folin (K2CO3), the Steel-Gies (NaOH), and the magnesium oxid
methods. The work is to be continued.
L. I. Nurenberg, referee on dairy products, made a study of the refractive
indexes of the copper, acetic acid, and soured milk sera and soured serum ash
figures of milk, which are all used in the detection of added water. The
optional and provisional methods for preparing copper and soured serum and
for ash determinations in soured and acetic acid sera were adopted as optional-
provisional. The Harding-Farkin method (E. S. R., 29, p. 507) for fat determi-
nation is to be given further study, likewise the enzym reactions of milk.
300 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
A. Vlelioever uud C. O. Johns gave a pajjer on the determination of small quan-
tities of hydroc-yanic acid. The referee on feeding stuffs, G. L. Bidwell, made
a plea for the retention of 6.25 as the nitrogen factor for general feeding stuff
analyses. The association voted to retain this factor, and to make a further
study of crude fiber methods.
C. K. Francis, associate referee on crude fiber methods, presented results of
cooperative worli on a sample of cotton-seed meal which suggested the need
for further study of the official method. The chief trouble seemed to be with the
filtering materials (linen, asbestos, or glass wool). A paper by G. L. Bidwell
and G. P. Walton on the determination of crude fiber was presented, in which
the effect of various factors which influence the results obtained w^ere discussed.
C. Cutler, associate referee, gave an account of simple methods, macroscopical,
microscopical, and otherwise, whereby adulteration in feeds may be detected.
The incoming referee is to study samples containing unknown adulterants,
quantitative methods for the detection of peat dried at high temperatures, and
the maximum percentage of foreign material permissible in mill by-products.
AY. A. Withers and F. E. Carruth presented a paper on gossypol, a toxic
substance in the cotton seed (B. S. R., 11, p. 510). This substance when fed
to rabbits in purified cotton-seed meal by way of the mouth or given intraperi-
toneally was fatal in every case in a few hours. When fed in corn meal and
molasses it was uniformly lethal in from 9 to 16 days. A product precipitated
from the gossypol extract with petroleum ether was also found to be poisonous.
These properties of gossypol may explain why boiling alcoholic alkali removes
the toxicity of cotton-seed meal and why iron salts act as an antidote for
cotton-seed meal poisoning (E. S. R., 29. p. 477). The occurrence and proper-
ties of gossypol are being further studied.
J. B. Rather, associate referee on the testing of chemical reagents, reported on
methods for the determination of nitrogen in crude caustic soda, M0O3 in
molybdic acid, and on solids of ethyl ether not volatile at 100° C. The asso-
ciate referee on synthetic products, W. O. Emery, reported on mixtures con-
taining caffein and antipyrin. The work is to be continued.
The associate referee on balsams and gum resins, E. C. Merrell, gave a report
on collaborative work on the lead number of gum asafetida. The method for
determining the iodin number of Peru balsam is being studied further.
F. Rabak, associate referee on medicinal plants, presented a report on the
physical constants of U. S. Pharmacopoeia oils. E. K. Nelson read a paper on
the estimation of santonin in Levant wormseed.
The associate referees on distilled liquors, meat and fish, water in foods,
and cereal products were instructed to work along the same lines as at present.
The next meeting is to be held in Washington, D. C. The officers elected
include as president, C. H. Jones, of Vermont; vice president, R. N. Brackett,
of South Carolina ; secretary-treasurer, C. L. Alsberg, of Washington, D. C. :
and additional members of the executive committee, J. Hortvet, of Minnesota,
and E. F. Ladd. of North Dnkota.
American Society of Milling and Baking Technology. — ^The fourth annual
meeting of this society was held at Washington, D. C, November IS, 1914.
The program included reports of experiments with baking powders by Dr. T. J.
Bryan, analytical tests by B. R. Jacobs, collaboration in milling by L. A. Fitz,
and methods of baking by C. H. Bailey. Officers were elected as follows:
R, Harcourt, president; R. W. Thatcher, of Minnesota, vice president: and
J. A. LeClerc, of Washington, D. C, secretary.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OP THIS PUBLICATION JIAV HE PEOCUKED FROM
TEE SUPEEINTENPENT OF DOCUMENTS
OOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
BUBSCEIPTION PEICE, PEE VOLUMK
OP Nine Numbees
AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: IL L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Argotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^-H. ^^^^-^^.^^^
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology {^^- ^- ^^^0^' ^^' ^"
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker. Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
T? J J rr T^T I- -t^- fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition <^ XT t t.v.^
[ti. L. LANG. tlRtt
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. fAl^y
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. ''^W y^p^
Ve.erin.^Medicine{W- A. Hookek. ^^^'C^!^
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. *<^^iy
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 4.
Editorial notes:
The habit of concentration 301
The qualities and conditions of research 302
A plea for the small laboratory 306
Recent work in agricultural science 308
Notes 395
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.
Encyclopedia of technical chemistry, edited by Ullmann '. . . 308
A popular treatise on the colloids in the industrial arts, Arndt and Katz 308
Chemical technology of the textile fibers, Stirm 308
The textile fibers, Matthews * 308
Plant micro-chemistry, Tunmann 308
Nutritional physiology of yeast cell during alcoholic fermentation, Rubner 308
Inhibiting action of poisons on micro-organisms. — Fluorin compounds, Wehmer 308
The coloring matter of blossoms and fruits, Willstatter 309
Constituents of Solanu mangustifoliuin: Solangustin, Tutin and Clewer 309
Refractometry, I and II, Shook 309
Determination of nitrogen by Kjeldahl method \vith vanadium pentoxid,Oefele. 309
New modification of the Kjeldahl method, Marino and Gonnelli 310
Decomposition of organic substances in Kjeldahl method, Carpiaux 310
A simplification of Bang's micro-Kjeldahl method, Kochmann 310
Nephelometry in the study of nucleases, Koker and Graves 310
Soil analysis and estimation of colloids in soils. Van der Leeden and Schneider. 311
Estimation of the lime requirement of soils, Moulton and Trowbridge 311
Reactions for detecting nitrites in drinking water, Bornand 311
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
The bacteriological examination of food and water, Savage 311
Fatty foods: Their practical examination, Bolton and Revis 312
Methods for the biological examination of milk, Bauer 312
A method for the determination of fat in milk (nephelometric method), Bloor. . 312
A rapid method of estimating fat in cheese, cream, and butter, Kropat 313
Material for uniform laws regarding foodstuffs. — IV, Cheese 313
Ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid of cotton-seed oil. Palmer and Wright 313
A new method for determining crude fiber, Stiegler 314
New agreement about malt analysis. Bode and Wlokka 314
The American Leather Chemists Association, 1914 314
Copra drying, Hines 314
Yearbook of alcohol and starch interests, and potato driers, edited by Foth. . . 315
METEOROLOGY.
Climatic provinces of the western United States, Reed 315
Geographical aspects of climatological investigations, Wallie 315
Principia atmospherica : A study of the circulation of the atmosphere, Shaw. . 315
The moon and the autumn storms, Hinselmann 316
Types of storms of the United States, Bowie and Weightman 316
Climatological data for the United States by sections 316
Meteorological data, Cromie ^. 316
Meteorology [of New South Wales], Trivett 316
[The climate of New South Wales], Trivett 316
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The Clyde series of soils, Bonsteel 316
The Miami series of soils, Bonsteel 317
Soil survey of Jeff Davis County, Georgia, Wood et al 317
Soil survey of Bremer County, Iowa, Baldwin, Watson, and Howe 317
The influence of glaciation on agriculture in Ohio, Owen 317
Studies on the change of the soil surface, Hoffmann 318
The action of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils, Rohland 318
The colloids of clay and humus soils, Rohland 318
The adsorptive power of soil colloids, Rohland 318
The colloidal properties of red soils, Rohland 318
Colloidal properties of the acid soils of Japan, Tadokoro 318
Preliminary note on iron in Florida soils, Brautlecht and Parlin 319
Absorption by leaves in decay, and effect on the soil, Noyes 319
A note on leaf -fall as a cause of soil deterioration, Balls 319
Crop residues, Schulze 319
The origin of vanillin in soils, Sullivan 320
Antagonism between anions as affecting soil bacteria, II, Lipmanand Burgess . 320
Inoculation experiments on virgin upland moor soil, von Feihtzen and Nystrom . 320
Studies on soil protozoa. — II, Some of the activities of protozoa, Cunningham . . . 320
Three new proteomyxan rhizopods from soil, Goodey 321
Sterilization or disinfection of the soil, Allege 321
Suggestions for judging the agricultural value and adaptation of land, Brooks. . 321
The chemical analysis of soils, Brooks 321
The crop experiment and soil analysis, Lemmermann 321
Investigations at the Jasper County experiment field, Miller and Hudelson 321
Do stable and green manures affect yields tlirough carbon tlioxid? Bornemann . 322
Poultry manures, their treatment and use. Brooks 322
How cheap nitrates would rcA^olutionize our economic life, Strong 322
Nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture, Kulisch 323
Top-dressing with Chile nitrate, Kiehl : 323
The Elliston phosphate field , RIontana. Stone and Bonine 323
The Bernard phosphate as compared m ith superphosphate and slag, Jelmoni . . 323
The manufacture of acid phosphate, AVaggaman 323
Deposits of potash salts and other minerals used as fertilizers 323
The agricultural utilization of potassic rocks, ^farre 324
Feldspar as a possible source of American potash , Cushman and Coggeshall 324
Can soda replace potash in the nutrition of sugar beets? Ivriiger et al 324
Is the doctrine of the lime factor an hypothesis or a proved theory? Loew 324
The source, manufacture, and use of lime, Burchard and_ Emley 324
Common salt and its use as manure in the Konkan Division, GonehalU 324
CONTENTS. m
Page.
The use of radio-active substances as fertilizers, Ross 324
The fertilizing value of shoddy 325
Commercial fertilizers and agricultural lime, 1913 325
Report of analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers 325
Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 325
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Size inheritance and the pure line theory, Castle 325
Experiments which show hybridization and mutation are independent, Gates. . 326
Genetical studies on (Euothera, V, Davis 326
Crossing a wild pea from Palestine with commercial types, Sutton 326
Six difterent species of nodule bacteria, Garman and Didlake 327
The nitrogen nutrition of mold fungi, Brenner 327
Bacterial symbiosis in case of Rubiacese, von Faber 327
The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by plant hairs, Kovessi 327
The biological formation and function of alkaloids, Gadamer 327
Formation of carbohydrates in plants, Fincke 328
The synthesis of sugar by radium emanations, Stoklasa, Sebor, and Zdobnicky . 328
Influence of electricity on absorption of nutritive substances, Chouchak 328
Physiological studies on lactescence and caoutchouc, Tobler 328
Influence of carbon dioxid in germination of seeds, II, Kidd 329
Development and germination of the seed in certain Polygonacese, Woodcock . 329
The significance of radio-activity in physiology, Stoklasa 329
PhotosjTithesis in submerged land plants, Heimburger 329
FIELD CROPS.
The vegetation of a typical wild hay meadow. Stout 329
The most important meadow grasses in the first vegetative year, Sinz 330
Accumulated fertility in grass land in phosphate manuring, Somerville 331
Composition of grasses and clovers at clifferent ripening stages, Rordam 331
Green manuring and cover crops. Brooks 332
The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1913, Hastings 332
Work of Umatilla reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, Allen 332
Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., Clark 333
Growth of maize seedlings in relation to temperature, Lehenbauer 334
Fertilizers for potatoes. Brooks 335
On the "dead grains " of rice, Silvestri 335
Perennial rye grass seed , Cockayne 335
The grain sorghums, Churchill and Wright 335
The crops on the experimental sugar-cane fields, 1913, Harrison et al 336
Winter- wheat varieties for the eastern United States, Leighty 336
Some Kentucky weeds and poisonous plants, Garman 337
HORTICULTURE.
[Report on horticultural work at the San Antonio station, 1913], Hastings 337
Horticultural investigations at Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg., 1913, Allen . . . 337
Cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, rape, and other crucifers, Brooks 337
Suggested rules for naming garden vegetables 337
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles, Bean 337
Practical manual of fruit culture, Durand 337
Minnesota state fruit breeding farm in 1914, Haralson 338
An experiment in dry -land orcharding, Mackensen 338
Directions for sending fruits for identification, Shaw 338
Lime and sulphur solutions, Stone 338
The cherry, Peneveyre 338
Growing peaches: Sites, planting, tillage, and soil fertility, Gould 338
Growing peaches: Pruning, interplanted crops, and special practices, Gould.. 338
Gro^ving peaches: Varieties and classification, Gould 338
A new walnut, Babcock 338
The coconut, Copeland 339
The economic properties of soiue hardy ornamental fruits, Dallimore 339
Garden notes on new trees and shrubs. Bean _. 339
The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden, Thomas, jr — 339
Sweet peaa for profit, Dick 339
TV CONTENTS.
FORESTRY.
Page.
Norway pine in the Lake States, Woolsey, Jr., and Chapman 339
Pine plants and seed from dissimilar habitats, Schotte 339
Basket willow culture, Lamb 339
The important vegetable products of the French Colonies. — I, Ru})ber, Perrot. . 339
Maniu-ial experiments with young rubber at Kuala Lumpur, Spring 339
The application of stereophotogrammetry for forest geodetic purposes, Dock. . 340
Instructions for appraising stumpage on National Forests 340
Forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for 1912-13, Ilukam Chand 340
Report of forest department of Madras Presidency, 1913, Lushington et aL . . . 340
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Organization in various countries for protection of plants, Saulnier 340
Control of crop diseases in Nebraska, Wilcox 340
Scientific and technical studies on plant diseases 340
Diseases and injuries of tropical plants and their control, Zacher 340
Notes on the nomenclature of some rusts, llamsbottom 341
A new gymnosporangial connection , Fromme 34I
Observations on pure cultures of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, Brooks 341
Eelworms, Laidlaw 341
Control of streak disease of barley, Tritschler 341
Stinking smut of wheat, Miiller and Molz 341
Parasitic diseases of cultivated composites, Mangin 341
Celery leaf spot disease or blight 341
Cotton wilt and root knot, Gilbert 342
Downy mildew of cucumbers. Stone 342
The control of onion smut. Stone 342
Some diseases of the potato. — III, Black scab or warty disease, Doidge 342
Leaf blotch in the potato. Home 342
Leaf roll of potatoes and related diseases, Schander 342
Leaf roll of potato, Kock _. _. 343
Spraying for prevention of potato disease or late blight, Milburn and Gaut 343
The use of Burgundy mixture for Irish blight 343
Phytophthora arecx causing a rot of potato tubers, Rosenbaum 343
Fungus enemies of the sweet potato in Indiana, Ludwig 343
Blossom-end rot of tomatoes, Brooks _ 343
Hibernating mycelium of Macrosporiian solani in tomato seed, Massee 344
Rejuvenation of fruit stock, Lotrionte 344
Apple cracking and apple branch blister. Van der Bijl._. 344
Gummosis and frost injuries of cherries. — III, Wound stimulus theory, Sorauer. 344
Peach yellows and little peach, Atwood 344
Comparative tests with sprays against leaf cast of grape, Bretschneider 345
Report on cryptogamic diseases of cacao at Mayumba. ^^ermoesen 345
Mildew of cacao in St. Thomas and Principe, Carvallo D 'Almeida 345
Citrus canker, II 345
The rot of citrus fruit, Fawcett 346
Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, II, Tunstall 346
Two new Chytridiacew, Hariot 346
Peridcrmium cedri as a destructive fungus, Troup 346
The morphology and life history of Pestalozzia funcrea, Wenner 346
Expulsion of ascospores from perithecia of chestnut blight, Heald and Walton. 346
Plane tree leaf scorch, Brittlebauk 347
The spotting of prepared plantation rubber, Sharpies 347
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
How to attract birds in northeastern United States, McAtee 347
Recent investigations on parasitic and other eelworms, Johnson 347
Report of the entomologist, 1912-13, Anderson 347
Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes 347
Insect enemies of the ground nut in Senegal, Azcf^mard ._ 348
Four new proctotrypoid egg parasites of sugar cane insects in Java, Dodd 348
[Fleas and mosquitoes in Panama], Mason 348
A new cotton pest 348
A chalcid parasitic on thrips (Thysanoptera) , Bagnall 348
Influence of temperature, submersion, and burial on Cimex lectulariiis, Bacot.. 348
CONTEKTS. V
Page.
White fly control, 1914, Watson 349
Injury to tropical trees by Fseudococcus Jilanientosus , Vayssifere 349
Number of larval stages and sex development in gipsy moth, Mosher and Webber 349
Contributions to the life history of the lesser peacn borer in Ohio, King 349
Cutworms, Fernald 349
Progress of verruga work with Fhlebotomus verrucarum, Townsend 350
The daffodil fly, Mcrodon equestris. Stocks 350
Breeding of the tachinid fly, parasitic on the cane beetle borer, Illingworth. . . 350
A note on Rhagoletis pomoiiclla in blueberries. Woods 350
[Report and minutes of evidence of the Sleeping Sickness Committee] 350
The bean fly (Agroviyza phaseoli), Rutherford 350
The wheat bulb fly {Jfylemijia coarctata), Wahl 350
The belladonna leaf miner {Pcgoniya hyn.scyami), Cameron 351
An apterous Drosuphila and its generic behavior, Metz 351
Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera, Stebbing 351
Reproduction and fecundity of the elm leaf beetle, Lecaillon 351
The mango weevil, Rutherford 352
On some Curculionidte living in bamboo stems, De Costa Lima 352
The scent producing organ of the honeybee, Mclndoo 352
Beekeepmg for the Oregon farmer, Wilson 352
Notes on the life history and ecology of Tiphia inomata, Wolcott 352
Life histories of Zenillia pexops and Hypamblys albopictus, Wardle 352
An unrecorded parasite of Toxoplcm gmininuvi, Webster 353
The house centipede, Marlatt 353
Injury to truck crops by springtails {Smijnthunis sp.). Fink 353
Two new Sarcosporidia, Crawley 353
Acari occiirrmg on the brown rat ( Mas norvcgicus) in Great Britain, Hirst 353
Evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse, Crawley 353
Further research on Spiroptera cancer in rats, Fibiger 353
Naphthalin as an insecticide 353
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
The source, chemistry, and use of food jiroducts, Bailey 353
Meat purchasing a science. Cuff 354
The dearness of meat, Ortt 354
Changes in the character of fats during cooking, Masters and Smith 354
Changes taking place during baking of bread, Kalning and Schleimer 354
Effect of bread wrapping on the composition of the loaf, Barnard and Bishop- . 354
A chemical and bacteriological study of wrapped bread, Jacobs et al 355
Changes in bread on aging, Neumann 356
Ice cream standards, Barney 356
Ice cream soda and soft drinks, Matthews 356
Egg albumin in baking powder, Ladd 356
Tomato pulp, Bigelow and Fitzgerald 356
Swells and springers, Bigelow 356
Cause of variation in weight or measure of food products, Tolman and Hillyer. . 356
[Food and drug inspection], Barnard et al 357
[Food, drug, and water inspection and analysis], Taylor 357
[t^ood and dr\ig inspection and analysis], Tice 357
[Food and drug inspection and analysis] 357
Mimicipal ordinance, rules, and regulations pertaining to public health 357
Regulation of food supplied hotels, Frary 357
Bacteria in places where meat is slaughtered and sold, Hoffenreich 358
Manual of Creole cooking, Triay 358
History and ])resent status of the school feeding movement, Bryant 358
Educational and social possibilities of school luncheons. Small 358
Hot Imiches in rural schools. Bull 358
Relation of menus to standard dietaries, Kittredge 358
Special studies in the correlation of malnutrition and disease, Aulde 358
The nutrition of anemic and tuberculous children, Locke 358
The Alaskan Eskimo, Watkins 358
The diet of sailors, ]\Iarkl 358
The part played by different food substances in nutrition, Mendel 359
The specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs, Lusk 359
Intermediary protein metaboUsm, Folin 359
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Basal metabolism and creatinixi elimination, Palmer, Means, and Gamble 359
Metabollflm in muscular tissue. — I, Amino-acidmixtiires, Matthews and Nelson. 359
The role of carbohydrate in nutrition, Cathcart 359
Chemical studies of growth. Funk and Macallum 360
A substance in butter fat which stimulates growth, McCollum and Davis 360
Contribution to the study of the origin of fatigue, Viale 360
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Recent studies in animal pigmentation, Schiedt 360
Hairs and hair pigments, Onslow 361
Race-horse breedmg, VII, VIII, Robertson 361
Tables for statisticians and biometricians, edited by Pearson 362
Action of sugar in nutrition, Gouin and Andouard 362
The effect of sugar on the digestion of nitrogen, Gouin and Andouard 362
Comparative feeding experiments with various grades of hays, Tacke et al. . . . 363
Influence of storage on composition and digestibility of hays, Honcamp et al. . . 363
The feeding value of apple pomace, Lindsey 363
Bacteriological researches on forage conservation in the silo, Goriui 363
[Ensilage experiments with lactic acid culture], Remn and Weiske 364
A new process of preparing potatoes for ensilage, Foth 364
Agriculture in Argentina, Hermes and Holtmeier-Schomberg 364
The Flemish breed of cattle, Raquet 364
Red Flemish cattle, Raquet 364
Breeds of cattle in French West Africa, De Cordemoy 365
Origin of caracul sheep, Young 365
Quality in wool, Bailey and Engledow 365
South African sheep and wool, McKee 365
Influence of feeding on the animal body, Henseler 365
Effect of calcium and protein fed pregnant swine on offspring, Eward et al. . . 366
[Swine feeding experiments] 366
[The antiquity of the horse in South America], Cardoso 366
The teeth of the horse and its age, Symous 366
Short-faced Abyssinian mules, Dechambre 366
The bare necks, Davenport 367
Variations caused by various feeds on ducks belonging to same brood, Magnan. . 367
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Present state of the dairying industry in Bombay, Knight and Horn 367
Experiments on the profitable feeding of milch cows, Goldschmidt 367
Manuring for milk 368
Cost of production of milk, Murray 368
New method of calculating the production value of feedstuffs, FingerLing 368
A new record milk yield 368
Segregation of fat factors in milk production. Hills and Boland 368
Composition of milk as shown by analyses of samples of known purity, Lythgoe. 369
The iron content of milk, Nottbohm and Dorr 370
Dairies and cow sheds. — Their effect upon the purity of the milk, Dewberrj' 370
Shrinkage in handling milk at city milk plants 370
Experiments with commercial and homemade starters, Funder 370
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
A text-book of bacteriology. Hiss and Zinsser 371
A text-book of general bacteriology, Jordan 371
Blood pressure. — Its clinical applications, Norris 371
Special pathology and therapy^ of the domestic animals, Hutyra and Marek 371
A study of Bacterium mallei, with special reference to ' ' kornige " form, Clarke. . 372
Quantitative application of Abderhalden serum test, Van Slyke and Vinograd. . 372
Serum sensitization as related to dosage of antitoxin. Park et al 372
Influence of protein on absorption of antitoxin and agglutinin, Park et al 372
Effect of gentian violet on protozoa and on tissues growing in \dtro, Russell 373
Increasing resistance against diseases with CaClo, Emmerich and Loew 373
Report on the civil veterinary department, Burma, for 1914, Rennie 373
Annual report of veterinary department for the year 1912-13, Stordy 373
An outbreak of anthrax due to tannery refuse, Pickens 373
CONTENTS. VIT
Page.
Anaphylaxis after using autlirax serum, Jdrmai 373
Foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America, Wing 373
Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man through milk, Schmidt 374
Differentiation between nodules due to glanders and parasites, Moore and Fitch . 374
A new method for diagnosis of glanders, Lanfranchi 374
Notes on osteomalacia (bone chewing) 374
Immunizing with dead trypanosomes, Aoki and Kodama 374
Nephroparatyphoid and nephrotyphoid, Klieneberger 374
Diagnostic value of the precipitin reaction, Isabolinsky and Patzewitsch 375
The utilization of micro-organisms as antigens, Loeffler 375
Tubercle bacilli content of feces, blood, and milk, Gressel 376
The value of the tuberculin eye test, Kongo 376
Udder diseases and diagnosis of mammary gland tuberculosis, Seller 376
Diplodinium ecaiidatum, with an account of its neuromotor apparatus. Sharp.. . 376
The morphology and life history of Onchocerca gibsoni, Breinl et al 376
Etiology of worm nests in cattle due to Onchocerca gibsoni, Cleland 377
Migration of larvpe of Onchocerca gibsoni through capsule of worm nodule, Nicoll . 377
Animal parasites, especially sheep tick and biting sheep louse, Froggatt 377
Cj^tological characteristics of the erythroblasts in the pig embryo, Emmol 377
The structural unit and growth of the pancreas of the pig, Corner 378
Swine diseases, Kingsley 378
Some phenomena involved in life history of Spirochaeta suis, King and Drake . 378
Hog cholera and serum treatment, White 378
Investigations on Voldagsen plague (slioat typhoid), Pfeiler and Kohlstock 378
Swine pox in young pigs, Ban 379
The use of atoxyl in equine influenza, Stange and Szulewsky 379
The method in which fowl cholera immune serum acts, Weil 379
Sulphocarbolates in the treatment of white diarrhea of young chicks, Horton. . 380
Diseases transmitted by ticks, Theiler et al 380
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Concrete lining as applied to irrigation canals, Fortier 380
Publications on water resources, 1885-1913, Parts I-V, compiled by Wood .... 381
Determining the daily discharge of rivers of variable slope, Hall and Pierce. . 382
The discharge of Yukon River at Eagle, Alaska, Porter and Davenport 382
Profile surveys in Hood and Sandy River basins, Oreg 382
The water resources of Butte, Mont. , Meinzer 383
Surface water supply of Lower Mississippi River basin, Fi'eeman and Dean 383
Ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of Enid, Okla., Schwennesen 383
Ground water for irrigation near Oklahoma City, Okla., Schwennesen 384
Geology and underground waters of Texas coastal plain, Deussen 384
Underground water of Luna County, N. Mex., Darton and Schwennesen 384
To what extent is irrigation practicable and profitable in Germany? Gerlach. 385
Road laws of Minnesota .' 385
Report of the State Highway Commission for 1912-13 385
Rules and regulations for the maintenance of state roads, 1914, Cooley 385
Stump-pulling machine for clearing land 385
Report on fires in threshing separators in eastern Washington, Cardiff et al . . . . 386
Greenhouse construction, Johnston 386
The oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters, Ardern and Lockett 387
Sewage disposal in unsewered districts 387
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Rm-al improvement, W^augh 388
A rural life survey of Greene and Clermont counties, Ohio, Vogt et al 388
Community service week in North CaroUna 388
Rural life conference 388
The rural church movement, Earp 388
The farm bureau movement in New York State, Burritt 388
Opportunities in agriculture for women, Babcock 389
Opportunities for women in agriculture, Martin 389
The American Farm Management Association ._ 389
An outline for the study of current political, economic, and social problems. . . 389
Political and sectional influence of the public lands, 1828-1842, Wellington. ... 389
The influence of the passing of the public lands, Trimble 389
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Vacant public lands in the United States 389
List of farms for sale 390
The proGtableness of moor culture, P'reckmann and Sobotta 390
Report on migration from rural districts in England and Wales 390
Partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, Paget 390
Contract between landlord and tenant, Lloyd 390
Age of farmers, by color of operator, character of tenure, and size of farm 390
The rural credit system from the viewpoint of the farmer, Lauman 391
Agricultural credit in Ireland 391
A credit union primer, Ilara and Ilobinson 391
The cooperative people's bank, Desjardius 381
Inland boat service: Rates on farm products and time of transit, Andrews 391
Census of the Union of South Africa, 1911 391
Agricultural statistics of Scotland 391
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Better rural schools, Betts and Hall 391
Agricultural education in the public schools [of Ohio], I vins 392
A new agricultural school for New Brunswick, Newton 392
Demonstrations in fruit packing 392
The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Gandier 392
Handbook of women's institutes with report of advisory board 392
Agi-icultural education statistics in Prussia for 1909, 1910, and 1911 392
[Agricultural instruction in Austria and Germany], Miltner and Vital 392
Agriculture in Norway in 1914 392
Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1913 392
Agriculture in New Zealand high schools 393
Agricultural commerce as a subject of instruction, Ostermayer 393
Farm management, Fielding 393
Practicums for farm students, Rosam 393
Botany in the agricultural college, Copeland 393
Crop production. Weed and Riley 393
Productive orcharding, Sears 394
Home economics courses as arranged in modern high schools. Grant 394
Domestic science principles and application, Bailey 394
Demonstration lectures in foods and cooking, sewing, and home nursing 394
Principles of cooking, Conley 394
Nature-study and the teacher, or the point of view in nature-study, Voaden . . 394
The out-of-doors indoors in the fall, Reynolds 394
[Industrial clubs and contests for Oregon boys and girls] 394
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Florida Station: Page.
Bui. 123, Sept., 1914 349
Bui. 124, Oct., 1914 345
Kentucky Station:
Bui. 183, Aug. , 1914 337
Bui. 184, Aug.. 1914 327
Massachusetts Station:
Giro. 36, Feb., 1914 322
Circ. 37, Feb., 1914 332
Circ. 38, Feb., 191^ 337
Circ. 39, Feb., 19l4 338
Circ. 40, Apr., 1914 342
Circ. 41, Apr., 1914 342
Circ. 42, Apr. 1914 335
Circ. 43, June, 1914 349
Circ. 44, July, 1914 321
Circ. 45, July, 1914 321
Circ. 4G, Sept., 1914 338
Circ. 47, Nov., 1914 363
Missouri Station:
Bui. 119, Oct., 1914 321
New York State Station:
Bui. 390, Oct., 1914 325
Oklahoma Station:
Bui. 102, Oct., 1914 335
Washington Station :
Bull. 117, Nov. 3, 1914 386
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bui. 33, Cereal Experiments at
Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Clark. 333
Bui. 74, Inland Boat Service:
Freight Rates on Farm Products
and Time of Transit on Inland
Waterways in the United States,
F. Andrews 391
Bui. 126, Concrete Lining as Ap-
plied to Irrigation Canals, S.
Fortier 380
Bui. 139, Norway Pine in the Lake
States, T. S. "Woolsey, jr., and
II. H. Chapman 339
Bui. 141, The Clyde Series of Soils,
J. A. Bonsteel 316
Bui. 142, The Miami Series of
Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 317
Bui. 144, The Manufacture of Acid
Phosphate, W. H. Waggamau. . . 323
Bui. 149, The Use of Radio-active
Substances as Fertilizers, W. H.
Ross 324
Farmers' Bui. 616, Winter-Wheat
Varieties for the Eastern United
States, C. E. Leighty 336
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.
Farmers' Bui. 621, How to Attract Page.
Birds in Northeastern United
States, W. L. McAtee 347
Farmers' Bui. 622, Basket Willow
Culture, G. N. Lamb 339
Farmers' Bui. 625, Cotton Wilt and
Root-Knot, W. W. Gilbert 342
Farmers' Bui. 627, The House Cen-
tipede, C. L. Marlatt 353
Farmers' Bui. 631, Growing
Peaches: Sites, Propagation,
Planting, Tillage, and Mainten-
ance of Soil Fertility, H. P.
Gould 338
Farmers' Bui. 632, Growing
Peaches: Pruning, Renewal
of Tops, Thinning, Interplanted
Crops, and Special Practices,
H. P.Gould 338
Farmers' Bui. 633, Growing
Peaches: Varieties and classifi-
cation, H. P. Gould 338
Forest Service:
Instructions for Appraising
Stumpage on National For-
ests 340
Bureau of Plant Indiistry:
Work of San Antonio Experi-
ment Farm, 1913, S. H.
Hastings 332,337
Work of the Umatilla Experi-
ment Farm, 1913, R. W.
Allen 332,337
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1913:
Soil Survey of Jeff Davis
County, Ga., P. O.Wood
etal 317
Soil Survey of Bremer
County, Iowa, M. Bald-
win, E. B. Watson, and
F.B.Howe 317
Weather Bureau:
Mo. Weather Rev., Sup. 1,
Types of Storms of the
United States and their Av-
erage Movements, E. H.
Bowie and R. II. Weight-
man 316
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 9-10,
Sept.-Oct. , 1914 316
IX
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. March, 1915. No. 4.
A few years ago a speaker at a meeting of the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations declared
that the great need of the experiment stations was for thoughtful
reflection and consideration— the opportunity for deliberation and
study. The need is as great to-day as it was then, possibly more
so. It is one of the handicaps which remains to be corrected.
While there has been considerable progress toward a differentia-
tion of duties and of personnel in our colleges and stations, the pro-
tection of the investigator from distractions and interruptions, and
from demands of many kinds outside his special field, is still quite
incomplete. The effects of it are a heavy burden on our research
activity, a load it seems hard to shake off. The result is reflected
in the nature of the work, the extent of its constructive character,
the degree of its completeness and finality as far as it goes. The
growth of the agricultural work and of appropriations for it has
not always meant a correspondingly larger opportunity for substan-
tial investigation. It has been so rapid and many-sided that con-
centration in station work has been difficult and often impossible
for men of broad interests and sympathies. How to free station
men from the effects of this enlarged activity in the college without
divorcing them too completely from it, and thus depriving them of
the suggestion and inspiration it may bring, is a vexed question.
For one thing, the station men are in the midst of the whole tur-
moil of college activit)^, and hence are drawn into it or affected by
it unless they have unusual powers of concentration. And most men
lack that power or ability; it is pointed ta as one of the defects
of our present training, and it is noticeable in station work because
the need of it there stands out so prominently. It is a power to be
studiously cultivated and encouraged, especially in those to whom
the acquisition of knowledge is assigned. Failure to do this has led
men to acquire standards which are a serious handicap as produc-
tive investigators. The habit of doing many things, of starting
more than can be properly carried on, of having a hand in a gi-eat
variety of enterprises, of being in close touch with many people
within and without the institution, of having a large correspondence
301
302 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
to which personal attention is thought necessary to prevent disap-
pointment, leads to a scattering of energy, a dissipation of time, and
a lack of serious attention to the matters under investigation. It
can not be otherwise.
If research is, as has often been said, an attitude of mind, it is
an attitude of sound inquiry, of thoughtful consideration, of con-
centration of all the powers for the time being upon the subject in
hand. It is an intellectual product, in which the things actually
done are a resultant of the reasoning that lies back of the doing. It
is a searching process, directed by reasoning from a well founded
hypothesis, and carried forAvard by the accumulation of facts and
their correlation in a manner to establish a truth. Hence, it calls
for attentive study at all stages, and applies to all kinds of inquiry.
The grade will atfect the intensity but the essentials must be present
if the eftort is to be productive. Investigation or experiment or
any form of inquiry which is not accompanied by thoughtful con-
sideration is little more than routine, and can establish little.
As a speaker at one of our station meetings a few years ago said :
" To get an intelligible and decisive answer of nature requires more
than zeal or hard work. It needs hard thought and wide knowledge
in framing the question. It needs what Lowell has called the ' un-
sullied temper of a well taught mind.'" To meet this need frag-
ments of time, periods subject to frequent interruption, intervals
when confusion and commotion prevent concentration, are far from
being sufficient. And because they are not sufficient, and because
conditions do not afford more opportunity for seclusion or it is not
insisted upon, results are sometimes accumulated without being
studied, and finally published without proper digestion, in the mis-
taken idea that they are a record of investigation.
The taking of records is not all of investigation but a means to it,
an essential step in it. The records may often be made by a careful
assistant who faithfully follows directions, but if anything vital
comes of them it will be through a critical study which weighs
cause and effect, correlates the new data with reference to an idea
or hypothesis, and derives from them the facts they prove or a new
point of departure. This comes from close work, a sinking of
oneself into the subject, a thorough mastery of the facts, and their
logical interpretation. It requires time and concentration.
The experience of a typical research institution, the Carnegie In-
stitution of "Washington, has unusual interest in this connection. In
the thirteen j^ears of its existence it has entertained proposals for
research " in nearly every imaginable field of abstract thought and of
applied knowledge," and has actuall}^ undertaken a limited number
of investigations of its own. Out of its wide and complex experience
EDITORIAL. 303
it has formulated a number of generalizations in regard to the
qualities of research and the conditions favorable to it.
In the last report of the Institution its president, Dr. R. S. Wood-
ward, says : " It is in evidence —
" 1. That it is inimical to progress to look upon research as akin
to occultism and especially inimical to mistake able investigators for
abnormal men. Successful research requires neither any peculiar
conformity' nor any peculiar deformity of mind. It requires, rather,
peculiar normality and unusual patience and industry.
"2. That fruitful research entails, in general, prolonged and ar-
duous if not exhausting labor, for which all of the investigator's
time is none too much. Little productive work in this line may be
expected from those who are absorbingly preoccupied Mitli other
affairs. Herein, as well as in otlier vocations, it is difficult to serve
two or more exacting masters.
" 3. That those most likely to produce important results in research
are those who have already proved capacity for effectiveness therein
and who are at the same time able to devote the bulk of their energies
thereto. In general, men are not qualified for the responsibilities of
research until they have completed independently and published sev-
eral worthy investigations.
"4. That research, like architecture and engineering, is increas-
ingly effective in proportion as it is carefull}'^ planned and executed
in accordance with definite programs. A characteristic defect of a
large majority of the proposals for research submitted to the insti-
tution is a lack of tangible specifications. Estimates, especially of
time and funds essential to carry out such proposals, are almost
always too small. Those commonly made, even by skilled investiga-
tors, may be on the average safely doubled.
" 5. That, in spite of the most painstaking foresight, research tends
to expand more rapidly and hence to demand a more rapid increase
of resources than most other realms of endeavor. Its unexpected
developments are often more important than its anticipated results,
and new lines of inquiry often becomes more urgent than those care-
fully x)rearranged for pursuit.
" 6. That it is much easier, in general, to do effective work of re-
search in the older fields of inquiry than in the newer ones. It is
especially difficult to enter those fields in which there is as yet no
consensus of opinion concerning what ma}'' be investigated and what
criteria may be followed. In some of the older fields, however, like
the so-called humanities, for example, there is at present no such
consensus of opinion, if one may judge from the large mass of expert
but hopelessly conflicting testimony furnished to the Institution by
its correspondents. In such fields it appears now practicable to pro-
ceed only in a somewhat arbitrary fashion, accomplishing here and
304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
there good pieces of AA'ork regardless of divided opinions or even in
opposition to expert advice."
Some of these views will sound very familiar, for they coincide so
fully Avith experience in agricultural research. A well-known result
with the Institution has been the establishment of departments of
its own in order to secure the conditions found necessary to research,
and a great restriction of the assignment of grants for work outside.
In other words, even this institution, with freedom of purpose and
action, and with large means at its disposal, has early found it de-
sirable to concentrate its efforts and resources upon a few chosen
lines, and to anticipate their growing needs.
It is recognized as impracticable for station men to restrict their
efforts absolutely to the field and laboratory work connected with
their investigations and experiments, or to have the full command
of their time enjoyed by those in a private institution. Many will
believe such a restriction is not wholly desirable, because of the
nature and relationships of the work. But it seems clear as time
goes on that a greater measure of relief from the effects of a too
diverse program should be sought. This is especially the case now
that the station's field is more sharply defined.
Such relief can often be effected by a more favorable division or
adjustment of the time of station workers, so as to give longer
periods free from interruption; and by favorable environment — by
arrangements which will protect the men by enabling a greater de-
gree of seclusion at times, and often by a proximity of the investi-
gator to the matters he is studying. And beyond this, through
proper exercise of the administrative function men may be dissuaded
or deterred from laying out too diffuse or ambitious programs. A
part of the present difficulty often lies in the men themselves, a result
of the experience they have passed through or of failure to acquire
habits of concentration.
The conservation of the time of station men is to a considerable
extent a matter of organization and of making definite provision for
the various divisions of work. More might often be done to relieve
station men of executive functions, from exacting requirements con-
nected with the academic life of the college, and from duties which
should be cared for by the extension force. If men who are pri-
marily investigators are on the program for a limited amoimt of in-
struction, this can be so arranged as to come at a convenient part of
the year or of the day, to avoid interruption ; and if it then proves
too much of a burden or distraction, the wisest course may be to make
other provision for it, recognizing that in the case of a competent
investigator the instruction he gives is of secondary importance and
should not be permitted to interfere with his primary function.
EDITORIAL. 305
The investigator should be protected also in a certain measure of
seclusion or freedom from unnecessary intrusion. How much the
effect of interruption means to the average man is rarely estimated,
especially b}'' those not of his kind or temperament. It leads men to
establish office hours, to Avithdraw themselves from public approach,
and sometimes results in their being regarded as exclusive or even
sharply criticized or censured, esjjecially those connected with agri-
cultural institutions. The idea that men are protected from those
they seek to serve, or that they should close their doors to callers,
is not popular and is not understood. But the clientele of the agri-
cultural work is now so large and the expectations of various kinds
of service so extensive that the problem of saving some time of the
station force for concentrated effort often becomes acute.
The sapping of mental and nervous energy comes less rarely from
continuous and close application than from distractions, interrup-
tions, the constant readjustment and attempt to gather up lines of
thought that have been broken in upon. Some of the world's greatest
workers have felt the benefit of getting away from the center of ac-
tivity for brief periods — of a retreat to which they could flee for
periods of reflection, where they would be free from interruption and
distraction.
Again, the phenomenal growth of the agricultural colleges, the
increasing size of the plant, and the even larger plans for develop-
ment, have steadily pushed the experimental fields, the greenhouses,
stables, etc., farther and farther away from the center of things,
making it more of an effort to spend time there or visit them. The
first duty draws toward the office, where the hum of business and
appointments occupy day after day. The men are so easily accessible
there that interruptions are well-nigh inevitable and the time is shat-
tered and energies dissipated.
"\Ye have excelled in designing and erecting large buildings, with
well-appointed offices and laboratories and class rooms, located within
the academic group of the university or college. We take just pride
in these as showing the splendid provision that has been made for
teaching and for investigation in agriculture, and the integral part
it now forms in the life of the whole institution. They are a great
acquisition, and add greatly to the facilities for the inside work.
But they doubtless intensifj^ some of the present difficulties as the
work of the institution grows.
Here the investigators for the most part have their headquarters
and spend most of their time, confined by the nature of their miscel-
laneous duties and the distance from the live part of their experi-
mental work. In a number of instances the extension of the college
campus has removed the experimental plats and fields, and in some
cases the stables, a mile or more from the offices, and often requires
306 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
the provision of special facilities for reaching them. An inevitable
result is much loss of time and often neglect, or the leaving of an
essential part of the work to subordinates.
In a paper before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science last November, Mr. David Fairchild, of this Department,
made a forceful plea for the small laboratory in agricultural investi-
gation, and drew an attractive picture of its advantages and the favor-
able atmosphere it engenders. Starting with the generalization that
most discoveries in agriculture are the result of concentrated study,
and that most men have not the ability to become oblivious to what is
going on about them in a noisy building occupied by student classes,
he strongly emphasized the necessity for uninterrupted periods of
quiet as conducive to productive investigation and discovery. He
likened the wasted energy in the stopping and starting of a train of
thought to that in the stopping and starting of a locomotive, affirm-
ing that " the deeper the degree of concentration the longer it takes
to pick up the train of thought after an interruption." He cited ex-
amples of the fatiguing effect of such interruption, and of its some-
times leading to the abandoning for the time being of attempts to
prosecute the particular study in hand.
For the study of growing plants particularly the advantage of the
small laboratory in close proximity to the material was well illus-
trated. Such a laboratory or simple shelter is located in the midst of
the things that are to be studied. Here the investigator is on the
firing line. The forces and material to be studied come directly under
observation. The range of possible events is so narrow that every
occurrence throws light on the problem in hand rather than merely
alluring the investigator into other tempting fields. There is nothing
to distract or confuse the mind, all sounds or sights are part of the
problem or bear upon it. The very breath of freshness on the
material to be studied brings inspiration and suggestion as well as
accuracy of observation.
Again, Mr. Fairchild considered the effects of huge laboratories
upon the men working in them, and the development of the labora-
tor}'^ routine habit of life and thought. He maintained that " our
great laboratories are invaded more than we perhaps realize by the
executive atmosphere, and their very size and the fact that they are
under one roof make this invasion almost unavoidable." It is true
also that our large laboratories have sometimes served to gratify an
innate taste for collecting apparatus which does not always improve
them as workshops, robs men of their resourcefulness, and sometimes
occupies them in dilettante manipulation. The xQvy completeness of
equipment may induce a comfortable satisfaction which is fatal to the
spirit of investigation. Instances could be cited in which the com-
EDITORIAL. 307
pletion of the laboratory and its equipment practically marked the
end of the productive activity of an investigator of apparent promise.
Some of the advantages of the small field laboratory over the larger
ones were summed up by Mr. Fairchild as follows: The uninter-
rupted periods of quiet which are prerequisites to an atmosphere of
research; nearness to the plants under observation; possibility of
spending easily and without unusual effort the early mornings among
plants one is studying: a place to take a colleague and discuss without
fear of interruption the problems w^hich one is at work upon. " We
are not alone enough it seems to me," he said, " and this suggestion is
made in the interest of those who crave time in which to think and
be quiet."
For the best interests of station work, men must be selected because
of their love for it and their desire and ability to concentrate effec-
tively upon it. The investigator and his problems must be brought
together, opportunity and encouragement given to stay together, and
concentration and thorough stud}' exj^ected. Then results may be
looked for, and if they do not follow after reasonable time, it will
be easier to determine where the difficulty lies.
80967°— No. 4—15 2
(/
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Encyclopedia of technical chemistry, e<litecl by F. Ullmann (Enzyldopadie
der technischen Chemie. Berlin and Vienna, 1914, vol. 1, pp. X-\-81Jt, figs. 295). —
The initial volnme of this work, which lists the topics from the letters A to A,
respectively. The text contains descriptions of the technical processes, includ-
ing in many instances the engineering features pertaining thereto. The topics
are reenforced by a bibliography and cross references.
A popular treatise on the colloids in the industrial arts, K. Akxdt and
N. E. Katz {Easton, Pa., and London, 191^, pp. F/+73). — This book deals in
a popular manner with the chemistry of colloids, with particular reference to
its industrial applications. Among a number of other sections are brief sec-
tions on sewage purification and colloids in agriculture with reference to soil
fertility.
Chemical technology of the textile fibers, K. Stirm (Chcmische Technologie
der Gespinstfasern. Berlin, 1913, pp. XVI-\-JilO, figs. 5Jf). — ^^This edition contains,
in addition to other cuts, 22 original photogravures. Some of the topics dealt
with are textile fibers (classificition and differentiation), mineral fibers, vege-
table fibers, fibers of animal origin, artificial fibers, and the dyeing and printing
of fibers.
The textile fibers, J. M. Matthews ( New York and London, 1913, 3. rev. ed,,
pp. 630, figs. IJfl). — This is the third edition of this book which deals with the
physical, microscopical, and mechanical properties of textile fibers.
Plant micro-chemistry, O. Tunmann {Pflanzenmikrochemie. Berlin, 1913,
pp. XX-\-631, figs. 131). — This is an aid book for the study of plant objects,
with special emphasis on the micro-chemical detection of plant constituents.
Nutritional physiology of the yeast cell during alcoholic fermentation,
M. RuENER (Die Erndhnnigsphiisiologie der HefezeUe hei alkohoUsvher Gdrung.
Leipsic, 1913, pp. IV +396, figs. JfO). — ^This study considers vit;il and formtMita-
tive changes, the physiological euergj- requirements of yeast during the inhibi-
tion of growth, the growth of yeast with regard to the amount of nourishment,
methods of feeding and temperature, the absolute fermenting power of growing
and nongrowing yeast and the energy relations between fermentation and
growth, heat of fermentation and other heat regulations in yeast, the relation
of the energy and food metabolism when compared with other organisms, the
rOle of the cell membrane as a resorption surface for foodstuffs, and the nitro-
gen metabolism of growing and nongrowing yeast.
Tests on the inhibiting action of poisons upon micro-organisms. — IV,
Action of fluorin compounds upon Merulius, mold formation, putrefaction,
and fermentation, C. Wehmer {Chem. Zig., 38 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. lU, 115;
12, pp. 122, 123). — The tests reported upon were made for the puriwse of deter-
mining the disinfecting capacity of chemical substances employed in everyday
practice, and such as are recommended as suppressors of micro-organisms.
308
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECIINY. 309
The experiments were conducted with niontanin, which is an aqueous solution,
strongly acid, and almost odorless, bavins ;i specific gravity of 1.3502 (38.1°
Baume at 15° C). It consi.sts essentially of a solution of free silicofluoric acid
(about 23 per cent) and zinc aluniiuum silicofluorid (20 to 30 per cent).
Hydrofluoric acid and hydrofluosilicic acid are considered good preservatives,
especially for wood.
The coloring matters of blossoms and fruits, R. Willstatteb (Sitzber. E.
Prenss. Aknd. Wiss., 1914, A7/, pp. 402-411; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914),
Ko. 48, p. 516). — A number of anthocyanins of blossoms and fruits were isolated
in a crystalline condition. They are considered sugar combinations of coloring
matters and are recognized as hydroxy} combinations of a phenylbeuzopyrylium.
The anthocyanins are chinoids of oxouium salts. They form a new class of
plant bases whoso basic nature is due to tetravalent oxygen.
The constituents of Solanum angustifolium: Isolation of a new gluco-
alkaloid, solaugustin, F. Tutin and H. W. B. Cleweb (Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], 105 (.1914), No. 617, pp. 559-576).— In Peru. Bolivia, Paraguay, and
the southern portion of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, a solanaceous
plant occurs which is known as " Duraznillo Blanco," and identified as 8. angiis-
tifoUum. It is employed in South America as a febrifuge, chiefly in the treat-
ment of enteric fever. In Peru it is also used in cases of malaria, but with
caution, on account of its reputed poisonous properties.
In the work reported, " from the portion of the extract which was soluble in
water there were isolated the following substances: (1) Quercetin; (2) rutin,
CaTHsoOio.SUsO ; (3) 1-asparagiu ; (4) a new gluco-alkaloid, solangustin,
C33H5307X,H:;0. On hydrolysis, solangustin yields solaugustidin, C27H4302N, to-
gether with one molecule of dextrose. The aqueous liquid also contained small
amounts of amorphous, alkaloidal material, and a considerable quantity of a
sugar, which apparently was levulose. together with viscid, amorphous products.
Some of the latter yielded quercetin and 3: 4 dihydroxycinnaniic acid on treat-
ment with alkalLs.
" The portion of the original extract which was insoluble in water yielded, in
addition to much chlorophyll and resinous material, the following compounds :
(1) Triacontane, C30H62; (2) a phytosterol, C27H4eO ; (3) a phytosterolin (phy-
tosterol glucosid), CssHsoOe; (4) palmitic, stearic, chiytinic, and cerotic acids,
together with a mixture of linoleic and linolenic acids. It furthermore gave a
small amount of the above-mentioned new gluco-alkaloid, solangustin, and a
higher fatty acid, which was either melissic acid, C3oH(io02, or a lower homologue,
asHooO..
"An amount of the total alcoholic extract, equivalent to 3.5 gm. of the drug,
and 0.48 gm. of solangustin were separately administered to a dog, but no
perceptible effect of any kind resulted. The amorphous alkaloidal material,
which occurred to a small extent in the plant, yielded a similarly negative
result."
Befractometry, I and II, G. A. Shook (MetaUnrg. and Chem. Engin., 12
{1914), Ao,s'. 9. pp. 572-576, figs. 3; 10, pp. 630-6.35, figs. iO).— Part 1 of this
article deals with the fundamental principles of refractometry. Part 2 con-
•siders in detail the various instruments used in refractometry (butyro. Abbe,
Zeiss immersion, Pulfrich, and Fery refractometers) and the principles under-
lying their use.
Determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method with the aid of
vanadium pentoxid, Oefele {Pharm. Zenfralhalle, 52 {1911), Ao. 42, PP- 1121,
1122). — For each digestion 0.1 gm. of vanadium pentoxid is emi>loyed instead of
other oxygen transmitters. Care must be exercised at the outset in heating
in order to prevent overfoaming.
310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
New modification of the Kjeldahl method, I^. Marino and F. Gonnelli
{AtH R. Accctd. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sd. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23 (1914), I,
No. 7, pp. 523-580; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London'], 106 {19U), No. 621,
II, pp. 575, 576). — When vanadium pentoxid was used as a catalyst in the
Kjeldahl process, according to the suggestion of Oefele (see above), an error
of about 1 per cent Avas noted. Accurate results may be obtained, however, if
1 gm. of the organic substance is boiled with 20 cc. of concentrated sulphuric
acid, 7 gm. of potassium sulphate, and 0.2 gm. of vanadium pentoxid until an
emerald green colored solution is obtained. The method can be used to ad-
vantage in cases where the Gunning modification of Kjeldahl's method does not
suffice to convert tbe nitrogen into ammonia.
About the decomposition of large amounts of organic substances accord-
ing to the Kjeldahl method, E. Caupiaux {Bui. Hoc. Chim. Belg., 27 (WIS),
No. 12, pp. 333, 33Jt; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {19H), No. 26, Repert., p. llJf). —
Usually as little as 5 gm. of substance is hard to oxidize in the Kjeldahl flask,
even with boiling sulphuric acid. The method utilized by the author for the
oxidation of from 20 to 30 gm. of organic substance is as follows : About 30 gm.
of the substance to be examined is placed in a Kjeldahl flask with about the
same amount of sulphuric acid, agitated thoroughly, and allowed to stand for
about one hour. If at the end of this period the mass is dry enough, there are
added mercury and enough sulphuric acid for oxidation, which is completed in
a few minutes. Although large amounts of sulphuric acid affect the nitrogen
£ind phosphoric acid, injury may be prevented by the addition of sugar. In the
resulting solution nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and calcium can easily be deter-
mined.
A simplification of Bang's micro-Kjeldahl method and the protein content
of the vitreous humor of rabbits' and dogs' eyes, M. Kochmann {Biocliem.
Ztschr., 63 (1914), No. 4-6, pp. 479-482). — Bang's method ^^ consists of placing
100 mg. of blood in a 50 cc. Kjeldahl bottle with 1..5 cc. of pure sulphuric acid,
3 to 4 drops of 10 yter cent copper sulphate solution, and 2 pieces of iwtassium
sulphate about the size of a millet seed, and heating on a wire gauze until the
decomposition is complete. After cooling, 10 cc. of distilled water is added,
then 10 cc. of 20 per cent potassium hydroxid, the mixture cooled, and 10 cc.
more of potassium hydroxid solution added. The Kjeldahl flask with its con-
tents is then connected to the Bang distillation apparatus, which consists of
an expanded tube plugged with a wad of glass wool for the purpose of pre-
venting the passage of potassium hydroxid over into the distillate during dis-
tillation. This tube is connected at its lower end to the Kjeldahl bottle with a
perforated rubber cork, and at its upper end with a bent quartz tube which
contains at its outlet a small copper condenser. The distillate is collected in a
50 cc. beaker containing from 3 to 10 cc. of centinormal hydrochloric acid solu-
tion. The hydrochloric acid not neutralized by the ammonia is determined by
titration with centinormal thiosulphate solution, after adding starch paste, a
few drops of a 2 per cent potassium iodate solution, and 2 or 3 crystals of
potassium iodid.
The author found it a disadvantage to operate with the wide distillation
tube and preferred to titrate the unused standard acid (hydrochloric or sul-
phuric) with a centinormal sodium hydroxid solution, using cochineal as the in-
dicator. The quartz tube may be replaced by a hard glass tube.
Nephelometry in the study of nucleases, P. A. Kober and Sara S. Graves
{Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.. 36 {1914), No. 6, pp. 1304-1310, figs. 2).— A description
" Biochem. Ztschr., 49 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 19-39, flgs. 4 ; 51 (1913), No. 3, pp. 193-199,
fig. 1.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 311
of a new method for estimating undigested nucleic acids, which consists in
adding a proclpitnut to a dilute solution of the nucleic acids and estimating
the resulting suspensoids nephelonietrically (E. S. R., 30, p. 410).
The results show that " the nephelometer can be used for the study of di-
gestion of yeast nucleic acid when a 0.2 per cent solution acid egg albumin is
used as a precipitant. This reagent is not appreciably affected in dilute solu-
tions by most substances met with in physiological work, and will easily detect
one part yeast nucleic acid in 1.000.000 jjarts of water."
New methods of soil analysis and the estimation of colloids in soils, II.
VAN DEE Leeden and F. Schneider {Intertmt. Mitt. Bodenlc, 2 {1912), No. 1,
pp. 81-109; ahs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chcm., J,2 {1918), No. 3, pp. US-liT; Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London'i, lOJf {WIS), No. 607, II, pp. 433, 4-3^).— Some experiments
with soils resulting from the weathering of gneiss showed " that for the com-
parison of the hygroscopicity of a soil with that of the silicates dissolved
by hydrochloric acid, extraction with aqueous hydrochloric acid is tmsuitable,
since the solution of colloidal silica, its precipitation with adhering oxids of
iron and aluminum and other dissolved substances, introduce errors. The acid
may also dissolve colloids which possess only slight hygroscopicity; this could
be avoided by employing gaseous hydrogen chlorid.
" The assumption that the absorption of dyes rises and falls with the amount
of colloids is not accepted. Exact experiments on the absorption of dyes and
hygroscopicity can only be made when the surfaces of the soils are estimated on
the one hand by the employment of a dye solution and on the other by using
the vai>ors of organic substances of high molecular weight.
" The results of analyses as well as estimations of hygroscopicity indicated
that unweathered minerals are dissolved by hot hydrochloric acid."
The estimation of the lime requirement of soils by means of the hydroxid
of the alkaline earths, C. R. Moulton and P. F. Trowbridge {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chcm., 6 {191J,), No. 10, pp. S35-837).—''X brief survey of the data pre-
sented seems to establish the fact that the lime requirement found by the
metliod of Bizzell and Lyon [E. S. R., 30, p. 422] is proiwrtionate to the barium
hydroxid used and not to the acidity of the soil. The lime requirement is con-
siderably lower than when the Yeiteh method is used. The lime requirement
varies with the length of time of the distillation and volume of distillate until
a zero lime requirement is obtained.
" No consideration of the speed of a method is worth while when its per-*
formance is such as is indicated by this studj'. However, the experience in
this laboratory shows that at least as much attention on the part of the oper-
ator is needed for the method of Bizzell and Lyon as for the Veitch method.
The time consumed in evaporating, and so forth, does not enter into considera-
tion when a chemist has other work in progress."
A comparative compilation of reactions for detecting nitrites in drinking
water, M. Bornand (.1////. Lchcufon. Vntcrsuch. u. Hyg., Sehweiz. Gsmlhtsamt.,
It {1913), No. 5, pp. 2S5-28D; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 32, Repert..
p. 146). — Neutral red (Rochaix's reagent) is deemed unsatisfactory for detect-
ing nitrites in drinking water, and Deniges' strychnin sulphate reagent is con-
sidered impracticable for use under the usual laboratory conditions because it
decomposes very easily. The resorciu-sulphuric acid test of Barbet and Jan-
drier, the indol test of Mnoucha Chwilewizky, and the Van Ilosva-Lunge sul-
phanilic acid method are deemed the most reliable.
The bacteriological examination of food and water, W. G. Savage {Cam-
Iridgc, England, IDV,. pp. Vlll + nS, figs. 76).— Books on pathological bacteri-
ology as a rule do not adequately supply methods for the examination of water,
air, foods, and the like. This book, which is one of the Cambridge Public
312 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Ilojiltli Series, edited by (L S. Grahara-Smitli and J. E. Purvis, is said to fill
these requirements, and its contents are as follows : General methods for the
isolation and identification of indicator organisms, water, soil and. sewage, shell-
fish, milk, modified milk and milk products, the bacteriology of meat and meat
products, air, and the determination of antiseptic and germicidal power. An
appendix dealing with the composition of the culture media is included.
Fatty foods: Their practical examination, E. R. Bolton and C. Revis
(I'hiludclpJtia, I'JIS pp. X+STl, pis. 8, figs. 36). — This handbook is intended
for analytical and technical chemists and deals with general and si)ecial methods
for the examination of foods and feeding stuffs containing fats. The contents
are as follows : Beef fat, lard, butter, margarin, and ghee ; vegetable oils and
fats — special tests for oils and fish and marine animal oils; rancidity; cocoa,
chocolate, and milk chocolate; feeding stuffs — methods of analysis and calcu-
lation of rations; and milk — analysis and examination for use in margarin,
pasteurization, cleanliness and bacteriological condition, and cream and sepa-
rated milk.
Methods for the biological examination of milk, J. Bauer (Die Methodik
dcr Biologischcn Milch untersucJiung. Stuttffitrt, 1913, pp. XI-\-112, figs. 15). —
This small book deals principally with biological methods for examining milk,
under the headings of methods for determining the animal from which the milk
originates; determining heated milk; and determining the sanitary condition
of milk. It is said to be the first book of its kind.
A method for the determination of fat in milk (nephelometric method),
W. R. Bloor {Jour. Amer. Uhcm. Hoc, 36 {191Jf), Xo. 6, pp. 1300-l.:^OJf).—" The
procedure is as follows : One cc. of the milk, measured with an accurate pipette,
is run slowl5^ and with stirring into about 80 ce. of an alcohol-ether mixture
(containing 3 parts of redistilled alcohol and 1 part of redistilled ether) in a
100 cc. graduated flask. (The measurement may be checked by determining the
weight of the added milk.) The mixture is raised to boiling by immersion in
a boiling water bath, cooled to room temperature, made up to 100 cc. with the
rlcohol-ether, shaken, and filtered. The filtrate is clear and almost colorless.
" For the determination, 5 cc. of the solution is run from a pipette, slowly
with stirring, into 100 cc. of distilled water in a beaker, producing a slightly
opalescent colloidal solution. The point of the pipette must be kept below the
surface of the liquid during the outflow. A similar solution is prepared with
' 5 cc. of the standard fat solution. To the standard and to the test solutions
are added, simultaneously, 10 cc. portions of dilute (10 per cent) hydrochloric
iicid and, after stirring, the solutions allowed to stand for five minutes, after
which they are transfen-ed to the comparison tubes of the uephelometer [E. S.
R., 30, p. 410].
" For the comparison, the two tubes, filled to the same height with the solu-
tions, are placed in the nephelometer with the standard tube always on the
same side. If bubbles appear in the walls of the tubes they are removed by
inverting two or three times. The movable jacket on the standard side is set
at a convenient point, generally 50 mm. (Richards' nephelometer), and com-
parisons made by adjusting the jacket on the test solution until the images of
the two tubes show equal illumination. At least five readings are taken, alter-
nately from above and below, and the average taken as the reading. This read-
ing is cori'ected from the calibration curve of the instrument and the fat value
of the milk calculated from the correctetl rending.
"The standard solution is an alcohol-ether solution of pure triolein, made
with freshly distilled absolute alcohol and pure dry ether, of which 5 cc. con-
tains about 2 mg. of fat." See also a previous note (E. S. R., SI, p. 610).
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 313
Where a nephelouieter is kicking other colorimeters may be adapted to the
purpose. In a table a compfii'ison is made of the values obtained with human
II nd cows' milk by the method proposed, the Babcock method, and also in some
cases the Adams method. " The cows' milk was mixed dairy milk collected
from various sources. The human milk samples were from cases in various
early stages of lactation and were selected so as to obtain as wide range of
fat values as possible."
A rapid method of estimating fat in cheese, cream, and butter, K. Kropat
(.•l/-(7(. J'hann., 252 {1!)J4), A'o. 1, pp. "76-80). — It has been previously shown by
Rui)p and Miiller<» that in the estimation of fat in milk the extraction may be
facilitated by the addition of gum tragacanth. The method has now been
extended to the estimation of fat in cream, cheese, and butter.
For cheese the procedure is as follows : From 2 to 3 gm. of cheese is heated,
with 5 cc. of 25 per cent hydrochloric acid until dissolved. The solution is then
treated with from 3 to 5 cc. of alcohol, and after cooling is shaken with 25 cc.
of ether. When the separation is complete 25 cc. of light petroleum ether is
added and allowed to stand for 15 minutes. Then are added from 1 to 1.5 gm.
of gum tragacanth and 3 to 5 cc. of water, and after swelling of the gum the
ethereal layer is allowed to separate and the residue washed with light petro-
leum ether. The fat is determined in the extract by evaporation in the usual
manner.
A similar method is adopted for cream and butter.
Material for uniform laws reg'arding foodstuffs. — IV, Cheese (Enticiirfe
zu Fc'-stsctzungeri ilher Lehensmittel. — IV, jfiTa-se. Sup. to Ztschr. Untcrsuch.
Nahr. u. GenussmtJ., 26 (WIS), No. 6, pp. 30). — Besides describing the various
kinds of market cheese, this pamphlet outlines methods for determining the
moisture, fat. protein, and ash content of cheese and the detection of the pres-
ence of preservatives, such as boric, salicylic, benzoic, and other acids.
Ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid as a product in the analysis of cotton-
seed oil, L. S. Palmkb and P. A. Wright (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
6 (191Jf), No. 10, pp. 822, 823). — In the course of some studies on the composition
of cotton-seed oil, in which the unsaturated acids were being isolated by the
Tortolli and Euggeri method ^ making use of the solubility of their lead soaps
in ether and finally recovering the linoleic acid as the tetrabromid, large cluster-
ing needles were obtained instead. These needles melted at 58 to 58.5° C. and
the crystals showed a much greater solubility in 95 per cent alcohol, glacial
acetic acid, petroleum ether, etc., than linoleic tetrabromid. The crystals from
all of the solvents were obtained in the same form and had the same melting
point, which was strikingly similar to the melting point of the tetrabromid of
the isomeric telfairie acid of Thoms. The ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid
also has a melting point nearly identical with the melting point of the tetra-
bromid of the isomeric telfairie acid.
" The results reported present several points of interest. In the first place, it
appears that in isolating the unsaturated acids of cotton-seed oil by the lead
soap ether method, some care is required not to allow the lead soaps to stand
under ether if the product desired is ordinary linoleic acid or its bromid. In
the second place, there is opened up a field of new products of the unsaturated
acids, namely, the esters of the bromids. Heretofore esterification has been con-
fined to the acids themselves.
" The authors have prepared a few of these bodies, namely, methyl bromo-
linolate and the methyl and ethyl esters of oleic dibromid. They found the
"Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 23 (1912), No. 7, pp. 338, 339.
*Orosi, 23 (1900), No. 1, pp. 109-122.
314 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
methyl ester of linoleic tetrabroiuid to crystallize from alcohol iu white glisten-
ing plates resembling the ethyl ester. The slightly impure crystals melted
between 50 and 56°. The two esters of oleic dibromid were found to be yellow
oils, very soluble in most solvents, but very little soluble in their corresponding
alcohols saturated with HCl gas.
"At present actual analysis of cotton-seed oil for linoleic acid falls far short
of the theoretical value indicated by the iodin value of the oil or the mixe<l un-
saturated acids. It is hoped tliat the case with which esters of the bromids of
the unsaturated acids are formed, especially linoleic acid, may eventually be of
value in clearing up the composition of cotton-seed oil."
A new method for determining crude fiber, II. Stieoler (Jour. Landw.,
61 {1913), No. 4, pp. 399-426, figs. 6).— The studies were made with barley and
its dregs for the purpose of obtaining a method of determining crude fiber
which is more exact and free from the objections raised to previously described
methods.
In the method the material is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid
in the cold for ridding the substances of complicated colloids, and is as follows :
From 1.5 to 3 gm. (according to the amount of crude fiber present in the ma-
terial) is ground to a flour-like consistency and placed in a 300 cc. Soxhlet
flask, such as is used for milk sterilization, and containing 20 cc. of distilled
water. After thorough distribution of the meal 60 cc. of concentrated hydro-
chloric acid (specific gravity 1.19) is added and the mixture allowed to stand
for 10 minutes. It is then made up to 200 cc. with boiling water, placed in the
boiling water bath of an inverting pot, and heat applied, at the same time a
current of air being passed slowly through the mixture. After heating for ex-
actly one hour the insoluble mass in the flask is allowed to settle and the super-
natant fluid is drawn off by a device which is illustrated. The residue in the
flask is neutralized with 50 cc. of a 5 per cent potassium hydroxid solution,
made up to 200 cc. with boiling water, and placed in the boiling water bath for
one-half hour, circulating air through it as before. The hot alkaline solution is
then brought on a Gooch crucible (4.5 cm. high and with an upper diameter of
4 cm.), and filtered through a disk of heated asbestos paper which is covered
with a layer of washed asbestos fiber. The residue on the filter is washed with
5(X) cc. of hot water, then with alcohol, and finally with ether, and allowed to
stand for one-half hour; the ether removed with the suction pump, dried for
two hours at from 100 to 105° C, and weighed. The fiber is ashed in a special
device which is illustrated.
New agreement about malt analysis, G. Bode and A. Wlokka {Ztschr.
Gesam. Bratiiv., 37 (1914), Nos. 29, pp. 372-374; 30, pp. 384-386; flfts. in A)7ier.
Brewers' Rev., 28 (1914), No. 9, pp. 430-432).— A. plan for the unification of
methods for malt analysis, as submitted to the German Chemical Society by the
section on fermentation chemistry.
The methods which are given in this report were tested out cooperatively
during the course of two years. They consist of those for sampling, crushing,
and determining the fineness of crushed malt, moisture, extract, saccharifica-
tion, and color of the wort. The physical examination is for the condition of
the meal body, 1,000 kernel (berry) weight, and hectoliter weight. The length
of the acrospire is not to be determined. A blank for reporting results is
shown.
The American Leather Chemists Association. 1914 (Amer. Leather Chem.
Assoc. [By-laws, etc.], 1914, PP- <>'^)- — 'J^^^i* yearbook contains the oflicial and
provisional methods of analysis of tannin, tanning materials, leather, fats, and
oils, and the by-laws of the association.
METEOROLOGY. 315
Copra drying, C. W. Hikes {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (19U),
No. 8, pp. 323-326, pi. 1). — Coconuts are grown extensively in IG Provinces of
tlie Philippines and supply about one-third of the world's output of dried copra.
Modern methods of drying the copra and extracting the oil are not used, and
the greater part of the copra produced is of poor quality on account of the
inferior methods of handling and drying. Aside from the objectionable dark
color of the copra, which is caused by long drying, the large amount of moisture
retained favors the development of molds and bacteria, which give the product
an unfavorable appearance, and reduces the percentage of oil considerably.
The several driers previously used in this work are briefly discussed, and the
proper method of drying is described.
As regards the manufacture of oil it is pointed out that " the percentage of
oil contained in the fresh meat of the coconut usually runs from about 30 to 45
per cent. The percentage contained in the dried product will be largely gov-
erned by the percentage of moisture remaining. It will, of course, contain a
lower percentage of oil than the oven-dried, which will often reach 70 to 80
per cent when its moisture content has been greatly reduced.
" There are two processes commonly used in extracting this oil — the hydraulic
and the continuous. The former usually gives higher extraction but is slower
in operation than the latter. . . . The press cake remaining after the oil is
removed makes a valuable cattle feed and also an excellent fertilizer."
Yearbook of the^ societies of alcohol manufacturers, starch interests, and
potato driers in Germany, edited by G. Foth (Jahrb. Vet: Spirit us Fabrik.
Dcut., IJj. (I'JIJ/), pp. XXIII-\-51:3). — Discussions of these societies and reviews,
with ijarticular reference to the advances made in these industries during 1913.
METEOROLOGY.
Climatic provinces of the western United States, W. G. Reed (,Bul. A))ier.
Geogr. Soc, Jfl {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-19, figs. 4). — It is stated that the published
climatic provinces of the western United States are not satisfactoiy, and a new
grouping into two provinces is suggested, (1) a Pacific province which includes
all the region west from the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, and Peninsular moun-
tains to the Pacific Ocean, and (2) a rain shadow area which includes the
region east from this crest-line to the eastern boundary (left undetermined) of
the region under discussion.
The underlying idea in this grouping is to divide the region in such a way
that areas with similar climatic conditions shall fall within the same general
group and that those with essentially different climatic conditions shall be kept
separate. The outstanding difference between the groups is that " the Pacific
province is characterized by marked subtropical winter rains and dry or nearly
dry summers ; the rain shadow area has large diurnal and annual ranges of
temperature and generally deficient precipitation."
Geographical aspects of climatological investigations, B. C. Wallis {Scot.
(Jeogr. Mag., 30 {1914), No. 7, pp. 356-369, figs. 5).— An attempt is made to show
the utility in the teaching of geography of the method of differences as illus-
trated in the normal and variations from it of temperature and rainfall.
Principia atmospherica: A study of the circulation of the atmosphere,
W. N. Shaw {Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinh.. 34 {1913-14), No. 1, pp. 77-112. figs. /,).—
This article deals with recent developments of the science of meteorology, par-
ticularly in the investigation of the upi)er air, presenting knowletlge of atmos-
pheric circulation " in the normal scientific form, with axioms which represent
inductive laws, with postulates or lemmas which represent groups of observed
316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
facts, and with propositions leiidinj? to conclusions which are susceptible of
verification."
The moon and autumn storms, E. IIinsixmann (JIansa, .51 (1014), ^o. 26,
pp. 607-GO'J). — An attonijit is made in this article to correlate weather changes,
especially storm periods, with phases of the moon, with a view to verifying the
accuracy of predictions based upon such correlation.
Types of storms of the United States and their average movements, E. H.
P.owiE and R. H. Weightman (Mo. Weather Rev. Bup. 1 (1914), pp. 37, pU.
llJf). — This is the first of a series of supplements to the Monthly Weather
lleviciv dealing with some of the more elaborate contributions of the Weather
Bui-eau to meteorology. It deals with the origins of storms, describes ten
different storm types, and discusses in detail the use of the knowledge of these
types in weather forecasting.
A select bibliography on w^eather forecasting suited especially for beginners
in this field of meteorology is also given.
Climatological data for the United States by sections ( TJ. .Sf. Dept. Ag^r.,
Weather Bur. Cllmat. Data, l.i^OU), Nos. 9, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 7; 10, pp. 224,
pis. 2, figs. 8). — These volumes contain, respectively, brief summaries and de-
tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for September
and October, 1914.
Meteorological data, T. Cromie (Aim. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Saskatchewan, 9
(1913), pp. 159-190, figs. 2).— The weather conditions for each month of 1913
are briefly summarized, and data for temperature and precipitation at different
places in Saskatchewan are given in tables and compared with similar data for
previous years. A table is also given which shows the precipitation, mean tem-
perature, and wheat yield for the years ending September 30, 1901-1913.
Meteorology [of New South Wales], J. B. Trivett (N. S. Wales Statis. Reg.,
pt. 4 (1913), pp. 345-400). — This is a report consisting of detailed tabular
statements showing observations on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipi-
tation, humidity, and wind movement at Sydney and other places in New South
Wales during 1913 and a number of preceding years.
[The climate of New South Wales], J. B. Trivett (Off. Yearbook N. S.
Wales, 1913, pp. 40-53). — The principal climatic features of New South Wales
are briefly described.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
The Clyde series of soils, J. A. Bonsteel (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 141 (1914),
pp. 60, pis. 10. fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the tn-igin, characteristics, ami
crop adaptabilities of the Clyde series of soils, which occurs within the terri-
torj' inmiediately to the south of the Great Lakes and covers an aggregate area
of 1,877,700 acres. The series is divided into 11 different soil types ranging
from gravelly sand to clay, and includes types with dark colored surface soils,
usually well filled with organic matter, underlain by gray or mottled subsoil.
The deeper subsoils of the finer grained types are usually calcareous.
The soils of this series " have been formed as gl.icial lake sediments, as ter-
race deposits along glacial stream ways, and as accumulations in small ponds,
lakes, or in other positions of obstructed drainage within the glaciated I'egion
of the northern United States. . . . [and] are chiefly found in level or de-
l)ressed areas within the glacial lake and river terrace province. . . . The
different soils were usually swampy or very poorly drained in their natural
condition."
Sugar beets are said to be the most important special crop, but corn, oats,
hay and truck crops are also grown on the better drained areas.
SOILS FERTIIJZEES. 317
It is stated that drainage is the most iniiHirtaut of all forms of soil im-
provement uix)n the soils of this series.
The Miami series of soils, J. A. Bonsteel {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1^2 (1914),
pp. 59, pis. 13, fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the distribution, crop adapta-
tions, cultivation, and fertility requirements of a series of soils of glacial origin
which occur most extensively in western Ohio, central and northeastern Indi-
ana, southern Michigan, the Traverse Bay region of Michigan, extreme north-
eastern Illinois, eastern Wisconsin, and a portion of the upper peninsula of
Michigan. These soils are distinguished by prevailing brown, light brown, or
gray surface soils and yellowish-brown or darker brown subsoils.
" By far the greater part of the area occupied by the important types of the
series is gently undulating to moderately rolling. The natural drainage over a
large part of the territory is fair to good. . . . The Miami flne sandy loam,
loam, silt loam, and clay loam comprise by far the greatest area of the soils
of this series, and they are well suited with respect to topography, drainage
and moisture conditions, and climatic surroundings to the growing of the most
important staple crops of the temperate region. The more gravelly and sandy
soils of the series are relatively unimportant agriculturally. . . . While crop
yields are, in general, satisfactory, it has been found that careful attention to
crop rotation, the iucorix>ration of organic manures, the use of commercial
fertilizers with the small grain crops, liming, and tile underdrainage on the
heavier types aid in increasing crop yields."
Soil survey of Jeff Davis County, Georg'ia, P. O. Wood et al. {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Advance Sheds Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 34, fig. 1, map 1). —
This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agriculture,
was issued November 21, 1914. It deals with an area of 208,000 acres in south-
eastern Georgia, the topography of which varies from flat to rolling. The county
is drained by the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers and by numerous creeks which
eventually flow into the Satilla Eiver. Many fields and some entire farms are
said to be greatly in need of drainage.
In general the soils of the county consist of sands of varying texture under-
lain usually at comparatively shallow depths by sandy clays. Twenty-two soil
types of twelve series are mapped, of which the Norfolk and Tifton are the
most important both in extent and agricultural value. Crop rotation is practiced
only in a limited way but the appreciation of its importance and of the need of
humus in the soil and of adequate drainage is growing. The use of commercial
fertilizers is universal and it is stated that most of the soils need lime.
Soil survey of Bremer County, Iowa, M. Baxwin, E. B. Watson, and F. B.
Howe (U. S. Dept. Agr., Adva^icc Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
37, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Iowa Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, was issued November 21, 1914. It deals with an area
of 277,760 acres in northeastern Iowa, the topography of which as a whole is
gently undulating to rolling. The regional drainage is good.
The soils of the county fall into four general classes, namely, those composed
of glacial drift of the Iowa glaciation, the reworked soils originating from the
glacial drift, the residual limestone soils, and the silty and sandy soils. Twenty-
one soil tyi^es of eleven series are maiJi>ed, of which the Carrington loam is the
most important and covers 62.8 per cent of the total area. No systematic rota-
tion of crops as a rule is followed in the county and commercial fertilizers are
said to be unimportant in the agricultural practice. The importance of careful
conservation and application of organic manures is, however, being more and
more recognized.
The influence of g'laciation on agriculture in Ohio, E. W. Owen {Bui. Sci.
Lahs. Dcnison Univ., 11 (1914), Art. 11-14, pp. 390-394, fig- i).— An investiga-
318 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
lion to determine the effect of glaciatiou on agriculture in certain typical dis-
tricts along the glacial boundary in Ohio showed that " while the ice sheet did
not materially affect the fertility of the soil ... it was of great economic im-
portance in making more of the land available for profitable cultivation."
Studies on the change of the soil surface, R. Hoffman x {Landw. Vers.
Stat., 85 {I'JlJf), No. 1-2, pp. i23-i^7).— Studies on the effects of freezing and
fertilization on the total surface area of different soils, as determined by the
Itodevvald and Mitscherlich hygroscopicity method, are reported.
No variation in the surface area of six different surface soils due to freezing
could be detected, and it is concluded that, as the effect of each successive freez-
ing on surface soil steadily decreases, the actual effect of frost on the soil sur-
face approaches a maximum value in approximately an asymtotic manner. It
was further found that the quantities of organic and inorganic fertilizers which
are used in practice effect no important or lasting change in soil surface. Ap-
parently the mass of irreversible colloids of surface soils is so reduced by freez-
ing and drying that the hygroscopicity values of the remaining irreversible
colloids are fully covered by the hygroscopicity values of the other soil
constituents.
The action of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils, P. EouLA^'D (Landic.
Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 105-108) .—The author defends his views set
forth in a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 23) as attacked by Maschhaupt (E. S. R.,
31, p. 216) and maintains that the flocculation of colloids in clay soils is caused
by the hydroxyl ions of calcium and other hydroxids. See also a related note
by Wiegner (E. S. R., 31, p. 618).
The colloids of clay and humus soils, P. Rohland (Xaturw. Ztschr. Foist u.
Landw., 12 (1914), No. 8, pp. 380-385). — In a further discussion of the subject
(E. S. R., 30, p. 718; 31, p. 514) the author points out that in the colorometric
method for determining colloids a relation exists between absorption and the
composition and reaction of the coloring matter used. He reviews experiments
with different soils which indicate that the absorptive power of soil colloids
for water steadily decreases after repeated drying. He also discusses the
importance of colloidal content in determining plasticity and similar properties
of soils.
The adsorptive power of soil colloids, P. Rohland (Monatsh. Landw., 7
(1914), ^0. 7, pp. 159-165). — The author discusses the properties of soil colloids
along the same lines as in the above and previous articles.
The colloidal properties of red soils, P. Rohland (Kolloid Ztschr., 15 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 96-98). — ^The author reviews investigations by himself and others
which in his opinion prove that the chai'acteristic properties of red soils are
due to silicates of a strongly colloidal nature and that these colloidal properties
are very important agriculturally.
Colloidal properties of the acid soils of Japan, T. Tadokobo (Jour. Col. Agr.
Tohoku Imp. Univ., 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 27-50, pis. S).— Studies of the colloidal
properties of certain of the acid soils of Japan, with particular reference to
swelling on contact with water or salt solutions, the development of heat
accompanying swelling, hygroscopicity, physical adsorption, and absorption of
ammonia are reported.
The degree of swelling of a soil was found to vary with the type of reagent
used, indicating the formation of different gel forms with different reagents,
and that the gel forming materials, particularly in acid soils poor in humus, do
not x'epresent individual substances. The small difference in increased volume
found between the original humus-poor soil and the residue extracted with
water was taken to indicate that colloidal substances extracted from such soils
with pure water have no important connection with the swelling of the soil.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319
Tbe development of heat accompanying swelling in soils? is said to be prob-
ably proportional to the degree of swelling. The hygroscopicity of the soils
examined averaged 5.62 and bore an almost constant relation to the degree of
swelling. The adsorptive power of the soils for coloring matter decreased with
its concenti'ation and bore a close relation to the degi-ee of swelling and hygro-
scopicity. The absoiptive power for ammonia bore no close relation to the
adsorptive power for coloring matter, degree of swelling, and hygroscopicity,
and was not governed by the surface area of the colloids as much as was the
adsorptive power for coloring matter. The constant for the absorption equiva-
lent was found to be greater in acid soils poor in humus than in acid soils rich
in humus and A-aried with different concentrations of the ammonia solution.
• The absorption coefficient of the soils for ammonia in normal ammonium
phosphate solution was greater than for normal ammonium chlorid solution.
It is thought possible that the phosphoric acid of ammonium phosphate com-
bines directly with aluminum, forming an insoluble compound which increases
the absorptive power of the soil for ammonia.
Preliminary note on iron in Florida soils, C. A. Brautlecht and A. B.
Parlin i^Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (WW, No. 11, p. 960). — In 73 sam-
ples of Florida soils examined the iron, calculated as FezOs, ranged from 0.23
to 11.53 per cent. In general there appeared to be a direct correlation between
the humus and iron. A certain correlation between the character of vegeta-
tion and the iron content was also indicated.
The absorption of certain radicals by leaves in varying stages of decay,
and the effect of leaves on the absorption of these radicals by a soil, II. A.
Notes (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 7, pp. 57-^-576; abs. in
Chem. Ahs., 8 {1914), No. 11, pp. 3090, SOW).— Laboratory experiments are
reported which lead to the general conclusion that humus-forming substances,
such as leaves, play a part in soil absorption dei)endent upon their state of
decay.
A note on leaf -fall as a cause of soil deterioration, W. L. Balls (Proc.
Cambridge Phil. Soc., 11 (1914), No. 6, p. 466; abs. in Chem-. Abs., 8 (1914), No.
17, p. 3090). — It was observed that the soil of certain cotton breeding plats in
which the leaves from the cotton had been incorporated became unproductive.
It is suggested that this may have been due to sodium chlorid which occurred in
small amounts in the soil or to toxic compounds resulting from the decomposi-
tion of the leaves. The latter explanation was supiwrted by the fact that cotton
leaf mold was found very unsatisfactory for potting purposes.
Crop residues, B. Schulze (Deut. Landw. Presse, 41 (1914), No. 14, pp. 171,
172; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 4, pp. 333, 334).— It is
pointed out that previous investigations on the value of the residue left by crops
have given unreliable results, mainly because the amount of roots was not
accurately determined. The author has formulated from numerous observations
a ratio between the weight of the above-ground parts of plants and their root
.systems at the time of maturity by means of which it is easy to calculate the
root residue from the weight of air-dried above-ground portions of the plant.
Applying this method to the various crops, he reaches the general conclusion
that the value of plant residue, especially as regards nitrogen, is not so high
as is generally supposed. His averages for the nitrogen content in pounds per
acre are for various crops as follows: Winter rye, 14.2; winter wheat. 14.4;
oats, 15.4; barley, 9.6; beans, 56.2; red clover (14 days after the second cutting),
41; red clover (after unhindered growth to the middle of November of the
second year), 157.8; Victoria peas, 15.5; yellow lupines, 26.7; and white lupines,
20.8.
320 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The origin of vanillin in soils — vanillin in wheat and in the water in
which wheat seedlings have grown, M. X. Sullivan (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Vhciii., 6 {I'JL'i), Ao. 11 , pp. !>JD-!J2J). — The occurrence of vanillin or of a mother
substance of vanillin, such as coniferin, is reported in considerable amounts in
wheat and in the water in which wheat seetllings had been grown. It was also
found in rotten oak wood, pineapple pulp and parings, and in the hot water
exti'act of lawn grass. It was more abundant during the earlj' growth of the
wheat plant than in the ungerminated seed.
The general conclusion is that the vanillin in soils has its origin in vegetable
debris and to a less extent in direct excretion of cell sloughing by growing
plants.
Antagonism between anions as affecting soil bacteria. — II, Nitrification,
C. B. LiPMAN and P. S. Kuroess {Centhl. Bald. [ctC], 2. Aht., J,l (l'J14), No.
11-17, pp. JfSO-JiU; figs. G; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (19U), No.
623, I, p. 1114)- — 111 continuation of previous investigations on the effects of
alkali salts on bacteria in soils (E. S. R., 28, p. 719), the authors conducted
nitrification investigations from which they draw the following conclusions :
" Marked antagonism exists between the anions of NaaCOs, Na2S0i, and NaOl
when a soil's nitrifying power is the criterion. Such antagonism is obtained
when the salts are employed in both toxic, one toxic and one stimulating, and
both stimulating concentrations. Even in cases of combinations of salts in
which both are toxic not only normal nitrification but stimulated nitrification
may be induced.
" The following are the combinations of salts which have given the most
marked antagonisms, often being accompanied by marked stimulation: (a)
When 0.2 per cent NaCl is the toxic salt an addition of 0.05 i^er cent Na2S04 or
an addition of 0.025 per cent Na^COs, (b) when 0.35 per cent Na=SOi is the
toxic salt an addition of 0.15 per cent NaCl or an addition of 0.025 per cent
NasCOa, and (c) when 0.05 per cent Ka2C03 is the toxic salt an addition of
0.4 per cent Na2S04 or an addition of 0.2 per cent NaCl. While these are the
combinations producing the largest amounts of nitrates, very large amounts of
the latter are often produced by much larger additions of the second salt to the
toxic salt used as a constant.
" These results when correlated with similar results on ammonification and
nitrogen fixation obtained by us and also with those obtained on the higher
plants, along similar lines, give definite indications for the combination of
alkali salts as a measure in alkali land reclamation."
Recent inoculation experiments on virgin upland moor soil with various
cultures of legume bacteria, H. von Fellitzen and E. Nystrom (Jour. Latidw.,
62 (1914), No. 3, pp. 285-292, pis. 5).— The relative effectiveness of various
commercial cultures was tested in the experiments reported.
Studies on soil protozoa.— rll, Some of the activities of protozoa, A. Cun-
ningham {Cenm. Bakt. [etc.'], 2. Abt., 42 (1914), No. 1-4, pp. S-27).— Continu-
ing previous work (E. S. E., 31, p. 26) the author reports studies of (1) the
dilution method and its application in the enumeration of protozoa in soils,
(2) the effect of protozoa on the numbers of bacteria in ammonifying solutions
and on ammonification in solution tests, and (3) the effect of inoculations of
protozoa on the bacterial content of partially sterilized soils.
It was found that the dilution method when applied to the enumeration of
protozoa in soils gave rather irregular results which are only relative. It was
also found that heating to 58° C. killed a considerable number of the encysted
protozoa, and it is thought to be imixtssible to fix upon a temperature which
will destroy all active protozoa in soils and leave the cysts perfectly uninjured.
SOILS FEKTILIZEES. 321
Experiments on the effects of temperature and moisture on the soil protozoa
showed " that some, at least, of the protozoa iu soils lead an active life and are
capable of multiplying to quite a considerable extent when the conditions be-
come favorable."
It was found that soil protozoa in solution exercised a very decided limiting
effect on the numbers of bacteria. The results on ammonification in solution
tests did not, however, justify definite conclusions, although it is thought that
the flagellates may have a depressing influence on ammonification.
Keductiou in bacterial numbers iu the soils inoculated with protozoa was
found to be very marked and to lie well outside the limits of exi)erimental er-
ror. " The conclusion may safely be drawn, therefore, that the limitiug factor
or at least one limiting factor (of Russell and Hutchinson) has been inoculated
into the sterilized soils and has produced its effects on the numbers of bac-
teria."
A preliminary communication on three new proteomyxan rhizopods from
soil, T. GooDEY (Arch. ProUstenk., 35 (1914), No. 1, pp. 80-102, pis. 4).— The
following organisms isolated from soil by means of an agar plate method are
described: Lcptonnjxa reticulata n. g. and n. sp., L. flabellata n. g. and n. sp.,
and GcpJij/ramocba delicatula n. g. and n, sp.
The methods used are described, and a bibliography of literature bearing on
the subject is given.
Sterilization or disinfection of the soil, Mi6ge {Bui. Soc. Nat. Apr. France,
Ut {1914), ^0. 4, pp. 428-432). — This note, reviewing briefly previous experi-
ments by others in soil sterilization, gives a condensed account of the author's
work carried out at Rennes during 1912 and 1913 with barley and white mus-
tard planted in soil treate^l with different strengths of various disinfectants in
solutions or in gaseous form.
While in case of some treatments, as with baryta and creosote, the results
were unfavorable, it is claimed that in several others large increases of yield
were obtained as the result of the soil treatment, notably by the use of toluene
or formaldehyde.
Suggestions for judging the agricultural value and adaptation of land,
W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. .J// {1914), PP- 8).— This is a brief
sratement regarding the possibility of estimating the productive capacity and
adaptation of land by examination on the sjwt. The most important factors to
be observed are (1) the depth and color of the surface soil, (2) the level of the
water table and the conditions affecting drainage, (3) the soil texture, (4) the
general appearance and texture of the subsoil, and (5) the character of natural
and spontaneous vegetation.
The chemical analysis of soils, "W. P. Beooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 45
{1914), pp. 4).— This is a revision of Circular 29 (E. S. E., 24, p. 713).
The crop experiment and soil analysis, O. Lemmermann {Landiv. Vers.
Stat., 85 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 141-154).— The author agrees with Mitscherlich
<E. S. R., 31, p. 217) that in fertilizer experiments all the environmental fac-
tors, particularly the physical properties of the soils used, exert an influence on
the crop yield and must, therefore, be kept constant in order to determine the
effect of varying the amounts of a particular nutritive element. In determin-
ing the plant food content of soils and the relative solubilities of the nutritive
elements he is of the opinion that the best method is to allow the solvent used
to filter through the soil sample at a fixed rate of speed.
Investigations at the Jasper County experiment field, M. F. jNIiller and
R. R. HuDELSON {Missouri Sta. Bui. 119 {1914). pp. 30, figs. 7).— This bulletin
gives the results of field exi)eriments with a four-year rotation of corn, cow-
322 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr RECORD.
peas (as green manure), wheat, and clover carried on since 1909 to determine
the fertilizer needs of the typical dark brownish-gray silt loam prairie soil of a
region formed larj^ely from limestone and shale. Chemical analysis showed the
soil to be deficient in nitrogen and humus and somewhat acid in the surface
layers, the acidity representing a lime requirement equivalent to about 2,400 lbs.
of ground limestone per acre to a depth of 7 in.
The soil treatments tested consisted of (1) cowpeas; (2) cowpeas and lime-
stone; (3) cowpeas, limestone, and bone meal; (4) cowpeas, limestone, bone
meal, and muriate of potash; (5) no treatment; (6) manure; (7) manure and
rock phosphate; (8) manure, rock phosphate, and limestone. The limestone
was used once during the rotation at the rate of 2 tons per acre, bone meal,
150 lbs. per acre, and muriate of potash, 50 lbs. per acre, before the corn and
wheat, and rock phosphate, 800 lbs. per acre, and barnyard manure, 8 tons per
acre, once in the rotation before corn.
The best average yields of corn were obtained with treatments 7 and 8, the
highest average net return with treatment 6. The highest average yield of
cowpea hay and the highest net return were with treatment 7. The highest
average yield of clover and the highest net return were with treatment 7. The
highest yield of wheat and the highest average profit were with treatment 4
followed closely by treatments 6 and 7.
Recommendations are made regarding the handling of this soil, including
methods of maintaining the supply of organic matter and the use of phosphates,
potash, and lime. It is noted that manure has a high value on this soil and its
conservation and use is urged. The practice of sowing covrpeas in the corn at
the last cultivation was not usually profitable. It was apparently better to
plant in the rows. It is believed that after the content of organic matter in
the soil has been made more nearly normal it may be profitable to apply finely
ground rock phosiihate in amounts of 1,000 lbs. once in four to six years in
connection with manure or green manure. " For corn, where an immediate
return is required, it can best be secured by using about 100 lbs. per acre of a
mixed fertilizer relatively high in phosphorus, but containing some potash
and perhaps a little nitrogen," but it is pointed out that this practice will not
build up the soil. With the present condition of the soil a fertilizer containing
1 to 2 per cent ammonia, 10 per cent available phosphoric acid, and 4 to 5 per
cent water-soluble potash is recommended for corn at the rate of 200 lbs. per
acre and for wheat at the rate of 150 to 175 lbs. per acre.
To what extent do stable manure and green manure affect yields through
the carbon dioxid they produce? Boknemann {Mitt. Dcut. Landw. GeseU., 28
(WIS), Ao. 31, pp. U3-U5; at)S. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. A1)t., 41 {19U),
No. 9-10, pp. 290, 291). — In experiments with spinach on a plat of soil con-
stantly supplied with carbon dioxid through a buried pipe there was an increase
In yield of 12.2 per cent over the crop grown on untreated soil. The possibility
of increasing the carbon dioxid supply of soil and thus increasing the yield by
means of organic manures is discussed and the need of exact experiments on
this subject is pointed out.
Poultry manures, their treatment and use, W. P. Brooks (Massachusetts
8ta. Circ. 36 (1914), pp. ^).— A revision of Circular 22 (E. S. R.. 23. p. 717).
The oxidation of nitrogen and how cheap nitrates would revolutionize our
economic life, W. W. Strong (Science, n. so:. 40 (191^), No. lOJfZ, pp. S99-
908; Amer. Jour. Pharm., 87 (1915), No. 1, pp. 29-3^). — The nature of the chemi-
cal reactions involved in the oxidation of nitrogen and the inefficiency of the
processes used are discussed.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 323
It is stated that " we can get some idea of the inefficiency of the present
methods of oxidizing nitrogen when we consider that when gram molecular
weights of the gases are used one has :
N2+O2+43,000 calories=2NO
approximately. The amount of energy used in this reaction is therefore about
1.7 (10)" ergs for about 126 gm. of nitric acid. Assuming 80 gm. of nitric acid
to be made per kilowatt hour, we should have an energy consumption of about
5 (10)'' ergs or an efficiency of about 4 per cent.
" The small percentage efficiency of the present methods for oxidation com-
pared with theoretical efficiency indicate that improvements in the present
methods would yield most important results. . . , Probably no other one
scientific development would so materially add to the material well being of the
people as this."
Nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture with special reference to the new
nitrogenous fertilizers, P. Kulisch {Jour. Gasbeleucht., 57 {1914), ^os. 7, pp.
151-156; 8, pp. 172-176; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {19U), No. 108-109, Repert.,
p. 471). — A general discussion of the relative merits and economy of sodium
nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and the newer nitrogenous fertilizers. A mixture
of nitrates and ammonium sulphate is recommended, and great care in the use
of lime nitrogen is advised.
Top-dressing with Chile nitrate, A. F. Kiehl {Bl. Zuckerriibenbau, 21 {1914).
No. 12, pp. 182-184; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 92, Repert., p. ^27).— The
author holds that any injury which may result from applying sodium nitrate
as a top-dressing as compared with row application in case of beets is due
only to the presence of poisonous constituents, such as iodates.
The Elliston phosphate field, Montana, R. W. Stone and C. A. Bonine ( U. S.
Geol. Survey Bui. 580-N {1914), PP- 11+373-383, pi. 1).—A detailed study of
the geology and of the extent and character of the phosphates of this field is re-
ported. It is estimated that the field contains a total of more than 86,000.000
tons of 65 per cent phosphate, a considerable part of which is easily accessible
to railway transportation.
The Bernard phosphate as compared with, superphosphate and slag, E.
Jelmoni (Rivista [Conegliano], 5. ser., 20 {1914), No. 22, pp. 509-512).— The
comparative plat tests reported in this article indicated the pronounced
superiority of the superphosphate but showed little difference in effect between
Bernard phosphate and Thomas slag.
The manufacture of acid phosphate, W. H. Waggaman (17. 8. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 144 (1914), PP- 2S, pis. 5). — This bulletin deals mainly with a description
and explanation of the chemistry of the process of making acid phosphate.
Incidentally it deals briefly with raw materials used, the theoretical basis for
the manufacture of acid phosphates, impurities In rock phosphate in relation to
the manufacture of acid phosphate, reversion of superphosphates, cost of pro-
duction, and disposal of the product.
It contains Information of value to fertilizer manufacturers, " but It is in-
tended primarily to give the progressive farmer a clearer knowledge of that
compound which is the basis of fertilizers, In order that he may more intelli-
gently buy and handle his fertilizer and determine for himself its true value."
Deposits of potash salts and other minerals used as fertilizers {Bol. Agr.
T6c. y Eccm., 6 {1914), No. 68, pp. 739-743).— This article gives the text of the
royal decree and of a proposed law providing for government reservation, ex-
ploitation, and control of supposed potash-bearing lands in northern Spain.
80967"— No. 4—15 3
324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The agricultural utilization of potassic rocks, F. Makee (Rev. G6n. Chim.,
n (lOl-i), No. 12, pp. 193-195). — Various processes for preparing potash salts
from potassic rocks are described.
Feldspar as a possible source of American potash, A. S. Cushman and
G. W. CoGGESHAXL (Amer. Pert., 41 {19H), No. 12, pp. 22-29; Chem. Engin.,
21 {1915), No. 1, pp. 4-11; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 2,
pp. 145-151). — The subject is discussed on the basis of definite data as to details
of the process of obtaining potash from feldspar and of cost of the final product.
A general conclusion is that the plants necessary to supply the present American
consumption of potash from this source could be constructed for not more than
$6,000,000, and that the potash could be produced at a profit at the 1914 syndi-
cate prices.
Can soda completely or partly replace potash in the nutrition of sugar
beets? W. KRtJGER et al. {Ztschr. Ver. Dent. Zuckerindus., No. 703, II {1914),
pp. 694-705; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 108-109, Repert., p. 471).— The
results of pot experiments are reported to show that soda can neither com-
pletely nor partly replace potash in the nutrition of beets, but acts indirectly
in promoting the assimilation of the potash of the soil. The soda is considered
to exert no direct physiological effect.
Is the doctrine of the lime factor an hypothesis or a proved theory? O.
LOEW {Landw. Jahrh., 46 {1914), No. 5, pp. 733-752, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Abs.,
8 {1914), ^0. 22, p. 370 Jf).— Evidence is cited to show that the doctrine of the
lime factor has been established as a proved theory by the work of various
investigators with water, sand, and soil cultures, and that only a part of the
explanations are to be regarded as hypotheses. Results which do not bear out
the theory are described as due to changes in the soil by liming, to inaccurate
pot experiments, or to a lack of observation of the law of minimum.
It is urged that in soil analyses the determination of magnesia should not be
neglected.
The source, manufacture, and use of lime, E. F. Bubchard and W. E.
Emley {U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States Calendar
Tear 1913, pt. 2, pp. V +1509-1593, pis. 2, figs. .4).— This is a detailed report of
investigations begun in 1909 in cooperation with the National Lime Manufac-
turers' Association. The paper is designed to fui'nish the essential data needed
by the prospective lime manufacturer, as well as by the active manufacturer
who desires a combined summary of the raw materials and of the recent devel-
opments in the lime industry. It contains a short section on agricultural lime.
Common salt and its use as manure in the Konkan Division, T. H. Gone-
HALLi (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 59 {1914), PP- 19). — The general use of salt as
a fertilizer for mangoes, coconuts, rice, and other crops in this region is dis-
cussed, a common rotation with coconut and mango trees being cattle manure
the first year, fish manure the second, and salt (10 lbs. per tree) the third year.
Some modification of government regulations regarding the salt tax whereby
this material may be obtained for such fertilizing purposes is urged.
The use of radio-active substances as fertilizers, W. H. Ross {U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 149 {1914), PP- 14)- — From a review of investigations by others the
author concludes that " it seems incredible that radium or any of its products
can have any economical application as a fertilizer in general farming; and
still less credible that the so-called radio-active manure has any value, as far
as its radio-activity is concerned, since the radium already present, on an
average, in an acre-foot of soil, is about 100 times greater than is contained in
the quantity of radio-active manure commonly recommended for application to
an acre.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 325
" Many experiments have been made in studying the influence of the radio-
elements, when freed from their ores, on the germination of seeds and the
growth of plants, and from the results obtained it is to be expected that in
botanical research, and possibly in greenhouse practice, where the results
obtaine<l may justify the expense involved, the radio-elements may prove of
considerable value; but when consideration is taken of the scarcity of these
elements it does not follow from any experiments yet described that such ele-
ments can have any practical application as a fertilizer in general farming.
" Evidence is given to show that the action of uranium on plants is due to its
chemical properties rather than to its property of being radio-active, and that
the conflicting results obtained with radio-active manure from different sources
is to be explained largely by the presence of uranium, and of such nonradio-
active constituents as soluble salts and free acids."
The fertilizing value of shoddy (Mark Lane Express, 112 (19 Vf), No. 4339,
p. 584)- — Brief reference is made to experiments carried out at Wye Agricul-
tural College, England, which indicated that shoddy is a useful and reliable
source of nitrogen especially when used in conjunction with, or as a substitute
for, barnyard manure and supplemented with applications of phosphate and
potash.
In experiments with potatoes comparing combinations of barnyard manure,
phosphates, and potash with seaweed, fish guano, and shoddy the last named
combination gave decidedly the largest yield.
Commercial fertilizers and agricultural lime, 1913 (Agr. Com. Ohio, Off.
Rpt. Com. Ferts., 1913, pp. 253). — ^Analyses and valuations of fertilizers licensed
for sale in Ohio during the year are reported, with general comments on the
results and a series of special popular articles relating to fertilizers as follows:
The Home Mixing of Fertilizers, Soil Analysis not a Sutficient Guide to the Use
of Fertilizers, Comparison of Carriers of Phosphorus in Fertilizers, Important
Questions and Answers Relative to the Use of Manures and Fertilizers, The
Nitrogen of the Fertilizer Sack, What is Lime? Raw Phosphate Rock as a
Fertilizer, and Field Experiments with Fertilizers, by C. E. Thorne; Twelve
Important Facts a Farmer Should Know When Purchasing Fertilizers, by H. G.
Bell ; The Phosphoric Acid in Phosphate Slag, Use of Fertilizers, and Analysis
of Commercial Fertilizers, by N. W. Lord ; The Manufacture and the Marketing
of Fertilizers, by J. T. Welch ; Fertilizing Problems, by A. Vivian ; Bone Fer-
tilizers, Potash, Filler or Make- Weight Materials, and Ammonia or Nitrogen, by
E. E. Somermeier; and Orchard Fertilization Work by the Ohio Experiment
Station in Southeastern Ohio, by F. H. Ballou.
Report of analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers (New York State
8ta. Bid. 390 (1914), PP- 491-574). — Analyses of samples of fertilizers collected
during 1914 are reported.
Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Fbear (Penn. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 255 (1914), PP- 93). — This bulletin gives the results of fertilizer inspection,
including analysis and valuations, in Pennsylvania from January 1 to August
1, 1914.
AGEICULTTJRAL BOTANY.
Size inheritance and the pure line theory, W. E. Castle (Ztschr. Induktive
Abstam. u. Vererbungslehre, 12 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 225-237) .—The author gives
a discussion of size inheritance in its Mendelian aspect and also of the pure
line theory.
In regard to the first, he summarizes his own observations and those of
others as follows : " When animals or plants are crossed which have racial
326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
differences in size or other characters, in respect to which each race shows con-
tinuous variation about a different mean, the Fi progeny are of intermediate
size. They may or may not be more variable than the races crossed, but quite
commonly are not. The Fa generation as a whole commonly varies about the
same intermediate mean as the Fi generation, but its variability as measured
by the standard deviation or th<j coefficient of variation is usually greater than
that of the Fi generation."
In regard to the pure line theory, the author points out the importance of
knowing w'hether or not this theory is true and claims there is a lack of demon-
strative or even probable evidence in its favor. He believes it is desirable to
devise ways of putting this theory to an experimental test.
A bibliography is appended.
Breeding experiments which show that hybridization and mutation are
independent phenomena, R. R. Gates (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Verer-
hungfiJchrc, 11 (1914), No. 4, pp. 209-279, pi. 1, figs. ^5).— Presenting and dis-
cussing a large body of cytological and breeding data obtained in work with
CEnothera, including crosses between forms differing in so many characters that
they are regarded as equivalent to interspecific crosses, the author claims to
have shown that the mutations which also appear in these crosses are not the
result of recombination or blending of characters in the hybrids, but that they
have a different cause, being independent of all laws of hybrid combination and
hybrid splitting. Even in forms that have been crossbred, some of the muta-
tions at least owe their origin to a cause which is independent of the mere
mingling of characters in hybrids. Mutation in CEnothera is deemed a unique
process, no amount of hybrid combination or splitting, Mendelian or otherwise,
being sufficient to account therefor.
A bibliography is appended.
Genetical studies on CEnothera, V, B. M. Davis (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam.
u. Vcrerbungslehre. 12 {1914), ^o. 3-4, pp. 169-205, figs. 22). — Descriptions and
illustrations are given of the results of reciprocal crossings among species of
CEnothera. The author states that the terms patroclinous and matroclinous are
here used in a relative sense, indicating strong resemblance but not perfect
duplication of the characters concerned, he having obser\-ed no certain in-
stance of the transmission of a morphological character of either species in a
cross to the Fi hybrids without more or less alteration.
The character of anthocyanin coloration exhibited wide fluctuations, fre-
quently making it difficult to judge whether an absolute character or a blend
was under consideration. Patrocliny and matrocliny are, however, regarded
as very striking phenomena, demanding an explanation which is not yet
evident.
The author concludes that there seems to be left to us only the vague concep-
tion of prepotency, which is really no explanation, although it serves at least
to name the phenomenon. There is in these hybrids a strong prepotency of the
male parent over the female, although this does not affect all of the characters.
An important feature of this prepotency lies in the fact that it is not a pe-
culiarity of certain individuals of the same sex, but that it is a prepotency
of one species over another with respect to the characters concerned.
Kesults obtained by crossing a wild pea from Palestine with commercial
types, A. W. Sutton (Jour. Linn. Soc. [London], Bot., 42 {1914), No. 2S6, pp.
427-434, pis. 3, fig. i).— In continuation of a previous note (E. S. R.. 30. p. 330),
the author gives some results obtained by crossing a wild pea collected by him-
self in Palestine with a variety of Pisum sativum. Some of these hybrids have
been carried through the fourth generation, and several new types are de-
scribed..
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 327
The object of the iuvestlgation was to determine whether this wild pea
might be the original from which were derived the present garden and field
peas. In the previous account some doubt was expressed regarding this, as
many of the hybrids proved to be sterile. In the latter investigations some of
them were fertile, but the main purpose of the investigation does not seem
to have been attained.
Six different species of nodule bacteria, H. Gakman and Mary Didlake
(Kentucky Sta. Bui. 18^ (1914), pp. 341-363, pis. 7).— As a result of .several
years' experiments in which plants were grown under sterile conditions in agar,
water cultures, and soil cultures, the authors arrived at the conclusion that
there are several strains of nodule bacteria, some of which are rather closely
limited as to their ability to infect different species. Their investigations
indicate that there are varietal or racial forms occurring on alfalfa which also
inoculate other species of Medicago, a form on clover which is confined to
plants of the genus Trifolium, one occurring on vetch and garden peas, one on
the cowpea, one on the soy bean, and one on the garden bean. Detailed ac-
counts are given of all of the inoculation experiments carried on.
The nitrog'en nutrition of mold fungi, \y. Buknner (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.],
2. Abt., 40 (1914), A'o- 22-25, pp. 555-647, pi. 1, fig. i).— Reporting results of a
continuation of former studies (E. S. R., 27, p. 26), chiefly with Ai^pcrgillus
niger as nutritively related to various nitrogen compounds, the author states
that concentration of nitrogen in the nutritive medium and also age of the cul-
ture involved exercised a decided influence on the growth of the fungus tested.
Diminution of the nitrogen supply resulted quickly in increased proteolysis and
a decrease in the nitrogen content of the fungus produced under such circum-
stances. But little light was thrown upon the question as to the form in which
the nitrogen was utilized in these experiments.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
Bacterial symbiosis in case of Rubiaceae, F. C. von Faber (Jahrb. Wiss.
Bot. [Pringsheiin], 54 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 243-264, figs. 3).— In continuance of
earlier communications (E. S. R., 27. p. 225; 28, pp. 35, 130), the author, dis-
cussing also related contributions by Miehe (E. S. R., 29, p. 30) and others,
reports further studies tending in some respects to confirm the claim that he-
reditary symbiosis exists between certain plants, as Pavetta spp., and their in-
dwelling organisms.
The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by plant hairs, F. Ko\'essi (Rev.
Q&n. Bot., 26 (1914), Nos. 301, pp. 22-47; 303, pp. 106-128, pi. 1, figs. 2).— Con-
tinuing previous communications (E. S. R., 25, p. 326), and giving more par-
ticular attention to the claims made by Jamieson (E. S. R., 19, p. 127) and by
Zempl5n and Rcth (E. S. R., 22, p. 521), the author describes experiments with
Robinia pseudacacia, R. Jiispida, Ribcs grossularia, JEscuhis hippocastanum;
Acer platanoldcs, and A. pftcudoplatanus. He stated that the trichomes of
plants cultivated in free air and those of plants in a nitrogen-free medium de-
velopetl in exactly the same way, and maintains that nitrogen is not taken up
by the trichomes from the air directly.
The biological formation and function of alkaloids, J. Gadameb (Ber. Deut.
Pharm. Gesell., 24 (1914), pp. 35-55; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106
(1914), A'o. 618, I, p. 467). — Reviewing critically the various theories advanced
regarding the formation and function of alkaloids in plants, the author claims
that while the theory that alkaloids are formed from decomposition products
of proteins (and that they are therefore waste products) explains many of the
facts known, it is not in harmony with observations made by the author that
Papcver orientale contains thebaine only when at the height of vegetative
328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
activity, and isotlaebaine only when in a resting state. It is held that in this
case the alkaloid may have some definite biological function.
Formation of carbohydrates in plants, H. Fincke {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr.
u. Genussintl., 27 (I'JlJf), No. 1-3, pp. 8-21; abs. in Jour. Vlwm. Soc. [London],
106 (1914), No. 618, I, p. Jf66). — Di^^cussing the views of several investigators,
the author concludes that no intermediate products but only the end results
of carbon dioxid assimilation are really known at present ; that in the process
of assimilation, reduction of carbon dioxid is probably accompanied by the
formation of a chain containing two carbon atoms; and that glycolaldehyde is
[)robably the chief intermediate product rather than formaldehyde, sugars and
other vegetable products being formed therefrom.
The synthesis of sugar by radium emanations, J. Stokxasa, J. Seboe and
V. Zdobnicky (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 156 {1913), No. 8, pp. 646-
648). — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 125) and
deals with the synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxid and nascent hydrogen
in the presence of potassium carbonate. Formaldehyde (polymerized) in
the presence of potassium carbonate results in the formation of reducing sugars.
A hexose and pentoses were positively noted. Ketoses were looked for but not
found. One hundred parts of organic substance was found to contain 51.05
parts of reducing substances. From the standpoint of physiology the radium
rays resembled very much the ultraviolet rays.
Influence of current electricity on absorption of nutritive substances by
plants, D. Chouchak {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 25,
pp. 1907-1910). — The author has followed up work previously done (E. S. R., 29,
p. 732) by a study of the possible influence of weak electrical currents passed
through living, as compared with those in dead, plantlets of wheat in nutritive
solutions of known composition.
The results, which are detailed, are held to indicate that while as already
shown (E. S. R., 27, p. 826), the rapidity of utilization of solutes is closely
related to their concentration, another factor, the electrical conditions in the
roots, may be largely influential in absorption of nutritive ions. Control of
this latter factor may create new possibilities as regards the productiveness of
cultivated plants.
Physiological studies on lactescence and caoutchouc, F. Tobleb {Jahrb.
Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], 54 {1914), No. 2, pp. 265-307, figs. 6).— Results of
these studies as given in some detail are claimed to show close relations between
the quality and quantity of sap flow in case of Mauihot, Mascarenhasia, etc.,
and the conditions and stages of growth, as humidity, illumination, nutritive
materials at hand, ages of shoots, leaves, etc. Claims of protective influence
by these secretions of the plant against snails were not supported.
The controlling influence of carbon dioxid in the maturation, dormancy,
and germination of seeds, II, F. Kidd {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 87
{1914), No. B 599, pp. 609-625). — Reporting on a continuation of previous
investigations (E. S. R., 31, p. 521), the author states that the inhibitory value
of given partial pressures of carbon dioxid increases with a lowering of the
temperature and oxygen supply, but decreases as these are heightened, and he
points out the possible bearing of these relations upon the dormancy of moist
seeds in natural conditions.
Arrested development of maturing seeds still on the plant is claimed not to
be due to lack of moisture or any physiological insuSiciency. Such seeds con-
tain more carbon dioxid than do seeds at the time of normal germination. The
testa retards germination in seeds tested before normal drying, as well as after
drying and storing. Correlation is noted between the viviparous habit and the
absence of seed coats.
FIELD CROPS. 329
Carbon dioxid is claimed to sbow stimulative effects at low partial pressures,
these rising to a maximum with increasing pressures and then declining to
inhibition with higher pressures of carbon dioxid, at least iu case of Brassica
alba and Hordeum vulgare germinated in the dark. Kapidly deteriorating seeds
(as in case of Hevea brasiliensis) in the confined carbon dioxid of their own
natural respiration showed a marked prolongation of vitality, this being far
in excess of that shown by such seeds as ordinarily packed for shipment.
It is claimed that in general the arrested development of moist maturing or
resting seeds is primarily a phase of carbon dioxid narcosis due to a partial
pressure of that gas in the tissues of the embryo, and that the final germination
is related to a lowering of the inhibitory partial pressure.
Observations on the development and germination of the seed in certain
Polygonaceee, E. F. Woodcock (Amcr. Jour. Bot., 1 (1914), No. 9, pp. 454-476,
pis. 4)- — The author describes the morphology of the seed of a number of
species of plants belonging to the family Polygonacese, after which he gives an
account of investigations on their germination.
It was found that the germination of Rumex crispus, Fagopyrum esculcntum,
PolygoncUa articulata, and Polygonum scandens shows that the aleuroue layer
has pi'esumably a digestive function, secreting a ferment which converts the
insoluble starch of the endosperm into a foi-m available for the germinating
embryo. The cells of the layer become much enlarged, and in Kumex, Poly-
gonella, and Polygonum this inci'ease in size of the aleuroue layer causes the
micropylar portion to appear outside the seed coats. In Rumex and Fagopyrum,
the absorbed carbohydrate is temporarily reconverted into starch in the tissues
of the germinating embryo, the cotyledons being the principal storage organs.
The significance of radio-activity in physiology, J. Stoklasa (Ccntbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 40 {1914), No. 11-13, pp. 266-280).— This is mainly a synthetic
review of the results of studies continued by the author and several collaborators
during the past seven years, some of which have already been noted (B. S. R.,
28, p. 731 ; 29, p. 130 ; 30, p. 524). The leading motive of these studies is to dis-
cover in what ways radio-activity is related to metabolic processes in plants
with or without chlorophyll, that is, bacteria, yeasts, and higher plants (includ-
ing germination, growth, and respiration of these last). The conclusions
reached are presented in considerable detail.
Photosynthesis in submerged land plants, H. Y. Heimburger (Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1912, pp. 95-98). — According to the author a number of land plants
are able to carry on photosynthesis when submerged in water, Melilotus alba
and Ncpcta catana showing considerable evolution of gas when so submerged. A
number of other species are noted as able to carry on this process under abnor-
mal conditions, but with less evolution of gas than in the species above
mentioned.
FIELD CROPS.
A biological and statistical analysis of the vegetation of a typical wild
hay meadow, A. B. Stout {Trans. Wis. Acad, Sci., Arts, and Letters, 17 {1913),
pt. 1, pp. 405-470, pis. 6). — In this article the author reviews investigations of
other workers along this line, and gives the results of his study of the marsh
formations of the region about the city of Madison, Wis., by analysis of the
flora by statistical methods with the aim of obtaining the numerical relations
and the relative importance of the various species as they are grouped in such
association.
The plants other than Eleocharis species in every other foot of a 4-in. strip
2,300 ft. in length, were counted, and a list of species growing on this strip is
330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
given. The total population of the transect of this marsh is given as 52,377,
Carex species constituting 63 i)er cent, grasses 24 per cent, Carex stricta 40 per
cent, and Calamaf/ro.sds canademis 18 per cent. The growth habits of the plant
association are described and discussed. Some space is devoted to the dis-
cussion of geographical distribution of the species and of the distribution of
marsh meadows in North America.
The range of the depth of the water table of the area under observation was
from a few inches to 3 ft. or more. The results of a series of pot experiments
to test the influence of the graund water level and to determine whether there
is a correlation between the depth of the water table and the root and shoot
development are given. Alsike clover, redtop, timothy, and bluejoint plants
were grown in peat soils in which the water tables were maintained (1) at
the surface of the soil, (2) 4 in., (3) 8 in., (4) 12 in., (5) 24 in., and (6) 30
in. below the surface of the soil. Each si>ecies was grown in each cylinder.
The result " shows that under the conditions given the roots of all the species
tested can extend below the water level and make a vigorous growth in the
water saturated soil. The best general plant development was in cylinders 3
and 4 where the roots had a zone of soil 8 and 12 in. thick above the water
table. In these, root development was more extensive than was the case in
cylinders 5 and 6 where there was much deeper water tables. There is, how-
ever, a marked uniformity in the root development in cylinders 2, 3, 4, 5, and
6, irrespective of the wide differences in the water level.
" In cylinder 1 all the plants made a dense mat-like growth of roots in
the surface 2 in. of soil below which there was relatively little root gi'owth.
While redtop and bluejoint sent roots down into the water to a depth of 17
and 20 in. these roots did not branch much. In the other cylinders there was no
marked zonal distribution of the roots although there were relatively more
roots in the upper layers. . . .
" The greatest differences between the four species in any one cylinder was
seen in No. 1. The bluejoint and redtop showed a marked ability to develop
with the water level at the surface but this was unfavorable for their best
development.
" In cylinder 6 none of the roots extended to the water level, which was
21 ft. below the surface, and the growth that each species here made was sur-
passed in at least one other cylinder. This indicates that the water level suit-
able for the maximum development has been passed and that no better growth
can be expected with a still lower water table."
The conclusions were as follows:
" There is sharp correlation between root and shoot development. There
is poor development when the water level is constantly at the surface.
There is a marked development of roots in water-soaked soil when the water
level stands at 4, 8, and 12 in. A high water table (not above 4 in.) is not
prohibitive to the growth of these plants, but rather is favorable for the best
growth."
A bibliography of 25 titles is appended.
A study of the development of the most important meadow grasses in the
first vegetative year, E. Sinz {.Jour. Landic, 62 {191^). No. 3, pp. 197-233,
pis. 4)- — This describes and gives some I'esults of work carried on at Gottingen
in pot cultures with 11 common grasses. Tabulated data on the plants thus
grown show the green and air-dried weights, percentage of dry substance and
of nitrogen in both the tops and the roots, and the ratio of tops to roots during
the first season's growth. In some cases the amounts of nitrate of soda
applied as a fertilizer were varied.
FIELD CROPS. 331
It is noted that by far the strongest growth of 2-months old plants was made
by Lolium perenne, L. italicum, and Fcstuca pratensis. Two-month-old plants
ranged in individual weight from 0.024 gm. (Cynosurus cristatus) to 0.837
(L. italicum) for tops, and from 0.0035 gm. (Poa pratensis) to 0.2S2 gm.
(L. italicum) for roots. The length of roots of the various plants ranged
from 0.3 cm. with P. pratensis to 31 cm. with L. perenne. The largest root
quantity was shown by L. perenne, L. italicum, F. pratensis, Avena elatior, and
Dactylis glomerata.
Three cuttings were made during this first season. It is noted that in general
with the strong-rooted varieties the root growth increased with the number of
cuttings, but with the weak-rooted varieties, as the Poas, the root mass was
reduced when the cutting.s increased.
The range of ratios of tops to roots computed from yields of three cuttings
(July 20, September 14, and November 7) from a series that had been planted
on June 13, is shown to be from 1.25 : 1 with F. ovina to 4.75 : 1 with Phlcum
pratense. In another series planted June 26 similar ratios ran from 1.37 with
D. glomerata to 5.23 with P. pratense. The observed characteristics and phe-
nomena, including the relations of root growth to top growth as influenced by
the number of cuttings, the nitrogen content as influenced by the various nitro-
gen applications, and the character of the root systems of the different varieties
including color and physiological relations, are discussed.
The grasses are finally arranged in the following four groups according to
their productive ability: "(a) L. perenne, L. italicum, F. pratensis, A. elatior;
(b) D. glomerata, P. pratense, Alopecurus; (c) Poa triviaUs, Agrostis stoloni-
fera, Cyuosurus; (d) F. ovina, P. pratensis." Results of germination tests of
seeds of these varieties of grasses are also given and discussed to considerable
length.
Accumulated fertility in grass land in consequence of phosphatic manur-
ing, W. SoMERViLLE (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 6, pp. 481-^92,
pi. 1). — In order to study the effect of applications of phosphatic manures
(notably basic slag) that have been made to grass land during the past 20 to
30 years, pots were filled with soil from the treated and untreated land in
several centers in England and oats, as a first crop, was grown. This article
describes this experiment and gives the results.
Data show the treated soil from four centers to have given an increase in total
yield of 153, 124, 31, and 15 per cent, respectively, over the untreated soils. The
amount of such improvement, it is noted, will depend on the amount of phos-
phate used, the time during which it has acted, and the inherent suitability of
the land to respond to phosphates. " While it would appear that the accumu-
lated fertility is partly due to phosphatic residues, it is certainly due in most
part to the secondary effects of the phosphates, of which the accumulation of
humus, including the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, is probably the most
important."
Study of chemical composition of grasses and clovers at different ripening'
stages, K. Rordam (K. Danske Vidensk. Sclsk. Skr., Naturvidcnsk. og Math.
Aid., 7. ser., 10 {1913), No. h, pp. 363-426; ahs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chem., 43 {1914),
No. 8, pp. 530-534)- — A report is given of a study of the composition of Lolium
italicum. Arena elatior, Bromus arvensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis,
Trifolium rubrum, Lotus corniculata, and Anthyllis rulneraria, as hay har-
vested in early June and as threshed straw harvested in July and August. It
is noted that in general both grasses and clovers gave a higher percentage of
dry matter in the air-dried substance of their straw than of their hay. Dac-
tylis glomerata was the only exception.
332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The clovers were found to contain large quantities of lime and magnesia,
the grasses of silica and potash, while both classes of plants were fairly uni-
form in phosphoric acid. Both grasses and clovers showed a lower content of
Si02, CaO, MgO, K2O, and I^Ob in the straw than in the hay. The ratio of
MgO : CaO is given as 1 : 32 for the grasses and as 1 : 7.1 for the clovers. Tabu-
lated analyses showing the content of ash, crude fat, protein, amid substances,
invert sugar, free pentosan, cutin-free pectocellulose, and cutin, are given.
Green manuring and cover crops, W. P. Bkooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ.
87 {WUf), pp. 6). — This circular attempts to indicate briefly the possible benefits
from the use of green manure and cover crops, and the principal reasons there-
for, and to consider the special characteristics, value, and adaptation of each
of the following crops : Winter rye, buckwheat, white mustard, rape, vetches,
field peas, crimson clover, red clover, sweet clover, soy beans, and cowpeas.
The conditions under which green manuring would be advisable are briefly
discussed.
The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1913, S. H. Hastings
(U. S. Dept. Ag>\, Bur. Plant Iniiis., Work San Antonio Expt. Farm, 1913,
pp. 1-9, 11-15, figs. 3). — This reports continued work in rotation and tillage
experiments conducted at the San Antonio, Tex., experiment farm previously
noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 31).
It is noted that on account of the favorable results obtained with Dwarf mllo
maize, it has been introduced into several rotations instead of corn. Four
years' experience has shown the undesirability of growing cowpeas as a summer
crop after oats or corn, on account of summer drought. Field peas (Canada)
are shown to have been a highly satisfactory winter cover crop and green ma-
nure. It is mentioned that Sudan grass has been introduced into a 3-yeai'
rotation. The yields of crops in rotation are noted as being generally high for
1913 and uniformly higher than when the same kind of crops have been grown
continuously on the same land. Results from subsoiling are noted as having
been indifferent or negative and fallowing gave results similar to previous
years.
In the experiments on the spacing of cotton plants, it is observed that " closer
spacing of the plants in the row lias been adopted in the field plantings at the
station, with results which seem to justify the more extensive use of this
method in the section. The distance apart which the plants have heretofore
been spaced was 24 in., but this distance has been reduced to 12 in. or less."
In experiments on the spacing of milo maize, it was found that spacing had
compartively little effect on the yields, but the highest yields were obtained
from relatively close spacing. The most important effect of spacing was the
decreased number of heads and of tillers per plant when the plants were rela-
tively close together within the row. " The benefit derived from having few
tillers lies in the fact that few tillers favor early and uniform maturity. On
June 28, when 90 per cent of the heads on the close-spaced plants (those left
unthinned and those thinned to 2 in.) were ripe, less than 70 per cent of the
heads on the wider spaced plants had reached maturity. Early and uniform
maturity lessens the danger of damage by the sorghum midge, and the results
obtained in 1913 strongly indicate that closer spacing than has usually been
practiced will result in earlier and more uniform maturity."
Results of variety tests with cotton, grain sorghums, and corn, are also given.
The work of the Umatilla reclamation project experiment farm in 1913,
R. W. Allen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm,
1913, pp. 1-5, 9, 10-12, 13, 14, figs. 2). — This publication gives an account of the
work carried on jointly by the Oregon Station and this Department at the
FIELD CROPS. 333
Umatilla experiment farm located about two miles north of Hermiston, Oreg.,
and along the same general lines as that of 1912 (E. S. R., 29. p. 540). Climatic,
agricultural, and market conditions of the project are discussed, as well as
soil-fertility experiments, green manure crops, irrigation methods, and extension
work.
Variety tests of potatoes gave yields up to 142.4 bu. per acre (by American
Wonder). A variety test of peanuts gave yields up to 28.4 bu. per acre (by
African). It is noted that conditions are not favorable for growing peanuts
for commercial purposes. Of seven varieties of com tested for grain and silo
purposes Pride of the North apparently gave the most satisfaction, with a
yield of 5,073 lbs. per acre of cured grain and stover combined.
Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Claek (U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bill. 33 (1914), PP- H, pl- ly fiffs- 7). — This bulletin reports upon the testing and
improvement of cereal varieties that have been carried on since 1907 by the
Bureau of Plant Industry, in cooperation with the North Dakota Station
(B. S. R., 24, p. 725). The soil and climatic conditions at the station are
discussed.
The methods employed in the field experiments are described. Two methods
of determining the comparative or computed yields of the varieties by the use
of check plats were used at various times. The equations employed are given
as a?=a+(& — U) and op—a^^yXb or ab-i-y, wherein a is the actual yield of the
variety, b the average yield of all check plats, x the computed yield of the
variety, and y the assumed yield of the check. The latter is noted as proving
the more satisfactory of the two.
Actual and computed yields of variety tests of over 50 varieties of spring
wheat are given in tabular form. The results show that for the different groups
" the durum, fife, bearded fife, and bluestem varieties I'ank in yield in the
order named. The average actual yield for 6 years (1907-1911 and 1913) of
the 2 leading durum varieties (Kubanka and Arnautka) is 11.5 per cent greater
than the average yield of the 2 leading fife varieties (Ghirka Spring and
Rysting) and 29.4 per cent greater than the average yield of the 2 leading blue-
stem varieties (Crossbred and Haynes). There is little difference in the yield
of the fife and bearded fife varieties."
A few varieties of outstanding merit of each group are described and their
performance discussed.
From a study of the milling and baking qualities of the crops of 1911 and 1913,
the author concludes that " the bluestem group averaged the greatest percentage
of flour, with the durums a close second. The bearded fife and fife varieties
averaged practically the same, the yield being considerably less than that of the
bluestems. The durum variety Kubanka No. 8 gave the highest average per-
centage of flour for any one variety, 73.9 per cent. Bakings, which were made
in duplicate from these flours, showed the volume of the loaf of the bluestem
varieties to be the largest, that of the fife varieties next largest, with the
bearded fife and durums following in the order named. The fife variety White
Fife (C. I. No. 3319) gave the greatest average volume (2,370 cc.) to the loaf."
In testing oats, four groups were recognized, medium early, medium late,
early, and late, and these ranked in point of yield in the order named. " The
average actual yield for the seven years from 1907 to 1913 for the 2 leading
medium-early varieties is 12.5 per cent greater than the average actual yield
of the 2 leading early varieties. For the five years 1908, 1909, and 1911 to 1913,
the average actual yield of the leading medium-early variety is 13 per cent
greater than that of the medium-late variety, 17 per cent greater than that
of the leading early variety, and 36.5 per cent greater than that of the late one.
334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The same relative relation exists between the leading varieties of the different
groups for the four years 1909, 1911-1913, when both the actual and computed
yields can be compared."
The leading varieties in each group of oats are described.
In the experiments with barley, three groups were recognized, 2-rowed hulled,
6-rowed hulled, and G-rowed naked. A summary of the test shows that " the
2-rowed barleys have outyielded the G-rowed in all the years they have been
tested. In a 5-j'ear period (1908-1911 and 1913) the 2 leading 2-rowed varieties
have an actual average yield 34 per cent greater than that of the 2 leading
G-rowed hulled varieties and 75 per cent greater than that of the G-rowed
naked vareity. In the 4 years 1909-1911 and 1913, the average actual yield of
the leading 2-rowed variety is 32 per cent greater than that of the leading
G-rowed hulled variety, and 7G per cent greater than that of the G-rowed naked
variety. The average computed yield of the leading 2-rowed variety for the
same period is 25 per cent greater than that of the leading G-rowed hulled
variety and 58 per cent greater than that of the naked variety."
Of all the varieties tested, the 2-rowed varieties Hannchen and Svanhals
have proved best adapted to the conditions at Dickinson. The leading variety
under each of the three groups is described. Brief notes on the tests of
other cereals, emmer, rye, flax, proso, and some grain sorghums, are also given.
A brief account of nursery trials and pure-line selections showing the pos-
sibilities of improvement of cereals for the Dickinson territory is given.
In summarizing the experiments the author points out that spring varieties
of all cereals, except rye, are better adapted to this region than winter varieties;
that Kubanka is the leading variety of durum and Ghirka of fife wheats; and
that the Early Mountain variety of oats has given the highest actual yield
for the 7 years, 54.1 bu. per acre, but on 4-year and 5-year averages, the Golden
Rain has given the highest average yield.
Growth of maize seedlings in relation to temperature, P. A. Lehenbaueb
(Abs. in Physiol. Researches, 1 (19U), :So. 5, pp. 2^7-288, figs. 3).— "In the
experiments here discussed an attempt has been made to keep all the conditions
for growth considerably more uniform than has usually been the case with
earlier investigations of this sort. Maize seedlings were used, grown practi-
cally in darkness and with approximately constant temperature. The relative
humidity of the air was always very close to 95 per cent. Due attention was
also given to the time factor in its relation to the rates of growth at the differ-
ent temperatures. Measurements of the growth increments of the shoots were
hourly in most cases, and observation was continued for periods ranging in
length from 12 to 39 hours. The main results and conclusions brought out by
a study of the detailed data presented in the tables, are summarized below.
" The somewhat widely accepted idea that the curve of growth in relation to
temperature shows two optima is not at all substantiated . . . The optimum
temperature for growth of shoots of maize seedlings in water culture, for a
12-hour period, is shown to be 32° C. [89.G° F.].
" The optimum temperature for growth, under these conditions, is found to
change as the length of the period of exposure is altered.
"At high temperatures (31° and above), for shoots of maize seedlings under
these experimental conditions the initial growth-rate is not maintained, there
being a marked falling off in this rate during prolonged periods of exposure.
This decrease in the growth rate with prolonged periods at high temperatures
makes it necessary to consider the length of the periods for which average
growth rates are obtained, in defining the optimum for growth of these shoots.
Indeed, it appears that the term optimum temperature for growth, in this case
at least, is quite without meaning unless the length of the period of exposure
FIELD CROPS. 335
is definitely stated. The fall in growtli rate here brought out is similar to the
decrease in rate of certain other physiological processes under the influence of
high temperatures during prolonged periods.
"At temperatures near the minimum (12-14°) for the growth of shoots of
maize seedlings under the conditions here employed, no decrease iu the growth
rate is shown, even with rather prolonged periods of exposure.
"The growth rate at medium temperatures accords with the van't Hoff law,
showing a doubling of the rate for each rise of 9 or 10° C."
Fertilizers for potatoes, W. P. Brooks (Massachuftctts Sta. Circ. 42 (1914),
pp. //). — A revision of Circular 2^^, previously noted (E. S. R.. 23, p. 731).
On the "dead grains" of rice, G. Silvestri (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome],
1 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 212, 2i3).— This article discusses the appearance and
methods of separating the so-called "dead" or immature grains found in rice,
which it is stated often reach 25 per cent of the harvest. An analysis of this
inferior rice is given as moisture 15.01, ash 1.74, protein 7.18, starch 66.4, and
fat, cellulose, and undetei-niined matter 9.67 per cent.
Perennial rye grass seed, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], S
(1914), No. 6, pp. 619-639, figs. 70).— This is a profusely illustrated article
giving results of a study of the perennial rye-grass seed industry of New Zea-
land, including data as to bushel weight, purity, presence of ergot, germination,
and adulteration. An illustrated list of 63 adulterating seeds is given.
It is noted that " the average yield is about 500 lbs. per acre of undressed
seed, but in seasons when bad weather is exijerienced the average may not
exceed 400 lbs., while in exceptionally favorable years the yield may be as high
as 650 lbs. In individual cases over 1,200 lbs. per acre may be harvested, but
these are really exceptional, and are mainly restricted to crops from young
pasture."
The grain sorghums, O. O. Churchill and A. H. Wright (Oklahoma Sta.
Bui. 102 (1914), PP- 70, figs. 31). — This bulletin discusses grain sorghums with
special reference to Oklahoma conditions and treats of their history, distribu-
tion, classification, seed and seed selection, standard of perfection, soils and
soil management, methods of cultivation, harvest, rotation, storing, handling,
and uses, including composition of the grain, insect enemies, and diseases.
In discussing moisture requirements the results of pot experiments are given
that show the influence of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 per cent water content of
soil on Kafir corn, milo maize, corn, broom corn, and oats. Practically no
growth with broom corn or oats occurred in the pots containing 5 or 10 per
cent of moisture.
" In all series the amount of water required to produce a pound of dry matter
decreased as the water content approached 25 per cent. This is approxi-
mately 55 per cent of the total water-holding capacity of the soil. The amount
of water required to produce a pound of dry matter increased above this per
cent. This indicates that plants make the most economical use of water in this
soil when the moisture content is about 20 per cent. . . .
" From 15 to 30 per cent moisture the growth increased nearly in proportion
to the increase in moisture present. The plants grown in soil containing 40
per cent moisture did not show any decided increase in dry matter over those
grown in 30 per cent. . . .
" The sorghums grew and produced well with 15 per cent of water in the soil.
" This test indicates that Kafir and milo will grow and produce fair crops
when the water content of the soil is too low for the production of com."
In a series of pot tests run to determine the wilting coefficient of corn, oats,
Kafir corn, milo maize, and cowpeas, the recorded results show that it requires
a longer period of time for the grain sorghums to reach the wilting point than
336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
it (Joes oats and corn. Cowpeas were next to the grain sorghums in this respect.
Oats removed more of the moisture from the soil before wilting than any other
plants grown, cowpeas ranked next to oats, com third, Kafir corn fourth, while
milo maize left more of the moisture in the soil at its wilting point than any of
the other crops.
From the wilting coefficient for the plants as determined, it is shown that
the drought-resistant character of the grain sorghums is not directly due to
their ability to use the soil moisture down to the lowest extent.
When two kinds of plants were grown together in the same soil mass, corn
died before oats, Kafir corn, and milo maize, and in one case it died before
cowpeas. Kafir corn grown in combination with other crops was in every case
the last to die.
In experiments regarding the depth of plowing, it is noted that " soils of a
silty character were plowed to a depth of 5, 10, and 15 in. Just previous to the
plowing each year samples were taken to a depth of 15 in. in each series. In
each case for 3 successive years it was found that the soils which were plowed
to a depth of 15 in. were just as hard and compact in structure as those which
were plowed to a depth of 5 in. There was no residual effect upon the soil from
deep plowing. The effect entirely disappeared at the end of the first season.
It may be further stated that in plowing the second and third years the
5-in. plowed plats were just as easily turned as were the 10 and 15-in. plowed
plats. This leads us to believe that extra deep plowing, that is. over 7 in., is
not profitable on this type of soil."
It is noted as results of trials, that Kafir corn should be planted about April
10 in the southern part of Oklahoma and about May 20 in the northern part.
Feterita and milo maize may be planted about ten days later than Kafir com.
The crops on the experimental sugar-cane fields, 1913, J. B. Harrison,
C. K. Bancroft, and R. Ward {Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 8 {191^), No. 1-2,
pp. 45-57). — This article gives results of variety, manurial, and cultural tests
with sugar cane.
In a study of the effect of manures, the mean returns on 39 varieties as ratoon
canes with normal and high manurings, 300 lbs. and 450 lbs. of sulphate of am-
monia per acre respectively, were 19 and 22.5 tons per acre respectively, as
compared with 11.1 tons from the untreated area. Sulphate of ammonia is
noted as a better source of nitrogen than nitrate of lime, niti'olime, or nitrate
of soda, the mean annual increases for four years by the use of 60 lbs. of nitro-
gen in the various forms being 9.4, 6.7, 5.9, and 4 tons of cane per acre over
the untreated area. The use of dried blood is noted as being far from satis-
factory.
It is shown that in normal seasons the addition to sulphate of ammonia of
sulphate of potash and supeuphosphates of lime actually reduced the yield. The
addition of phosphates to nitrogen fertilizers produced increased yields, but
these increases were not remunerative. Molasses in 100-. 200-. and 300-lb. rates
has given negative results with cane (E. S. R., 30, p. 822). No advantage was
shown by the partial sterilization of the soil by the application of chlorinated
lime, yields being lower this year on the treated plats.
"Winter-wheat varieties for the eastern United States. C. E. Leighty ( V. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 616 {1914), pp. 14, figs. 6). — This deals principally
with the soft red and soft white winter wheats adatped to the eastem half of
the United States, and discusses the two transition zones, the one chiefly in
northern Iowa and southern Minnesota between the district which grows only
winter and that which grows only spring wheat; the other in southern Iowa,
southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and northern-cen-
HOETICULTUBE, 337
tral Texas between the districts adapted to the hard red winter wheats and the
soft red winter wheats. The varieties of soft red winter wheat and of soft
white winter wheat best adapted for each State of the different sections of the
country under discussion are enumei'ated.
A classification is given of the adapted varieties, grouped according to some
of the most obvious and most easily determined characters.
Some Kentucky weeds and poisonous plants, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta.
Bui. 183 (1914), PP- 255-339, pl.i. 43). — This lists and describes some poisonous
plants and weeds found in pasture land and meadow fields in Kentucky, and
notes ergot and corn molds as sources of trouble for cattle.
HORTICULTURE.
[Report on horticultural work at the San Antonio station, 1913], S. H.
Hastings (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indtis., Work San Antonio Expt. Farm,
1913, pp. 9, 10, figs. 2). — A brief statement of progress made in cultural and
variety tests of fruits and ornamentals.
Owing to late spring frosts there was practically no fruit crop. The Gonzales
plum set a heavy crop and is considered the most reliable variety that has been
under trial. The Rusk citrange fruited for the first time in 1913 and is
believed to be particularly well adapted to San Antonio conditions. Of nine
varieties of pomegranates the San Pipetos, De Jative, and Dessla varieties have
produced the best fruits. A test of the resistance of various stocks to adverse
soil conditions indicates that by the use of proper stocks many fruits hereto-
fore considei*ed not adapted to local conditions may be produced and also that
many new fruits may be added to the list. The stocks receiving special atten-
tion are peaches, grapes, walnuts, plums, persimmons, and pears.
[Horticultural investigations at the Umatilla experiment farm, Oregon,
in 1913], R. W. Allen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla
Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 6-9, 12, IS, fig. 1). — ^A brief progress report on cultural
and variety tests of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals (E. S. R., 29, p. 540),
including lists of kinds which have thus far proved promising.
Cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, rape, and other crucifers, W. P. Brooks
{Massachusetts Sta. Circ. SS {1914), PP- 4)- — Ttiis circular contains practical
instruction for soil management and fertilization in growing the above crops.
Suggested rules for naming garden vegetables (Nebr. Hort., 4 {1915), No.
11, pp. 1, 2). — This comprises the report of the committee on nomenclature and
varieties adopted by the Vegetable Growers' Association of America, Philadel-
phia, October, 1914.
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles, W. J. Bean (London, 1914,
vols. 1, pp. XVI+688, pis. 36, figs. 124; 2, pp. VI-\-136, pis. 28, figs. 136).— Part 1
of this work contains historical notes relative to the introduction of trees and
shrubs into the British Isles, and discusses the propagation, culture, and care
of trees and shrubs. Trees and shrubs showing various distinctive character-
istics with reference to their appearance and to their adaptability for different
soils and situations are grouped together and discussed. A select bibliography
of trees and shrubs is given.
Part 2 comprises a descriptive list of all the species and more important
varieties of hardy woody plants established in cultivation, with notes on their
distinctive characters, garden value, and culture.
Practical manual of fruit culture, E. Durand (Manuel pratique de Culture
Fruitidre. Paris and Montpellier, 1912, pp. X+575, figs. 348).— In part 1 of
this manual consideration is given to the general principles of fruit growing.
338 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
Part 2 deals with the specific culture of various orchard aud small fruits in
France. The concluding chapter discusses harvesting, conservation, and uses
of fruits, including the construction and management of storehouses.
Minnesota state fruit breeding' farm in 1914, C. Haralson (Minn. Hort.,
43 {11)15), No. 1, pp. 19-25, figs. 3). — A popular progress report of work at the
Minnesota fruit breeding and testing farm. As a result of the plant breeding
to date, two varieties of everbearing strawberries, several June-bearing varie-
ties, seven varieties of grapes, seven of raspberries, two of gooseberries, and
sixteen of plums have been originated and ai'e believed to be worthy of trial,
whether for commercial purposes or for private use.
An experiment in dry-land orcharding, B. Mackensen {Bui. 8ci. 8oc. San
Antonio, Tex., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 35-43, pis. 2). — In the experiment herfe
described the author planted a small orchard about 11 years ago on a dry hill-
side near San Antonio, Tex. The orchard has been grown without the use of
irrigation water other than that caught by a series of ditches during rain
storms.
The results in general indicate that orcharding without irrigation in the San
Antonio region is a risky undertaking, although certain well-acclimated varie-
ties may be grown by conserving the storm waters, providing thorough tillage
and other up-to-date orchard practices are employed.
Directions for sending' fruits for identification, J. K. Shaw {Massachusetts
Sta. Circ. 46 {1914), pp. 4)- — This circular contains rules for the guidance of
those desiring to submit specimens of fruits or nursery stock to the station for
identification or for any other purpose.
Lime and sulphur solutions, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 39
{1914), pp. 4). — ^A revision of Circular 31 of the same series (E. S. R., 26, p.
741) containing practical directions for the preparation of homemade lime-
sulphur mixtures.
The cherry, F. Peneveyee {Le Cerisier. Paris and Villefranche {Rhone),
[1914], PP- 6i, figs. 22). — A small popular French treatise on the propagation,
culture, and care of cherry trees.
Growing peaches: Sites, propagation, planting, tillage, and maintenance
of soil fertility, H. P. Gould {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 631 {1915),
pp. 24, figs. 8). — This is the first of a series of three farmers' bulletins dealing
with the general subject of peach growing. In the preparation of the series
the author has freely consulted the more important experiment station literature
on the subject, as well as many other sources of information. The present
bulletin discusses the phases noted in the title. U. S. Census statistics rela-
tive to peach growing in the United States are also given.
Growing peaches: Pruning, renewal of tops, thinning, interplanted crops,
and special practices, H. P. Gould {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 632 {1915),
pp. 23, figs. 19). — In continuation of the above, the present publication discusses
a number of other fundamental peach orchard operations as listed in the title.
Growing peaches: Varieties and classifications, H. P. Govtld {U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Farmeis' Bui. 633 {1914), PP- 13). — This is the third of the series on peach
growing as noted above. The author here presents lists of peach varieties
showing the approximate dates and sequence of ripening in different sections
arranged by States and counties. The classification of peaches into races is
also briefly considered, including information on the general regional distribu-
tion of the different races.
A new walnut, E. B. Babcock {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 40-45,
figs. 4). — A popular account of the author's investigations and conclusions with
reference to the origin of the Quercina walnut (E. S. R., 32, p. 46),
FORESTRY. 339
The coconut, E. B. Copbxand (London, 19 U, pp. XIV-212, pis. 19, fig. 1). — A
popular treaties on the coconut with special reference to Philippine conditions.
The subject matter is discussed under the general headings of the origin of the
coconut, physiology, climate and soil, diseases and pests, selection and treatment
of seed, field culture, and coconut products.
The economic properties of some hardy ornamental fruits, W. Dallimobe
{Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 9 (19U), pp. 339-3^/5 ).— Popular
notes are given relative to the economic use of the fruits of various ornamentals.
Garden notes on new trees and shrubs, W. J. Bean (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew,
Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 6 {19U), pp. 201-205, pis. 2).— Descriptive notes
are given on a number of new rhododendrons being tested at the Kew Gardens.
The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden, G. C.
Thomas, Jr. (Philadelphia and London, 1914, pp. 157, pis. 104). — A popular
treatise dealing particularly with rose growing In the approximate climate of
the Middle Atlantic States. In addition to cultural directions lists are given of
various types of roses which have been systematically tested for a number of
years. The text Is acoompanied by color photographs made from the varieties
tested.
Sweet peas for profit, J. H. Dick (New York, 1914, PP- 141, figs. 42). — A prac-
tical guide to commercial sweet pea growing, both under glass and outdoors.
FORESTRY.
Norway pine in the Lake States, T. S. Woolsey, Jb. and H. H. Chapman
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 139 (1914), PP- 42, pls. 6, fig. i).— This bulletin discusses
the Norway pine with reference to its importance, range, requirements upon
soil, moisture, and climate, botanical characteristics and life history, forest
types, associating species, supply and cut, grades, prices, markets, uses, and
management.
The subject matter is based upon field work conducted under the supervision
of the authors, together with data collected by correspondence. A number of
volume tables are appended.
Pine plants and seed from dissimilar habitats, G. Schotte (Skogsvdrdsfor.
Tidskr., No. 12 (1914), pp. 727-773, figs. 18).— A contribution relative to the
influence of environment on forest seed, based on investigations conducted
under the direction of the Swedish Forest Experiment Station. The author
presents comparative data showing the growth performance of pine seedlings
raised from seed procured from different districts in Swedish and several other
European countries.
Basket willow culture, G. N. Lamb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 622
(1914), PP- S4, figs. 24). — This discusses the different varieties of basket willows
and methods of willow growing which have been found most satisfactory as a
result of experiments conducted at the Forest Service willow farm at Arlington,
Va., and a study of willow holts established throughout the country. The
opportunities for marketing the products of the holt, and the cost of establish-
ment and maintenance, are also discussed.
The important vegetable products of the French Colonies. — I, Rubber,
E. Pebrot (Les Grands Produits V6g6taux des Colonies frangaises. I, Le
Caoutchouc. Paris, 1914, PP- 101, pis. 12, figs. 24). — A monograph on the botany,
culture, and preparation of rubber with special reference to the present status
and future development of the rubber industry in the French colonies.
Manurial experiments with young rubber at Euala Lumpur, F. G. Spbing
(Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 9-14).— Data are given on
80967°— No. 4 — 15 4
340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the third season's results with various combinations of lime, nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potash. Generally speaking a somewhat increased growth has
resulted from fertilization thus far, although no deductions as to the economic
value of the fertilizers can be made until the trees have been tapped for some
time.
Studies on the application of stereophotogrammetry for forest geodetic
purposes, 11. Dock (Centbl. Gesam. Forstic, 39 {1913), Nos. 11, pp. Ji8-'f-497,
figs. 5; 12, pp. 529-547, figs. 9). — An exposition on the use of a field photothe-
odolite for making various forest measurements.
Instructions for appraising stumpage on National Forests (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Foreftt Serv., hxstructions for Appraising Stumpage on 'National Forests
(19H), pp. 70). — The instructions herein given supplement the Timber Sales
Manual (E. S. R., 26, p. 340). They are meant to standardize the principles
and methods followed in stumpage appi'aisals upon National Forests and are
for the exclusive use of National Forest officers.
Annual report on the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for 1912—
13, HuKAM Chand (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Ajmer-Merwara, 1912-13, pp.
3-\-30). — A report similar to the above relative to the administration of the
state forests of Ajmer-Merwara for 1912-13.
Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras
Presidency for the twelve months ending June 30, 1913, A. W. Lusiiington,
H. B. Bryant, J. S. Battie, F. A. Lodgk, and F. C. L. Cowley-Brown (Ann.
Admin. Rpt. Forest Dept. Madras, 1913, pp. 90 +C XX XV +17). —This comprises
the usual progress report on the administration and management of the state
forests in the Northern, Central, Southern, and Western Circles of the Madras
Presidency, together with a report of the Madras Forest College for the year
ended June 30, 1913. Data relative to forest areas, forest surveys, working
plans, silvicultural operations, yields, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended
in tabular form.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The organization in various countries of the service for the protection of
plants, J. M. Saulnier (Le Sci'vice de Protection dcs Plantes dans les Divers
Pays. Rome: Inst. Intemat. Agr., 191^, 3. ed., pp. XVI +355, pi. 1). — This is a
revised edition of a previous publication (E. S. R., 31, p. 145), the number of
countries now reported being 42.
Control of crop diseases in Nebraska, E. M. Wilcox (A7in. Rpt. Nebr. Corn
Improvei-s' Assoc., 5 (1914), PP- 69-S4, figs. 8). — This is a brief discussion of
fungus diseases, chiefly rusts and smuts of cereals in Nebraska as at present
known, including modes of infection, life history, and control.
Scientific and technical studies on plant diseases (Bol. 2Iin. Agr., Indus, e
Com. [Kome], 8er. B, 13 (1914), ^'o. 2, pp. 38-^9).— This is a brief account of
the work of the station for vegetable pathology at Rome since 1SS7. with a list
of publications thereof, also an account of treatments tested by the school of
pomology and horticulture at Florence for diseases and animal enemies of
orchard, garden, and ornamental plants, and a list of publications on vegetable
pathology of the school of viticulture and enology at Avellino.
The diseases and injuries of tropical cultivated plants and their control,
F. Zacher (Die wicJitigstcn Krankheiten iind Schddlinge der tropischen Kultur-
pflanzen nnd Hire Bckdmpfung. Hamburg, 1914, vol. 1, pp. VIII+152, figs. 58). —
In this volume, which is the first of a series treating of plant diseases and
other injuries to tropical plants, the author describes general injuries to culti-
vated plants and the diseases and insect pests of cotton, cacao, coffee, and tea.
Subsequent volumes are to include similar accounts of other tropical crops.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 341
Notes on the nomenclature of some rusts, J. Ramsbottom (Brit. Mycol. Soc.
Trans., 4 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 331-340). — The author discusses the synonymy of a
number of species of rusts, calling attention to the errors in this respect in two
recent books by Grove and Massee (E. S. R., 30, p. 745).
A new gymnosporangial connection, P. D. Fkomme (Mycologia, 6 (1914),
No. 5, pp. 226-230). — The author reports another exception to the. formerly
assumed restriction of fecial stages of Gymnosporangium to the family Rosacese,
previous exceptions having been noted by Arthur (E. S. R., 26, p. 645).
Observations and inoculations have now, it is claimed, extended the list to
Include the Myricaceaj by establishing the identity of JEcidium myricatum with
0. ellisii. A description is given of the new combination under the name G.
myricatum.
Observations on pure cultures of some Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes,
F. T. Bbooks {Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans., 4 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 239-248) .—r>y means
of cultures grown upon wood under sterile conditions the author has succeeded
in reproducing a number of basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi.
In his investigations he found that Chlorosplcnium wruginosum, which occurs
on many species of wood, is undoubtedly the cause of greening of the wood, as
has been claimed. He was also able to associate the Ozonium with Coprinus sp.
from spores transferred to blocks of elm wood.
In addition to the above he has succeeded in producing fruiting forms of
Daldinia conccntrica, Hydnum coralloides, Fomes igniarius pomaceus, and
Pleurotus ostreatus.
Eelworms, W. Laidlaw (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 6, pp. 370-
377, figs. 3). — The author discusses briefly the anatomy and life history of
nematodes, in particular of Heterodcra radicicola in potato. Experiments with
remedial or preventive measures in progress are said to show promise, but are
not yet reported in complete form.
Control of streak disease of barley, Tbitschleb (Illus. Lan&iv. Ztg., 34
(1914), No. 53, pp. 501, 502, fig. 1). — Treatments of winter barley seed for
Pleospora trichostoma (Hetminthosporvum graminetim) with 0.5 per cent cop-
per sulphate, 0.1 per cent formalin, or 0.1 per cent mercuric chlorid, each in
various combinations as regards temperatures of previous soakings in water,
etc., are reported, the results being given in tabular form. The author states
that neither corrosive sublimate nor formalin gave uniformly satisfactory pro-
tection to seed grain without excessive injury to germinability, but that better
results were obtained by soaking the seed in 0.5 per cent copper sulphate,
germinability in this case reaching 92 per cent in sand and 80 per cent in field
tests.
Stinking smut of wheat, H. C. Mijllee and E. Molz (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg.,
63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 204-214)- — Results are given in considerable detail of seed
treatments for protection of wheat against smuts, and of studies on the in-
fluence of seeding time on attack therefrom. Treatment of seed with formalde-
hyde, followed by the cold and hot water treatment, gave a satisfactory degree
of protection without serious injury to germinability.
Parasitic diseases of cultivated composites, L. Mangin (Rev. Hort. [Paris],
86 (1914), ^0. 9, pp. 205-207, figs. 3).— Besides a brief discussion of a few other
fungus diseases, illustrations are given of Bremia lactucce on lettuce, Alhugo
tragopogonis on salsify, and RaniuJaria cynarw on artichoke.
Celery leaf spot disease or blight (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.,
14 (1914), No. 3, pp. 540-543, figs. S).— Symptoms and methods of control of
celery blight are discussed, the latter including the use of guarantied seetl
only, spraying on its first appearance with Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture,
342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the removal and burning of all infected leaves or plants, and the use of fresh
land each season for celery.
Cotton wilt and root knot, W. W. Gilbert iU. 8. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui.
625 (lOl/f), pp. 21, figs. 15). — Popular descriptions are given of the cotton wilt
due to Fusarium va»infectum and the root knot caused by Eeterodera radici-
cola. For their control the author recommends thorough rotation of crops and
the growing of varieties that are known to be resistant to these pests.
Downy mildew of cucumbers, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. C'irc. 40
(1914), pp. 2, fig. 1). — A description Is given of the downy mildew of cucumbers
due to Peronoplasmopara cuhcnsis, which is said to be one of the most trouble-
some pests in cucumber culture under glass.
The author states that the disease is not necessarily difficult to hold in check
if proper attention is paid to the moisture of the house. In no case should
moisture be allowed to remain on the foliage for more than 2 or 3 hours, and
even during the warm months steam should occasionally be turned on so as to
dry out the house and change the air.
The control of onion smut, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 41 (1914),
PP- 4< flff^- 4)- — The author states that positive results on the control of onion
smut have been obtained by applying sulphur at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre
thoroughly mixed with 50 lbs. of air-slaked lime in the drills, or by the appli-
cation of ground lime at the rate of from 75 to 100 bu. per acre. The best re-
sults, however, have been obtained by the use of formalin at the rate of 1 oz.
to 1 gal. of water, or in even weaker solutions, the formalin solution being ap-
plied to the row as the seed is planted. A device for the application of the
formalin is fully described.
Some diseases of the potato. — III, Black scab or warty disease, Ethel M.
DoiDOE (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 50-55, pi 1, figs. 3). —
This is a brief descriptive discussion of the disease known as potato canker, etc.,
due to Synchitrium endohioticum and noted at several points in Europe and
America, but not in South Africa. A map of England showing infected areas is
given. Varieties claimed to be more or less resistant, and also the soil treat-
ment with 1 per cent formalin recommended by Eriksson (E. S. R., 31, p. 82),
are mentioned.
Leaf blotch in the potato, A. S. Hobne (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 39
(1914), No. 3, pp. 595-606, pis. 6, fig. 1). — The author reports in considerable
detail on a continuation of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 750)
as carried out on leaf blotch in the President potato.
It is stated that crops of this variety produced in light sandy soil at Wisley,
in 1912 and 1913, were very small. A considerable proportion of defective
plants occurred, some plants growing only a few inches in height and bearing
only two or three small tubers. Both good and bad plants flowered at "Wisley,
but did not produce seed. Macrosporium soJani was not noted at this place.
Tubers from diseased plants generally transmitted the defect, but one such
tuber placed in different environment produced a plant with good foliage.
Both good and bad plants were produced at Wisley from tubers of medium
size taken from different localities. The tubers were very variable in shape,
size, eye characters, texture, and kind of skin, but occurrence of affected plants
did not appear to be in any way related to these characters or to injuries suf-
fered by the tubers or shoots.
Leaf roll of potatoes and related diseases, R. Schandeb (Fiihling's Landw.
Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 7, pp. 225-243) .—This is a brief general summary of dif-
ferent diseases usually characterized more or less by curling of the leaves, with
a discussion of possible remedial measures therefor, such as breeding, soil selec-
tion and improvement, drainage, cultivation, and spacing.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 343
Leaf roll of potato, G. Kock {Wiener Landw. Ztg., 64 {1914), No. 41, pp. 382,
383, fig. 1). — The author shows the progress of the organism associated with
leaf roll of potato in the vascular system of the stems attacked. It gains en-
trance probably at some superficial wound and spreads finally to or through
the vascular system of the tubers on such shoots, other shoots from the same
parent tuber in some cases remaining free from the disease. A secondary in-
fection may or may not spread from infected tMbers to plants produced there-
from. Tubers borne by infected shoots may be simply weakened without being
actually reached by the fungus.
Spraying potatoes for the prevention of potato disease or late blight, T.
MiLBURN and R. C. Gaut {County Council Lancaster, Ed. Com., Agr. Dept.,
Farmers' Bui. 27 {1914), pp. 25). — Giving methods and results of experiments
during eight years looking to protection of potatoes against late blight {Phy-
tophthora infestans) by the employment of various liquid and dry fungicides,
the authors state that in most cases spraying reduced the loss, especially when
the outbreak occurred late in the summer, and that the crops from sprayed
plats also kept better than others. On the whole, however, spraying is not to
be unreservedly recommended, since especially on stiff, retentive soils and
near manufacturing towns the fungicides in either wet or dry form may spot
and dwarf the foliage and decrease the crop.
Sprayed crops when not greatly injured usually retain their leaves longer
than unsprayed in diseased areas, and thereby yield a larger total crop with a
smaller percentage of brown tubers; but when the tops are injured, crops may
be considerably decreased. No efficient fungicide has as yet been found to be
without at least occasional injury to the potato foliage or crop, but if the dis-
ease appears late the injury is relatively small and is overbalanced by the
benefit. Spraying twice in the season is regarded as causing too much risk
unless the disease appears early and threatens to progress rapidly. On the
whole, the single late spraying as soon as the disease appears on the most sus-
ceptible area has given the best results, but this point is considered to require
further investigation.
The use of Burgundy mixture for Irish blight {Agr. Qaz. N. S. Wales, 25
{1914), No. 1, pp. 48-50). — Though it is said that up to the present time the
most successful method of attacking late blight of potatoes in New South
Wales has been the use of Bordeaux mixture, it is claimed that recent expe-
rience in parts of Ireland has indicated a degree of superiority for Burgundy
mixture for this purpose. Directions are outlined for the preparation and use
of the latter fungicide, with the advantages claimed therefor.
Phytophthora arecse causing a rot of potato tubers, J. Rosenbaum {Phyto-
pathology, 4 {1914), No. 5, p. 387). — As a result of cross-inoculation work with
several species of Phytophthora, the author claims to have found that P. arecce
is able to cause a rot of the potato tuber. The rot caused resembles in every
respect the pink rot previously described as caused by P. erythroseptiea (E. S.
R., 31, p. 543). Comparisons of the two species lead the author to believe that
they are at least closely related, if not identical.
Fungus enemies of the sweet potato in Indiana, C A. Ludwig {Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1912, pp. 103, 104). — According to the author stored sweet potatoes
in Indiana have been found infected with Rhizopus spp., Nectria ipomoew,
Penicillium spp., Diaporthe hatatatis, Sphwronema fim,briatum, and Fusarium
spp.
Blossom-end rot of tomatoes, C. Brooks {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 5,
pp. 345-374, pis. 3, figs. 5). — The results of an extended study on the blossom-
end or point rot of tomatoes, a disease of general occurrence in tlie United
344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
States and also reported from Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, and
various parts of Europe, are given.
A number of causes have been assigned for this disease, but the author's
experiments indicate that it is not primarily due to bacteria or fungi, as is often
claimed. Either excessive watering or a sudden check in the water supply may
produce the di.sease, and certain fertilizers also tend to increase it. Among the
fertilizers that have been found to increase the blossom-end rot are ammonium
sulphate, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, and stable manure. The author is of
the opinion that the increase in the disease from heavy applications of water
and fertilizers is due to the development of harmful humic and ammonium com-
pounds and an accompanying decrease in nitrates.
A bibliography is appended.
On the presence of hibernating mycelium of Macrosporlum solani in
tomato seed. Ivy Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 4
U914), pp. 145, 146, pl- !)• — This is a condensed account of the relations of
M. solani, causing black rot of tomato, to its host. The hyiihse are said to be
of both intercellular and intracellular habit, or they may form a weft of
mycelium surrounding the seed and held in place, despite ordinary cleaning
processes, by hairs of the testa. All seed from diseased fruit is to be rejected.
Bejuvenation of fruit stock, G. Lotrionte (Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, 46 (1913),
No. 11-12, pp. 724-754). — This is a discussion of several treatments designed
for use with diseased or declining olive trees, grapevines, and various other
fruit or ornamental plants, including soil management and use of fungicides and
insecticides. Directions and formulas are indicated in some detail.
Apple cracking and apple branch, blister, P. A. van dee Bijl {Agr. Jour.
Union So. Africa, 8 {1914), No. 1, pp. 64-69, figs. 6). — Noting the existence of
Coniothecium chomatosporum on diseased apples sent in for examination, the
author gives brief illustrated descriptions of the disease, and outlines such
control measures as pruning, spraying in early spring with copper sulphate
(1 lb. to 25 gal. water), and three later sprayings with Bordeaux mixture pre-
pared according to directions given in the proportion of 4 : 4 : 50.
Studies in gummosis and frost injuries of cherry trees. — III, The wound
stimulus theory, P. Soraueb {Landiv. Jahrh., 46 {1914), ^0. 2, pp. 253-273,
pis. 2). — Reviewing results of former studies (B. S. R., 28. p. 549; 31. p. 541),
and also reporting upon recent investigations, the author claims to have shown
to be untenable the theory that wound stimuli, whether of a traumatic or
parasitic nature, necessarily produce gumming. An excess of certain enzyms
may hinder normal cell wall formation, or may remove such structures by
alteration or by solution under conditions of somewhat infrequent occurrence
but not necessarily dependent upon previous injury to the plant.
Peach yellows and little peach, G. G. Atwood {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 61
{1914), pp. 1719-1742, pis. 35). — This includes statistics of diseased orchards
covering 12 years, also a discussion of these diseases as related to fruit, shoots,
and foliage, and graphic illustrations of the changes occurring during the prog-
ress of each disease in several different varieties.
The causation of these diseases has not been determined. It is held that the
two diseases are distinct, being probably found on separate trees, that they
are communicable, and that they spread rapidly from centers of infection, be-
ing transmitted apparently through seeds, buds, and pollen, but not through
soil, even when young trees are planted where old ones showing the disease have
stood. No curative measures have been found. Plums, apricots, almonds, and
nectarines occasionally show symptoms of yellows milder than those noted in
peaches. Neglect or delay quickly causes hea\-y losses, but prompt and
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345
systematic removal of diseased trees (but not of diseased parts) greatly reduces
losses from this cause.
Comparative tests with, sprays against leaf cast of grape, A. Bretschneideb
(Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsio. Osten:, 17 (1914), No. 3-^, pp. 106-118).— Con-
tinuing previous reports (E. S. R., 30, p. 50), the author gives some results of
tests made with a number of commercial fungicides. Including data as to the
cost of materials employed.
Report on cryptogamic diseases of cacao at Mayumba, Vekmoesen (Bui.
Affr. Congo Beige, 5 (191 J,), No. 1, pp. 186-202, fig. i).— This is a brief sys-
tematic discussion of diseases affecting the roots, trunk, leaves, branches, and
fruits of cacao in this region.
Mildew of cacao in the islands of St. Thomas and Principe, J. E. Caevallo
d' Almeida (Bol. Oflc. Sec. Agr. Cuha, 17 (1914), No. 3, pp. 213-216).— ^rieQy
describing the appearance, development, and effects of Phytophthora faberi as
noted in its parasitic connection with cacao, the author states that timely use
of Bordeaux mixture proves very helpful when it is made up in moderate to
high concentrations as described, but that the frequent and abundant rainfall
of these islands necessitates the addition of some adhesive.
Citrus canker, II (Florida Sta. Bui. 124 (1914), PP- 25-53, figs. 9).— An ac-
count is given of the citrus canlier and its introduction into Florida, cause, and
methods of control as far as they have been determined.
History of citrus canker, E. W. Berger (pp. 27-30). — This disease, it is
claimed, was first recognized early in 1913. The first serious outbreak, how-
ever, was noted in a nursery in Dade County in July. The spread of the
disease in other parts of the State as well as in the Gulf States generally is
briefly indicated, and a statement given regarding the means that have been
adopted for its control. From the evidence at hand the fungus seems to have
been introduced from Japan on Citrus trifoliata stock.
Studies of citrus canker, H. E. Stevens (pp. 31-43). — In continuation of a
preliminary account (E. S. R., 31, p. 54) the author describes laboratory and
other studies on the cause of this disease and the conditions under which infec-
tion occurs and spreads. Successful inoculations were made in the fall of 1912
from material which was not then recognized as being different from the scab
common to many citrus species. The fungus is provisionally classed among
the Phyllostictas. While it is closely related to the stem-end rot fungus (Pho-
mopsis cit7-i), it is considered a much more virulent organism. Experiments
are in progress to determine the vitality of the spores and the effect of different
fungicides upon them. The rapidity with which the disease is spread is indi-
cated by the fact that in an inoculation experiment on young shoots of grape-
fruit from a single spot on a leaf in October, 1913, the disease had spread until
at the end of September, 1914, 561 infected leaves had been collected from the
tree.
Eradication of citrus canker, F. Stirling (pp. 44-53). — The author describes
the work that has been undertaken in Florida for the control of citrus canker,
which is considered one of the most serious of citrus diseases. The work as
outlined has been carried on mostly in Dade County. As treating the infected
groves and nursery stock with fungicides or cutting them back and defoliating
has not given satisfactory results, treatment with fire is considered as prob-
ably the only efficient means of control. The method adopted consists of burn-
ing the trees, grass, and soil beneath the trees with a spray of a flaming mixture
of kerosene and crude oil. This is applied with a blow torch and the trees are
quickly burned to a crisp. In a few instances where sprouts came up from the
roots of the trees that had been burned no evidence was found of infection.
346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The varieties of citrus trees in the order of their susceptibility to this disease
are as follows: Grapefruit, Citrus tnfoliaia, Persian lime, Key lime, navel
orange, sweet orange, Satsuma, tangerine, mandarin. King orange, and lemon.
Thus far the caulker has not been observed on any noncitrus plant.
The rot of citrus fruit, G. L. Fawcett {Porto Rico Prog., 8 (191J^), No. 1,
pp. 5-7). — An account is given of an investigation of a rot of citrus fruits
which seriously affects oranges in shipment. The trouble is considered due to
Diplodia natalensis, and the principal sooirce of infection is believed to be in
the grove. To reduce this infection the author recommends the pruning out
and destruction of dead or unhealthy branches and spraying the trees with
fungicides.
Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, II, A. C. Tunstall
(Indian Tea Assoc, Sd. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 1 {lOlJf), pp. 36-39). — In con-
tinuance of previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 55), the author describes Rosellinia
root disease of tea bushes. This is said to be easily controlled by removal of
all dead wood and jungle, exposure of the collars of the surrounding tea bushes,
imprm'ement of drainage, if necessai'y, and treatment of the upi)er 6 in. of the
affected soil with A lb. quicklime per square yard.
Two new Chytridiaceae, P. Hakiot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158
(1914), No. 23, pp. 1705-1707). — Descriptions are given of Cladochytrium mauryi
n. sp., parasitic on leaves of Colchicum autmnnale, and Cladochytrium oUivieri
n. sp., which was found on leaves of Orchis incarnata and 0. laxifiora.
Peridermium cedri as a destructive fung'us, R. S. Tboup (Indian Forester,
40 (1914), No. 10, pp. 469-472, pi. 1).—In a previous' publication (E. S. R., 27,
p. 654) the author called attention to the occurence of witches' brooms on
Deodar due to the fungus P. cedri. Recent observations have shown that the
disease is not only more widely spread than has been hitherto supposed, but
also that it is one of serious importance. In some plantations at least 80 per
cent of the trees were found to be visibly affected.
A contribution to the morphology and life history of Pestalozzia funerea,
J. J. Wenner (Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 375-384, pi. 1, figs. 7).—
Experiments have been conducted to determine the exact relation of P. funerea
to various coniferous hosts, inoculation experiments having been made on
white pine, Norway spruce, and hemlock.
The experiments have proved that this species is parasitic under certain con-
ditions, the most important of which appears to be the presence of a great
amount of moisture in the air. The fungus was able to attack the leaves and
stems of all of the host plants used in the experiments, producing a browning
of the leaves, and followed in some cases by the appearance of superficial
mycelium and the drooping of the young shoots. The shoots finally die and
eventually the whole plant is killed.
In addition to the characteristic conidia of the fungus another spore form
was found, which is said to correspond to a chlamydospore.
For the control of this disease it is recommended that affected seedlings be
destroyed whenever detected, and as a preventive measure that ordinary spray-
ing be adopted.
The expulsion of ascospores from the perithecia of the chestnut blight
fungus (Endothia parasitica), F. D. Heald and R. C. Walton (Amer. Jour.
Bot., 1 (1914), No. 10, pp. 499-521, figs. 2).— A report is given of a study of
various phases of ascospore expulsion under artificial conditions, the experi-
ments having been carried o^it through practically the entire year of 1913.
Under artificial conditions in the laboratory spore expulsion was found to be
inhibited at low temperatures. The optimum temperature for expulsion was
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 347
between 68 and 80° F. These results substantiated the field observations, which
showed a cessation of spore expulsion during the winter period. The perithecia
were found to have an almost phenomenal power of spore production, spores
being expelled from some specimens daily for a period of 168 days, and some
perithecia were still active when the test was discontinued. The necks of the
perithecia were found to play an important part in the mechanics of spore ex-
pulsion. Expulsion was found to occur in a saturated atmosphere, but was
more pronounced when specimens were permitted to di'y out gradually.
A bibliography is appended.
Plane tree leaf scorch, C. C. Bbittlebank (Jour. Dept. Affr. Victoria, 12
{19 U), No. 6, pp. 335, 336, figs. 2).— The author describes this disease as noted
in specimens recently sent from portions of South Australia for examination,
cautioning against confusing this trouble (due to Olwosporium nervisequum)
with a somewhat similar disfigurement due to excessive transpiration caused
by hot, dry winds. The perfect stage has not been observed in Victoria, and
may possibly not occur in the genial climate of this region. Pollarding, in case
of large trees, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture, in case of smaller ones,
are recommended, as is also the destruction of all fallen leaves and diseased
twigs.
The spotting of prepared plantation rubber, A. Shaeples (Dept. Agr. Fed.
Malay States Bui. 19, pp. 31, pis. 4)- — This follows up a preliminary account of
related studies by Bancroft (E. S. R., 29, p. 451).
It is stated that spottiugs and discolorations on plantation rubber are due
in most cases to common saprophytic fungi possessing proteolytic enzyms, four
species receiving more particular attention in this connection, PeiiAciUium
maculans n. sp., Chromosporium crustaceum n. sp., Trichodenna koningi, and
Fusari^im sp. The infection is said to follow inoculation in the field, or under
bad conditions in drying sheds.
Methods of prevention include sterilization of the latex with formalin and
quicker drying of the rubber by the employment of thinner working and the
addition of sodium bisulphite. Dilution with water seems to increase the
tendency to spotting, and this is also true of the addition of coagulant above
the minimum amount necessary for this purpose.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
How to attract birds in northeastern United States, W. L. McAtee ( U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 621 (1914), pp. 15, figs. 11). — This discusses protec-
tion, breeding places, water supply, and means of providing a food supply for
wild birds about the homestead. Charts are given which show the seasons of
fruits attractive to birds and of fruits useful to protect cultivated varieties.
It is the first of a series of publications dealing wih practicable methods of
attracting birds about homes in the various parts of the United States.
Eecent investigations on parasitic and other eelworms, G. E. Johnson
(Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sd., 1913, p. 526). — A brief review of recent studies of
the nematodes.
Report of the entomologist, 1912-13, T. J. Anderson (Dept. Agr. Brit. East
Africa Ann. Rpt., 1912-13, pp. 124-131).— A report of observations of the more
important pests of the year.
Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes by officers of the division of ento-
mology (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 (1914), No. 2, pp. 240-244, figs. 8).—
Notes on the pumpkin stem borer (Apomecyna Mnubila), which is the source
of considerable injury in certain sections of South Africa, and on the bind-
weed gall maker (Nupscrha apicalis) are presented by C. Fuller.
348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Insect enemies of the ground nut in Senegal, Az^mabd {Agr. Colon. [Parisl
1 (19U), No. 10, pp. 106-110; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ber. A, No. 9,
pp. 549, 550). — A discussion of the more important enemies of this plant.
Four new proctotrypoid egg parasites of sugar cane insects in Java, A. P,
DoDD {Arch. Naturgesch., 80 {1914), AM. A, No. 5, pp. 162-164). — Hadronotus
javensis and two species of Telenomus reared from moth eggs on sugar cane
and one species of Telenomus reared from moth eggs on the leaves of sugar
beet are described as new.
[Fleas and mosquitoes in Panama], C. F. Mason {Rpt. Dept. Health Patv-
ama Canal, 1914, Sept., pp. 7, 8). — Several tests have shown that fleas begin to
leave a killed rat as early as 15 seconds after death and that aU have left the
body a little more than two hours and 15 minutes afterwards.
During September specimens of Anopheles apicimacula were collected from
several sources. In one locality near habitations they were found breeding
with A. albinianus, while in another locality they were breeding in water near
the site of an abandoned village. Attempts to incriminate A. apicimacula
by biting three different cases of malaria, each one containing a sufficiency of
gametes in the peripheral blood, were made, properly controlled with A. albi-
manus, but neither A. apicimacula nor A. albimanus could be infected.
A new cotton pest {Agr. News [Barbados], 13 {1914), No. 326, p. 344).— This
note relates to the attack on cotton in St. Kitts by the Australian cockroach
{Periplancta australasia;), the common household pest in the West Indies.
On two estates in St. Kitts much trouble was experienced in getting cotton
established in certain fields, the young plants being eaten off as soon as they
appeared above ground. The injury is caused by the immature roaches.
A bait of corn meal and Paris green distributed in the field as cotton was
just coming up proved quite an efficient means of control.
A chalcid parasitic on thrips (Thysanoptera), R. S. Bagnall {Rpt. Brit.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, p. 531). — The author records the occurrence of Thripoc-
tenus russelli, a thrips parasite previously recorded from California by Russell
(E. S. R., 27, p. 262), in several localities in England.
The influence of temperature, submersion, and burial on the survival of
eggs and larvae of Cimex lectularius, A. W. Bacot {Bui. Ent. Research, 5
{1914), No. 2, pp. 111-117).— The author finds that the eggs of C. lectularius
are able to survive exposure to temperatures between 40 and 50° F. for a period
of 31 days, and between 28 and 32° for 48 hours. " Periods of from 5 to 8 days
at the latter temperature reduce the percentage hatching to 25 per cent and
longer exposures, 10 to 15 days, are fatal. Temperatures between 60 to 98° are
favorable, but 113° prevents hatching.
" Burial in dry or wet sand, with exposure to temperatures between 45 and
50°, may be survived fi"om 4 days to a week if the eggs are then uncovered and
kept at a favorable temperature. Submergence in water at between 60 and
63° for a period of 5 days has no effect on hatching if the eggs are subsequently
kept under favorable conditions. They also survive for at least 3 days in water
at between 45 and 50°, and for 48 hours when the water in which they are sub-
merged is frozen. Submergence in lime water (saturated solution) for 46 hours
is fatal. The eggs survive partial embedding in a wet plaster surface provided
that emergence is not interfei'ed with.
" Newly hatched bugs when unfed can survive a temperature of from 28 to
32° for periods up to 18 days. They are also able to withstand chilling, thaw-
ing, rechilling and again thawing over shorter periods. When subjected to
cold, moist air after a full meal they are liable to a heavy or even total mor-
tality, probably in consequence of humidity rather than cold. Under moderate
conditions of temperature, 60 to G5°, they may live for 136 days unfed, and
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 349
after a meal, for 9 months. Unfed at a temperature of 75" with humidity be-
tween 65 and 70 an average life of 10 days, and an individual survival of up
to 21 days, is possible. At 88°, with humidity between 70 to SO, the average
life is shortened to 7 days, the longest survival being 11 days. At 96° with
humidity at 25 the average life is reduced to 5 days; individuals have survived
for 8 days. Exposure to 113° is fatal within a few minutes."
White fly control, 1914, J. R. Watson {Florida Sta. Bui. 123 (WW, pp.
3-23, figs. 5). — This bulletin reports upon the white fly work carried on at the
station in 1914 in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 751).
A summarized account of the citrus white flies and means for their control is
included.
The drought caused the 1914 fall brood of white flies to be the largest that
Florida has had for several years. It was found that the red and brown fungi
can be dried and kept over winter. It is pointed out that the ideal method of
controlling the white fly is to spread parasitic fungi during the rainy season
and to spray with miscible oil emulsion in spring and fall ; that the planting of
chinaberry and umbrella trees in citrus communities should be prohibited by
law ; and that owners of noninfested groves should adopt quarantine measures.
A list of important papers on citrus white fly is appended.
Injury to tropical trees by Pseudococcus filamentosus, P. Vayssi^re {Jour.
Agr. Trop., 14 {19U), No. 154, PP- 109-111; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (Wl-i), No. 7, pp. 969, 970).— This
mealy bug, described in 1893 from Hawaii, has since been found in various
parts of the world. The branches and leaves of infested trees are covered by
masses of white filamentous waxy matter, which sometimes forms sheets join-
ing one branch to another. Severely attacked trees may be killed in a few
months.
Petroleum emulsion (6 to 15 per cent) applied as a winter wash appears
to be the best insecticide for use in its control. Cryptolcemus montrouzieri has
been found to be very efficient against this scale in Hawaii.
The relation of variation in the number of larval stages to sex develop-
ment in the gipsy moth, F. H. Moshkk and R. T. Webbee {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 368-^73).— Observations which indicated that the larvae
that pupate in the fifth stage produce male moths and those pupating in the
sixth stage produce female moths led the authors to conduct experiments which
have shown that the variation is quite constant. Of 560 larvte which trans-
formed Into chrysalids 325 pupated in the fifth stage and produced males, while
the remaining 235 passed into the sixth stage and developed female pupae. On
several occasions the scarcity of certain foods necessitated the stinting of
caterpillars but regardless of this fact the females passed through the addi-
tional larval stage. The authors have never found a seventh molt as reported
by some observers.
" There can be no doubt but that the gipsy moth is changing or has changed
its habits in this country. . . . That the insect itself is less hardy than in
the past is a surety and it is far more susceptible to disease."
Contributions to the life history of the lesser peach borer in Ohio, J. L.
King {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914). No. 5, pp. 401-403).— A report of observations,
made in the lake regions of northern Ohio during the summer of 1913, which
show that Synanthedon pictipcs has one full brood and a partial second brood
in the Lake Erie district. The second brood larvae emerge as adults during
August and the first week in September.
Cutworms, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 43 (1914), pp. 2). — A
revision of Circular 2, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 758).
350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Progress of verruga work with Phlebotomus verrucarum, C. H. T. Town-
send (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), ^'o. 5, pp. 357-367). — This article reports the
details of inoculations of laboratory animals, including Cebus capuchinus,
Lepus cuniculus, Canis caraiblcus, Cwvia cobaya, and Canis criollus by or with
P. verrucarum in physiological salt solution, at the Verruga Laboratory, at
Chosica, Peru, and is in continuation of the investigations previously noted
(E. S. R., 31, p. 847).
" Despite repeated and persistent search from July to October, the early
stages of the Phlebotomus have not yet been discovered. It has thus not been
possible to attempt the rearing or breeding of them for infection experiments.
While no doubt this could be accomplished with unlimited facilities, it is not
at all necessary to the complete demonstration of the transmission, already
secured, and its realization is not warranted by the conditions."
A bibliography is appended.
The daffodil fly, Merodon equestris, G. Stocks (In The Daffodil Year Book.
London, 1914 •' Roy. Hort. Soc, pp. 50-59, pis. 2). — This is a report of studies
of the life history of M. equestris conducted by the author in England. Its life
cycle is of two years' duration, the larva carrying on its destructive work from
July of one year to February of the second following year, approximately 19
months being passed by the immature stages in the bulb.
Further notes on the breeding of the tachinid fly, parasitic on the cane
beetle borer, J. F. Illingwobth (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7' {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 390-
398, pi. 1). — In this paper the author describes the means by which he suc-
cessfully introduced a tachinid parasite, Ceromasia sphenophori, of (Spheno-
phorus) Rhabdocnemis ohscurus from Hawaii into Fiji. Biological notes are
included. As many as 570 fully deveIoi>ed eggs have been found by Muir <* in
the uterus of a single female, and it is stated that the number of young possible
for a fly to produce is upwards of 1,000. The eggs have been found by Muir
to hatch while still in the uterus and the larvae to be deposited.
A note on Bhagoletis pomonella in blueberries, W. C. Woods (Jour. Econ.
Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 398-400) .—The author records the infestation of the
fruit of three species of blueberries, namely, Vaccinium pennsylvaniciim, V.
canadense, and V. vacillans, in Washington County, Me., by the apple maggot.
When the maggots are small an infested berry can not be distinguished by
sight from a sound one, but usually when they have attained a fair size the
fruit becomes very much shriveled and shrunken and the pulp red and stringy.
In this county an area of 250,000 acres has grown up almost entirely to blue-
berries from which the berries are gathered and sold to canneries.
[Report and minutes of evidence of the Sleeping Sickness Committee]
(Sleeping Sickness Com. [Gt. Brit.}, Rpt. 1914, PP- 26; Minutes of Evidence, pp.
330). — These contain much data relating to the biology of tsetse flies and their
role in the transmission of trypanosomes.
The bean fly (Agromyza phaseoli), A. Rutherford (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon],
42 (1914), No. 5, pp. 4ii-413)- — It is stated that the bean crop in Ceylon is
often a complete failure due to the attack of this pest.
The wheat bulb fly (Hylemyia coarctata), B. Wahl (Monatsh. Landw., 7
(1914), No. 3-4, pp. 82-85, figs. 2; Wiener Landw. Ztg., 64 (1914), No. 65, pp.
633, 634, figs. 2; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 475, 476).—
This fly, known as the " Getreideblumenfliege," is a source of injury to wheat,
rye, and more rarely barley, in Austria. The larvae, like that of the frit fly
with which it appears to have been confused, eats out the heart of the young
plant, causing it to wither. One larva may wander from one plant to another,
" Hawaii. Planters Rec, 1909, pp. 256-261 ; 1910, pp. 186-200.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 351
attacking as many as six, so that not infrequently a whole field may be de-
stroyed. Its life history and habits and remedial measures are discussed.
A contribution to a knowledge of the belladonna leaf miner (Pegomya
hyoscyami), its life history and biology, A. E. Cameron (Ann. Appl. Biol.,
1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 43-76, pis. 3, figs. 4)- — l^liis dipteran, which occurs through-
out Europe, the United States, and Canada, has often been described under
different names, partly because of its having been reared from a fairly wide
range of food plants. In addition to belladonna it attacks mangolds, beets, and
henbane.
The leaves which it attacks quickly wither during dry weather. " The num-
ber of the larvje in one leaf varies with the size of the latter and, roughly
speaking, directly as the size. The ravages are periodic and often quite local-
ized, resulting in diminished yields of the products of the different crops
attacked. The top shoots are most heavily infested early in the season, but
later the radical leaves are most attacked.
" Hibernation occurs in the pupal condition about 2 in. below the surface of
the soil near the food plants. The number of broods varies. There are at
least three in [this] latitude [the north of England]. The broods are not sepa-
rated sharply off from each other. There is a good deal of overlapping so that
all stages occur in the field during the greater part of the season.
" The eggs are deposited superficially on the back of the leaf in groups con-
sisting of parallel series varying in number. The incubation period is about 5
days. The larvae feed uninterruptedly and complete their metamorphosis in 10
days under the most favorable circumstances. The larvae of the first two broods
sometimes pupate in the leaf, generally making their way to the margin to do so.
The pupal period of the first two broods is about 17 days. The average period
for one complete life cycle is about 86 days.
" Two closely related species, P. I)icolor and P. nigritarsis, attack common
weeds such as dock. Their life histories are, in all details, almost similar to that
of P. hyoscyami. Structurally there are some interesting differences, especially
in the larval stages. . . .
" Natural control of the pest is secured by the parasitism of two species of
braconids on one or both of which a proctotrypid is probably hyperparasitic.
The degi-ee of parasitism ascends to a climax at the end of August and be-
ginning of September, and then suddenly diminishes. Frequent hand picking of
attacked leaves and their destruction provides a ready and effective means of
killing the maggot and unhatched eggs. This method is only practicable where
the crop is a small one. . . . Paraffin emulsion is not so effective in killing the
maggot as this same emulsion with nicotin added."
A bibliography of 37 titles is appended.
An apterous Drosophila and its genetic behavior, C. W. Metz (Amcr. Nat.,
43 (1914), No. 575, pp. 675-692, fig. i).— This paper deals with an apterous
form of the pomace fly {Drosophila aitrpcJophila) which had been reared from
cultures in the laboratory. The study of the heredity of this form is said to
have been difficult because of its almost complete (apparent) sterility.
Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera, E. P. Stebbing
(Landon, 1914, pp. XVI-\-648, pis. 64, figs. 401). — A manual of information on
the Coleoptera injurious or beneficial to forestry in India.
The reproduction and fecundity of the elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola),
L6CAILL0N (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 1, pp. 116-119).—
In the vicinity of Toulouse the elm leaf beetle continues to reproduce from
early May to the first part of July. Females kept under observation have de-
posited as higli as 513 eggs. In nature the females do not deposit all the eggs
352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
on the same leaf but pass from one leaf to another and frequently fly from
tree to tree. Larvae from the egg clusters disperse to different leaves. Adults,
both male and female, feed continuously throughout the period of reproduction.
The mango weevil, A. Rutherford (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914), ^^o. 5, pp.
410, 411; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 540, 541).—
Cryptorhynchus mungiferce is said to be widely distributed in India, Ceylon, the
Philippines, Madagascar, South Africa, and Hawaii. It is stated that in La-
buan, Straits Settlements, where this species seems to be spreading, only about
10 per cent of the mangoes are edible, probably because of this species.
On some Curculionidae living in bamboo stems, A. da Costa Lima (Mem.
Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 117-123, pis. 2).— A small cultivated
bamboo, known in Brazil as Indian cane, frequently suffers from the attacks
of Ercthistes lateralis. As a result the stem breaks at the place of infestation
and drops to the ground. Its egg is parasitized by a chalcidid, here described
as Prodecatoma cruzi n. sp. Indian cane is also attacked by the tenebrionid
Acropteron ruflpes, which feeds on its shoots, and by a lamellicom beetle
(Bolax sp. ?), which consumes the leaves.
The scent producing organ of the honeybee, N. E. McIndoo (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 (1914), Pt- 2, PP- 542-555, pis. 2, fig. jf).— This article deals
entirely with the morphology of the scent-producing organ, the work relating
to the odors produced by it being reserved for a separate paper.
Beekeeping for the Oregon farmer, H. F. Wilson (Oreg. Agr. Col. Bui.
168 (1914), pp. SI, figs. 14)- — This furnishes practical information for those
engaged in beekeeping.
Notes on the life history and ecology of Tiphia inomata, G. N. Wolcott
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 382-389) .—The scoliid here discussed is
the most important parasite of Lachnostema larvae in this country. The ob-
servations reported were made in central and northern Illinois during 1912-13
while the author was engaged in collecting the parasite for introduction into the
sugar cane fields of Porto Rico.
There appear to be two generations each year, the species hibernating either
as a larva, pupa, or adult inside the cocoon. Under favorable circumstances it
greatly reduces the numbers of grubs and in some cases practically extermi-
nates Lachnostema from limited areaa
Of the several checks to its increase a fungus, thought to be a species of
Isaria, is said to be the most important.
Preliminary observations upon the life histories of Zenillia pexops and
Hypamblys albopictus, R. A. Wardle (Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 (1914), No. 3, pp.
85-104, pis. 3, fig. 1). — ^This article relates to two parasites of the large larch
sawfly (Nematus erichsonii) which have not previously been recorded.
It is stated that the decline in numbers of the parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis,
formerly quite abundant, was one of the features of the investigation of the
large larch sawfly in 1913. This decline is said to have been accompanied by
the appearance in comparatively large numbers of the two previously un-
recorded parasites that are here considered, namely, " H. albopictus, an ichneu-
mon closely related to Mesoleius, and having corresiwuding life history stages,
though emerging possibly a few days earlier (Hypamblys hibernates as a first
stage larva), and Z. pexops, a tachinid fly. probably the same parasite that has
previously been recorded at various times since 1910 as Exorista crinita, E.
alacris, and E. duhia. Zenillia is exceptional for a tachinid in hibernating as
a final stage larva. It pupates and forms its puparium within the cocoon of the
sawfly, and emerges about the same time as the host. As Zenillia appears to
predominate at the expense of the ichneumon parasites, It is important that
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 353
future work should bear upon the question of the respective values of the
various parasites in the control of the sawfly."
An unrecorded parasite of Toxoptera graminum, F. M. Webster {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 403, 404).— The author calls attention to the
fact that by mistake Eupachylomma rileyi, reared from the spring grain-aphis,
is not recorded as a parasite of that pest in the bulletin previously noted (B. S.
R., 27, p. 859).
The house centipede, C. L. Mablatt (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 627
{1914), PP- 4, flffs. 2). — This is a reprint of Bureau of Entomology Circular 48,
previously noted (B. S. R., 14, p. 374.)
Injury to truck crops by springtails (Smynthurus sp.), D. E. Fink {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 4OO, 40I, pi. i).— The author reports upon ob-
servations of injury by springtails {Smijnthurus sp.) to lettuce, spinach, and
seedling cucumbers.
Two new Sarcosporidia, H. Crawley {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 {1914),
pt. 1, pp. 214-218, fig. 1). — Sarcocystis Icporum, a parasite of rabbits, and 8.
setophagw, a parasite of the American redstart {Setophaga ruticilla), are de-
scribed as new.
Preliminary list of the Acari occurring' on the brown rat (Mus norvegicus)
in Great Britain, with the description of a new species (Hsemogamasus
oudemansi), S. Hirst {Bui. Ent. Research, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp. 119-124, pls-
8, figs. 3). — Twelve species are listed as occurring on wild specimens of the
brown rat. Only three, namely, L(daps cchidninus, Notoedres muris, and
Myobia ensifera, can be regarded with certainty as practically restricted to
M. norvegicus, although H. oudemansi, here described as new, has thus far been
found only on this host.
The evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse,
H. Crawley {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 {1914), pt. 2, pp. 432-436, pi. 1).—
A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of this parasite.
Further research on Spiroptera cancer in rats, J. Fibiger {Hospitalstid.
[Copenhagen], 57 {1914), Nos. 34, pp. 1049-108O; 35, pp. 1081-1112; abs. in
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {1914), Nos. 14, p. 1244; 16, p. 1432).— In a further
study of this subject (B. S. R.. 30, p. 279) the author finds that the parasite
which he has discovered in cancer in rats is a new species of Spiroptera. In
Denmark this parasite has been found only in Mus decumanus among numerous
rats infesting three sugar warehouses. The finding of the parasites in a large
proportion of the rats and in 77 of 115 cockroaches, which seem to serve as
intermediate hosts, from West Indian ports led the author to conclude that
the parasite is a tropical species.
The author's total material includes 19 cancers developing in the stomach
after feeding the rats with roaches infected with Spiroptera. This he regards
as indicating that under certain conditions one-half or four-fifths of the ani-
mals infected develop cancer and that no individual predisposition is necessary
for this.
Naphthalin as an insecticide (Agr. Neics [Barbados'], 13 {1914), No. 327,
p. 360). — A brief summarized account.
FOODS— HTJMAN NUTRITION.
The source, chemistry, and use of food products, E. H. S. Bailey ( [Phil-
adelphia], 1914, PP- XIV +517, figs. 75). — This book, which is designed as a
text-book for college and high school students in home economics, deals with
the more important food products with reference to their source, methods of
354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
preparation for the market, their paclsing, preservation and shipment, their
composition, food and dietetic value, and their use by people of various coun-
tries. The food products treated are cereals and cereal products, sugar and
other saccharin substances, vegetables, fruits, berries, animal and vegetable
fats and oils, nuts and nut products, meat and meat products, fish, eggs and
their products, milk and dairy products, spices, and beverages, both alcoholic
and nonintoxicating.
Meat purchasing a science, A. J. Cuff {[Portland, Oreg.], 1914, pp. 64,
pis. 6). — This little book, which is designed especially for the use of house-
keepers, includes a description of the different cuts of beef, pork, veal, and
lamb, and a discussion of the best vp^ay in which each cut may be utilized in
the home. Several suggestions regarding selecting and cooking meat, together
with a few recipes, are also given.
The dearness of meat, F. Ortt (Het Dure Vleesch. lUtrecht], 1913, pp. 16). —
A summary and digest of data, in which the author expresses the opinion that
although protein is indispensable for maintenance and growth, meat in the
diet may be to a great extent supplemented by other sources of protein. Con-
siderable emphasis is laid upon the necessity for stimulating the appetite
through the preparation of appetizing meat substitutes.
The changes in thei character of fats during the process of cooking,
Helen Masters and H. L. Smith (Analyst, 39 (1914), No. 461, pp. 347-350).—
From a study of the analytical constants of cotton-seed oil and butter fat.
both before and after being cooked with flour, the authors conclude that very
little change takes place in the fats during cooking except in the case of very
thin or considerably overcooked pastries. A slight oxidation of the fats
occurred. A decrease in the iodin value and an increase in the refractive
index and acidity were also noted.
Changes taking place during baking — chemical composition of bread,
H. Kalning and A. Schleimeb (Ztschr. Gesam. Getreidew., 6 {1914), No. 7,
pp. 137-143). — The authors report the results of analyses of a large number of
samples of wheat and rye bread, which tend to show that the bread contains a
smaller percentage of starch and a greater percentage of sugar than were
originally present in the flour. The principal difference between the crumb and
crust consists of a change in carbohydrates. At high temperatures the starch
in the crust is more completely changed to dextrin.
The effect of bread wrapping on the chemical composition of the loaf,
H. E. Barnard and H. E. Bishop (Amer. Food Jour., 9 {1914), ^'o. 8, pp. 367-
376, figs. 14). — The authors studied the composition of wrapped and unwrapped
bread.
To establish a standard for the composition of freshly baked bread a number
of loaves of the regular brands from the daily baking of the local bakeries were
analyzed within three or four hours after baking. Analyses were also secured
of loaves from the same baking, some having remained unwrapped for periods of
one to six days, and others having been wrapped for periods of one to five days.
Determinations were made of moisture, ash, protein, total solids, soluble solids,
starch, soluble carbohydrates, acidity, and lactic acid. The following varieties
were included in the study — straight dough pan bread, straight dough rye
bread, sponge dough rye bread, straight dough Vienna hearth bread, and Bohe-
mian sponge rye bread. The technique is described in detail, and full analytical
data are shown. The following conclusions are drawn :
The wrapping of bread in either semiporous waxed or paraffin paper pre-
vents the escape of moisture and tends to preserve the colloidal condition and
physico-chemical equilibrium, the destruction of which has been shown by other
workers to produce staleness.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 355
These experiments do not support the belief that the moisture of the crumb
is imparted to the crust, causing it to lose its crispness. The analytical data
show conclusively that the loss of moisture by the crumb is practically always
accompanied by a corresjtonding loss of moisture by the crust. In the case of
ordinary breads, lactic acid acidity does not develop within six days of baking,
either in the unwrapped or in the wrapped loaves.
" The use of semiporous and paraffin wrappers does not injure the quality of
the loaf after the third day. Up to that time the keeping quality both as to
condition of crumb, flavor, and odor is enhanced by the use of the wrappers.
Unwrapped bread loses its freshness after the first day. But little difference
is observed in the condition of the straight dough pan bread, straight dough
rye, sjionge dough rj-e bread, and straight dough Vienna hearth bread. Bo-
hemian rye sponge dough wrapped or unwrapped bread is not of satisfactory
quality on and after the third day."
This paper was followed by a discussion.
A report of a chemical and bacteriological study of wrapped bread, B. R.
Jacobs, J. A. Leclerc, and Maud L. Mason (Amcr. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914),
No. 9, pp. 721-732). — In this investigation the following aspects of the question
of wrapi:)ed bread were studied : The kind of paper best adapted to wrapping
bread; the lapse of time after baking before bread should be wrapped to secure
the best results; bacteriological examination of both wrapped and unwrapped
bread ; and the relative weights of wrapped and unwrapped bread.
The experimental procedure as carried out in the bakeries was as follows :
The rate of cooling of the freshly baked loaves was determined by means of
thermometers inserted in them immediately after removal from the oven. One
loaf from each baking was wrapped in sterile paper and taken at once to the
laboratory for bacteriological examination. At intervals of one hour for five
hours, three of the remaining loaves in each experimental baking were weighed,
wrapped, and set aside for examination. Some of the loaves were also allowed
to remain unwrapped in the bakery. On the next day both the wrapped and
unwrapped bread was taken to the laboratory by one of the regular delivery
wagons of the bakery and allowed to remain at room temperature. Some loaves
were exposed to the air and others kept in a closed show case, weights and
samples being taken at intervals.
Bread wrapped in unwaxed paper lost more moisture than that in waxed
paper, and bread in paper waxed on both sides lost less moisture than that
wrapped in paper waxed on only one side. The firmness of the crust of all
the bread was directly proportional to the loss of moisture. It is therefore
probable that breads whose crusts are to be kept firm and dry, such as Vienna
and French breads, may be kept in the best condition by wrapping in porous
rather than in waxed paper. In the case of ordinary bread none of the papers
used showed any detrimental results and no objectionable features developed,
so far as could be determined by odor or taste, in wrapped bread even at the
end of 114 days.
In the bacteriological examination samples were taken from the outside of
the loaf only. The results of this examination showed that the crust of the
loaf as it leaves the oven is practically sterile. If exposed unwrapped in the
bakery it may collect a large number of bacteria, but in 0.1 gm. samples of such
bread examined no organisms of the Bacterium coli type were found. Bread
which has been cooled for only one hour before being wrapped retained sufficient
heat and moisture to favor the growth of organisms, especially when waxed
paper was used for wrapping. The lapse of time before which bread should be
wrapped can be fixed approximately at three hours, since the bread reaches the
80967"— No. 4—15 5
356 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
temperature of the room at this period. It should be wrapped as soon as suffi-
ciently cooled, in order to minimize the danger of contamination with bacteria
and molds.
In addition to the samples of freshly baked bread taken from the bakeries, 27
samples of wrapped and 29 of unwrapped bread were purchased in a number
of retail stores for bacteriological examination.
It was found that 02 per cent of the samples of unwrapped bread showed
organisms of the B. coli type in 0.1 gm. samples, as compared with only 7 per
cent of the wrapped breads. These figures are illustrative of the conditions
in which wrapped and unwrapped bread are received in the home.
Changes in bread on aging, M. P. Neumann (Ztschr. GesUtn. Getreidew.,
6 (lOUf), No. 6, pp. 119-122). — On aging the crust loses its elasticity and dry
appearance and becomes somewhat pulpy and tough. The crumb loses its
])lasticity, moisture, and tenderness and becomes dry, solid, and hard. The
total volume of the loaf becomes less, the loss in some inst;inces amounting to
as much as 25 i>er cent. This is proportional to the thickness and tenacity of
the crust and to the water loss. The highest percentages of water absorption
by the crumb were found to be as follows: Fresh graham bread, 219; stale
graham bread, 170 ; fresh white bread, 289 ; and stale white bread, 153. This
capacity for absorbing water can be restored to the stale bread by heating for
a short time.
Ice cream standards, W. B. Barney {Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914), ^o. 8,
pp. JfSl, 432). — The necessity for such a standard is emphasized and various
aspects of the question are discussed from the point of Aiew of the consumer
and the manufacturer.
Ice cream soda and soft drinks, W. S. IMatthews (//?. State Food Com. Bui.
32 (1914), pp, 12). — This bulletin gives detailed information regarding the
selection, care, and storage of the .sirups, milk, cream, ice cream, and eggs used
in connection with soda fountains.
Information is also given regarding the care and cleaning of all equipment.
The necessity for thoroughly washing all glasses is strongly emphasized and
rules for employees are given.
Egg albumin in baking powder, E. F, Ladd {Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914),
No. 8, pp. 388, 389). — In the opinion of the author no advantage results from
the use of albumin in baking powder as the gluten of the flour furnishes the
albuminous material (E. S. R., 29, p. 866).
Tomato pulp, W. D. Bigelow and F. F. Fitzgerald (Nat. Canners Assoc.
Bui. 3 (1914), PP- 14)- — A digest of data which leads to the suggestion of
standards for the manufacture of catsup and for canning pulp. These sug-
gestions are of siiecial value to the manufacturer of these products.
Swells and springers, W. D. Bigelow (Nat. Canners Assoc. Bui. 2 (1914), PP-
16). — These ai"e defined by the author as imperfect canned goods due to faults
in methods of manufacture. It is pointed out that swells are the result of
decomposition and that such goods should never be used for food. Springers
are the result of overfilled or insufficient exhaust and in some instances are
due to the action of strongly acid foods upon the can with, the generation of
hydrogen. Springers resulting from overfilled or insufficient exhaust should
be resealed and resterilized before being used as food. The paijer is followed
by a discussion.
Cause of variation in weight or measure of food products, L. M. Tolman
and W. E. Hillyer (Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914), No. S, pp. 407-416, figs. 7).—
Data are given showing the variation in the weight of packages, both those
which are put up by hand and those which are machine packed, likewise the
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 357
variation in the change in weight with vai-ying degrees of humidity. The
paper is followed by a discussion.
[Food and drug inspection], H. E. Barnabd et al. (Ind. Bd. Health, Ann.
Rpt. Chem. Div., 8 {1913), pp. 1-131, figs. 5).— The work carried out under the
Indiana state food laws during the year ended September 30, 1913 is reviewed.
This included the examination of 1.257 samples of food, of which 546 were found
to be illegal.
Analytical data are given regarding the samples of food products examined,
as are also the results of the inspection of places where food is manufactured
and sold as well as the detailed inspection of the sanitary condition of a large
number of canning factories in various parts of the State.
[Food, drug, and water inspection and analysis], G. B. Taylor {Bicn. Rpt.
La. Bd. Health, 1912-13, pp. 157-227). — The results are reported of the analysis
of 1,684 samples, which included food materials of various sorts, milk, dairy
products, ice cream, drugs, and samples of water from public supplies such as
schools and railroad trains. A I'eport of the sanitary inspection of New
Orleans dairies, with a summaiy of the improvements secured, is also given.
[Food and drug inspection, and analysis], W. G. TiCE (Ann, Rpt. Bd. HeaJth
N. J., 37 (1913), pp. 276-372, pis. 4).— The work accomplished under the New
Jersey food laws during the year ended October 31, 1913, is reviewed. This in-
cluded the examination of 6,260 sjimples of food and drugs, of which 5,488 were
found to be above standard. Sanitary inspections were also made of slaughter-
houses, cold-storage warehouses, and canning factories.
Among the special investigations reported are the bacteriological examination
of water cress gi'owu on the banks of a polluted stream, which was found to be
contaminated and unsafe as a food; the bacteriological examination of a num-
ber of cans of frozen eggs held in cold storage; and a sanitary survey of the
shellfish industry of the State. This latter included the examination of the
water from w^hich the shellfish were taken and the conditions under which they
were gathered, packed, and shipped. Rules are given which regulate the prepa-
ration of soft clams for market.
[Food and drug inspection and analysis] (Bui. Tenn. Food and Druga
Dept., n. ser., 1 (191^), No. 1, pp. JfO). — This bulletin contains the annual report
of the commissioner, L. P. Brown, and data regarding the examination of mis-
cellaneous food products and similar materials. The text of the state pure
food and drug laws and of the state sanitary food law is also given.
Municipal ordinance, rules, and regulations pertaining to public health
(Pub. Health Rpts. [U. »S'.], Reprint 199 (1912-13), pp. 570).— In this) com-
pilation are included the i-egulations, adopted during 1912 by the towns and
cities of the United States, having a population of over 10,000, for controlling
the sanitary condition of laundries and lodging houses, the production, care,
and sale of foodstuffs including milk and meat and their products, and the
sanitation of bakeries, hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses. Regulations
are also included regarding common drinking cups and towels, the sale of sec-
ondhand clothing and househould goods, housing, and the care of premises.
Regulation, of food supplied hotels, with particular reference to sanitary
conditions involved in its preparation, G. G. Fkary (Anier. Food Jour., 9
(19 H), No. 8, pp. 365-367, fig. 1). — This article emphasizes the importance of
the inspection of hotels and other places where food is served. Attention is
called to the importance of the health of the employees and the need not only
for scrui)ulous cleanliness of surroundings and utensils but also for the pro-
vision of proper sanitary conveniences for the employees.
The paper is followed by a discussion.
358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Investigations of the presence of bacteria in places where meat is slaugh-
tered and sold, with special reference to the paratjrphoid-Gaertner group,
E. IIOFFENREicii {Ticrarztl. Zcntbl., 37 (lOUf), No. 22, pp. .WT-oV/fi).— Hucteri-
ological examinations of 249 samples of meat from a typical slaughterhouse gave
no indication of the presence of organisms of this type. Failure to isolate
these organisms at any time during three months tends to show, in the opinion
of Uie autlior, tlmt their distribution is not so general as has been supposed.
Manual of Creole cooking, J. E. Teiay (Manual del Cocinero Criollo. Ha-
vana, 191/f, pp. 319). — A compilation of recipes for the prei)aration of Creole
dishes and such Spanish, French, Italian, and English dishes as are genarally
served in Cuba.
History and present status of the school feeding movement, Louise S.
Bryant (4. Internat. Cong. School Ilyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp.
280-284). — -A- sketch of the rise of the school feeding movement in Germany,
England, France, Italy, and the Unitetl States, together with a brief statement
of its present status in various countries and its probable development as an
ally to the general science of nutrition.
Educational and social possibilities of school luncheons, Mary E. L. Small
{Jf. Intermit. Cong. ^School Ihjg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 {1013), pp. 317-319).-—
This paper emphasizes the moral and esthetic as well as the physiological ad-
vantage of school lunches served under the supervision of women of refinement.
Hot lunches in rural schools, Mary L. Bull (4- Internat. Cong. School Hyg.
Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 320-223) .—Thin is a brief sun-ey of the
results achieved by the movement for serving hot noon lunches in small rural
schools in Minnesota.
Relation of menus to standard dietaries, Mabel H. Kittredge (4- Internat.
Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 309-316).— The experi-
ence of the New York School Lunch Committee is described, first in serving
table d'hote lunches at from 3 to 5 cts. a child and later in developing the Sl la
carte service. The menus used in schools for children of Italian, Jewish, and
American extraction ai*e discussed along with their energy value and cost.
Special studies in the correlation of malnutrition and disease, J. Aulde
(4. Intcrnnt. Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, X. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 273-279).—
In the author's opinion much dietetic work with school children is deficient in
that it fails to take accurate account of the various mineral matters needed and
supplied. Special emphasis is placed on the deleterious results following cal-
cium depletion in the child's organism.
The nutrition of anemic and tuberculous children, E. A. Locke (4. Internat.
Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 285-297).— This discus-
sion includes a review of the better known dietary standards for children of
different ages and body weights, and of the author's work at the Franklin Park
(Boston) Plospital School for Tuberculosis Children.
The Alaskan Eskimo, J. A. Watkins (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health. 4 (1914),
No. 8, pp. 643-648, figs. 5). — This article contains data regarding the diet and
general living conditions of the Eskimos inhabiting islands off the coast of
Alaska.
The diet of sailors, Mabkl (Arch. ScJiiffs u. Tropen Hyg.. IS (1914), No. 17,
pp. 583-605). — This article includes a discussion of the history of navigation
and information regarding the solution of problems of drinking water supply,
preveution of scurvy, etc. The rations supplied to sailors in the merchant
marine of various countries are considered somewhat at length and sample
menus are given. These diets are often unbalanced and generally have an ex-
cessive enei-gy value. The need for exiierimental work in this field is em-
phasized.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION". 359
Newer points of view regarding the part played by different food sub-
stances in nutrition, L. B. Mkndkl {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {I'JlJf}, Nu.
JO, pp. srJS22). — A suiuumry and digest of data regardiu.i; the latest views of
metabolism of niti'ogenoiis food and the importance of the vitamins, most of
which has been noted from other publications by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 69).
The specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs, G. LusK {Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, 63 (1914), No. 10, pp. 82^-827).— In this article the author reviews the
work of others and summarizes the results of 250 experiments carried out by
himself with dogs, in which was investigated the cause of the increased heat
production after the ingestion of food. He draws the following conclusion:
" Living cells metabolize carbohydrates and fats in increased quantity when
these are present in large amounts in the surrounding fluid, and . . . they
are also stimulated to a higher heat production during the metabolism of cer-
tain amino acids to an extent which is entirely out of proportion to the energy
value of those amino acids, and which may indeed be indeiiendent of their
energy value."
Intermediary protein metabolism, O. Folin (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 63
{1914), No. 10, pp. 823, 824)- — A review and criticism of the large amount of
experimental data contributed to this subject by the author and other workers,
in which the following facts are emphasized :
In the stomach the greater part of the protein is dissolved and converted into
albumoses and peptones. In the intestines these dissolved products, together
with any remaining undissolved proteins, are split up into amino acids, which
are absorbed as soon as formed and transported by the blood to all parts of the
body. Each tissue rebuilds itself from the amino acids received from the
blood and such of these bodies as are not needed are converted into urea and
carbonaceous remainders.
Basal metabolism and creatinin elimination, W. "W. Palmer, J. H. Means
and J. L. Gamble {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1914), No. 2, pp. 239-2^-^).— Observa-
tions of the relation between creatinin elimination and basal metabolism were
made upon a number of men and women at least 12 hours after ingestion of
food and in a state of complete muscular rest. The subjects were given a
diet containing no meat, fish, or meat soups for a period of three days. Accord-
ing to the authors, no definite conclusions can be drawn from the results, but
further experiments are In progress.
Metabolic changes in muscular tissue. — I, The fate of amino-acid mix-
tures, S. A. Matthews and C. F. Nelson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1914), No. 2,
pp. 229-234)- — The authors review the work of others and present the results
of a series of experiments in which amino acids were administered to dogs
in such a way as to insure slow absorption and intimate contact with the
tissues, at the same time avoiding contact with the cells of anj^ organ of special
function which might influence their metabolism.
The following conclusions are drawn :
"We have brought forward evidence of a positive nature showing that when
amino-acld mixtures are injected into muscular tissue, these compounds are
broken down and appear in the urine largely as ammonia and urea. A method
for determining the exact character of metabolic changes taking place in muscu-
lar tissue has been described. We are at present working on the fate of Indi-
vidual amino acids and other compounds of a protein nature when injected
into muscular tissue in the manner above described."
The role of carbohydrate in nutrition, E. P. Cathcart (Brit. Med. Jour.,
No. 2803 {1914), PP- 503, 504). — Experiments were carried out, with one man,
to detemiue the amount of carbohydrate required to check the increased protein
360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
catabolism resulting from an excessive fat diet. The diet in these experiments
contained no protein and consisted either of pure olive oil or olive oil plus
pure anhydrous glucose. It was impossible to continue the experiment beyond
three days, owing to the objectionable nature of the diet.
The addition of small amounts of sugar to the basal oil ration resulted In a
decrease in the output of total nitrogen. A meal rich in carbohydrate but not
poor in protein, given on the fourth day, resulted in a fall in the output of
total nitrogen and a decrease in the degree of acidosis.
In the opinion of the author, protein, carbohydrate, and fat are replaceable
only to a limited extent, and " in isodynamic or any other amount they are not
isotamientic — that is, equal sparing."
Chemical studies -of growth, C. Funk and A. B. Macalltjm (Uoppe-Seyler's
Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 92 (WUt), No. 1, pp. 13-20, pi. i).— The authors review;
the work by Osborne and Mendel (E. S. R., 30, p. 560), in which they were
able to support growth by the addition of rectified butter containing no nitro-
gen. From similar experiments carried out by themselves the authors maintain
that such rectified butter does contain small amounts of nitrogen and that it is
impossible to free butter fat from nitrogen entirely by pipetting off the clear
fat from centrifuged butter.
A number of other factors which may iufluence growth and maintenance are
discussed.
Observations on the isolation of the substance in butter fat which exerts
a stimulating influence on growth, E. V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis
{Jour. Biol. CJievi., 19 (WlJf), No. 2, pp. 2Jf5-259, figs. 2).— The authors report
data regarding the maintenance and growth of laboratory animals (rats) when
fed upon fat-free diets alone and fat-free diets to which was added olive oil
which had been shaken with a soap solution prepare<l by complete saponification
of butter fat with potassium hydroxid in the absence of water. By the addi-
tion of this modified olive oil the authors were enabled to induce the resumption
of growth in rats which had ceased to grow upon a fat-free diet. The experi-
ments of these authors with Butter fat tend to strengthen the conclusion drawn
by Funk and Macallum (see above), regarding the difficulty of completely
freeing butter fat from nitrogen.
Contribution to the study of the origin of fatigue, G. Viale (Atti R.
Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 22 (1913), I, No. If, pp.
263-256; abs. in Zcntbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 (1914), No. 22, p. 838).— A
summary of experimental data to show the relationship between the secretion
of salt and water and work.
The author concludes that one of the causes of fatigue may be the increase
in the water supply, which results in a disturbance of heat regulation and an
increase of toxins in the blood. While fatigue on high mountains accompanies
the using up of hemoglobin in the circulating blood stream, this does not affect
the thinning of the blood but, on the contrary, takes place as a result of a
hyperemia in some of the central organs, namely, the lungs.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Recent studies in animal pigmentation, R. C. Schiedt (Science, n. ser., 40
(1914), ^0. 1025, pp. 279-283). — Reviewing the work of other investigators and
summarizing the results of his own studies, principally with the oyster, the
author concludes that " animal pigmentation is probably a protein formation
due to an enzym which is circulating in the blood and present in the nucleoplasm
of all secreting cells. This, of course, could only be proved by chemical analysis.
In some cases the leucocytes are transformed into specific chroma topho res or
ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 361
melanoblasts, capable of amoeboid motion ; iu others the deposition of pigment
has become a hereditary factor, as, e. g., in the choroid coat of the eye or the
inlvbag of the squid; in still other cases pigmentation is stimulated into action
by internal metabolic processes as well as by external conditions of light, tem-
perature and atmospheric gases."
Hairs and hair pigments, H. Onslow (Etvoicledffe, 37 (1914), No. 550, pp.
161-165, figs. 6).— This article deals with the physiological character of hair
and hair pigments, in which it is shown that the color of hair depends upon
the color and form of the pigment (i. e., whether it is diffused or deposited in
granules), and upon the vacuoles.
Biolog'ical searchlight on race-horse breeding. — VII, The heredity of coat
color. VIII, The heredity of gray coat color, J. B. Robertson {Bloodstock
Breeders' Rev., 3 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 16-31; 2, pp. 91-101, fig. i).— After a dis-
cussion of the structure of skin and hair and the biochemistry of pigmentation,
the author takes up a definition of the various coat colors including chestnut,
bay, brown, black, gi-ays and roans, dun, and white or albino, the three basic
pigments being black, chocolate, and yellow.
In considering the behavior of the various colors in heredity it is shown that
while the relationship of black to brown and bay, and of brown to bay is not
definitely settled, the relationship of these three colors to the three varieties
of chestnut is exceedingly simple, for all behave as dominants over chestnut,
irrespective of its hue. In practice black, brown, and bay both collectively
and severally behave in heredity as alternative characters to chestnut. In
proof that chestnuts breed true the author cites the studies made by Bunsow
and others, and concludes " no one has been able to bring forward an authentic
case of two chestnut thoroughbreds producing aught but chestnut offspring,
and there can be not the slightest doubt that chestnuts invariably breed true —
and this notwithstanding that their bay, brown, and black ancestors are about
four times as numerous as their chestnut ones."
In demonstrating that pure dominants for black never have chestnut offspring
a table is given from which it is noted that " out of the grand total of 11,821
matings of these 76 horses, only 16 foals remain permanently recorded as chest-
nut, or 0.13 per cent of exceptions. Of these 16, 12 never ran nor were sold
at auction, some died young, and the remainder are untraceable."
The author next draws attention to the fact that the number of those sires
which have chestnut grandparents and second, the number of those grand-
parents, come out in very close accordance with the law of probability. It is
concluded that segregation of alternative factors is a true law in the heredity
of coat color, and that the unit characters for black points and absence of
black points are transmitted quite independently of all other hereditary units.
The possible combinations arising in the mating of impure dominant black,
brown, and bay sires with impure dominant mares, and also with chestnut
mares, are discussed.
The cause of grayness appears to be a peculiarity in the minute thread-like
channels which connect the pigment-producing cells with the hair follicles. It
is thought that there is a structural modification in the tiny canals rendering
them too small to allow of the passage of pigment granules. This structural
peculiarity is transmitted independently of the determining factors for the
various coat colors. This view of the cause of grayness, while recently held by
Walther, is not accepted by certain other investigators, who regard " grayness "
as a unit character which is alternative to black, brown, bay, or chestnut.
The author points out that in youth the hybrid gray is usually whole colored
and gradually develops the inhibitory factor. With exceedingly rare and
362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
doubtful exceptions, the inhibitory unit never remains latent or recessive
throughout the whole life of the horse, hence the law that " every gray or
roan must have at least one gray or roan parent and that two whole colors
can not give rise to gray or roan. Once the gray line is brolien there is no
reversion in a subsequent filial generation to gray ancestors."
It is shown that while there are apparent Stud Booli exceptions to this rule,
they all contain a grave element of doubt. The mating of pure grays gives rise
to gray offspring solely. In mating impure grays together four possible com-
binations would occur in fertilization, each being equally likely, namely: (1)
Purity for the inhibitory factor, the offspring possessing a blacli skin and a
white or nearly white coat; possibilities of the occurrence of impurity for the
inhibitory factor resulting in either (2) a fine or (3) a coarse mosaic of pig-
mented and unpigmented hairs; and (4) a pure whole color, which even though
mated vpith similarly extracted whole colors will never throw reversions to
gray.
Reference to the table of matings shows that the proportion of whole colors
to grays accords very closely to the expected 1 : 3 proportion, and an investiga-
tion indicates that none of the extracted whole colors from these matings ever
threw reversions to gray. In the mating of impure grays with whole colors
there are two kinds of offspring possible, impure grays and whole colors, in
approximately equal numbers.
In concluding the author states that " what the heredity of coat color prin-
cipally teaches us is that inheritance recognizes no such limitations as unde-
viating tail-male or tail-female descent, and that weight of ancestry plays a
very minor part in heredity. In the transmission of gray it plays no part what-
ever, for the inhibitoi'y factor which Is resix)nsible for this condition still holds
its own with undiminished vigor in spite of the overwhelming preponderance of
whole-colored ancestry in the pedigrees of gray thoroughbreds."
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 673).
Tables for statisticians and biometricians, edited by K. Peabson {Cam-
bridge, England, 1914, pp. LXXXIII-j-143).— This Includes 55 tables of interest
to statisticians and biometricians.
Action of sugar in nutrition, A. Goxjin and P. Andouabd iCovipt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris'^, 7^ (1913), .No. 19, pp. 1082-10S4) .—A three-months-old calf was
fed for 11 weeks, during the first four weeks on a ration high in amid content
(potatoes and manioc), and during the last six weeks a saccharose feed in
which carob-bean meal predominated. During the first period the ration con-
tained 218 gm. of saccharose per 1,CM30 kg. weight, and during the second period
420 gm. The average daily increase in weight was 821 gm. in the first period,
and 905 gm. in the second. There was found to be a reduction in the amount
of urine secreted, in the urinary nitrogen, and in the nutrients digested, with the
increased allowance of saccharose.
The effect of sugar on the digestion of nitrogen, A. Goxjin and P. Andouabd
(Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 75 (1913), No. 86, pp. 550-552; ahs. in
Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rotne], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 380, 3S1). — In experiments to determine the influence of sugar on the
utilization of nitrogen, pigs were fed during two periods of 42 days each, the
first period on peanut cake, degelatinized bone meal, and manioc roots, and the
second period on peanut cake, degelatinized bone meal, and Jerusalem arti-
chokes.
During the first or starch period the average daily increase in weight was 667
gm. per head and during the second or sugar period 595 gm. The manioc starch
was always completely utilized, while the sugar of the artichokes was often
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
363
only incompletely taken up. Due to u less intense bacterial activity in the sugar
period than in the starch period the quantity of nitrogen transformed into gas
in the stomach was diminished from 9.48 to 0.07 per cent. During the starch
period the pigs excreted in the feces an average of 25.93 per cent of the nitrogen
of the feed and during the sugar period 48.73 per cent.
These results corroborate observations made in previous experiments with a
heifer calf (E. S. II., 27, p. 871), and a steer (see above), and indicate that
sugar diminishes the utilization of nitrogen and the loss of nitrogen by fermen-
tation in the alimentary canal.
Comparative feeding' experiments with various grades of low moor, high
moor, m.arsh, and mineral land hays, B. Tacke et al {Ber. Landiv. Reich-
samtc Innern, No. 32 (1914), PP- -^7). — This comprises three papers reporting
various comparative feeding experiments with oxen and sheep fed different
sorts of marsh and moorland hays. The coefficients of digestibility and the
digestible nutrients of the various hays are shown in the following table :
Coefficients of digestihility and digestihle nutrients of the various hays.
Kind of hay.
CoeflBcients of digestibility.
Dry
mat-
ter.
Pro-
tein.
Fat.
Nitro-
een-
iree
ex-
tract.
Crude
fiber.
Digestible nutrients.
Pro-
tein.
Fat.
Nitro-
gen-
free
ex-
tract.
Crude
fiber.
Marsh hay
High-moor hay
Low-moor hay.
Clover hay
Perct.
57.5
65.0
56.9
61.0
Perct.
61.8
69.3
61.5
69.1
Perct.
47.0
47.0
57.5
59.1
Perct.
59.9
67.4
58.3
64.4
Perct.
62.2
62.8
55.9
55.3
Perct.
6.67
11.18
5.71
10.97
Perct.
1.16
1.10
1.30
1.20
Per ct.
27.10
31.34
27.40
28.38
Perct.
19.83
16.93
19.90
17.24
The influence of long storage on the composition and digestibility of
meadow and clover hays, F. Honcamp, H. MiJLLNEB, and B. Stau {Landw.
Vers. Stat., 84 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 447-481).— In feeding experiments with
sheep it was demonstrated that under desirable storage conditions meadow hay
suffers no loss in nutritive value. During three years' experiments com-
prising five periods the nutrients remained practically the same if not higher
and the digestibility was increased. During two years comprising six periods
in which clover hay was fed no material change in nutritive value of the hay
was noted in either composition or digestibility.
The feeding value of apple pomace, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts Sta.
Circ. 4t (1914), PP- 4)- — -^ popular summary of data, based largely on work
previously noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 395; 17, p. 279; 26, p. 72).
Bacteriological researches on forage conservation in the silo, C. Gorini
(Ann. 1st. Agr. [Milan-], 5 (1901-1904), pp. 91-100; 6 (1901-1905), pp. 105-122,
pi. 1; 7 (1905-6), pp. 47-57; 8 (1906-7), pp. 49-68; 9 (1907-1909), pp. 85-92;
10 (1909-1911), pp. 95-112; 11 (1911-1913), pp. 165-175) .—These are reports
of bacteriological studies made of silage during a period of years. The author
makes four classes of silage, those in which butyric acid, lactic acid, and putre-
fying bacteria predominate, and that which is comparatively free from bacteria.
The first two classes are normal and the last two abnormal, the third because
fermentation has been too low, thus causing putrefaction, and the last because
the temperature has been too high, thus destroying the bacteria.
The optimum temperature for lactic acid bacteria is given as 50° C. (122° F.),
and for butyric acid bacteria 60°. The author prefers the lactic acid silage for
364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
dairy cows, as the butyric ucid silage has a tendency to t^int the milk and
butter. In preliminary experiments in inoculating the silage with lactic acid
bacteria it was found that such inoculation appears to improve the keeping
qualities of the silage, although all lactic acid cultures do not act alike. Even
at a relatively low temperature it is possible to make excellent silage by such
inoculation.
[Ensilage experiments with, lactic acid culture], T. Remn and F. Weiske
(Bl. Zuclcerruhcnbau, 21 {191J,), Nos. 11, pp. 168-173; 13, pp. 201, 202).— In
these studies it was found that the inoculation of ensiled beets, or of clover hay,
with a specially prepared lactic acid culture materially increased the acidity
of the silage, facilitated the fermentation process, and improved the quality
of the silage.
A new process of preparing potatoes for acid ensilage with pure cultures
of lactic bacteria, G. Foth (Ztschr. Spiritusindus., 37 (191^), No. 8, p. 103,
flg. 1; alts, in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Ayr. Intel, and Plo/nt
Diseases, 5 {lOlJf), No. 5, pp. 693, 69Jf, fig. 1). — This process consists in the
addition of a lactic ferment to equal amounts of steamed, potatoes and cold
grated potatoes thoroughly mixed at 55° C. (131° F.). After this mixture is
thoroughly kneaded and the ferment evenly distributed, the mass is discharged
into a wagon. Other hashed forage, such as mangel leaves and potato haulm,
may be added to acidify the steamed potatoes, and when available, brewers'
grains may be substituted for the grated potatoes.
Agriculture in Argentina, A. Hermes and H. Holtmeiee-Schombeeg {Ber.
Landw. Reichsamte Innern, No. 29 (1913), pp. 125-267). — With reference to live
stock in Argentina tables are given showing the development since 1888. It is
stated that the Province of Buenos Aires possesses more than one-third of all
the cattle, one-third of the horses, and nearly one-third of the sheep and pigs
of the Republic. The live stock has been greatly improved by the introduction
of pure-bred stock from Europe and the United States. Tables are given show-
ing the number and value of stock imported from various countries.
In the importation of horses, Thoroughbreds are the only type of light horse
which has acquired a real importance in Argentina. The acclimatization of the
Hackney was highly successful, and large numbers are bred on the best estan-
cias. Among the heavy draft horses, Clydesdales, Shires, and Percherons are
popular. Other breeds have been introduced and all seem to give satisfaction.
Among the cattle the breeds rank in popularity as follows : Shorthorn, Here-
ford, and Aberdeen-Angus. The beef-producing types are the most prevalent.
Large numbers of sheep have been imported from England, France, and Ger-
many, principally the Rambouillet and Lincoln breeds, the latter being crossed
with Merinos. Neither the long wool breeds, aside from the Lincolns, nor the
Down breeds have made much progress.
It is stated that the total number of dairy farms has greatly increased in the
past few years, but that the industry is still in its early stages. Typical farms
are described and a bibliography is appended.
The Flemish breed of cattle, H. Raquet (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 3 (1914), No.
24, pp. 673-676, figs. 2). — An account of the breed characteristics and utility
value of this breed of cattle. The average annual milk production is given as
between 3,500 and 5,000 kg., containing ordinarily 4.5 per cent fat. In addition
to its milking capacity the breed is well adapted for beef production.
Red Flemish cattle, H. Raquet (Ann. Gembloiw, 24 (1914), No. 2, pp. 81-
102, 2)1. 9; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 6, pp. 790, 791).— It is stated that as milkers these cattle
are almost equal to the Dutch breed when under a favorable system of manage-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 365
ment, one herd producing an average of from 7S<) to 1,080 gal. per year. The
breed is very adaptable, having been successfully established in portions of
Spain, Argentina, and Brazil. The author states that there are three classes:
(1) The milking type, red with a black nose; (2) the beef type, produced by
crossing with the Shorthorns, red with a i)ink nose; and (3) the general pur-
pose type with predominant milking qualities, red and white with a pink nose.
Observations on the origin and distribution of breeds of cattle in French
West Africa, H. J. de Cordemoy (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 14 (1914), No. 130,
pp. 24-S6; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [RomG'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, pp. 912, 913). — An account of the origin, distribution,
and utility value of the breeds of cattle of this section, which include both the
zebu, or humped ox, and the humitless (taurine) tyi>e.
Origin of caracul sheep, C. C. Young (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp.
JfJ^S-^J^l). — The author concludes from his observations that the caracul breeds,
which are broad-tails, resulted from crosses of long-tail sheep on fat rumps,
the former the black Danadar, the latter the Duzbai.
Quality in wool, P. G. Bailey and F. L. Engledow (Jour. Agr. Sci. [Eng-
land], 6 U914), No. S, pp. 3^9-370, figs. 9).— In the course of studies made to
determine more accurately the influence of fineness of fiber upon the " quality "
in wool, 700 slides were prepared and about 30,000 measurements made. At
shearing, samples were taken from both of the shoulders, the neck, the breech,
and the belly, an attempt being made to take the samples from similar posi-
tions on every sheep. The bulk of the wool was sorted by a skilled sorter,
representative samples being retained by the investigators for measurement
and study. The authors summarize the results of their investigation as follows :
" The method of taking four subsamples and making in all IGO measurements
of these subsamples gives a satisfactory value for the average diameter of
the sample. The average of the samples from each shoulder gives a good
indication of the shoulder for each sheep.
" In comparing two sheep A and B we may take as almost certainly signifi-
cant a difi'erence between their two average shoulder diameters of some 8 per
cent of the average shoulder diameter of either of them for measurements
taken as here indicated. A relationship exists between the fineness as meas-
ured by the average diameter and the commercial quality into which the wool
is graded. But this relationship is not absolute and is not modified by various
other factors. The average Ti diameter (diameter at the tip) is the best guide
from a genetic point of view as to the fineness of the wool concerned, owing
to the marked pathological influences which may affect the Ts (base) average.
The distribution of the fibers of different sizes has a modifying effect upon
the commercial quality which would be assigned from a consideration of the
average size only. It is suggested that the standard deviation of the distribu-
tion of the fibers should be used as a measure of this modifying effect."
South African sheep and wool, W. M. McKee (Cape Toton, 1913, pp. XVI-{-
526, figs. 35). — ^An account of the history and development of the Merino,
Eambouillet, and other wool-producing breeds of sheep in South Africa, and a
discussion of methods of feeding, care, and management of these sheep, the
preparation and care of wool for market, fitting sheep for show, and other
related topics.
Influence of feeding on the morphological and physiological conditions of
the animal body, H. Henseleb (Kuhn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 2J,3-361, pis.
S, figs. 8; 5 (1914), pp. 207-288, figs. 20).— This treatise gives in detail the
results of body measurements and weighings made of fat and lean swine, and of
swine under various conditions of feeding. Studies were made of the influence
366
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
of feeding on the size of body, breast cavity, length and character of ribs,
nature of the blood, size of lungs and heart, size of Intestinal canals, the
secretions and funetionings of the stomach, the size of pelvis and croup, char-
acter of the central nerve system, the sr)inal canal, and the sense organs.
The work of von Nathusius with swine and of Fischer with calves is cited.
The effect of calcium and protein fed preg-nant swine upon the size,
vigor, bone, coat, and condition of the offspring, J. M. Evvard, A. W. Dox,
and S. C. Guernsey (A)tici: Jour. Physiol., 3.i U91Jf), No. 3, pp. 312-325, figs.
5). — In preliminary experiments conducted at the Iowa Station three lots of
pregnant gilts were fed, lot 1 receiving shelled corn, lot 2 shelled corn and ap-
proximately 2i gm. of calcium (in salts) daily, and lot 3 shelled com and about
136 gm. of black blood albumin (88.24 per cent protein) daily. Average daily
gains per head were made for lot 1 of 107.95, lot 2 of 154.G8, and lot 3 of 237.23
gm., and they farrowed an average of 7.88, 7.3, and 8.22 pigs per sow, the litters
weighing an average of 0,454.62, 6,695.02, and 7,838.08 gm. for the respective lots.
The relative influence of calcium and protein is shown in the following table :
Comparative influences of calcium and protein fed the pregnant dam on the
developing fetus.
Characteristic of offspring.
Increase over com
alone.
Calcium
ration.
Protein
ration.
Vigor
Per ceni.
5.97
6.38
9.89
16.46
Per cent.
35.00
Coat quantity
24.42
Coat color
38.04
Condition
7.17
The following were among the conclusions drawn:
" The addition of calcium (allowed as chlorid and carbonate) to a fixed basal
ration of corn and sodium chlorid with pregnant gilts resulted in new-born pigs
having greater size, more vigor, bigger bone, increased coat quantity, better coat
color, and higher condition. . . . The influence of the complex organic protein
is more marked generally than that of the more simple inorganic calcium. The
use of chlorid as the source of calcium was not as satisfactory as the carbonate
in a high protein ration."
[Swine feeding' experiments] (Mitt. Ver. Dent. Schiceineziichter, 21 (1914),
No. 17, p. 330). — One-hundred-lb. pigs fed a basal ration of 1* lbs. barley meal,
f lb. bone meal, and 2* qt. skim milk per head per day, and a supplementary
feed of 10 to 12 lbs. steamed potatoes, made 1.6 lbs. average daily gain, while
those fed a supplementary feed of potato flakes made a similar gain of 1.6 lbs.
[The antiquity of the horse in South America], A. Cardoso {An. Mas. Nac.
Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 24 (1913), pp. 445-460, fig. 1).—The author takes
exception to the contention of Trouessart (E. S. R., 30, p. 174) relative to the
prehistoric existence of the horse in portions of South America and claims a
more recent origin.
The teeth of the horse and its age, S. T. D. Stmons (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales,
Farmers' Bui. 87 (1914), PP- S-42, figs. 85).— An explanation of methods of
determining the age of horses by the condition of their teeth.
Short-faced Abyssinian mules, P. Dechambre (Bui. 8oc. Nat. Acclim.
Fraitce, 61 (1914), -A'o. 5, pp. 129-132, figs. 2; abs. in Intermt. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui, Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^'o. 6, p. 789). — An account
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 367
of a type of Abyssinian nuile having as its regular characteristic a depression
of the base of the subnasal bone, together with an underhung jaw giving the
animal a bulldog expression. These animals are small, strong, and well ribbed.
It appears that they are the result of purely accidental variations Avhich are not
inherited.
The bare necks, C. B. Davenport {Jour. Heredity, 5 [1914), No. 8, p. 374,
fig. 1). — An account of chickens brought from the Barbados which are char-
acterized by the absence of feathers from the neck as far as from the ears
down to the clavicle. Mated together these birds gave a few full-feathered
chicks, but about three-fourths of all were bare necked. Mated to ordinary
fowl, about one-half of the offspring had naked necks.
It is concluded that the naked neck is a typical dominant and that there is a
factor in this bird which interferes with the development of the neck feathers.
The author .suggests that " every skin plate bears a feather and that if any
portion of the skin is without feathers, it is due to a specific inhibitor to the de-
velopment of the feather germ in that region. Of these inhibitors there are
probably a number. There are at least one for the shanks and one for the neck
and possibly an additional one for the ventral patch of the neck. So far as
we have gone it seems probable that the inhibitor is of the nature of an
antienzym which interferes in a given area with the development of those
enzyms that induce the formation of the feather."
Variations caused by various feeds on ducks belonging to the same brood,
A. Magnan {Ann. Sci. Nat. ZooL, 9. scr., 19 {1914), No. 2-S, pp. 161-225, figs.
S5). — A part of this work has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 27,
p. 774).
Rouen ducks on a fish diet showed a much greater relative development of
proventriculus than those fed flesh, insects, or vegetables. The length and
weight of the ceca were much greater on vegetable diet. Thickness of the
muscular wall of the gizzard and weight of the stomach were greatest on flesh
diet. The intestinal surface, length of large intestine, and weight of spleen and
blood were greatest on vegetable diet. Length and weight of the small in-
testine, and weight of the lungs and pancreas were greatest on fish diet. The
weight of heart was greatest on fish and insect diets and equal in the two cases.
An extensive bibliography is included.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Present state of the dairying industry in Bombay, J. B. Knight and E. "W.
Horn {Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 56 {191/f), pp. 14). — An account of the breed
characteristics and utility value of the several breeds of dairy cattle and milk-
yielding buffaloes of Bombay. The necessity of improved methods of selection
and breeding is suggested.
Experiments on the profitable feeding of milch, cows, H. Goldschmidt
{Dansk. Land [Copenhagen], 1 {1913), Dec., pp. 453-470; abs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 8, pp. 1050,
1051). — In a preliminary experiment conducted at the Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural College, Copenhagen, in which 20 milch cows were fed lucern hay
ad libitum, it appeared that the weight and performance of the individual
cows did not stand in any approximately constant relation to the quantity of
lucern consumed, and that the older and drier the lucera, the less of it was
eaten.
Two lots of 10 cows each were fed 77 lbs. lucern and 2.2 lbs. straw, lot 1
receiving in addition 1.02 lbs. of oil cake for every 10 lbs. of milk, and lot 2
an equivalent amount of nutrients, or 1,33 lbs. of oats for every 10 lbs. of milk,
368 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
for 25 days, after which the lots were reversed for 20 days. In both groups
the greatest yield of milk was obtained with the oil cake. From this it is
concluded that " it is comparatively easy to force the yield of milk by the use
of protein at the expense of the fat contained in the body, when the cows are
in good condition, while it is diflicult to do so with carbohydrates at the expense
of the protein-containing tissues of the body."
It is suggested that as long as the lucera is young, that is, up to about
June 15, it may be supplemented by mangolds (or if necessary cereals, etc.).
From June 15 to about August 15 the lucem, being older, may be fed with oil
cake, or, if it is fed in smaller rations, with oil cake and cereals, etc. From
August 15 to about September 10 it should be supplemented by oil cake and
mangolds.
Manuring for milk (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col., Manuring for Milk 1913,
pp. 12, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In these experiments, which covered a period of four
years, pastures composed principally of cocksfoot, tall fescue, and white clover
were fertilized with superphosphate and sulphate of potash, and the yield in
milk compared with pastures not so fertilized. A total of 373 gal. more milk
per acre was obtained during the four years on the fertilized pastures, and
their carrying capacity and profits were increased.
Cost of production of milk, A. Murray (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col.,
Prelim. Rpt. Cost Milk Prod. 1913, pp. 10). — From his irplinnnary investiga-
tions on this subject, the author concludes that the chief iactcr contributing to
the high production cost of milk is the excessive use of concentrates, and next
to that the excessive use of long hay. Where roots are liberally fed the cost
of production is proportionately decreased.
New method of calculating' the production value of feedstuffs for dairy
cattle, G. FiNGEELiNG (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 185-189).—
The author takes exceptions to Hansson's proposal (E. S. R., 31, p. 371), that
Kellner's protein factor of 0.94 be increased in estimating the production value
of feeding stuffs for dairy cattle. It is contended that milk production depends
largely upon fat and carbohydrate elements rather than protein, and that since
Kellner's figure represents production value for body growth it is also suited
to milk production. Also, since the utilization of protein by the dairy cow will
depend upon the lactation period and the producing capacity of the animal,
the protein figure will be variable. The author prefers a feed standard on a
safe basis and believes that for practical use the Kellner estimates are the best
A new record milk yield (Breeder's Gaz., 66 (19U), No. 22, pp. 910, 912).—
It is reported that in a semiofficial test, completed November 13, 1914, the
5-year-old Holstein-Friesian cow Tilly Alcartra, owned by a California firm,
finished the year with 30,452.6 lbs. of milk and 951.3 lbs. of milk fat to her
credit, and is believed to be the only 30,000-pound milch cow in the world.
During the year she consumed a total of 1,828 lbs. each of barley, oats, and
bran, 1,208 lbs. oil meal, 681* lbs. dried beet pulp, 3,226 lbs. corn silage, 10,122
lbs. hay, and 15,140 lbs. mangels, which at market prices is estimated to have
cost $149.88.
Segregation of fat factors in milk production, F. B. Hills and E. N.
BoLAND (Proc. Iowa Acad. Set., 20 (1913), pp. 195-198). — In a microscopical
study of a large number of samples of milk, the authors divided the globules
into three classes, as regards size, all under 0.0016 mm. in diameter being in
the first class, those ranging from 0.0016 to 0.0032 mm. in the second class, and
all over 0.0032 mm. in the third class. Numerous counts of the globules were
made in samples of milk ranging in fat content from 2.8 to 7.2 per cent.
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 369
There was found to be a positive correlation between tlie percentage fat
composition of tlie milk and the numl^er of fat globules of different sizes, the
coefficient being 0.19. In the millc testing 2.8 per cent fat, GO per cent of the
number of globules were in the first division, 28 per cent in the second, and 6
per cent in the third; in tlie 7.2 per cent milk, 47 per cent in the first division,
40 per cent in the second, and 16 per cent in the third.
In a study of inheritsmce of fat production, as shown by the relation of the
l)roduction of dams to that of their offspring, 3,700 pairs of variates were taken
from the 1910-11 Official Yearbook of the Advanced Registry of the Ilolsteiu-
Friesiau Association. " The mean fat production of the offspring was 16.952±
0.039, while that of the dams was 15.971±0.034. The standard deviation and
coefficient of variability of the offspring were also greater than those of the
dams, showing the tendency of the individuals of the Fi generation to reach the
extremes of the parental generations. The correlation coefficient of 0.29 would,
according to the statistical method of study of biparental inheritance, show
evidence of prepotency on the part of the dams as opposed to the sires. This
fact may indicate a sex-linkage of the factors controlling inheritance of fat
production.
"A rearrangement of the data, used in the work just discussed, in classes
representing three generations, shows the following coefficients of variability — •
parental generation, 21.686, Fi generation 18.737, and Fz generation 21.824." It
is stated that this is typically JNIendelian.
In an attempt to distinguish the unit of inheritance In fat production, a divid-
ing point that separated into two classes was readily recognized. The breeding
records of the granddams, classified into different groups with the pound as the
unit, were tabulated and compared. It was found that " the granddams having
records above 21 lbs. produced F2 descendants, as follows : Fifty-four above 21
lbs. and GO below. The granddams below 21 lbs. produced 764 below 21 lbs.
and 104 above. The latter appears to be a 7 : 1 ratio, indicating a linkage of
two factors — one a pure dominant, the other probably sex-linked acting in a
simple 3 : 1 ratio."
The composition of milk as shown by analyses of samples of known purity
made by the Massachusetts State Board of Health, H. C. Lythgoe {Jour.
Indus. mi4 Engin. Cheni., 6 (1914), No. 11, pp. 899-908, figs. 7).— A large number
of samples of milk of known purity were examined in the laboratory of the
food and drug inspection of the Massachusetts State Board of Health for total
solids, ash, fat, protein, lactose, and milk serum.
Excluding some of the abnormally high figures the percentages of variation
were as follows: Solids from 31 per cent above to 19 per cent below the
average; fat from 66 above to 41 below; proteins from 38 above to 27 below;
sugar from 15 above to 10 below. The variations calculated from the analyses
of the herd milk are much less than those obtained from the milk of individual
cows. Variations in the composition of milk are due primarily to the breed,
and to a less extent the season of the year and the period of lactation.
A study of the seasonal variation showed that " milk obtained in the winter
is the best, that obtained in the simimer is the worst, while milk obtained in
the spring and fall is a mean of the summer and winter samples. . . . The
period of lactation appears to have no influence upon the variation by
season. . . . All the results are affected by the seasonal variation, and all but
the sugar and serum figures are affected by the period of lactation. The protein-
fat ratio and the percentage of fat in the solids of these samples were not
materially affected either by the season or by the period of lactation."
The percentage of fat in the solids decreases with the solids, being 38 per
cent in Jersey milk and 27 per cent in Holstein milk. The amount of proteins
370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in the solids is fairly constant at about 25 per cent. As the ash is nearly con-
stant the percentage of ash in solids increases as the solids diminish, being 4.9
per cent in Jer.sey milk and 6.7 per cent in Holstein milli. Sugar is also nearly
constant and the percentage in the solids increases as the solids decrease, being
30 per cent in Jersey milk and 40 per cent in Holstein milk. Hence, both the
ash and lactose content are of value in detecting added water.
It is stated that "it is possible, within reasonable limits, to indicate from the
percentage of solids and fat whether or not a sample has been watered,
skimmed, or is normal milk. No relation exists between the i-efraction of the
serum and the sour serum a.sh; therefore, if both figures are below the mini-
mum for pure milk it is positive indication of the presence of added water.
The protein-fat ratios in all cases have been less than 1. If this figure exceeds
1, skimming is indicated, the amount being greatest in samples possessing the
highest ratio. If the protein-fat ratio is less than 0.7, or the percentage of fat
in the solids is above 35, samples may be declared watered by a low refraction
of the serum, not necessarily below the minimum for all samples of known
purity. This is particularly so when dealing with herd milk. In the absence
of a refractometer, the specific gravity or the percentage of solids of the serum
is just as valuable as the refractive index in detecting added water."
The iron content of milk, F. E. Nottbohm and G. Dore {Ztschr. Untersuch.
Nahr. u. Gemissmtl., 28 {WW, No. 9, pp. 417-424) .—From their studies the
authors find that the normal iron content of milk, on the basis of FesOs, is
between 0.03 and 0.13 mg. in 100 cc, the majority of samples ranging between
0.03 and 0.07 mg. Toward the end of the lactation period the iron content
increases. An Increase in the iron content due to inflammatory conditions of
the udder (mastitis) can not always be counted on. The feeding of sac-
charated iron to cows apparently does not increase the normal amount of iron
in the milk.
Dairies and cow sheds. — Their effect upon the purity of the milk supplied
to military hospitals, troops, and married families, E. B. Dewberry {Jour.
Roy. Army Med. Corps, 21 {1913), Nos. 5, pp. 570-580, figs. 4; 6, pp. 676-683).—
General instructions are given on the construction and care of cow sheds and
the sanitary care of milk.
Shrinkage in handling milk at city milk plants {Cream, and Milk Plant
Mo., 3 {1914), No. 3, p. 22). — Estimates were obtained from 41 dealers by the
Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as to the daily losses in
the handling and delivery of milk. These estimates, which include all losses
in handling milk from the time it is shipped, varied from 0.5 to 4 per cent and
averaged 2.15 per cent of the amount handled by each dealer. Investigation
revealed many unnecessary leaks Avhich appear to be negligible but amount
to a considerable sum in the course of a year. Among the ways in which
these losses occur are the following: "Leaky cans; dented or battered cans;
cans not full ; careless handling of cans, both in transferring from cars and in
dumping; inefficient draining of cans; leaky or battered apparatus; filters out
of repair, as leaky valves; losses at the filler (this may be caused by the
valves not being properly adjusted, carelessness in handling, breakage of bot-
tles, etc.) ; carelessness in handling full cases of milk, thus breaking the bottles;
loss from not removing all the milk from the pasteurizer, pipes, pumps, tanks,
or other apparatus; loss from the process of pasteurizing and clarifying, by
evaporation and mechanical losses."
Experiments with commercial and homemade starters, L. Funder {Aarsber.
Offentl. Foranst. Landbr. Fremmc, 1913, III, Statsforattst., pp. 6S7-720, figs. 3;
abs. in N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 38 {1914), No. 14, p. 592).— The
results of these experiments are summarized as follows :
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 371
"All the starters tested have generally produced butter of a satisfactory
quality. The butter from homemade starters was equal to that from commer-
cial ones. The keeping quality of the butter was about the same for both. The
starters which gave the best results at the butter scoring are the same which
have maintained their quality the longest.
"The best butter has universally been obtained when the acidity (of the
starter) has been 39 to 40° Soxhlet-Henkel (0.8775 to 0.9 per cent). An
acidity of up to 44° (0.99 per cent) can hardly be said to have hurt the butter,
but the quality drops universally with lower acidity. The titration numbers
show considerable variations from day to day. In order to ascertain the acidity
the titration must be repeated often. The starter used showed generally 1.2°
(0.25 per cent) higher than the mother starter.
" The quality of the butter is improved universally with the tasting score of
the starter, and with the acidity up to about 40° (0.9 per cent), but the quality
agrees better with the acidity than with the taste of the starter. A palatable
sharp starter has as a rule a high titration number, and a poorly tasting one
as a rule a lower acidity than normal. The starters with which have been
used a long ripening time have uniformly given better results than those with
short rii)ening time. The drop in the temperature in the starter while ripening
is all the greater the higher the temperature when starting, and the smaller
the quantity of milk used. Hence the effect of using a high commencing tem-
perature is partly lost, but depends furthermore on the quantity of milk used
and the quality of the insulation. The starters used have had no effect on the
moisture in the butter."
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
A text-book of bacteriology, P. H. Hiss and H. Zinsser (New York and
London, 1914, 2. cd., pp. XVI+IGG, figs. i56).— This is the second edition of this
practical treatise on bacteriology, which is intended for students and practi-
tioners of medicine.
A text-book of general bacteriolog'y, E. O. Jordan {Philadelphia and
London, 1914, 4- cd. rev., pp. 647, pls. 2, figs. 178). — ^This edition of this work
(B. S. R., 24, p. 717) has been thoroughly revised and some new material
added, including a new chapter on the filterable viruses.
Blood pressure. — Its clinical applications, G. W. Norris {Philadelphia and
Neio York, 1914, pp. TIII-\-372, pi. 1, figs. 98).— In the first chapter of this
work J. H. Austin deals with the physiology of blood pressure. A description
of the various instruments used and the relative advantages of the different
methods of determining blood pressure follows. A^enous and capillary pressure
are discussed briefly and methods of determining functional efiiciency of the
circulation are described at some length. The remaining part, or about one-half
of the book, relates to the clinical applications of blood pressure.
Special pathology and therapy of the domestic animals, F. Hutyra and
J. Maker (SpezieUe Pathologie und Therapie der Hausticre. Jena, 1913, 4-
ed., rev. and enl., vols. 1, pp. XVI+II44, lils. 12, figs. 231; 2, pp. XIV-\-10S8,
pis. 7, figs. 207). — This edition contains in addition to the material previously
noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 82), chapters on paratyphoid of pigs, Ascoli's precipitin
reaction for anthrax and erysipelas, sporotrichosis, and the salvarsan treat-
ment for the pectoral form of equine influenza. The chapter on protozoan dis-
eases has been revised. Under organic diseases new chapters on catarrh of
sphenoidal sinus, Heine-Medin's disease, guinea pig paralysis, lingual paralysis,
tetany, necrobacillosis, ostitis, and osteomyelitis, have been added and others
rewritten. Data pertaining to Borna disease have been separated from the
80967°— No. 4—15 6
372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
remaining forms of meningo-encephalomyelitis (meningitis cerebrospinalis en-
zootica) and rewritten.
A study of Bacterium mallei, with special reference to the " komige "
form, II. Clakkk {('onicll Vet., Jf (I'JJo), No. Jf, pp. 16.'f-170). — " B. mallei does
not form gas or acid in the sugars studied. It coagulates millc in from 10 to 20
days. The morphology of D. mallei varies in different strains. The so-called
' kornige ' form exists in certain strains obtained from animal tissues and cul-
tures. This form as far as could be determined has no relation to virulence."
A quantitative application of the Abderhalden serum test, D. D. Van
Slyke and Miriam A'inogbad {Ahu. in Proe. Soc. Eapt. Biol, and Med., 11
(191^), No. 5, p. 15It). — The authors claim that the Alderhalden serum test may
be greatly simplified, made quantitative, and the sensitiveness increased about
thii"ty-fold as compared with the dialysis test, by utilizing the nitrous acid
method to detect proteolysis.
"The technique is the following: 2 cc. of serum is digested with 0.1 gm. of
dried substrat (tissue prepared according to Abderhalden's directions and dried
quickly at 0.5 mm.), or, as nearly as can be estimated, 0.4 gm. of undried sub-
strat. After the digestion is complete, 3 cc. of water is added. The solution
is then centrifuged and 2 cc. used for amino nitrogen determination in the
microapparatus, 0.5 cc. of caprylic alcohol being used to avoid foaming and the
reaction being run four minutes. Control analyses are run under the same con-
ditions with serum that has been digested with normal tissue, and with no
tissue. The amino method will detect one-fourth the concentration of a-NH-
that is apparent by the ninhydrin reaction, and the serum is diluted only one-
eighth as much in the above procedure as in the dialysis test, so that the sensi-
tiveness is increased about thirty-fold."
In spite of the results yielded by the test absolutely negative results were
obtained with the Rous chicken sarcomas Nos. 1 and 2, even when the serum
tested came from the chicken furnishing the tissue substrat. The results ob-
tained are said not to bear on the validity of the test in human cases. The
method is now to be tested in human cancer and in pregnancy.
Serum sensitization as related to dosage of antitoxin in man and animals,
W. H. Park, L. W. Famulener, and E. J. Banzhaf {Jour. Infect. Diseases,
14 (1914), No. 2, pp. 347-350, figs. 3).— "The results obtained in two men and
in two goats showed no appreciable difference in the absorption curves of anti-
toxin before and after sensitization. The variations that occurred in the cases
appeared to be due to the inherent individual characteristics of the persons and
animals injected and not to the sensitization.
" It is concluded that the large amounts of antitoxin injected in the treat-
ment of diphtheria are neither bound nor destroyed appreciably by any globulin
antibodies pi'esent in the blood of those previously injected. The same quantity
of antitoxin is therefore indicated in the treatment of diphtheria whether the
case has or has not received a previous injection of horse serum or globulins."
Influence of protein content on the absorption of antitoxin and agglutinin
injected subcutaneously, W. H. Park, L. W. Famulener. and E. J. Benzhaf
(Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 {1914), No. 2, pp. 338-346, fig. i).— "The degree of
protein concentration which is usually employed to produce the refined and con-
centrated diphtheria antitoxic globulin preparations has little or no effect in
retarding the absorption of the antitoxin from the subcutaneous tissues. The
removal of water, if not pushed too far, is therefore a justifiable means of less-
ening the quantity of fluid to be injected.
"Any preparation which causes local inflammatory reaction lessens the rate
of antitoxin absorption."
VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 373
The effect of gentian violet on protozoa and on tissues growing in vitro,
with especial reference to the nucleus, D. G. Kisskll (Jour. Expt. Med., 20
(1914), No. 6, pp. 5.'i5-553, pi. 1, fig. 1). — " Gentian violet may be regarded as a
true vital nuclear stain. Ehnbiyonic and adult tissue of the frog will grow in
vitro in the presence of gentian violet of a far stronger dilution than that neces-
saiy to Idll many bacteria. In these exx)eriments, for exami)le, successful
tissue growths were obtained when gentian violet 1 : 20,000 was used, yet
BaciUns subtil is will not grow in 1:100.000 dilution and grows very badly in
1:1,000,000 dilution. This fact may simplify the technique of the growth of
certain ti.ssues by eliminating the risk of bacterial contamination."
Increasing resistance against infectious diseases with calcium chlorid,
U. Emmerich and O. Loew (Arch. Hyg., 80 (1913), No. 1-6, pp. 261-271; abs. in
Centbl. Bakt. [etc.] 1. AM., Ref., 59 (1913), No. 7, pp. 194, i95).— Guinea pigs
and mice which received calcium chlorid over a long period of time showed a
marked resistance toward infections with anthrax and erysipelas bacteria of
low virulence. When, ho^vever, anthrax bacteria of high virulence were used
the disease progressed so rapidly as not to allow an observation as to whether
or not an increased resistance was present. In guineti pigs i)retreated with
calcium chlorid a tuberculosis infection seems to run a much milder course.
Therai)eutic tests on man are reported and others are in progress.
Report on the civil veterinary department (including the Insein Veteri-
nary School), Burma, for the year ended March 31, 1914, T. Rennie (Ann.
Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Burma, 1914, PP- 4-15, pi. 1). — ^This report includes ac-
counts of veterinary instruction, the occurrence and treatment of contagious
diseases, etc.
Annual report of the veterinary department for the year 1912—13, R. J.
Stobdy (Dcpt. Agr. Brit. East Africa Ann. Rpt., 1912-13, pp. 23-41). — A report
on the occurrence of animal diseases and of meat inspection work during the
year.
An outbreak of anthrax due to tannery refuse, E. M. Pickens (Rpt. N. Y.
State Vet. Col, 1912-13, pp. 130-136) .—The author's investigations show that
an outbi-eak of anthrax on a farm in a locality previously free from the disease
had its origin in a stream, into which a tannery deposited refuse, that flowed
through a pasture in which the cattle were kept. This is thought to be the
first time anthrax bacteria have been isolated from a contfiminated stream.
Anaphylaxis after using anthrax serum, K. Jarmai (Allatorvosi Lapok,
36 (1913), No. 21, pp. 247, 248; abs. in Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913),
No. 31, p. 505). — In a barn where anthrax had occurred several animals re-
ceived 10 cc. of anthrax serum subcutaneously and the dose was repeated two
weeks later. As cases of anthrax kept on occurring, a steer which was being
fattened was given 50 cc. of serum intravenously. The animal after a few
minutes came down with spasms, gaped, and stopped breathing. After 1^
minutes the breathing became superficial, the pulse was not palpable, there was
muscular contraction, and from the mouth and nose flowed a frothy fluid.
During this period the temperature rose to 40.6° C. After 9 hours the animal
recovered.
In three other febi'ile animals no untoward symptoms resulted from giving
10 cc. of serum. These animals received total amounts of serum varying from
60 to 80 cc.
Foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America, J. E. Wing (Breed-
er's Gas., 66 (1914), No. 21, p. 868). — The author reports upon his observations
of the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America. In
South America the disease is widespread, in Argentina being well-nigh uni-
374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
versal. The importance of eradicating the disease from the United States Is
emphasized.
In regard to the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man through
the agency of milk, G. Schmidt (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No.
42, pp. 71(9, 750). — A description of two cases in boys 5 and 7 years old, respec-
tively, who dranlc mi Hi from cows in a region where foot-and-mouth disease
was noted later. One of the cases was especially typical of the disease in ani-
mals. Two other possible cases in man are mentioned.
The differentiation between nodules due to glanders and those caused by
parasites, V. A. Mooee and C. P. Fitch (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col, 1912-13,
pp. 115-129). — ^A careful study of the material available and the findings of
others on the subject leads the authors to the following conclusions :
" In the lungs of horses suspected of being glandered there are frequently
found nodules which are due to parasites. Similar nodules are occasionally
met with in other organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymphatic glands. These
parasitic nodules are frequently mistaken for those due to glanders {Bacterium
mallei.) Macroscopically it is difficult, often impossible, to differentiate be-
tween the nodules due to parasites and those caused by the glanders organism.
Mici'oscopically the lesions due to parasites are characterized by a variable
eosinophilic infiltration. Eosinophils are occasionally found associated with
other lesions such as those of miliary tuberculosis, malignant tumors, and some
others. Ebhardt found eosinophils associated with old glanders nodules. Their
presence was probably due to stimuli other than B. mallei. When eosinophils
are found in the microscopic examination of nodules from the lungs of sus-
pected glandered horses, the lesions should not be considered as the direct
result of glanders infection."
A bibliography of 23 titles is appended.
A new method for the diagnosis of glanders. — The intrapalpebral mallein
reaction. — Preliminary note, A. Lanfranchi {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Set, No.
1 {1914), pp. 1-5, figs. 2). — ^This is a combination of the subcutaneous and
ophthalmic reaction. It consists of injecting 0.25 cc. of crude mallein dissolved
in 2.5 cc. of normal (physiological salt solution between the skin and mucous
membrane of the lower eyelid. The usual iirophylactic precautions are observed
before the injection. After two hours or so the blood vessels of the conjunctiva
become highly injected, a mucopurulent discharge begins to form, and the
lower lid becomes swollen, reaching its maximum after 12 to 24 hours. It then
also involves the upper lids and exterior of the arch of the zygoma. The reac-
tion lasts from 48 to 72 hours. Constitutional effects such as rise in temper-
ature ( thermoreaction) are also present.
Notes on osteomalacia (bone chewing) {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, SeL Biil. 12
{1914), pp. 23). — In addition to an introduction by F. B. Guthrie, this bulletin
contains three papers, namely, A Note on the Nature and Causation of Oste-
omalacia in New South Wales, by M. Henry (pp. 5-7), The Osteomalacia Soils
of the South Coast Districts, by H. I. Jensen (pp. 7-15), and Investigations
Undertaken in Connection with " Osteomalacia " or " Bone Chewing Disease "
on the South Coast, by A. A. Ramsay (pp. 1&-23).
Immunizing with dead trypanosomes, K. Aoki and H. Kodama {Ztschr.
Immuniiatsf. u. Expt. Titer., I, Orig., 18 {1913), No. 6, pp. 693-700).— In these
experiments it was not possible to immunize rabbits, rats, and mice by pretreat-
ment with suspensions of dead trypanosomes against a succeeding - infection
with dourine trypanosomes. It was also not possible to immunize rats and
rabbits with large amounts of dried trypanosomes,
Nephroparatyphoid and nephrotyphoid, C. Klienebebgeb {Berlin. Klin.
Wchnschr., 51 {1914), ^o. 21, pp. 969-972, figs. 2).— A description of two cases
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 375
in which the urethra had become infected first with paratyphoid bacilli, but
which later involved the kidneys. Up to the time when the paratyphoid bacilli
(hog-cholera group) were noted one of the patients was treated for gonorrhea.
The patients resided in rural districts. The agglutination titer with a poly-
valent antihog-cholera serum (Wassermann) went as high as 1:327,680, and
the blood picture was quite different from that of ordinary typhoid. The bacilli
could be cultivated from the urine but never from the blood or intestines.
Diagnostic value of the precipitin reaction in infections with the typhoid-
coli group of bacteria, and especially in meat poisoning, M. Isabolinsky
and B. Patzewitsch (Centbl. Bakt. [ctc.l, 1. AM., Orig., 10 {1913), No. 3-Jf,
pp. 192-199; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (191J,), No. 26, Report., p. 115).— The sera
employed were obtained by immunizing rabbits with killed cultures. It was
demonstrated with these sera that the precipitin reaction for detecting meat
poisoning by the paratyphoid B and Gartner bacilli is not absolutely specific.
The utilization of dry heated micro-organisms and those which have been
treated with digestive ferments as antigens, with especial regard to tuber-
culosis, F. LoEFFLEB {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 22, pp. 1025-1029;
abs. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {19U)', No. 12, pp. 202, 203).— By dry
heating various substances which the author and Matsuda employed as an-
tigens (proteins, blood, parts of tissues, bacterial masses) to 70° C, germ-free
antigens may be obtained. With these heated substances sera with high ag-
glutinating and bactericidal properties may be produced, and it is possible to
immunize animals against mouse typhoid and hog erysipelas.
While the organisms differ as i*egards their resistance toward heat, the ma-
jority die only after seven to eight days, but tubercle bacilli are killed after
one to two days. By heating continuously for nine to fifteen days at 70° the
resorptive ability of the tubercle bacillus is increased. This material when
given to rabbits and dogs will immunize them against highly pathogenic
tubercle bacilli, and the same immunity is also to be expected from bovines.
Guinea pigs could not be immunized with dry heated tubercle bacilli nor
could they be cured when infected with tuberculosis by this treatment. At the
utmost an extension of life is obtained by the treatment of the guinea pigs.
Micro-organisms exposed to the action of carnevoriu (a ferment preparation
obtained from insect devouring plants, such as Drosera) for a sufficient length
of time die, but death is preceded by a stage in which the bacteria multiply.
Different micro-organisms show different degrees of reaction toward carnevorin.
Some are killed in dilute solutions in a short time and others survive exposure
in a strong solution for a long time. The micro-organisms robbed of their
\irulence by carnevorin give when injected a strong immunity toward the re-
spective organisms. Tubercle bacilli treated with carnevorin diluted 1 : 2 in
salt solution are killed in from 48 hours (human type) to 72 hours (bovine
type). Guinea pigs can not be immunized nor cured with the organisms so
treated. Further work is to be done in this direction with other species of
animals and man.
Of the animal digestive ferments only trypsin in an alkaline medium was
found active and compared well as regards its action with carnevorin. Tubercle
bacilli ti-eated with trypsin are well resorbed, and the curative and protective
effects with guinea pigs are the same as noted with carnevorin. Kabbits
treated with trypsin bear injection with tubercle bacilli very well.
The results with trypsin seem to give a basis for the belief that an infection
of the intestinal tract by way of the mouth can readily occur, since some of the
ferments of the digestive tract do not affect or do not have the opportunity of
acting upon the micro-organisms for a sufficient length of time to kill them or
376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to render them noninfectious. Tlie possibility of giving local treatment of
tuberculosis is pointed out.
Dogs, which are more sensitive to human than to bovine tubercle bacilli,
can be easily inmiunized by bacteria which have been subjected to the process
of dry heating and given intraperitoneally or intravenously. After receiving
100 nig. of dry heatetl bacteria they can withstand an injection of from 250
to 300 mg. of living bovine tubercle bacilli. Tests were made with highly
potent dog sera on guinea pigs but with unsatisfactcn-y results. Better results
were obtained with sera prepared in rabbits with the human type of tubercle
bacillus. Guinea pigs were immunized against a slightly virulent strain of
the human type of tubercle bacillus which had been gradually treated with
trysin. This treatment increased the length of life of these animals but did
not confer a complete immunity.
Investigations about the tubercle bacilli content of the feces, the blood,
and the milk of cows affected with open tuberculosis, M. Gressel {Unter-
suchungen iiber den TuberkclhaziUcngeliaU tier Faeces, des Blutcs und der
Milch von Kiihen, welche an offener Lungentuherlmlose leiden. Inaug. Diss.,
Giessen, 1913, pp. 64; abs. in MiiticJien. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 57 (1913), No. 33,
pp. 625, 626). — In the feces of 13 bovines affected with open tuberculosis
tubercle bacilli were noted six times by the animal inoculation test. The mere
detection of acid-fast bacilli in the feces by the microscopical method does not
point conclusively to tubei'culosis. The blood of animals affected with a high
grade of open tuberculosis does not as a rule contain tubercle bacilli. In four
out of 12 cases bacilli were found by the microscopical method but not with the
animal test. As a rule bovines with advanced tuberculosis without involvement
of the udder do not discharge tubercle bacilli with milk, and tubercle bacilli
were found in the milk of only one out of 12 animals.
The value of the tuberculin eye test, W. Konge (Berlin. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 45, pp. 800, 801). — ^The conclusion reached, based on
data obtained by testing 21 cows, healthy and tubercular, is that a purulent
conjunctivitis obtained after injecting phymatin is diagnostic of tubei-culosis.
Udder diseases and the differential diagnosis of mammary gland tuber-
culosis, Seiler (Deut. Tier^rstl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913), No. 31, pp. 449, 500;
abs. in Centbl. Balct. [etcl, 1. Abt., Ref., 59 (1913), No. 11, p. 349).— A case,
believed to be a pyobacillosis of the mammary gland with metastasis in the
lymphatic organs, is described. Tuberculosis was absent.
Diplodinium ecaudatum, with an account of its neuromotor apparatus,
R. G. Sharp (Univ. Cal. Pubs., Zooh, 13 (1914), No. 4, pp. 43-122, pis. 5, figs.
4). — ^This paper deals with the morphology of D. ccaiidation, including D.
ecaudatum and D. cattanci, together with a description of three new forms of
this species, all of which are found in the first and second divisions of the
stomach of western cattle.
Investigation into the morphology and life history of Onchocerca gibsoni,
A. Breinl et al. (Aust. Inst. Trop. Med. Rpt. 1911, pp. 5-17). — ^The authors'
observations indicate that the worm nodules occur most frequently behind the
femoro-tibial joint. Careful examination of the internal organs, including the
spleen, liver, heart, etc., failed to reveal the presence of any parasite akin to O.
gibsoni. The fact that nodules occur in those parts of the animals which come
in contact with the ground when the beast is resting, or with water when the
cattle enter it for drinking or cooling purposes, namely, in the brisket and
behind the femoro-tibial joint, is considered an important aid in the search
for the means of transmission from host to host.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 377
The investigations conducted prove that the larva of 0. gihsoni may penetrate
the thick cai^siile which surrounds the nodule and also the skin of the animal
in small numbers. Sometimes larvte taken out of a fresh nodule still showed
slight movements after having been kept for 28 to 30 hours in water at a tem-
perature of from 15 to 18° O. (59 to 66.4° F.) At room temperature all move-
ments of the parasites had ceased after about 10 to 12 hours.
About GO stable flies were experimented with on different occasions and the
intestinal content examined after short varying intervals of one to two days,
but in no instance could anything be found even resembling a larva. Similar
experiments were carried out using mosquitoes for feeding experiments, as
Culcj; fatigans, Culicclsa vigilax, and Mansonia uniformis, with entirely nega-
tive results. Although it was repeatedly observed that the Onchocerca larvte
from fresh nodules are taken up by crustaceans belonging to the genus Cyclops,
further development of the larvse was never observed.
Further investigations into the etiology of worm nests in cattle due to
Onchocerca gibsoni, J. B. Cleland (Jlclbounie, AKstralia: Govt. [IdlJfl, pp.
56, pis. 5; (lis. in Pub. Health [London], 28 (1915), No. 4, pp. 90-95).— This is
a report of investigations conducted in continuation of those previously noted
(E. S. R., 27, p. 785). Although the author has previously expressed the
opinion that the balance of evidence thus far available favors the stable fly
(Stomoxys calcitrans) , a hematophagous species, as being the insect vector con-
cerned in the transmission of this parasite, the Investigations have been ex-
tended to test other possible channels.
The more imporant results obtained are the determination that various
Muscidae, as well as mosquitoes, can ingest the embryos of O. gibsoni when given
access to a freshly opened nodule ; that in the case of S. calcitrans not only can
the embryos be ingested but they may remain alive and active in considerable
numbers within the alimentary canal for a period of three days at least; and
that in case of Musca domestica and M. vetttstissima, both common flies, the
embryos can be ingested, although in the few experiments conducted they have
not been found alive in the alimentai-y canal of these flies even 24 hours after
feeding. The possibility of animals acquiring partial immunity to worm nest
infestation and the possibility of breeds immune to the formation of worm nests
is i-eferred to.
On the migration of the larvae of Onchocerca gibsoni through the capsule
of the worm nodule, W. Nicoll (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 8 (191^), No. 3, pp.
609-621). — ^The experiments here reportetl show that Onchocerca larvse can
and do make their escape through the capsule of the worm nodule. They
usually do so in small numbers, but may at times, or in some cases, migrate in
comparatively large numbers.
A bibliography of 8 titles is included.
Animal parasites, with special reference to the sheep tick (Melophagus
ovinus) and the biting sheep louse (Trichodectes sphaerocephalus), W. W.
Feoggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 (191-i), No. 9, pp. 765-770, pi. 1, figs. 6).—
A discussion of eight ectoparasites and their occurrence in Australia.
Concerning certain cytological characteristics of the erythroblasts in the
pig embryo, and the origin of nonnucleated erythrocytes by a process of
cytoplasmic constriction, V. E. Emmel (Amer. Jour. Atuit., 16 (191^), No. 2,
pp. 127-205, figs. //.5). — "In conclusion, therefore, it may be stated that the
data derived from the present investigation involving the study of blood cul-
tures, living and fixed blood vessels in the pig embryo, together with the ob-
servations of other investigations for both red and white blood cells in various
mammals, raises the question whether the origin of nonnucleated erythrocytes
378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
by a process of cytoplasmic constriction does not merit more serious considera-
tion."
The structural unit and growth of the pancreas of the pig, G. W. Cobneb
(Amer. Jour. Anat., 16 {19U), No. 2, pp. 201-236, figs. i9).— "The structural
unit is defined as the smallest portion of an organ which is repeated in a similar
way throughout, and which contains all the elemental structures of the organ.
The pancreas of the adult pig is formed by the repetition, 20,000 to 30,000 times,
of a structural unit about 1 mm. in diameter. The unit is more clearly outlined
in the fetus than in the adult. Its size is limited to the area of supply of one
arteriole. Pressure of fluid injected into the main duct of the pancreas is
equally distributed to all the units. By presumption, the reverse is true, that
is, all the units deliver their secretion against an equal pressure.
" The pancreatic ducts of the fetus have been injected. Statements of La-
guesse and others that the early ijancreatic ducts are plexiform are confirmed.
The main duct of the i)ig's pancreas and its branches arise by dilatation of
capillary ducts in the primitive plexus, in a manner similar to the origin of
arteries and veins from capillaries. This observation affords a clear explana-
tion of certain variations in the pancreatic ducts, uot understood before."
Swine diseases, A. T. Kinsley {Chicago, 1914, pp. 238, pJs. Jf, figs. 28). — This
booli gives a brief but well illustrated account of the diseases affecting swine,
arranged as follows : Diseases of the digestive system, the respiratory system,
the urogenital system, organs of locomotion, the skin, circulatory organs, and
the nervous system, and infectious diseases.
Some phenomena involved in. the life history of Spirochseta suis. — Studies
on hog cholera, W. E. King and R. H. Drake {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14
(1914), No. 2, pp. 246-250, fig. 1). — The results of the experiments suggest that
at some time in its life cycle 8. suis is capable of passing through bacteria-proof
filters. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 28, p. 381; 29, p. 681; 30, p. 383).
Hog cholera and serum treatment, G. R. White {Dept. Agr. Tenn., Farmers^
Bui., 1914, pp. 56, figs. 33). — A general description of hog cholera and the prep-
aration of antihog-cholera serum. Specific directions are given for vaccinat-
ing hogs against the disease. The bulletin is especially well illustrated.
Investigations on Voldagsen plague (shoat typhoid), W. Pfeiler and A.
KoHLSTOCK {Arch. Wiss. n. Prakt. Tierheilk., 40 {1913), No. 1-2, pp. 114-183,
figs. 9). — Shoats were infected with a culture obtained from a herd amongst
which a hog disease, supposed to be hog cholera, prevailed. The animals in
the herd failed to respond to treatment with the antihog-cholera sera of Neu-
Gans, Hutyra, and the German Imperial Health Department, and the bio-
logical behavior of the organism under various cultural conditions was studied.
It was agglutinated by a Voldagsen serum in dilutions of from 1 : 16,000 to
1 : 40,000. Two strains, L. 13 and L. 16, were used in the infection tests, the
purpose of which were to establish whether an infection per os is possible,
to make subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tests, and to determine whether a
disease similar to the one present among the pigs noted could be produced.
In addition, immunizing tests with the filterable virus against a Voldagsen in-
fection were made. Active and passive immunization tests with vaccine and
serum were also made in the laboratory and field.
By feeding very small doses of a culture of Voldagsen bacteria a severe,
fibrinous, intestinal inflammation was produced in shoats. It had the an-
atomical characteristics usually observed in acute hog cholera. It was pos-
sible to kill shoats only by giving large doses of hog-cholera bacilli followed
by a dose of either Bacillus paratyphoid B, or B. enteritidis, Gartner. The
disease could also be conveyed by contact, and animals so infected usually
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 379
died. Sterile filtrates of organs from diseased animals when injected in
other animals did not convey the disease. In all shoats where the disease
was present B. voldagscn could be isolated.
From a sow showing the residue of the disease the organism could not be
regained. Fresh or putrid organs when filtered conveyed neither shoat typhoid
nor hog cholera. To further prove that B. vol dag sen is not a secondary invader,
and going on the assumption that an animal having recovered from an attack
of hog cholera ought to be immune against the disease, shoats were exposed
to auimals affected by the filterable virus. The animals became diseased with
hog cholera.
The immunizing tests showed that animals could be protected against massive
doses of B. voldagsen per os by a vaccine (E. S. R., 31, pp. 87, 679) but not by
a Voldagsen serum. A filterable virus antiserum would not protect against a
Voldagsen infection. The reverse was also true. See also previous notes (E. S.
R., 29, p. 482; 31, p. 86).
Swine pox in young pigs, J. Ban (Allatorvosi Lapok, 36 {1913), No. 52,
pp. 620, 621; ahs. in Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, mid
Plant Diseases, 3 {WlJf), No. 6, p. 777). — It is stated that in many districts
of Hungary the disease is fairly frequent and that it attacks some herds every
year, sometimes causing considerable loss. This is said to be especially true
of districts on the right bank of the Danube where the author has observed it
to be one of the most frequent diseases of suckling pigs. Protective inocula-
tions with cowpox lymph gave good results in several localities on about 400
young pigs.
The use of atoxyl in equine influenza, M. Stance and Szulewsky (Berlin.
Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 28, pp. ^96, 497; al)S. in Vet. Rec, 27 (19U),
No. 1359, p. 62). — Atoxyl was used with success during a severe and extended
outbreak of influenza in army horses in which the catarrhal and pectoral
forms of the disease occurred simultaneously.
All of 84 cases of pectoral influenza with severe general symptoms that were
treated by intravenous injections of from 0.3 to 0.4 gm. of atoxyl, without the
previous use of other agents, recovered, whereas three other cases of like
severity treated symptomatically as controls all died of pulmonary gan-
grene. As a rule a single dose of from 0.3 to 0.4 gm. was suflicient to arrest
the pathological process and stimulate the absorption of the exudate. In rare
cases the same dose had to be repeated the next day or later. The most
favorable effect was observed when the atoxyl was used on the fourth or fifth
day of the illness, when the temperature was high.
It is pointed out that atoxyl is much cheaper than salvarsan and its use
does not require so difficult a manipulation. The authors, therefore, recom-
mend atoxyl as a substitute for salvarsan.
The method in which fowl cholera immune serum acts, E. Weil (Arch.
Hyg., 79 (1913), No. 2-3, pp. 59-71).— Tha purpose of this investigation, which
is a continuation of the studies already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 186), was to
determine the time in which the protective properties of the serum set in,
and, furthermore, to establish why immune substances must remain in the
blood for a time in order to protect the animal.
The results show that immune serum pretreated with bacteria does not pro-
tect against intraperitoneal infection with virulent bacteria. On the other
hand, if the bacterial injection is made some two hours later (also after
five to nine hours), the death of the animal does not result. The amount of
serum given and the infecting dose have a great influence upon the time of pro-
tection. The time factor is not believed to be dependent upon the resorp-
380
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
tion of immune sera, nor do leucocytes seem to take a part in tlie process
except fliiit they may inliibit ttie multiplication of tlie bacteria.
Sulphocarbolates in the treatment of white diarrhea (bacillary form) of
young chicks, G. D. IIoeton (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (lOUf), No. 3, pp. 321, 322).—
In oxperiuionts conducted by the author at the Oregon Agricultural College in
which a total of 50 chicks received the sulphocarbolate treatment, as rec-
onmiended by Kaupp in the work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 88), only
seven of those thus treated remained alive at the end of ten weeks. " From the
manner in which the chicks died off and from the general appearance of the
seven that remained alive it seems evident that sulphocarbolates in the treat-
ment of white diarrhea (bacillary form) have A'ery little, if any, efficiency."
Diseases transmitted by ticks; their classification, treatment, and eradi-
cation, A. Theiler, C. E. Gray, and W. M. Power {Amer. Vet. Rev., Jf6 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 281-297). — This review of the subject was presented at the Tenth
International Veterinary Congress, held at London in 1914.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Concrete lining as applied to irrigation canals, S. Fortiee {U. >Sf. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 126 {1914), pp. 86, pis. 11, figs. i5).— This publication treats of the
subject of concrete lining for irrigation canals from the standpoint of economy,
design, and construction and is intended for the use of irrigation engineers and
the managers and superintendents of irrigation systems.
The results of 321 sets of measurements of seepage made on different canals
are summarized in the following table :
Summary of seepage measurements expressed in terms of percentage of total
flow lost per mile of channel for various sized canals.
Capacity of canal.
Number
of tests.
Average
loss per
mile.
Capacitj- of canal.
Number
of tests.
Average
loss per
mile.
Second-feet.
Less than 1
16
37
30
49
48
Per cent.
25.7
20.2
11.7
12.1
5.5
Second-feet.
50 to 75
31
26
45
27
14
Per cent.
4.3
lto5
75 to 100 ....
2.7
5tolO
100 to 200
1.8
10 to 25
200 to 800
1.2
25 to 50
800 and over
1.0
It Is concluded from these results that seepage is the most important source
of loss from canals.
From the results of 76 measurements of flow of 18 canals it is concluded that
the so-called coefficient of friction n is on an average larger than has usually
been assumed by engineers. " The results show that only in rare cases, where
conditions are more or less ideal, is one justified in assuming a value as low as
0.012 for »."
The following values for n are given to serve as a guide in estimating the dis-
charge of lined canals: (1) n = 0.012 for concrete-lined canals having a smooth
sidewalk finish, clean bottom, no moss, uniform cross section, well-formed joints,
long tangents, flat spiral curves, no perceptible undulations on the surface of
the water, and in general the best construction and the best conditions obtain-
able in practice. (2) n = 0.013 for concrete-lined canals having conditions
slightly better than those of type 3 and not so good as those of type 1. (3)
71 = 0.014 for concrete-lined canals having an unplastered or rough troweled sur-
face, clean bottom, uniform cross section, well-formed joints, medium curvature,
EUEAL ENGINEERING. 381
no spirals, slight surface undulations, no aquatic vegetation, and in general good
construction and favorable conditions. (4) w = 0.015 for concrete-lined canals
having conditions similar to those of type 3, but with greater curvature and
some debris or other retarding influences. (5) n = 0.016 for concrete-lined
canals of average workmanship and medium conditions, having a rough surface,
imperfect joints, and sharp curves; also for canals of smooth lining and good
workmanship, but having one or more unfavorable conditions, such as sand and
gravel in the bottom or projecting joints which decrease the velocity of water.
(6) •n.= 0.017 for concrete-lined canals roughly coated, but otherwise in medium
condition. (7) h = O.OIS for concrete-lined canals coated as in type 6 and
having the bottom more or less covered with, sand and gravel, or else a clean
bottom but poor alignment, irregular cross section, broken gradient, or the
like."
Reference is made to experiments with other kinds of lining, and the prin-
cipal benefits to be derived from concrete lining are pointed out as conservation
of seepage water, increase in cari-jing capacity of the canal, retluction of charge
for operation and maintenance, and insurance against damage to crops.
As regards suitable grades, it is believed that a mean velocity of between 8
and 10 ft. per second is about as high as should be adopted in lining canals under
ordiuaiy conditions.
In locating a new canal for concrete lining, it is stated that sharp curves
should be avoided if possible, but that the expense of excavation required to
lessen curvature should be balanced against the disadvantages and extra cost
of lining sharp curves. In discussing the effect of alkali on concrete lining,
reference is made to previous studies of this nature (E. S. R., 29, p. 686), and
it is stated that good practice in concrete lining construction where alkali must
be reckoned with necessitates the following precautions: "(1) Do not use sand,
gravel, or water containing alkali; (2) keep soil waters charged with alkali
from coming into contact with, the concrete by the use of suitable drainage;
(3) give careful attention to the proper proportioning of materials and use
more cement than is needed to fill the voids; (4) protect the surface by a thin
plaster coat of dense mortar of granular sand; and (5) both the concrete and
the mortar used for the lining may be dampproofed by the addition of 5 to 10
per cent of semiasphaltic oil when mixing the materials."
In summing up the results of experiments on the expansion and contraction
of concrete, it is stated " that for concrete slab construction such as canal lining,
where only one side is exposed and with the other side in contact with earth,
a coefficient of expansion of 0.0000045 should be used, but in the case of concrete
construction where all sides are subject to equal temperatures and are not
under the conditions of moisture and earth contact found in canal lining and
similar construction, a coefficient of 0.0000063 can be used with safety."
The importance of joints in concrete lining for canals is pointed out and
various kinds of joints are described and illustrated. A final section gives data
in which an effort has been made to show what constitutes current practice
throughout the West in the lining of old and new canals.
Stream-gaging stations and publications relating to water resources
1885-1913, Parts I-V, compiled by B. D. Wood {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-
Supply Paper SlfO {.19U), A, pp. 19+XII; B, pp. XIX+21-30; C, pp. XXn+
Sl-42; D, pp. XX+Ii3-62; E, pp. XXI +53-62). —In Part I, a list of publica-
tions relating specifically to the North Atlantic coast drainage basins is given,
with a similar list of reports that are considered to be of general interest in
many sections and which cover a wide range of hydrologic subjects. Brief
references to reports published by state and other organizations are also given.
382 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The remaining parts contain data similar to the above for other sections, as
follows: Parts II, South Atlantic coast and Eastern Gulf of Mexico Drainage
Basins; III, Ohio Iliver Basin; IV, St. I^wrence River Basin; and V, Hudson
Bay and Upper Mississippi River Drainage Basins.
A method of determining' the daily discharge of rivers of variable slope,
M. R. and W. E. Hall and C. H. Pikkce ([/. .S'. Geo?. Harvey, Water-Huiyply
Paper 3J,5-E {191J,), pp. 11+53-65, figs. 2).— It is stated that the usual assump-
tion, when estimating the daily discharge of a stream by means of a discharge
rating curve, that the velocity and therefore the slope of the river surface
remain constant for the same gage height, is not always true, and that in many
streams, particularly those with very flat slopes, the variation in slope for the
same gage height becomes so large as to affect seriously the accuracy of the
method. Still greater variations are said to occur when flatness of slope is con-
joined with discharge into a body of water subject to large fluctuations of sur-
face elevation, as occurs in the lower Mississippi basin. For streams of this
nature it is proposed to base the estimate of daily discharge on both the gage
height and the slope determined for each day and at the time of each discharge
measurement and to adjust the discharge values on the assumption that for
the same gage height and conditions of channel the velocity will vary with the
square root of the slope.
For this purpose the formula Q\=Qn-\ tt- i^ derived, in which Qi=actual
V -are
discharge of a stream as determined by the current meter, i7i=the correspond-
ing difference in elevation of water surface between the two gages, and Qn=
a " normal " or theoretical value of the discharge for the " normal " or average
gage height difference Hn-
" By means of discharge measurements the values of Qi may be determined
for different gage heights ; -=- will be likely to vary with the different measure-
-"«
ments and will be greater or less than unity according as the slope of the stream
at the time of the measurement is greater or less than the average slope. The
values ot Qn as determined from the expression Q„= /El w^^^' however, give
a well-defined curve when plotted in the same way as tlie ordinary discharge
rating curve. The 'normal' discharge curv'e for ^^ having been determined, a
' normal ' rating table is prepared from it in the ordinary way. To find the actual
discharge of the stream at any stage and for any slope the ' normal ' discharge
is taken from the ' normal ' rating table and multiplied by the proper value
An example of the practical application of the method is given.
The discharge of Yukon Iliver at Eagle, Alaska, E. A. Porter and R. W.
Davenport (f7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Siipply Paper SJfS-F (1914), PP- 11+67-
77, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This paper describes the climatic conditions of the Yukon
River basin and reports the results of measurements of flow made by means of
floats. Observations made to determine the coefficient to be used in reducing
surface velocity to mean velocity showed this coeflicient to be 0.92. A com-
parison of run-off and precipitation in the basin indicates that the run-off was
approximately 65 per cent of the precipitation for the three years of observation.
Profile surveys in Hood and Sandy Iliver basins, Oregon ( U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, W<iter-Supp1y Paper 348 {1914), pp. S, pis. 6). — This reix»rt. prepared under
the direction of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features of the Hood and
Sandy River drainage basins and gives plans and profiles of these rivers and
some of their tributaries.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 383
The water resources of Butte, Mont., O. E. Meinzeb (U. 8. Geol. Survey,
Water-supply Paper 345-G (1914), PP- 79-125, pis. 3, figs. 4).— This paper
reports an investigation of the water resources of tlie upper Silverbow basin, an
area of about 83,200 acres, with reference to the supply of ground water under
the flat and the feasibility of developing it for industrial uses and for irriga-
tion. The principal conclusions reached in this investigation are summarized as
follows :
" The bedrock will yield enough water in some localities for domestic purposes
but not enough for irrigation or industrial use. It has no artesian structure.
The basin formed by the bedrock is partly filled with more or less porous de-
posits of clay, sand, and gravel, . . . which are saturated with water below the
water table. In only small areas near the mountains does the water table lie
more than 100 ft. below the surface ; over a considerable part of the flat it lies
less than 25 ft. below; and in the principal stream valleys it is nearly at the
surface.
" The valley fill is incoherent and poorly assorted. To develop maximum
yields, wells sunk into the fill should have casings perforated at the water-
bearing beds with holes at least i in. in diameter or width. . . . With proper
methods of construction a yield of 100 gal. per minute from a single well can
probably be developed in most parts of the flat. Flows with slight head are
likely to be struck at any point . . . where the ground water is near the surface,
but flows of large volume will probably not be found. . . . The quantity of
water annually received by and discharged from the valley fill . . . is probably
less than 10,000 aci'e-feet. A large part of this . . . could be recovered by
pumping from wells. If, by heavy pumping or other agency, the water table is
drawn down to a level below the floors of the principal stream valleys these
streams will contribute more largely to the underground supply than they do at
present. . . .
" The typical soil of the flat is of good physical constituency, rich in soluble
minerals useful for plant growth, low in organic matter, and is slightly acid
but can be improved by the application of lime and manure. The ground water
is of satisfactory quality for irrigation. On account of the porous character
of the subsoil, the duty of irrigation water will be rather low, and frequent
applications of water will be necessary. A supply of 100 gal. per minute will,
however, be suflicient for a 10-acre truck farm. The cost of developing ground-
water supplies is high, but the cost of pumping is moderate, provided there is
proper equipment and efficient management. The costs need not be prohibitive
if intensive agriculture is practiced."
Surface water supply of the United States, 1911. — VII, Lower Mississippi
River basin, W. B. Freeman and H. J. Dean (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-
Supply Paper 307 {1913), pp. 90, pis. ^).— This report presents the results of
measurements of flow made on the lower Mississippi River basin during 1911.
Ground water for irrig'ation in the vicinity of Enid, Okla., A. T. Schwen-
NESEN (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 345-B (1914), pp. 11+11-23,
pi. 1). — The first part of this report deals with the occurrence and distribution
of ground water in the vicinity of Enid, Okla., and with the possibility of its
development for irrigation and other purposes.
The water-bearing formations are described as the Carboniferous " red beds "
and the Tertiary and later deposits. It is stated that in the agricultural dis-
trict around Enid many of the domestic wells derive water from the red beds,
all of which are shallow and tap the water-bearing standstones interbedded
with the predominating red shale. In most places one or more water-bearing
sandstone beds may be reached by drilling less than 100 ft. Pumping tests of
384 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a number of wells showed that the greatest yield recorded from any of them
was 175 gal. a minute In a contintious 24-honr test.
It is stilted that the more highly mineralized " red bed waters " are unsatisfac-
tory for irrigation, but that many of these waters may be used without injury
to plant growth. The well waters from the Tertiary deposits are said to be
generally of good quality and are satisfactory for irrigation. A case is cited in
which a well in this formation yields 200 gal. per minute continuously for 24
houi's without an appreciable weakening of the supply. It is stated that in this
area the cost of developing and pumping water from the red beds will be much
greater than the cost of developing and i)umping water from the Tertiary or
younger sands and gravels. " The available sui)ply of water in the Tertiary and
later alluvial sands and gravels in the Enid region is probably not sufficient for
the heavy irrigation of large tracts, but is large enough for the irrigation of
many small tracts distributed over the area,"
In a note on ground water for irrigation on the Great Plains, by O. E.
Meinzer, it is stated that " with good management pumping for irrigation is
now generally feasible where the water level stands within 25 or perhaps 50
ft. of the surface and for the irrigation of vegetables and fruit where the depth
to water is even greater."
Ground water for irrigation in the valley of North Fork of Canadian
B/iver near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, A. T. Schwennesen (U. S. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 345-D (1914), PP- 11+^1-51, pi. 1). — This paper
describes the geology of a valley having an average width of about If miles
and an area of about 140 square miles, and reports on the occurrence, quantity,
and distribution of its ground-water supplies.
The valley fill is said to be from 30 to 60 ft. deep, consisting of water-sorted
clays, sands, and gravels, and water may be reached almost anywhere at depths
of 15 to 30 ft. Bored wells are in most general use. Estimates on the yearly
accretions to the ground-water supply show them to be equal to a layer of
water 8 to 16 in. deep over the whole valley in average years and 4 to 8 in. in
the driest years. Analyses of water from wells in the area show all of them to
be satisfactory for irrigation. The irrigation of considerable areas of the land
is considered feasible, but it is stated that prospective irrigators should be
cautioned against making large outlays for pumping installations without first
duly considering all the factors of cost that are involved.
Geology and underground waters of the southeastern part of the Texas
coastal plain, A. Deussen (?7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 335 (1914),
pp. 365, pis. 9, figs. 17). — This report describes the underground water horizons
of a region embracing an area of 36,317 square miles in east and northeast
Texas, and discusses the artesian conditions and pi'ospects in the several coun-
ties included in the area. The arrangement of the relatively pervious and im-
pervious strata of the region is said to be such as to constitute five great
artesian systems, according to the order of their superixjsition, each consisting
of two confining impervious members between which is a porous water-logged
member constituting an artesian reservoir.
"The [water] supplies of this area . . . vary widely in character and min-
eral content but in general may be called rather highly mineralized alkali
waters, likely to foam badly in boilers and to cause trouble by alkali accumula-
tion if used for irrigation. Though many wells furnish water too strong to
be potable and some furnish water too hard to be used in cooking, most of the
waters are drinkable and a large proportion of them can be used for all
domestic purposes."
Underground water of Luna County, New Mexico, N. H. Daeton and
A. T. ScHWENNESEN (U. 8. Ocol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 345-C {1914),
RURAL ENGINEERING. • 385
pp. II+25-40, pi. 1). — This paper reports on the occurrence, distribution, and
quantity of underground water of the area and deals with the possibility of
its development for irrigation and other purposes.
" The thick body of sand and gravel underlying the wide bolsons of Luna
County contains a vei-y large volume of water, most of which is within 20 to
150 ft. of the surface. The depth and volume of water vary from place to place,
but there are extensive areas in which the depth is not too great for profiUible
pumping and the volume is ample for irrigation." The deposits underlying
the area are said to vary greatly in their watei'-holding capacity and to include
many strata or beds of sand some of which attain locally a thickness of from
40 to 50 ft. The few deeper borings made are said to show relatively few beds
of water-bearing sand below 200 ft.
The water from the wells in the county is in general considei'ed to be of
excellent quality, suited to all uses. There are about 280 wells of various
kinds in the county, many of which are equipped with pumps capable of de-
livering from 500 to 1,500 gal. a minute. "At some of the ranches considerable
irrigation has been done already, with very satisfactory results as to products
and cost. The wells for this service are mostly from 100 to 200 ft. deep and
have water from 20 to 50 ft. below the surface. Naphtha is the fuel at most
of the plants, but crude oil has been employed at some and found much
cheaper." Deep borings for artesian flows have not been satisfactory. The
results of tests of five typical pumping plants in the county are given in tabular
form showing the cost of distillate fuel used per acre foot of water per foot
of lift to be in two cases 2 cts. and 2^ cts. at average dischai'ges per minute of
G03 and 555 gal. and average total lifts of 73.0 ft. and 30.9 ft., respectively.
To what extent is irrigation practicable and profitable in Germany?
Gerlach (Landw. CentU., Posen, No. 5 (1913); ahs. in CJiem. Ztg., 88 (1914),
No. 68, Repert., p. 320). — It is stated that the profitable results from irrigating
rye and potatoes in Germany are on the whole few. The total area of profitably
irrigated lands in Germany is also relatively small, owing mainly to the scarcity
and high price of water.
Road laws of Minnesota (State Higli/way Com. Minn. Bui. 12 (1914), pp.
62). — The text of the laws is given.
Report of the State Highway Commission for 1912—13 (Rpt. Highway
Com. Minn., 1912-13, pp. 36, pis. 2, figs. 16). — This report includes tabular data
on the amount, kind, and cost of work done in the different counties of the
State. Several illustrations of bad and improved road and bridge conditions
are also given.
Rules and regulations for the maintenance of state roads, 1914, G. W.
CooLEY (State Highway Com. Minn. Bui. 13 (1914), pp. 3, figs. 2). — This pamph-
let describes briefly the road patrol maintenance and road drag systems. Per-
spective views of the so-called Minnesota road planer or road drag are also
given.
Stump-pulling machine for clearing land (Engin. News, 72 (1914), No. 13,
pp. 642, 643, figs. 2). — A stump-pulling machine is described and illustrated
which consists of a frame of 15-in. steel I beams mounted on a pair of longi-
tudinal 9-in. I beams which form the runners. At the front end there Is a
steel A frame 16 ft. high to which are attached the guy lines of the 36-ft. boom.
At the rear end is a double-cylinder 3-drum engine and a vertical boiler. The
front drum carries the pulling cable and is geared for two speeds. For pulling
a stump it exerts a pull of 145,000 lbs, with a speed of 30 ft. per minute, while
for skidding or hauling in the stump it has a speed of 350 ft. per minute. The
middle drum carries the piling line which is led over the boom, and the hoisting
capacity is 10 tons.
386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
It is claimed that this machine first hauls in and stacks or loads the trees
and logs, then pulls the stumps, hauls them in, and stacks them ready to be
burned. A tract of 5 acres is said to be clearable at one setting. On a piece
of clearing done on heavy clay land with pine stumps from 10 to 40 in. in
diameter and averaging 44 stumps per acre, the machine pulled, skidded, and
piled about 110 stumps per day at a cost of about 28 cts. per stump, or $12.32
per acre.
Beport on fires occurring in threshing separators in eastern Washington
during the summer of 1914, I. I). Cardiff et al. ( Washington Sta. Bui. 117
(1914), PP- 22). — Attention is called to the large number of fires which occurred
in threshing separators during the threshing season of 1914 and extensive
investigations as to the cause of such fires and their prevention are reported.
There was no significant distribution of the fires geographically or with
reference to time of day. The season in question was unusually dry with low
humidity and low soil moisture content, which conditions are said to have
contributed to an unusually low moisture content in the grain and straw, thus
increasing its combustibility and making it more easily broken up by the thresh-
ing machinery. The same dry condition was found to have also contributed
to an increase in the normal amount of static electricity developed by the cyl-
inder and other portions of the machinery.
Smut was found to be exceedingly inflammable owing to the fact that the
individual spores are very small and contain from 4 to 5 per cent of oil. It
was found in investigations upon the possibility of ignition of an air and smut
mixture from electric sparks that a spark of static electricity very readily
ignited the smut-air mixture, producing the same type of explosion as with a
flame. This was possible even though the electric spark was rather small. It
was also found that the amoimt of smut in wheat during the season was con-
siderably above that of previous years.
It is thought reasonably certain, therefore, that the flres were caused by a
combination of conditions, namely, an exceedingly dry season, an unusually
large amount of smut, an increased amount of organic dust from broken grain
and straw, an increased combustibility of both smut and dust, and an increased
amount of static electricity.
As regards remedies, it is stated that fire can be greatly retarded by the use
of so-called fireproof paints and caustic potash, and that, although too much
reliance can not be placed upon them, fire extinguishers will aid in retarding
a sudden fire. As preventive measures machine owners and farmers are
strongly urged (1) to ground the cylinder of the separator by means of an
electric brush connected by wire to an iron peg driven a foot or two into the
ground, (2) to provide every machine with a system of water sprinklers,
(3) to place a quantity of water in barrels or other receptacles near or upon
the separator and provide buckets for its distribution in case of fire, (4) to
break a couple of furrows around the setting before threshing is commenced,
(5) to connect in all cases the separator with the engine by means of a strong
cable, enabling it to be pulled away from the straw pile upon the outbreak
of fire, and (6) to give the crew definite directions as to an organized method
of procedure in case of fire.
Greenhouse construction, S. C. Johnston (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 224
(1914), pp. 29, figs. 20). — ^An investigation of greenhouse construction covering
the principal vegetable growing districts of the northern and eastern United
States is reported. The main results of the investigation may be summarized
as follows :
The points to be considered in choosing the location and site for a green-
house plant are the increased cost of production due to long hauls and re-
handling, the value of good roads, the danger of low places, and the increased
RURAL ENGINEERING. 387
fuel consumption when in the direct path of the prevailing winds. The founda-
tions should be of concrete for permanence, as a rule 8 in. in thickness, and
should be set in the ground at sufficient depth to give a good foundation and
to be below the frost line. Some soils require drainage around the walls to
prevent frost action. It is recommended on any house 30 ft. or over that the
eaves be placed at least 6 ft. above the level of the surface soil. Houses run-
ning east and west and north and south give equally good results.
It is said to be more profitable on the whole to construct a greenhouse of
wide span owing to the great amount of room available, better control of
ventilation, reduced chance of disease, and lower cost of heating. The ad-
vantages ascribed to iron frame greenhouses are the small cost of upkeep,
solidity, small cost to heat, small glass breakage, lack of columns, and minimum
shade. The objection to this tjiie of construction is its initial cost.
The greenhouse of pipe frame construction is considered an economical house
for the man requiring only a small house to be used with raised benches, but
with this form of construction in a house of any size so many supporting mem-
bers are necessary that the ground in the house can not be easily cultivated
with horses.
The merits of separate houses over joined houses are pointed out as the ease
with which side ventilation may be secured, ease of temperature and heating
control, and the small liability of the spread of disease. Raised benches are
recommended for the small greenhouse grower and the solid beds for the com-
mercial grower. As regards heating, the gravity system of hot water heating
is recommended for small houses, while for larger houses some form of circu-
lator is necessary. For long houses or for large houses or large ranges the
use of steam for heating is considered advisable.
Experiments on the oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters, E.
Ardern and W. T. Ix)ckett (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indm., 33 {191Jf), Xo. 10, pp.
523-536, figs. 2). — Investigations with regard to the aeration of sewage showetl
that the resultant solid matter obtained by prolonged aeration, which has been
termed activated sludge, has the property of enormously increasing the purifi-
cation effected by simple aeration of sewage and greatly intensifies the oxida-
tion process. The extent of the accelerating effect was found to depend upon
the intimate manner in which the activated sludge is brought into contact with,
and upon its proportion to, the sewage treated. To maintain the sludge at its
highest efficiency it was necessary that thex*e should not be at any time an
accumulation of unoxidized sewage solids.
Temperature exerted a considerable influence on the oxidation process. The
purification effected was seriously diminished at temperatures constantly below
10° C. (50° F.). Up to 20 to 24° no material difference in the clarification
effect and general purification was observed, although nitrification proceeded
more rapidly as the temperature rose. At higher temperatures the clarification
effect was somewhat interfered with during the earlier peritxl of aeration, with
a consequent delay in the establishment of nitrification. Subsequently the rate
of nitrification somewhat increased.
It is concluded " that under the conditions of experiment a well-oxidized
effluent can be obtained by the aeration of average strength . . . sewage in
contact with activated sludge for a period of fi'om 6 to 9 hours. The percentage
purification effected as measured by the usual tests is at least equal to that
obtained by the treatment of sewage on efficient bacterial filters. The i)eriod
of aeration naturally depends upon the strength of the sewage treated and the
degree of purification required."
Sewage disposal in unsewered districts (Minneapolis, ilinn.: Bd. Health,
I191-i], pp. 15, figs. 8). — This pamphlet deals briefly with the water carriage
80967°— Xo. 4—15 7
388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
system of sewage disposal, including toilet fixtures, house drainage system, the
main drain or sewer, and the disjwsal or purification plant. Two types of
plumbing systems are described, the vent system and the nonsiphon trap sys-
tem. The second sj'Stem, using nonsiphon traps and eliminating the vent
stacks, is said to be cheaper than the vent system owing to the saving in mate-
rial and labor. It is stated that tlie function of a septic tank is to prepare the
sewage for disposal in the .soil and that the sewage is not purified in the tank.
In opposition to what lias been the usual practice, it is stated that the main soil
pipe from the house or building will serve to ventilate the septic tank and that
there should be no house trap on this pipe.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Rural improvement, F. A. Wauoh (New York and London, 1914, pp. XIII+
265, phs. 21, figs. 61). — This book is written primarily from the landscape archi-
tect's point of view, and treats of the means of access, roads and streets, road-
side trees, civic centers, public grounds, the village home garden, fann planning,
community planning, rural architecture, improvement programs, and organiza-
tion and management.
A rural life survey of Greene and Clermont counties, Ohio, P. L. Vogt
ET AL. {Miami [Ohio] Univ. Bui., 12. scr., No. 11 (191-i), pp. 82, figs. i5).— This
bulletin describes the economic and social conditions in two counties in Ohio.
Among the conclusions reached by the author were that evidence exists that
the country and particularly the villages are brought under the influence of
neighboring cities, and for this reason the ]>eople of the country have a right
through the state legislature to say what the moral influence of the city shall
be in the same way that the State shall say what steps the city shall take to
prevent physical contagion. He claims that there is evidence that both the
country and village are still lacking in provision for wholesale amusement for
their boys and girls. When adequate .pure recreations are provided, the saloon
and vice resorts of neighboring cities will exert less influence, and the village
and rural community will be on a much higher plane of social life than at
present.
Community service week in North Carolina (Raleigh, 1914. PP- S6, figs. 9). —
This pamphlet contains suggestions for improving rural conditions along the
lines of public roads, grounds, buildings, schools, and neighborhoods, and gives
a number of test questions attempting to call attention to the deficiencies com-
monly found in rural communities. There are also a number of questions to
test the progress that the individual coimty has made.
Rural life conference (Alumni Bui. Univ. Ya., 3. set:, 7 (1914), ^'o. 4, PP-
443-552, pi. 1, figs. 5). — Among the topics discussed at this conference were the
religious forces at work in country life and the educational opportunities of the
countiy church, by W. E. Garner; the public school and rural life, by H. F.
Cope; and women's service to the community, by Anna B. Taft.
The rural church movement, E. L. Earp (New York and Cincinnati^ 1914.
pp. 177, pi. 1). — ^The author believes that the problem of spiritual leadership is
the most important factor in the countiy life problem. He has attempted to
select out of the history of the movement those outstanding facts and methods
that have been of value and apply them to the conditions in rural life the
church is now facing, showing those to be adapted to new plans, and those no
longer useful and to be discai-ded.
The farm bureau movement in New York State, RI. C. Burbitt (N. Y. Dcpt.
Agr. Circ. 93 (1914), pp. 38). — This circular gives a brief history of the
development of the fann bureau Idea in the United States and especially in
RURAL ECONOMICS. 389
New York and a detailed description of tlie work of three county agricultural
agents in the State.
Opportunities in agriculture for women, E. B. Babcock {Univ. Cal. Jour.
Agr., 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 17-22). — The author notes the organization of The
Women's Agricultural and Horticultural International Union at the quinquen-
nial meeting of the International Council for Women held in London in 1899,
outlines the objects of the union, and gives the replies to inquiries sent to a
few women in California as to the necessity of a special course in agriculture,
either in a college or an agricultural school for women who plan to follow an
agricultural pursuit, and as to the amount of capital and land desirable for
A-arious fanning enterprises.
Opportunities for women in agriculture, Eleanob Mabtin {Women's Ed.
and Indus. Union, Boston, Studies Eeon. Relations Women, 1 {1914), pt. 2,
pp. 3-69). — The author concludes, from a study of the conditions in Massa-
chusetts, that a girl can not become a wage earner in agricultural pursuits and
that to succeed at all as a farmer she must begin with at least a small property
or capital for investment. However, she believes that the education of the girl
on the farm, or in rural regions through the school in cooperation with the
home, may enable her to take up such subjects as horticulture, floriculture, poul-
try raising, and beekeeping and make them her vocation in later life. The
school instruction and the experience in the home should be coordinated.
The American Farm Management Association (Amer. Farm Management
Assoc. Proc., 4 {1913), pp. 130, figs. 4)- — Among the subjects discussed at this
annual meeting were field and laboratory courses and classroom work in farm
management, the survey method of determining cost of production, farm rec-
ords as a basis of increasing farm profits and improving farm management,
marketing, and contracts between landlord and tenant.
An outline for the study of current political, economic,"' and social prob-
lems {Ind. Univ. Bui. 12 {1914), ^O- 7, pp. 77). — This outline consists princi-
pally of a classified bibliography, and contains the following subheads relating
to rural conditions : Township and rural communities, agricultural credit, taxa-
tion of land values, and rural schools.
The political and sectional influence of the public lands, 1828—1842,
K. G. Wellington {Brookings, S. Dak., 1914, PP- 131, pis. 3). — ^The author^
traces with great detail the discussion of the public land question in Congress
during this period, and its influence uix)n various economic measures and upon
the political fortunes of sectional presidential candidates.
The influence of tlie passing of the jTublic lands, W. J. Trimble {Atlantic
Mo., lis {1914), No. 2, pp. 755-767).— The primary result of the swift settling
of public lands in the United States was the enormously increased production
of the necessities of life. With the productive lands taken up, the law of dimin-
ishing lands begins to operate to make increase in production more difficult.
Among the other effects of the passing of public lands are the rapid rise in farm
values, increase in farm tenantry, and smaller opportunities for the individual
to rise out of his class. The author states that the possession of a farm of from
SO to 320 acres, with the expensive equipment now required to run it, is quite
out of the reach of a large number of our population at present prices, and it is
diflicult to avoid the conclusion that even in the country social stratification is
proceeding by insensible and natural steps. The tendencies toward economic
and social equality which were marked features of the public-land area there-
fore seem fast vanishing into history.
Vacant public lands in the United States {U. S. Dept. Int., Qen. Land Off.
Circ. 335 {1914), PP- 24). — This circular contains a list of vacant government
lands by counties, with their location and area, together with a brief descrip-
tion regarding their character. The report indicates that there were on July 1,
390 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
1914, over 290,000,000 acres of vacant land of which 175,000,000 was surveyed.
The greater portion of this land was located in Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and New
Mexico.
List of farms for sale (Putnam, Conn.: Bd. Ayr., J914, pp. 168, figs. 25). —
This report contains u compihition of the farms in Connecticut offered for sale
and gives a detailed description of land, buildings, water supply, and distances
from railroad station, i)ost office, and churches, together with the price asked.
An investigation of the profitableness of moor culture, W. Fbeckmann
and SoBOTTA (Landw. Jahrb., .'(6 (WW, 2;io. 2, pp. 275-326, figs. 2).— The
authors discuss the cost of preparing moor land for cultivation and its profit-
ableness under different agricultural practices.
Report on migration from rural districts in England and Wales {Bd. Agr.
and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Migration from Rural Districts in En-gland an-d
Wales, 1913, pp. 33). — The author, by means of a questionnaire, attempted to
determine the deficiencies and the supply of rural labor in different districts,
and has classified his findings under the headings of employment in agriculture
and the supi>ly of agricultural labor; the extent, cause, and direction of mi-
gration ; special instances of migrations ; and general observations. The report
gives details for individual counties.
Partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, R. Paget {Rpt.
Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 778-782). — The author outlines a scheme whereby
the tenant and landlord can carry on farm operations by means of a partner-
ship and gives a model agi'eemeut.
Contract between, landlord and tenant, O. G. Lloyd {Amcr. Farm Manage-
ment Assoc. Proc, Jf {1913), pp. 98-116). — The author outlines what various
authors have published in this field and what he considers the important phases
of the problem, and gives a detailed account of an investigation of farm ten-
antry in Iowa with reference to the details of the contract between landlord
and tenant.
He concludes that the farm w^ould be more productive, better improveti, and
its fertility more likely conserved if partnership renting were encouraged.
Inexperienced tenants with little credit and capital would be furnished the
necessary equipment and suiiervision to operate the farm more efficiently.
"The landlord will be more happy and a more progressive citizen if he remains
actively engaged in the business that has made him what he is — an authority
on agricultural conditions in his community. Partnership renting aids in solv-
ing many of the difliculties of the community as well as the difficultes of the
farm."
Age of farmers, by color of operator, character of tenure, and size of
farm {Bur. of the Census [U. S.] Bui. Agr., U. 8., 1910, Age of Farm^^rs, pp.
35). — This bulletin is the first attempt made to analyze the relationship existing
between age of farmers, color and nativity of farm operators, size of farm, and
character of tenure. The data are shown by sections, geographic divisions, and
States.
For the United States as a whole 6.50 per cent of all the fanners were under
24 years of age, 22.22 per cent between 25 and 34 years, 24.71 per cent between
35 and 44 years, 22.52 per cent between 45 and 54 years, 14.89 per cent between
55 and 65 years, and 8.72 per cent 65 years and over. As the age increases
the proportion of tenants decreases and the proportion of owners increases.
The data also seem to indicate that the older farmers own the larger farms
and that a large number of fai*mers retire to small farms late in life.
The rural credit system from the viewpoint of the farmer, G. N. Lauman
{Off. Yearbook Nehr. Farmers Cong., 191.), pp. 68-71), — The author believes
that the American farmer needs a land title registration law, a fundamentally
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 391
sound cooperation law, and a cooperative land mortgage bank if he is to obtain
the credit that is due him.
Agricultural credit in Ireland (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.,
H (IdUf), No. Jf, PI). 641-657). — This article gives an extensive review of the
report pi'oviously noted (E. S. 11.. 32. p. 2S6).
A credit union primer, A. H. Ham and L. G. Robinson {New York, lOl-'t,
pp. Ill +19, figs. 10). — ^This pamphlet contains a large number of questions
relating to credit unions, together with answers, model book forms, organiza-
tion certificates, and by-laws, and the text of the New York credit union law.
The cooperative people's bank, A. Desjardins {New York, 1914, PP- 42,
pi. 1). — The author calls attention to some of the characteristics that should be
fundamental to people's banks. He claims that these banks should be organized
to produce thrift among their constituents and not to make large profits, and
shows how the cooperative people's banks in various countries and especially
(he La Caisse Populaire have been organized with this idea in view.
Inland boat service: Freight rates on farm products and time of transit
on inland waterways in the TJnited States, F. Andrews ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 14 {1914), PP- 36). — The purjiuse of this inquiry was to collect information
relative to freight rates and the time of transit of farm products carried on
the inland waterways of the United States. It discusses the advantages of rail
over river transportation and of river over rail, describes the terminals and
landings and a number of typical steamboat routes of the Atlantic coast, Mis-
sissippi Valley, and Pacific coast, and gives other data.
The bulletin points out that the freight rates vary greatly in form, and most
of the traffic is local in nature. Some characteristics of steamboat freight
rates and the freight tariff zones are described. Tables are included showing
receipts of various farm products by water compared with total receipts at
selected cities, freight rates by boats on various farm products for September
and October, 1012, and comparison of freight rates by water and by rail over
selected routes for the same months.
Census of the Union of South Africa, 1911 {Census Union So, Africa Rpt.
1911, pp. 189, pis. 3). — This report consists of a general summary, and data
relating to urban and rural population, live stock, agriculture, and special
industries.
Agricultural statistics of Scotland {Agr. Stotis, Scotland, 2 {1913), pts. 1,
pp. 110: 2, pp. 113-186, fig. 1). — These X'eiwrts give for 1913, with comparative
data for earlier years, the acreage, average yield, and total production of farm
crops, the area devoted to different agricultural purposes, number of live stock,
and number of 'loldings by sizes.
AGRICTJLTURAL EDUCATION.
Better rural schools, G. H. P.etts and O. E. Hall {Indianapolis, Ind., 1914,
pp. [20] +512, pis. 26, figs, i//).— In this book the authors discuss the demand
for better rural schools, the curriculum, teacher, consolidation and efliciency,
the administration of rural schools, and the outlook for rural etlucation. Each
chapter is followed by a series of questions for teachers' discussion and study
and almost one quarter of the chapters are given over to everyday problems
that concern the teacher in the schoolroom.
In a chapter devoted to vocational education the authors hold that the rural
school should be made a vocational school, including in its curriculum practical
or applied instruction in agriculture and the industrial arts to afford the point
of contact between the school work and the home life interests and shai)e the
mode of approach to all other subjects of study. Two types of home-project
study, the progress of the agricultural club movement, and the influence of the
392 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.
vocational school on the iniiiils are discussed. A bibliography on rural life
and the riiral school is aiJ[)ended.
Agricultural education in the public schools [of Ohio], L. S. IviNS (Agr.
titudent, 21 {lUl-'i), No. 1, pp. ,56-.')H, jig. 1). — The arthor reviews the develop-
ment of agricultural education in the public schools of Ohio and indicates some
of its influences.
A new agricultural school for New Brunswick, R. Newton {Agr. Gaz.
Canada, 1 {lUl.'t), No. 6, pp. J/.'i9-.'/5S, figs. 4). — This article contains a descrip-
tion of the building, equipment, and instruction of the first school of agriculture
established in the Province of New Brunswick, at Woodstock.
Demonstrations in fruit packing {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {IBUi), No. 0, pp.
730-737, figs. 3). — Reports are given on instruction in fruit packing in Prince
Edward Island by T. Ross, Nova Scotia by P. J. Shaw, New Burnswick by R. P.
Gorham, Quebec by J. H. Lavoie, Ontario by P. W. Ilodgetts, and British
Columbia by R. M. Winslow.
The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, S. H. Gandieb
{Agr, Gaz. Canada, 1 {191Jf), No. 9, pp. 702-709, figs. 4). — An account is given
of the organization, buildings and equipment, instruction, and experimental
work of the institution.
Handbook of wom.en's institutes with report of advisory board {Brit.
Columhia, Dc.pt. Agr. Bui. 5-'f [WlJf], pp. 208, pis. 7).— This bulletin contains the
proceedings of the Conference of Women's Institutes of Vancouver Island,
June 5 and 6, 1913, at Victoi-ia, and of the Conference of the Lower Mainland
Women's Institutes, June 12 and 13, 1913, at Chilliwack, including the papers
read, institute statistics, reports of lecturers, some programs of women's in-
stitutes regiilar meetings, lectures delivered by institute lecturers in 1912-1913,
reports, etc.
Agricultural education and school statistics in Prussia for 1909, 1910,
and 1911 {Landw. Unterrichtsw. Konigr. Preuss., 1909-1911, pp. XIX-^692,
pis. 2). — This report contains an account of the historical development and
organization of the various phases of agricultural instruction in Prussia and
a detailed statement concerning the organization, courses of study, attendance,
etc., for 1909, 1910, and 1911, of the individual agricultural education institu-
tions in Prussia, as well as of the itinerant instructors, agricultural house-
keeping schools, special courses for adults, rui-al continuation instruction, and
normal schools for the training of teachers of agriculture.
[Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and Germany], R.
MiLTNEB and E. Vital {Land u. Forstio. IJnterrichts Zig., 28 {1914). No. 2,
pp. IV -\- 103-202 -\-LXX) . — This issue contains two special articles noted below;
statistics of the 229 agricultural and forestry education institutions in Austria
in 1913-14 ; new regulations for entering the Bavarian State Forest Service ;
a review of agricultural and home economics literature ; miscellaneous notes ;
and an appendix giving the organization lists of the faculties of the agricul-
tural education institutions in Austria.
Agriculture in Norway in 1914 {Offentl. Landhrulcsv. Norgr, 191 If. pp. TII-
432). — This is a report on the work of the various governmental agencies for
the encouragement of agriculture, including the experiment and control sta-
tions; dairy and cheese making schools, horticultural schools, agricultural
schools, and home economics schools, and agricultural societies, the agricultural
budget, and other data.
Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1913 {Aarsher.
Offcntl. Foranst. Landbr. Frcnnne, 1913, III, 8tat>iforai}st., pp. LXXXIV+8S5,
figs. 42). — This report comprises a comprehensive survey of the work of the
various government agencies established for the advancement of Norwegian
agriculture and its various branches, including the annual reports of the state
AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 393
agricultural experiment stations, chemical, seed, and milk control stations,
liorticultural and dairj'^ schools, itinerant instructors, etc.
Agriculture in New Zealand high schools {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (lOlff),
No. 6, pp. 50-i, 505). — A brief account is given of the instruction in agriculture,
incUuiiug experimental work, in New Zealand high schools.
Agricultural commerce as a subject of instruction in the various grades
of agricultural education, A. Ostermayer (Land u. Forstw. Unlerrichts Ztg.,
28 (1914), -Vo. 2, pp. 103-112).— lu view of the fact that farming has developed
into a commercial enterprise, the author discusses the necessity of introducing
commercial instruction into the various grades of agricultural education, and
outlines the subject-matter for collegiate instruction in this subject. In the
Agricultural High School of Vienna the last semester of the course is devoted
to agricultural commerce, including lectures 3 hours a week and seminars 2
hours, or a total of GO hours, which the author considers a mininmm i-equire-
ment. Adaptation of this subject-matter to secondary and elementary agricul-
tural schools is also discussed. In the author's opinion 2 hours a week during
one semester or about 40 hours in the secondary school and 1 hour a week dur-
ing a semester or during a course in the winter school, a total of about 20
hours, would be sufficient. He suggests that special attention be given to prac-
tical instruction, that instructors keep in close touch with commercial practice
by participating in cooperative organizations, etc., and that a course of in-
struction in agricultural commerce be organized at the Agricultural High School
of Vienna for the training of instructors in farm management in this subject
to comprise from 36 to 40 hours of instruction.
Farm management, A. E. B. Fielding (London, [1914], pp. VIII+IOS). —
The object of this book is to give farm pupils, farmers' sons, and others com-
mencing the study of agriculture a clear conception of the manner in which a
farm is organized. It discusses the different systems of farming, the selection
of a farm on which to learn and how to gain experience, the different crops
and their relation to the live stock kept, cultural methods, care of live stock,
and feeds and feeding.
Practicums for farm students, A. Kosam (Land u. Forstw. Untcrrichts Ztg.,
28 (1914), No. 2, pp. 113-120, fig. 1). — The author describes practical exercises
in judging dairy cows, computing rations, seed selection and collection, prep-
aration of a pocket herbarium, modeling plants and animals, and the prepara-
tion of diagrams showing the composition of tpods. feeding stuffs, raw materials
used in commerce, and commercial fertilizers and their rational application,
which have given satisfactory results at the Farm and Dairy School in Pilsen,
Austria.
Botany in the agricultural college, E. B. Copeland (Scien-cc, n. ser., 40
(1914), No. 1029, pp. 401-405). — The author describes the year's course in
physiology required of all students in the college of agriculture of the Uni-
versity of the Philippines before they are admitted to the study of agriculture
itself, and discusses the teaching of botany in American agricultural colleges,
as noted editorially (E. S. R., 31, p. 701).
Crop production, C. M. Weed and W. E. Riley (Boston, New York, and
Chicago, 1914, PP- VI +246, figs. 129). — This school text, which gives essential
facts concerning the characteristics, history, culture, varieties, and enemies of
vegetable, flower, fruit, and farm crops, is an application of the project method
to the study of crop production. It furnishes a series of simple outlines for
each pupil to work out before taking up the study of the text, thus enabling
the pupil to visualize the latter. An appendix contains suggestions for the
teacher on starting see<ls indoors, making flower borders, home vegetable
gardens, seed testing apparatus, planting in the schoolroom, and identification
of specimens.
394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Productive orcharding, F. C. Seaks {Philadelphia and London, 191^, pp.
XIV-\-S15, pi. 1, figs. 155). — This is a text on modern methods of growing,
picltliig, handling, storing, grading, packing, marketing, and advertising fruit,
including liiws affecting orcharding. It is designed for the needs of college and
short course classes and is the result of the author's experience in managing
a relatively large orchard.
Home economics courses as they are being arranged in modern high
schools, Helen C4kant (School Hci. and Math., IJf {1914), ^'o. 7, pp. GlJf, 615). —
The author outlines the sul)jeot-matter of the four-year course in home eco-
nomics in the Minneapolis high schools, which includes two years of work in
sewing and applied art and two in cooking and applied science, the sewing and
cooking alternating by semesters.
Domestic science principles and application, Pearl L. Bailey {St. Paul,
Minn., 1914, pp. A'T'/-f 3//J-f i//, figs. -H). — This text-book is arranged for schools
having a two-year course in domestic science. It endeavors to present the
fundamental principles together with their application in a simple natural
sequence from the simpler food materials to the more complex combinations.
The book also contains lessons on digestion and its relation to cookery, dietaries
and planning menus, waitress work, school lunches and the working plans in
use in schools, home management and household accounts, invalid cookery,
emergencies and first aid, list of equipment necessary for the course, and score
cards for judging cookery.
Demonstration lectures in domestic science (foods and cooking), sewing,
and home nursing (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 215 (1913), pp. 19, figs. 5). — Brief
outlines and descriptions of the courses are given, with a summary of the work
accomplished.
Principles of cooking, Emma Conley {New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1914,
pp. 206, pi. 1, figs. 42). — This text-book in cooking and elementary food study
is intended for secondary and vocational schools. It contains general direc-
tions for work; a list of equipment of a school kitchen for a class of 16 pupils;
a study of the different classes of foods and the principles of cooking and their
application in practical lessons, tables showing the composition of common
foods; and suggestions to teachers for teaching cooking in rural schools, in-
cluding references.
Nature-study and the teacher, or the point of view in nature-study, J.
VoADEN (Nature-Study Rev., 10 {1914), No. 6, pp. 213-218) .—For the benefit of
teachers with little or no experience the author outlines a method of teaching
nature study.
The out-of-doors indoors in the fall, Helen M. Reynolds (Nature-Study
Rev., 10 (1914), No. 6, pp. 223-234). — This article shows what can be done in
teaching nature study in the elementary grades in the fall and gives an outline
suggesting the organization of tojiics and their progression from grade to grade.
[Industrial clubs and contests for Oregon boys and girls] (Oreg. Agr. Col.
Buls., 1914, Nos. 113, pp. 4, figs. 2; 114, pp. 4; Ho, PP- H; 116, pp. 4; i^, PP.
7. figs. S; 119. pp. 4- fi9^- 2; 122, p. 1; 127, pp. 7, fig. 1; 132, p. 1; 135, pp. 5;
138, pp. 2; 140, pp. 4; U2, pp. 4; 151, pp. 8, figs. 3: 153, pp. 3; 154, PP- 4- figs.
S; 155, pp. 11, figs. 2; 162, pp. 11, figs. 4). — These bulletins consist of project
studies in sewing, starchy foods, selecting and caring for poultry, feeding and
care of daii-y cows, feeding for i>ork and for show, creamed soups and vege-
tables, fruit and vegetable canning, planning, cultivating, and caring for the
garden, instruction in manual arts, bread making, judging hogs, and directions
for making project reports and methods of determining prize winners in com
growing, poultry raising, and pig feeding contests.
NOTES.
Alabama College and Station. — C. S. McDowell, Jr., of Eufaula, W. H. Gates,
of Mobile, and T. D. Saiuford, of Oi^elika. have been appointed to tlie board of
trustees, vice H. L. Martin, J. S. Fraser. and R. P.. Barnes. F. L. Thomas,
Ph. D. (Massachusetts College. 1914) has been appointed field assistant in
entomology, vice G. W. tZUs, resigned.
The extension service cooperated during February and the early part of
March in a diversification campaign conducted by the extension service of a
manufacturer of agricultural machinery, under the auspices of the chambers
of commerce of the principal cities of Alabama.
Arizona University. — J. A. Armstrong, farm advisor for San Diego County,
California, has been appointed farm advisor for Maricopa County, beginning
March 1.
Arkansas University and Station. — H. E. Dvorachek, associate professor of
animal husbandry at the Colorado College, has been appointed profes.sor of
animal husbandry in the college of agriculture and animal husbandman in the
station beginning about February 1. F, E. Anderson has been appointed
assistant in extension work.
California University and Station. — ^.Vn initiative measure providing for a
bond issue of $1,800,000 for buildings was accepted by the voters of the State
at the recent election.
According to a note in the Pacific Rural Press, the citrus substation is to be
located at Riverside where a site of 477 acres with water rights has been
acquired at a cost of $55,000. Improvements costing $120,000 are contemplated.
Dr. H. J. Webber is to be in charge of the new substation and will inaugurate
a soil survey, install an irrigation system, and begin planting.
Georgia College and Station. — John A. Gaston, of Greenville, has been ap-
pointed to the board of trustees of the college, vice J. A. Thrash, deceased.
R. C. Neely and J. W. Andrews have been reappointed to the board of
trustees of the station for a term of five years beginning January 5. The board
is planning to hold an ojien meeting in April for the purpose of bringing
prominently to the attention of the state officials and others the work and
needs of the station.
Hawaii College. — The college has added to its curriculum a 4-year course in
sugar technology leading to the degree of B. S. During the vacation period
between the third and fourth years, it is intended that the student will spend
at least eight weeks on a plantation, either in the field or in the laboratory.
Arrangements are also being made whereby during the second semester of the
fourth year students may serve a sort of sjiecial apprenticeship on one or more
of the plantations near Honolulu, performing the various duties and spending
several weeks or more if necessary in e;ieli department.
Illinois University. — Nature notes that the university has given $500 to the
fund for the erection of a laboratory at Rothamsted in commemoration of the
centenary of the birth of Sir John Lawes (1814) and Sir Henry Gilbert (1817).
395
396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Iowa College and Station. — The college is offering for the first time a corre-
spondence course of 90 lessons in farm plants and soils for teachers. A corre-
spondence course of 80 lessons in farm animals will be ready about April 1, one
in home economics about July 1, and special courses in farm crops, 'soils, horti-
culture, animal husbandry, dairying, poultry raising, and home economics will
be offered in the fall to teachers desiring advanced correspondence work.
M. E. Sar has resigned as assistant in the soil survey and has been succeeded
by Knute Espe (1015). S. C. Guernsey has resigned as assistant in chemistry.
Kansas College and Station. — It is reported that over two-thirds of the 1914
graduates in animal husbandry took up farming and that many of the remainder
are engaged in teaching or experimental station work.
Over 400 students were enrolled in the short courses, 21G being in agriculture,
110 in home economics, and 82 in the new 10 weeks' courses in cement and con-
crete construction, shop work, road building, irrigation and drainage, and steam
and gas traction engines.
Walter L. Latshaw has been appointed assistant in soil analy.sls in the station.
Kentucky Station. — E. W. Mumma, assistant in charge of hog cholera serum
production, died December 4, 1914. H. B. Hendrick, agronomist in the exten-
sion department, resigned January 1 to accept an appointment with the Agri-
cultural Education Service of this Department. E. F. Worthington, inspector
in dairy sanitation in the food and drug department, also resigned January 1.
W. H. Simmons has been appointed assistant in the hog cholera serum labora-
tory, begimiing December 1, 1914.
Louisiana University, — A new daily barn of modern construction has recently
been completed.
Massachusetts College and Station. — A plan recently approved by the faculty
for submission to the board of trustees contemplates the offering of college
courses the entire year. Under this plan, practical coui-ses in agriculture and
horticulture would be offered during the summer months for which college
credit would be given. One advantage expected would be the completion of
the college course about April 1 instead of in June as at present, the former
being considered a more favorable time for graduates to secure employment.
Charles E. Ward, of Buckland, a member of the board of trustees and of its
committee on the station, has resigned and has been succeeded by Edmund
Mortimer of Grafton. P. J. Anderson, Ph. D. (Cornell, 1914), formerly field
pathologist with the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission, has been ap-
pointed instructor in botany. H. J. Baker, field agent in farm management,
has resigned to become head of the extension department at the Connecticut
College. F. H. H. Van Suchtelen, Ph. D., associate professor of microbiology,
and George E. Gage, Ph. D., associate professor of animal pathology, have been
added to the station staff as soil microbiologist and animal pathologist, re-
spectively.
Minnesota University.— A new course under the supervision of the division of
agricultural education has been introduced in the school of agriculture for the
graduates of the school desiring to prepare themselves to teach agriculture in
the rural schools. The course will consist of two j-ears' work in selected sub-
jects, with special emphasis on agriculture and home economics.
The extension division is conducting a state-wide bread-making test with
1,600 enrolled. The loaves are sent to the college by parcel post and judgeil by
the home economics department. Instruction is also being given in canning
vegetables. Over 3,100 boys were enrolled in the boys' acre-yield corn contest.
Mississippi College and Station. — E. R. Lloyd, director of the station, was
appointed director of the extension work, December 1, 1914, and J. R. Ricks,
the station agronomist, was made vice-director of the station. Dr. H. B.
NOTES. 397
Brown, previously professor of botany and forestry, and botanists in the station,
has succeeded E. C. Ewing, resigned, as the head of the department of cotton
breeding. A. Smith, wlio had charge of the station beef cattle work, resigned
December 1. E. Barnett, formerly of the South Carolina College and Station,
has been appointed animal husbandman.
Missouri University. — Farmers' week was held at the university beginning
January 11, in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture. Over 2,800
people were enrolled in the farmers' short course, an increase of 572 over the
previous year.
Benj. F. Oeisert (Missouri, 1914) has been appointed assistant in agricultural
extension.
Nevada University and Station.— Dr. H. E. Reid has been succeeded on the
board of control by Dr. J. J. Sullivan of Virginia Citj'.
A study of the poison parsnip has been completed and its poisonous principle
Isolated.
Public appreciation of the work of the station has been developing rapidly of
late, especially in connection with the increased attention to bacteriology and
veterinary science. These are of immediate interest to the stock raising in-
terests of the State, which constitute the most important phase of its agricul-
ture, and a reorganization of the station work is being effected which will
further concentrate its activities along these lines.
New Mexico Station. — Francis E. Lester and M. O. Llewellyn have resigned
from the board of regents and have been succeeded by J. A. Mahoney of Deming
and C. W. Gerber of Las Cruces. W. T. Conway has discontinued the teach-
ing of agricultural subjects in the college to devote his entire time to the boys'
and girls' club work in the State.
Cornell University. — J. B. Bain has resigned as instructor in animal hus-
bandry to accept a position with the Dairy Division of this Department.
North Dakota College. — A new dairy building has recently been completed.
This is a two-story fireproof structure 84 by 52 feet, so arranged as to permit
of future symmetrical enlargement if desired. It includes a room for the study
of farm dairy practice, a creamery factory room for commercial operations, a
room for cheese and ice-cream manufacture and market milk handling, a testing
laboratory for 70 students, two classrooms, a reading room, and four cold stor-.
age rooms.
Ohio State University and Station. — The new horticultural and forestry
building was dedicated February 5. Addresses were made by W. Paddock and
W. R. Lazenby of the college of agriculture, S. A. Beach, of the Iowa College,,
and F. W. Rane, state forester of Massachusetts. The building is a two-story
and basement fireproof structure of gray pressed brick, 250 by GO feet, and in
general appearance is similar to Townshend Hall, the agricultural building.
About 1,500 were registered in the recent farmers' week courses, an increase
of about 80 per cent over the previous year. On February 15 the county agent
work was formally transferred from the station, where it had been developed^
to the college of agriculture in harmony with the provisions of the Smith-
Lever Act.
Oklahoma College and Station.— R. C. Potts, professor of dairy husbandry,
resigned February 1 to accept a position with the Office of Markets and Rural
Organization of this Department.
Oregon College and Station. — The annual short course, offering 100 coursea
in agriculture, engineering, and home economics, was held January 4 to 30.
The first session of farmers' week, held February 1 to 6 under the auspices
of the extension division, was attended by over 2,000 persons, mostly farmers
and housewives. The program included exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures^
898 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and 20 conferences on subjects relating to rural life in Oregon in which most
of the live stock associations, educational bodies, and women's clubs of the
State participated.
Dean Henrietta W. Calvin, of the school of home economics, has resigned
to become specialist in home economics in the United States Bureau of Edu-
cation, beginning in March.
Seedsmen and buyers have been notified that the new state pure seed law
went into full effect .Tanuary 1. The state dairy and food commissioner is
responsible for the enforcement of the law under the direction of the state
seed board, of which H. D. Scudder, agronomist of the college and station, is
chairman.
Pennsylvania College. — Over 500 persons attended the farmers' week held
from December 2S to January 2. More than 150 lectures and demonstrations
were offeretl.
Porto Rico Federal Station. — George L. Fawcett, plant pathologist, has re-
signed to accept a similar position in the experiment station at Tucuman,
Argentina.
Rhode Island Station. — Philip H. Wessels, formerly assistant in chemistry, has
been made associate in chemistry.
Tennessee University and Station. — The comity court unanimously authorized
on January 4 a county bond issue of not to exceed $125,000 for the purchase
of a tract of 569 acres as an addition to the university farm. If this action
is ratified by the legislature, the property will be acquired and transferred to
the State for the use of the station.
The Second Annual Midwinter Fat Stock Show was held at the station farm
■January 25-30. The premium money was furnished by the Knoxville Clearing
House Association, in the interest of better live stock in Tennessee.
Washington Station. — ^A project for a joint cooperative substation with this
Department to be located at Waterville has been approved by the board of
regents. E. F. Gaines, acting cerealist, has been granted six months' leave of
Absence for study at Harvard University.
Wisconsin Station. — The department of plant pathology, which has hitherto
carried on its experimental work largely in infected fields over the State, has
been given additional plats at the station. Attempts are to be made to produce
a disease-resistant cabbage, a blight-resistant pea, and a smut-free barley.
Wyoming University and Station. — Karl Steik, assistant professor of chem-
istry and engineering chemist in the station, has been given leave of absence
until July 1 to pursue graduate work at Harvard University.
American Association of Economic Entomologists. — The twenty-seventh annual
meeting of this association was held at the University of Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 27-31, 1914. Over 40 pnpers were presented, including that of the president,
H. T. Fernald, of Massachusetts. A draft of a uniform state law covering
nursery and orchard inspection was favorably considered.
The next annual meeting is to be held at Columbus, Ohio, with the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, and a special meeting at San
Francisco during the summer. Officers were elected as follows : President,
G. W. Herrick, of New York; vice-presidents, R. A. Cooley, of Montana, W. E.
Rumsey, of West Virginia, and E. F. Phillips, of Washington, D. C. ; secretary.
A. F. Burgess, of Massjichusetts; secretary of the section of horticultural in-
spection, J. G. Sanders, of Wisconsin; and secretary of the section of apiary
inspection, N. E. Shaw, of Ohio.
Agriculture at the British Association. — The last meeting of the British
Association held at Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, gave unusual attention
NOTES. 399
to agriculture and related subjects. In the agricultural section, the presidential
address was given by A. D. Hall. The special subjects for consideration were
irrigation (jointly with the engineering so<.'tion), dry farming, animal breeding,
and milk supply, all with sjiecial reference to Australian conditions.
L. J. Briggs described dry farming investigations in the United States as
compared with conditions in Australia ; T. Cheri'y discussed the 10-inch line
of rainfall; J. W. Patterson compared the high evaporation factor in Western
Australia with the small factor in England ; and Heber Green discussed the
capillary power of soils.
In animal breeding, P. G. Bailey reported progi'ess on experiments in in-
heritance in wool characters and on size inheritance in poultry. The value
of milk production records was taken up by A. Lauder, S. S. Cameron, and
M. A. O'Callaglian. The development of milking machines was outlined by
R. T. Archer, and their effect on the bacteriological purity and keeping qualities
of milk by K. Stenhouse Williams, J. Golding, and J. Macintosh.
Cereal breeding was a most prominent toi)ic. The papers included The Migra-
tion of Reserve Material to the Seeds in Barley, Considei'ed as a Factor in
Production, by E. S. Beaven; Wheat Improvement in Australia, by F. B,
Guthrie; Wheat Breeding in Australia, by A. E. V. Richardson; and William
Farrer's Work, Methods, and Success, by J. T. Pridham.
Other papers included Flax as a Paying Crop, by C. P. Ogilvie; Bacterial
Toxins in Soils, by R. Greig-Smith; The Estimation of Condition in Cattle, by
J. A. Murray ; A Review of Work on Soil Inoculation, by H. B. Hutchinson and
J. Golding; and The Effects of Caustic Lime and Chalk on Soil Fertility, by
H. B. Hutchinson and K. MacLennan. A large number of agricultural ex-
cursions were arranged to typical farms, the Roseworthy Agricultural College,
the Central Research Farm at Werribee, Victoria, the Wagga Experimental
Farm, and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College.
A joint session was held witli the chemical section on the chemistry of
metabolism. The zoology section included papers on The Development of
Trypanosomes in the Invertebrate Host, by E. A. Minchin; Australian
Trematodes and Cestodes, by S. J. Johnston; Parasitic Worms of Queensland,
by W. Nicoll ; Mimicry, by E. P. Poulton ; Experiments on Silkworms, by O.
Maas; and Migration of Birds, by C. J. Patten.
Agricultural Reorganization in Portuguese East Africa. — Plans are being pre-
pared for a reorganization of the agricultural w^rk in Mozambique. A central
department is contemplated with headquarters at Lourengo Marquez, and
divided into bureaus of agriculture and forestry and animal husbandry. The
staff of the bureau of agriculture and forestry would include a botanical ex-
plorer, a silvicultural engineer, an entomologist, an inspector of fruits and
plants, and an agricultural engineer with an agricultural expert in charge of
the agricultural station at Inhamussua, and assistants. That of the animal
husbandry bureau would include a corps of veterinarians as chief and assistant
chief, and in charge of divisions of animal sanitation, tropical veterinary path-
ology and zootechny, and their assistjints.
A Board of Agriculture for New Zealand. — The minister of agriculture has
recently announced that it has been decided to establish a board of agriculture
for New Zealand to consist of 12 members. Its duties will be to advise the
minister of agriculture on any matters affecting agriculture that he may refer
to it for consideration; to appoint special committees of agricultural experts to
Inspect the work of departmental institutions, such as the experimental farms
and State agricultural colleges, and also to inquire into and report upon any
urgent agricultural problems of the day ; and to consider the policy of the de-
400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
partment in regard to such matters as the collectiou of agricultural statistics,
the dissemination of agricultural information, the control of noxious weeds,
the prevention of stocli diseases, the fostering of fruit growing and forestry,
recommendations from agricultural conferences, rural education, better means
of communication, and other measures intended to make rural industry more
efficient and rural life more desirable.
Necrology. — Dr. John Nisbet, forestry advisor to the Scottish Board of Agri-
culture, died recently, aged 02 years. Dr. Nisbet was educated at the Edin-
burgh University and Munich and for 25 years was connected with the Indian
Forest Service, retiring in 1900 with the grade of conservator of forests. He
also made extensive studies of British and continental forests and did much
to arouse interest in forestry in the British Isles. He was the author of many
works on forestry, notably British Forest Trees, 1893; Protection of Woodlands,
1893; Essays on Silviculture, 1893; Studies in Forestry, 1894; The Forester,
1905 ; Our Forests and Woodlands, 1908 ; and The Elements of British Forestry,
1911.
Sir Walter Gilbey, a horse breeder, who founded the Sliire Horse Society
and was active in the establishment of the Hackney Horse Society, died No-
vember 12, 1914, at the age of 83 years. He had a wide, practical knowledge
of horses and horse breeding and had written several books on the Hackney
and Shire breeds.
August Weismann, the eminent zoologist and biologist, died November 6,
1914, aged 80 years. He had been professor of zoology at Freiburg University
since 18G7.
Miscellaneous. — Harrison E. Smith has been appointed entomologist at the
entomological laboratory at West Springfield, Mass. A 4-room laboratory build-
ing is being erected on land owned by the Eastern States Agricultural and In-
dustrial Exposition. The laboratory will be under the direction of the Bureau
of Entomology of this Department and devoted largely to research with forage
and cereal crop pests.
The Southeastern Agricultural College, Wye, has completed its new buildings
at a cost of $62,500, of which over half was contributed by the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries. A vacuum drying plant for experimenting on fruit and
vegetable drying has been installed under an additional grant from the same
source.
James Muri*ay, from 1906 to 1911 superintendent of the Dominion Elxperi-
mental Farm at Brandon, Manitoba, and subsequently manager of a large
farm at Suffield, Albei'ta, has been appointed to the chair of cereal husbandry in
Macdonald College, vice L. S. Klinck whose appointment as dean of the college
of agriculture of the University of British Columbia has been previously noted.
The American Society of Agricultural Engineers held its eighth annual meet-
ing at Madison, Wisconsin, December 28-30, 1914. Officers were elected as fol-
lows : President, H. H. Musselman, of Michigan ; vice-presidents, J. E. Wagner,
of Illinois, and L. W. Ellis, of California ; and secretary-treasurer, F. M. White,
of Wisconsin.
A tract of 919 aci'es at Trinidad, Luzon, Philippine Islands, has been reserved
from the public domain for the use of the Bureau of Agriculture as an experi-
ment station and stock farm.
o
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPEEINTENBENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTINa OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF NtNE Numbers
AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj^ l^- Xrullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^- ^'^J^d ^' ^^' ^'
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutritionln. L. Lang.
[C. F. Walton.
Zooteclmy, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — ^W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
VctcrmaryMe<Uc.iBe{;j\^;noo-H-
Rm-al Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. . ^IB^a^
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. 'Vgi*/
Agi-icultural Education — C. H. Lane. ,^^ ^ ^^Rli
Indexes — M. D. Moore. '^T^*,.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 5.
Editorial notes: Page.
The agricultural appropriation act , 1915-16 401
Recent work in agricultmal science 409
Notes 497
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Quantitative determination of mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates, Olson. . . 409
Neutral ammonium citrate, sodium citrate, and citric acid, Rudnick et al. . . . 409
The composition of lime-sulphur solutions, Thompson and Whittier 410
The occurrence of methyl alcohol in com silage, Hart and Lamb 410
Enzyms present in alfalfa.^ — Alfalfa investigation, V, Jacobson and Holmes . . . 410
Ferments in the mammary gland and milk, Grimmer 411
About some peroxidase reactions of milk, Jona 412
Freezi ng pomt and chemical composition of milk, Schroder 412
The freezing point of milk, Henderson and Meston 412
Deterniination of the amount of water added to milk based on the acidity, Gero. 413
A rapid method for determming the percentage of casein in milk, Walker 413
Estimation and significance of the ammonia content of milk, Tillmans et al. . . 413
The Neusal butyromctric method , llcggiani 413
An apparatus and method for determining the hardness of butter fat, Perking. . 413
Estimation of sucrose in presence of lactose and in milk preparations, Rakshit. . 414
Boric acid as a nulk preservative and its detection, Kiihl 414
Mai and Rheinberger method for solids in cheese, Weigmann and Haglund 414
A rapid method for determining fat in cheese, Teichert 414
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Synthetic medium for colon bacilli in ice cream, Ayers and Johnson, jr 415
Determination of added Hodium chlorid in feed.s, Strigel and llandschuh. . . 415
Use of bacterial rusts of flaxseed for determining fiber and waste, Domi-acheva. . 415
Standard specifications for raw linseed oil from North American seed 416
The analytical constants of hydrogenated oils, Ellis 416
[lydrogenation of oils, Ellis 416
Effect of pressure in preserving fruits and vegetables, Hite et al 416
The coagulation of aloumin by pressure, Bridgman 417
METEOROLOGY.
The change in the climate and its cause, Marriott 417
Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and McLain. . 418
Climate of historical times with mediaeval weather phenomena, Norlind 418
(Meteorological observations in Canada], Grisdale et al 418
[Weather conditions in the British Isles in 1914] 419
Meteorology, Leather 419
Night radiation, Tochidlovsku 419
The fertilizing value of rain and snow, Shutt 419
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Petrography of various soils derived from volcanic ejecta. Fry 419
Some unusual soils that occur in Oregon, McCool 420
The Hauraki Plains: Some notes on the soils, Aston 420
Malayan rubber and coconut soils, Barrowcliff 420
Nature of colloidal aluminum silicates containing water, Gans 420
Nature of colloidal aluminum silicates containing water, Wiegner 421
Nature of colloidal aluminum silicates containing water, Gans 421
Solution and absorption in the soil, Mitscherlich 421
The effect of carbon dioxid on plant growth and soil formation, Mettler 422
The effect on plant growth of saturating a soil with carbon dioxid, Noyes 422
Origin of smoke acids in rain water and influence on the soil, Gerlach 422
The partial sterilization of soils, Russell 423
Inoculation with especial reference to upland moors, Densch 423
Green manuring, Lonsdale 423
Green manures 423
Results of fertilizer experiments conducted at Summerville, S. C, Keitt 423
The rational utilization of ammonia 423
The conversion of ammonia into nitric acid or ammoniimi nitrate, Donath. . . . 424
Lime and its uses on land, Thompson and Grantham 424
The position of the fertilizer supply in south India, Bernard 424
Sewage disposal and use of tannery wastes, Smoot, III • 424
Fertilizer and oil manufactm'ed from dogfish. Young 424
Fertilizing materials, Shutt 424
[Fertilizer production and imports of- United States], compiled by Thom 424
The international movement of fertilizers - - , , , . 425
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Fundamentals of plant breeding, Coulter 425
A contribution to a knowledge of the mutating ffinotheras, Gates 426
Inheritance in plant hairs. Belling 426
Immunity to fungus diseases as a physiological test, Vavilov 426
Fasciation, Brannon 426
Transpiration of emersed water plants: Its measurement and relationships. Otis. 426
Chemical modifications of plant organs undergoing autofermentation, Molliard. 427
Assimilation of colloidal iron by rice, Gile and Can-ero 427
Oil content of seeds as affected by the nutrition of the plant. Garner et al 427
The relation of food supply to fungus development, Pringsheim 428
The pigments of Fusarium, Bezssonoff 428
Chondriosomes and anthocyanin pigment in vegetable cells, Pensa 428
More concerning chondriosomes and anthocyanic pigment in cells, Pensa 428
On a supposed synthesis of anthocyanin, Wheldale and Bassett 428
Electrical injuries to trees. Stone 428
Department of botanical research, MacDougal 429
CONTENTS. ni
FIELD CROPS.
Page.
Af^riculture. Somerville 429
The key to t^uccessful farming, Kasmeier 429
Parsons on d ry larniing, Parsons 430
Handbook of breeding of agricultural plants, Fruwirth 430
Work of Belle Fourche experiment farm in 1913, Anne 430
Forage crops. Parsons 430
[Field crops work at Canadian stations and farms in 191 2], Grisdalc ot al 431
Cooperative experimental work witli winter cover crops, Tarbox, jr 431
Development of tlie culms of grasses. Hole 432
Composition and quality of wheat gi'owu in mixtures with oats, Bailey 432
Protein in nonlegumes and legumes alone and in mixtures, Westgate and Oakley 432
The cultivation of legumes, Fruwirth 432
Culture experiments with bacterial inoculations of lupine and alfalfa, Barthel . . . 433
A Btatistical study of barley at the Dickinson (N. Dak.) substation, Clark 433
Notes on the selection of maize at Cambodia, de Flacourt 433
Detasseling of maize Giant of Servia, Heckel 434
Results with fertilizers for maize, Calvino 434
Practical maize production, Matenaers 434
Single-stalk cotton culture, Cook 434
Cotton, its origin, uses, history, and importance, Steuckart 434
Cost of producing cotton, Murray 434
The cotton crop surplus, Andrews 435
The cooperative marketing of cotton 435
Guinea corn, Miller 435
Influence of potash on rape, Lonsdale 435
Report of progress in sugar-beet trials, luce 435
Field annual for sugar-beet gi-owers, Adams 436
[Manurial and variety experiments with sugar canes], Bovell and d' Albuquerque 436
Identification of the seeds of species of Agropyron, Dahlberg 436
Identification of plants, Fyles 436
HORTICULTURE.
Encyclopedia of practical horticulture, edited by Lowther and Worthington. . 436
Horticulture in New Zealand, Taylor 437
Studies on the rest period of woody plants, von Portheim and Kiihn 437
[Horticultural work at Canadian experiment stations and farms], Macoun et al. 437
[Report on] garden vegetables, Aune 438
Relative production of apple varieties, Andrews 438
Improvement of citrus fruits by bud selection, Shamel 439
Improvement of fruits by bud selection, Scott 439
Cold storage for tropical fruits, Wilcox and Hunn , 439
Further researches on some statistics of Coffea,Van der Wolk 440
Chinese trees and shrubs. Bean 440
History of the garden pink, Kronfeld 440
FORESTRY.
Sixth annual report on forestry operations, Secrest 440
flleport on] tree planting, Aune 440
Report on forestry, Wehlburg 441
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the division of botany, Giissow and Eastham 44I
Rei)ort from the branch laboratory of the division of botany, McCubbin 441
[Plant diseases in Mauritius], Stockdale 441
Recent advances in our knowledge of the genus Phytophthora, Pethybridge. . 442
Stiidies in North American Peronosporales, Wilson 442
Conidium production in Penicillium, Thom 442
A cancer of plants, R6gamey 442
Oat sickness in sandy and clayey soils, Hudig 442
Clover and lucern leaf spot, Massee 443
A fungus disease of berseem, Chrestian and Maire 443
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
The late blight of potato, Basu 443
A blight-proof potato 443
A blight and frost resisting variety of potato 443
Potato canker, Appel 443
Potato scab, Darnell-Smith 443
Wart disease of potatoes, Middleton 444
Potato si)raying, Duke of Bedford and Pickering 444
Cojilrol of potato diseases in "Wisconsin, Jones 444
Relation of certain species of Fusarium to tomato blight, Humphrey 444
Apple canker, Wiltshire 445
An algal disease of cacao. Freeman 445
Operations against cacao canker, Van Hall 445
Black spot of the mandarin _ 445
American gooseberry mildew, Middleton 445
The treatment of court-noue by tar, Bertrand 445
Downy mildew and measures for coml)ating it, Martinand 446
The diseases of the sweet pea, Taubenhaus 446
The chestnut blight fungus and a related saprophyte, Anderson 446
The destruction of insects and fungi, Semichon 447
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Wild life conservation in theory and practice, Homaday 447
Useful birds and their protection, Forbush 447
Birds of New York, Eaton 447
The frogs and toads [of Long Island], Overton ^ 448
The scope and aims of applied entomology, Imms 448
Experiments on inheritance in parthenogenesis. Agar 448
Report from the division of entomology for 1913, Hewitt 448
Annual report for 1913 of the zoologist, Warburton 448
[Report] division of entomologj^ Jepson 448
Report of division of entomology for 1913, d'Emmerez de Charmoy 448
[Insect pests in Mauritius], d'Emmerez de Channoy 449
Crop pest handbook for Behar and Orissa (including also western Bengal) 449
Insects found on nursery stock imported into New Jersey during 1913, Weiss. . 449
Some considerations on protection of orchards from insects, PaiTott 449
Insects injurious to the household and annoying to man,_Herrick 449
New species of Diaspinoe living on the olive, Leonard! 449
The larger com stalk borer, Ainslie 449
Converting of cotton sticks into charcoal for destruction of boUworm, McKiUop . . 449
A new Gracilaria on azalea, Busck 450
The chestnut bast miner, Busck 450
Enemies of rice, particularly Ckironomus cavazzai, Cavazza 450
Bloodsucking Ceratopogoninge of Brazil, Lutz 450
Posterior stigmata of dipterous larvoe as a diagnostic character, MacGregor 450
M>dasis of the urinary passages, Iving 450
Effect of cold storage upon Mediterranean fruit fly, Wilcox and Hunn 450
Marguerite fly or chrysanthemiim leaf miner ( Phj/tomijza chrysanthemi), Smulyan 451
Life history of the melon fly. Back and Pemberton 452
Observations on the larvae of fleas, Bacot and Ridewood 452
Anisoplia austriaca and methods of combating it, Vassiliev 452
A new African coccinellid, Serangium giffardi n. sj)., Grandi 453
Description of Sitona humeralis. Grandi 453
A nematode parasite of the olive weevil, Del Guercio 453
The artificial fertilization of queen bees, Jager and Howard 453
A little-known orchid pest (Isosoma orchidearum) , Whitney 453
The chalcis-fly in alfalfa seed, Urbahn's 454
The British Braconidte. — II, Macrocentridse, Lyle 454
A new proctotrypoid egg parasite from the West Indies, Dodd 454
Report of a trip to Africa m search of fruit fly parasites, Sih-estri 454
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Coloring matter of raw and cooked salted meats, Hoagland 454
Changes in composition of peel and pulp of ripening bananas, Gore 455
Soluble aluminum compounds in certain vegetable products, Myers 455
Syrian food products exported to United States, Hollis 455
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Food production and requirements of various countries, Murray and Andrews. 455
[Food analysis and other pure food and dni^ topics], I.add and Johnson 456
[Food and sanitary inspection — analysis ajul other topics], Ladd and Johnson.. 45G
Food, water, and ice supplies in railway stations and trains, Crumbine 456
Sanitary conditions ia interstate meat packing establishments, Shaw 457
A manufactory for butchers' goods as a part of an abattoir, Godbille 457
"Duralumin" as material for makijig household utensils, Fendlcr and Stiiber . 457
Report of the Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene, 1913, Ryan, jr. 457
School restaurants, Meyer 457
The administration of school lunches in cities, Boughton 458
History and development of lunches in high schools, Pulsifer 458
High school lunches under school board control, Smedley 458
The training of the school dietitian, Hunt '. 458
Medical inspection and the nutrition of school children, Wile *458
Importance of proper nutrients for retarded children — a demonstration. Roach. 458
Unwliolesomo diet a prime cause of inefficiency in school children, Kellogg 458
National conservation and nutrition during childhood, McMillan 458
The coefficient of nutrition in Antwerp school children, Schuyten 458
Feeding men in logging camps, Kellogg 459
Hj'gienic interpretation of recent changes in the field rations, Fisher 459
Hygienic interpretation of food of United States Army in the field, Woodhull. . 460
Value to the Army in changes in the ration and its preparation, Elliott, jr 460
Problems of growUi, Osborne and Mendel 460
[Raw and cooked protein foods]. — Use of protein in kidney diseases, Linossier. 460
Variations in urine in fasting and regeneration, Howe and Hawk 460
The ga.seous metabolism of infants, I3enedict and Talbot 461
The physiologic cost of insufficient protective clothing, Fitz 461
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
[Animal hu.sbandry work], Grisdale, Archibald, et al 461
[Analyses of | fodders and feeding stuffs, Shutt 465
The importance of the inorganic constituents of feeding stuffs, Zaitschek 465
Influence of calcium on growth and composition of bone, Weiser 465
On some factors controlling fertility in domestic animals, Hammond 465
Influence of Rontgen rays on ovaries, Fraenkel 466
Coat pattern in mammals. — A medium of real value to the breeder, Simpson. . 466
Inbreeding in dogs, Haynes 466
Utilization of feed by range steers. — I, Alfalfa hay, Christensen and Simpson. . 467
Beef cattle production and cooperative breeders' organizations, Curtis et al. . . 468
[Sheep feedin.g experiments], Faville 468
Experiments in winter lamb production, Hammond 468
[Hog production], Aune 469
Judging draft horses, Alexander 469
The horse in North A frica, Aureggio 469
Report from the poultry di\dsion, Fortier and Shutt 469
How to tell the age of hens and pigeons, Fortier 470
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
[Dairy husbandry], Gi-Lsdale, Archibald, Gussow, et al 470
[ Feeding value of grasses], Athauassof 471
Feeding dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, Scarpitti 471
Dairying in Nevada, Norcross 471
^^^lat dairying has done for Denmark, Dunne 471
The cost of milk production 471
Effect of volatile fatty acids on milk secretion. — Porpoise oil, Beger 471
Studies in the expansion of milk and cream, Bearce 471
The iron content of human and cow's milk, von Soxhlet 472
Composition of sheep milk, Bir6 472
The chloroformic coagulation of milk, Pozerski 472
Note on the nonlactose fermcnters in fresh milk, Ritchie 472
The feeding of cattle and the production of hygienic milk, Gorini 472
The milk supply as a causal factor in relation to tuberculosis, Del^pine 472
Market milk, Boudreau 473
The care of milk and cream, Wiancko 473
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Instniction in tho schools concerning sanitary niilk, Kelly 473
Biorization of milk, Noack 473
The dairy industry act, 1914, and regulations, Ruddick 473
[Overrun in butter], Rosengren 473
[Causes and effects of uneven composition of butter], Bouska 473
Microflora of Liptauer cheese and their importance, Gratz and Vas 473
Ripening of Neufchatel cheese, Laxa 473
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Importance of enzyms in medicine and surgery, Lyle and Kober 474
Diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine, sheep, and goat, Richtor and Schwarz 474
Organic arsenic preparations and their significance, Niercnstein 474
The biological decomposition of arsenic compounds, Huss 474
Principal poisonous plants of the western stock ranges, Marsh 474
Suckored roundworms from India and Ceylon, Lane 474
Studies concerning glycosuria and diabetes, Allen 474
Microbiology of tlie infectious diseases of animals, Courmont and Panisset 474
Filterable viruses, Meyer 475
Contagion by immunization, Law 475
Metabiotic action of ultraviolet rays in the anthrax bacillus, Henri 475
Report of departmental committee on foot-and-mouth disease, Stockman et al . . 475
Foot-and-mouth disease in the Dutch East Indies, Vrijbnrg 475
Immunization against piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis. Chambers and Smilli . . . 476
Experimental polyneuritis. — Effects of wheat flour on fowls, Ohlei- 476
Effect of heat on the rinderpest immune bodies, Holmes 476
A case of tetanus treated by injections of carbolic acid, Stewart and Laiiig 476
The treatment of tetanus, Caillaud and Corniglion 476
The occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, Fischer 476
The infection of cluldren with the bovine tubercle bacillus, Mitchell 477
The intradermic tuberculin test applied to the eyelid, Moussu 477
The chicken as a possible typhoid carrier, Mitchell and Bloomer 477
Affinities of B. sangitmarium with typhoid bacillus. Smith and TenBroeck.. 477
Pathogenic action of the fowl typhoid bacillus, Smith and TenBroeck 478
Relation between B. piillorum and fowl typhoid bacillus, Smith and TenBroeck 478
Influence of sickness of cattle on the milk, Zaribnicky 478
Some drugs recently used in veterinary practice, Frost 479
Kidney worm infestation of swine in the Philippine Islands, Boynton 479
Hog cholera or Pintadilla, Bolton 479
Hog cholera questions and answers, Hadley 479
Hog cholera and its prevention by the use of antihog-cholera serum, Flowe 480
Basis of the serum treatment for hog cholera, Lynch 480
Envii'onment as a factor in complications following vaccination, Sheldon 480
Conditions in which antihog-cholera serum should not be used, Troy 480
Some failures for which serum has been wrongly blamed. Bugbee 480
The proper time to vaccinate hogs, Branson 480
Care of the herd after vaccination, Burcham 480
Spreading disease among coyotes, Cromwell 480
Tuberculosis in poultry, Higgins 480
Blackhead in turkeys (enterohepatitis), Higgins 481
Lice and mites: Life history and extermination, Whitaker 481
RURAL ENGINEERING.
River and canal engineering, Bellasis 481
Investigations of laud settlement and in-igation development in America, Mead . 481
An economic phase of irrigation, Paul - - - 481
Irrigation and cooperative irrigation societies in Ilocos Norte, Cluistie 481
Irrigation and canal building in British India, Jacquerez 481
Concrete lining, Franklin Canal, Rio Grande project, Lawson 481
The reclamation of the Zuider Zee, Figee 481
Cost of installing 35 miles of tile drains in Ohio, Goddard and Tiffany 481
Investigations on drain tile, American Society for Testing Materials 482
Tile investigations, Day 483
Proportioning aggregates for Portland cement concrete, Moyer 484
Specifications for sand for concrete, McCullough 484
[Land clearing], Grisdale 484
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
Stump burning to reclaim logged-off lands, Allison 485
Annual report of (ho State highway depailment 485
Additional rules and regulations governing State road work for year 1913 485
Standard culvert designs 485
Some tests on a Diesel engine, Bums 485
A rating chart for centrifugal pumps, Bradford 485
The present status of mecliaiucal cultivation in Europe, Ledeboer 485
Preliminary tests of new dairy machinery, Martiny 486
Distribution of Ihe overhead electrical discharge, Jorgensen and Priestley 486
Farm storages for fruits and vegetables, Smith 486
Geology of Jervois, Buxton, ancl York Counties, with reference to water. Jack. . 486
Lowering of the ground-water table, Cook 486
"Witching" for water and other things, Lovewell 487
Analyses of private water supplies, Barnard, Craven, and Diggs 487
The water supply of farm homesteads, Shutt 487
Illuminating power of kerosenes, Kunerth 487
RURAL ECONOMICS.
What the farm contributes directly to the farmer's living, Funk 487
The work of rural organization. Carver 488
Unifying rural community interests, edited by Israel 488
Bibliography of rural sociology 488
Proceedings of the seventeenth conference for education in the South 488
Syllabus of home-county club studies 488
Cooperative institiitions among the farmers of Catawba County 489
Influence of social position of members of cooperative societies, Zimmer 489
Cooperative credit 489
Newark Horsekeepers' Insurance Company, Limited 489
Economic history [of agriculture] in Russia, Mavor 489
The agricultural labor conditions in Russia, Blank 489
Slavs on southern farms, Hodges 489
The agrarian re\ olution in Georgia, 1865-1912, Brooks 489
Penal farms and farm colonies 490
[Statistical record of agricultural progress in the United States] 490
Field agent's handbook of agricultural statistics 490
The agricultural outlook 490
Range of prices for butter and eggs in the Chicago market 490
Wholesale prices, Canada, 1913, Coats T 490
[Management of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada] 490
Occupations and industries 491
Statistical abstract for the British Empire in each year from 1898-1912 491
Statistical abstract for foreign countries, 1901-1912 491
Statistics of harvest in Austria, 1913 491
Agricultural statistics of Italy 491
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The training of women in the state colleges, MacDonald 491
Teachers' extension schools, Bricker 492
Agriculture in the high school and community service, Works 492
Rural schools linked up with home and farm, McDonald 492
Agriculture in the Idaho Falls high school , Crandall 492
Boys' and girls' demonstration work in the Southern States, Martin 492
School gardens 492
Gardening in public schools, Williams 492
The Portland school gardens, Evans, jr 492
[Instruction in agriculture and home economics in Alaska] 492
The folk high schools of Denmark, Friend 492
The Danish folk high schools, Foght 493
Agricultural education in the State of Victoria, Australia, Haudley 493
[Nature study and elementary agriculture for the New York public schools]. . . 493
Nature study and agriculture course for schools of New Brunswick, Steeves 493
Agricultural education 493
[Agricultural instruction for the teachers of Porto Rico] 493
The natural history of the farm, Needham 493
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
A suggestive outline for work in the study of soils, Atherton 404
Dry farming in Oregon, Scuddor 494
Demonstration work for agricultural high schools. West 494
Corn, Abbey 494
The home vegetable garden 494
Transplanting, Neal 494
Fall work with apples. Abbey 494
Farm animals. Hunt and Burkett 494
Horses 494
How to teach a lesson on the dairy cow, Bricker 494
Principles of bookkeeping and farm accounts, Bexell and Nichols 494
The choice of subject matter in a laboratory course in foods, Williams 494
Home economics in village and rural schools, Brown 495
Domestic economy in the schools 495
[A course designed for instruction in food and cookery]. Spring 495
The busy housewife, Steimann 495
[Home economics instruction], Frayser 495
School gardens, Steeves 495
School and home gardening for use in primary grades 495
The 1914 corn campaign 495
Arbor Day in California, 1914 495
Arbor Day observance, 1914, Steeves 495
Arbor Day 49G
Knapp Agricultural Day program for celebration in the schools 49fi
References for use in agri cultural nature-study, Trafton 496
Agricultural extension in the liigh school, Nolan 496
Edgar County country life clubs 496
Report of the women's institutes for the Province of New Brunswick, 19l:{. . . 496
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1913 496
Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 496
The uses of the agncultural experiment station, Jenkins 49G
Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1915 496
Federal legislation, etc., affecting agricultural colleges and stations 496
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Alabama rolle2;G Station : Page.
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. IDlo. . 49G
Connectifnt State Station:
Bui. Inform. 6, Jan., 1915 496
Delaware Station:
Bui. 103, May 15, 1914 496
Bui. 104, June 1, 1914 424
Bui. 105, June 1, 1914 410
Bui. 106, Nov., 1914 446
Hawaii Station :
Press Bui. 47, Oct. 10, 1914. 439,450
^rassaohusetts Station :
Bui. 156, Oct., 1914 428
Bui. 157, Nov., 1914 451
Alet. Buls. 311-312, Nov.-
Dec., MM. 418
New ]\Iexico Station:
Bui. 91, June, 1914 467
North Carolina Station:
. Circ. 22, Dec, 1914 468
North Dakota Station:
Spec. Bui., vol. 3—
No. 12, Nov., 1914 456
No. 13, Dec, 1914 456
Circ 2, Nov., 1914 435
Ohio Station:
Bui. 270, Feb., 1914 468
Bui. 276, June, 1914 440
Circ. 147, Sept. 15, 1914 481
South Carolina Station:
Bui. 178, Oct., 1914 423
(^ii-c 26, Oct., 1914 431
Washington Station:
Bui. 115, Oct., 1914 444
Bui. 116, Oct. 3, 1914 409
Popular Bui. 74, Oct., 1914. . . 481
West Virginia Station:
Bui. 146, Oct., 1914 416
Stations in the United Slates- Contd.
Wisconsin Station: Page.
Circ. 52, Nov., 1914 441
Circ. 53, Nov., 1914 469
Circ 54, Nov., 1914 479
Wyoming Station:
Bul.^103 468
Bui. 104, 1914 430
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 3,
Dec, 1914. . . 427, 436, 452, 454, 455, 471
Farmers' Bui. 634, The Larger
Corn Stalk-Borer, G. G . Ainslie. . 449
Farmers' Bui. 635, \\Tiat the Farm
Contributes Directly to the
Farmer's Living, W. C. Funk. . . 487
Farmers' Bui. 636, The Chalcis-fly
in Alfalfa Seed, T. D. Urbahns. . 454
Farmers' Bui. 641, The Agricul-
tural Outlook. . . . 434, 435^38, 455, 490
Program of Work of the U.S. Dept.
Agr., 1915 496
Bureau of Crop Estimates:
Field Agent's Handbook of
Agricultural Statistics 490
Bureau of Plant Industry:
Doc. 1130, Single-stalk Cotton
Culture, O. F. Cook 434
Work of Belle Fourche Experi-
ment Farm, 1913, B. Aune. . . 430,
434, 440, 469
Principal Poisonous Plants of
the Western Stock Banges,
C. D. Marsh 474
Oflico of Experiment Stations:
Federal Legislation, Regula-
tions, and Rulings Affecting
Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations 496
IX
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. April, 1915. No. 5.
The act making appropriations for the support of the Federal De-
partment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916,
has, like its immediate predecessors, considerably more of interest for
tlie genei-al public than as a mere routine measure. As the activities
of the Department have been expanded and new functions have been
given it to perform, a great institution with over 16,000 employees
has been developed which, in its various phases, touches most inti-
mately the daily life of the whole American people. In consequence,
the act providing appropriations for the maintenance of such vast
enterprises as the federal system of research and demonstration, the
weather forecasts, the food and drugs control, the meat inspection,
the campaigns against plant and animal pests, and many others has
immediate significance as an annual review by Congress of these mani-
fold lines of endeavor, and as a renewed expression of its opinion
as to the kind and amount of work to be undertaken and the details
of the organization to carry it on.
The latest of these acts, signed by President Wilson March 4^ 1915,
in the closing hours of the Sixty-third Congress, carries a total of
$22,971,782. The act for the current year appropriated $19,865,832,
but if comparison is attempted there should be added to this the sup-
plemental grants authorized in the deficiency appropriation act of
January 25, 1915, of $2,500,000 for the foot-and-mouth campaign,
$35,000 for citrus canker studies, and $349,243 for general expenses
of the Forest Service in consequence of the disastrous forest fires of
1914, which increased the total to $22,750,075. This is but $221,707
below the aggregate in the new act.
As a matter of fact with a few exceptions, notably the large in-
creases for marketing investigations and some additions for inspec-
tion and other regulatory work, the existing projects are in the main
continued with the same allotment of funds as at present. Likewise,
comparatively few new lines have been provided, the policy appar-
ently being one of maintenance rather than of further extension at
this time. There are, however, many changes as to legislation em-
bodied in the act, and a regrouping of a number of the projects under
the new plan of departmental organization.
401
402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
It will be recalled that in the appropriation act for the current
fiscal year, the Secretary of Agriculture was directed to prepare a
plan " for reorganizing, redirecting, and systematizing the work of
the Department of Agriculture as the interests of economical and
efficient administration may require." In accordance with this direc-
tion, a proposed plan of reorganization was submitted with the es-
timates and here approved by Congress, becoming effective July 1.
Under the new j^lan sul)stantially the present bureau organization
is continued, but various transfers Tvill be made from bureau to
bureau. Thus, the various relations of the Department to the state
agricultural colleges and experiment stations and similar institutions
will be gathered together around the Office of Experiment Stations,
which, because of this broader scope, will be known as the States
Relations Service. This change involves the transfer to the new
bureau of the farm demonstration work and of the farm home man-
agement work now conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry, the
latter through its Office of Farm Management. It is expected that
the demonstration work of the South and of the North and West will
be conducted as a new branch of the States Relations Service, wdiile
the farm home management work will be associated with the food
work of the Office in a proposed division which is expected to cover
the broader subject of home economics, including studies of food,
clothing, and household equipment and management. On the other
hand, the Irrigation and Drainage Investigations of the Office of Ex-
periment Stations will be detached from it, and together with the
farm architectural work now^ conducted by the Office of Farm Man-
agement will be recombined with the Office of Public Roads to form
the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering.
Specific provision is made for an Office of Markets and Rural Or-
ganization under that name, which will carry on the existing lines of
work in studies on cooperative handling ami marketing of agricul-
tural products, transportation and storage problems, rural credits
and insurance, and other forms of cooperation in rural communities.
The new office will also take over the farm credit and insurance in-
quiries of the Office of Farm Management, the cotton standardiza-
tion w^ork with the exception of certain technological investigations
from the Bureau of Plant Industry, and studies on the marketing of
milk from the Bureau of Animal Industry : and will cooperate with
the Bureau of Animal Industr}^ and the Bureau of Chemistry in the
poultry and egg work of the Department.
The total appropriation for these purposes has been increased to
$409,050. In addition, $75,000 is granted to enable the Secretary to
carry out the provisions of the United States Cotton Futures Act of
August 18, 1914, this supplementing the appropriation of $150,000
carried in the act itself and available until expended for designating
EDITORIAL. 403
the bona fide spot markets contemplated by the act, prescribing rules
nnd regulations as to contracts in " future sales " of cotton exempt
from tax, and settling- differences as to quality, grade, or length of
staple, establishing standards, and publishing results.
The studies of the Office of Farm Management pertaining to the
utilization of cacti and other dry-land plants and to weed eradica-
tion methods remain in the Bureau of Plant Industry. The office
itself becomes a unit of the Office of the Secretary, receiving $36,080
for statutory salaries, $230,000 to investigate and encourage the adop-
tion of improved methods of farm management and farm practice,
and $5,000 for studies of clearing and utilizing " logged-off " lands.
Studies of the biology of insect parasites of animals are henceforth
to be condu(*ted by the Bureau of Entomology. Other minor trans-
fers include the poisonous plant studies as related to the effects on
animals from the Bureau of Plant Industry to the Bureau of Animal
Industry; the soil fertility studies from the Bureau of Soils to the
Bureau of Plant Industry; and the wood distillation work from the
Bureau of Chemistry to the Forest Service.
Another change of much importance involved in the reorganization,
which may be noted here, has been in gradual process for some time.
This is a sharper segregation within the bureaus of the research,
the regulatory, and the educational or extension work. The object
of this is to make definite provision for discharging the regidatory
or control functions of the Department, so that these may not inter-
fere with the other activities. This is a step in the right direction,
and is in full harmony Avith the organization or division made at
many of the experiment stations charged with regulatory functions.
The appropriations allotted to the Bureau of Animal Industry
aggregate $2,585,536. These are in addition to the permanent appro-
priation of $3,000,000 per aimum for meat inspection, and also of an
emergenc}^ provision elseAvhere in the act authorizing the Secretary
of Agriculture to expend $2,500,000 in the arrest and eradication of
animal diseases which may threaten the live-stock industry of the
country. As compared with the routine appropriations of the bureau
at present there is an apparent increase of $265,510, but $235,000 is
for the investigation, treatment, and eradication of hog cholera and
dourine and the inspection of virus, serums, etc., for which provision
was made in 1911 under a special act carrying $600,000, a portion of
which will still be available.
The appropriation for the cattle tick campaign is increased from
$400,000 to $438,800, of which $50,000 is allotted to live stock dem-
onstration work in cooperation with the States Kelations Service in
areas freed of ticks. The animal husbandry work receives $189,060,
this including a reduction of $5,000 in the subappropriation for
404 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
horse breeding, an increase of $10,000 for poultry feeding and breed-
ing, and smaller increases for other purposes. The work in dairy-
ing receives $254,090.
The appropriation for inspection and animal quarantine work is
reduced to $007,780, while that for pathological investigations of
animal diseases is increased to $85,940 because of the stock-poisoning
plant studies transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry, The
supplementary appropriation for meat inspection remains at $375,000.
Largely because of the extensive transfers already noted and some
reapportionment of funds, the appropriations for the Bureau of
Plant Industry show an aggregate decrease from $3,616,045 to $2,-
139,150. The allotment for the control of diseases of forest and or-
namental trees and shrubs is apparently reduced from $69,510 to
$57,175, and the language is so rewritten as to restrict the work to
iuA'estigations for the discovery of new methods of control. The
congressional seed distribution is continued on the usual basis with
an allotment of $252,540, but the funds for the distribution of new
and rare seeds and the improvement of alfalfa, clover, and other
forage crops, although combined with the cactus utilization work of
the Office of Farm Management, are reduced to $119,920, the amount
available for the distribution of drought-resistant field seeds in the
dry-land sections being decreased from $100,000 to $60,000. For the
foreign seed and plant introduction $70,400 is provided.
Among the increases are the following : For the control of diseases
of orchard and other fruits, $3,440 to continue the study of citrus
canker ; for the control of truck crop diseases, $10,000 for a study of
cucumber diseases and the extension of the work on powdery scab
of potatoes ; for soil bacteriology and plant nutrition studies, $7,000,
additional authority being given to test samples of commercial cul-
tures for legume inoculation and the publication of results; and for
cereal diseases, $6,600 for the extension of studies of black rust.
The appropriations for the Forest Service aggregate $5,553,256,
substantially as at present, but there is some rearrangement of funds
and considerable new legislation. The bulk of the appropriation is
as usual devoted to the protection and maintenance of the individual
National Forests. The allotment of $150,000 for forest fire protection
is continued, as is also that of $100,000 for cooperation with the
States in fire protection under the Appalachian Forest Eeserve Act
of 1911, but the appropriation of $100,000 additional for fighting
and preventing forest fires in cases of extraordinary emergency has
been omitted. Authority, however, is given the Secretary of Agi-i-
culture to expend interchangeably for this and other unforeseen
exigencies not to exceed 10 per cent of the various funds apportioned
to the specific National Forests. The authority previously exercised
EDITORIAL. 405
for the use for administrative purposes of not to exceed 15 per cent
of all the funds appropriated for general expenses is modified l\y the
allotment of specific funds for administi'ation in each of the seven
national forest districts and the District of Columbia.
The selection and segregation of lands within National Forests
that may be opened to entry under the homestead act is to be con-
tinued under an appropriation of $100,000, with $85,000 and certain
unexpended balances additional for the survey and listing of lands
chiefly valuable for agriculture. A new item is inserted of $00,000
for appraising timber and other resources on the National Forests.
The wood utilization and preservation studies have been broadened
to include tests of foreign Avoods of commercial importance to Ameri-
can industries, the appropriation of $140,000 remaining unchanged.
Other allotments include $30,000 for range studies, $83,728 for sylvi-
cultural and dendrological experiments, $165,640 for reforestation,
$400,000 for the construction and maintenance of improvements on
National Forests, and $40,160 for miscellaneous studies and the pub-
lication of results.
In order to promote a Avider public use of the National Forests,
authority is giAen for issuing permits under certain conditions for
the use, for not exceeding 30 years, of tracts of five acres or less for
the construction of summer hotels, cottages, and the like. The use
of earth, stone, and timber is granted to the Navy Department and
for the construction of government railways and other works in
Alaska.
There is a decrease from $1,077,581 to $1,066,381 in the appropria-
tions of the Bureau of Chemistry, largely because of a reduction in
the item for poultry and egg studies, which are made cooperative with
the other bureaus. A specific appropriation of $10,000 is made for
the study and improvement of methods of utilizing by-products of
citrus fruits, while to the item for biological investigations of foods
and drug products and ingredients has been added authority for
studies of the effects of such products on the human organism. The
Secretary is authorized to furnish samples of pure sugars, naval
stores, microscopical specimens,, and other products to state and
municipal officers, educational institutions, and others at cost. The
allotment for the enforcement of the food and drugs act is $635,161.
There is also $4,280 for tests of American food exports, but hereafter
exporters desiring analyses must pay the cost of inspection.
The Bureau of Biological Survey receives an increase from $281,-
290 to $446,290. Its appropriation for studies of the food habits of
birds and mammals and other biological investigations was more than
doubled, not less than $125,000 being specifically allotted for destroy-
ing wolves, coyotes, and other injurious animals on National Forests
406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and the public domain. The remaining allotments are substantially
as at present.
Under the plan of organization already described, the States Re-
lations Service is established with an initial appropriation of
$2,821,840. This exceeds by $891, OGO the present appropriation for
the Office of Experiment Stations, and is the largest allotment for
any bureau except the Forest Service. This appropriation does not
include the grants to the States under the Smith-Lever Act, which
for the ensuing year may reach $1,080,000, but as usual contains
$1,440,000 to be paid to the state experiment stations under the
PTatch and Adams acts. Authority is granted the Secretary of Agri-
culture to coordinate the work of the Department and the state agri-
cultural colleges and experiment stations under these three acts, with
an appropriation of $59,500 for their enforcement, of which $20,100
may be used for general administrative expenses of the States Re-
lations Service as a whole. The farmers' cooperative demonstration
work of the Department is continued without change in appro-
priations, $66G,020 being allotted to the work in the cotton belt and
$386,080 for the remainder of the country.
The States Relations Service also has at its disposal $103,140 for
statutory salaries, $20,600 for the Agricultural Education Service,
and $26,500 for the studies of the utilization of agricultural products
for food, clothiijg, and other uses in the home. The ap])ropriation
of $120,000 for the insular stations is also continued, but their
revenues, particularly that of the Alaska stations, will be somewhat
reduced through the omission of the provision carried for many
years allowing them to utilize the funds derived from the sales of
farm products, as at the state experiment stations. Formal provision
was made for continuing the card index of agricultural literature
under the new^ plan of organization, and the annual report on the
work and expenditures of the stations was enlarged to include a
similar report on the work under the Smith-Lever Act.
The appropriation for the Office of Public Roads and Rural En-
gineering aggregates $586,465. No increases are made in any of the
allotments, $75,960 being granted for statutory salaries, $282,420 for
the work with roads, $106,400 for irrigation investigations, $96,280
for drainage investigations, $12,805 for studies of farm water sup-
plies and drainage disposal, the construction of farm buildings, and
other rural engineering problems, and $12,600 for general adminis-
trative expenses. The paragraphs pertaining to irrigation and drain-
age Avere rewritten to confine these lines more closely to farm prob-
lems, but the Department is given increased authority as regards the
study of rural engineering problems in general.
EDITORIAL. 407
The work of the reiiiiiining biireiius is continued on substantially
the present basis, both as to funds and lines of work. The Weather
Bureau is gi'anted $1,666,050; the Bureau of Soils, $327,935; the
Bureau of Entomology, $820,000; and the Bureau of Crop Estimates,
$283,480. The Oflice of the Secretary receives in addition to the
allotments for the Office of Farm Management already noted,
$352,040; the Division of Accounts and Disbursements, $44,920; the
Division of Publications, $103,500; and the Library, $46,020. An
increase of $5,000 is granted for rent, chiefly to meet the need for
additional quarters, and $5,000 for miscellaneous expenses.
Appended to the appropriations for the several bureaus are as
usual a number of items without specific assignment. Among those
not already discussed is $100,000 for the enforcement of the insecticide
act, an increase of $5,000 being requested because of the constantly
growing number and quantity of insecticides and fungicides.
The present appropriation of $50,000 for the enforcement of the
Plant Quarantine Act is continued, and the supplementary grant of
$50,000 for cooperation with States quarantined against the interstate
movement of Irish potatoes is increased to $100,000, of which $25,000
is immediately available. The act is also amended as regards inter-
state shipments by mail into States maintaining a system of terminal
inspection of plant products, by requiring under certain conditions
the labeling of packages of plants and plant products and their trans-
mission to central points for inspection.
The appropriation of $60,000 for demonstration work in live-stock
production in the cane sugar and cotton districts is continued and
authority is given to spend not to exceed $7,500 of the current year's
funds for the erection of barns and other buildings. The Secretary
is also given further authority to dispose of animals or animal prod-
ucts no longer needed, and is again granted $5,000 for studies of
naval stores.
The special appropriation of $40,000 for demonstrations on recla-
mation projects with a view to their agricultural development is also
continued, and so is an appropriation of $20,000 for an exhibit at the
next annual International Dry Farming Congress. The President
is authorized to extend invitations to other nations to participate in
this congress, which is expected to be held in Denver, Colorado, Sep-
tember 27 to October 8, 1015.
Provision is made for the acquisition of a small tract in Oklahoma
for use as a dry farming or subhumid station. For exchange of lands
or indemnity rights for the State of Washington, $50,000 is granted,
this to be duplicated by the State.
The allotment of $2,500,000 for use in emergencies, such as the
foot-and-mouth disease epidemic, has already been referretl to. This
84079°— No. 5—15 2
408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
fund is to be availaljle among other purposes, for the payment, in co-
operation witk the States, of chiims growing out of either past or
future purchases and destruction of animals or materials irrespective
of ownership provided all (juarantine regulations have been com-
plied with. Specific authority is given the Secretary of Agriculture
to pay not more than cmc-half the exj)enses incurred in quarantine of
the animals exhibited at the National Dairy Show in 1014, the total
expense under this item being, restricted to not over one-half of the
beef or dairy value of such animals.
Much interest was manifested by Congress in the sui)ject of rural
credits, and a joint congressional committee was authorized to inves-
tigate and report by January 1, lOlG, a bill or bills providing for
" the establishment of a system of rural credits adapted to American
needs and conditions." An appropriation of $10,000 was granted for
the use of the committee.
In connection with the appropriations included in the act itself,
reference should also be made to the funds derived in other ways.
For the fiscal year under discussion, the permanent appropriations
under the Department will aggregate over $5,000,000, the largest
items being those of $3,000,000 for meat inspection and $1,080,000
under the Smith-Lever Act, the remainder being almost wholly for
payments to the States of their quota of the receipts from the Na-
tional Forests and other forestry purposes. The appropriation act
for sundry civil expenses as usual carries the appropriation for the
department printing and binding, $500,000 being allotted as at pres-
ent, of which $137,500 is for Farmers' Bulletins and $47,000 for the
Weather Bureau.
Nor are the federal appropriations for agricultural purposes con-
fined to the Department of Agriculture. The usual large appropria-
tions will be available for agricultural education in the land-grant
colleges under the Morrill and Nelson acts, for the rural education
work of the Bureau of Education, demonstration work among the
Indians, and the payment of the country's quota toward the support
of the International Institute of Agriculture, and aid is also given
through participation in such enterprises as the forthcoming Pan-
American Scientific Congress, a notice of which is given elsewhere.
The continuance of the various lines of work under way in the
Department is thus provided for to much the same extent as at
present. The acceptance of its plan of reorganization, by authoriz-
ing a regrouping of its activities along more logical lines, is of spe-
cial interest and importance. The changes contemplated should tend
to increase its efficiency, and together with the enlarged facilities in
some directions enable it to cope more effectively than ever before
with the complex problems with which it is being called upon to deal.
RHCENT WORK IN AGRICUIJURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
The quantitative determinations of mono-, di-, and tricalciuni phosphates
and their application, G. A. Olson {Was/iinf/ion >St(i. Bid. IIG {t!ll/f), pp. IS). —
A critical discussion of the metliods iu use for determining the value of ferti-
lizers as regards the pliosphoric acid available to the plant.
The author believes that all chemical tests of phosphate fertilizers should be
limited to the determination of total phosphoric acid and that which is not
precipitated with an alkaline solution such as ammonium hydroxid. As am-
monium citrate acts upon tricalciuni phosi)liate as well as dicalcium phosphate
the method in use for determining phosi)horic acid at the present day is deemed
emjurical.
" Substances soluble in ammonium citrate are not necessarily mono- and di-
calcium phosphate, but also tricalcium, iron, and aluminum phosphates. Am-
monium citrate-soluble is not a measure of the phosphoric acid contained in a
fertilizer available for plants. If it is desirable to estimate the mono-, di-,
and tricalcium phosphates, this can be done in a scientific manner by dissolving
the substance in nitric acid and precipitating the solution with ammonium
hydroxid. For the monocalcium phosphate two-thirds of the phosphoric acid
will be present in the filtrate, and for the dicalcium phosphate one-third the
pliosi)horic acid will be i)resent in the filtrate. Upon these bases the three forms
of calcium phosphate can be differentiated and determined quantitatively in
the presence of each other.
"The ammonium hydroxid method is applicable for the testing of the purity
of phosphate chemicals. It can also be applied to differentiate between the
different forms of phosphoric acid that may be present iu soiLs, plant, and
animal tissue. Indirectly, by adding the equivalent of a base with calcium the
different forms of phosphate salts can be determined. In soil mono- and di-
calcium phosphates tend to react, forming tricalcium phosphate. There is
then nothing to be gained by applying either superphosphate or reverted phos-
phoric acid to soil."
A comparison of neutral ammonium citrate with sodium citrate and tenth-
normal citric acid, P. Rudnick, W. B. Derby, and W. L. Latshaw {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 486, //8?).— The figures for phos-
phoric acid obtained with a sample of acid phosphate by treatment with sodium
citrate solution of the concentration described by Bosworth (E. S. II., 31, p. 714)
were much higher than those yielded by the neutral ammonium citrate solution.,
When, however, the concentration was Increa.sed the results compared more
favorably with those with neutral ammonium citrate.
" The disadvantages of working with heavy solutions suggested the possibility
of using a citric acid solution of suitable concentration as a substitute. After
trying various strengths ranging from 2 per cent, as used for l)asic slag analyses,
downward, it was found that a tenth-normal solution of citric acid gave results
approximating quite closely to tho.se obtained with neutral ammonitnn citrate."
The substances studied in addition to the acid phosphate mentionei^l above
were tankage, raw bone meal, and complete fertilizer. Tenth-normal citric
409
410 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
acid is, according to tlie author, entitled to consideration "as a promising sub-
stitute for neutral aumioniuni citrate solution, as it not only gives results sub-
stantially identical with those obtained with the present official reagent for
determining insoluble phosphoric acid, but has, moreover, at least two important
advantages over ammonium citrate. Tenth-normal citric acid is much more
easily prepai'ed and standardized than neutral ammonium citrate solution.
Extraction with tenth-normal citric acid is as easy and rapid as with hot water,
the time of filtration, particularly in bone, tankage, and complete fertilizers,
being cut down to a veiy few minutes."
The composition of lime-sulphur solutions, F. Thompson and A. C. Whit-
TiEB {Dcluicarc Uta. Bui. 105 (I'JJ.'f), pp. 3-.iO, figs. 2). — In most work hitherto
published on the composition of lime-sulphur solutions the methods employed
were based on the assumption that only thiosulphate and polysulphids of calcium
are present in these solutions, with possible traces of sulphite and sulphate.
" Lime-sulphur solutions consist principally of pentasulphid and thiosulphate
of calcium, but may contain hydrosulphids, oxysulphids, free sulphur in solu-
tion, and free lime, depending upon the method used in making tliem. Calcium
pentasul])hid is the only true polysulphid present. When the ratio of lime to
sulphur is 1:2.25, the preparation consists of pure calcium pentasulphid and
calcium thiosulphate, the reaction being expressed by the equation, 3Ca(OH)2+
12S=CaS6+CaS203+oH:;0. When the proportion of lime used is greater than
that expressed by the ratio 1 : 2.25, oxysulphids and hydrosulphids are formed and
free lime appears in the solution and the ratio of mono- to polysulphid falls
below 1 : 5. When the proportion of sulphur used is greater than that expressed
by the ratio 1 : 2.25, free sulphur is found in the solution and the ratio of mono-
to polysulphid sulphur increases above 1 : 5.
" On long-continued boiling lime-sulphur solutions decompose completely with
the formation of hydrogen sulphid, calcium sulphite, free sulphur, and calcium
thiosulphate. On oxidation in the air at ordinaiy temperatures lime-sulphur
solutions are completely decomposed with the formation of calcium thiosulphate
and free sulphur, no sulphite and very little hydrogen sulphid being formed.
The presence of magnesia is without effect in the making of lime-sulphur solu-
tions excepting as a diluent of the lime. Self-boiled lime-sulphur solutions differ
from the concentrated preparations in containing large quantities of free lime in
solution. Injury to foliage when used as a summer spray is decreased by the
presence of free lime in solution. Lime-sulphur solutions never contain sulphites
in solution."
The occurrence of raethyl alcohol in corn silage, E. B. Hakt and A. R.
Lamb {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 {WW, A'o. 10, pp. 2114-2118).— In this
w'ork normal silage was found to contain small amounts of methyl alcohol.
A number of tests were made of the distillates from several samples of silage,
the tests being first standardized by using various known mixtures of alcohol.
The hypothesis is advanced that at least a part of the methyl alcohol is formed
through the agency of micro-organisms acting on glycin. The work thus far
with water cultures and experimental silage has given results which supports
this hypothesis.
See also previous notes (E. S. E., 28, pp. 109, COS, 009).
Enzyms present in alfalfa. — Alfalfa investig'ation, V, C. A. Jacobson and
A. Holmes {Jour. Amcr. CItcm. .S'oc, 36 {Wl-'t), No. 10, pp. 2170-2182) .—This is
a continuation of investigations reporteil previously (E. S. R., 28, p. 710).
"The present investigation was designed to cover the more common enzyms
eucoimtered in vegetable juices and extracts, but no attempt has been made to
isolate the different ones from their media, nor to study them in minute detail.
AGEICULTUBAL CHEMISTRY AGBOTECHNY.
411
Their presence in tlie water extracts of tlie driod and fresh alfalfa stems and
leaves, as well as in the alfalfa roots, has been determined qualitatively and
in some instances with reference to the approximate amount. The following
table sets forth the results obtained in the present investigation, together with
those obtained on alfalfa seeds. The presence of the euzym is denoted by +
;iml tlie absence by — . The (s) after the sign denotes in small amount, and the
(!) in considerable or large anmunt.
Enzyms present in alfaljn.
Kind ofenzjTH.
Lipase
Amylase
Coagulase
Emulsin
Invertase
Peroxidase
Maltase
Lactase
Pectinase
Protease (peptonizing)
Protease (peptolytic) .
Dried
plants.
+(s)
+ 0)
+
+ (s)
+ (1)
+
Frcsli
plants.
+(s)
+(s)
+
+ 0)
+(s)
+
+ (1)
+
Fresh
roots.
+ (s)
+
+ (s)
+
+(1)
Seeds.
+
" The diastatic power of the water extract of the dried plants was determined
and found to be approximately 20. A slight alkalinity favors the action of the
protease on casein, whereas an acid solution above that si)ontaneously produced
in the extract retards or inhibits this action. No digestion of egg albumin
could be detected by the proteases in any part of the plant, but this substance
invariably retards the action of the enzym on casein. It was also found that
the inhibiting influence of egg albumin on the casein digestion was propor-
tional to the time of action and not to the temperature.
" It 19 hoped that a more detailed investigation of individual members of
the alfalfa enzyms can be undertaken in the near future,"
Ferments in the mammary gland and milk, W. Grimmer {Bioehcm. Ztschr.,
r,3 {1913), No. 6, pp. 429-47S).—The object of this work was to determine
whether the enzyms usually found in milk are also present in the lactating
mammary glands, and furthermore to establisli whether any difference exists
between an active and a nonhictating gland. In the investigations the mam-
mary glands of the bovine, sheep, pig, and horse were studied. The glandular
extracts, made with solutions of sodium clilorid by autodigestion and tissue
paste, were examined for protease, ereptase, monobutyrinase, amylase, salolase,
and peroxidase. The glycerol extracts were tested for aldehydase, reductase,
and hydrogenase. A portion of the results have already been noted (E. S. R.,
23. p. 2S5).
Botli the resting and the active glands contain proteolytic ferments (pro-
tease), whicli apparently digest only tlie proteins of the mammary gland and
not fibrin, gelatin, or fowl egg albumin. The cleavage products recognized were
glycocoll, leucin, and some other substances belonging to the amino acid groups
which could not be identified. The proteolytic ferments of the active and rest-
ing glands of the various animals differentiated themselves by the fact that the
iuitolysate of the active gland contains ferments which yield tryptophan. This
finding is considered of importance in explaining some of the factors which
relate to the formation of casein, and may be interpreted in the light of Abder-
halden's findings.
The press juices, saline extracts, and autolysates of lactating and nonlactat-
ing glands cleave silk peptones and yield tyrosin. The active and inactive
412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
glands of all animals also contain a monobutyi-in and a salol-cleaving euzym.
Starcli digesting enzyuis are present in the resting and active glands of the
horse and pig, in the active gland of the sheep, and in tlie resting gland of
tlie bovine. In the active gland of the bovine amylase was present to only a
very slight extent. Peroxidase (guaiac) was present only in the lactating
g]and.s and this enzym is apparently not identical with the paraphenylendiamin
oxidase.
About some peroxidase reactions of milk, T. Jona (Arch. Farnmcol. Sper. e.
Sci. Aff., 15 (1913), No. 3, pp. 122-130; ahs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1913, I, No. 20,
pp. 1790-1792). — In this investigation both raw and boiled milk were used and
to each various preservatives were added to determine their influence upon the
outcome of the peroxidase reaction. The effect of temperature upon the peroxi-
dase reaction was also studied. The antisei)tics studied were borax 1 per cent,
boric acid 1, salicylic acid 0.2, benzoic 0.2, sodium bicarbonate 1, mercuric
chloi'id 0.1, a solution of phenol in alcohol, and ammoniacal copper sulphate
solution 0.45 per cent.
Preservatives when present destroyed the peroxidase reaction much quiclier
than when milk was heated without them. A strong inhibition, however, was
noted with salicylic acid and mercuric clilorid. The peroxidase reaction on the
one hand and the acidity of the milk on the other hand may aid in determining
the age of a milk, but tlie conclusions drawn on the basis of the peroxidase
reaction alone must be considered as final. The addition of acids to milk has
various effects on the outcome of the reaction. Acetic, citric, and tartaric acids
destroy the reaction with paraphenylendiamin, while the guaiacol test is not
influenced even when large amounts of the acids are present. Oxalic, nitric,
hydrochloric, and sulphuric acids affect both reactions markedly.
Peroxidase was not fixed by ordinary substances which liberate active oxygen,
but more tests are necessary to clear up this point. Hematin solution (Gaucher
test) was decolorized in 6 minutes by boiled milk, but an addition of 20 per
cent of raw milk did not decolorize within 25 minutes and 40 per cent of raw
milk produced no decoloration whatever. A raw milk containing 0.2 per cent
of neutral formaldehyde (38 per cent solution) or hydrogen sulphid decolorized
hematin instantly. The same milk, when boiled and after adding 1 per cent
hydrogen peroxid, showed an incomplete decoloration within 20 minutes.
Potassium bichromate (1 per cent solution) and mercuric chlorid (0.3 per cent)
also hinder the reaction.
The freezing point and chemical composition of the milk from a model
farm in 1911 and 1912, J. Schroder (Rct\ Min. Indus. Vntguan, 2 (1914), No.
S, pp. 63-67). — This is a study of the milk from four Holstein cows taken at
various seasons of the year. The determinations made were specific gravity,
fat, ash, total solids, total solids-not-fat, and freezing point.
The freezing point depression varied from 0.54 to 0.50, with an average of
0.547 per cent. The average density of the milk for the expei-imental period
was 1.030S at 15° C, the fat content 3.34 per cent, ash 0.71, and total solids
11.81. The freezing point was depressed by the addition of water to the milk.
Analyses were also made of the mixed (composite) milk from the same dairy.
The freezing-point of milk, J. B. Henderson and L. A. Meston (Chcm.
News, 110 (191 J,), Nos. 2S70, pp. 259-261; 2S71, p. 275; 2872, pp. 2S3, 2S4, fig.
1). — It is reported that results from 63 samples of milks obtaine<l during the
past fi^e years show that in 54 the added water content indicated by the
freezing-point was from 0.2 to 9.9 per cent higher than that calculated on an
S.5 iier cent solids-not-fat basis, the average being 4 per cent. In five cases, the
calculation of added water by the two methods was practically identical. In
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 413
three other cases the estimated added water on the 8.5 per cent solids-not-fat
basis from 1.7 to 3.9 i>or cent lower than by the freezin^'-point.
The freezing-point of milk as a standard for the detection of watering is
discussed and the method of application describetl.
Determination of the amount of water added to milk based on the degree
of acidity, V. Gero (Kiserlet. Kozlem., IG (1913), No. 5, pp. 663, 66ft; o&s. in
Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [RomG'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOUf),
No. 1, pp. 125, 126). — In using the acidity determination as an index for the
freshness of a milk it was noted that the acidity of a wateretl milk was far
below that of a pure milk. In Hungary the acidity of milks collected in the
open market ranged between 17 and 22° (Thorner's method) while milks adul-
terated with water showed lower than 15° and in some cases as low as 10°.
A rapid method for determining the percentage of casein in milk, W. O.
Walker {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 131-133; abs. in
N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 37 (19U), No. 26, pp. 1154, 1155).— A
discussion of the principles underlying and the value of the test previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 114). The average difference between 63 determinations
as compared with the Hart centrifugal method ^E. S. R., 20, p. 12) was 0.03+
I>er cent.
The estimation and significance of the ammonia content of milk, J. Till-
MANs. A. Splittgerber, and H. Riffart (Ztschr. Unterstich. Nahr. u. Oenussmtl.,
27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 59-76). — For the determination of the ammonia content
of milk it is advisable first to remove the greatest part of the proteins with
either a mercux'ic chlorid-hydrochloric acid solution or with lead subacetate in a
sodium phosphate solution. The lead subacetate serum is treated with magne-
sium chlorid and sodium phosphate and the ammonia pi'ecipitated as magne-
sium ammonia phosphate. The precipitate is placed, filter paper and all, in a
flask and distilled with magnesium oxid at atmospheric pressure. The method
gives results which are comparable with those obtained by the vacuum method,
which is cumbersome. Fresh milk contained from 3 to 4 mg. of ammonia per
liter. The ammonia increases with the age of the milk and by boiling the milk
at atmospheric pressure.
Under experimental conditions, cows' feces when added to milk did not
increase the ammonia content at once, but did several days later. The deter-
mination of the ammonia content of milk is deemed of no value for detecting
added water, but is a far better criterion for detecting bacterial contamination
than either the methylene blue test, the degree of acidity, or the alcohol test,
and is also valuable for judging milk destined for infant feeding.
The Neusal butyrometric method, E. Reggiani {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte ^cL,
No. 1 {1914), pp. 9-21). — A study of the method with normal, sterilized, boiled,
watered, and skim milk, and milk preserved with hydrogen peroxid, lime water,
salicylic acid, bichromate of potash, formaldehyde, boric acid, and sodium bi-
carbonate. As a rule the results obtained were slightly higher than those
given with the usual acid butyrometric method, with the exception of the milk
preserved with formaldehyde and the milk boiled for ten minutes w^here the
results are lower.
An apparatus and method for determining the hardness of butter fat, A. E.
Perkins {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 136-141, figs. 4)-—
A description of an apparatus and method which is said to give more accurate
results than methods ])reviously described. With the method it is necessary to
stir the sample while cooling to prevent the separation of zones of different
hardness. Temperature was found to have a very marked effect on the hard-
ness of the fat. and it is recommended that in testing for hardness the sample
be kept at a constant temperature for six hours or more before heating.
414 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
" Tlie temperature to which the fat had previously been subjected seemed to
make no difference in the hardness provided the samples were treated as
described. The determinations can be made with great rapidity after the
samples are proi)erly prepared. More closely agreeing duplicate determina-
tions are procurable with this method in examining manufactured butter than
in examining the rendered fat. The results obtained, however, are likely to be
very greatly affected by variations in the method of preparing the butter;
they probably will not truly reiiresont the pro])('rties of the fat itself. ■
" The apparatus with slight modifications should be useful for other work of
a similar nature."
Estimation of sucrose in the presence of lactose and in th,e milk prepara-
tions, J. N. Rakshit {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {WUi), No. Jf, pp.
307 SOS). — In the analyses of several cans of condensed milk it was observed
that boiling for 40 minutes with citric acid solution was not sufficient for
inversion, and a method is suggested which is simple and which suffices for all
])ractlcal purposes. It consists of determining the ]jercentage of lactose by
titi-ation with Fehling's solution. "Then a measured quantity of Fehling's
solution is boiled with a calculated quantity of sugar solution so that all the
copper may be thrown out of solution with the simultaneous consequent decom-
position of all lactose, when cane sugar alone will be left in solution. This can
be readily estimated after the usual inversion and neutralization."
Boric acid as a milk preservative and its detection, H. Kuhl {Ztschr.
FJehch u. MUvhliyg., 2.'t {1014), No. J//, pp. 329-333).— For detecting very small
amounts of boric acid it is necessary to examine the milk ash. Small amounts,
however, may be detected by acidifying 50 cc. of the milk with 1 cc. of hydro-
chloric acid if boric acid is suspected and 2 cc. of hydrochloric acid if borax is
thought to be present. The filtered opalescent serum is then tested with
curcuma paper and the paper dried immediately on a watch glass over a water
bath. A red coloration indicates boric acid or borax, and if a drop of ammonia
is added to the paper it becomes bluish black.
As the germicidal action of boric acid is low and the substance is deleterious
to human health, the author believes that its use as a preservative should be
barred.
Comparative investigations on the utilization of the Mai and Rheinberger
method for determining the total solids in cheese, H. Weigmann and E.
Haglund (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Qcnussmil., 27 (1914), -ZVo. 1-3, pp. 77-
83). — ^The Mai and Rheinberger method gave from 1.84 to 3.7 per cent less mois-
ture than did the German official sea sand method. Deferring the time of
reading the liquid column in the first-uamed method did not alter the results.
In order to determine whether the method has some errors, as in the decompo-
sition of the cheese mass, tests were made with fresh acid and rennet curd,
etc. The distillate from curd contained besides water decomposition products
(ammoniacal), all distillates being strongly alkaline. The method must conse-
quently give figures which are too high, and the sea sand method is preferred.
A rapid method for determining fat in cheese, Tkichekt (AUgiiucr Monats-
schr. Milch w. u. Vieh!:., 2 (191^), No. 1, pp. 13, 14). — In large cheese-selling
establishments it is often necessary to have a rapid method for determining
the fat content of cheese. For this work the butyrometer previously suggested
by the author for determining fat in dried milk and graduated from 0 to 35
may be used.
In this method, 2.5 gm. of the cheese is dissolved in a porcelain dish with
8 cc. of sulphuric acid, specific gravity l.G, and after solution the mixture is
])oured into the butyrometer. The dish is then rinsed with 8 cc. more of sul-
phuric acid, the washings poured into the butyrometer. 5 cc. of amyl alcohol
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AnROTECIT-NTY. 415
added, the bnlyrouieter stoppered with a rubber, aud ceiitrlfngod for five min-
utes. The butyronieter is tlien placed in a water l)alh for five minutes at 60
to 70° C, tlie lieigbt of tlie fat colunm noted, and again oentrifuged for two
minutes. The second ceutrifugalization is not absolutely necessary, but is rec-
ommended.
Tbe method requii'es about 35 minutes for its execution.
A synthetic medium for the determination of colon bacilli in ice cream,
S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, ju. {Abs. in Seience, n. ser., 30 {191J/), No.
1013), pp. 802, 803). — In a study of bacteria in ice cream an attempt was made
to prepare a synthetic medium for the detection of colon bacilli. "During the
experiments 53 difCereut combinations were tried. The most satisfactory nie-
(lium was made as follows: Agar, 1.5 per cent, asparagin 0.3 ])er cent, sodium
dibasic phosphate 0.1 i)er cent, lactose 1 per cent, and 2 per cent of a saturated
solution of litmus. The majority of the bacteria in ice cream did not grow on
this medium, while colon bacilli showed quite characteristic acid colonies which
with a Utile practice could be readily detected." The colon count in 43 samjtles
of ice cream was compared witli the estimated number from lactose bile tubes,
and in 41 the number determined on the nlates was higher than the estimated
number fi'om the tubes.
Suspected colon colonies on the asparagin plates from 19 samples were picked
off aud inoculated into lactose broth fermentation tubes. From 10 plates all
the suspected colonies proved to be gas formers, while in the other 9 plates the
percentages ranged from 87.17 to 98.01. " This shows that it is possible to
detect quite accurately any colonies of gas-forming bacteria on litnms-lactose-
asparagin agar. A comparison of this medium with Eudo meilium showed that
the colon count on asparagin agar was much lower than that on the other
medium. We found, however, that in some cases at least it was impossible to
consider all typical colonies on Endo plates as colon bacilli. Certain strains
of liaciUus coli failed to give typical colonies on Endo plates aud acid and
peptonizing bacteria gave reactions similar to some of the colon strains.
" It is evident that we have no entirely satisfactory method for the determi-
nation of colon bacilli, but it is believed that the use of synthetic media may
be developed to a point where it will be superior to other methods."
The quantitative determination of added sodium chlorid in feeding stuffs,
A. Strigel and O. Handschuh {Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 (191.3), No. S-Jj, pp.
309-316).— Tests were conducted with the method (E. S. R., 32, p. 22) on a
large variety of feeding stuffs treated with sodium chlorid solutions. In one
series of tests the titration was done before filtering ofC the precipitated silver
chlorid and in the other after filtering. A sharp end point was obtained by the
second method.
The use of bacterial nists of flaxseed for determining fiber and vraste of
flax stems, E. A. Domraciieva (Zhiir. Opytn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt.
Landw.), 1/f {1913), No. 3, pp. 155-166. figs. 5).— A rure culture of a bacterial
rust obtained from flax straw may be used for determining crude fiber and
similar substances in flax stems. The culture is first isolated from an infusion
of flax straw and then further propagated under anaerobic conditions on potato
overspread with chalk. The test is made in a tall glass cylinder of o cm. diam-
eter provided with a cork holding two glass tubes, one of which drops to the
bottom of the cylinder, while the other is short. The flax stems are placed in
the bottom of the cylinder and covered with boiling water. After a few minutes
tbe water is poured off and replaced by fresh water, the long tube is connected
with a steam generator, and the mass is sterilized for from 15 to 20 minutes
with steam. The flax stems are then infected with the pure cultures of rust
416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
bacteria and the cylinder with its contents is kept in a warm place until the
flax residue sinks to the bottom. This indicates that the fermentation is over.
Standard specifications for the purity of raw linseed oil from North
American seed {Jour. Indus, and Enyln. Chcm., 6 (11)14), No. 2, p. IG.'t). — The
American Society for Testing Materials has issued a compilation of the reports
of the commiUec on preservative coatings for structural materials, from 1903 to
19i;>. Specifications for the purity of raw linseed oil from North American
seed have been adopted, and raw linseed oil from North American seed must
conform to the following requirements: Specific gravity at 15.5° C, 0.936 to
0.932, or at 25° 0.931 to 0.927; acid number 6; saponification number 195 to 189;
unsaponifiable matter 1.5 per cent; refractive index at 25° 1.4805 to 1.479;
and iodin number (Ilanus) 178.
Methods of lesting are <lescribed.
The analytical constants of hydrogenated oils, C. Ellis (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chcm., 6 (VJUf), No. 2. pp 117-122}.— The hydrogenation of oil changes
the constants wherewith the fats and oils are usually partially identified to such
an extent that identification is made much more difficult than heretofore. This
article gives most of the available literature on the topic.
Hydrogenation of oils, C. Ellis (New York, 1914, PP- X+3//0, fiffs. 145). —
In addition to the hydrogenation of oils, the work deals with catalyzers and
catalysis and the generation of hydrogen. Some of its contents are the analyt-
ical constants of hydrogenated oils, edible hydrogeuated oils, uses of hydroge-
nated oils and their utilization in soap making, hydrogenation practice, the
hydrogen problem in oil hardening, water gas as a .source of hydrogen and the
replacement of carbon mouoxid by hydrogen, liquefaction and other methods for
the removal of carbon dloxid, action of acids on metals, and miscellaneous
methods of hydrogen generation.
The effect of pressure on certain micro-organisms encountered in preserv-
ing fruits and vegetables, B. H. Hite, N. J. Giddings, and C. E. WkiVKley. jb.
(West Virginia 8ta. Bui. 146 (1914), PP- 67, figs. 29).— The work previously
noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 583), which was done with milk, has now been extended
to fruits (peaches, pears, blackberries, raspberries, plums, and tomatoes), A-eg-
etables (corn, peas, beans, beets, radishes, and potatoes), and grai>e and apple
juice.
From the investigations it appears that pressure destroys the organisms
largely responsible for the spoilage of sweet rii>e fruits. In the case of grape
juice a pressure of 100.000 lbs. for 10 minutes stopped fermentation. " Two
samples inoculated with yeast were examinetl at the Boston Biochemical Lab-
oratory as follows: An old sample fermenting rapidly when subjected to 75,000
lbs. for 30 minutes; a fresh sample receiving 25.000 lbs. for 16 hours. In each
case an extended series of inoculation tests gave negative results. Inoculated
with yeast after standing several years, the compressed samples fermented
rapidly."
A pressure of 30,000 lbs. came to be regarded as the lowest that would prob-
ably be worth applying in practice.
Apple juice subjected to 60,000 to 80.000 lbs. for 30 minutes did not later
develop gas and remained sweet. Two one-month-old samples were examined
and found sterile. Apple juice kept for five years, after being subjected to a
pressure of from 90.000 to 120.0(X) lbs., remained good and had an excellent odor
and taste. Peaches and pears exposed to pressures of 60.000 lbs. for 30 minutes
never spoiled, and samples kept for five years were in good condition. Plums
also kept very well. Raspberries and blackberries usually underwent fermenta-
tion, and the samples which remained good were not always those subjected to
a high pressure.
METEOEOLOOY. 417
With tomatoes conditions were worse than with berries. "Only three stuuples
lire Iciiown to have been sterilized at ordinary leniporatures, and they received.
1()0,()()0 lbs. for 00 minutes on seven successive days. Of 30 samples subjected
to 28,000 to 4r),0CH) lbs. at 50 to 70° C. for from 30 minutes to 24 hours, all but
five siwiled. These had received 40,000 lbs. at 70° for 60 minutes; 45,000
lbs. at 65° for 120 minutes; 40,000 lbs. at 65° for IGO minutes; 40,000 lbs. at
65° for ISO minutes ; and 32.000 lbs. at 60° for 24 hours. Other samples receiving
higher pressures for longer periods spoiled. There was nothing regular in the
work with tomatoes."
Samples of vegetables treated spoiled. Compressed samples did not spoil as
quickly as the check samples, however, but the decomposition was quite as
offensive.
Experiments were also made with pure cultures of micro-organisms for the
purpose of determining the following points: "(1) "Whether or not a certain
organism could be killed by such pressures as we could safely and easily apply;
(2) the time pressure death point curve, that is, the relation between amount
of jiressure and length of time it is applied; (3) the effect of high and low
temperatures on death point curve; (4) the effect of reaction of the media on
death point curve." The organisms used were BaoiUus prodigiofius, B. fluores-
ccns liqucfatiens, B. lactis acrogcncs, ^ircptoeoccus lacticus, B. suhtilis, Sae-
charomyces cererisiw, 8. albicans, B. tyi)hosns, and B. diphtheria;.
While quite a few apparently contradictory results were obtained in the work,
further investigation might eliminate nearly all of the contradictions. All of
the results given are based on the ability of the micro-organisms to rejtroduce
themselves. The value of the pressure method for the sterilization of culture
media is pointed out. The technique and the apparatus employed in the tests
are discussed in detail.
The coagulation of albumin by pressure, P. W. Bridgman (Jour. Biol. Chcm.,
1!) {I'Jl'i). yo. .'/. pp. 511, 512). — It was found that white of egg subjected to
hydrostatic pressure of 5,000 atmospheres (75,000 lbs. per square inch) at 20° C.
for 30 minutes becomes somewhat stiffened. At a little higher pressure, " 6.000
atinosi>heres for 30 minutes produced a coagulation in ai>ioearance like curdled
milk ; while 7,000 for 30 minutes resulted in appai-ently complete coagulation,
the white being capable of standing under its own weight. If the duration of
the in-essure of 5.000 was increased to one hour, the coagulation was only
slightly increased in amount. Three thousand atmospheres applied for 16 hours
produced a barely perceptible thickening of the white. The effect of tempera-
ture, which is not large, seems to be such that the ease of coagulation increases
at low temperatures, contrary to what one might expect. Six thousand atmos-
pheres applied at 0° for one hour produced a somewhat greater stiffening than
would have been produced at 20°. Pressures considerably higher than 7,000 did
not alter the effect."
The experiment was also tried with a pressure of 12.000 atmosi)heres for 20
minutes, but the resulting product was indistinguishable in appearance from
that produced by 7,r)00, although at 20° it was high enough to compel the water
to freeze to a modification of ice denser than water. " It is interesting that the
coagulated white had not apparently been affected by this freezing."
The albumin was inclosed in a nickel-steel case and pressure transmitted to it
by mercury.
METEOROLOGY.
The change in the climate and its cause, R. A. Mabriott (London, 191^,
pp. .9.'/, figs. 6). — This treatise predicates ixn-iodic variations in climate and the
advance and recession of the polar ice sheet simulttineously in the arctic and
418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
untarctic regions upon Draysoii'.s theory that the earth lias a second rotation
besides the diurnal one, and that this secondary rotation has a cycle of 31,G82
years during which the obliquity of the earth's axis varies from a minimum of
23° 25' 47" to a maximum of 35° 25' 47". According to this theory the earth
is " now some 15,450 years removed from the height of the glacial period, when
the contrast between summer and winter in temperate latitudes was inconceiv-
ably great and only 3S5 years removed from the j)ositiou of minimum obliquity
when the contrast between (he seasons will be least.'
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrandkr and R. E. McLain (Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Bills. 311, 312 (UI14), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and causal
phenomena during November and December, 1914, are presented. The general
character of the weather for November is briefly discussed, and the December
bulletin gives a summary for the year. The ]»rincipal data in this summary
are as follows :
Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.78,
November 29; minimum, 28.47, March 1; mean, 30.048. Air temperature, in
ground shelter (degrees F.). — Maximum, 9G.5, September 22; Minimum, —18.5,
December 27. Ilumidity. — Mean dew-point, 36.6; mean relative humidity, 75.8.
Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 41.83; number of days on which
0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 118; total snowfall, 56.75 in.
Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 2,077 hours, or 47 per
cent; number of clear days, 100. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded,
2,377, or 53 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing dii'ection, west-northwest ; total move-
ment, 55,455 miles; maximum daily movement, 4SS miles, January 13; minimum
daily movement, 1 mile, December 28; maximum pressure per square foot, 30
lbs., March 1, east. Dates of frost. — Last, May 16; first, September 28. Dates
of snow. — Last, April 16; first, October 27.
Notes on the climate of historical times with a summary of mediaeval
weather phenomena, A. Norlind {Lunds Univ. Arsskr., n. ser.. Sect. 1, 10
(WUf), Xo. 1, pp. 55; al}s. in Geogr. Jour., 45 {1915), No. 1, p. 82).— X table
containing available data regarding weather conditions in Europe during the
period from 709 to 1499 is given with refei-ences to the original records from
which the data were obtained. Certain outstanding climatic events, such as
the freezing of the Baltic aud Kattegat and the floods on the coast of Friesiau
Germany, receive particular attention. A detailed comparison is made of the
winter and summer weather for each year for which there ax"e data, between
1121 and 1310, and a chart based on ten-year averages of the succession of
severe winters and moist cool summers is given.
It is shown, in general, that the summer was usually cold and wet when the
winter was mild. A certain periodicity with winter maxima at intervals of
25, 45. 50, and 35 ( ?) years is also indicated.
While the data are considered iusuffioient to demonstrate the fact, the
author is inclined to believe that the winter was formerly colder than at
present, though to an insignificant extent. In general, the weather appears to
have been practically uniform throughout the historic period; at least that
there have been nothing more than very slight changes from the existing
conditions.
[Meteorological observations in Canada], J. II. Grisdale et al. (Canada
Expt. Farms Rpts. WIS, pp. 3, .',, 16-19, 72, 76, SI, S2, S5, 88, 91, 92, 95. 103,
lOJ,. 113. 131. 13.',. 137, 160, 161. 175-177. 187. 190, 191. 2/S).— Brief summaries
are given of weather conditions aud of observations mtiiuly ou temperature and
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419
]ir('ripit;ilinn (hiring i'.M'2 .niKl a portion of l!li;> al tli(> varions siihslations in
(UnVreiit parts of Canada.
[Weather conditions in the British Isles in 1914] (Nature [London], D/f
{1915), No. 2359, pp. 53S, 539). — This is a brief note on a summary of weather
conditions issued by the British Meteorolojrical Office. It sliows that there was
au excess of temperatui'o during tlie year in all parts of tlie Rritisli Isles, tills
excess being greatest in east and northeast England and in tlie midland coun-
ties. The highest temperature (90° F.) occurred in southeast England; tlie
lowest (7°) in the east of Scotland. The rainfall was largest (49.31 in.) in
the north of Scotland; and least (24.82 in.) in the northeast of England. The
only districts with an appreciable deficiency of rainfall were the west and
north of Scotland, 91 to 94 per cent of the average respectively. The greatest
excess over the average was in southeast England. The distribution of rainy
days was substantially normal. There was a slight excess of sunshine in the
eastern districts, but about the average amount in the western districts.
Meteorolog'y, J. W. Leather (lipt. Agr. Research Inst, and Col. Piisa, 1912-
13, pp. 17-20, fig. 1). — This is a brief note based upon observations at Pusa.
Lyallpur, and Madras on evaporation from the water surface and on soil
temperature.
The annual evaporation at the three places named was 6.4, 4.1. and 0.3 ft.
respectively. This evaporation is much larger than that observed for fallow
soil, which was ajiproximately 28 In. at Pusa and 18 in. at Cawnpore. With
a maximum air temperature of 110° F. it was found that the temperature of a
fallow soil was 109° at 1 in. below the surface, 10G° at 2 in., 102° at 3 in., and
97° at 6 in. Attention is called to the fact that in many places in India a
maximum air temperature of 115 to 120° is regularly registered for some weeks
(luring the hot season, and it is suggested that this may have an important
effect upon biological changes occurring in the soil in accordance with the theo-
ries of Russell and Hutchinson.
Nig'ht radiation, I. Y. Tochidlox SKJii {Nochnoe Luelieispuskanie. Odessa,
1912; ahs. in ZInir. Opytn. Agron. iRiiss. Jour. Expt. Lgnd.w.), IJf {1913), No.
//, /). .'i.'i3). — The loss of heat during the night from different surfaces was
studied by means of an AngstrJim actlnometer. It was found that a square
centimeter of mowed grass lost 0.124 gram calories per minute, chernozem soil
0.120.
The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1913, pp. 225, 265-26S). — "The total precipitation, as recorded at the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for the year ending February 28, 1913, was
39.30 in., 9.02 in. falling in the form of snow. Analysis showed that this fur-
nished 0.144 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, in forms readily available for crop use.
Records taken here indicate that the proportions of this amount furnished
respectively by the rain and snow have not appreciably varied for the past four
years, about eight-tenths of the nitrogen compounds being found in the rain."
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Petrography of various soils derived from volcanic ejecta, W. H. Fry
(Jour. Amer. Hoe. Agron., 6 (1914), No. 4-5, pp. 164-171).— Mechanical and
niineralogical analyses of a number of soils definitely known to be volcanic ash
or directly derived from lava are reported. It is stated that soils derived
mainly from volcanic ejecta can be generally recognized by the presence of
glass particles when such particles occur in noticeable quantities.
The data indicate that the soils examined fall into three gcMioral classes,
namely, (1) very silicious soils containing large proi>ortions of isotropic ma-
420 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
terial of low refractive index and associated witii comparatively large propor-
tions of quartz, (2) soils containing isotropic material of higher refractive
index, relatively large proportions of olivine, and little or no quartz, and (3)
fcoils characterized by the relatively larger number of mineral species readily
recognized and by the occurrence of well-developed lime-soda feldspars. " The
presence of relatively large pi'oportions of glasses in certain soils derived
mainly from volcanic ejecta . . . suggests that with such soils the inorganic
soil material would be more readily and quickly modified than with soils of
other origin."
Some unusual soils that occur in Oregon, M. M. McCool {Jour. Amer. Soc.
Agron., 6 {lOJJf), No. Jf-5, jjj)- J59-16.'f). — This article deals with certain soils
occurring in central Oregon which are characterized by a very loose more or
less disintegrated pumice layer which extends to depths of from 8 to 12 in.
The upper 4 in. is darker gray in color than the material underneath, and as
a rule a very coarse pumice layer, which varies in thickness from 8 to 12 in.,
lies below the disintegrated mass. Beneath this layer to a depth of approxi-
mately 40 in. the texture is somewhat finer.
The results of physical and chemical studies of these soils show a high per-
centage of coarse gravel and fine and very fine sand in the upi)er layers, a low
real specific gravity, an extremely high capillary water capacity, a high
available water capacity, a low total content in soluble salts, and an abnor-
mally high content of i)otassium, calcium, and magnesium. A miueralogical
study shows that these soils are composed of juaterial derived from both basic
and acidic rock.
It is thought that little can be accomplished with these soils until the organic
matter is malerinlly increased and until mineral fertilizers are added.
The Hauraki Plains: Some notes on the soils, B. C. Aston {Jour. Agr. [New
Zeal.], S {19U), No. 6, pp. 565-574, figs. 5).— A general description of the flora
of the area and analyses of the soils are given. The latter show that the soils
may belong to extreme types of clays, peats, and sands, and this is confirmed
by the great diversity in the flora. " Improvement of the soils may be effected
by liming the tenacious clays and claying the peaty soils." Experiments in
mixing the abundant humus matters with clay soil and a systematic soil sur-
vey of the area are recommended.
Malayan rubber and coconut soils, M. Barrowcliff {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay
States, 2 {lOIJf), No. 12, pp. 328-331). — This article presents the author's views
obtained from an examination of rubber and coconut soils in the Malay States,
and includes a number of analj'ses of good and poor soils.
Rubber is grown on various kinds of soil, but the most productive are stated
to be the light sandy, well-drained soils composing the undulating lauds broad-
ening down from the granitic mountains and the flat peaty coast soils when
these are well drained. The first are low in nitrogen and jwtash, but apparently
contain enough for rubber. They are deficient in i>hosphoric acid, but appar-
ently do not need lime. Terfect drainage and the presence of sufficient organic
matter are soil conditions favorable to rubber cultivation.
Coconuts are grown on various kinds of soils, but apparently do esiiecially
well on the clayey peat lands of the coast. These soils contain considerable
organic matter and are well supplied with nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid.
They are infertile if poorly drained, but drainage needs to be less deep and
thorough than for rubber. The heavy clays are not suited to either rubber or
coconut culture.
The chemical or physical nature of colloidal aluminum silicates contain-
ing water, R. Gans {Ccnthl. Min., Geol. ii. Paliiontol., 1013, Nos. 22. pp. 699-
112; 23, pp. T28-lJfl; «&«• in Cliem. ZentbL, 1914, h No. 3, pp. 286, 287).— In
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 421
opposition to Wiegner's conclusioiis (E. S. li., 2S, p. 517), the iiulhor coiu-Iutles
that alkaline solutions of colloidal aluniinuiu silit-ites containing water and
also the zeolitic silicates of soils which may be decomposed liy water or acids
are chemical comi)ounds since they maintain the same constant equivalent rela-
tions and by decomposition with water and in the exchange of ions with neutral
salt solutions they act as chemical compounds. He further concludes that the
zeolitic silicates of the soil consist mainly of aluminum silicates which in a
fertile surface soil can only to a small degree disintegrate into mechanical
mixtures of the gels of silica and alumina.
He also points out that Wiegner's adaptation of his experimental results to
Freundlich's formula does not indicate that the colloidal aluminum silicates are
ahst)rption compounds since this fornuila does not always conform to experi-
mental results. The terminologj^ of the formula is in sharp contrast to the
absorption maxinnim devised by Schmidt, and in the exchange process described
by Wiegner the values inserted for the molecular equivalent concentration of
the salt solution do not consider the existing exchanged matter of the silicates
in addition to the unabsorbed substances yet in solution.
Considering the exchanged matter in the formula i^fc= — = ^ {F—iho unknown,
U
A-=the absorption factor, C"'=the concentration of the absorbing body in
absorbed matter, and (7'=the concentration of the salt solution), in which
with an absorption compound no constant appears, the author obtained a con-
stant. This he considers to be further proof that the ammonia absorption
describeil by Wiegner is not physical surface attraction.
The chemical or physical nature of colloidal aluminum silicates contain-
ing water, G. Wiegner {Ccntbl. Miu., Geol. u. Paldontol., No. 9 (1914), pp.
262-272; abs. in Chcm. ZcntbJ., IOI4, I, ^'o. 26, p. 2200).— In replying to the
above criticism by Gans, the author questions the validity of the grounds upon
which the Freundlich formula is challenged. He is also of the opinion that
the chemical conception of the composition of aluminum silicates which he
regards from a colloidal-physical viewpoint is inadequate.
The chemical or physical nature of colloidal alviminum silicates contain-
ing water, R.. Gans {Centbl. Min., Geol. m. PalaonioL, 1914, Nos. 0, pp. 213-
279; 10, pp. 299-306; abs. in Chem. Zentbh, 191.',, I, No: 26, p. 2200).— The
author deduces further data to show that the assumption by W^iegner of an
absorption process between aluminum silicates and neutral salt solutions is
incorrect. He is of the opinion that the fact that the aluminum silicate
absorbs the same quantity of the neutral salt out of solutions of dilferent con-
centrations is sufficient proof of the chemical nature of aluminum silicates.
This fact is thought also to contradict the assumption connected with the
Freundlich formula that for each variation of the equivalent molecular concen-
tration of the neutral salt solution there is a corresponding change in the
absorption by the aluminum silicate.
Solution and absorption in the soil, E. A. Mitscherlich (Landiv. Jahrb.,
J,6 {1914), A^o. 3, pp. 413-430, figs. 3; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1914, II, No. 10,
p. 655). — The author discusses those conditions of chemical reactions which
govern solution and absorption phenomena in the soil, and concludes that solu-
tion and absorption constitute in the soil a cyclic process and are subject to
the same laws. In proof of this he quotes the results of experiments by D. J.
Hissink in which water saturated with carbon dioxid constitute<l the solution
medium, clay soil the absorption medium, and ammoniacal nitrogen the body
422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to be absorbed or dissolved, and in which the quantities of nitrogen in a state
of solution or abs()ri)tion were observed when (1) with a constant quantity
of nitrogen and of absorption medium the quantity of solution medium was
varied, and (2) with a constant quantity of nitrogen and of solution medium
the quantity of absorption medium was varied.
The results obtained were found by the author to conform, within the limits
of error, to the mathematical law for absorption / (X—x)=C—k.B, where X
is the maximum of absorbable nitrogen, x the salt absorbed at the time by the
mass of soil B, and C and 1c arc constants, and to the mathematical law for
solution f ii/ — «) = / (Y—a) — c.B, In which y denotes the salts in solution in
the given quantity of water with the existing mass of earth B, and Y, a, and c
are constants. Since every law holds good only with constant temperature
regardless of its degree, these laws are designated as absoiTition or solution
isotherms.
In the author's opinion these equations afford an insight into the varying
interaction between plant foods and water and soil, owing to the fact that they
reveal the extent to which salts are reversibly or irreversibly dissolved or ab-
sorbed and thus disclose the maximum soluble and absorbable quantities and
the saturation concentration of the solution under given constant conditions.
The effect of carbon dioxid on plant growth and soil formation, G.
Mettler (Ztschr. Sauerst. u. Sticlcst. Indus., No. 5 {1913), p. 193; abs. in
Chcm. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. IO4, Report., p. 469; Chem. Ahs., 8 {191.',), No. 22,
p. 3101). — The effect of carbon dioxid in the soil in promoting plant growth is
attributed to the formation of the necessary carbon, nitrogen, and organic salts
resulting from the increased activation of oxygen by the carbon dioxid. The
author suggests the formation of carbon pernitrid, CN*, as a probable cause of
the spontaneous combustion of coal beds.
The effect on plant growth of saturating a soil with carbon dioxid, H. A.
NoYES {Science, n. scr., 40 {191.',), No. 1039, p. 792).— It was found that this
treatment was injurious to tomato and corn plants. "A carbon dioxid satu-
rated soil upset the growth of these plants but did not change the soil so that
the plant could not grow after its application was discontinued."'
The proof of the origin of smoke acids in rain water flowing down tree
trunks by means of an automatic separator and the influence of these acid
waters on the soil, U. Gerlach {Samml. Ahhandl. Abgasc u. RduchschUdcn,
No. 9 {1914), PP- -Hy P^s. 6). — The author reports experiments with his so-called
smoke and water separator in different localities Avith reference to the smoke
content of the air; and also cropping experiments and soil investigations to
determine the effect of rain water containing smoke acids on soil and vegetation.
The smoke and water separator is designed primarily to catch the rain water
which runs down the trunks of trees, but may also be used in the open. The
amount of flow of rain water down tree trunks was found to be large in many
cases and varied according to the size and shape of the tree. For trees in leaf
it averaged only about one-third of that for bare trees. The apparatus per-
mitted the collection of rain waters from different smoke sections separately,
the determination of the extent of their acidity by means of litmus paper and
chemical analysis, and .their separation according to the sources of the smoke.
In the cropping experiments the so-called smoke sickness of soil was first
evidenced in a retardation of germination, particularly of fruit trees and the
legumes vetch and beans. The legumes developed more slowly and sparsely
and lived a shorter period in smoke-^ick than in normal soils, while in the fii'st
year there was no api)areut difference in the development of pine and fir ever-
greens. On discontinuing the use of water containing smoke acids and making
SOILS FEHTILTZERS. 423
copious applicafious of pure rain water the more lianly grasses rocoverod lidin
the offccts of the siuokc acids and continued to develop.
Analyses of certain soils in tlie nei^^liborliood of railways and industrial
works containing injured trees showed them to be acid, owing to the lime ex-
haustion by the smoke acids in the rain water. The trees with smoothest bark,
which allowed great quantities of rain water to flow down into the soil, were the
most injured. The deciduous trees were more injured than the evergreens, and
of each type respectively the beeches and pitch pines were the most injured.
Analyses of the leaves of the exiierimental trees also served in most cases to
indicate poisoning of the soil by smoke acids in rain W'ater. Leaf poisoning in
the evergreens was found to prec-ede soil poisoning, while the reverse was true
for deciduous trees. The smoke-sick evergreens utilized considerably less mois-
ture than normal evergreens and the same was true to a less extent for de-
ciduous trees. This is thought to aid in causing the neighboring soil to become
acid and swampy.
See also previous notes by Gerlach and Haselhoff (E. S. R., 20, p. 831).
The partial sterilization of soils, E. J. Russelx, (Nature [London], D-i
{19W, No. 2351, pp. 30S-311, figs. 4).— The author briefly summarizes the
results of investigations by himself and his associates on the effect of partial
sterilization of soil by means of heat, lime, and volatile antiseptics on the
growth of plants and on the relation of protozoa thereto (E. S. R., 29, p. 730;
31, pp. 27, 420). The practical application of the results in greenhouse work is
also discussed.
Inoculation for leguminous plants with especial reference to upland
moors, A. Densch (Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Dcut. Reiche, 32 (1914), Nos.
10, pp. 237-245; 11, pp. 253-261) .—T\i\i> article includes a general discussion of
this subject and also records comparative tests of various commercial cultures
which proved to be worthless.
Green manuring-, T. W. Lonsdale (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.}, 8 (1914), ^^- 5,
pp. 475-479). — The importance and value of green manuring are briefly dis-
cussed and comparative tests of white mustard, Scotch vetch, crimson clover,
partridge peas, and rye as green manuring crops are reixjrted.
The results indicate the high value of white mustard for this purpose.
Green manures {Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo}, 15. scr., No. 6-7 (1914), pp. 525-
527). — Analyses of five green manures are reported. As regards the quantity
of organic mutter and of fixed nitrogen produced they stood in the following
order : Canavalia gladiata, Arachis prostrata, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts.
Results of fertilizer experiments conducted at Summerville, S. C, T. E.
Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 178 (1914), PP- 20). — This is a progress report
on experiments at the Coast substation.
The most important fact established by these experiments is that phosphorus
is the limiting element in fertilizers for corn and cotton on the soils of this
substation. The relative value of different phosphates for supplying this
deficiency is discussed, and acid phosphate is recommended as most profitable.
Organic sources of niti'ogen were more effective than inorganic.
The rational utilization of ammonia (Chcm. Trade Jour., 54 (1914), No.
139S, pp. 283, 284; «&«• in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 92, Report., p. //.30).— The
industrial possibilities of the various processes for converting ammonia into
nitric acid are discussed and it is concluded that none of them can be profitably
used for the production of ammonium nitrate. "The best solution of the ques-
tion, therefore, of producing nitrate of ammonia in the most rational and
cheapest way would be to work a factory producing nitric acid by a direct
process from the air in connection with an adjoining factory producing am-
monia synthetically."
84079°— Xo. 5—15 3
424 EXPEEIMENT STATJ()N ItECORD.
The conversion of ammonia into nitric acid or ammonium nitrate from
an economic standpoint, E. Donath {Vhrtn. Indua. {Berlin}. ,57 (lOJ't), No.
17-18, pp. 513-516). — This article contains further discussion of the commercial
possibilities of this process in addition to that noted above.
Lime and its uses on land, F. Thompson and A. E. Grantham (Delaware
Sta. Bui. lOJf (Wl.'i), pp. 20, pj. 1). — The various lime compounds available for
agricultural purposes are described and their use for fertilizing is explained.
The position of the fertilizer supply in south India, Bkrnakd (Planters'
Chron., 9 (IDU/), No. J,G, pp. 697, 698).— In a brief disc-ussion of the best and
most available sources of supply of phosphates, potash, and nitrogen for use in
tliis region, it is stated that a process has been perfected for the preparation of
a double sulphate of potash and lime containing 25 per cent of potash which is
intended for use as a substitute for pure potash salts.
Sewage disposal and use of tannery wastes, C C. Smoot, III (Jour. Amer.
Leather Clieni. Assoc, 9 (1914), ^o. 12, pp. 523-525). — An average analysis of
tannery sewage sludge after treatment with spent lime and the ashes of spent
tanning materials showed nitrogen 0.84 per cent, lime 40, phosphoric acid 0.34,
and potash 0.62. This sludge is especially recommended for the fertilizing of
fruit trees.
Fertilizer and oil manufactured from dog fish, E. E. Young (Daily Cons,
and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 17 (1911,), No. 305, p. 1373).— Brief reference is made
to three reduction plants at Causo and Clarke Harbor, Nova Scotia, and at
Shippigan, New Brunswick, established primarily for the purpose of utilizing
dog fish in the manufacture of fertilizer and oil, thus reducing the damage
to the deep-sea fisheries from this source.
The three plants work up from 5.000 to '6,(MX) tons of dog fish aimually. pro-
ducing from 500 to 600 tons of fertilizer and about 25,000 gal. of oil. The sup-
ply of dog fish, however, is very uncertain, being abundant at certain seasons
and very scarce at others. As a result, the factories have been obliged to sup-
plement the supply of dog fish with fish offal of other kinds.
Fertilizing materials, F, T, Shutt (Canada Expt. Far)its Rpts. 1913, pp.
245-259). — Analyses of the following materials are reported and discussed:
Marl; limestone; limekiln ashes; gypsum and like substances; wood ashes;
potash residue from oxygen-acetylene plant; marsh, river, and oyster muds;
mucks; infusorial earth; lobster refuse; dog fish scrap; and nitrate of lime,
[Fertilizer production, exports, and imports of the United States, 1912—
13], compiled by W, T. Thom (U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the
United States, Calendar Year 1913, pt. 1, pp. CXXXV, C'A.TATV//),— On the
basis of data collected by the U. S. Geological Survey it is stated that " the pro-
duction of lime in 1913 was 3.595,390 short tons, valued at $14,648,362, against
3,529,462 short tons, valued at $13,970,114, in 1912, . . . The imports for con-
sumption in 1913 were 4,139 short tons, valued at $48,538, against 4.268 short
tons, valued at $48,153, in 1912. The exports reported were valued at $212,345
in 1913 and $199,515 in 1912. . . .
" The total commercial marketed production of phosphate i"ock reported to
the Survey in 1913 amounted to 3.111,221 long tons, valued at $11,796,231, com-
pared with 2,973,332 long tons, valued at $11,675,774, in 1912. . . , The total
quantity of phosphate rock reported as mined during 1913 was 3,152,208 long
tons, against 3,190,587 long tons in 1912. The imports for consumption of crude
phosphate, guano, kainit, manure salts, etc., in 1913, were valued at $10,819,253,
against $8,893,090 in 1912. The exports of phosphate rock in 1913 were 1,366.508
long tons, valued at $9,996,580, against 1,206,520 long tons, valued at $8,996,456,
m 1912. . . ,
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 425
"There was no Jictual production of potash salts in the United Slates in lOI.'].
The imports of potash salts in lOlo were valued at $10,79.1,013, ajrainst $10,002,-
285 in 101 L'. . . .
"The imports of sodium nitrate for consumption in manufacture of fertilizers
and other chemical products amounted in value to $21,630,811 in 1913, against
$10,544,511 in 1912."
The international movement of fertilizers (IntcriKtt. Inst. Afjr. [Home],
Mo. Bid Af/r. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {JOJJ/), Ao. 0, pp. J101-lJ.'/2).—Th\>i
is the first of a series of half-yearly reports (to appear March 1 and Septem-
ber 1 of each year) authorized by tlie last general assembly of the International
Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the purpose of which is to give statistics of
l)roduction, imports and exports, consumption, and prices of jihosphatic, potas-
sic, and nitrogenous fertilizers. This number is dated September 1, 1914, and
gives statistics for the year 1913 as compared with 1912 and also some data
for the first half of 1914.
It is stated that the world's production of natural phosphates in 191.'] was
6,600.458 metric tons as compared with 0,888.908 tons in 1912, the largest
producers being the United States, 3.202.636 tons; Tunis, 2.284,078 tons;
Algeria, 438,601 tons; and France. 335,0(X) tons. The production of basic slag
was 4,246,000 tons; and the production of German potash salts, 11.607,510 tons
of crude salts and 1,047.906 tons of refined salts. The amount of potash salts
sold for agricultural purposes, calculated as actual potash (K2O), was 1,003,913
tons, of which 536.102 tons was used in Germany. The figures for shig and pot-
ash salts show substantial increases in 1913 over 1912. Of the potash salts used
for agricultural purposes 749.000 tons, calculated as actual potash (K2O), was
used in Europe and 242,283 tons in America. The production of Chilean nitrate
is given as 2,586,975 tons in 1913 as compared with 2,773.459 tons in 1912. The
total consumption of nitrate of soda in 1913 was 2,556.971 tons; the amount
used for agricultural purposes was 2,098,2.30 tons. The production of sulphate
of ammonia was 1,448,400 tons in 1913 as compared with 1,.306,600 tons in
1912, the largest producers of this material being Germany, 549,000 tons; the
United Kingdom, 425,700 tons; and the United States, 176,900 tons. The 1913
figures for each of these countries represent a decided increase over those for
1912. The amount of sulphate of ammonia used for agricultural purposes in
1913 was 1,210,550 tons. It is estimated that calcium cyanamid was produced
in 1913 to the extent of 114,093 tons and Norwegian nitrate to the extent of
70.000 tons. It is stated that 6.229,777 tons of fertilizers was consumed in the
United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) in 1913.
Statistics of production and consumption of crude sulphur and sulphate of
copper are included with those for fertilizers.
AGRICULTTJRAL BOTANY.
Fundamentals of plant breeding, J. M. Coulter (Xcw York and Chicago,
191.',, pp. Xl]'+3.'i7, fifi-s. 10'.)). — This book is intended as an interpretation of
recent advances in plant breeding for those who wish a simple statement of
evolution and heredity or information concerning plant breeding and some of
the fundamental ])rinciples underlying agriculture.
After discussing variation in plants, theories of evolution, etc., the author
describes some of the methods by which breeding is carried on. Chapters are
devoted to Mendel's law and recent progress in genetics, the progress in breed-
ing plants resistant to drought and plant diseases, relation of forestry to the
subject, role of soil, etc. Condensed accounts are given of the work of this
426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
iK'pjirlniont: and the various experhut'Ut stations at liouic and abroad in the
introduclion and iuiproveniout of [dants.
The author considers food jiroduction to be oue of the most fuudauieutal
material problems of the day, and thinks this situation is being met or may
be met by a better understanding of the principles of plant breeding and their
extension to ordinary farm practice.
A contribution to a knowledge of the mutating CEnotheras, II. K. (^ates
(Traiwi. Linn. Sue. London, 2. scr.. Bat., 8 (1913), No. 1, pp. 67, pU. 6). — In this
paper the author has sought to bring together and organize certain results of
experimental work which he has carried on with ffinolhera during six years,
as bearing ni)on the problem of the origins of the forms in question and the
factors involved.
lie concludes that the explanation of the mutation phenomena in (E.
lamarckiana is by no means simple, but that while a full understanding of the
nature and cause of this behavior has not yet been reached, the facts known
lead to the view tliat the previous crossing of this species in the wild condition
or in botanical gardens, or both, has been the chief cause of the germinal dis-
turbances which manifest themselves in the appeai'ance of mutants. The cause
of nuitation is thought to be internal to the organism itself. Two types of
mutation are considered, those occurring in pure lines and those following
ancestral mixture of germ plasms.
It is held that there is between mutations and fluctuations no distinction
more fundamental than the facts that the one is Inherited and the other is
not, oue being due to a germinal alteration, the other to a somatic variation.
A bibliography is appended.
Inheritance in plant hairs, J. Belling {Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. S, pp.
3Ji8-3G0, fujH. 11). — Characters of the downy growth on pods of several varieties
of velvet beans as modified for several generations by crossing are figured and
described, segregation ratios are given, and a working hypothesis is elaborated.
Immunity to fungus diseases as a physiological test in genetics and
systeniatics, exemplifi^ed in cereals, N. I. Yavilov (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 43-65). — This examination of evidence regarding the behavior of
hosts toward fungi, as influeucetl by degrees of relationship between the hosts,
concludes with the statement that the degree of sensitiveness of reaction of
fungi with cereals up to the present time is not exceeded by that of the so-
called serum methods applied to plants, while the former is much simpler in
its application. A bibliography is appended.
Fasciation, M. A. Brannon (Bot. (Jaz., 58 (1914), No. 6, pp. 51S-526, figs.
7). — The author describes some examples of fasciation obsened by him in
North Dakota which are thought to have a bearing on the study of normal
morphological structures, and also to be of interest by reason of the jthysiological
relation existing between increased sap pressure and the disturbed balance of
forces which are believed to be responsible for cottonwoods and willows under-
going a change from radial to more or less bilateral symmetry during the first
three seasons of their growth.
The transpiration of emersed water plants: Its measurement and its rela-
tionships, C. II. Otis (Bot. Ga.::., 5S (1914), No. 6, pp. 457-494, figs, i?).— From
a study of a considerable number of aquatic plants, the author found that
emersed water plants transinre large amounts of water. With one exception
(the water lily) the evaporation taking place from a water surface occupied
by emersed plants is much greater than that taking place from a free water
surface of the same area under the same external conditions. The amount of
evaporation from a water surface occupied by emersed plants depends on the
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 427
species of tlie plant, Ibe density of the st:in<l, Uio nmoiint of plant surface ex-
posed to the evai)oratiiif; jiower of the nir, the height of the plant above the
level of the water, external factors, sucli as wind, temperature, and relative
humidity, and internal factors, as chemical and physiological phenomena oc-
currini; within the plant. Transinratiou from emersed plant surfaces Roes on
continuously, but during the day it is greater than at night. No constant ratio
was found betwec-n the rate of transpiration and the area of surface exposed in
different si^ecies of plants.
The data given are considered of economic importance as indicating what
plants should he grown in and what plants should bo excluded from storage
reservoirs in regions of small rainfall and scant water supply.
Chemical modifications of plant org'ans undergoing autofermentation,
M. MoixtARD (Compt. Rnul. Acad. Scl. [I'aris], 159 (IDUj), No. 12, pp. 512-
514). — Sections of squash tissue were kept under sterile conditions and the
clianges in sugars and nitrogenous content noted imder both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions.
The author states that the sugars are much more quickly useil up under
aerobic conditions and that the loss in weight corres]ionds closely to the loss
in sugar. Amin nitrogen was found to remain pi-actically constant in the speci-
mens in air but to increase under anaerobic conditions. Amid nitrogen quickly
disapi)ear(Hl in both sets of tubes. Ammonia increased in both, but more rapidly
in the confined air. He claims that autofermentation may be distinguished by
thi< method by which sugars are utilized as well as by the transformation of
the nitrogenous materials.
Assimilation of colloidal iron by rice, P. L. Gile and J. O. Carrero (U. 8.
Dcpt. Afjr., Jour. Af/r. Research, S {191.',), No. .1, pp. 20.5-2^0).— Previous work
(E. S. R., 2G, p, 121; 31, p. 81G) having shown that pineapples and upland rice
were affected with chlorosis when grown on calcareous soils and that the failure
of the plants to make successful growth seeme<l to be due to diminished assinu-
lation of iron, the authors conducted a series of experiments to test the pos-
sibility of the assimilation of colloidal iron by rice.
The plants were grown in flasks, and where no iron was given they were
strongly chlorotic. Those plants receiving dialyzed iron or ferric chlorid in the
absence of a nutrient solution were also chlorotic, although somewhat greener
than the check plants, and the chlorosis was later in appearing. Where ferric
chlorid was added to a nutrient solution the plants were of a normal green
color.
The general conclusions drawn from the work are that rice can not assimilate
colloidal iron. The toxicity of ordinary distilled water or ferric chlorid solu-
tions was not overcome in the experiments by supplying other roots of the same
plant with a balanced solution. The toxicity of the ferric chlorid solution was
accompanied by penetration of iron into the root and transportation to the
leaves.
Oil content of seeds as affected by the nutrition of the plant, "W. W.
Garner, II. A. Ai^lard, and C. L. Foumert (U. S. Dcpt. Af/r., Join: Apr. Re-
■icarch, 3 (.Wl.'i), No. 3, pp. 227-2.'i9).—\ study was made of the formation of
oil in seeds of cotton, soy bean, peanuts, and sunflower, as affected by various
environmental and other factors. While the experiments were conducted with
these different plants, the deductions are mostly drawn from the experiments
with soy beans, the other plants in the main appearing to confirm them.
It was found that except for the period immediately following blooming and
that directly preceding final maturity there was a fairly uniform increase in
oil content througliout the development of the seed and that there was no crit-
ical period of very intense oil formation at any stage of the development. As
428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a consequence of the phj-siological reliitioiiship of the oil to carbohydrate it is
cousiderecl that maximum oil production in the plant requires conditions of nu-
trition favorable to the accumulation of carbohydrate during the vegetative
period and to the transformation of carbohydrate into oil during the repro-
ductive period.
After discussing the various factors influencing oil formation the authors con-
clude that under practical conditions climate is a more potent factor than .soil
type in controlling the size of the seed and its oil content. Within ordinary
limits the relative fertilty of the soil appears to be a minor factor in influencing
the size of the seed and its oil content. In fertilizer tests v^'ith cotton the addi-
tion of a complete fertilizer usually gave larger seed and a higher percentage
of oil. Increased applications of nitrogen did not alfect the size of the seed, but
lowered the ])ercentage of oil, while increasing the applications of phosphorus
or potash did not affect either character. In pot cultures with soy beans the
addition of phosphorus did not change the size of the seed, but increased the
oil content. Potash was without decided effect. In similar tests with peanuts
neither phosphorus nor potash affected the oil content.
The relation of food supply to fung'us development, E. G. Pringsheim
{Ztschr. Bot., 6 (1914), No. 7, pp. 577-62-), fiys. 5).— The author describes a
somewhat extended study of the relations between the volume and concen-
tration of the food supply, also of the effect of ordinarily more or less poisonous
materials therein, and the development of several fungi.
It is stated that while growth shows within limits a correspondence with vol-
ume and concentration in case of a given fungus and medium, variations in
growth rate are dilTerent for the various organisms employed. Such corre-
spondence may be extended beyond the original limits by the addition of ordi-
narily poisonous substances in the limited proportions within which these exert
a stimulative influence. The influence of a given nutritive factor in a given
medium is affected by the amount of other nutritive materials present. A given
increase in the percentage of a nutritive substance, which is standing at its
minimum proportion, causes a greater increase in growth than does the corre-
.•^pouding addition of a merely stimulating substance, which fact furnishes a
means of distinguishing between nutrients and stimulants.
The pigments of Fusarium, Bezssonoff (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
159 (1914), No. 8, pp. 448-450). — A study of F. orohnnchiis is reported in which
the author found two pigments, one a yellowish color, belonging to the antho-
eyanin group and soluble in water and alcohol, and the other a red pigment,
considered to be carotin.
Chondriosomes and anthocyanin pigment in vegetable cells, A. Pensa
{Anat. An.::., 45 (1913), No. 4, pp. 81-90, figs. 2).— The author, claiming to have
shown in a series of studies that in vegetable cells chloroplasts are formed
showing much the same morphological and chemical characters as do chon-
driosomes, discusses several articles confirmatory or critical of his views by
other authors.
More concerning chondriosomes and anthocyanic pigments in vegetable
cells, A. Pensa (Auat. An::., 46 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. lS-22, figs. 2).— Discussing
some differences between his own views, based upon the work above noted, and
the conclusions of Guilliermond (E. S. R., 29, p. 827), the author examines the
latter in connection with some observations made by himself.
On a supposed synthesis of anthocyanin, Muriel Wheldale and H. L.
Bassett (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 103-107). — This is a critical dis-
cussion of a paper by Everett (E. S. R., 31, p. 62G).
Electrical injuries to trees, G. E. Stone (Miissachiisetls Sfa. Bui. 156 (1914)'
pp. 19. pis. 5. figs. 3). — The author describes a number of kinds of electrical
FIELD CROPS. 429
injuries to trees, including a brief discussion of tlie electrical resistance in trees,
as well as the effects of alternating and direct currents, liglitning, and earth
discharges, and suggests methods of preventing injuries to trees from electric
wires.
It is stated that the effects of alternating currents on trees are local, pro-
ducing injury only near the point of contact with the wire. In the author's
opinion au alternating current does not cause the death of the tree, although it
may burn or disfigure it to a considerable extent. Most of the injury by elec-
tric currents is said to be from direct currents used in operating electric rail-
roads. In all the experiments conducted the injury was found to be due to the
effects of heat generated by the current, and the maximum current for each
individual plant was found to vary considerably.
It is said that there is practically little or no leakage from wires during dry
weather, but that more or less occurs during wet weather, when a film of water
is formed ou the bark and if insulation of the wires is not sufficient. While no
authentic cases of killing trees by either the alternating or direct current as
usually employed are reported, it is claimed that the reversal of the polarity
in electric railway systems has resulted in destroying a number of trees. The
natural high resistance offered by trees and plants in general is said to serve as
a protection against severe injury from lightning and contact with high tension
wires. The least resistance in a tree occurs in the cambium and adjacent tis-
sues. There seems to be evidence to support the idea that a direct current of
insufficient strength to cause burning may electrolyze the cell contents and later
result in the death of the tree. The author claims that earth discharges during
thunderstorms are more common than generally supposed and are known to dis-
figure and cause the death of trees.
Department of botanical research, D. T. MacDougal {Carnegie Inst. Wash-
iiif/ton Year Book, 12 (1013), pp. J7-S7, pis. 2, fig. 1). — This is a progress report
of the investigations carried on by the director and various assistants at the
laboratories of the Carnegie Institution situated at Tucson, Ariz., and else-
where. The investigations include a study of the Salton Sea, its geological,
chemical, and biological aspects; alterations induced by ovarial treatments of
plants; evolution of the chrysomelid beetles; root variation in desert plants
(E. S. R., 30, p. 827) ; root characters of trees grown in the coastal climate of
California; the transpiration behavior of rain-forest plants; the water rela-
tions of plants ; autonomic movements of stems of Opuntia ; the transpiration
of desert trees; photolytic effect of blue-violet rays and their variations in solar
radiation ; acidity, gaseous interchange, and respiration of cacti ; fruit develop-
ment in the Cactacea?; and the relationships and distribution of the Cactacese.
FIELD CROPS.
Agriculture, ^Y. Somerville {London, Xcio York, and Toronto, [WIS], pp.
17/ -f 2.56). — This volume discusses from the British point of view the funda-
mental principles underlying the practice of agriculture under the topics of
formation, properties, types, and improvement of soils; principles and use of
manures; i-otation of crops; and seeds.
The key to successful farming, J. Kasmeier {Shawnee, Okla., 1913, pp. IJfS,
figs. 69). — In this book the author gives his experiences and describes the
methods he used, which were based on four essentials, viz, preserving the rain-
fall and moisture, fertilization, sub.soiling. and care of the plant roots. The
results of these methods applietl to cotton, corn, potatoes, alfalfa, wheat, oats,
tomatoes, sweet potatoes, orchards, and forestry are given, with supplemental
suggestions.
430 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Parsons on dry farming, E. K. Parsons (Aberdeen, 8. Dale, 1913, pp. 188,
pis. 10, figs. 3). — About half of ILis book is clovoted to soil conditions and to
methods to be employeil in the dry f:i rilling section, while the remainder treats
of field and garden crojis best suited to seiniarid regions, with a chapter each
(m fruits and forestry.
Handbook of breeding' of agricultural plants, C. Fruwiuth (Ildndhiich der
landirirtschaftUchcn Pflanzensuchtung. Berlin, 191Ji, "vol. 1, /f. rev. ed., pp.
XXIFI-\-JiJi2, pl>i. 8, figs. SG).— An enlarged and revised edition of the volume
[)reviously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 543).
The work of the Belle Fourche reclamation project experiment farm in
1913, P.. AuNE (f/. 8. Dcpt. Af/r., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche E.rpt.
Farm, 1913, pp. 1-7, 9-15, 17, figs. 2). — This reimrts the continuation of the
work in South Dakota previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 31), and gives me-
teorological operations, and results of rotations with alfalfa, sugar beets,
clover, flax, oats, wheat, barley, corn, and potatoes, as well as of continuous
crop])ing with each. It is stated that 32 different cropping systems are being
tested, some of which are under irrigation.
It is noted that late irrigation appeared to prevent flax from ripening evenly,
and it starts new branches from the lower joints. In experiments on the rates
of seeding alfalfa, 14 different rates ranging from 2.5 to 25 lbs. per acre, it
was found that the percentage of seed-producing plants ranged respectively
from IS to 3. In regard to the time and methods of seeding alfalfa " the early-
seeded alfalfa yielded somewhat more than that seeded late. Assuming that
the price of wheat hay is the same as that of alfalfa hay, about $5 a ton,
planting with a nurse crop and harvesting the wheat as hay gave larger returns
per acre than planting the alfalfa alone. When the cost of harvesting and
thrashing the wheat for grain is considered, it is seen that this method is less
profitable than either of the two methods previously mentioned, for the yield
of 28.2 bu. per acre is little more than sufficient to pay the cost of production
on irrigated land. The returns for the row plantings were the smallest ob-
tained in the experiment. It should be remembei'ed that these statements
fipply to the first year's results only."
One year's results in the use of flax as a nurse crop for alfalfa showed that
" considering the cost of culture during the year, the net value of the crop
obtained where flax was used as a nurse crop was slightly higher than that
of the alfalfa planted alone."
Yields of alfalfa indicated no important effect of late-fall or early-spring
irrigation. Fall irrigation for flax culture showed no advantage in point of
yield.
In timc-of-plowiug experiments for oats, it was found that it was not a de-
sirable practice to plant oats on land during the same spring in which the land
was plowed.
A variety test with corn, a cultural test with mangels, and the beginning of
trials of different pasture-grass mixtures are mentioned.
The result of the first year's test in soil dynamiting on yield of oats gave
18.4 bu. per acre on the dynamited plat and 25.9 and 24.1 bu. on check plats on
either side.
Forage crops, T. S. Parsons {Wyoming Sta. Bui. lOJf (19U), pp. 11-22. figs.
3). — This bulletin gives cultural methods for legumes, grasses, and miscella-
neous forage crops, and from trials ranging up to four years concludes that
" peas and oats give the best results under all conditions for either hay or
silage. Barley, rye, emmer, or oats may be sown to advantage with peas. For
late sowing, barley is best Six to eight tons of peas and oats in the green
FIELD CROPS. 431
state cau be raised on an aero hikIcm- the host conditions. Four to five tons
per aci'e make it a paying crop.
"At altittides l)olow 5.00() ft. corn can l)e raised successfnlly for silage or
fodder at least. White sweet clover makes a good crop where alfalfa can not
be grown. Stock eat it readily. It will not become a pest if not allowed to
go to seed. Soy beans and cowpeas cau probably be gro\\ai successfnlly in the
lower altitudes of the State. The vetch may be substituted for peas with oats
under some conditions but peas are usually better yielders. The winter vetch
(Vicia xHllosa) may be sown with winter rye on the dry farm to good advan-
tage."
[Field crops work at the Canadian experiment stations and farms in
1912], J. IT. Grisdale et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. IDl.l, pp. 29-Pll, 3D,
J,0, /,S-'iy, ¥, 51, 53-55, 62, 63, 06-6!), 75, 82, 86, 89, 96, 97, 101, 102. 106, 123-130,
132, 133, 135, 136, 13S-160, 162-17-'f, 17S-1S7, 188, 189, 192-217, 222, 224, 227,
228, 2',2-2',5, 303. 30.',, 310-312, 316, 317, ,336-338, 3J,7, 360-362, 365, 370-373, 3S0,
S9t, 392, 1,01, /,13-J,73, 493, 494, 619-669, 693-698, pis. 6).— This continues the
report of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 222).
On the various farms the results of manurial, cultural, or varietal tests have
been reported with potatoes, wheat, barley, oats, peas, sugar beets, maize, red
clover, alfalfa, timothy, tobacco, turnips, mangels, flax, emmer, spelt, field beans,
i-.ve, buckwheat, carrots, orchard grass, broom corn, brome grass, English bine
grass, western rye grass, canary gi-.iss, Kentucky blue grass, redtop, alsike
clover, and white Dutch clover. Analyses of sugar beets and cooking tests of
potatoes are also included.
As a result of a study of the influence of environment on the composition of
wheat and barley it is stated that " this research, inaugurated in 1905, and con-
tinued since that date, has shown that soil and seasonal conditions may
markedly affect the composition of wheat and barley. For the past three years,
wheat from the same stock has been grown on the larger number of experi-
mental farms and stations from Prince Edward Island to British Columbia,
and the harvested grain analyzed. The data obtained in a very large measure
confirm those of previous seasons from similar experiments conducted in the
northwestern provinces only, and go to show that a moderately dry soil, accom-
panied by high temperatures during the period in which the grain is filling, tend
to arrest the vegetative gi'owth of the plant, to hasten matru'ity and conduce to
a hard berry, with a high percentage of gluten and high baking value. It would
seem from this investigation that the excellent quality of northwestern-grown
wheat is due in part, at least, to climatic conditions wiiich prevail during the
later sununcr months over large areas in the grain-growing districts, and which
bring about a cpiick maturation of the grain."
The commencement of breeding experiments to improve certain characters of
timothy, red clover, and orchard grass is noted. Ifesults of a 2-year test of
planting on nonirrigated land seed potatoes grown on irrigated and nonirri-
gated land showed those grown on irrigated land to be superior in yielding
qnalities. Potatoes in variety tests yielded much heavier under irrigation
than when grown on nonirrigated land. In spraying tests with nine varieties,
the total yield per acre was 22G bu. 12 lbs. with Bordeaux mixture, 1G.3 bn.
3G lbs. with lime sulphur, and 156 bu. 48 lbs. with the check.
Cooperative experimental work with winter cover crops, F. G. Tarbox, jr.
[South Carolina 8ta. Circ. 26 (1914), pp. 3-23, figs. 7).— This circular discusses
the value of bur clover, crimson clover, vetch, and rye as winter cover crops,
and gives methods of production and results of cooperative work with farmers
since 1910. "Numerous reports from farmers show that success has been
achieved in nearly all cases where farmers have understood conditions under
432 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
which cover crops should be srown :uul have persevered in planting them, each
year correcting previous mistakes."
Development of the culms of grasses, II. S. IIolk {[Indiufi] Forest Bui. 25
(191.'t), pp. 13). — In this study two periods of growth of the grass culms have
been recognized, (a) a preparatory period of slow growth usually character-
ized by short internodes carrying scales or undersized leaves, (b) a subsequent
period, of vigorous growth characterized as a rule by long internodes carrying
M'ell-devoloped leaves. With these growth periods in view the experiments here
described have brought out the following results :
"In wheat the periods of iireparatory and vigorous growth, respectively, are
well distinguished by the lengths of the internodes. In the average primary
culm the same number of leaf-bearing internodes is produced in both these two
stages of growth, but the period of preparatory growth is approximately three-
fourths of the period of vigorous growth.
" The average number of long leaf-bearing internodes produced in the primary
culms is approximately equal to the number of months in the iieriod of vigorous
growth, [and] is practically the same whether calculated from the primary
culms alone, from the axillary culms alone, or from a mixture of these as found
in the final crop.
"In the older axillary culms both growth-periods (but more especially the
preparatory period) are shorter than those of the primary culms, and there is
little difference between the two classes of culms as regards the date of ripening
grain. The number of leaf-bearing short internodes is approximately half the
number of the long leaf-bearing internodes and the preparatory period of growth
is ai»proximately half the vigorous growth-period."
The composition and quality of wheat grown in mixtures with oats, C. H.
Bailey {Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 {1914), A^o. 4-5, pp. 215-211). — This article
gives some results of an experiment carried on at the Minnesota Station and
shows that " wheat grown in mixtures with oats did not vary in composition
and quality from that grown alone. The flour milled from such wheat con-
tained practically the same percentage of crude protein and gluten, and ex-
hibits nearly the same baking strength. The slight variations in these prop-
erties which were found are no greater than were found in duplicate samples
from adjacent plats of wheat treated identically alike."
Percentage of protein in nonlegumes and legumes when grown alone and
in association in field mixtures, J. M. Westgate and R. A. Oakley {Jour.
Amer. See. Agron., 6 (1914), No. ^-5, pp. 210-215). — Analyses of 19 samples of
nonlegumes obtained from fields of normal fertility in several different States,
and under the conditions tyi^ical of the surrounding sections, when grown \vith
legumes showed variations in protein content ranging from 2.02 per cent above
to 2.G1 per cent below that when grown alone.
A study of the protein content of wheat and clover grown in the same field
but mixed in different proportions showed that under the particular conditions
present not only was the protein content of the wheat slightly reducetl by the
association with clover, but that the percentage of protein in the clover itself
was decreased as the proportion of wheat in the mixture increased. The authors
therefore concluded " that the phenomenon of increased protein content in the
nonlegume by reason of its association with the legume is not so universally
true as to make it safe to advocate the method unreservedly as a means of in-
creasing the production of protein upon the farms of this country."
The cultivation of legumes, C. Fruwihth {Anhau der Hiilscnfriichte.
Berlin, 1914, 2. rev. ed., pp. IX+253, figs. 73). — The first part of this book
treats of the general characteristics of legumes and conditions affecting their
growth. The second part gives descriptions and cultural methods of 24 legumes.
FIELD CROPS. 433
Culture experiments with bacterial inoculations of lupine and alfalfa, C.
Bartiii:l [Mcddcl. Ccnirahnist. Forsoksv. Jordbiiikaoiiiidiht, Xo. 95 {liU.'t),
pp. 32, p/.s\ 2; K. LaiuUbr. Aknd. llamll. och Tklskr., 53 (WW, ^'o. //, pp. 2J}1-
280). — Different methods of preparing pure cultures of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
for various legumes are discussed and results of field applications of various
commercial forms of pure cultui-es and of soil containing the desired bacteria
are given. Work for 1911, 1912, and 1913 is reported. In general the method
of using soil containing bacteria showed better results in larger yields of green
forage than did the use of azotogeu or Barthel's culture.
A statistical study of barley at the Dickinson (N. Dak.) substation, J. A.
Clark (Jour. Aiiicr. Snc. Ayron., 6 (7.0/.)), No. //-5, pp. 171-190).— The experi-
ments discussed are cooperative between the Office of Cereal Investigations of
this Department and the North Dakota Experiment Station, and are for the
purpose of determining the relative yielding power of different varieties and to
find i-easous for the existing variations in yields between the different groups
of varieties of the same cereal. Both plat and nursery experiments are
reported.
The work centers around three groups of varieties, 2-rowed hulled, 6-rowed
hulled, and 6-i'Owed naked, and covers several years. In discussing the annual
and average .vields of three varieties of barley representing the three groups,
respectively, for eight years, 190G-191.'>, as representing the results of plat ex-
periments, it is stated that the 2-row variety outyielded the 6-row variety in all
years, and the naked variety in all years except 1906. It had an average yield
of 34.2 bu. compared with 26.1 bu. for the 6-row variety and 25.6 bu. for the
naked variety.
In the nuri^ery work it is shown that for a five-year period the mean yield of
the 2-rowed hulled group of barley etiualed 29t>.2±T.4 gm. and the next highest
yielding group, the 6-rowed hulled barleys, had a mean yield of 207.1±5.7 gm.
The naked group had the lowest yield, 204.7±5.1 gm. The yields of straw are
given as 597.6±10.5, 389.7±1S.2, and 400.7±9.3 gm., respectively. From the
data given there appears to be little or no advantage for any one of the three
groups in regard to the percentage of grain.
Height of plants, beads per plant, length of head, and growing period in days
were studied and comparisons made as to yield factors. The following sum-
mary is given as a result of this stati.stical study of barley :
" The 2-row hulled group exceeds the 6-row hulled group in yield of grain by
43 per cent ; in yield of straw by 49.1 per cent; has no significant difference in
percentage of grain in plant or in height of plant ; produces per plant 51. .5 per
cent more heads, of 55 per cent greater length, and requires a growing period
7.3 per cent longer. The 2-row hulled group exceeds the 6-row naked group by
44.7 per cent in yield of grain and 53.3 per cent in yield of straw; has no sig-
nificant difference in percentage of grain in the plant; produces (67.8 per cent
more heads, averaging 40.9 per cent longer, and has a growing period 7.1 per
cent longer. On the other hand, the plants of the 6-row naked group average
G.9 per cent taller than those of the 2-row hulled group. The 6-row naked group
has plants S.l per cent taller and heads 10 per cent longer than those of the
Grow hulled group.
" The greater yield of both grain and straw in the 2-row hulled group is ac-
counted for, in part, by the greater number of heads per plant, the longer heads,
and a longer growing period. The greater number of heads per plant is consid-
ered the most important factor."
Notes on the selection of maize at Cambodia, M. de Flacourt (Bui. Econ.
Indochine, n. ser., 17 {191-)), Xo. 107, pp. 215-21S). — This article discusses work
434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOItD.
in progress as to improving the yield and earliness of corn Ity the selection of
seed from plants that bear normal ears on suckers.
Detasseling of maize Giant of Servia, E. Heckel {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci.
[Parifi}, jfjD (191/,), No. 16, pp. 5<J')-597) .—Thin gives results of work along the
line of that previously noted (E. S. 11., 28, p. 225; 31, p. 44).
The data show that ))y removing the tassel soon after it has expanded and
fertilization of the ear has been assured, a somewhat higher content of saccha-
rose and glucose was secured in the juice of the i)lant up to the early part of
September, after which date it declined rai)idly. A wide variation of this
property to store up sugar was observed in individual plants. It is noted that
the starch content fluctuated with the sugar content in the detasseled plants.
Results with fertilizers for maize, M. Calvino (Bol. 8oc. Affr. Mexicanc,
3S U91J,), No. 41, pp. S05-809) .—Two tests carried out in the federal district
of Mexico show the advantage secured with commercial fertilizers, especially
with sulphate of ammonia. With bone meal, sulphate of potash, and gypsum
there was an increase in grain over the untreated ijlat of 10.3 per cent in one
case and 11.3 per cent in the other. On the addition of sulphate of ammonia
to the above treatment the yield was increased over the untreated plat by 37.9
and 3S.4 per cent, respectively. It is noted that these yields gave a gross profit
on the fertilizer investment of 2(X).65 per cent.
Practical maize production, F. F. Matenaers (Dcr ratlonclle Maishaii.
Benin, 1914, PP- Xy-\-172, figs. 91). — This book describes methfxls employed in
the production of the corn crop in the United States.
Sing'le-stalk cotton culture, O. F. Cook ill. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.
Doc. 1130 {1914), pp. 11, figs. i2).— This bulletin gives results of tests with
Egyptian cotton at Bard, Cal., and Durango cotton at San Antonio, Tex., and
Norfolk, Va., showing the advantage of close (6 to 12 in.) spacing of the plants
and late thinning.
" The genei'al result of the new system is to secure an earlier production of
flowers and bolls. When the new and old systems are compared by applying
them to alternate rows, there are striking differences of behavior. The advan-
tage is greatest, of course, under extreme conditions where the season of pro-
duction is shortened by drought, early frost, or the ravages of the boll weevil.
The rate of flowering of rows of single-stalk plants, as shown by daily counts
early in the season, has been found to average far above that of the interven-
ing rows of larger, many-stalked plants, the differences sometimes amounting
to from 40 to GO per cent. At the end of the season, correspondingly increased
yields are obtained from the single-stalk rows, in some cases over 50 per cent."
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 433).
Cotton, its origin, uses, history, and importance, C. Steuckart {Die
BaumwoUe, Hire Herkunft, ihrc Tcncrudiing, iJirc Gcschiclifc, nnd Bedcutung.
Lchpsic, 1914, pp. 59, figs. 11). — The four chapters treat of cotton and its
industrial importance, the plant, the principal producing countries, and recent
efforts in the industry.
Cost of producing cotton, N. C. Murray ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 64I
{1914), PP- 12-14)- — This article summarizes the results of a study previously
noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 41). and of an inquiry in 1910, based upon estimates of
8G2 crop i-eporters, which indicated that " the average total cost per acre was
approximately $20.35, and the production of lint 247 lbs., making an average
cost of about 8.24 cts."
It is noted that the cost per acre to different growers varies widely. The
average given includes some reporting the cost below $12 an acre and others
above $35. " However, the cost per acre to each individual varies only mod-
erately from year to year, there being a more or less gradual increase in the
FIELD CROPS. 435
past 20 joars. On the other hand, the cost per pouml to an individual !j;ro\ver
varies widely from year to jear, according as to whether his yield hajjpen.s to
turn out large or small." Tables show the estimated cost per acre and per
pound of producing cotton in lUOi) and 1910 by States of the United States.
The cotton crop surplus, F. ANinsiiws {U. S, Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. G-'il
(191Jf), pp. 9-12). — This article contains statistics or. the production of cotton
in the United States for 1914, and the distribution as ginned and unginned cot-
ton on November 1, the commercial movement, domestic consumption, and the
condition of foreign markets.
It is noted that the quantity marketed this year up to November 1 was un-
usually low and that the surplus yet to find a market at the time of mid Oc-
tober was from 2,<A)0,(>0U to 2,500,<XK) bales above the usual amount. Exports
from August 1 to Ocltiber ol were said to be about 504,000 running bales,
whereas in the same three-month period for the past four years the exports
ranged from about 2,250,000 to 2,750,000 running bales.
In regard to domestic consumption it is noted that during 1881-1885 an
average of about 1,900.000 bales were retained out of our crops for spinning In
this country, and in addition to this domestic cotton there were imported for
use of mills in this country about 7,000 bales a year. From the crop of 1913
over 5.500,000 bales were kept for mills in the country and nearly 266,000 were
imported. The exports to the European countries, which are now at war, dur-
ing the four years from July 1, 1910, to June 30, 1914, averaged nearly 8,000,000
bales per year, or 84 per cent of the total exports from the United States.
The cooperative marketing' of cotton ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. G-'fl
(lOl.'t), pp. l-i-16). — This article points out the advantages of cooperation and
organization for the producer in disposing of his cotton crop, and suggests
methods of operation. It is stated that in holding an unusual amount of cot-
ton, as is the case this year, the grow'ers can in any given locality make up
even-running commercial lots ready for direct shipment to the mills or for
export, or for sale direct to buyers. It is also noted that "if the cotton of a
group of farmers can be stored in a single w'arehouse, the problem of market-
ing will be greatly simplified, for the material will be already assembled for
shipment when a sale is made."
Guinea corn, J. J. Miller (Jotir. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 18 (1914), No. 2, pp.
73, 74)- — This notes the successful cultural trials of red and white varieties of
guinea coi'u under conditions of drought.
Influence of potash on rape, T. W. Lonsdale (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 9
(1914), No. 4^ Pl>- 250-252). — This article reiwrts au increased growth of rape
to which sulphate of potash had been applied in addition to superphosphates.
The increase is given in terms of gain in weight of lambs pastured on the two
plats. Oii the plat without the potash the gain was 84 lbs. and with potash
147 lbs. in 1912-13, while in 1913-14 the gains were 350 lbs. and 482 lbs., re-
spectively.
Report of progress in sugar beet trials, J. W. Ince (North Dakota Sta.
Circ. 2 (1914), PP- 20, fig. 1). — This circular contains data showing results of
sugar beet exi)eriments conducted at the station and in cooi)eration witli
farmers over the State. Tabulated data from 176 samples show results of
analyses, cultural treatment, varieties used, relation of sugar to date of
harvest, and meteorological conditions for 1913.
The percentage of sugar in beets ranged in 1913 from 8.0 to 20.8. With some
fluctuations there was shown to be a general increase of sugar ranging from
14.53 to 10.01 per cent in samples harvested at difterent dates from September
25 to December 2.
436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A summary of sugiir beet oxitoriniciils carried on at the station siuce 1^01
shows tlie sugar conteut to have ranged from 0.81 to 16.3 per cent as averages
for the different years.
Field manual for sugar-beet growers, li. L. Adams (Chicago, 1913, pp. VI +
13Ji, fifjs. G). — This work records tlie re.sults of practical experiments and com-
parative field o))servations in tlie production of sugar beets from many sources.
Tlie subjects Irealcd include cultural work, growing beet seed, siloing beets,
manuring, crop rotations, feeding by-products, and beet troubles. Statistics
are also included.
[Manurial and variety experiments with seedling and other varieties of
sugar canes], J. II. Bovell and J. 1*. d'Albuquerque {liitt. Agr. Work Bar-
hados, 1910-1912, pp. Jf-111). — ^Results of 19 years of experimental work are
given. In the manurial tests chemical fertilizers were used in addition to
barnyard manure, and taking " the experiments for the 19 years as a whole,
the largest average yield (S,220 lbs. saccharose) and the best monetary result
was obtained where only nitrogen and potash were applied. In this case the
gain, after i)ayiug for the manure, was $17.84."
Identification of the seeds of species of Agropyron, R. C. Dahlberg ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {WW, No. 3, pp. 215-281, figs. 4).— This
article gives the results of a study to attempt to discover a diagnosis that
would unfailingly identify the seeds of the species of Agropyron. Such a
diagnosis, it is claimed, would be of value to the farmer, the seedsman, and
the seed laboratory. Laboratory methods of identification are described that
cover characters regarding shape of seed, rachilla. lemma, and palea of seeds
secured from many sources within the United States.
A summary of the work states that " it is possible by careful examination
to distinguish in commercial seed mixtures the seeds of the three species of
Agropyron: A. rcpens, A. smithti, and A. tenerum. There is no one character
which can unfailingly be relied upon for this diagnosis, but the combined char-
acters of lemma, palea, and rachilla are necessary for safe determination.
Probably the nearest approch to a single critical structure is found in the
palea, which exhibits fairly definite characters in each of the species."
Identification of plants, F. Fyles {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. Jf93-
406, pi. 1). — This describes Amaranthits spinosus, which has recently been
identified in Canada, and recommends methods for exterminating it, and also
Acroptilon picris, Hicracium aurantiacum, If. floribundum, H. pratetise, 11.
prcaUiim, and //. piloscUa. An account is given of goldenseal and its culti-
vation.
HORTICULTURE.
The encyclopedia of practical horticulture, edited by (1. Lowther and W.
WoRTHiNGTON {North Yakima, Wash., 1914, t'o/s. 1, pp. XV+664; ~. PP- 665-
1336; 3, pp. 1337-2037+24, iUtis.). — This three-volume work was prepared
under the auspices of fruit growers in the Pacific Northwest. It comprises as
a whole a reference system of American horticultural practices and investiga-
tions bearing on horticulture with special reference to fruits and vegetables.
Some attention is given to floriculture and propagation of plants in general;
peanut culture, nut culture, mushroom culture, and bee culture are also con-
sidered.
The arrangement of the work is alphabetical and all of the commercial fruits
and vegetables are treated in detail with reference to the various processes
involved in their propagation, successful culture, harvesting, and marketing.
Practically all the practices involved, such as irrigation, dx'ainage. cultivation,
pruning, intercropping, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting, storing, marketing, etc..
HOKIICULTUKE. 437
are given spocial tioatmont, as are also many related subjects iiioliuling tbc
more iuijiortant plant diseases, orcliard costs and management, transportation
costs, varieties, hybridization, plant pbysiologj^ evaporation of fruits, canning;,
preservinj;, preparation of fruits and vegetables for the table, equiimient of the
farm home, etc. Descriptions of the various fruit districts of the United States
and their peculiar adaptations are given, together with the latest statistics of
the industry for each district and for the whole country. Soil and climatic
conditions are treated, as well as frost data with approximate dates to provide
for and means and cost of prevention. The number of subjects enumerated
is over 4.500. The work is illustrated by several hundred illustrations. Bibli-
ogi'aphies on all phases of horticulture have been included, and an alphabetical
index has been jn-epared and appended to the last volume.
Although the encyclopedia was prepared in the Northwest and deals more
at length with practices of that region, the editors have been assisted by well-
known scientific and practical horticulturists throughout the United States
and Canada with a view to making the work of general application.
Horticulture in New Zealand, W. H. Taylor {Jour. Agr. [Hew Zeal.], 9
{191 -i). No. 6, pp. Ji57-461, fig. 1). — ^The pre.sent status of horticulture in New
Zealand is briefly considered.
Studies on the rest period of woody plants, L. von Poetiieui and O. KiJiiN
{Ostcrr. Bot. Ztsvhv., 64 {19U), No. 9-10, pp. J,10-.',20, figs. //).— The authors
conducted a series of experiments in which different methods of shortening the
rest period of plants were tried in combination. The plant material consisted
of branches about 16 in. long of such plants as weeping birch, European beech,
white poiilar, willow, Persian lilac, black alder, and European hornbeam.
Molisch's warm bath process (E. S. R., 20, p. 640) was tested in combination
with 12-hour periods of freezing, both before the bath and after the bath. The
results in general indicate that when the forcing is conducted early in the rest
period, freezing before the bath is superior to the bath alone in shortening the
rest period, but, as Molisch found for the effect of the warm bath itself, the
additional effect of freezing diminishes as the winter rest period progresses.
Freezing alone was less effective than the warm bath alone.
The wounding method employed by Weber (E. S. R., 25, p. 642) was also
tested in combination with the warm bath. Piercing the base of the buds
previous to the warm bath proved superior to either the warm bath alone or
wounding alone in shortening the rest period. Wounding alone was less effective
than the warm bath alone.
Removing the outer bud scales in the case of the Persian lilac and the
European beech was quite effective in shortening the rest period and proved to
be superior to merelj' piercing the base of the buds. The authors are of the
opinion that the beneficial influence obtained by removing the bud scales is due
to a readjustment of pressure conditions in the buds. With reference to the
selection of material for forcing pun)oses it was found that long branches
usually forced out earlier and quicker than short branches.
A bibliography of cited literature is included.
[Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations and farms],
AV. T. Macoun, F. T. Shutt, et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 259-
265, 286-S03, 801,-310, 313-316, 317-335, 338-31,6, 31,8-360, 362-36/,, 365-369,
373-379, 381-390, 392-1,01, .',01-1,10, pis. 7).— This is the customary progress
report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913, on breeding, cultural, and
variety experiments with fruits, vegetables, ornamental trees and shrubs, etc.,
being conducted at the Central Farm. Ottawa, and the various branch experi-
ment stations and farms in Canada (E. S. R., 29, p. 235).
438 EXPERIMENT STATION UECORD.
Of the .seedling fruits received for oxauiinatityii at tlie Central Farm during
1912 two apples and a plum are here deserihed, together with 1." seetlling apples
which fruited on the farm for the first time during the year. Of 1,118 apple
secKllings originated since VM^, 81 have thus far been considered sufficiently
promising to name. Descriptions are given of two crossbred varieties having
IMcIntosh and Lawver parentage. A number of second generation apple crosses
resulting from Saunders' work (E. S. R., 25, p. 613) fruited in 1012 and are de-
scribed, together with several promising seedling jjlums and strawberries.
In continuation of previous reports (E. S. 11., 24, p. 441) a record is given of
the yields, safes, expenses, and profits from the closely planted Wealthy apple
orchard. The orchard was planted in 1800 and occuf'ies about J acre. The
nuiJiber of trees had been reduced from 144 to 97 at the end of 1912. The total
net profit per acre for 17 years has been $1,508.24. The average net profit per
acre per year from date of planting is estimated at $88.72 and from date of
fruiting at $107.73. Notwithstanding these returns, however, the practice of
planting as close as 10 by 10 ft. is not recommended, since the trees must bo
removed from time to time to prevent crowding. Spraying was also difticult.
When close planting is practiced with such varieties as Wealthy and Wagener
It is advised that they stand at least 12 ft. part each way.
A variety list of the best vegetables based on the farm tests is given, together
with a record of the six most productive varieties of tomatoes in the greenhouse
test. The three best varieties of tomatoes for the two years of the test are
Industry, Sutton Satisfaction, and Bonny Best. References are given to the
literature of the horticultural division dealing with ornamental trees, shrubs,
and flowers, together with notes on the behavior of various kinds of everlast-
ing flowers tested iu 1912.
Considerable data are presented relative to tests of different varieties of
fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals at the branch stations and farms. A cost
record for 1911-12 is given for the new commercial orchard at the Nappan
Station, Nova Scotia (E. S. R., 29, p. 235). Data are also given on thinning
exiDeriments with apples conducted under the direction of the Kentville Station,
Nova Scotia. The results of these experiments Indicate in general that where
trees are inclined to be vigorous and bear heavy crops a decided Improvement
in size of fruit accompanies thinning. Certain trees do not appear to respond
as favorably to thinning as others. With the prices realized during the year
as a basis it is estimated that an increased net return of $6S.GG per acre was
secured by thinning Gravenstein apples. Lists are given of the best varieties of
fruits, vegetables, useful and ornamental trees and shrubs, herbaceous peren-
nials, climbers, and annuals for the Prairie Provinces.
Analyses of various insecticides and fungicides are included.
[Beport on] garden vegetables, B. Aune (U. S. Dept. Agi:, Bur. Plant
Indufi., Work Belle Fourchc Expt. Farm', 1D13, pp. 11, 18, fig. 1).—A number of
different varieties of garden vegetables were grown under irrigation at the
Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, S. Dak., during 1912 and 1913. A list is here
given of those varieti(>s which have proved satisfactorj^.
Relative production of apple varieties, F. Andrews (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners' Bui. 6'fl {IDl.'f), pp. lG-19). — The author here presents data showing
the relative production of the principal varieties of apples iu the United States
as a whole and in each of the important apple-producing States. The produc-
tion is expressed as percentages of a normal crop of all apples. A table is also
given showing the estimated approximate average annual production of leading
varieties of apples by the principal States covering the period 1909 to 1913. The
data are based upon replies received by the Bureau of Crop Estimates from
2,622 correspondents.
HORTICULTURE. 439
The fivo priiR'ipiil ai'i'Ics in ihv I'uiled States appa really are tiie lialdwiii,
with a relative production of 13.4 per cent of a normal apple crop; Ben Davis,
13.3 per cent; Northern Spy, 6.1 per cent; Winesap, 5.1 i)er cent; and Rhode
Island Greening, 4.7 per cent.
Improvement of citrus fruits by bud selection, A. D. Siiamkl (Cul. Cult.,
.',.] {WL'i), Xos. ,.'„^ pp. 51(!-'>1S; 2Jf, pp. 580, 5S1).—A popular resume of the
aiidior'.s invest l.i;a lions (K. S. R., 28, p. 541).
An inspection of (he average performance records for the seasons 1911 to 1914,
inclusive, from the ten best producing and ten lowest producing standard Wash-
ington navel trees, located in one of the best navel orange groves in California,
shows that the best trees have produced an average of 25.2 per cent more of the
most valuable sizes than the poorest trees of the standard type. The best trees
produced at the rate of $54(121 and the poorest at the rate of $128.44 per acre.
Some success has been attained in rei)lacing the poor Individuals with a heredi-
tary tendency to produce few and. poor fruits with toj)S that produced the larger
yield of better coiiuuercial grades and sizes of fruits.
Improvement of fruits by bud selection, L. B. Scott {Cal. Cult., J/Jf {.VJ15),
Nos, 2, pp. 35-37; S, pp. 68-71, fig. 1). — ^^\. popular account of the above noted
work of Shamel's in the improvement of citrus fruits, including also a brief
resume of similar work being conducted by the same investigator with decidu-
ous fruits.
Cold storage for tropical fruits, E. V. Wilcox and C. J. IIunn (Ilaicail St a.
I'rcss Bui. Jf7 {IDlJf), pp. 12). — In the experiments here reported a study was
made of the effect of cold storage on star apple {Chri/sophi/Uuiiv cdinito),
avocado, Qg, papaya, water lemon {Passiflora laurifolia), strawberry guava,
pineapple, and mango. Determinations were also made relative to the degree
of refrigeration and length of time required to kill the Mediterranean fruit
lly in various tropical fruits (see p. 451). Commercial refrigerator rooms main-
la iiied at average temperatures of 32, 36, and 45° F. were used. In the 32"
room the temperature ranged from 30 to 33° ; in the 36° room from 33 to 38° ;
and in the 45° room from 40 to 47°.
From these tests the conclusion is drawn that star apples intended for cold
storage should be picked in a half ripe condition, cured in a well-ventilated
room for about two days, and then held at 32° for not longer than three weeks.
A discoloration and fermentation of the pulp begins sooner in fruit infested
with fruit fly than in uninfested fruit.
Figs, even when picked in a ripe condition, seem to bo adapted to cold storage
at 32° for about one month. The flavor is unimpaired and the pulp is firmer
and more attractive in appearance than in freshly picked fruit.
Papayas proved not well adapted to cold storage on account of the rapid
development of molds in the dry papaine or juice of the papaya which exudes
from the minute skin punctures that are generally present. When nearly ripe
fruits were carefully washed in a 3 per cent solution of formalin and tlien
thoroughly dried and placed in paper bags before going to cold storage they
kept well for from 40 to 45 days, both at 32 and 36°.
Water lemons taken from a regular shipment of fruit to the territorial
market kept in perfect condition at both 32 and 36° for a period of three
months and held their flavor and physical appearance for four days after
removal from refrigeration. Strawberry guavas were not well adapted to
cold storage. Mildew developed abundantly on the rind and only a few of the
fruits kept their normal flavor and appearance more than two weeks.
The appearance of mangoes stored when green at 32° remained normal in
every way for the first month. Subsequent changes consisted in a shriveling of
the skin which injured the appearance of the fruit. The pulp, however, re-
84079°— No. 5—15 A
440 f:X PERI M EXT STATION RECORD.
inainecl in good state of preservation for a storage period of two months,
possessing a normal flavor. The flavor of the fruit was slightly flat when
subsequently exposed to ordinary temperature for a period of two days. This
was more noticeable with fruit stored at 3G°. Perfectly ripe mangoes pre-
served the normal texture and flavor for a storage period of 35 days, after
which the flavor deteriorated slightly.
Experiments with pineapples indicate that half-ripe and ripe pineapples may
be stored for six weeks at a temperature of 32° without harm to the color or
flavor of the pulp of the fruit. The only change is a slight deadening in the
color of the rind. The avocado seems to be well adapted to cold storage at a
temperature ranging from 32 to 3G° for a period of at least two months.
Seed from several varieties of star apples held at 45° for various periods up
to 25 days germinated promptly to the extent of 90 per cent, but seed from
fruit held for more than 30 days in cold storage failed to germinate at all.
Similarly with the seed of avocadoes, no germination took place from fruit held
longer than 20 days at a temperature of 32°.
Further researches on some statistics of Coffea, P. C. van dee Wolk
(Zt.scltr. IniJuktivc Abstain, u. Vcrcrbimf/slchn; 13 {lOlJf), A'o. 1-2, pp. 176-
ISi). — In continuation of previous studies (E. S. It.. 31, p. 142) the author here
presents some correlation tables referring to the relation between the number
of " bloomheads " per leaf axil and the number of blooms per " head " in
Coffea quillou. The author is of the opinion that the correlation coeflicient is
of no value to the physiologist.
In interpreting the correlations existing in the present tables a series of cor-
relation diagonals is used.
Chinese trees and shrubs, W. J. Bkan (Jour. Roy. Hort. /S'oc. [London], 40
{1914), ^'^- ^- PP- 215-225, ph. 8). — This comprises notes on a number of promis-
ing Chinese ornamental trees and shrubs which have been introduced to culti-
vation as a result of E. H. Wilson's explorations.
History of the garden pink, E. M. Kkonfeld (Geschichtc der Gartcnnelkc.
Vienna, 1013, pp. IV +212, pis. 2, figs. 53). — This comprises a historical account
of the garden pink, including the development of present day forms in France,
Germany, England, and America.
FORESTRY.
Sixth annual report on forestry operations, E. Skckest {Ohio Uta. Bid. 216
{tOlJf), pp. 317-330).— lu continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 29, p. 746)
a general statement is given of progress made in the operation of forest
nurseries, free distribution of stock, forestry experiments, farm woodlot prob-
lems, woodlot pasturage investigations, cooperative work with institutions
and municipalities, assistance rendered in foi-est planting operations and educa-
tional work, drainage basin and commercial tree studies, and wood utilization.
Suggestions are also given relative to needed legislation for the advancement of
forestry in Ohio.
[Report on] tree planting, B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.,
Work Belle FourcJie Expt. Farm 1913, pp. 15, 16). — Notes are given on the
condition and behavior of trees for shade, ornamental, and windbreak purposes
that have been tested on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm. S. Dak., since
1900.
In the test being conducted on dry land the only varieties that came through
the severe winter of 1912-13 without any winterkilling were the green ash,
Siberian pea, honey locust, and red cedar. Of these species the green ash and
Siberian pea are the most hardy and desirable. The work with trees under
irrigation has not progressed far enough to warrant any specific recommendation.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 441
Report on forestry. Wehlburg {Jnarh. Dcpi. Lnmlb. Nijv. en Hnndel Xedcr-
htnd. Inilii', r.U-i, ;>/>. 2'.Ki-.]0G). — A progress report on forest administration in
the Dutch East Indies, including information relative to alterations of forest
areas, cultural operations, forest protection, exploitation, yields in major and
minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the division of botany, II. T. Gtissow and J. W. Eastiiam (C'on-
udn E.rpt. Faniiti Ri)ts. 1913, pp. JiS0-.'i92). — An account is given of some of the
investigations which have been pursued during the year of the report, the work
covering a study of the storage rots of potatoes, experiments with Rhizoctonia
disease of potatoes, potato scab experiments, ergot, and storage spot of the
apple.
Under the heading of storage rots the author describes all the troubles due
to various organisms, and calls attention to the advisability of proper storage
and the removal and destruction of diseased tubers whenever foimd.
In the experiment for the control of the Rhizoctonia disease, tubers were
l)lanted in a tract of land that had pre\'iously been badly infected with the
fungus. One-half of the area was limed and the other half left untreated. The
seed tubers were given various treatments, such as soaking in corrosive sub-
limate solution, dipping in glycerin and rolling in sulphur, and soaking in lime-
sulphur solution. Examination of the crop showed no constant differences so
far as the treatment was concerned, but the variety Carman No. 1 was almost
entirely free from Rhizoctonia on the tubers.
The experiments with potato scab control included treatments with chlorid
of lime, corrosive sublimate, lime-sulphur solution, .sulphur, and sawdust. Saw-
dust has been claimed to be valuable for the control of this trouble, but proved
to be of no benefit. The lime sulphur reduced scab more than any of the other
treatments, although more than one-third of the tubers showed the presence of
some scab.
The storage spot of api)le was first noticed on Gravenstein apples in which
spots varying from 0.3 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter were observed. These were
depressed, brown in color, with dark centers, and in many cases appeared to be
about a lenticel. The spots were usually less abundant on the side of the apple
exposed to the sun. Cultures were made of diseased tissue and attempts made
to determine the cause, but without evident success. The authors state that
while the cause has not yet been demou.strated, it seems to be of a nonparasitic
and external nature and to have much in common with the so-called Jonathan
spot, which is suspected to be due to use of arsenate of lead as an insecticide.
Report from the branch laboratory of the division of botany, W. A.
McCuBBiN (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1013, pp. Ji97. 498). — An account is given
of the investigations being conducted at the branch laboratory at St. Catharines,
Ontario, the work reported being mostly that of a study of peach cankers, cur-
rant diseases, yellows, little peach, raspberry cane blight, etc.
The author reports the occurrence of Pyropolyponis ribis in large numbers
ou currants, and although a number of fungicides were tested none of them
seemed to have proved effective in destroying the fungus.
The raspberry cane blight, which was rather prevalent and destructive in
some parts of the district, was studied and experiments begun on the control
of the disease by spraying.
[Plant diseases in Mauritius], F. A. Stockdale Qn Suminart/ of Invesiiga-
iions of Fungus Diseases and Insect Pests Made During the Six Months Ended
442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
June 30. Mduriiins: Dept. Afjr., Jill'i. pp. J-.}). — This is a summary of inves-
tigations of fungus diseases made during the first half of 1914.
A root disease of sugar cane was connected with Marasmius, resembling
somewhat M. sacchari, but more the Hawaiian than tlie Javan or West Indian
form. Damage is caused by this fungus even in favorable seasons, several
varieties being attacked. The fungus may be starved out by elimination of
grasses or controlled by the use of quicklime, 3 to 5 tons per acre, or loss may
be prevented by the use of resistant varieties.
K(hI rot (ColIctotricJium falcatum) is reported from several localities. Selec-
tion of sound and resistant stock and removal of diseased canes at once and
of all canes at cropping time are recommended. A rind disease seems to be
associated with Mclanconium sacchari, for which sanitation is prescribed.
A gumming disease of sugar cane is reported, possibly due to a bacterium,
and a bacterial disease sometimes follows red rot. Some leaf diseases under
investigation do not appear to occasion much damage.
The cause of a fungus root disease of citrus x)lants has not been definitely
ascertained, but quicklime, forked into the soil, and isolation trenches are
indicated as beneficial.
Collar rot of potatoes, causing somewhat less damage than in ]01.'>, was less-
ened by the application of a small quantity of quicklime.
Hecent advances in our knowledge of the genus Phytophthora, G. H.
Pethybridge {Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 {1911t), No. 2, pp. 53-63, pis. 2). — The results
of a study of different species of the genus Phytophthora are given, and the
author concludes that the genus, as usually understood, contains species which
differ from one another fundamentally in the way in which the development
of the sexual organs takes place. This difference, it is said, practically compels
the splitting of the old genus Phytophthora into two, of which P. erpthroscptica,
P. iufcstans, P. pJiascoli, P. colocasicr, P. parasifica, and P. arccce are to be
retained in the old genus, while the other species are to be transferred to the
genus Nozemia.
Studies in North American Peronosporales, G. W. Wilson {Mi/cologia, 6
(IDl-'f), No. 4, pp. 192-210, pJs. 2). — These brief notes on miscellaneous spec-ies
include, among accounts of introduced or native forms, a discussion of the
new genus Bremiella ( representetl in America only by B. mcgaspcrma n. sp.),
the newly named form Pseudopcronospora huinuli, and the following new
species, Peronospora Icpidii, P. chama'sycis, and P. minima, with suggestions
as to renaming some other forms discussed.
Conidium production in Penicillium, C. Thom {Mycologia, 6 (Wl.'t), No. 4,
pp. 211-215, flg. 1). — The author describes and discusses some characters, modi-
fications, and changes as noted in the conidiophores, conidia, etc., of the forms
grouped under the name Penicillium.
A cancer of plants, R. Regamey (Conipt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 159
{191-i), No. 22, pp. 747-749). — A description is given of a canker-like growth
discovered on a young oak tree in the park of Versailles in which proliferous
tumors were present. From these tumors the author isolated an organism.
Microspira carcinopwus. Inoculation experiments have been unsatisfactory on
oaks, but positive results have been obtained where inoculations were made on
the common garden nasturtium and on ivies.
The disease is considered distinct from the crown gall of this country, and
the organism is said to be very different from the one causing the latter disease.
Oat sickness in sandy and clayey soils, J. Hudig (Tcrslag. Landbouwk.
Ondcrzock. Rijkslandbouwprocfsiat. [Netherlands], No. 15 (1914), pp. 7.'f-S6).—
Investigations previously reported (E. S. R., 24, p. 523; 25, p. 724; 28, p. 520)
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 443
have boen followed by a study of the belunior of oats on sandy or clayey soils
npon the addition of various fertllizinfr materials.
Light clayey soils show a tendency to produce oat sickness, this increasing
with the proportion of sand present. Treatment with alkali is injurious, but
that with acid fertilizers is helpful. In the case of sandy soils, superphosphate
and aninioniuni snlpliate are found helpful.
Clover and lucern leaf spot. Ivy Massee (Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 {l!)Vf), No. 2,
pp. 65-(n, fi(js. Jf). — A description is given of the leaf spot of clover and alfalfa
due to I'sciidopczha trifolii.
In addition to species of Trifolium. the fungus occurs on a number of species
of Medicago and also on TrigoncUa f anion gra'c urn As preventive measures, the
destruction of wild host species iu the vicinity of fields is advised, and, as the
fungus is borne on the seed, it is suggested that the seed be treated with hydro-
gen peroxid.
A fungus disease of berseem, J. Chrestian and R. Maiee {Bui. Agr. Algcric,
Tunisic, Maroc, 20 {IDL'f), Ko. 10, pp. 316-32.'f, figs. 6). — A description is given
of Rh(ib(lo.^pora alcxandrina n. sp., a fungus which has been found in xVlgeria to
be quite destructive of berseem or Egyptian clover {Trifolium alcrandrinuni).
The late blight of potato, S. K. Basu {Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orl'i.^a [India],
1 {1913), No. 2. pp. 142-149, fig. 1). — (Jiving an account of the sudden appear-
ance, quick spread, and destructive effects of Phytophthora infestans, which was
observed at and near the Sabour Experimental Station, India, during the very
foggy, misty weather which prevailed about Christmas, 1912, injuring potato
crops in some instances from 50 to 90 jier cent, the author cites evidence of its
having been brought down in mycelial form with seed potatoes shipped from
the hills on account of seed scarcity in the plains. No other solanaceous plants
were attacked by this fungus, but no potato variety iu India has proved im-
mune to late blight, although young plants are more resistant thereto.
Late planting is suggested, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture has appar-
ently helped in some cases.
A blight-proof potato {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp.
103-106). — An account is given of a productive variety of potatoes, New -Era,
which after about six years' trial is claimed to be totally resistant to blight and
also unusually resistant to frost.
A blight and frost resisting variety of potato {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 56
{191 ff), Nos. 1450, p. 250; 1452, p. i?SO).— These two notices refer to the variety
of blight proof potato above noted. The New Era potatoes, when tested iu the
British Isles, are said to have showii susceptibility to both late blight and
frost injury in that region.
Potato canker, O. Appkl {Deut. Landw. Finesse, 4I {1914), No. 67, pp. 794,
795, pi. 1). — A description is given of black scab or canker of potato (due to
Chriisophlijetis cndobiotiea) which is said to have appeared iu Germany in
IOCS, but which is believed to be confined to a few small areas. No remedial
measures are offered except complete destruction by fire of all plants on
affected soil and the employment of such land for other crops during at least
five years.
Potato scab, G. P. DAkNFXL-SMiTn (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 {1914), No.
10, pp. 809-872). — A number of causes of scab in potatoes are described, among
them i)hysical agencies, attacks of nematodes, and various fungi. According to
the author the fungi causing scab in Australia ai'e Oospora seabies, Rhizoctonia
solani, and Spondiilorhtdiuni atrovit-eus. Other fungi, such as Spongospora
.subirrranea and i^jiiichiitrium endobioticum, while producing scab of potato
tubers, have not yel been report<'d in (hat country.
444 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
Where the scab is due to the action of fungi the author recommends the
forniiilin treatment of seed [iotatoes.
Wart disease of potatoes, T. II. Middleton (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Lon-
don], Ann. Rpt. JJort. Brunch, l[)13-lJf, pp. 38-55). — An account is given of
investigations on control measures undertaken under the Wart Disease of
Potatoes Orders of ini3 and 1914. It has been demonstrated for at least five
years that certain varieties of potatoes, if true to type, are wholly I'esistant
to this disease, and that under ordinary conditions these varieties will yield
a sound cro]) while susceptible varieties will give a number of warty potatoes.
Potato spraying, Dukk ok Redkord and S. U. Pickering (Wohurn Expt.
Fruit Farm Rpt., J4 (lOU,), pp. 1-32; ah-i. in Gard. Chron., 3. ner., ,56 {191^),
No. lJ/60, p. JfOl). — A report is given of experiments on spraying potatoes, the
initial object of which was to ascertain the proportion of Woborn Bordeaux
l)aste which is equivalent in fungicidal action to ordinary Bordeaux mixture.
The paste is prepared by precipitating a solution of copper sulphate with
clear limewater sutficient to render the mixture barely alkaline and then sepa-
rating the precipitate. When used this is simply mixed with water and the
jjreparation is complete. Some difficulty has been met with in preparing a com-
mercial mixture of this sort, but the authors consider that this has been
overcome.
As a result of the experiments it was found that on potatoes sprayed for the
prevention of late blight 15 or 16 lbs. of the paste was as efficient as Bordeaux
mixture made with 8 lbs. of copper sulphate and 8 lbs. of lime to 100 gal. of
water. The Bordeaux mixture as prepared by the ordinary method would
contain five or six times as much copper as the paste.
A trial was made of soda Bordeaux, but it was found not to compare favoi'-
ably either with the paste or with ordinary Bordeaux mixture, even wlien the
amount of copper in it was very large.
Control of potato diseases in Wisconsin, L. K. Jones {T^isconsin Sta. Circ.
52 (1914), pp. 19, figs. Jf). — A popular description is given of a number of the
nonparasitic and pai'asitic diseases of potatoes, with suggestions for their con-
trol.
Studies on the relation of certain species of Fusariuni to the tomato blight
of the Pacific Northwest, II. B. Humphrey (Washington Sta. Bui. 115 {191-i\.
pp. 22, pis. 5). — The I'esults are given of an extended study of the liistory, dis-
tribution, cause, and methods of control of the disease commonly known as
yellow blight in the States of the Pacific Northwest.
This disease is generally characterized in its incipient stage by twisting of
the leaf accompanied by a purpling of the leaf veins. Later the leaves are
twisted and rolled inward, followed by a drooping, but not a wilting, of the
leaflets and leaves. The fruits develop poorly and often seeds are not pro-
duced. With the appearance of the blight there is a marked cessation of
growth, and all plants assume an erect habit excepting those cases in which
the root systems have been invaded late in the season.
The studies show that the cause of the disease is in part at least two specie.^;
of Fusarium, F. orthoceras and two varieties of F. ojpysporum. Chlamydn-
spores of the fungi are said to be produced abundantly in the soil, and it is
possible that they may also be propagated by a perennial mycelium formed in
the roots of blighted plants.
Among the factors which limit the disease are soil temperature and moisture,
wind movement, air temperature, and light intensity. Crop rotation and plant-
ing in virgin soil are thought to be of doubtful preventive value, the greatest
freedom from the disease being obtained where the practice of tran.splauting
from hotbed to cold frames or field is abandoned.
DISEASES OP PLANTS. 445
Apple canker, S. P. Wiltshire {Ah.s. hi ilard. Ghron., 3. set:, 56 (IDUf), No.
]/f60, p. JfOl).— The author reports that the wound parasite Nectria dltissima
invaruibly induces infection if the wound through which it enters is deep
enough to penetrate to or nearly to the wood ; otherwise protective tissue is
formed and the parasite is exchided from the living tissues. It is said that the
disease is generally localized, though the capability of the fungus to spread
from one part to another has not yet been determined. It is claimed that there
is no danger of communicating the disease by grafting provided the graft is
taken from a healthy shoot.
An algal disease of cacao, W. G. Frekman (Bui. Dept. Agr. TrhiUlad and
Tobago, l,i {lUlJf), No. S-h pp. 203, 2(1'/). — Notes are given on the occurrence of
a disease of cacao due to ih'phaleuroi< rirescen.t. The disease is said to be
manifested by a dying back of the shoots and is particularly characterized by
the leaves turning brown, but not falling, so that trees badly attacked are
covered by dead twigs and brown leaves.
In addition to occurring on the cacao this alga has been reported as doing
considerable damage to mangoes and to other tropical trees, as well as on tea in
India.
Operations against cacao canker, C. J. J. van Hall {Medcd. Proef.^tat.
Middcn-Jaca, No. 14 (1914), pp. 10). — This is a I'eport of observations on the
spread and effects of cacao canker in the vicinity of Pekalougan from 1908 to
1914, also of attempts there during the last two years to control the disease,
which is favored by wet weather, but appears to abate during the dry season.
The organism not only attacks wounded areas but uninjured parts also.
The use of Bordeaux mixture, especially on two experimental areas as de-
.scribed, reduced considerably in one year's time the number of trees showing
canker in the wet months of January and February.
Black spot of the mandarin (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914), No. 2,
pp. 143, 144). — Advice pending results of test experiments in progress is given
to orchardists. Trees are to be pruned radically on every appearance of dis-
ease, all of the prunings being destroyed by fire. Several spraying mixtures are
recommended, with directions as to proportion, strength, and times of appli-
cation. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 843).
American gooseberry mildew, T. H. Middleton (Bd. Agr. and Fisherie.<i
[London], Ann. Rpt. Ilort. Branch, 1913-14, PP- 10-3S). — A report is given of
the investigations carried on concerning the American gooseberry mildew under
the Destructive Insects and Pests Acts, in which the relation of weather con-
ditions to the appearance and development of the mildew, occurrence of the
disease on the fruit, state of the disease in various affected districts, and effect
of spraying on the control of the disease are described.
In the spraying experiments different strengths of lime sulphur, potassium,
sulphid, and Bordeaux mixture were used, but inspectors who visited the
premises at different times were convinced that the benefits resulting from
spraying were not commensurate with the cost. No spray material has proved
so successful in permanently reducing the disease as has the expedient of re-
moving and destroying the infected shoots as soon as the bushes have stopped
making growth.
The treatment of court-noue by tar, J. Bektrand (Bui. Agr. Algerie, Tunisie,
Maroc, 20 (1914), No. 1, pp. 15-20). — The author, citing experiments that have
been carried on for several years, states that coal tar may be successfully used
for the treatment of couit-noue. The affected vines should be prunwl and cov-
ered with tar very shortly after the pruning, the same day if possible. Care
should be taken that the .stock be well covered, but the tar must not come in con-
tact with the buds, as it is said to destroy them.
446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Downy mildew and measures for combating it, Y. Mabtinand (Rev. Vit.,
J/1 {191 'i). No. 1011, pp. 707-710). — A discussion is fe'iven of the role of rain,
dew, and fog in the dissomination of the spores of the downy mildew of grapes.
The diseases of the sweet pea, J. J. Taubknhaus (Delaware 8ta. Bill. 106
(IDl/f), pp. 93, figs. JfS). — This bulletin, which was also presented as a thesis
to tlie Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania, embodies the
results of the autlior's studies on the diseases of sweet peas. Some of the
conclusions have been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, pp. 352, Or»0). In the
bulletin llie author considers the diseases under the heads of fungus, bacterial,
and physiological diseases, discussing those which have attacked different
parts of the plant.
Among his conclusions the author states that the disease known as streak
in England is due to Bacillus lathyri and not Thielavia hasicola, as has been
claimed (E. S. R., 26, p. 551).
In connection with these investigations the pathogenic nature of Corticium
vagiim has been established, and Cha'tomiutn .^pirochcetc has been shown to
produce a root rot of the sweet pea. A Fusarium disease is described, and the
name F. lathyri n. sp. has been given the organism causing it.
Among the animal parasites of the sweet pea the nematode ITctcrodera
radicicola is described, and it is said that this pai'asite is associated with
several fungus diseases. A collar rot as well as a stem disease of the sweet
pea, due to Sclerotinia lihertiana, are described for the first time.
A mildew of the sweet pea, which is very prevalent under greenhouse con-
ditions, has been studied. This is due to a species of Oidium. The perfect
stage has not yet been found.
The relation of GlomercUa rufomaciilans, the cause of the anthracnose of
the sweet pea, to species of this fungus on other hosts is discussed at some
length. The author has shown the pathogenicity and infectious nature of the
mosaic disease, which is considered as probably due to bacteria or protozoa
which present methods of investigation are not able to detect. A disease known
as bud drop is described, which is said to be induced by a high nitrogen supply
which is not properly balanced by phosphoric acid and potash.
Under methods of control attention is called to the fact that certain indi-
viduals are more immune to anthracnose than others, although no one variety
seems particular!}' nonsuscei)tible.
Experiments are reported in which boiling seeds for one or two seconds,
soaking them in sulphuric acid, or soaking in 5 per cent formaldehyde solution
showed that all of these treatments would destroy the spores of parasitic
fungi without injury to germination. Soaking seeds in sulphui'ic acid inci-eased
the percentage of germination.
Watering soils with chemical solutions is said not to increase the resistance
of plants grown in that soil.
A method has been devised for deteinnining the length of time which any
fungicide can remain efhcient in conti'olling plant diseases when sprayed on
the plant to be treated. This consists essentially of siiraying the fungicides on
a large mimber of slides which are dried and divided into different lots and
germination tested at definite intervals.
A bibliography of the subject is given.
The chestnut blight fungus and a related saprophyte. P. J. and H. W.
Anderson (Pcnn. Chestnut Tree might Com. Bui. Jf (1913). pp. 26, figs. 6).—
The substMuce of this bulletin has alreadj' been noted from another source
(E. S. R., 28, p. 551).
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 447
The destruction of insects and fungi, L. Skmiciion (Rev. Vit., .'/2 (1914),
No. 1076, PI). tl.-i-LW). — The author descrihes the use of hot water for (he
control of certain Insects and fungus diseases.
Among the fungi which it is claimed may he controlled in this manner are
various mildews and other fungi with the superficial mycelium. The young
plants, or those vigorously growing in early si)ring, are said to be able to with-
stand water heated to 70° C. (158° F.), and older tissues, such as fruit trees,
readily withstand a temperature of 75°.
In applying the hot water treatment the author recommends the addition of
boiling water to water of a lower temperature so as to bring the amount re-
quired to a temperature of 71 or 72°. This is to be drenched over the plants
and not sprayed in the form of a mist. Where it is desired to treat grades for
downy mildew, it is recoumiended that a Icilogram of neutral copper acetate be
added to each hectoliter (1 lb. to 12 gal.) of water heated to 65°. This tem-
perature of the water not only aids in rapid solution, but is said to increase the
spreading of the fungicide.
A form of apjiaratus is described which is reconunended to i>e used in connec-
tion with spraying witli hot water.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Wild life conservation in theory and practice, W. T. IIornaday (New
Haven, Conn., and London, 1914, PP- yi+2.'f0, pis. 19). — This work consists of
lectures delivered before the Forest School of Yale University in 1914. The
subjects discussed are the extinction and preservation of valuable wild life, the
economic value of our birds, the legitimate use of game birds and mammals,
animal pests and their rational treatment, and the duty and power of the
citizen in wild life protection.
A chapter on private game preserves as factors in conservation (pp. 195-222),
and a bibliography of more recent works on wild birds with special reference to
game preserves and the protection and pi-opagation of game (pp. 223-229), by
F. C. Walcott, are included.
Useful birds and their protection, E. IL Forbush {Bonton: Mass. Bd. Agr.,
1913, Jf. cd., pp. XX-\-.'i5}, ijIs. 61, figs. 111). — A revise<l and enlarged edition of
the work, i)revionsly noted (E. S. R., IS, p. 1143).
Birds of New York, E. II. Eaton (.V. 1'. male Mas. Mem. 12, pt. 2 (1914),
pp. 119, pis. 64, figs. 65; rev. in Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), No. 1036, pp. 611,
618). — This second part of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 53) com-
prises discussions of bird ecology (pp. 5-46), the economic value of birds (pp.
40-51), the status of our bird laws (pp. 51, 52), special measures for increasing
bird life (pp. 52-58), bird refuges (pp. 58, 59), private preserves (pp. 59, 00),
and a systematic account of land birds (pp. CJ-543).
The chapter on bird ecology treats of the fundamental factors of environment,
bird habitats, nesting sites of New York birds, bird comnnniities, succession of
bird life, birds of Potter swamp, birds of a typical deciduous forest, birds of the
central lake ravines, the influence of culture operations, such as timber cutting,
draining of swamps and marshes, pruning of shade and fruit trees, etc., food of
birds, and injury done by birds in different ways by particular species.
The systematic part treats of the genera and species in the sequence of the
A. O. U. Check List. Sixty-five half-tone illustrations, mostly of young birds or
of nests and eggs, 04 colored jilates by L. A. Fuertes, and an index to the two
volumes are included.
The review is by J. A. AUeu.
448 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The frogs and toads [of Long- Island], F. Overton (Mas. Brooklyn Inst,
Arts and Sci., Sci. Bid., 2 (JOI.'f), No. 3, pp. 21-/(0, pis. 12, fig. Jf).— In this paper
two species of toads and eight of frogs occurring on Long Island are briefly
dealt with. Photographic illustrations are included.
The scope and aims of applied entomology, A. D. Imms {Parasitology, 7
{iOl-i), JN^o. 1, pp. GO-87). — The author discusses this subject under the head-
ings of medical entomology, agricultural entomology, economic entomology, and
the place of physiological research in applied entomology.
A list of references to the literature cited is api^ended.
Experiments on inheritance in parthenogenesis, W. E. Agar (Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London, Scr. B, 205 U'.lL'i), Xo. .:i2.i, pp. J,21-4S9).— In the investiga-
tions here rei)orted the author made use of four insects which commonly repro-
duce parlhenogenotically. namely, 8iin<jcephalus exspinosus, *S'. retulus, Daphnia
ohtiisa, and Macrosiphum anthcrinii.
Report from the division of entomology for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1913, C. G. Hewitt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. J,99-518, pi. 1).—
This report deals briefly with the administration of the Destructive Insect and
Pest Act under the headings of inspection and fumigation of imported- nursery
stock and field work against the brown-tail moth and parasite work; with in-
sects affecting field crops, fruit crops, forest and shade trees, domestic animals,
find man, and garden and greenhouse; and with apiculture.
Among the more important pests of the year meutioue<l are cutworms (Prosa-
grotis delorata, Euxoa ochrogaster, et al.), depredations by which were extensive
and unusually severe in southern Alberta ; chinch bugs, about 25 per cent of
which were destroyed in the fall by Sporotrichum globuliferum ; eelworms,
which injured wheat plants in Alberta by attacking the stems and may prove to
be the European pest Tylenchus dci'astatrix, this being the first record of injury
to staple crops by the pest in North America; the seed corn maggot (Pcgomya
fusciccps) which w'as unusually injurious in Ontario; Olctli rentes frigidnna,
not previously regarded as of economic importance, which was found to injure
apple buds in Nova Scotia ; the apple maggot and the San Jose scale, both of
which appeared in Nova Scotia for the first time; the strawberry root weevil
{Otiorhynehus ovatus) (E. S. R., 30 p. 58), one of the most injuinous small
fruit pests in British Columbia; the western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma
erosa), which defoliated apples in the Eraser Valley; .1/. ainericana and J/.
disstria, which were abundant on forest and shade trees in Ontario, Quebec,
and New Brunswick ; bark beetles, several species of which were the source of
considerable injury to timber; the spruce budworm (Tortrix fumiferana),
which is gradually spreading eastward ; scale insects of several species which
injured forest and shade trees; tbe larch case bearer (Coleophora laricella),
which was abundant on larches at Ottawa ; the Rocky Mountain spotted fever
tick (Dcrmacentor vcnustus), chiefly distributed in Canada in the Kootenai
legion; the European ox warble or botfly (Hypoderma bovis) which has been
found to occur in British Columbia, and at Agassiz to be the common species
(E. S. R., 29, p. 357) ; etc.
Annual report for 1913 of the zoologist, C. Warburton (Jour. Roy. Agr.
fioc. England, 74 (1913), pp. .:i79-3S9, figs. 3). — Among the insects discussed are
the spruce aphis (Aphis ahictina), pea thriiis, and raspberry beetle (Byiurus
tomenfosus) .
[Report of] division of entomology, F. P. Jepson (Fiji Dept. Agr. Ann.
Rpt. 1918, pp. 12, 13). — This is a brief report of the work of the year in Fiji.
Report of division of entomology for 1913; D. d'Emmerez de Charmoy
(Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Main-itiiis, 1913, pp. 10-12). — This report deals briefly
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 449
with the oceiirrenoo of Iho more imiwrtant insects, especially those attacking
sugar cane. Tiphia paraUcla, a parasite of Phytalm smithi, was introduced
from Barbados dnriiii,' the year.
[Insect pests in Mauritius], D. d'Emmerez de Charmoy (.In ^iinnixny of
Investij/ations of Fungus Diseases and Insect Pests Made During the Six
Months Ended June 30. Mauritius: Dept. Agr., 1914, PP- 4, 5). — A brief report
on the more important insects in Mauritius and means for tlieir control.
Crop pest handbook for Behar and Orissa (including also western Bengal)
(Calcutta: Dcpt. Agr., Bchar and Orissa, 1913, pp. XXni+[170]-{-21, pis. -,2,
figs. Jf). — This work deals with the important insect enemies and diseases of
plants in this part of the Bengal I'residency under the headings of the crops
attacked. Under each insect the nature of damage, locality and time of ap-
pearance, food plants, description and life history, and remedial measures are
briefly dealt with. A colored plate illustrating the life stages and nature of
the injury accompanies the accounts of most of the pests. Remedial and con-
trol measures in general are taken up in several appendixes.
Insects found on nursery stock imported into New Jersey during 1913,
IL B. Weiss (Ent. Xcus, 25 {191.'i), Xo. 9, pp. 392-395, figs. 2).— Lists are pre-
sented of insects intercepted during (1) the spring and (2) the fall.
Some consideration on protection of orchards from insects, P. J. Parrott
(West. N. Y. Hart. Soc. Proc, 59 il91Jt), pp. 110-118, figs. 5).— The author here
discusses (1) the susceptibility of eggs of insects to spraying mixtures, (2)
the comparative merits of various sulphur mixtures, (3) some insects that dis-
figure fruits, (4) the injurious work of tree hoppers in apple orchards, (5) the
parasites of the San Jose scale, and (6) spraying to combat plant lice of apple
i rees.
Insects injurious to the household and annoying to man, G. W. IIi:rrick
(New York, 191^, pp. -YT7/+//7rt, pis. 8, fl(js. 152). — A concise description of the
appearance, habits, and injuries of household pests, written particularly for the
housekeeper and for those who desire to obtain information regarding household
pests and practical methods of controlling them.
New species of Diaspinae living on the olive, (i. Leonardi (Bol. Lab. Zool.
Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 7 {1913), pp. 66-11, figs. 5).—Aonidia
olexe and Lepidosaphes olivina infesting leaves of the olive in Eritrea are de-
scribed as new.
The larger corn stalk borer, G. G. Ainsije (U. S. Dept. Agr., Fc.rniers' Bui.
63^ iWlJf), pp. S. figs. .'/).— This bulletin dealing with Diatrwa s'lcchanilis,
better known as the sugar cane borer, is a reprint of Bureau of Entomology
Circular 116, previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. M).
On the conversion of cotton sticks into charcoal for the destruction of the
pink bollworm, A. T. McKillop (Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 (191^), No. 2, pp. 127-
129). — It is stated that during the year 1913 the pink bollworm (Gclechia
gossypiella) infestation was so high that it was impossible to find cotton seed
which did not contain from 3 to 20 per cent of living worms, and that the worms
nt the time of writing were present in millions in the dry cotton bolls on stalks
stored on the top.s of the fellahin houses. It is reported on the authority of A.
Andres that the larvte form cocoons in the interior of the seetis and remain in a
dormant state for as long as seven months without requiring any nutriment.
Since the law regarding the bollworm is in the course of reconstruction, it is
thought that it may be advisable to introduce a proviso that all cotton stalks be
destroyetl by fire or carbonized before a fixed date.
The series of experiments here reported upon show that l)y the baladi method,
which is described, the bollworm may be destroye<l and from 9 \o ~^~^ per cent
450 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
of the original wei^lit of tbe stalks bo letainod as charcoal. A retort is said to
have been iiateiiled vvhicli will convert sn)all lots of cotton stalks into charcoal
in a few bonrs and is capable of uiakinj? from one-fonrth to one-half a ton per
day. Attention is called to tbe fact that the calorific value of the charcoal is
7,420, as compared with that of 2,744 for cotton wood.
A new Gracilaria on azalea, A. Busck (Inseciiti/r Inacitia: Men.Hlruua, 2
(WJJf), No. J, pp. 1, 2). — Gracilaria azalexB, a lepidopteran reared from leaf-
mining lai'vaj on azalea at Yonkers, N. Y., also at New Brunswick, N. .7., from
azalea im])orted from Germany, is described as new to science.
The chestnut bast miner, A. BusOic {lnHccutor Inscitiw Mcnfitriiuft, 2 (lOUf),
No. 1, pp. 3, //. fi(j. 1). — Ectoedcmia phleophnga, a tineid which lives in the lower
layer of the bark of the chestnut .just above and encroaching upon the cambium,
is described as new. Both larvai and adults of this .species have been reared at
Falls Church, Va.
Observations of the enemies of rice (Oryza sativa), particularly Chirono-
inus cavazzai, F. Cavazza {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Bcuola Sup. Agr.
Pnrtici, 8 (1914), pp. 228-239, pi. i).— This article deals largely with the
biology of C. cavazzai, a chii'onomid that is a source of injury to rice in the
Italian Provinces of Bologna and Ferrara. 1'his dipteran was first described
by Kiefler in 1913.«
A contribution to the knowledge of bloodsucking' Ceratopogoninoe of
Brazil, A. LuTz (Mem. Inst. OswaUlo Cruz, 5 (1913), No. 1, pp. 45-73. pU. 3). —
Twelve species are described as new in this continuation of the work previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 54).
The posterior stigmata of dipterous larvae as a diagnostic character, with
especial reference to the larvae incriminated in cases of myiasis, M. E. Mac-
Gregor (Parasitology, 7 (1914), No. 2, pp. 176-188, pis. 3, figs. ,?).— This study is
illustrated by photomicrographs of the various forms of posterior stigmata
occurring in dipterous larvse concerned in myiasis.
Myiasis of the urinary passages, E. F. King (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 63
(1914), No. 26, pp. 2285, 2286). — Fannia scalaris was the species concerned in
the case here reported.
Effect of cold storage upon Mediterranean fruit fly, E. V. Wilcox and C. J.
IIuNN (Hatcaii Sta. Press BiiL -}7 (1914), PP- 10-12).— It is pointed out that
in fruit fly experiments in Australia (K. S. It., 19, p. 14,'j) in 1907 eggs exposed
to temperatures of from 33 to 35° F. lived for 15 days. In experiments con-
ducted by the authors no pup;e developed and no adult flies were obtained
from infested star apples ((■hnjsopJn/lUnii cainito) kept in cold storage for
10 days at a temperature of 32°; and no adult flies were obtained from in-
fested figs kept at the same temperature for the same length of time.
Experiments were then conducted with infested mangoes and citrus placed
in two cold-storage rooms, one kept at a temperature of 32°, the other at 3G°.
Baskets of infested fruit were removed at the end of 2i days and every day
thereafter until a period of 15i days had elapsed. Thirty flies emerged from
the fruit kept at 36° and 25 from that kept at 32°, but no adult flies from fruit
which had been kept at a temperature of 32° longer than 2^ days, and no flies
from fruit which had been held at a temperature of 30° longer than 41 days.
A series of experiments was conducted in which 6 full grown larvre were
placed on moist sand in each of a number of jars and kept in rooms exposed
to a temperature of 32 and 36° for 4, 7, 11, and 14 days, respectively. Two
larvfe in the jar kept at 32° for four days pupated after removal but no further
development took place. All the larv:e were dead when examined 22 days
»Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portlci, 7 UOlo), p. 210.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOCJY ENTOMOLOGY. 451
jiflor renioviil from cold storage. In the jar kept at 30° for four days two
larva? were alive and one had pupated at the end of that time, a single adult
fly emerging from one of tlie pup;o at tlie end of 15 days. From tlie jar re-
moved after seven days two larvaj were dead and four alive, while all the
larvie were dead in llie jars removed after 11 and 14 days.
The autliors conclude that while fruit fly larvre and eggs failed to live
through an exposure in cold storage even at 36° for longer than 4J days, it is
not safe, however, to assume 4J days as an outside limit. They consider it
safe to assert that infested fruit maintained for two weelvs at a temperature
of 3li° could not possihly contain Ihe living fruit fly in any stage. Avocados
are about tlie only cunuuercial Hawaiian fruils sulyect lo Mediterranean
fruit fly infeslation for which there is a demand on Ihe mainland, but Ihey
may be held for at least two months in cold storage.
The assertion that avocados could be ])ickled in salt water in sucli a manner
as to destroy the fruit fly and make them safe for shipment to the mainland
led tho authors to make a few tests. Ripe and green avocados were placed
in salt water of strengths varying from ^ to 1 lb. of salt per gallon, and left
le stand at ordinary room temperature. At the end of one montli tho avocados
were found to be perfectly preserved, the color, texture, and appearance being
the same as when placed in the salt water, and no fermentation or decay had
taken place. After having been ])laced in fresh water to extract the salt the
fruit was tested, and the flavor found to be flat and disagreeable. Thus it
appears doubtful whether avocados can be preserved in salt water without
losing much of the delicacy of their flavor.
The marg'uerite fly or chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza chrysan-
themi), M. T. Smulyan {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 157 {lOlJf), pp. 21-52, pis.
3). — This agromyzid fly has been the source of considerable injury to jilants
grown under glass in Massachusetts for ornamental purposes, especially to
marguerites or daisies, chrysantlienunns, and other Composittt!. In many
instances the commercial growing of marguerites and some other Composlt;e is
said to have been given up on account of the injury caused by this pest.
The marguerite fly, which was first detected in this county in October, ISSO, in
a greenhouse near Glen Cove, N. Y., is said to be generally distributed through-
out tlie eastern part of Massachusetts, and to be known to occur in tlie States
of New Hampshire. Connecticut. New York, Tennsjivania, Illinois, Wisconsin,
and Montana, and is doubtless present in many others. While marguerites
and feverfews seem to be its favorite host plants, it is also known to attack
eupatoriunis, gazanias, heliauthus, cinerarias, tansies, chrysanthemums, golden-
rod, ragweed, dandelions, beggai'-ticks, wild carrot, the common white or oxeye
daisy, and everlasting or ladies' tobacco.
The injury is caused by the larvjB mining within the leaves and living upon
the mesophyl or fleshy portion. The mining is seen on the surfaces of the leaves
as irregular whitish lines or patches, often extending to talve in the whole
surface, and causes the death of part or tlie whole leaf. The activity of the
larva results in a serious interference with normal growth, in checking flowering
or in the reduction of the number of flowers normally produced, and in a
reduction in the size of the flow^ers. Small plants may be killed in a com-
paratively short time if exposed continually to attack.
From 125 to 150 eggs may be deposited by a single female. The eggs are laid
singly in horizontal incisions made by the ovipositor between the parenchyma
and epidermis principally on the lower surface. The eggs hatch in slightly
over 4.5 to somewhat over 5.5 days. Pupation takes place within the larval
mine, the pupal stage lasting as a rule from 13 to 15 days. The mean or
average length of a complete life cycle or generation is about 33.5 days.
452 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" Tlie insect may be controlled by spraying with the nicotin solutions black-
Jeaf 40, Nico-Fiinie liquid, and i\'icoticide, diluted from 400 to 450 times in
water, and ar)l>lied at intervals of 11 or 12 days, or somewhat oftener if the
temperature in the greenhouse is higher than that at which marguerites are
usually kept. The picking of leaves, it would seem, is in most cases neither
adequate nor satisfactory."
A bibliography of the literature relating to this subject is appended.
Life history of the melon fly, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton ( TJ. H. Dcpt.
Apr., Join: Agr. Research, 3 {1!HJ,), No. 3, pp. 269-27 4). —This r)aper reports the
results of studies of the life history of Bactrorera (Dacus) eueurhitw as
worked out by the authors in the Hawaiian Islands, where, next to the Medi-
terranean fruit fly, it is tlie most important insect enemy of fruits and vege-
tables. Brief accounts of this species by Van Dine (E. S. R.. 18. p. 61) and by
Marsh (E. S. R., 25, p. 461) have been previously noted.
While first I'ecorded in November, 1808, it is said to have been known about
Honolulu for many years before. The pest has spread so rapidly that it is now
found on all the important islands of the Hawaiian group, and cantaloups and
watermelons can not be grown except on new land distant from old gardens.
More than 95 per cent of the pumpkin (Cueurhita pciio) crop is annually ruined
and havoc is caused among the more resistant cucumbers (Cueiimis sativus).
The fly not only oviposits in the fruit but more often — with the pumpkin and
squash — in the unopened male and female flowers, in the stem and vine, and
even in the seedling itself, especially in seedlings of the watermelon and canta-
loup. Entire fields of watermelons have been killed before the plants were 6
to 8 in. long by the larvje boring into the taproot, stem, and leaf stalks. At
certain seasons of the year nearly all the flowers are affected before they have
an opportunity to bloom. In addition to cucurbitaceous crops, which are the
favorite hosts, certain leguminous crops, such as string beans and cowpeas, are
often badly attacked. When the preferred host plants are scarce even peaches,'
papayas, and similar fruits are attacked to a limited degree.
No satisfactory remedy has as yet been found to prevent the infestation, al-
though a small percentage of the crops subject to attack may be saved through
covering the young fruit with cloth or paper or, in cases of cucurbits, by bury-
ing them in the soil until they become sufficiently large to withstand attack.
Life history studies are reported in detail in tabular form. During the sum-
mer months when the daily mean temi>erature is about 79° F. the eggs hatch
in from 26 to 35 hours after deposition, while at a mean temi>erature of 73.6°
they hatch in from 52 to 54 hours. The larva passes through three instars; at
a mean temperature of about 79° its development is completed in from 4 days,
4 hours, to 7 days. At mean temperatures ranging from 71.6 to 79.4° the pupal
stage varies from 7.5 to 13 days. Adults, which emerged February 17, were as
strong and vigorous 6 months and 14 days later as when they emerged. The
majority of the females observed did not mate until fully 25 days after emerg-
ing. At mean temperatures averaging 75.5° ovipositiou did not commence imtil
one month after emerging but continued for a number of months. Thirty-six
is said to be the largest number of eggs secured from a single melon fly in one
day. The daily oviposition by 10 flies is recorded. 169 eggs deposited from May
31 to August IS by a fly which emerged February 17 and was placed on fruit
May 22 being the largest number.
Observations on the larvae of fleas, A. W. Bacot and W. G. Ridewood [Para-
f^itology. 7 {W14), No. 2, pp. 157-175, figs. 6).— This article deals largely with
the morphology of flea larvfe.
Short notes on Anisoplia austriaca and methods of combating it. I. V.
Vassiliev {Tnuhj Biliro Ent. [St. Peter.vb.], vol. 7, Xo. 2, ^. enl. ed. {191.',), pp.
ECONOMIC ZOOLCKJV — ENTOMOLOGY. 453
36, plf^. 2, figs. 20; ab,^. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Sci: A, Xo. Jf, pp. 259-261).—
This paper discusses the biologj', uatural enemies, and means of control of
A. austriaca, a lamellicorn beetle that is of considerable economic importance
in southern Russia, Austria-Hungar3% Syria, and Asia Minor.
About 22 months are required for the development of the larva and three
weeks for the pujui. The adult beetle attacks chiefly rye, wheat, and barley
at the time the grain is still soft, gnawing the seeds, and sometimes devouring
them entirely. Three parasites, namely, TipJiia fonorata, T. morio, and IScoUa
quadripunetafa, attack the larvje. A fungus disease due to Entonwplithora
[Mctdrrhizium] aiiifiopliw caused a high mortality among the larvic in 1902,
from 60 to 70 per cent having been destroyed in the vicinity of Kishenef. The
remedial measures suggested include trap crops of wheat and rye and also
maize, and replowing for the destruction of the eggs and larvae. In south and
middle Russia there are additional species of Anisoplia, such as A. cyathigcra,
A, scgetum, and others, which are less injurious.
A synoptical table to facilitate the identification of the various species of
Anisoplia, another giving the distinctive characters of the commoner lamellicorn
larv;e found in the soil, and two colored plates are appended.
Description of a new African coccinellid, Serangium giffardi n. sp., G.
Gkaxdi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, S {1914), pp.
165-178, figs. 8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No. 6, p. 348).— 8.
giffardi, collected in Nigeria and Kamerun by F. Silvestri, is said to be actively
prodaceous on Aleyro<lidfe, both in the adult and larval stages.
Description of the larva and pupa of Sitona humeralis and studies of the
morphology of the adult, G. Grandi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola
Sup. Agr. Portici, 7 {1913), pp. 93-100, figs. 7; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914),
Scr. A, No. 3, p. 181). — This article relates to the morphology and biology of »S'.
humeralis, the larva of which feeds on the roots of alfalfa and other species
of Medicago (J/, sativa, M. lupulina, and M. minima).
A nematode parasite of the olive weevil, G. del Gueecio (Redia, 9 {1913),
No. 2, pp. 233, 234; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel,
and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 7, pp. 967, 968). — ^A minute nematode, ap-
parently a Rhabditis. has Iieen observed by the author since 1911 to be a para-
site of the olive weevil (Rhgnchites ruber), an account of which pest has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 455). It attacks the larvae when they leave
the olives and burrow into the ground. When inside the larva the nematode
grows and reproduces so that the host becomes a center of infection for other
larvfo ; the infested larva eventually becomes motionless and dies.
The artifi.cial fertilization of queen bees, F. Jager and C. W. Howard
{Science, n. ser., 40 {1914), No. 10.37, p. 720). — The authors report apparent
success in one of eight attempts to fertilize queen bees artificially. At the
time of writing 3.000 eggs had been laid by this queen bee. all of which had
produced worker bees, with the exception of four which produced drones. In
every respect the brood, capping of cells, and the resulting worker bees were
r^erfectly normal.
A little-known orchid pest (Isosoma orchideainim), L. A. Whitney {Ho.
Bui. Com. Hort. Cal, 3 {1914), No. 11, pp. 483-485, figs. 4).— An account is
given of the life history and of control measures for /. orchidearum, a hymenop-
teran regarded by florists as one of the worst pests to which the orchid is
subject.
" The most practical control measures are constant watchfulness, fumiga-
tion with a vaporizing insecticide for the adults, and the cutting and buniing
of infested buds. This seems like heroic treatment, but if not taken in time
this insect will quickly destroy a prize collection of plants."
454 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The chalcis-fly in alfalfa seed, T. D. Ukbaiins {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. (j.U) {l91Ji), pp. 10, figa. 10). — The clover-.seeci chak-is-fly, accounts of
whicli have been previously uoted (K. S. II., 10, p. 72; 17, p. 10S9), is generally
termed the alfalfii-seed elialcis-tly by alfalfa seed growers. It has increased
so r.'ipidly that its destructive work is now causing a large annual loss, in
some sections even threatening the production of alfalfa seed. Investigations
of it by the Bureau of Entomology of this Dei)artnient were commenced in the
fall of 1U12 with a view to determining some practical method of control.
Its development and habits, distribution, and nature of its injury are briefly
described. Tlie percentage of the alf.ilfa seed crop destroyed can only be
estimated by ojiening a large number of the seed ptxls and ob.serving the in-
fested seed. Seed pods collected«iu different localities and subjected to examina-
tion with a microscope showe^l that the chalcis fly destroys from 10 to 30
per cent of the seeds in the early crops and from 20 to 70 per cent of the seeds
in the late crops. Some samples have been examined which showed that S5
per cent of the seed had been destroyed by this pest. The loss has been observed
on different farms to vary from $5 to $60 per acre.
While the methods for its practical control are still in the experimental
stage some of the fundamental practices which should be carried out by every
alfalfa seed grower to obtain immediate results include harvesting severely
infested crops, cleaning fence lines and ditch banks, winter cultivations, destroy-
ing the screenings, burning fence lines and check ridges, planting clean seeds, cut-
ting the seed crops, stacking the seed crop, destroying bur clover, and cleaning
the seed. The necessity of organized efforts is emphasized.
Contributions to our knowledge of the British Braconidse. — II, Macrocen-
tridae, with descriptions of two new species, G. T. Lyle {Entonioloyist, 1ft
(1914), Nos. 617, pp. 257-262, pi. 1; 618, pp. 287-293) .—This second paper (E.
S. R., 31, p. 159) deals with Macrocentrus, species of which are gregarious or
solitary parasites of larvte of Lepidoptera. and with Zele, species of which are
solitary parasites of the larvtc of Lepidoptera.
A new proctotrypoid egg parasite from the West Indies, A. P. Dodd {Ent.
News, 25 {191 Jf), No. 8, p. 350). — A teleuomid reared from eggs of a leaf-
hopper {Ormcnis sp.) collected at Rio Piedras, P. R., is described as Phanurus
flaviis u. sp.
Beport of a trip to Africa in search of fruit fly parasites, F. Silvesxbi
(Bol. Lah. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Sctiola Sup. Agr. Portici, S (1914), PP- 3-164,
figs. 70). — ^A translation of this paper has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31,
p. 455).
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Coloring matter of raw and cooked salted meats, R. Hoagland ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), ^'o. 3, pp. 211-226, pis. 2, fig. 1).—In this
paper are reported a number of spectroscopic and chemical analyses of salted
meats.
" The red color of fresh lean meat, such as beef, iwrk, and mutton, is due to
the presence of oxyhemoglobin, a part of which is one of the constituents of
the blood remaining in the tissues, while the remainder is a normal constituent
of the muscles. When fresh meat is cooked or is cured by sodium chlorid, the
red color changes to brown, owing to the breaking down of the oxyhemoglobin
into the two constituents, hematin, the coloring group, and the proteid. globin.
" On the other hand, when fresh meat is cured by means of a mixture of
sodium chlorid and a small proportion of potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, either
0.S a dry mixture or in the form of a pickle, the red color of the fresh meat is
FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 455
not destroyed during the curing process, the finished product having practically
the .same color as tlie fresh meat. Neither is the red color destroyed on cooli-
iug. but rather is intonsilietl."
The results of tliis investigation may be I)riefly suumiarized as follows:
" The color of uncooked salted meats cured with potassium nitrate, or salt-
peter, is generally due, in large part at least, to tlie presence of NO-henioglobin,
altliougli the color of certain lands of such meats may be due in part or in
whole to NO-hemochromogen.
"The NO-hemoglobin is produced by the action of the nitric oxid resulting
from the reduction of the saltpeter used in .salting upon the hemoglobin of the
meat.
"The color of cooked salted meats cured with saltx)eter is due to the presence
of NO-hemochroniogen resulting from the reduction of the color of the raw
SKdted meat on cooking."
A list of cited literature is appended.
Changes in composition of peel and pulp of ripening bananas, H. C. Gore
(U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {19U), No. 3, pp. 187-203, fig. 1).—
Four ripening experiments are described, two of which were carried out with
a respiration calorimeter in cooperation with the Nutrition Investigations of
the Ollice of Experiment Stations and two in an especially designed constant-
teuir)erature humidor which is described. Measurements were made of the
carbon ilioxid, the water vapor and heat produced, the oxygen consumed, and
the variation in weight during ripening. Analyses of the green and ripened
fruit were carried out to determine the changes in composition. The results of
these experiments are summarized as follows:
"The usual carbohydrate changes — saccharification of .starch, with formation
of sucrose and invert sugar, and consumption of sugars in respiration — pro-
ceeded with uniformity in bananas of dififerent bunches.
" The period of most rapid respiration corresponded closely with that of most
rapid starch hydrolysis.
" The quantities of ash, protein, and ether extract underwent but slight
changes during the rii>ening of the bananas. Pentosans decreased markedly
in the pulp, but remained little changed in the peel.
"Analyses of the peel and pulp of ripening bananas showed a steady transfer
of water from peel to pulp during ripening."
A bibliography is appended.
Soluble aluminum compound?. — their occurrence in certain vegetable prod-
ucts, C. N. Mykks {Pub. Jlc'iHh Rpts. [U. S.], 2!) {IBlJf), No. 25, pp. 1625-
1629).— In connection with the investigations of the cause of pellagra, a study
was made of the aluminum content of a number of vegetable foods, including
corn and corn products, hominy, oatmeal, parsnips, carrots, and white and
sweet potatoes. As this aluminum is present largely in a water-soluble form,
the conclusion is drawn that a relatively large consumption of aluminum may
result in the case of a diet consisting chiefly of vegetables. The need of further
work along this line is emphasized.
Syrian food products exported to United States, W. S. Hollis (Daily Cons,
and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.], 77 (I'Jl^), No. 2J,3, pp. 28Jt, 285).— A number of native
food products are briefly described.
Food production and requirements of various countries, N. C. Murray and
F. Andrews {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 641 {1914), pp. 20-22).— A com-
pilation of data showing the percentages of foods imported and exported by the
Tnited Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany. Austria-Hungary. Belgium, Argen-
tina. Canada, and the United States. The figures given are based largely upon
data for the years 1012 and 1913.
84079°— No. 5—15 5
456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
[Food analysis and other pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma
K. Johnson (ISlorth Dakota Hta. Hpec. JiuL, 3 (i.9///), No. 12, pp. 201-21G).—
This discusses the sale of undrawn poultry, the use of bleached flour, and mi.s-
cellaneous food toi)ics. Directions are also given for the disinfection of rooms,
furniture, clothing, etc. Analyses are reported of a large number of foods and
beverages and some samples of spirits of camphor.
[Food and sanitary inspection — food analysis and other pure food and
drug topics], E. F. Labd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui.,
3 (1914), No. 13, pp. 217-232). — The sanitary scores are reported of a number
of places where food is prepared, sold, or distributed. A list of foods and
beverages analyzed is appended, and information is given regarding the prohibi-
tion of the use of soap bark and sai)onin, and tlie use of saccharin.
Food, water, and ice supplies in railway stations and railway trains, S. J.
Crumbine {Trans. 15. liitcrnat. Cong. llyg. (i>t<l Dcmoyr. Washington, 5
(1012), Sect. 7, pp. 220-232). — The author discusses the need for sanitary regu-
lations and points out conditions which should be remedied.
The results of analyses by N. P. Sherwood of 78 samples of drinking water
taken from trains are given. Five of the samples showed at lea.st 10 colon
bacilli [an organism always present in human feces] in 10 cc. of water. One of
these samples also showed Bacillus pyocyancous, a green pus organism.
" Waters in this group are decidedly unfit for drinking purposes." This was
the worst condition noted. Eight samples showed from 6 to S colon bacilli in
10 cc. of water. " These waters are open to strong suspicion aud should not
be drunk." Fourteen samples showed from 1 to 4 B. coli in 10 cc. of water,
and, in addition, 2 of them showed Streptococcus pyogenes. In 49 samples
colon bacilli were not noted.
It is pointed out that the pollution in the samples might be due to the original
water supply, to the water used in the ice, to dirt adhering to the ice, to the
hands which had handled the ice, to the buckets, wheelbarrows, or tongs used
in carrying or handling it, or to carelessness in washing the tanks either as to
thoroughness or as to the kind of water used for the purpose.
Information was also gathered by the author regarding the source of the
water and ice furnished passenger trains in Kansas. "All the sources of the
water supplies investigated showed them to be good, potable water ; inspections
of the ice used in coolers quite often revealed the presence of dirt in artificial
as well as in natural ice. . . .
" From these data, and after making a sanitary survey of conditions, it seems
that there is ho excuse for so many samples having a body temperature count of
over 350 [micro-organisms] per cubic centimeter, and the conclusions we believe
to be fairly drawn are that these high counts show carelessness both in cleaning
the coolers and in handling the ice. Evidently the abolishment of the common
drinking cup in railroad trains will not of itself insure a wholesome water
supply, but very definite regulations concerning the proper cleansing and steriza-
zation of all coolers and a sanitary method of handling the ice or, better still,
cooling the water through coils covered with ice. must be insisted upon before
the health of the traveling public is efficiently and uniformly safeguarded from
infectious water-borne diseases."
In the discussion which follows the paper, A. J. McCannel states that he had
collected from several large railway systems information regarding the methods
of handling the drinking water supply on trains. He found that in a large
percentage of cases no bacterial or chemical examination of the water had
been made and in most cases no regular examination. While most of the water
presumably came from pure sources, in a few instances it was reported that it
came from wells deserving of suspicion.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 457
" Coiicoriiiiit,' Iho care of water coolers, nearly all were reported to l)e washed
out at longer or shorter intervals. This washing, in most instances, is just a
rinsing with cold water and a whisk broom, or something of the kind. About
half are scalded or otherwise disinfected at intervals of from two days to si
month. Some are ' scalded when needed,' and about 50 per cent not at all."
The handling of the ice for trains is considered and the possibilities of con-
tamination from various sources are j)ointed out.
The author states that in examining samples of water from the coolers he
found colon bacilli present in some cases whei'e the bacterial count was very
small. " The fact that most of the water in the cooler comes from melting
ice would, account for the lower bacterial count, and this would indicate also
that the colon bacilli present had come from the handling of the ice on its
way to the cooler. The remedy for this contamination of water is to have the
coolers so arranged that the ice is not placed in the water, but is. used only for
cooling purposes."
In discussing the general question, J. W. Kerr pointed out that the improve-
ments which liave been introduced in railway sanitation should not be over-
looked, and stated that in his opinion "the railway officials have kept abreast
of the general public in this matter, and, in some directions, they have been
ahead of it. . . . As people become better educated in sanitary matters they
will demand improved conditions and get them, but the necesity for improved
conditions must be recognized, and it is one of the immediate duties of the health
authorities to teach the people."
Things which the public should know concerning sanitary conditions in
interstate meat packing establishments, G. H. Shaw (^. Inicrnat. (Jong,
School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans:., 3 (1913), pp. 22-28).— This ])aper outlines
briefly the sanitary conditions in federally inspected establishments and the
advances made in recent years under the supervision of the Bureau of Animal
Industry. It also points out the need of supplementing federal work by efficient
state and municipal inspection.
The modern installation of a manufactory for butchers' goods as a part
of an abattoir, P. Godbillk (////;/. Viande et Lait, S (lOl-i), Nos. 1, pp. 1-18,
figs. 9; 2, pp. 6-i-75, figs. 5). — Machinery and equipment used in preparing for
market calfs heads, sheep's trotters, etc., and similar butchers' goods are
described.
Judging from a hygienic standpoint the aluminum alloy, " duralumin "
as material for making household utensils, G. Fendler and W. SxiJBER (llyg.
Rundschau, 24 (WIJ,), No. 2, pp. 59-62; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1914, I, Ko. 7, p.
693). — According to the experimental investigations reported, this material,
like aluminum, is to be regarded as harmless from a hygienic standpoint.
School hygiene — a report of the Fourth International Congress of School
Hygiene, held at Buffalo, N. Y., August 25-30, 1913, W. C. Ryan, jr.
(U. »S'. Bur. Ed. Bui. -}S (1913), pp. 121). — ^This report includes a brief summary
of the proceedings of the congress and some of the most important papers, and
also concrete data of the school hygiene movement as shown in the scientific
exhibit made under the direction of the congress and in connection with it. The
two sub.ieets receiving the most attention at the congress were open-air schools
and sex hygiene, but school architecture and equipment, medical and dental in-
spection, the feeding of school children, their classification according to mental
ability, and kindred subjects were also considered.
School restaurants, L. Meyer {.'i- Intcrnat. Cong. School Ih/g., Buffalo, N. Y.,
Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 3/(0-343). — A description of the organization and operation
of Parisian school restaurants (cantincs).
458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The administiatiou of school lunches in cities, Alick C. Boughton (4-
Iiiteniut. Vong. ,School Uyfj., Buffalo, N. ¥., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. SO/,-308).—
Tliis paper Includes a discussion of the advantage of the central over the indi-
vidual school kilcJicn in city school systems, tlie importance of accurate classified
accounting, the equiimient of kitchen and lunch rooms, the relation of the lunch
department to medical inspection and to the department of charities, and the
question of financing lunch rooms.
History and development of lunches in high schools, Julia Pulsifeb (4
Intcrnat. Cong. School Huff., Buffalo, ^'. i ., Tratvi., 5 {1913), pp. 32.',S28).—
The facts upon which this paper is based were obtained from the lunch rooms
of the Boston high schools similar statements from St. Louis and from Brad-
ford, England, being used for comparison.
The conclusion is that a central kitchen from which the food is distributed to
various schools is more economical than individual kitchens. In general the
cost is determined by the same factors as in a connnerclal enterprise, but the
varying amounts of rent, equipment, fuel, etc., supplied free by the schools make
it difficult to estimate or compare the actual cost in the various institutions.
High school lunches under school board control, Emma Smedley (Jf. Inter-
nut. Cong. School Hug., Buffalo, X. V., Trans.. 5 (1913), pp. 329->333).— This
paper gives an account of the work done by the department of high school
lunches recently established by the board of public education in Philadelphia.
The organization and running of the lunch rooms is described. Each is in
charge of a dietitian who plans the menus and oversees the preparation and
serving of the food, and who is in constant consultation with the superintendent
of the department. The latter is responsible for all purchases.
The training- of the school dietitian, Caroline L. Hunt {.'f. Intcrnat. Cong.
School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. .3,3-}-,?.3P).— Recognizing that
the school dietitian as distinct from the manager of the school lunch room is
likely to become a regular officer in city school systems, thi.s paper enumerates
as necessary qualifications an understanding of child nature and also of the
principles of pedagogy and nutrition, business ability, and practical knowledge
of methods of investigation and research along these lines.
Medical inspection and the nutrition of school children, I. S. Wilk (4.
Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y.. Trunks., 5 (1913), pp. 266-272).—
This paper gives a plea for the more general recognition of the close inter-
dependence of malnutrition (as distinct from simple underfeeding) in the physi-
cal defects of school children.
The importance of proper nutrients for retarded children — a demonstra-
tion, W. W. Roach (4. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, y. Y., Trans.. 4
(1913), pp. 41!i-421, figs. 6).— A report of the work of the so-called "food
clinic " of a Philadelphia public school in which 113 undeveloped children were
given luncheons of milk and cereal, with the result that they showed gains
not only in physical development but also in mental ability.
Unwholesome diet a prime cause of inefficiency in school children, J. H.
Kellogg (4- Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg.. Buffalo, y. Y., Trans.. 4 (1913), pp.
96-105). — The author discusses the effects of nutrition on general efficiency and
favors a vegetarian diet.
National conservation and nutrition during childhood. Margaret ]Mc^Iil-
LAN (4. Internat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 298-
302). — The author emphasizes the moral and social as well as the physiological
value of school lunches for children in crowded city districts.
The coefficient of nutrition in Antwerp school children, M. C. Schuyten
(.}. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hy.i.. Buffalo. N. Y.. Trans:.. ', (1913). pp. 106-108.
fig. 1). — The author used Oiuieiiheimer's formula for the coefficient of nutrition
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 459
(the circniiiferenoe of the upper arm X 10<t -~ the chest measurement = the co-
etlicieut) as a measure of the condition of nutrititni auion<4 school children iu
Antwerp. The averaj^e results are summarizfsl as follows:
The coetticient of nutrition decreases regularly for both boys and girls be-
tween the ages of three and seven, and then shows a slight but irregular in-
crease. During the period when the decrease is regular its curve follows Ame-
line's logarithmic law of biological phenomena. See also a previous note by
Tuxford (K. S. R.. 32, p. 250).
Feeding men in logging' camps, R. S. Kellogg {191Jt, pp. S, taWe 1). — This
paper, which was presented at the quarterly meeting of the Northern Hemlock
and Hardwood Mamifacturcrs Association, held in Milwaukee, Wis., October
28, 1914, gives practical suggestions for reducing the cost of food in Michigan
and Wisconsin lumber camps. Among the ix)ints noted are the substitution of
fish and dried meats for fresh meat, the reduction of the number of kinds of
breads, pies, etc., served at a single meal, and especially the employment of a
well-trained and intelligent cook.
A table is appended giving standard menus for 30 daj'S and suggesting possible
substitutions for certain of the staples included.
Hygienic intei-pretation of recent clianges in the field rations and tlieir
preparation, II. C. Fisher (Trans. 15. Internat. Coiiff. Hyy. and Demotjr. Wash-
inytoH: 5 (1912), Sect. 8, pp. 83J,-8S8). — The present garrison and haversack
rations of the U. S. Army ax'e discussed. In the author's opinion they are more
satisfactory than the type of rations hitherto supplied.
The garrison ration, according to the components selected (and there is con-
siderable range of choice in all the principal ai'ticles), will furnish from
2.500 to 5.G74 calories. The haversack ration will furnish, it is assumed, 113
gm. proteid, 218 gm. fat. and 489 gm. carbohydrates, with a total fuel value of
4,448 calories.
The haversack ration consists of meat or bacon witli other foods, the haver-
sack utensils giving an opportunity to cook the bacon. " The hard bread fur-
nishetl for the haversack ration, and formerly our main dependence for field
use, is excellent witliin its limitations, but lacks a pleasing taste, palls upon
the appetite, and undoubtedly tends to gastro-intestinal complaints on accoimt
of its hardness."
It is the author's opinion that "the recent improvements in the field rations
and the means of preparing them provide a dietary for soldiers that leaves but
little room for improvement. While the haversack ration is somewhat meager,
the provision for supplementing it affords a sufficient but not an excessive
amount of nourishment. It is a wise provision that supplies young men under-
going the necessary exertion and hardship of a soldier's life with an abundance
of wholesome food, and a large experience of practical life has demonstrated
that this class of men requires the ample food sup])ly provided."
Information is given regarding the emergency ration, which weighed 8 oz,
and consisted of chocolate liquor, nucleo-casein. malted milk, egg albumin,
powdered cane sugar, and cocoa butter. " It furnished 52 gm. proteid, 72 gm.
fat, 110 gm. carbohydrates, with a [fuel] value of 1,334 calories. The in-
gredients ai'e compressed into 3 cakes resembling a chocolate confection and
inclosed in a sealed tin can. It is pleasant to the taste and may be eaten with-
out further preparation.
" There seems to be considerable question about the desirability of an
emergency ration, and lli(> ('(luipment board recommended that an additional
haversack ration be substituted for the emergency ration now carried by each
soldier in campaign."
460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A hygienic interpretation of the food supplied the United States Army
in the field, as at present authorized, A. A. Woouiiull {Trans. 15. Intcnuif.
Cong. Ilyy. and Dcmofjr. Washington, 5 {1912), Sect. S, pp. 830-833) .—The U. S.
Army garrison and haversack rations ai'e described and discussed. The author
gives reasons for believing that tlie present haversack ration of the U. S. Army
is better than the rations which it has replaced. Some information is given
regarding an emergency ration formerly in use.
Value to the army in changes in the ration and its preparation, M. A.
Elliott, jr. {Trans. 15. Internat. Cong. Ilyg. and Demogr. Washington, 5
{1912), Sect. 8, pp. 839-8Jt5). — The garrison field and emergency ration of the
U. S. Army is discussed and information given regarding camp cookery in per-
manent and temporary camps and at daily camps from day to day.
The straight fire knockdown field oven, which is describetl, has been found
very satisfactorJ^ The field bread answers the same pui'pose as the hard
bread which it is intended to replace, namely, it is prepared to contain the
smallest volume and least weight compatible with the retention of all the nutri-
tive elements of the flour, while it can be kept in good condition for a long
time. The field bread is better liked than hard bread and is believed to digest
more thoroughly on account of its more porous texture. "At a temperature of
37° C. [98.6° F.] field bread takes up four times its weight of water, while hard
bread will take up only half as much. Plunged in boiling water field bread is
soaked in six minutes, while hard bread recpiires more than ten. . . .
"Also, field bread is less subject to attacks from insects than hard bread; in
the latter they develop quite readily, owing to its foliated texture. The insect,
once admitted through any crack in the crust, easily gains the interior of the
ioaf and develops therein without hindrance, and no brushing can dislodge it.
This the cellular structure of the field bread prevents. The external cracks are
rare compared with the size of the loaf and the aeration holes throughout its
surface. It is found, too, that a very prolific source of mold is the reei'ystalli-
zation of the salt, and it is sought to do away with this by using perfectly pure
salt and by straining the water in which it has been dissolved, so as to prevent
any deposit therein."
The method of making field bread is described.
Problems of growth, T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel {Atner. Jour. Physiol.,
33 {1914), No. 3, p. XXVIII; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^], lOG {19W, No. G18,
I, p. ^50). — ^A brief note on studies previously noted (E. S. R.. 31, p. 558).
[Raw and cooked protein foods]. — Use of protein in kidney diseases, G.
LiNossiEB {Med. Klinik, 9 {1913), No. 52, pp. 21Jf3, 2Z.}-J).— According to the
author, protein substances, when thoroughly cooked, exercise no harmful effects
upon the kidneys. His conclusion applies to egg albumin, meats, and milk. He
attributes the alleged superiority of white to red meat in the diet of nephritics
to the fact that the white meat is generally more thoroughly cooked.
Variations in the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine of man accom-
panying fasting and the low- and high-protein regeneration periods, P. E.
IIowE and P. B. Hawk {Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chcm., 3 {1913), No. 1, p. -'i2).—
A summary of a paper presented at the eighth annual meeting of the American
Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia, Pa., December, 1913.
The hydrogen ion concentration of the urine was studied with a man during
a 7-day fasting period, a subsequent 4-day period of low-protein diet, and a final
period of 5 days in which a high-protein diet was given similar to that of the nor-
mal period before the fast. The hydrogen ion concentration rose the first three
days and remained practically constant during the remainder of the fasting
period. On low-protein diet it fell gradually, and upon the resumjitiou of a
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 461
liigL-protein diet continued to fall for three days, when its subnormal value re-
turned to the normal. No direct relation between the hydrogen iou concentra-
tion and the ammonia out])ut was noted.
See also a previous note (E. S. K., 30, p. 704).
The gaseous metabolism of infants with special reference to its relation
to pulse rate and muscular activity, F. G. Benedict and F. B. Talbot {Car-
ney ie Inst. Washington Pub. 201 {19H), pp. 168, figs. 6,5).— In addition to a
complete review of the literature and a presentation of a number of important
problems in this field, the authors report the results of observations upon 37
infants.
The carbon dioxid production and the oxygen consumi)tion were measured
simultaneously by means of a respiration apparatus which was also ])rovided
with a device for registering the sliglitest body movement. A series of 12-hour
continuous pulse records showed a sudden and considerable increase in pulse
rate when crying or nursing, which returned quickly to the low level on cessa-
tion of crying or feeding. The i)ulse rate agreed closely with the muscular
activity of the infants, as shown by the records of a swinging crib upon a
kymograph. Metabolism increased or decreased accordingly as the pulse rate
and musfular activity increased or decreased. An increase in pulse rate and
metabolism which was independent of external activity was regarded as an
indication of internal work, of which the pulse rate is suggested as an index.
Under conditions of complete muscular repose it was found that, although
the smaller infants had in general the smaller total metabolism, there were
sutlicient exceptions to prevent formulation of a definite law. In these experi-
ments no relationship existed between the age of the infants and the heat
pro<iuction per square meter of body surface, neither was there any relation
between the heat production per square meter of body surface and the actual
body weight, the normal weight for the age, and the expected body weight. The
evidence derived from these experiments tends to show that the heat produc-
tion is determined by the active mass of protoplasmic tissues which may be
stimulated to various degrees of cellular activity. The intensity of this stimu-
lus is indicated by the pulse rate.
The physiologic cost of insufficient protective clothing, G. W. Fitz {4-
Inteniat. Cong. School Hi/g., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 2 (1913), pp. 300-305).—
The author discusses the relative values of different materials and weaves for
clothing, and points out the dangers of inadequate protection by clothing and
the general ignorance on the part of both laymen and physicians regarding this
subject.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
[Animal husbandry work], J. H. Grisdale, E. S. Archibald, et al. {Canada
Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 50, 51, 15, 83, 98, 99, 523-530, 532-537, 539-5^2,
578-596, 598-600, 613, pis. 6).— Analyses of 23 varieties of mangels showed a
dry matter content ranging from 13.38 to 7.87 per cent and sugar from 9.15 to
4.75 per cent. Though not an invariable rule, those containing the larger per-
centage of dry matter were the richer in sugar. In 19 varieties of turnips the
sugar content was fairly constant, but much lower than in mangels. The dry
matter ranged from 10.55 to 5.85 i>er cent. Carrots, judging from their compo-
sition, were intermetliate in food value between mangels and turnips.
One lot of hogs was fed 3 Iba of skim milk per day, another lot, G lbs., the
other constituents of the ration being the same for both lots. Those fed the
larger quantity of milk made very economical gains, a saving of O.G ct. per
pound of increase in weight being effected.
462 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD.
In iiu eflort to arrive a1 ii ration lor wintering a horse at low cost, a gelding
and a mare were fed 1 11). of liay from mixed grasses, 1 lb. of straw, and 1 lb.
of swedes per day foi- each Ui(> lbs. of live weight, with very favorable ro.sults.
The bulky ration and the roots had a very beneficial effect on the digestive
tract of the animals.
Three lots of 12 2 to 3 year old steers each were fed the same feeds, consisting
of a grain mixture of wheat, oats, and barley 1:2:2. Lot 1 was fed in the
barn in box stalls, which were kept well bedded and cleaned at regular inter-
vals. They were not let out at all except once each month for the purpose of
being weighed. They had water twice a day, though it was before them prac-
tically throughout the day. They were fed straw in their mangers as well as
green feed and hay during the last three weeks of the feeding perio<l, as were
also the other two lots. TiOt 2 was fed in the corral, having but a very limited
run, being confined near the l)uiklings. These steers had water before them at all
times and were fed their roughage in the feeding racks about the corral. They
got their straw at the straw stack. The water in the tank was kept free from
ice by the use of a tank heater. Lot 3 was fed in the bluff toward the western
boundary of the farm ; they were at liberty to run free practically over a half-
sod ion of land with access to the straw stacks and were fed green feed on the
ground. They watered at a small lake through the ice.
The labor required to attend to the thi'ee lots for 100 days was 2G1 hours 30
minutes, G4 hours 1.5 minutes, and 58 hours, respectively. Lot 1 made an aver-
age daily gain i)er head of 1.03 lbs., lot 2 1.79 lbs., and lot 3 1.34 lbs., the aver-
age profits per head being $10.95, $14.05, and $10.15 for the re.spective lots.
From experiments conducted with Shorthorn, Angus, Galloway, Hereford,
and mixed breeds of beef cattle, it is concluded that the stall-feeding of young
steers during summer months is too expensive. This was shown during the
heat of July and again during the first of September, when all steers lost weight.
Long feeding of steers with present high prices for grain, and particularly in
the absence of pasture and alfalfa hay, leaves but a small margin of jn'ofit.
The best breil steers of most uniform size and quality almost invariably gave
the greatest profit over the value of foodstuff consumed, and at the same time
commanded the best market price.
A number of steers and heifers were fed to demonstrate possible profits from
short-keep steers or heifers of good or of poor flesh. They received a grain
mixlure of ground oats, ground barley, ground peas, and bran, 1:1:1:3, to-
gether with roots, silage, and mixed clover and timothy hay. From thes^ ex-
pei'imenls it was concluded that there is a good margin of profit in feeding
Steers when the feeding period is not extended over too great a time; that the
tyije of steer connnonly found in Canada, although more of dairy than of beef
conformation, may be profitably finished on stall-feeding on a short keep ; and
that finished steers will continue to make gains, but at a nuich smaller margin
of i)rofit than formerly.
Three lots of 15 steers each were fed a grain ration of crushed oats, barley,
bran, cotton-seed meal, and oil cake. 2:2:4:2:1, lot receiving 40 lbs. of roots
and good hay, lot 2 80 lbs. roots and poor hay, lot 3 SO lbs. of roots and poor
hay, and lots 1 and 2 being tied and lot 3 loose. From these experiments it is
conclude<i that half the roots may be dispensed with when good hay is available
and yet the same daily gain per steer be maintained. When the finishing
period is of short duration then the high-quality foodstuffs and the narrower
ration containing the higher percentage of dry matter, give greater profits.
Steers in loose box stalls made greater and more economical gains than those
tied.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 463
Two lols of steers were fed for 90 days ©u a grain mixture of bran, oruslied
oats, and oil-cal<e nioal, 2:2:1, and bay, lot 1 receiving 50 per cent more meal
and roots tban lot 2. From tbis experiment it is concluded tbat tbe greater
profits per steer in tinisbing are obtained by tbe use of a beavier grain ration,
in otber words, tbo sbort-keep steer is more profitable tban tbe long-keep steer.
Roots are of great value in finisbing. hut sbould be used in greater proportion
at tbe comniencement of the finisbing ])eriod than at tbe end when the quantity
of meal is greatest. Tbe most rapid gains in steer finishing accompany the
beavier feeding and are the most economical.
Two lots of steers were finl for 107 days, lot 1 outside on straw, with a small
quantity of corn stover and alfalfa at tbe last of the feeding experiment,
together with a mixture of oats and barley chop, lot 2 inside on straw, turnips,
and corn silage, together with a little alfalfa, oats, and barley chop. It is
concluded from tbis experiment tbat steers may be fattened successfully and
jirofitably outside, in tbe climate of Manitoba. Greater gains at the cost of
less feed can be made where the steers can l)e stabled, but the increased gains
from stabling are probably not sutficient to justify the expenditure for building
expensive stables.
A lot of 12 two-year-old steers, fed 149 days a grain ration of wheat, barley,
and oats 4:3:3, rutabagas, alfalfa bay, and oat hay, made an average daily
gain per bead of 1.77 lbs. at a cost of 10 ets. per pound of gain, and made a net
profit per bead of .$10.37. It required 10.36 lbs. of dry matter, or 8.25 lbs. of
digestible matter, to produce a pound of gain.
Seven lots of wether and ewe lambs, as nearly uniform as possible, and
weighing a])proximately 75 lbs. per bead, were fed for 88 days a grain mixture
of oats, barley, peas, and bran. 1:1:1:3, lot 1 receiving in addition, alfalfa
hay and later additional bran, lot 2, mixed timothy hay and corn stover, lot 3,
timothy and mangels, lot 4, oats and pea hay and turnips, lot 5, alfalfa bay
and turnii)S, lot 0, mixed timothy and garden refuse (ealjbage, tops of vege-
tables, etc.), and lot 7, timothy bay and oats and pea bay mixed together.
Tbe average daily gains iter bead for the respective lots were as follows:
0.102, 0.022, 0.076, 0.072. 0.144, 0.07, and O.OG lb. ; tbe cost of feed per pound of
gain 15.25, 60.8. 16.4, 20. 12.4, 18.9, and 26 cts. ; tbe net profit per lamb 48, 24.3,
57.2. 37.1, 79, 52, and 39.2 cts.
Tbe average results of two years' tests with 66 lambs for 89 days of alfalfa
hay 1-. mixed bay, and corn stover v. timothy hay and roots as roughage in fat-
tening lambs are given as follows: Average gain per head per day 0.137, 0.052,
and 0.087 lb.; cost per pound of gain, 12.5, 27.2, and 16.6 cts.; and tbe net
profit Iter lamb 52. 30.2, 0.08 cts., respectively. It is concluded from these
experiments tbat alfalfa bay is a most economical feed for fattening lambs,
but is often excelled by mixtures of otber less concentrated roughages which
have greater succulence. Alfalfa and roots make by far the most concentrated,
best balanced, and most profitable roughage for lamb feeding. Timothy hay
alone is a poor roughage for sheep, but when fed in conjunction with roots or
garden refuse answers fairly well and yields fair profits. Corn stover is too
coarse for lambs, but when fed with roots yields a small margin of profit.
Oats and pea bay did not rank as high as anticipated, but yielded a fair margin
of profit. The cost per pound of gain was very high in all lots excepting where
alfalfa was fed.
Four lots of 10 grade wethers each were fed for 76 days as follows : Lot 1,
timothy bay, roots, and meal; lot 2, timothy hay and meal; lot 3, clover hay.
roots, and meal; lot 4, clover hay and meal. They made an average daily
gain per head of 0.3, 0.25, 0.31, and 0.27 lb., costing per pound of gain 9.06,
464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
9.G4, 8.95, uud 8/J cts., aud giving a net profit i>er lamb of $1.43, $1.37, $1.43,
and $1.00, respectively. It Is concluded from this experiment that clover hay
surpasses timorhy hay in the economy of gains produced. Roots appeared to
add to the economy of production, especially when applied to the timothy
hay ration.
Six lots of approximately 75-lb. wethers were fed for 117 days as follows:
Lot 1 (laml)s), alfalfa, mixed grains, and roots; lot 2 (yearlings), alfalfa,
mixed grains, and roots; lot 3 (yearlings), alfalfa and grain; lot 4 (yearlings),
alfalfa and screenings; lot 5 (yearlings), alfalfa alone; lot 6 (yearlings),
alfalfa and roots, made an average daily gain per head of 0.289, 0.24, 0.226, 0.242,
0.138, and 0.14G lb., costing per pound of gain 7.19, 9.03, 9.16, 5.85, 12.32, and 12.13
cts., and giving a net profit per lamb of 64, 46, 46, 138, 25, and 16 cts.
Two lots of 7 65 to 70-lb. pigs, fed 84 days a grain mixture of shorts and a
proprietary feed and 5 lbs. of skim milk, lot 1 receiving in addition all the
clover they would eat, made an average daily gain per pig of 1.U9 and 1.19 lbs-
costing per pound of gain 4.1 and 5.2 cts. LYom these results it is concluded
that greater daily gains may be made from the grain and milk ration but
more economical gains may be made by the addition to the ration of grain aud
good clover. The pigs receiving the clover were not as well finished but had
greater bone and muscular development, appeared to be in better condition, and
were at no time off feed.
Five groups of 10 pigs each, each group comprising 2 lots, were fed for 63
days winter rations as follows: Group 1, ground barley and oats 1:1; group
2, ground barley aud oats 1 : 1 and 3 lbs. per pig per day of skim milk ; group
3, gix)uud barley and oats 1: 1 aud boiled turnips; group 4, ground barley, oats,
and middlings 1:1:1; and group 5, ground oats, barley, and feed flour 1:1:1.
They made an avei'age daily gain per head of 0.99, 1.3, 1.03, 0.92, and 0.94 lbs.,
costing per pound of gain 5.6, 4.1, 5.55, 4.85, and 5.05 cts. From this experiment
it is concluded that skim milk is an outstandingly cheap pork producer; that
middlings is the next cheapest substitute for a part of the oats aud barley
meal ; that for younger and light pigs feed flour is not a practical feed in large
quantities ; and that cooked turnips added to the meal ration economizes but
little over the meal alone.
Two lots of 5 30-lb. pigs fed 132 days a grain ration, lot 1 receiving in addi-
tion 3 lbs. of skim milk per pig per day, and lot 2, 6 lbs. of skim milk, made
average daily gains of 0.81 and 1.03 lbs., costing per pound of gain 5.08 and 5.2
cts., resi>ectively. The extra milk fed to lot 2 was estimated to be worth for
fattening puriwses 57 cts. per 100 lbs.
Two lots of 70 to 75-lb. pigs fed 60 days a small quantity of feed flour and
some mangels, lot 1 receiving in addition barley chop, aud lot 2 shorts, mad*
a\erage daily gains per head of 0.81 and 0.58 lb., costing 4.26 and 7.4 cts. per
pound of gain, respectively.
Three lots of Yorkshire pigs were fed summer rations as follows : Lot 1,
wheat shorts, milk, and green feed ; lot 2, wheat shorts, peas, oats, barley, rice
meal, aud green feed; aud lot 3. oats, peas, barley (ground), milk, and green
feed. They made an average daily gain per head of 1.16. 1.1. aud 1.42 lbs.,
there being required i)er pound of gain 2.1, 2.76. aud 2.11 lbs. of grain and
8.51, 9, and 7.03 lbs. of milk, resi)ectively.
Four lots of four Yorkshire pigs three to six months old were fed winter
rations as follows: Lot 1, rice meal, milk, and mangels; lot 2, wheat shorts,
milk, and mangels ; lot 3, rice meal, wheat shorts, milk, and mangels ; and lot
4, oats, peas, barley, wheat shorts, milk, and mangels. They madj average daily
gains per head of 0.70S, 1.176, 0.925, aud 1.04 lbs., respectively.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 465
[Analyses of] fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt {Cannda E.rijt.
Farms A'p/.s. I'Jl.'}, pp. 22.i-.iIiO. — Analyses are reported of bran, oats, iiiiddliu;^s,
shorts, feed flciir, rice meal, distillery grains, dried brewers' grains, bean meal,
liiix meal, tankage, molasses meals, corn silage, clover silage, oat hay, teff
hay (Eragrostis abyssinica), and mangels, turnips, and carrots of various
varieties.
The importance of the inoi-ganic constituents of feeding stuffs, A. Zait-
scnEK (Alhitorvosi Lapok, 37 (19U), No. 19, pp. 225-229; abs. in Intcnuit.
iust. A{/r. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp.
in'/G. lO.'fl). — In studies on the inliuonce of the inorganic constituents of feeding
stuffs on the develoi)ment of bone in young pigs, it was found that when the
animals were fed exclusively on coiti they excreted more calcium than they
retained and made up the deficit with magnesium. When the quantity of dry
matter was increased and 5 gm. of calcium carbonate added to the ration, the
amount of calcium retained was increased, the magnesium retained decreased,
and the phosphoric acid retained rose from 13 to 30 per cent. Similar results
were obtained when barley instead of corn was fed.
A high absorption of calcium and phos])horic acid resulteil when from 10 to
11 gm. of calcium carbonate was added to the feed per 100 kg. live weight.
Inasmuch as the bones did not develop properly on the grain rations the neces-
sity of adding calcium to the ration, especially with young pigs in the dry lot,
is deemed evident, but it is believed that this may be in the form of cai'bonate
instead of the more exj>ensive phosphate.
Influence of calcium-poor and calcium-rich nourishment on the growth
and composition of the bone, S. Weiser {KisMet. Krhlem., 11 {191-'/), No. Jf,
pp. 539-558, pis. 2). — Two lots of growing jiigs were fed for Si months on corn
and blood meal, 10 : 1, one lot receiving calcium carbonate in addition.
In growth and body weight the animals receiving little calcium were 20
per cent lower, and their bones were deformed, flexible, fragile, and light in
cross-section measurement, although the weight and growth of their skeletons
was no lower than those of the lot fed the calcium-rich ration. The weight of
ihe fresh bones and dry matter comprised a larger percentage of the body
weight in the low-calcium (11.29 to 5.05) than in the high-calcimn (S.74 to 3.91)
lots. The water content of the bones of the low-ealcium lot was the greater,
the fat contents practically equal. The ash content of the bones of the low-
calcium pigs was considerably lowex', the greatest difference occurring in the
ribs and the least in the skull. Hence the skulls of the low-calcium pigs car-
ried a greater percentage of the total ash of the skeleton than the high-calcium
lot. The bone ash of the low-calcium lot was poorer in CaO and P20r„ but the
essential difference consisted in the higher alkali content, there being more
NanO and KiO in the low-calcium lot. The variations in the ash coniiionents
were not alike in all the bones, being least in the skull and greatest in the ribs
and spine.
On some factors controlling fertility in domestic animals, J. Hammond
{■Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {191. 't). No. 3, pp. 263-277, pi. i).— In a study of
the factors which limit the fertility of domestic animals it was concluded that
the low fertility of young as compared with adult sows is due to the fact that
not so many ova are shed, it appearing that various circumstances control the
number of ova shed at each heat period. " Counts have been made of the
numljcr of corpora lutea present in the ovaries and number of fetuses lu-esent
in the uteri of i)reguant rabbits and i)igs. The results show that many more
ova are shed at the heat period than young are produced at biith. .Some ova
possibly may be lost but many after fertilization atrophy at some period of
466 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
their development and undergo absorption in utero. While the occurrence of
atrophic fetuses only causes reduced fertility in animals which have many
young at birth yet their occurrence in animals producing only one young would
give rise to sterility so that the problem of the cause of the atrophy becomes
an important one.
" Investigation points to the conclusion that the atrophy is not bacterial in
origin since frequently healthy and atrophic fetuses lie side by side in the
tuerus. Moreover, no bacteria could be found either in the fetus or fetal mem-
branes. Evidence is given to show that nutrition can not be the cause of the
atroiihy although it may affect to a certain extent the size of the young. No
conclusion has yet been arrived at as to the cause of the atrophy, and the sev-
eral jjossihilitios suggested are still under investigation."
Influence of Rontgen rays on ovaries, M. Fraenkfx (Arch. Milros. Anat.,
84 {191J,), No. 3-4, IT, pp. 111-118, pi. 1, figs. 6: abs. in Jour. Roy. l/fV/o.s. Soc.
[London^, No. 3 {1914), P- 24t). — In experiments with guinea pigs subjected to
Rontgen rays on the fourth day after birth growth was retarded and when
mature the offspring were undersized. Their offspring were undersized also and
were sterile. It is stated that " in the exi^eriments several servings and preg-
nancies were failures. A hair defect was produced by the rays on the head of
the first animal, and a similar defect ajipeared on the same place in the next
generation, and similar cases were observed. All the anim.nls showed an ac-
cumulation of fat. Cystic degeneration of the ovaries was observed in the
sterile forms."
Coat pattern in mammals. — A medium of real value to the breeder, since
it enables him by analysis to detect in many cases the genetic composition
of his animals — Mendelism in the hands of the fancier, Q. I. Simpson {Jour.
Hcreditj/, 5 {1914), No. 8, pp. 329-339, pi. 1, figs. 6).-- -The author recounts his
experiences in crossing Tamworth, White Yorkshire, and Belted-Black Hamp-
shire swine, in an effort to found a new race of Belted Reds.
From these observations he concludes that "the fancier and the Mendelist
may synthesize color and pattern to their likings. Starting with dominant
white found on some individual, family, or race, among mammals or fowls, he
may borrow from another of the species the dye, from yet another the stencil,
and create unique marking, [and] that Mendelism. the result of chromosome
sluifning and segregation at the sexual preparation of egg and sperm, is the
breeder's fractionating column and analytical balance. It enables him to sep-
arate and weigh the determining entities that make visible the types, and then
to resynthesize these to his uses and his fancies."
A bibliography is included.
Inbreeding in dogs. — Statistical study of the pedigrees of two typical
breeds; inbreeding not so commonly practiced by dog fanciers as popularly
supposed and not so productive of results as line-breeding, W. Haynes {Jour.
IleredUy, 5 {1914), ^^o. 8, pp. 368, 56.9).— From a study of the pedigrees of
the Airedale and Scottish terrier breeds of dogs, the author estimates the pei'cent-
age of inbred animals in these breeds at three and seven per cent, respectively,
thus discrediting the popular view that these dogs are closely inbred. Further
it was found that of 100 Scottish terrier champions one is inbred, and of 100
Airedale champions two are inbred. However, the figures on line-breeding are
different, for of the 100 Scottish terrier champions 9 were bred in this way,
8 from the half brother and sister with same sire, and 1 from the half
brother and sister with the same dam, and 10 Airedale champions were so bred,
9 from the half brother and sister with the same sire, and 1 from the half
brother and sister with the same dam. The author concludes that line-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 467
brt'edinji: has, in the cases of these two breeds, at least proved very much more
effective than inbreeding in accomplishing the object desired.
Utilization of feed by range steers of different ages. — I, Alfalfa hay, F. W.
Chbistknskn and 11. H. Simpson (New Mexico Bta. Bui. 91 (191 Jf), pp. 2-128,
figs. 8). — Range steers varying in age from calves to 3-year-oIds were fed on
alfalfa hay alone for 120 days.
At the end of the feeding i>eriod the yearlings and 2-year-olds were not on
(he whole as highly finished as tlie calves or .3-year-olds. All the 3-year-olds
presented a well-finished appearance and in every way were better finished and
developed than the calves, although they did not compare favorably with grain-
fed steers. The calves showed lack of finish especially over the ribs and in the
forequarters.
The calves, yearlings, 2-year-olds, and 3-year-olds made average daily gains
per head of 1.67, 1.33, 1..5.5, and 1.03 lbs., respectivel.v. Ter l.(H)0 lbs. live weight
the dailj' gains per head were 3.18, 2.22, 2.15, and 0.96 lbs., resi)ectively, and the
amounts of feed consumed daily were 24.44, 23.29, 23.51, and 18.42 lbs., respec-
tively. Per pound of gain the amounts consumed were 7.77, 11.11, 11.46, and
20.34 lbs., respectively.
A series of 24 digestion trials w-as conducted, 8 steers being used. The re-
sults of these trials show considerable variation with the same individual, in
successive trials, and among the different individuals on corresponding trials.
However, there appeared to be no definite or consistent superiority of one in-
dividual over any other, or of any given age of steer over another. Since the
older steers apparently digested the feed equally as well as the calves, it ap-
liears that their digestive powers were not impaired by the starvation of sub-
maintenance periods through which the.y had passed. There was appai-ently
no direct connection between the quantity of feed consumed and the digesti-
bility of the ration, nor any difference in digestibility due to stage or fattening.
It is suggested, however, that the steers were not especially fat nor on very
heavy rations.
Two comparisons of the nitrogen balances of the calves and the 3-year-olds
indicate that the calves were gaining considerably in nitrogen whereas the
others were either losing nitrogen or making but small gains, thus indicating
a relatively greater gain in protein by the calves. It was estimated that the
energy content of the gains made increased in general with the age of the
animal. From slaughter tests there was little difference found between the
yearlings and 2-year-olds, but 3-year-olds dressed a considerably higher
percentage of beef than the calves. In pounds of dressed beef per head, the
3-year-olds averaged approximately twice as much as the calves. "A considera-
tion of the wholesale cuts of beef from one side of the carcass shows that al-
though the cuts differ greatly in weight, not only among the steers of different
ages but among individuals of the same age, they show no very marked differ-
ence when expressed in percentages of the half carcass. A comparison of the
calves and 3-year-olds, however, shows higher percentages for ribs and loin cuts
with the older steers, indicating a relatively greater proportion of the high-
priced cuts in these steers.
" It was found that the 2-year-olds, compared with the yearlings, showed more
internal and external fat, as well as a better distribution of the same. In
general, the meat of the older steers was firmer and better in quality, having
slightly finer grain and better color, but the differences between the two ages
were not great. The grain of the meat of both ages appeared a little coarser
than that of corn-fed steers. The meat was tender, juicy, and of good flavor,
and aside from the fact that the meat from the older steers appeared a little
fatter, there was no marked preference due to age.
468 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
"A comparison of the carcasses of the calves aud o-year-ol<ls . . . shows
that not only was the covering of fat greater on the 3-year-olds, but the fat
was more abundant throughout the carcasses and better distributed through
the lean. The cuts of the older steers were relatively thicker than correspond-
ing cuts' from the calves, and were more finished and plump in appearance.
The meat of the older steers was firmer and of better quality, but except for
individual variations there was no marked difference in color."
A separation of the bone, lean, and vi.sible fat showed that, in general, the
relative amount of fat increases with the age of the steer, and that the lean is
correspondingly low^er. Chemical analyses confirmed these observations. The
cuts from the 3-year-olds contained approximately twice as much fat as the
corresponding cuts from the calves, but the increase in the fat content of the
loin and rib cuts of the older steers appears relatively greater than in the round
and shoulder cuts.
Beef cattle production and cooperative breeders' organizations. It. S. Cur-
tis, K. C. Ikeler, and J. T^ Kkown (North Varnlina Hta. Circ. 22 (I'JL'f), pp.
3-20, figs. 12). — This circular treats of the improvement of the beef herd, and
discusses the origin, purpose, and method of organization of cooperative
breeders' organizations.
[Sheep feeding experiments], A. D. Faville (Wi)Oiumg .S7r/. Bid. 103, pp.
0-7). — Five lots of 24 grade Kambouillet lambs each, weighing approximately
44 lbs. each, were fed 110 days, beginning November 20. as follows: Lot 1
whole corn, lot 2 dry whole barley, lot 3 soaked whole barley, lot 4 cracked
barley, lot 5 barley meal, all the lots receiving alfalfa hay. They made 0.36,
0.34, 0.33, 0.32, and 0.33 lb. average daily gain per lamb for the res]iectlve
lots. T'he average daily ration per lamb was 2.7 lbs. alfalfa hay and 0.72
lb. grain. It is estimated that it required 7 per cent less grain and 6i i>er
cent less alfalfa for 100 lbs. gain when corn replaced barley iu a ration.
Whole dry barley proved fully as satisfactory as did soaked, cracked, or ground
barley.
Experiments in winter lamb production, J. W. Hammond (Ohio St a. Bui.
210 (191Jf), pp. 199-22S, figs. 3).— Two lots of 12 Delaine ewes each, with their
October or November lambs from a Southdown ram. as nearly alike as iwssible
witli regard to age, weight, conformation, and breeding, w^ere fed for 62 days,
beginning December 19, as follows : Lot 1, corn and oil meal 4 : 1. alfalfa, and
silage; lot 2, corn, oats, bran, and oil meal 5:2:2:1, alfalfa, and silage.
The nutritive ratio of the two rations was approximately the same. The
hay and silage were fed ad libitum and approximately the same amount of
grain was fed, it being all that they w-ould consume. The lambs were fed
alike, receiving com and alfalfa. The ewes of lot 1 made an average daily
gain per head of 0.095 lb., those of lot 2. 0.129 lb.; the lambs of lot 1, 0.441 lb.,
and of lot 2, 0.411 lb. The cost of feed per pound of gain made by the lambs
was 7.1 and 7.5 cts., respectively. No appreciable differences in degree of
finish from the two rations were noted. Both lots produced prime hothouse
lambs.
Two lots of 11 ewes each, with their lambs, were fed for 95 days, beginning
December 24, the same ration as in the above experiment, except that during
the last five weeks clover hay was substituted for the alfalfa. As these lambs
were not intended for hothouse lambs they were not forced so rapidly as
those in the first experiment. The average daily gain per head of the ewes
of lot 1 was 0.013, of lot 2, —0.031 lb. ; for the lambs of lot 1, 0.377 lb., of lot 2,
0 333 lb. The cost of feed per pound of gain made by the lambs was for lot 1,
8.7 cts. and for lot 2, 10.1 cts.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 469
Two lots of 38 ewes each, witli their lambs, were feci for ;>"> days, begiuuiug
December 24. The ewes received the same ration as those in the second experi-
ment. ITie lambs of lot 1 received corn and alfalfa hay; those of lot 2, corn,
oats, bran, and oil meal 5:2:2:1, and alfalfa hay. The hay was fed ad libitum
and both lots received approximately the same amount of grain. Th'e ewes of
lot 1 lost G3 lbs. in weight; those of lot 2 gained 51 lbs. The lambs made an
average daily gain i)er head of 0.322. and 0.315 lb., respectively, costing 8.9
an<l S.5 cts. per pound of gain. The lambs of lot 1 were heavier and in higher
condition than those of lot 2.
Hothouse lambs, born the last of November and first of December 1911-12,
were fed an average of 102.25 days and weighed when slaughtered 56.8 lbs.
each, having made an avei-age daily gain per head of 0.465 lb., and dressing
50.33 per cent. The cost of feed required per pound of live weight was 5.6 cts. ;
the .selling price. 35 cts. per pound, and the net profit per lamb, including pelts,
wool, and gains made by the ewe mothers, was $6.84. In the 1912-13 trial
the net cost of feed required per pound of live weight was 5.2 cts. and the
profit i>er lamb, $4.08.
Hothouse lambs, born in July and August and maintained on clover pas-
ture and a small amount of grain until November 25, and then fed in the
ham, were produced at a smaller cost for feed than were lambs born in
the fall and raised in the barn during the winter, the cost of feed required per
pound of live weight being 4 cts. and the net profit per lamb, $5.35.
[Hog production], B. Aune (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle
Fourche E.rpt. Farm. 1913, pp. 7-9). — From experiments conducted at the Belle
Fourche Experiment Farm, S. Dak., it is estimated that the net value of gains
per acre of alfalfa made in 74 days by 153-lb. hogs, fed a supplementary feed of
2 lbs. per day per 100 lbs. live weight, of a grain mixture of ground wheat, oats,
and barley, was $11. The average yield of alfalfa hay was estimated at 3.5
tons per acre and its market value at $5 per ton. Pigs weighing 39 lbs. pas-
tured on third crop alfalfa for 20 days made a net gain of $10.12 per acre,
which was equivalent to about $9 a ton for the alfalfa consumed. On Sep-
tember 15 these young hogs were allowed to hog down a plat of .'M bu. per acre
corn. They remained in the corn 11 days, making a gain of 5(i0 lbs. per acre,
which was estimated to be worth $39.20, or $1.13 per bushel for the corn con-
sumed.
Judging draft horses, A. S. Alexander (Wiscotisin Sta. Circ. 53 (191 ff), pp.
S-36, figs. Jf3). — ^This circular gives general instructions on the judging and
scoring of horses and the detection of unsoundness.
The horse in North Africa, E. Aureggio (Bill. Soc. ScL V6t. Lyon, 11 (1914),
No. 3. pp. 203-266, figs. 2//). — An account of the development and use of the
various native breeds of horses in North Africa, and of the influence of the
introduction of the Barb, Arabian, and Syrian breeds upon the native stock.
Report from the poultry division, V. Fobtieb and F. T. Shutt (Canada
E.vpt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 671-682, pi. 1). — In experiments comparing the
effect of open and cotton -front poultry houses on egg production, it was found
that there was in general a higher egg yield from the cotton-front house during
the winter and early spring months. The minimum temperature in the cotton-
front house was 6° F.. and in the open front — 10°.
Two pens of J 4 White Leghorn hens each were used to determine the effect
of a reiluction of ration on forcetl molting. The effect of the restricted ration
was to stop entirely the egg yield 15 days after the beginning of the experiment,
but the recovery from the molt was more rapid than in the instance of the lot
full fed and consequently the greater number of eggs was secured in the early
fall or the months of limited supply. Toward the end of the starvation period,
470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
or about July 25, the starved pen allowed di.stiuctly by the appearance of the
birds and the number of molted feathers in the pen and runs, that the method
of forcing the molt by reduced ration and starvation had been successful. It
was also noted that about two weeks after the starved pen had returned to
a full ration the hens were still ravenous for their feed, and cleaned it up
quicker than those in fed pen. This was no doubt due to the fact that they
were ahead of the fed pen in the process of molting and growing new feathers.
By August 29, 50 per cent of the hens in the starved pen were again laying,
whereas only 14.4 per cent in the fed pen were laying.
In a comparison of the fattening capacity of cockerels and capons, it was
found that the latter in a period of 70 days gained approximately 50 per cent
more than the former.
IJnie water as an egg preservative is discussed, and trials reported in which
it was superior to a comniereial ])reservative.
How to tell the age of hens and pigeons, V. Fortier (Canada Dcpt. Agr.
Bui. 16, 2. set: (1913), pp. 19, figs. 21). — This bulletin describes methods of
determining the age of hens by the condition of the spur, the color, scales, and
general appearance of the leg, the character of the down and epidermis, and
the appearance of the wing as affected by the molt. It appears that "the
number of short secondaries that are found in the wing indicates the number
of molts that the bird has gone through, or, in other words, tells its age. These
feathers are shorter than the rest, more rounded at the extremity, with a
nearly central quill, and they end in a short straight point, slightly projecting."
Likewise the age of pigeons may be determined by the appearance of the
wings as affected by the molts.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
[Dairy husbandry], J. H. Grisdale, E. S. Archibald, H. T. Gussow, et al.
{Canada Evpt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 34-37, 478-480, 543-577, pis. ii).— From
experiments conducted to determine the feeding value for dairy cattle of black-
strap molasses, it was found that when molasses I'eplaces a meal (composed of
bran, gluten meal, cotton-seed meal, and dried brewers' grains 6:3:2:2) pound
for pound to the extent of 10 per cent of total meal fed, it proves quite satis-
factory ; this is due probably in large measure to the increasing of the palata-
bility of the feed. When molasses replaced the meal to the extent of 20 per cent,
the cows dropped in their milk flow and milk cost, to produce, more per hun-
dred pounds; it is worthy of note that on the 20-per cent molasses (li to 2 lbs.
per day) the cows gained in weight and condition. When molasses replaced
meal to the extent of 30 per cent, the cows dropped heavily in milk flow and
milk cost more per hundred pounds. This quantity of molasses slightly scoured
the cows and caused loss in body weight.
Estimates of returns from four herds show that the profits over feed between
calvings (labor, manure, and calf not included) ranged between $52.98 and
$96.69 per head for the year.
Comparisons made of the bacterial content of machine and hand-milked
samples of milk showed a considerably greater number of bacteria in the
former than in the latter. In dairy records taken of one herd it was found
that the cost of food for the five most profitabe cows, whose average pi'oduction
of milk was 9.637.2 lbs., and of fat 344.2 lbs., was $54.27, while the profit per
cow was $117.83. With the five least profitable cows, whose average yield was
6.136.2 lbs. of milk and 208.6 lbs. of fat, the cost was $36.62 and the profit $67.68.
Plans of several dairy barns are included.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 471
[Feeding' value of grasses], N. Athanassof (Rev. Vet. e Zootech., 4 (iOl4),
No. 5, pp. 287-293, pis. 4). — Experiments are reported in which the grasses
Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon rufus were fed to dairy cattle as rougliage.
It was demonstrated that both grasses materially increased the live weight of
the cows and with the former the milk production was increased, but with the
latter it was lowered.
Feeding dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, G. Scakpitti {Indus. Latt. e
Zootec, 12 iJ91.'t), No. l.'i, pp. 213. 21.'i). — Successful trials are reported in feed-
ing dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, it appearing that this product has a
nutritive value slightly higher than linseed meal, its composition being given
as follows: Moisture 10.1, protein 38.13, fat 11.63, nitrogen-free extract 29.43,
liber 5.9, and ash 4.81 per cent. The feeding of this material resulted in an
increases! yield of milk and an increase in live weight.
Dairying in Nevada, C. A. Norcross {Nev. Bur. Indus., Agr. and Irrig. Bui.
'J (191 If), pp. I.')S, figs. 4~)- — This gives general information on the breeding,
feeding, care, and management of dairy cattle under Nevada conditions.
What dairying has done for Denmark, J. J. Dunne (Hoard's Dairy man,
19U, Dec. 25, pp. 633, 653, 654; 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 672, 673, 680, figs. 4).— A
general account of the development of the dairy industry in Denmark during
the past 35 years, the growth of the cooperative societies, and the effect of the
industry on the system of farm management, changing it from one of crop
growing to one of milk and live stock production.
The cost of milk production (Hoard's Dairy man, 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 669,
670, figs. 3). — Eeports from various state stations on the cost of milk production
are cited and commented upon. It is concluded that $40 in the West and $60
in the East is a fair estimate at which to place the fixed charges per cow per
year, after deducting the value of the calf and the manure. It was also shown
that as the production increases the cost increases but not nearly in proportion
to the increase in the value of the milk.
The effect of the volatile fatty acids of the nutritive fats on the milk
secretion. — Poi-poise oil, C. Begeb (Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 1-2,
pp. 155 167). — Porpoise oil fed to two goats in one case increased the milk
secretion and the Reichert-Meissl number, while in the other case it did not,
there being an actual depression.
Studies in the expansion of milk and cream, H. W. Bearce (U. S. Dcpt.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 251-268). — Studies were undex--
taken by the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, for the
Dairy Division of this Department, to determine the coefficient of expansion
of market milk, single cream, and double cream. The principle em]iloyed in
determining the rate of expansion was to measure the change of density with
change of temperature and from that to calculate the change in volume. The
density determinations were made by the method of hydrostatic weighing.
Several sources of error are to be taken into account — the difficulty of accurate
weighing owing to the nonhomogeneity of the milk and cream samples; a
difference in the assumed percentage of fat and the actual percentage, due to
the loss occurring in handling; temperature observations; and weigliings of
the sinker. Tables are given showing the observed densities of milk and cream,
the densities of milk and cream corresponding to various percentages of fat,
observed and calculated densities of milk and cream at different temperatures
and with different percentages of fat, and the volume of milk and cream at
various temperatures occupied by a unit volume at 68° F.
"Examination of the results shows that for the individual samples exam-
ined the density determinations may be depended ui>on to about one unit of the
84079°— No. 5—15 6
472 EXPERIMENT STA'HON RECORD,
fuiudi (lociiual place. These values, however, when plotted, present certain
irregularities which are far too great to be accounted for by errors in the
deterniinations. For example, four different samples were examined, each of
which was supposed to contain ;j<J per cent of fat. The densities of the four
samples at 85° C. were found to be in satisfactoiy agreement, and for each
sample the agreement between the observed and calculated densities at other
temperatures was such as to throw no suspicion uiwu the determinations; and
yet the rate of expansion of the four sanii)les was widely difCereut. Only one out
of the four fitted reasonably well into the series formed by the samples aljove
and below 30 per cent.
"This and similar anomalies for certain other samples maki> it appear that
the rate of expansion of any given samjile depends upon something more than
the density or the percentage of fat present. It undoui)tetlly depends upon the
physical and chemical condition of the sample at the time the observations
are made. This condition is probably largely dependent upon the time that
has elapsed since the preparation of the sample and upon the temperature at
which it has been kept. That being the case, it would probably be iraix)ssible
to find any fixed relation that would express accurately the rate of expansion
of all percentages of butter fat under all conditions."
These studies have been referred to in another source (E. S. R., 31, p. TiTo).
The iron content of human and cow's milk, F. von Soxhlet {Miinchen. Med.
Wchnsvhr., 51) (1!)12), A'o. 28, pp. 1529-153.1). — This article reviews the work
of a number of investigators, comparing the iron content of human and cow's
milk.
Composition of sheep milk, G. Bie6 (Ztschr. Unterstich. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
27 (1914), No. 5, p. 397; ahs. in CJiem. Zentbl, 19U, I, No. 18, p. 1690).— This
is in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 374). Tests made
of 262 samples of sheep milk from a Hungarian market showed an average ash
content of 0.75, fat 7.S7, and dry matter 19.7 per cent. The highest fat content
was 10.45, and of dry matter 22.98 per cent.
The chloroformic coagulation of milk, E. Pozerski (Compt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris], 76 (1914), No. 17, pp. 812, 813).— It was noted that coagulation
resulting from the use of a chloroform preservative was increased by the
leucocyte content of the milk.
Note on the nonlactose fermenters in fresh milk, J. Ritchie (Jour. Ilyg.
[Camhrklfjc], 14 (1914), No. 3, pp. 393. .39-',).— Ot the 01 samples of milk exam-
ined only 7 samples proved to contain nonlactose fermenters, and from these
8 organisms were obtained.
" In regard to the general bacteriological cojidition of these samjiles, lactose
fermenters were absent from 1 cc. in 1 case, present in 1 cc. in 2 cases, in 0.1
cc. in 3 cases, and in 0.001 cc. in 1 case."
The feeding of cattle and the production of hygienic milk, C. Gorini (CUn.
Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sandt. e Ig., 37 (1914), No. 11, pp. 4Jf7-453) .—T^e
author comments on the sources of bacterial infection of milk, one of the prin-
cipal of these being the food. The bacteria carried from the food to the feces
are, under insanitary conditions, transferred to the milk. Fermented feeds
from the silo, beet pulp, and sugar }>ro<lucts are the principal sources of these
bacteria. Likewise the drinking water may be a source of infection.
The milk supply as a causal factor in relation to tuberculosis, S. Delepine
{Jour. State Med., 22 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. 671-682; 12, pp. 718-731).— This is a
general summary of the observations and arguments which have been used
for and against the view that the millv bears a causal relation to tuberculosis.
Especial mention is made of the conditions in Manchester, England, whore there
DAIRY FARMING^ — DAIRYING. 473
lias bi-fii a Diatcrial rrduelioii in the umilaliiy Iruia Liibt'i'calu.si.s iliiriu,^ roL-eul
years, due largely to the iiuprovement in (lie milk supply. It i« eoufludeLl that
although there is uot complete agreexnt ni in (he refills obtained by various
observers as to the exact amount of liuman tuberculosis atlribulable Id llie
consumption of tuberculous cows' milk, there Is clear and cunnilative evidence
thai cows" milk plays a very imj)ortant part iu the production of infantile
(uben-ulosis in England and Scothuid.
Market milk, V. G. Bouukicau (I'c/. Mininti, Quart. [Oliio State Univ.], 2
HHJ.'i), No. 3, pp. So-08). — This treats of the pathogenic baeleiia found in milk,
their rate of multiplication and their elTc\;t upon public health. Epidemics of
typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and septic sore throat, traceable iu con-
taminated milk are cited, and the method of contamination described. It is
stated that all raw milk is potentially dangerous, but that i)asteuriza(ion
l>n)perly done by the holding method will render milk safe. The necessity of
adeciuate municipal control of the milk supply is commented upon.
The care of milk and cream, T. A. F. Wiancko (Brit. Colunibia Dcpt. Ayr.
But. [) (IfU-'f). pp. 0). — This JJuUetiu gives general instructions on the care of
milk and cream on tlie dairy farm.
Instruction iu the schools concerniug sanitary milk, E. Kklly ( '/. Intermit.
Cong. School Ilyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 3 (1913), pp. 38-^3, fig. i).— Tlie
author considers the public schools an excellent means of combatling ignorance
and carelessness regarding the milk supi)ly. He gives a synopsis of d(>sirable
instruction and a list of the U. S. Department of Agriculture publications on
the subject.
Biorization of milk, O. G. Noack (Aincr. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 {WUt), No. 12,
pp. 859-861). — An explanation of the recently invented apparatus and method
of biorizing milk previously referred to (E. S. R., 31, p. 276).
The dairy industry act, 1914, and regulations, J. A. Kuddick (Canada
Dept. Agr. Dairy and Cold Storage Cotnr. Branch Bui. Ji2 (191Jf), pp. 13). — This
gives the text of the Canadian Dairy Industry Act of 1914, regulating the
manufacture and sale of daii*y products.
[Overrun in butter], L. F. Rosengren (Milch w. ZentJjl, Jf2 (1913), No. 24,
pp. 713-721; J,3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. //).— This reports tests made of the
fat content, dry matter, fat-free dry matter, and fat iu the dry matter, of
buttermilk from various grades of milk. Formulas are given for estimating
the probable overrun in butter.
[Causes and effects of uneven composition of butter], F. W. Bouska (V. Y.
Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 39 (1914), No. 6, p. 328, figs. 11). — The uninen
comiH)sition of churned butter, due to improper salting, maladjustment of work-
ers, overloading, improper working, and other causes, is discussed.
The microflora of Liptauer cheese and their importance in the ripening
and flavoring, O. Gratz and K. Vas (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 (1914),
No. 18-23. pp. 481-545. fig. 1). — A variety of micro-organisms were found, the
majoT'ity, however, being of an accideiital character, coming from the air. water,
salt, and other sources. The rii>ening of the cheese is not dependent upon these
accidental flora but upon the lipolytic enzyms of the rennet, which work upon
the fats and in turn affect the flavor of the cheese.
Ripening of Neufchatel cheese, O. Laxa (Ztxchr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oenu.ss-
iiitl.. 28 (1914), No. 8, pp. 387-392).— This reports studios made of the chemical
cJianges o(x-urring in Neufchatel. Camembert, and other varieties of cheese in
the process of ripening.
474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
VETERINARY lODICINE.
The importance of enzyms and enzyni reactions in medicine and surgery,
W. G. Lylic and P. A. Kobkk {-lour. Indus, timi En(jin. ('Iicnt., G (l!JI-'f), Xo. JO,
pp. 855, 856). — A pai)er on the topic which was presented before the New York
section of the American Chemical Society in July, 1914.
The diagnosis of pregnancy in the bovine, sheep, and goat hy the dialysis
method, J. IIiciitek and J. 8chwarz (Ztschi'. Tienned., 11 (1913), No. 10, pp.
J,n-.'i58; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchmchr., 29 (1913), No. 51, pp. 913, 9U).—
With the dialysis method (E. S. R., 31, p. 278) it was possible to note placenta-
cleaving: protective ferments in the blood serum of pregnant bo vines, sheep,
and goats in the sixth week of pregnancy and upwards. From the fourth to the
eighth month of pregnancy the diagnosis can be made in 100 per cent of the
cases but during the ninth month it becomes uncertain. Within the first four
weeks post parturition the ferments can also be noted in the sera of the ani-
mals mentioned, and in some cases for a much longer period. Inaccurate re-
sults are obtained if the directions are not strictly adhered to.
Organic arsenic preparations and their cheniotherapeutic significance, M.
NiERENSTEiN (Sdmiul. Chcm. u. Chein. Tech. Vortmgc, 19 (1912), No. 2-3, pp.
.'i7-140). — This deals with the history and chemistry and the various theories
(Ehrlich's reduction theory, Breinl and Nierenstein's oxidation theoi'y, and
Uhlenhuth's partial cell function theory) relating to the action of arsenicals as
antiparasiticides in spirochete, trypanosome, and similar diseases. The pub-
lication is one of the collection of chemical and chemotechnical lectures edited
by F. B. Ahrens.
The biological decomposition of arsenic compounds, H. Huss (Ztschi: Hyg.
u. Infcktionskranlc, 16 (1914), No. 3, pp. 361-406; nhs. in Chem. Zentbh. 1914,
I, No. 8, pp. 801, 802). — Not many fungi have the power of decomposing arsenic
compounds. Under favorable conditions of air, moisture, and with a suitable
substratum, some evolve gases which do not appear to be very toxic. The insolu-
ble compounds and those sparingly soluble are decomposed w^ith greater diffi-
culty than the soluble compounds. These " arsenic fungi " are found in all
manner of places, but in small number compared with the other micro-organisms
which accompany them. Penicillium brevicaule, one of the most active, was not
found in living rooms, w^hereas Actinomyces sp., which is quite as active, fre-
quently occurs in isolated groups on moist walls and other places.
Principal poisonous plants of the western stock ranges, C. D. Marsh ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Principal Poisonous Plants of the Western Stock
Ranges (1914), PP- 13, figs. 6). — This circular presents photographic illustrations
and brief descriptions of poisonous plants on the western stock ranges which
it is most necessary for the stockman to avoid, namely, Zygadenus, or death
camus; lupine; loco, white loco, or rattleweed; tall larkspur; low larkspur;
and eicuta, or water hemlock.
Suckered roundworms from India and Ceylon, C. Lane (Indian Jmir. Med.
Research, 2 (1914), No. 2. pp. 655-669, pis. 8). — A number of genera and species
are described for the first time.
Studies concerning glycosuria and diabetes, F. M. Allen (Boston, 1913. pp.
XVIII-\-1119, pis. S). — This large work represents the results of three years of
research in the laboratory of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene of the Harvard
University Medical School. It includes many experiments on animals and con-
tains an extended review of the literature.
The microbiology of the infectious diseases of animals, J. Courmont and
L. Panisset (Precis dc Microbiologic dcs Maladies Infectieuses dcs Animaujp.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 475
Paris, 1914, PP- 111-^-1054, ^V*'- S71). — This work describes the methods germane
to micrubiuloyy aud treats of the micro-orgauisms causing disease, especially
in animals, \yitli numerous illustrations.
Filterable viruses, K. F. Meyer (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1914), Nos. 2, pp. 132-
i44; 3, pp. 265-280; abs. in Vet. Rec, 27 (1914), Nos. 1365, pp. 151-159; 1366,
pp. 167-171). — A paper presented at the Tenth International Veterinary Con-
gress held at Loudon in 1914.
Contagion by immunization, J. Law (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), No. 7,
pp. 4'>0-4!>7). — Chiefly a criticism of the terms used to-day in Immunology.
A study of the metabiotic action of ultraviolet rays. — Modification and
heredity of characters in the anthrax bacillus, Mmk. V. IIenui (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. 4, pp. 340-^43, pi. i).— The author has fol-
lowed up the work previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 379) with a further
study of the anthrax bacillus as affected in its morphological and biochemical
characters by culture under the influence of ultraviolet rays.
The characteristic arrangement of the bacilli in filaments was strongly modi-
fietl when gi-own in an alkaline or saccharin medium. The form and size of
the rods were also changed. Other charactei-s showing considerable alteration
were responsiveness to the Gram stain, production of pigments, and formation
of amylolytic and proteolytic ferments. The persistency of the characters so
acquired was noteworthy; changes tending toward the normal form were in-
duced in one strain by passage through the guinea pig.
Beport of the departmental committee appointed by the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries to inquire into foot-and-mouth disease, S. Stockm.\n,
J. McFadyean, aud A. E. 'Mf.tt am (Rpt. Dcpt. Com. Bd. Agr. and Fisheries
[Gt. Brit.], Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 1914, PP- 32, figs. 6; ahs. in Jersey Bui.
and Dairy World, 34 (1915), No. 1, p. 11). — This is a report of a departmental
conmflttee appointed by the Board in June, 1912, to make an investigation of
the characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease and the manner in which it is con-
tracted and spread.
The investigation was carried out in India. The total number of animals
employed in the experiments was 228, including 165 cattle. 23 buffaloes, 0 sheeji.
11 goats, and 20 pigs. Infection was attempted by contact, intravenous inocula-
tion, scarification, subcutaneous inoculation, and feeding.
In 49 experiments embracing 147 animals the results were entirely negative.
In the remaining 18 experiments with 81 auimals of which 37 became infected
the results were as follows: Intravenous inoculation infected 12 cattle and
3 buffaloes, and failed to infect 10 cattle and 1 buffalo; inoculation by scarifica-
tion infected 8 cattle and 1 pig (2 doubtful), and failed to infect 4 cattle and
1 bufl'alo; subcutaneous inoculation infected 1 pig and failed to infect another;
and contact with diseased animals led to the infection of G cattle and 1 buffalo,
and failed to infect 12 cattle, 3 sheep, and 5 goats.
In the great majority of cases the period of incubation after intravenous in-
oculation was two days, but in one animal the first lesions developed on the
tenth day after inoculation. In cases of infection produced by scarification the
period of incubation varied from two to eight days and after contact from three
to 13 days.
In 25 cases the period within which ulcers developed in the mouth did not
exceed 24 hours, but in 12 new cases fresh vesicles appeared ou two or more
successive days. It was found that in the morning ulcers might be present in
the mouth of an animal which on the previous evening showed no abnormality
of the mucous membrane.
Foot-and-mouth disease in the Dutch East Indies, A. Vri.iburo (TijdscJir.
Veeartsenijk., 41 (1914), No. 1. pi). 12, 13; ahs. in Rec. 06n. MM. VH., 23 (1914),
476 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
'No. 212, pp. J,S9, ////O).— The Dutch East Indies are repnlarly visited by this
disease, but its importance is lessened by the fact that the production of milk
and butter is very small and the animals nearly all employed as beasts of
burden.
Immunization of imported cattle against northern Rhodesian piroplas-
mosis and anaplasmosis, F. Chambeus and J. Smith (Jour. Compar. Path.
onil Thcr., 27 (1HJJ,), No. 2, pp. 155-171, fifjs. 2).— As a result of this work, the
first inoculation on a large scale of northern Rhodesian cattle, it is believed
that the most suitable age for the purpose of immunization against piro-
plasmosis and anaplasmosis is from 10 to 15 montlis. The best method of
immunizing imported cattle against local piroplasmosis and anaplasmo.sis is to
give a subcutaneous injection of 10 cc. of citrated blood containing the Babesia
Mgemina and Anaplasma ccntralc, followed 14 days later by an injection of
from 4 to 6 cc. of local blood containing the B. hif/ciuina and A. marglnaJc.
Experimental polyneuritis. — Effects of exclusive diet of wheat flour in
the form of ordinary bread on fowls, W. Iv. Oiii.kr {Jour. Mcil. Ii< search. 31
(,191.'i). No. 2, pp. 239-2.'f6, pi. 1). — "From the results of these ex]K'riinents it
can be stated with certainty that when fed on an exclusive diet of white bread,
whether with or without yeast, fowls develop a definite polyneuritis. This
condition has been demonstrated by histological studies of both nerve and
muscle tissue."
A note on the effect of heat on the rinderpest-immune bodies, J. D. E.
Holmes (Ac/r. Research Inst. Piisa But. IfS il91-'i), pp. 10). — Ti'sts were carried
out in oi'der to ascertain whether exposure to a moderately high tempei'ature
for several days or to a high temperature for a short period had any detri-
mental effect on rinderpest-immune bodies. Another object of the experi-
ments was to determine the effect of sterilization on the potency of the serum.
It was found that rinderpest antiserum does not become changed in potency
by short exposure to high temperature, and that the sterilization of this serum
can be accomplished without detriment to the value of the serum. The action
of rinderpest antiserum is not dependent upon the complement contained
therein. Inmiuue bodies are not altered when exposed to a tempera tiire of 60
to G5° C for a period of an hour, whereas the complement of serum is de-
stroyed by heating to 55° for half an hour.
Accoi'ding to the results it seems probable that rinderpest serum obtains a
suitable complement in the body of injected cattle. One liter of fresh immune
serum which showed no reaction in vitro upon ox corpuscles when intra-
venously given resulted in a very darkly stainetl urine. This is deemed proof
that a suitable complement was present in the body of the animal.
A case of tetanus treated by injections of carbolic acid, P. Stewart and
J. T. C. Laing {Brit. Med. Jour., No. 28/7 {19 U,), p. 1098).— The results ob-
tained in the treatment of a man 27 years of age. here reported, are thought
to exemiUify the efficiency of the carbolic acid treatment of tetanus, originally
introduced by Baccelli some 15 years ago.
Contribution to the study of the treatment of tetanus, Caillaud and CoR-
NKiLioN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 19, pp. 66.',-667).—
Injections of carbolic acid alone cured two cases of tetanus of average severity,
and phenol injections combined with intravenous injections of lantol or coUodial
rhodium cured two other very severe cases. The api»lication of the same treat-
ment in five cases in Cannes wh(>re the mortality was high resulted in five
cures.
Reflections and investig'ations on the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the
circulating blood, E. Fischer {Ztschr. Ilyg. u. Jnfetxtioiisl:ranl-., 78 {1914),
VETERINARY MEDICINE, 477
No. 2. pp. 253-300). — A review of the lit era lure in tliis regard with a report of
the author's observations.
The niicroscopical examination of the blood of tuberculous guinea pigs (arti-
ficially infected) and human beings for detecting the presence of tubercle
bacilli resulted negatively in all cases. The best method for this purpose is
said to be the animal test and eventually the culture test. Animals infected
with the blood of tuberculous subjects in 90 per cent of the cases gave a negative
finding. The administration of tuberculin did not seem to cause a molyilizatioii
of the tubercle bacilli.
Report on the infection of children with the bovine tubercle bacillus, A. P.
MrrciiELL [Brit. Mrd. Jour., No. 276S {1914), PP- 125-133, pi. 1; rtfi.s. in Jam:
Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1911,), No. 1, pp. 85-87).— For the purpose of ob-
taining definite statistical evidence as to the relative frequency of the bovine
and human types of tubercle bacilli in cases of disease of the cervical glands in
children, 72 consecutive cases were studied. In 05 of these the tubercle bacillus
of the bovine type was resjionsible and in the remaining 7 the disease was due
to the Inmian type.
The intradermic tuberculin test applied to the eyelid, G. Moussu {Bill. Soc.
Cent. Mdd. V<^t., 91 {1914), No. 6. pp. 130-133, figs. 2; al)S. in Jour. Compar.
Path, and Ther., 27 {191/,), No. 3, pp. 266, 267).— This method was suggested
by the Lanfranchi test for the diagnosis of glanders, but differs in that a fine
syringe is used and the tuberculin is injected into the thickness of the skin
of the lower eyelid. "The point selected is about opposite the middle jioiut of
the lid and 1 cm. from its free border. The dose of tuberculin used is 0.1 cc.
It is not stated what kind of tuberculin is used. Two figures taken from draw-
ings show the tyiie of reaction obtained. In the tuberculous animals the eyelid
becomes edematous and swollen, and the ej^e appears sunken. The results are
quite as striking as those obtained with the method when applied to the caudal
folds.
" In clinically affected animals the author has observed a steady increase in
the reaction up to the thirty-sixth hour, at which hour it Is at its maximum.
The reaction would therefore appear to be produced earlier and to disappear
earlier than when the test is applied to the anal fold. Contrary to what has
been found by lianfranchi in his mallein tests, there has been no evidence of
any ophthalmic reaction, save that some lachrymation has been observed."
Experimental study of the chicken as a possible typhoid carrier, O. W. H.
Mitchell and G. T. Bloomer {Jour. Med. Research, 31 (Wl-O, No. 2, pp. 247-
250). — " From the work done it would seem that the chicken is highly resistant
to the typhoid organism. It not only fails to take the disease, but also, as
these experiments seem to indicate, it can not be made a carrier either by feed-
ing the organism or by intravenous inoculation. The limited time, however, in
which the work was pursued and also the limited number of chickens used must
be borne in mind in weighing the evidence adduced by these experiments, and
a greater number of experiments covering a longer period should be done be-
fore it is said absolutely that the chicken can not become a typhoid carrier.''
Agglutination affinities of a pathogenic bacillus from fowls (fowl typhoid)
(Bacterium sanguinarium, Moore) with the typhoid bacillus of man, T.
Smith and C. TenRrokck {Jour. .Med. Research, 31 {1915), No. 3, pp. 503,
521). — "A descrii)tion of the fowl typhoid bacillus was first published by V. A.
Moore in 1S95 [E. S. R., !), p. 890] and named by him B. sanffuiiiarium. In 1913
Pfeiler and Relise [E. S. R., 30, p. 385] describal this organism anew under
the name B. ti/phi gaUluarum alcnlifaciens. We have shown that it has many
diagnostic features in common with the human typhoid bacillus, among them
478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the behavior toward carbohydrates and the agglutination reactions. Its ag-
glutinative relation to the paratj-phoid (paracolon) and the dysentery gi-oup
is weak as regards the former and negative or nearly so as regards the latter.
It differs from the typhoid l)aclllus in being nonmotile."
The pathog'enic action of the fowl typhoid bacillus with special reference
to certain toxins, T. Smith and C. TenBroeck {Jour. Med. Research, 31 (1915),
No. 3, pp. 523-5JiG, fig. 1). — The investigations reported, which are based upon
a large number of experiments made during the past four years, have demon-
stratetl the presence of a toxin in filtrates which appears as early as the end of
two days in cultures kept at 37° C. The medium chiefly used was peptonized
veal bi'oth plus 0.1 per cent dextrose in shallow layers. The prompt effect on
rabbits by the intravenous route leading to death within two hours is said to
be in many respects like an anaphylactic shock. While the authors have not
presented any definite proof that the fowl typhoid bacillus plays any part in
the food or so-called ptomaine poisoning in man, they believe that this or-
ganism should be searched for in any study of the cause of such outbreaks.
A note on the relation between B. pullorum (Rettger) and the fowl typhoid
bacillus (Moore), T. Smith and C. TenBeoeck (Jour. Med. Research, 31 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 547-555). — "The bacillus of fowl typhoid as studied in the type cul-
tures I and II differed from Bacillus pullorum in that recently isolated strains
of the latter produced a little gas in both dextrose jand mannite bouillon or in
dextrose only. We can not affirm at present whether any strains of the fowl
typhoid bacillus jiroduced gas when freshly isolated, or whether certain freshly
isolated strains of B. pullorum do not produce gas. In our strains the total
amount of gas produced by any strain did not exceed 30 per cent of the closed
arm of the fermentation tube.
"A second difference between the two types is determined by maltose. This
is acidified by fowl typhoid bacilli, and not by B. pullorum. In other respects
the types are alike. Toxin production is identical and differences in immuno-
logical reactions have not been found.
" Strains of B. pullorum which do not produce gas might be mistaken for
B. dysenteriw (Shiga) unless serological tests (agglutination) are resorted to
and mannite included in the fermentation tests. They might be mistaken for
the Flexner type unless sei'ological tests are applied. So-called nonmotile
strains of the typhoid bacillus can be differentiated from the fowl typhoid
group only by careful morphological studies. The gas production of B. pullo-
rum is of a fluctuating character which seems to disappear during artificial
cultivation.
" The statement made by Hadley [E. S. R., 26, p. 1S5] that the fowl typhoid
bacillus probably belongs to the fowl cholei'a (rabbit septicemia) group is dis-
pi'oved by so many facts that it need not be specially considered.
" The terminology of this group is likely to become confusing if, at present,
we identify with each other the fowl typhoid and the pullorum types. A better
plan would be to adhere, for the time being, to the separation, until a much
larger number of races have been carefully studied, and fluctuating and per-
manent differences recorded. If these organisms should prove to be a species
in the making which has not yet acquired its final characters, other variations
than those to which we have referred may be encountered."
Influence of sickness of cattle on the milk, F. Zaribmcky {Arch. Wiss. it.
Prakt. Tierheillc, 40 {WW, No. 1,-5, pp. 355-381) .—li\ this study it was found
that the fat content is quite variable in disease, in some cases there being a
rapid rise in fat content and in others a reduction, ranging from 1.7 per cent
with cows affected with mastitis (E. S. R., 27, p. S7S) to 19.5 per cent with
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 4*79
those .'iffpcted with foot-and-mouth disease. There were some variations in the
milk sugar content but not so fj;reat as in the fat, the majority of oases ranging
from 4.5 to 5.5 per cent with several cases as low as 1. In ash content there
was as a rule little variation from the normal. Except in cases of abnormally-
high or low fat content, the specific gravity of the milk varied but little from
the normal. The casein content appeared to be lower than the normal except
in cases of mastitis and fot)t-and-mouth disease. Among the diseases studied
wore mastitis, foot-and-mouth disease, intestinal catarrh, endometritis, pye-
lonephritis, and diseases of the respiratory organs.
Some drugs recently used in veterinary practice, J. N. Fuost (Cornell Vet.,
4 (1DJ5), No. 4, pp. 100-193). — The author states that during the year four
lierds in which infectious mastitis was spreading rapidly were treated with
methylene blue. Each cow was given 60 grains, followed by a dose of 30
grains the following night and morning. In all cases treated the dose was
sufficient to cause the milk to be colored. Rapid recoveries followed in all the
herds without the loss of a single quarter or the production of a hard milker.
It is stated that one of these herds had been troubled nearly every year by in-
fectious mastitis with the loss of the udder or a section of it and the produc-
tion of hard milkers by the formation of fibrous growths, commonly called
spider in the teat canal.
Kidney worm infestation of swine in the Philippine Islands with special
reference to the pathological changes, W. H. Boynton {Philippine Jour. >S'e/.,
^Sect. B, 9 (1914), ^^0. 3, pp. 269-289, pis. 3).— This report of studies of the
pathological changes induced by the kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatiis) is
based upon the examination of ])igs imported into the Philippines.
Infestation with >S'. dentufus is characterized by muscular pains, tenderness
to pressure over the kidneys, weakness, loss of appetite, emaciation, and partial
or complete paralysis of the hind quarters. "The parasites may be located in
the fat surrounding the kidneys, in the ureters, and encysted in the kidneys,
liver, spleen, lymph glands, and muscles and connective tissues in the region of
the kidneys; also, they may be found free, slightly embedded, or encysted in
the connective tissue of both peritoneal and thoracic cavities."
The age at which jDigs usually die from infestation with S. dentatus and the
lesions produced by this parasite indicate a slow-developing chronic disease.
" Since the average age of pigs that are killed for meat at the Manila matadero
varies from six months to one and one-half years, the disease does not have
time to cause any fatal or very damaging lesions in the animals. Hence it is
not looked upon as very serious in connection with meat inspection. In older
animals the lesions are more serious.
" From the sevei'al autopsies made on animals, it is concluded that kidney
worm infestation becomes a generalizetl instead of a localized disease of swine
when allowed to run*its course. Practically every cavity of the body may be-
come infested."
Attention is called to the fact that observations reported by Newcomb
(E. S. R., 30, p. 384) show the infestation to be prevalent in native hogs
slaughtered at Manila.
Hog cholera or Pintadilla, B. M. Bolton (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Circ.
46 (1914), pp. 16, fig. 1). — A general account of the nature of this disease,
symptoms, duration, etc., vaccination, the disiiosition of animals that die of
the disease, and the advisability of disinfecting the premises where it has ex-
isted.
Hog cholera questions and answers, F. B. Hadley ( 1F/sco«.s'/h tita. Circ. 54
(1914), PP- 3-28. figs. 10). — This circular deals with the nature and occurrence
of hog cholera in Wi.scousin, its cause, diagnosis, prevention and control, and
480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
treatment, inoluclinff the use of bof; cholera serum and virus autl the results that
have be(ni obtained in Wisconsin.
Hog cholera and its prevention by the use of antihog-cholera serum, R. U.
Fi.owK (/>'»/. A'. V. Dcpt. Ayr., ,W iHU'i), A'o. 7. ;>/>. 2.9, fuj-s. /.7).— An account of
hog cholera, its nature, prevention and methods of eradication. The manufac-
ture of antihog-cbolera serum is described and the bulletin is well illustrated.
Basis of the serum treatment for hog cholera, C. F. Ia'nch (Amer. Jour.
Vet. Med., 9 (191/,), Nos. 7, pp. 1/73-1,80; 8, pp. 580-583).— A brief survey of the
principles underlying Inununily and an account of the use of the serum and
serum virus methods of treating bog cliolora.
Environment as a factor in complications following vaccination for the
prevention of hog cholera, S. Siikldon (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No.
7. pp. 1,89, 1,90). — "After a herd has been pi'operly vaccinatefl, it should be
placed in a paddock or pasture where mudholes and stagnant pools are
absent. . . . We feel that this is a very important matter and should be in-
sisted upon at all times."
Conditions in which antihog-cholera serum should not be used, O. E. Troy
(A)ucr. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 7, pp. 1,80, //8/).— The tenor of this paper
is that a diagnosis of hog cholera must be iwsitively made before serum or
similar treatment is employed. The serum virus method should only be used
under the proper auspices.
" Unless there is immediate danger of infection, jiregnant sows should not
be immunized, particularly with the simultaneous method, as the inmiunizing
process may produce abortion. Careful handling and the use of serum alone
minimizes this danger. Swine that are to be introduced to noninfected premises
Avhere there are noninfected. susceptible hogs, should not be given the simul-
taneous treatment within 30 days of their introduction, because such im-
munized bogs may be virus carriers. Herds to which any new stock is being
added should, as a rule, be protected unless careful quarantine of the new
stock is observed. Serum alone has proved impractical on infected farms where
conditions do not permit of thorough cleaning and disinfection, and in feed lots
where new hogs are periodically added."
Some failures for which serum has been wrongly blamed, C. H. Bugbee
(.Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 7, pp. 1,81,-1,86). — Increased caution in
operation and in administering bog-cholera serum is deemed necessary. Laxity
in this regard accounts for much of the failures in the use of antihog-cholera
serum.
The proper time to vaccinate hogs, R. A. Branson (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med.,
9 (1911,), No. 9, pp. 651, 652). — After giving his experiences in immunizing swine,
the author concludes that "the proper time to vaccinate is when the pig is
from six to eight weeks of age."
Care of the herd after vaccination, D. S. Burcham (Amer. Jour. Vet. Jfed.,
9 (1911,). No. 7, pp. 1,83, 1,81,). — A discussion with recommendations.
Spreading disease among coyotes, M. A. Cromwell (Breeder's Gaz., 67
(1915), No. 3, pp. 110, 111). — It is stated that the inoculation of young coyotes
with sarcoptic mange mites and turning them loose at Creat Falls. Mont., to
infect other wild coyotes has succeeded in spreading the disease. The coyotes
of that locality are said to be dying by the hundreds and in fact becoming
nearly extinct in some places. The author reports that sheepmen at a I'ecent
meeting favored the removal of the bounty from coyotes, especially those that
are infivtetl with mange, and of putting more efforts and money into the
disease work.
Tuberculosis in poultry, C. II. IIiogins (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp.
6S7-6S9). — A brief popular account.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 481
Blackhead in turkeys (enteiohepatitis). C. 11. Higoins (Canadti Expt.
I'aniis h'i)ts. WU), i>i). 6S3-6SG). — An account of this disease and its prevention
and ircatiuent.
Lice and mites: Life history and extermination, Helen D. Whitaker
(Washington Sta. Popular Bid. IJ, {I'Jl.'f), pp. 7). — A popular account of the
ectoparasites of poultry and means for their control.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
River and canal engineering, E. S. Bkllasis (London and New York, 1913,
pp. A'+2/J, fnjs. 72). — It Is the object of this book to describe the characteris-
tics of open-flowing streams and the principles and methods to be followed in
dealing with them. The subject matter is presented under the following
chapters: Rainfall, collection of information concerning streams, the silting
and scourhig action of streams, niolhods of increasing or reducing silting or
scour, works for the protection of banks, diversions and closures of streams,
the training and canalization of rivers, canals and conduits, weirs and sluices,
brldsos and syphons, drainage and floods, reservoirs and dams, tidal waters
and works, and river bars.
Report of investigations of land settlement and irrigation development in
Amei-ica, E. Mead (Melbourne, Aust., 191.'i, pp. 10). — This is a general report
on Ibe subject.
An economic phase of irrigation, A. M. Paul (West. Engin., 5 (191)), No. //,
pp. IG.i, IG-'f). — The author discusses the application of the law of niininunn to
Ihe use of irrigation water.
Notes on irrigation and cooperative irrigation societies in Ilocos Norte,
E. 15. ('nuLSTiE (Philippine Jour. Hci., Seet. D, 9 (191/f), No. 2, pp. 99-113, pi.
1). — It is the object of this article to convey a general idea of the degree of
development of native irrigation in Ilocos Norte and to give a detailed descrip-
tion of the irrigation works in Bacarra and Bintar.
Irrigation and canal building in British India, E. Jacquerez (Min. Agr.
[France], Ann. Fon'ts, llydruul. [etc.]. No. J,3 (1912), pp. 337-1,21, pis. 5, figs.
23). — The author discusses in some detail the phases of irrigation as practiced
in British India, taking up particularly methods of elevating irrigation water,
irrigation canals, design and alignment of permanent canals, chutes, rapids
and flumes, dams and water storage, water measurement and distribution, and
administration and cost of irrigation enterprises and the resulting revenues.
Discussions of the design of irrigation structures invohing mathematical cal-
culations are given and typical structures are illustrated.
Concrete lining, Franklin Canal, Rio Grande project, L. I\I. Lawson (Engin.
Nen-S', 72 (1911,), No. 11. pp. 5'f0-5.'i3, figs. S). — Tlie construction of the concrete
lining necessary to increase the canal cai)acity is described and illustrated.
A 4-iu. thickness of concrete was placed with forms on a 14:1 slope. Cost
data are also given.
The reclamation of the Zuider Zee, J. M. Figee (Engin. Ncics, 72 (191/,), No.
IG, pp. 778-780, figs. 2). — A system of reclamation by means of dikes and steam
pumping plants whereby about SOO square miles will be drained and made avail-
able for agricultural purposes is described and illustrated. It is estimated
that this project will cost about $1;W,(H)0,000 and will i-equire ?>?, years for com-
pletion.
The cost of tile drainage: A study of the cost of installing thirty-five
miles of tile drains on a farm in Huron County, Ohio, L. H. ConnARO and H.
O. TiKFANY (Ohio tita. Circ. 147 (19V,), pp. 21-',',, figs. 7).— -This circular pre-
482
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kents an approximately accurate record of the expense of the various operations
performed hi installing ll,89r) rods of tile for tlie purpose of draining areas
totaling 228 acres.
The work was done in part l>y hand trenching and in part by machine trench-
ing. Practically all the soil of the farm is of glacial origin and the principal
type is clay loam containing a large percentage of silt. The surface soil con-
sists of clay or heavy silt loam about 9 in. deep, which gradually becomes
heavier with the depth until at 18 to 24 in. it is a clay which becomes decidedly
plastic at a depth of 3 ft. The lower lying soil consists mainly of a dark-colored
clay loam or clay, varying greatly in depth and underlain by a very stiff bluish
clay.
The tiling operations of the first year were largely confined to hand trench-
ing, while the work of the other two years was mainly done by machine trench-
ing. The power tile ditching machine used was equipped with a caterpillar
tractor. The machine was equipped to do work at four different rates of
speed which were used according to depth of digging and stickiness of dirt.
Dry ground had no effect upon the machine except to dull the knives, and soil
frozen to a depth of 4 in. and the freezing of wet earth to the machine caused
little trouble. During the greater part of the season the machine could be
operated satisfactorily immediately after heavy showers. Round stones or
boulders in the ditch line caused more or less trouble, depending upon the loca-
tion in the ditch, the size of the stones, etc. Boulders the size of a man's head
were removed by the machine with comparative ease but when larger than
this it was necessary to raise the digger wheel and remove them by hand.
A comparison of machine trenching with hand trenching shows the former to
have an advantage in cost of 7.4 cts. per rod. Another point in favor of the
ditching machine is the speed which can be maintained, it being shown that the
machine operators use less than one-sixth as much labor per rod in trenching
and laying tile as is spent when the work is done by hand. " Considering the
scarcity of labor and the advancing wages that farmers are being forced to
pay, it is evident that, even though machine trenching were to cost more than
hand trenching, they probably would be forced to make use of the machine."
A summary of the costs of all tiling operations except hauling is given in the
following table;
Installing costft per rod of tile drainage hij hatid and niachinc.
Handwork,
1909.
Machine,
1910.
Machine,
1911.
Average
matliine.
Area in acres
Number rods dug
Machine charges
Macliino operator
Giisoline
Oil
Contract laymg
Filling ditches
Other equipment charges.
Undivided operations
Overhead cliarges
Plottmg drains
Total average cost.
40
2,560
$0. 3760
.0300
.0040
.0230
.0158
654
4,0S0
SO. 1084
.0315
.0219
.0014
.0634
. 0252
.0037
.0433
.0230
.0149
.3367
122|
4,755
SO. 1529
.0392
.0305
.0028
.06,86
.0363
.0043
.0354
. 0340
.0140
.4071
$0. 1324
.0356
.0266
.0022
.0t)63
.0312
.0040
.0390
.0230
.0144
.3747
Report of the investigations on drain tile, American Society for Testing
Materials {lotca Engin. Erpt. Sta. Bui. 36 U9U), pp. 110. figs. J).— Tests of
clay and concrete tile to determine the comparative values of results secured
by the use of sand bearings, hydraulic bearings, and three-point bearings are
RURAL ENGINEERING. 483
reporled. the test specimens consisting of 100 eacli of 8-in., IfJ-in., and 24-in.
tile of each material.
The general conclusions drawn are that the results of the tests by each of the
tyjies of bearings are consistent and concordant, and apparently reliable and
tXHily indicative of the quality of the tile. The numerical results by the different
bearings have fairly uniform ratios and can be calculated and reported in sub-
stantially the .same unit by multiplying the brealiing loads per lineal foot by
the following factors: Sand bearings, 1; hydraulic bearings, 1.25; and three-
point bearings, 1.5.
The sand bearings required from one to seven minutes more per test than
the other bearings but are said to come much nearer to giving the real support-
ing strength of the tile in the ditch. The hydraulic bearings distributed the
load very well along the tile to fit irregularities in shape and permitted rapid
testing. The three-point bearings are considered the simplest and most con-
venient of all to use.
" There can not be nearly so wide a variation of the * ordinary supporting
strength ' of drain tile in ditches, to carry the loads from the ditch filling as
has heretofore been very generally assumed. ... A comparison of the loads
from ditch filling with the results of laboratory tests . . . indicates that the
' ordinary supporting strength ' of drain tile in ditches is approximately equal
to the bre.-iking loads in tests with sand bearings." Additional tests of the
same nature are reported which confirm the above conclusions.
A comparison of actually weighed values of loads on pipes in ditches from
the weight of ditch filling with those computed from the formula Wf=CicB'
shows a con-espondence between the computed and weighed loads, thus closely
checking the correctness of the formula. In this formula Wp^the load on a
pipe in a ditch, in pounds per lineal foot, from the weight of ditch filling, C=the
coefficient, taken from a proper table or diagram, of loads on pipes in ditches
from ditch filling. ?t-=weight of ditch filling material in pounds per cubic foot,
and B = the breadth of the ditch, a little below the top of this pipe, in feet.
Investigations of factors of safety in actual tile drains and pipe sewers where
the pipe have actually been observed to be sound resulted in the conclusion that
with so-called '* first class " pipe laying conditions, corresponding to the best
pipe laying practice, and watched constantly by an inspector, it will be safe to
use a nominal factor of safety of 1.25. For " ordinary " pipe laying conditions
the factor of safety should be 1.5.
Other sections give data on the manufacture of the concrete tile tested and
on the calculation of the modulus of rupture of the material of the tile shells.
W
The formulas resulting from the latter calculation are: .li=0.20/2r^, and
ft \f
p=--^, where M=the maximum bending moment in the tile shell, in inch-
pounds per lineal inch, R=the radius of the center line of the tile shell, in
inches, W= the " ordinary supporting strength " of the tile, in pounds per
lineal foot, calculated by multiplying the breaking loads in strength tests by
the factors noted above (five-eighths the weight of the tile per lineal foot for
sand bearings, or three-fourths for hydraulic or three-point bearings, must be
added to IF in computing M whenever such addition exceeds 5 per cent of IF),
p= the modulus of rupture of the material of the tile shell, in pounds per
square inch, and i=the average thickness of the tile shell, in inches, at the
top or the bottom, whichever averages thinner.
Tile investigations, W. H. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt.
Farm, 39 {1013), pp. 56-6.^, figs. 5).— Comparative tests of the breaking strength
of 3 and 4-in. cement and clay tile showed that the average breaking strength
484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of (ho cement was JO lbs. more (lian tliiit ol' thin day tile, and .'5I>;; lbs. less
than average clay tile. It is concluded, however, tliat a\iy of the clay or cement
tile tested were stronj? enough to resist the earth pressure to which they would
be subjected if placed iu the ground. Further comparative tests of machine-
made cement tile and clay tile led to the conclusion that cement tile, if prop-
erly made and cured, are as strong as some well-known and satisfactory makes
of clay tile and strong enough for tile drainage purposes.
Tests of the immersio)i iu air, Immersion in vacuum, and si>ecific gravity
methods for determining the i)orosity of tile showed that the vacuum and
si)ecific gravity methods give almost identical results, which are both more
than one-lifth higher than by inunersion in free atmosphere. Using the im-
mersion iu vacuum method, it was found that the iwrosity of well-made cement
tile w^as on the average considerably less than that of clay tile. It was also
found that porosity of the tile wall was not the governing factor in permeabil-
ity, this depending more on the glaze of the surface.
Tests of the permeability of cement and clay tile showed the clay tile, al-
though more porous than the cement tile, to be usually less permeable. The
cement tile, however, showed considerable difterence of behavior which de-
pended on the wetness of the mortar, it being found that if the mortar was wet
enough so that the packer produced a smooth watery surface on the entire
inner surface the trie wall was practically water-tight.
Proportioning aggregates for Portland cement concrete, A. Moyeb (Reprint
from. AiHcr. Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 14 {I'JlJf), pp. 12). — This paper de-
scribes various methods of carrying on investigations so that with a given sand
and a given stone or gravel, proportions can be stated by the engineer which
will make a concrete of maximum density and maximum strength. Investiga-
tion showed that arbitrary specifications without previous knowledge of the
character of the aggregates are likely to be wrong.
It is concluded that it takes 110 lbs. of Portland cement to make 1 cu. ft. of
paste in opposition to the usual assumption of 94 lbs. per cubic foot. The au-
thor further concludes that instead of the old plan of filling the voids with sand
and cement these voids must necessarily be filled with paste (cement and
water), and that the study of the proportioning of aggregates must be based
on the proper proportions of cement, water, and sand to make a sufficiently
rich mortar to bind together the larger aggregates.
For the purpose of economy it is stated that various sizes of stone should be
used and an investigation made to determine which size will produce the least
pei'centage of voids so that less mortar may be used and more strength ob-
tained.
Specifications for sand for concrete, E. McCullougii {Cement Era, 12 {Wl.'i),
No. 10, p. 56, fig. 1). — The author "as a result of many hundred granulometric
analyses of concrete sand proposes the following si>ocificatiou as suitable for
general use and which will not bar out any good sand to be found on the
market :
" The sand may be any suitable material of a quality at least equal to the
quality of the stone or gravel used in the concrete and shall range in size from
fine to coarse. It shall all pass through a l-iu. mesh ; not to exceed SO per cent
shall pass through a 20 mesh; not to exceed 50 per cent shall pass through a
50 mesh ; and not to exceed 20 per cent shall pass through an SO mesh."
[Land clearing], J. H. Grisdale {Caimda Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 26-
2S). — Twenty acres of land covered with heavy timber were cleared under
provincial conditions for the plow at an average cost of $506 per acre. The
windfalls, trees left by loggers, and brush were cleared away before attacking
the standing timber.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 485
Fifty-eight acres were cleared uuder contract, tlie followiiif:; cuuaparisons be-
iiiR made : Twenty acres of swampy ground were cleared with a 40-horsei)ower
donkey engine at a total average cost of $398 per acre. Twenty acres with no
swamp were cleared by " a practical man wilh a good crew and teams " at a
cost of !f;>;>.S i)or acre. The total cost per acre of clearing seven acres of similar
land which had previously been slashed was $24(5, and of seven acres previously
cleared of brush by a forest fire $189. Four similar acres w^ere cleared by a
crew, stumi) puller, and team at a cost of $212 per acre.
Two trials of the charpit system were unsuccessful, owing to heavy rainfall.
Two tests, made on two large stumps standing side by side to see whether, by
running a cable from each to a 7-ft. stump and tightening it by wedges, the
side tension would help in pulling the stump clear of the ground when blown
up. were unsuccessful.
Stump burning to reclaim logged-ofE lands, Le R. W. Allison (Eiujin. Rec,
10 {191. 'f). No. .',, pp. .9J. 96. ftf). 1). — Methods and costs of clearing tracts of (ir
r.nd pine stumps for agriculture in the Pacific Northwest are given. The Imrn-
iug out of the I'oots by charpitting is said to be the most favored method. A
plant for this purpose is described, which consists of a gasoline engine, a 5-fire
stump burner, a cordwood saw, a power grubber, a geared horse stump puller,
and a power stump iiuller.
Annual report of the state highway department {Ann. Rpt. t^tatc Ilifjluvdij
Dcpt. Ohio, 8 {1912). pp. 276, figs. 1,)6). — This includes the reports of the bu-
reaus of construction, maintenance and repair, and bridges, and of the state
testing laboratory. A number of plans and illustrations accompany these
reports.
In a report on the road materials of Ohio, sedimentary rocks are said to
ri'edominate and are represented by the following varieties: Shale, sandstone,
limestone, dolomite (dolomitic or magnesian limestone), conglomerate, uuder-
clay. fii"e clay, chert or flint, coal, iron ore, clay, sand, and gravel.
Additional rules and regulations governing state road work for year 1913
{State Ilifjhird!/ Con. Minn. Bui. 10 {1913), pp. 8, p/.s\ 6).— Detailed plans and
working data for plain and reinforced highway culverts are given.
Standard culvert designs {Cement Era, 12 {19U), No. 10, pp. 51-53, 63, figs.
IS). — Standard plans, together with quantities of material and reinforcing, are
given for different sizes of circular concrete culverts as designed by the Iowa
Highway Commission.
Some tests on a Diesel engine, W. S. Burns {Gas Engine, 16 {1914), ^o. 10,
pp. 615-621, figs. 11). — Tests on the effect of (1) variation of blast pressure and
<2) variation of .jacket water temperature upon tlie running of a Diesel engine
are described and the results reported graphically.
It was found that at all loads too low a blast pressure pulverizes the oil im-
perfectly, causing late ignition and incomplete combustion with increase of
exhaust pressure and temperature above normal, while too high blast pressure
causes late but violent ignition attended again by incomplete combustion of the
oil. At all loads an increase of jacket water temjieraturo did not seem to
affect the point of ignition of the oil appreciably, but caused more rapid and
more complete combustion with increased efficiency.
A rating chart for centrifugal pumps, L. J. Be^vdford {Engin. News, 72
{19l.'f). No. 8. pp. 3S2-384. figs. -{).— A grai)hical rating table is given to facili-
tate the selection of pumps when the si>eed. head, and capacity are given.
The present status of mechanical cultivation in Europe, F. Ledeboeb
{Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4 {1914), No. 25, pp. 491-520, pis. 23;
Arch. Snikcrindiis, Nedcrland. Indie, 22 {1914). No. 19, pp. 689-718, pis. 22).—
A largo number of mechanical cultivating machines, grouped uuder the two
486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
types, tractors and cable systems, are described and illustrated and their
methods of operation discnssed.
Preliminary tests of new dairy machinery, U. Maktiny t.\rb. Drut. Lundw.
(Jesell., No. 259 (1914), pp. 69, figs. 18). — A large number of different dairy
implements are described and illustrated, and preliminary tests of the systems
as to the manner and efficiency of their operation are reiK)rted.
The distribution of the overhead electrical discharge employed in recent
agricultural experiments, I. Jorgenskn and J. II. Pkikstlky (Jour. Agr. .SW.
\ Ell (J I and], 6 {I9L',), No. 3. pp. SS7-:i>,8. fif/s. S).— In studios of conditions
requiring certain modifications in the methods to be employed in subsequent
field exi)eriments it was found that the strength of the discharge from an over-
head wire network at a high iK)tential is a variable quantity depending on the
mobility of the carriers of the electricity and on the velocity of the wind.
Measurements of potential gradient and of current density agreed in showing
that the effect of the discharge is not limited to the area under the wires, which
is of importance owing to the fact that control and electrified areas have
usually been placed close together in field experiments. In this connection an
account is given of the distribution of the discharge under various weather con-
ditions. Methods are discussed by which the control area may be kept under
more normal electrical conditions in spite of the proximity of the overhead
discharge wires, and the results of more or less unsuccessful experiments in
this direction in which a plat was entirely inclosed by a wire cage of ^-in.
mesh netting 6 ft. high are discussed.
Farm storages for fruits and vegetables, E. Smith (Brit. Columbia Dept.
Agr. Bui. 58 (1914), pp. 27, figs. iS).— This bulletin deals with storages for
fruits and vegetables.
The two main tyi^s dealt with are those using some means of lowering the
temperature below that of the outside air and those dei>ending upon tempera-
tures secured from atmospheric changes. The first class is subdivided into
those using mechanical refrigeration and those using ice as a refrigerant. The
desirable points taken from many designs investigated are summarized in
diagrammatic illustrations which are intended for complete and modern cold
storage and packing houses.
It is stated that with a basement storage better ventilation is had by placing
the building at right angles to the prevailing winds, and if the storage is above
ground the building should run north and south. For vegetable storage the
cheai>est equipment to supply is said to be the pit or trench, in which may be
stored such crops as the potato, cabbage, celery, carrot, beet, and other root
crops. Good drainage is essential for a storage pit of this kind, and this may
usually be found on a slope having a loose or gravelly subsoil.
Bills of material are given for different types of storage structures and spe-
cial information is given for storage houses for celery and onions.
The geology of the county of Jervois, and of portions of the counties of
Buxton and York, with special reference to underground water supplies,
R. L. Jack (Geol. Survey So. Atist. Bui. 3 (191.'f), pp. 47, pis. 6, figs. 4).— This
report describes and discusses the topography and geology of the county of
Jervois and portions of the county of York, with special reference to the occur-
rence and distribution of surface and underground water supplies. A geological
chart of the area is appended.
Lowering of the ground-water table, W. A. Cook (Tran^. Earn. Acad. Sci.,
26 (1913). pp. 8Jf-86). — The drying up of creeks, ponds, rivers, surface springs,
and wells in eastern Kansas is attributed by the author to the lowering of the
gi'ouud-water table in that part of the State. It is stated that stockmen, farm-
BURAL ECONOMICS. 487
ers, and municipalities should seek a water sup;»]y well below the present water
table.
"Witching" for water and other things, J. T. Lovewfxl {Trans. Kans.
Acad. Sci., 26 (191S), pp. 101-103).— The author concludes "that all the claims
of water witches are delusions unworthy scientific consideration."
Analyses of private water supplies, H. E. Barnard, J. A. Craven, and J. C.
DiGGS (Ind. Bd. Health, Ann. Rpt. Chem. Div., 8 (1913), pp. 297-333, figs. 22).—
Analyses of a large number of private water supplies from wells, springs, and
cisterns show that the deep well waters were in most instances of good quality.
The shallow -<lug well waters wei-e in nearly all cases bad or doubtful, as were
also the majority of the cistern and spring waters examined. A number of
photographs of bad conditions existing in the immediate vicinity of wells,
siirings. and cisterns are included.
The water supply of farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1013, pp. 225, 268-275). — Of 188 Siimples of water from various parts of
the Dominion submitte<l to complete sanitary analysis 89 were pure and whole-
some, 43 susiiicious and probably dangerous, 41 severely contaminated, and 15
too saline to be used as a potable supply. The worst waters were from shallow
wells dug in barnyards or in the neighborhood of similar sources of pollution.
Illuminating' power of kerosenes, W. Kltnerth {loxca Engin. Expt. Sta.
Bui. 37 iWlIf), pp. 29, figs. 6). — A series of experiments conducted to detemiine
the quality of kerosene oils used in the State of Iowa and the relations existing
betweeii the illuminating power of a kerosene oil and some of its physical prop-
erties are reported. Sixty -one samples of kerosene were tested.
By the application of ordinary photometric methods great differences in the
illuminating power of different samples of kerosene oils were shown. Oils
having a high illuminating power were found also to be high in density, index
of refraction, viscosity, surface tension, flash point, and burn point. With these
oils the length of wick charred was shorter and the fogging of the chimney
was more marked than for the oils of low illuminating power.
Putting coloring matter into the oil and exposing it to light and draft reduced
the illuminating power. The denser the oil the greater was the intrinsic bril-
liancy of the flame, and the lighter the oil the more nearly white was the flame.
It was further shown that the oils used in Iowa have practically the same
burning quality, that oils from the East have a lower density and ai'e sold at
a higher price, and that oils which were retailed at a lower pi-ice gave the most
light.
It is concluded in connection with these tests that kerosene oil lamps are
not very desirable as standards of comparison.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
What the farm contributes directly to the farmer's living, W. C. Funk
iU. .S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 635 {191Jf), pp. 21, figs. 2).— This contains the
result of a study to determine the value of that part of the farmer's living
which is furnished directly by the farm. The practice was to drive along a
road in the district selected and visit every farmhouse, the aim being to obt;iin
a true average for the conditions of that community. The regions studied
include counties in North Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin,
Ohio. Pennsylvania. New York, and Vermont, and deal with 483 farmers hav-
ing an average of 4.6 persons to a family.
It was found that the average annual value of food, fuel, and use of a dwell-
ing as furnished by the farm were $421.17 per family, $261.35 being for food,
$34.72 for fuel, and $125.10 for house rent. The average value of the food,
84079°— No. 5—15 7
488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
coal, wood, and oil bought per family was $173.91, of which $150.75 was for
food, $14.79 for coal, $2.63 for wood, and $5.74 for oil. Of the food consumed
per family G3 per cent was furnished by the farm, of the groceries 5.6 per cent,
of the animal products 83.5 per cent, of the fruits 66.6 per cent, and of the
vegetables 78.2 i)er cent. The average annual value of the u.se of the farm-
house was found to be $125 per family.
The author concludes that " the result of the.se studies shows that the
farmer's cost of living in actual cash expenditures is very materially reduced
by what the farm furnishes in food products, fuel, and house rent; in fact, the
income from this source adds as much to the real wealth of many farmers as
does the net income from the sale of farm products."
A large number of tables are included showing the variations in the differ-
ent Stales .studied, and details for the various items included under the general
classes mentioned above.
The work of rural organization, T. N. Cakveb {Jour. Polit. Econ., 22 {1914),
No. 9, pp. 821-8Jf.i). — The author points out that after an agricultural region
has once become settled, with all the land in cultivation and with enough labor
employed on it to cultivate it somewhere beyond the point of diminishing re-
turns, it must limit its birth rate and keep the population stationary ; increase
the intensity of its cultivation, getting continually smaller production per man,
though increasing the production per acre: or force its surplus rural population
to migrate either to new agricultural regions or to citie.s. He also points out
that if prices fall not only must the farmer reduce his yields per acre, but his
acreage if he would avoid bankruptcy.
With the improved methods of farming, a farmer has greater need of capital
and, therefore, of credit, but credit should be employed only where it give.'^ the
greatest productive advantage. When it comes to the work of growing farm
crops as distinct from selling them and buj'ing the raw material, the one-
family farm is the most effective unit but to buy or sell effectively the large
producer has an advantage, and individual farmers should unite to obtain the
same advantage. The principal lines of work along which farmers should
organize are the growing of farm products, purchasing farm supplies, securing
adequate credit, and improving the means of communication and transportation.
To make the farmers' living conditions better an improvement in the education,
sanitation, recreation, and beautification in rural districts is necessary.
Unifying rural community interests, edited by H. Israel {Neic York and
London, 191^, pp. 125). — This book contains a series of addresses on the follow-
ing subjects: The Department of Agriculture and Country Life and The United
States Rural Organization Service, by T. N. Carver; The Point of Emphasis iu
the New Rural School Idea, by A. C. Monahan; The Country Church and the
Young Men's Christian Association, by G. W. Fiske : and The Place of the
Young Men's Christian Association in the New Rural Awakening, by K. L.
Butterfield.
Bibliography of rural sociology {N. H. Col. Agr. and Mech. Arts, Bibliogr.
Rural SocioL, 1914, pp. 8). — This pamphlet contains a brief, annotated bibli-
ography.
Proceedings of the seventeenth conference for education in the South
(Proc. Coiif. Ed. South. 17 {1914), pp. SSCy, pi. 1. fig. i).— This conference has
been noted editorially (B. S. R., 30. p. 60S).
Syllabus of home-study club studies {Univ. N. C. Rec, No. 121 {1914). PP-
43). — This syllabus outlines a method for the home study of conditions within
a county by means of a series of questions, and points out how to obtain an-
swers to tlio questions Among the topics outlined are natural resources, popu-
RURAL ECONOMICS. 489
lation, wealth studies especially from farm products, rural credits, markets,
highways, schools, public health, the church, aud the farm home.
Cooperative institutions among the farmers of Catawba County (Univ. N.
C. Rec, No. 119 (191^), pp. 15). — This i)amphlet tells how a cooperative cream-
ery, a sweet potato growers' association, a farmers' imion warehouse company,
and a rural credit association were organized.
The influence of social position of members of cooperative societies upon
their activities in relation to agricultural saving and loan banks, J. Zimmf.b
(Latuhc. Jnhrh.. 46 {191J,), No. 3. pp. 431-454, fiys. 2).— The author calls atten-
tion to the organization of cooperative societies and banks, the methods of
creating working capital, and the employment of the capital as the system is
influenced by social status of the members of the society, i. e., as to whether
they belong to the agricultural, industrial, or commercial classes.
Cooperative credit (Bui. Russell S-age Foundation Libr., No. 5 (1914), pp-
7). — This pam[)hlet contains an annotated bibliography on cooperative credit.
Newark Horsekeepers' Insurance Company, Limited (Jour. Ed. Agr. [Lon-
don], 21 (1914). No. 7, pp. 644-652). — In this company the horses insured are
revalued each year in December, and the amount of the valuation determines
for the next 12 months the amount payable on any claim regarding the horse.
In case of loss the company pays only two-thirds of the market value. The
rate of insurance charge is approximately 5t per cent per annum of the market
value, and this also entitles the insurer to attendance and medicine by a veter-
inarian employed by the company.
Economic history [of agriculture] in Russia, J. Mavoe (In An Economic
History of Russia. LoniJon, Toronto, and New York, 1914, vol. 1, pp. 185-430;
lev. in Scot. Geogr. Mag., SO (1914), No. 10, pp. 51S-527). — These chapters are
devoted to a discussion of the Russian agricultural peasant and describe the
various tyi>es found, with a history of the movement from the beginning of the
eighteenth century to date.
The agricultural labor conditions in Russia, S. Blank (Die Landarbeiter-
rerhdltnisse in Russl-and seit der Bauernbcfreiung. Zurich and Leipsic, 1913,
pp. 226, pi. 1. figs. 3). — This book discusses the economic status of the Russian
I>easantry. the various types of agricultural laborers, their wages, living condi-
tions, and the attitude of the government toward them.
Slavs on southern farms, L. Hodges (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong., 2. Sess., Doc.
595 (1914), pp. 21). — The author describes the success of the Poles and Bo-
hemians as farmers in Texas, Arkansas, and Virginia. He declares that they
have made good as farmers in communities where the native Americans are
scarcely able to maintain themselves, and that they have been found to be
thrifty, industrious, and thoroughly honest in all their business and social
relations.
The agrarian revolution in Georgia, 1865—1912, R. P. Brooks (Bui. Univ.
Wis.. No. 639 (1914), pp. 129, figs. J).— The author traces the history of the
negro as a farm lai)orer and share tenant. He concludes that it is the escaping
from supervision, and not the larger opix)rtunlty for profits, that the negro has
i'l mind in shifting from the position of wage earner or share tenant to renter.
The history of the normal negro agricultural laborer is stated as follows: He
begins as a youth working for wages. As soon as he has a family that can be
utilized for field work he becomes a share tenant. Under the semicompulsion
of this system he makes good profits, and, if he has any capacity for saving,
can in a short time buy a mule and a few tools and set up as a renter. So
great has been the competition for laborers and so completely have the negroes
had the upper hand in this matter, that negro wage earners and share tenants
have in many instances been able to achieve an independent position even
490 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
without the inconvenience of having to save the small amount necessary to
stock a renter's farm.
The author also calls attention to the variations from this process under the
different geographic and economic conditions found in Georgia.
Penal farms and farm colonies (Hul. Russell Sage Foundation Lihr., No. 6
{JiU.'i), pp. Jf). — This bulletin contains a brief, annotated bibliography.
[Statistical record of agricultural progress in the United States] (U. S.
Dept. Com., Statis. Ahs. U. S., 36 (WIS), pp. 120-181, 2 >»-2//0).— Contained in
this annual statement are statistical data showing for the United States the
number of acres in farms, the area of improved and unimi)roved land for 1890,
1900 and 1910 by States, the area, production, and value of the principal farm
crops by States for 1912-13, and for the I'nited States as a whole for 18G0-1913,
the number of live stock for the United States as a whole, 1889-1913, the
quantity of animal products manufactured for the census years 1850 to date
and of forestry products for 1908-1913, inclusive, and the number of persons
employed in specified gainful occupations for 1910.
Field agent's handbook of agricultural statistics ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Field
Agent's Ilaiulh. Agr. Statis., 1914- PP- 116). — This handbook, intended for ready
reference, contains in condensed form statistics of the important classes of
agricultural products for the United States and for each State, showing the
acreage and value of the principal farm crops, number and value of animals
sold or slaughtered, and quantity and value of animal products sold.
The agricultural outlook {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 641 {1914), pp.
1-9, 23-40, fig. 1). — ^This report gives the usual information regarding the esti-
mated average yield per acre, total production, quantity, and price of the prin-
cipal farm products, including comments on the preliminary estimates of sev-
eral crops by F. Andrews and the world's wheat outlook by C. M. Daugherty.
Statistical data are also given showing the hops consumption and movement
in the United States for 1906-1914. This data indicates that the total con-
sumption by brewers and exports amounted to 68.280,743 lbs. in the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1914, of which 5,382,025 lbs. were imported.
Preliminary reports are also included as given by the International Insti-
tute of Agriculture concerning the production of specified crops in specified
countries and from the Government of Canada concerning the production of
farm crops for 1914.
Statistical tables showing the condition, yield per acre, production, quality,
price, weight of grain per measured bushel, and stocks on farms of specified
crops, by States, and other data are appended.
Range of prices for butter and eggs in the Chicago market together with
the receipts, also prices for refrigerator eggs (CJiieago, 1914. PP- 16). — This
contains data as to the monthly receipts at the Chicago market of butter and
eggs for the past 10 years, the monthly prices for the past 20 years, and a
classification of the various grades of butter and eggs.
Wholesale prices, Canada, 1913, R. H. Coats (Canada Dept. Labor, Whole-
sale Prices, Canad<i, 1913, pp. XriI+2SS, figs. 22).— This report shows the
wholesale prices by months, beginning with 1890, for practically all the prod-
ucts of the farm.
[Management of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada] (Can-
ada E.Tpt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 32, 33, 113-122, pi. ^).— This report gives a
statement of the crop returns on the Central Experimental Farm for 1912 to-
gether with the value per unit for the different items of cost as well as the
products obtained. The statement also includes the rotations followed and the
yields. These details are shown by means of statistical tables.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
491
Occupations and industries (Ccnttus of England and Wales, 10 (1911), pis. 1,
pp. CLI+867; 2, pp. 17//4-76'i).— These volumes of the census give the iiuiuber
of persons engaged in agriculture and other occupations by sex, age, marital
conditions, and i)osition held, for England and Wales as a whole and by minor
geographic divisions. It was found that the number of males and females
employed in agriculture formed a decreasing proportion of the total population
as indicated in the following table.
X umber of t)ersons engaged in agriculture in England and Wales. 1851-1911,
and the proportion of the total population.
Census year.
Males aged 10
years and up-
ward engaged
in agriculture.
Proportion
of total males
aged 10 and
upward.
Females aged
10 years and
upward en-
gaged in agri-
culture.
Proportion
of total fe-
males aged 10
and upward.
ISdl
1,544,087
1,5.39,965
1,371,304
1,288,173
1,233,936
1,153,185
1,253,859
Per cent.
23.5
21.2
16.8
13.8
11.6
9.5
9.2
168,652
115,213
85,667
64, 216
51,045
38, 782
37, 969
Per cent.
2 4
1861
1 5
1871
1 0
1881
(j
1891
4
19(11
3
IJll
3
The number employed in agriculture, the total acreage under crops and grass,
find the number of the different kinds of live stock have remained practically
the same during the last 30 years.
Statistical abstract for the British Empire in each year from 1898-1912
(Statis. Ab8. Brit. Empire, 10 (1898-1912), pp. 2Jfl-290).— Contained in this
report are statistical data showing the production and consumption of the priu-
cii)al agricultural products in the United Kingdom and its various colonies and
possessions for V.)12. with comparative data for earlier years.
Statistical abstract for the principal and other foreign countries in each
year from 1901-1912 (Statis. Abs. Prin. and Other For. Countries [Gt. Brit.],
39 (1901-1912), pp. 358-380, 7/66-.} 72). —This report contains statistical data
showing the total arable or cultivated land, the acreage and production of the
principal farm crops, and the number of live stock for as many countries as
information is available. It shows the quantity of beets used by sugar
factories, the sugar produced, and the quantity imported, exported, and con-
sumed.
Statistics of harvest in Austria, 1913 (Statis. Jahrb. E. K. Ackerb. Min.
[Austria], 1913, pp. VI+360). — This yearbook gives the area devoted to various
agricultural purpo.ses. the area in crops, and the average and total yields by
minor geographic divisions.
Agricultural statistics of Italy (Ann. Statis. Ital., 2. ser., 3 (1913), pp.
ISO-l-'f.'f). — This portion of the annual statistics of Italy shows the area devoted
to the different agricultural purposes by Provinces and the total areas and pro-
duction of the principal crops for 1913. with comparative data for earlier years.
AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The training of women in the state colleges, Margaret B. MacDonald
(Rural Educator, Jf (191-'f), No. 3. pp. 50. 51). — Attention is called to the opj)or-
tunities for women to study agriculture and home economics at the state agri-
cultural colleges.
492 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECORD.
Teachers' extension scliools, O A. Brickkr (Rural Educator, 4 (1914), No. 1,
pp. 6-9, figs. 2). — This article has been previouslj' noted (E. S. R., 27. p. 195)
with the exception of an added scheme for the establishment of a system of
teachers' extension schools, taking.' the county as a unit, in any State.
Agriculture in the high school and community service, G. A. Works {Bui.
Univ. Witi., iS'o. 5'Jl [191S], pp. 10-lS. fifj. 7).— In this jtaper. presente<l at the
third annual Wisconsin Country IJfe Conference in January. 1913. the author
suggests opportunities for community service by the high schools giving in-
struction in agriculture.
Rural schools linked up with home and farm, Ellen B. McDonald {Bui.
Univ. Wis., No. 591 [J91S'\, pp. 7S-81, fig. l).—ln this paper, presented at the
third annual Wisc-onsin Country Life Conference in January. 1913, the author
points out opportunities in country schools for ijractical work related to the farm
and the home in civics and history, arithmetic, language, hygiene, geography,
agriculture, boys' and girls' farm contests, harvest festivals in schoolhouses,
sewing, and industrial work.
Agriculture in the Idaho Falls high school, B. R. Crandall {Amcr. School
Bd. Jour., 49 {1914), No. J,, pp. 17, 18, figs. 4). — A description is given of the
4-year agricultural course, which is cultural as well as vocational. A short
winter course in English, farm accounting, general agriculture, irrigation farm-
ing, dairying, and farm repairs is also offered for boys unable to take the longer
course.
Boys' and girls' demonstration work in the Southern States, O. B. Martin
(Proc. Conf. Ed. South and Ann. Meeting South. Ed. Assoc, 1914. PP- 57-62). —
This is a review, including the best individual and collective records, of the
girls' canning club and boys' corn club work in the Southern States in 1913.
School gardens {Atlantic Ed. Jour., 10 {1914), No. 1, pp. 26-30).— A survey
of experiments in community work among school children that are being tried
in various sections of the country.
Gardening in public schools, H. P. Williams {Breeder's Gaz., 66 {1914),
No. 6, pp. 187, 188. figs. 4)- — General notes on boys' and girls' club work are
followed by an account of the school garden work in Cook County, 111., by K J.
Tobin and S. Shepard.
The Portland school gardens, M. O. Evans, jr. {Amer. School Bd. Jour., 49
{1914), No. 1, pp. 36, 37, figs. 2). — A brief description is given of the 43
school gardens in Portland, Oreg., covering a total area of approximately 16
acres. A total of 10,600 children are participating in school and home gardens,
or 39 per cent of the total public school enrollment.
[Instruction in agriculture and home economics in Alaska] ( U. S. Bur.
Ed. BuL, No. 36 {1913), pp. 19-30). — Reports by teachers in the public schools
under the control of the Federal Government include notes on instruction in
agriculture, cooking, sewing, and laundering.
The folk high schools of Denmark, 1^ L. Friend {U. S. Bur. Ed. BuL 5
{1914), pp. 24+III, pis. 4^- — Tli^" author gives a brief historical sketch and
describes the organization and work of the folk high schools of Denmark, points
out what they have accomplished for Denmark, and offers suggestions as to the
possible application of the folk high school idea in the mountain and Piedmont
sections of the South in this country. As in Denmark, the sijecial mission of
such schools would be to offer short \vinter courses to young men and women be-
tween the ages of 16 and 25 or 18 and 30, to awaken their intellectual life and
give them technical instruction in the pursuits of rural life. A suggested pro-
gram for a course for young men, covering three winter terms of five months
each, is outlined.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 493-
The Danish folk high schools, II. W. Fogiit {U. S. Bur. Ed. Rut. 22 (IDUf),
pp. iiS+J\\ jilx. C\. — 111 this bulletin, which is an aniplifieation of that previously
noted (E. y. K.. 31, p. 598), the author discusses recent agricultural evolution,
tLe evolution of the folk high school in Denmark, how the school is organized
and administered, and the subject-matter and its presentation. He also de-
scribes some typical folk high schools, local agricultural schools and their work,
special agricultural schools for small holders, rural schools of household
economics, and the folk high school transplanted to other countries. In dis-
cussing the feasibility of adapting the folk high schools to Amei'ican conditions
he considers the need of agricultural reorganization in this country, the inability
of the old rural schools to cope with the situation, the coming of the centralized
farmers" schools, bow the reorganized schools may profit by the Danish system,
why there is need of schools for grown-ups in the United States, the South At-
lantic Highlands as a good place to begin, the "moonlight" schools of Kentucky,
Imw the schools which should receive all who are not now looked after by the
]uiblic schools might be organized, and schools in which to train the teachers.
Agricultural education in the State of Victoria, Australia, E. Handley
(Rural Educator, J, (19U), No. 1, pp. 17, 16). — A topical outline of the course
in agriculture in the third and fourth years in the agricultural high schools.
[Nature study and elementary agriculture for the New York public
schools] (CorncU Rural School Leaflet, 8 {1914), No. 1, pp. 216, pi. 1, figs. Jf6).—
This consists of two parts, as follows: (1) Subject matter of help in teaching
nature study and elementary agriculture as outlined in the New York state
syllabus for 10"li-15, comprising articles by specialists on birds, animals, plants,
insects, and trees; and (2) suggestive material for rural teachers especially in-
terested in out-door study, including seA-eral special articles and rural teachers'
reports on the teaching of nature study and elementary agriculture.
Nature study and agriculture course for use in the public schools of New
Brunswick, R. P. Steeves ( Frcdcrictoii, N(ir Brunsiricl,-: lUl. Ed., 191.'/. pp.
32). — This contains a syllabus of a course of instruction in nature study and
agriculture for grades 1 to 8, inclusive, approved by the board of education
April 23. 1914; suggestions on methods of teaching; subject-matter classified
under the headings of plants, animals, physical nature, and environment, and
arranged by months for each of the first five grades; a list of books recommended
as helpful in teaching nature study and agriculture ; and the board's regula-
tions governing the instruction in elementary agriculture with school gardening.
Agricultural education (Dcpt. Agr. New Brunswick Bui. 2 (1914), PP- 13,
figs. -'/). — Suggestions to teachers concerning subject-matter in agriculture and
school gardening for the months of January to June, inclusive, and methods of
teaching these subjects.
[Agricultural instruction for the teachers of Porto Rico] {Agr. Col.
Weekly [P. R.], 2 (1914), Nos. 71, pp. 353-356; 72, pp. 357-362, figs. 3; 73, pp.
363-366; 74, pp. 367-370; 75, pp. 371-376; 76, pp. 377-380; 77, pp. 381-384; 78,
pp. 385-388; 79. pp. 389-393, figs 3; 80, pp. 394-399).— These bulletins consist
of studies cif poultry growing in the Tropics, the prunning of trees, coffee grow-
ing. i»hysics as a p-actical study, ginger and its cultivation, diversified farming,
coconut culture, patterns and models, and some problems in feeding poultry.
The natural history of the farm, J. G. NEEnnAM (Ithaca. X. Y., 1913, pp.
348. figs. 140 ). — This bfiok on the .sources of agriculture offers a series of studies
for the entire year, each dealing with a different phase of life on the farm and
each made pedagogically iiractical by a definite program of work. A definite
fonn of record is suggested for each i»ractical exercise illustrating field work
methods. Individual exercises which the student may pursue independently, as
494 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
well as a chapter on the production and preservation of wild nature, are in-
cluded.
A suggestive outline for work in the study of soils, I.,. G. Athekton' (Xor-
mal Teuclicr [Madison, .S'. DuJc], 3 (11)13), No. 2. pp. 0). — Practical exercises in
soil study, together with suggestions for carrying them out in rural schools, are
given.
Dry farming in Oregon, H. D. Scuddeb (New York, IDUf, pp. 19, figs. 7). —
This supplement to Warren's Elements of Agriculture (E. S. R., 21, p. 494) Is
a study of dry farming conditions, special tillage practices, machinery, crops,
and farm management in Oregon.
Demonstration work for agricultural high schools, J. T. West (Hiss. Agr.
Student, 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 6, 5). — Methods for planting agricultural high
school demonstration plats in a three-year rotation are outlined.
Com, M. J. Abbey (W. Va. School Agr., 5 (1914), No. 1, pp. 18, figs. 8).— In
this series of field and classroom lessons on corn the facts are developed
largely through the pupils' own activity, the teacher being merely the guide to
the information. Suggestions on how to correlate the study of corn with other
school subjects are given.
The home vegetable garden (Cornell Rural School Leaflet, 7 (1914), ^^o. 4<
pp. 293-301, figs. 5). — A complete vegetable garden plan is outlined as a guide
for older boys and girls, together with a few general rules for gardening.
Transplanting, R. T. Neal (JJumpton Leaflets, 1 (1914), ^^o. 3. pp. 12, figs.
(!). — The author gives reasons and instructions for transplanting plants.
Fall work with apples, M. J. Abbey (W. Va. School Agr., 5 (1914), ^o. 2,
pp. 16. figs. 9).— The author sets forth some of the elementary principles of
apple culture and outlines exercises indicating how this subject-matter may be
taught by demonstrations, trips to the orchard, and inquiries by the pupils.
Farm animals, T. F. Hunt and C. W. Burkett (New York and London,
1914, PP- 1-^+534, pi. 1, figs. 469). — In preparing this book, which is intended
for pupils between the ages of 14 and 18 years, the authors have sought to
cover the whole field of animal industry. They have assumed that the subject
matter will occupy IG full weeks of three recitations each, and that two days
each week would be devoted to practicums or one day to practicums and one
to a review. Each lesson contains a note to the teacher and 15 paragraphs in
which are developed the ideas or set of ideas discussed in the lesson text.
Horses (Cornell Rural School Lcafict, 8 (1914), No. 1, pp. 73-92. figs. 14).—
Brief suggestions are given by Alice G. McCloskey and E. M. Tuttle on methods
of teaching lessons on horses, followed by lessons by M. W. Harper on the
characteristics and types of horses, estimating age, harness and harnessing, and
training, and a score card.
How to teach a lesson on the dairy cow, G. A. Brickeb (Rural Educator,
4 (1914), iNo. 3, pp. 48, 49, figs. 4)- — I'lie author con.siders the fundamental dif-
ferences in dairy cows for one recitation, and the breeding and selection of
cows for certain purposes and the naming and locating of the principal parts
of the cow's body for a second recitation. A cloth wall diagram of a dairy
cow is illustrated.
Principles of bookkeeping and farm accounts, J. A. Bexell and F. G.
Nichols (New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago, 1914. PP- 104)- — This is a
teacher's reference book to accompany the author's Principles of Bookkeeping
and Farm Accounts, pi'eviously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 792). It suggests meth-
ods of instruction and contains model entries of transactions illustrating
principles taught in the various lessons.
The subject matter in home economics courses for high schools: Factors
determining the choice of subject matter in a laboratory course in foods.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. ' 495
Jessamine C. Williams {Manual Training and Vocational Ed., 16 {1914), ^'o. 2,
pp. 7Jf-Sl). — The subject matter of a laboratory course in foods is considered
from the points of view of the pupil, her environment, and the school.
Home economics in village and rural schools, Frances L. Brown {Agr. Ed.
[Kuns. Agr. Col.], 6 {1914), No. 7. pp. 24, figs. 4)- — The author discusses the
importance of training for the home and plans for cooking, sewing, lunches,
and girls' clubs in village and rural scliools, including equipment.
Domestic economy in the schools {Bui. Univ. Texas, No. 326 {1914), PP- 69,
pis. 4)- — This bulletin, edited by the Texas Home Economics Association, con-
tains suggested equipment and cost data for a domestic economy laboratory
and domestic art room and syllabi of domestic economy for elementary and
secondary schools of Texas. This is the first step of the association, organized
in 1913, in its endeavor to place the course of study in domestic economy
throughout the State on a uniform basis, raising the general standard of the
worlt, and obtaining for it the same credit and recognition accorded to other
subjects in the curriculum.
[A course designed for instruction in food and cookery], Helen ]M. Spring
(Philadelphia: Drexel Inst., 1914, cards 4'^)- — Each of these cards covers a
special phase of food or cookery. They are designed for laboratory use.
The busy housewife, Antonie Steimann {Die tUchtige Hausfraic. Stuttgart
and ricntui, 1913, vols. 1, pp. XVI+747, pis. 17, figs. 1443; 2, pp. 77+59.5, pU.
18, figs. 161, sup. pp. 7, pis. 6). — The first of these volumes has to do with
household labor of different sorts, clothing and garment making, sewing, em-
broidery, needlework, and similar topics, a series of patterns being appended.
The second has to do with food and its preparation, and has a supplement on
The Pig and its U.se as Food, containing a number of plates showing the method
of cutting up ix)rk, together with descriptive text.
[Home economics instruction], Maky E. Frayser (Winthrop Normal and
Indus. Col. 8. C. Bui., 7 {1913), No. 1, pts. 1, pp. 22; 2, pp. 44; 7 {1914), Nos. 3,
pt. 2, pp. 36, figs. 9; 4, pt. 2, pp. 40, figs. 10). — These bulletins treat respectively
of a plan for organizing and operating homekeepers' clubs in South Carolina,
women's club programs in home economics, the care and feeding of children,
and fireloss cooking.
School gardens, R. P. Steeves {Dept. Agr. New Brunswick Bui. 1 [1914],
pp. 7). — Suggestions for practical work in gardening during the fall term are
given.
School and home gardening for use in primary grades {[Philippine] Bur.
Ed. Bui. 31, rev. {1913), pp. 115, figs. 75).— This bulletin outlines work in gar-
dening for the elementary schools of the Philippine Islands, in which it is a
i-equired and accredited subject. The preparing, planting, care, and products of
the school and home garden, school ground improvement, the teacher's home
garden, the garden during vacation, etc., are discussed, and suggestions offered
for classroom lessons.
The 1914 corn campaign {[Philippine] Bur. Ed. Circ. 46, s. {1914). PP- 24)- —
This is a revision of Circular 80, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 395),
Arbor Day in California, 1914 {Sacramento: State Supt. Pub. Instr., 1914,
pp. 24). — This contains nature poems and songs; articles on Arbor Day. by
Theodore Roosevelt ; Birds and Their Relation to Agriculture, by Mrs. Ethel
Bloodgood, and California Trees; outlines for compositions, declamations, etc.;
facts about birds and trees; program suggestions, etc.
Arbor Day observance, 1914, R. P. Steeves {Dept. Agr. Neic Brun-sirick
Circ. 1 {1914). PP- ■'()■ — Suggestions are offered to teachers and" others to encour-
age the improvement of rural school grounds as an observance of Arbor Day.
496 FAFERIMENT STATION RECORDS.
Arbor Day ( llairaii Ed. Rer., 2 (191J,), No. 8, pp. 12, 73).— This article gives
directions for the treatment of plants when received from the nurserj- and
planting shade and ornamental trees.
Knapp Agricultural Day program for celebration in the schools {liul.
Gcorfje Peahody Col for Teach ei's, n. scr., 2 (1913), A'o. 1, pp. 2',. figs. 2).— The
reasons for celebrating Knar)p Agricultural Day and the establishment of the
Seaman A. Knapp school and fai-ni, the work to be undertaken by the school,
and a suggested program for Knapp Agricultural Day are outlined, and hints
and material for carrying out the jirogram are suggested.
References for use in agricultural nature-study, G. H. Trafton (Mdiikutn,
Minn.: State 'Normal School, [1914], PP. 39). — This is a topical list of references
to nature-study literature.
Agricultural extension in the high school, A. W. Nolan (//?. Agr., 19
{19lJf), No. 3, pp. 230, 231, fig. 7).— The author calls attention to four distinct
modes of approach to agricultural extensioTi work that may be made in the
high schools of Illinois offering agricultural courses, viz. the community survey,
home-project work, individual work among farmers, and the organization of
farmers" interests.
Edgar County country life clubs {Pari^, 111.: county Supt. Schools, [191^],
pp. 20). — Programs and suggestions for community meetings are presented.
Report of the women's institutes for the Province of New Brunswick, 1913
(Rpt. Women's Insts. Neic Brunsivick, 1913, pp. 11' Jf, fig. 1). — This is the second
annual report of the women's institutes in New Brunswick, including the pro-
ceedings of the annual convention held in 1014. together with addresses and
statistical data on the number of institutes, and their membership, attendance,
receipts, and expenditures.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1913 {Alabama
Col. Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 35). — This contains the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and reports of the director
imd heads of departments on the work and publications of the station during
the year.
Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913
{Delaicare Sta. Bui. 103 (1914), pp. 16. fig. 1). — This contains the organization
list and the report of the director on the work and publications of the station.
It iiK-ludes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913.
The uses of the agricultural experiment station, E. H. Jenkins {Coiv-
nectkut State Sta. Bid. Inform. 6 (1915), pp. -}>. — The work of the station for
individual farmers is explained and the conditions under which it may be done
are briefly noted.
Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for the
fiscal year 1915 (Washington: Govt., 1914, pp. 278). — The projxised activities
of this Department are set forth in project form.
Federal legislation, regulations, and. rulings affecting agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations (D. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas.. Federal
Legislation \ctt:\ Affecting Agl. Cols, and Expt. Stas. (1914), pp. 28). — A revi-
sion to July 1, 1914, of the circular previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 393).
N 0 T 1: S .
Arizona "University. — Tho legislature has accepted the provisions of the Smith-
Lever Act and authorized the necessary appropriations. It also has era-
jKiwered counties to appropriate not exceeding $1,000 per annum for the
jiayment of salaries and expenses of county farm advisors.
Kentucky Station. — L. R. Himmelberger. instructor in bacteriology in the
^Michigan College and assistant in the station, has been appointed assistant in
the hog cholera serum production, beginning March 1.
Maryland College. — The short courses in agriculture and domestic science
which closed March 13 were marked by increased attendance and interest over
previous years. The new course in road making and maintenance attracted
special attention in the State.
Missouri University and Station. — The resignations are noted of H. K.
Thatcher, assistant in the soil survey, and B. Szymoniak as assistant in horti-
culture, the latter to become associated with the fruit and truck-crop demon-
stration work of the North Carolina College. B. L. France has been appointed
farm advisor for St. Francis County and M. E. Hays assistant in horticulture,
Montana College and Station. — Appropriations have been made by the legis-
lanne for 1915-16 of $85,000 for college maintenance. $59,000 for station mainte-
nance, $5,500 for the dry farming substation. $2,500 for the horticultural sub-
station, $1,000 for the Huntley substation. $5.0t»0 for the Northern Montana
substation, $4,000 for the grain laboratory. $10,000 for farmers' institutes, and
$13,182 for agricultural extension. For the following year these grants are
continued with increases of $2,500 for the station, $500 for the grain labora-
tory, and $3,000 for extension work. In addition $2,000 was granted the station
as a revolving fund for the hog cholera serum work.
The annual farmer's week. January 25-30, is reiwrted as the most successful
yet attempted.
New Mexico College and Station. — The legislature has appropriated .$30,000
for college maintenance and $5,000 for station work. The latter is the first
appropriation ever made by the State for the maintenance of the station.
R. W. Latta, assistant in charge of dairying, was transferred March 1 to the
extension division, being succeeded by J. R. Meeks of the animal husbandry
dciKirtiucnt and he in turn by R. L. Stewart.
Oklahoma College and Station. — The faculty has decided to raise the entrance
requirements to the full 15 unit credits. A 3-year secondary school course of a
jireparatory nature will be offered by the college until the high schools of the
State can provide the necessary facilities. In conjunction with this secondaiy
school course there will also be a 3-year course in practical agriculture designed
to supply farm boys with a practical course of study without high school prepa-
ration and who desire to return immediately to the farm.
M. A. Beeson. president of the Meridian CMiss.) Male College, has been ap-
pointed professor of agronomy and agronomist, vice O. O. Churchill. J. M.
497
498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fuller, who has been associate professor of dairying in the South Dakota College
and dairy bacteriologist in the station has been appointed head of the dairy
department beginning April 1. C. A. Burns has been appointed assistant in
dairying, and W. L. Blizzard and D. A. Spencer assistants in animal husbandry.
Texas Station. — The governing board of the State substations has been recon-
stituted as follows: P. L. Downs of Temple, president; Charles Rogan, of
Austin, vice-president ; J. E. Boog-Scott, of Coleman ; and W. P. Hobby, of
Beaumont. 11. C. Stewart resigned March 1 as superintendent of the Pecos
substation and has been succeeded as acting superintendent by J. W. Jackson,
assistant superintendent of the Troupe substation.
Utah College and Station. — Dr. L. D. Batchelor, professor of horticulture and
horticulturist since 1911, has been appointed associate professor of plant breetl-
ing in the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and associate in plant
breeding work at the citrus substation at Riverside, Cal., and will also be
engaged in extension work. The appointment took effect March 1.
West Virginia Station. — At the recent session of the legislature, $20,000 per
annum was appropriated for the current expenses of the station and $35,000 and
$40,000 for the first and second years for agricultural extension work. An act
was passed accepting the provisions of the Smith-Lever Act, and another act
authorizing county courts to pay part of the salary of county agricultural
agents, including women workers, whenever a county agricultural organization
of not less than fifty members will guarantee their expenses.
Paul B. Bennetch, associate professor of dairy husbandry and dairyman at
the station, resigned January 1, and the daii'y husbandry work has been com-
bined with the department of animal husbandry. G. L. Thompson, a recent
graduate of the Iowa College, has been appointed instructor in dairy husbandry.
Wyoming University and Station. — Ex-governor Joseph M. Carey and Mrs.
B. B. Brooks have been appointed to the board of trustees, the former vice
Gibson Clark, deceased. S. M. Fuller, assistant in the wool department, has
been appointed county agent for Sheridan County, beginning March 15, vice
H. E. McCartney, who is to become secretary of the Horse Breeder's Association
of Indiana.
Second Pan-American Scientific Congress. — Preliminary programs have been
issued by the State Department for this congress, which will hold its next
session in Washington, D. C, from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916.
Appropriations aggregating $50,000 have been made by the United States for
the congress, and William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State, is
chairman of the executive committee which is charged with its organization
and procedure. George M. Rommel, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is the
representative of this Department on the executive committee.
The congress will be organized into nine sections. Workers in agricultural
science will be especially interested in Section 3, conservation of natural
resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry, which will be devoted to a con-
sideration of the conservation of (a) mineral resources, (b) forests, (c) water
for power, (d) animal industry, and (e) plant industry, and to discussions
of the agricultural phases of irrigation and the marketing and distribution of
agricultural products. Section 2, astronomy, meteorology, and seismology, is to
include discussions of agricultural meteorologj' ; Section 4, education, problems
of agricultural education and research : Section 5, engineering, the engineering
features of irrigation and drainage; Section 7, mining and metallurgy, economic
geology and applied chemistry, papers on fertilizers and other agricultural
chemical industries; and Section S, public health and medical science, papers
on nutritional diseases, food supply, etc.
NOTES. 499
Membership in the congress is open to official delegates of the countries
represented, representatives of the universities, institutes, societies, and
scientific bodies of these countries, and others who may be invited by the
executive committee. Americans prominent in the field of science may also
be appointed honorary members by the executive committee.
The official languages of the congress will be English, Spanish, Portuguese,
and French. All papers should be received by October 1 and should be accom-
panied by resumes of not over 1,500 words followed by a footnote giving a
bibliography of the subject. It is suggested that papers have special reference
to the trend of recent progress and probable development in the innnediate
future.
Federal Agricultural Legislation. — Practically all the agricultural legisla-
tion to be completed at the closing session of the Sixty-third Congress was
embodied in the agricultural and other appropriation acts, discussetl e<litorially
in this issue. A standard barrel was prescribed for fruits, vegetables, and
other dry commodities. For commodities other than cranberries, this standard
barrel must contain 7,056 cubic inches, while that for cranberries must have
staves 28.5 inches in length and not greater tlian 0.4 inch in thickness, a diam-
eter of head of 16.25 inches, a distance between heads of 25.25 inches, and a cir-
cumference of bulge of 5S.5 inches, outside measurement. Sales of these com-
modities, except by weight or measure, in barrels of smaller capacity than these
standards or subdivisions known as thirds, halves, or three-fourths barrels are
prohibitetl under penalty of a fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment not ex-
ceeding 6 months, except that foreign shipments may be made which comply
with the laws of the importing country. Reasonable variations are permitted
under regulations to be established by the Department of Commerce. The act
becomes effective July 1, 1916.
Under another act, one section of each township in the Tanana Valley,
Alaska, is, with certain exceptions, reserved for the support of a territorial
agricultural college and school of mines. A tract of four sections near Fair-
banks is, aside from existing claims, granted to the Territory as a site for this
institution. A portion of this tract is now occupied by the Fairbanks substa-
tion, and the act provides that it may continue to be used for that puiiiose until
otherwise ordered by the President or Congress.
Agriculture and Domestic Science in Missouri High Schools. — According to a
study recently made by W. J. Bray, professor of chemistry at the State Normal
School, Kirksville, Mo., agriculture is the only recognized high school science
that shows any gain in its percentage of enrollment for the 9 years from 1905
to 1914, viz, 300 per cent, while the enrollment in science as a whole, excluding
domestic science, has declined from 64.4 to 49.2 per cent. Domestic science,
though not taught as a science, has increased its enrollment from 9.3 per cent
in 1906, when it was introduced into the high schools of Missouri, to 13.3 per
cent in 1914. It is concluded that science is not holding its own because, as
taught, it is failing to meet the popular demand for a practical usable educa-
tion, and that there is no room in the secondai'y school for science for science
sake.
Agriculture in Tennessee High Schools. — To adapt county high schools to the
operations of the Smith-Lever act, an experiment is being made in the new
Tennessee high school course of study in dividing the year into three terms of
12 weeks each instead of two terms of 18 weeks each. The demonstrators in
agriculture and home economics are to spend the fall and spring terms in the
field and the winter term in the high schools. Plans are being made for short
courses for adults during these winter terms at several of the high schools.
500 expp:riment statiox record.
notal)l.v at Farrugiit and Benton. The agriciiltunil- work will be begun at ou<'e
but the home eeononiit-s work will be delayed until next year in order that
plans can be more carelully niaturetl.
Government Aid to Agriculture in Greek Macedonia. — During 1914 the Minis-
try of National Economy of (ireece exi)en(led more than .$lt;.<XX) for repairing
jind equipping the model farm of Saloniki, which is to be designated the
principal agricultural school in New Greece. This school, which was estab-
lished 20 years ago under the Turkish regime, has three buildings for schol.istic
purposes (one of which contains a museum and also a chemical laboratory), a
station for breeding i)urposes, etc. The Greek government expects to com-
plete the construction of a large new school building which was started before
the Balkan wars. The farm is devoted to the growing of cotton, tobacci).
sesame, sorghum, barley, o-ats, beets, and other plants and vegetables, and
there is also a modern dairy and cheese house. Modern agricultural ma-
chinery and chemical fertilizers are used, and a nursery with about 10(),n(X)
trees of various kinds, including a large number of fruit trees, is exi)ected to
be of service in replanting the deforested sections of Macedonia. Improved
methods of silk culture have given very satisfactory results during the past
year. A farm viticulturist visits the various villages to give advice to vine
growers.
Agricultural Instruction in Ceylon. — In 1913 there were in Ceylon 2S2 govern-
ment school gardens and 47 aided schools registered for the grants payable by
the education department, viz, $16.22 for a garden of an acre or more and
$9.73 for one not less than one-third of an acre in extent ; 8.288 packets of .seed
and 4,496 plants were distributed to school gardens, seeds were tested for the
agricultural society, and 4 hives of bees were stocked and supplied to appli-
cants. A prize fund of $811 was available, half the sum awarded to each
garden being divided among five students showing the best work in both school
and home gardening. A junior agricultural reader was prepared by the sui)er-
intendent of school gardens, and a senior reader was in course of preparation.
A circular containing instructions on the planting of school gardens was issued
to teachers. Two assistant teachers of government vernacular schools ;ind
three probationary agricultural instructors were given training at the stock
garden. A central agricultural school is to be established at Peradeuiya.
Miscellaneous. — The death in the European War is reported of the Pru.ssian
Conservator of Forests. Professor Karl Fricke, director of the Forest Academy
of Miincheu.
The King of England has given permission for the u.se of a portion of the
royal estate by the school of forestry of Cambridge University, for purposes of
experimentation and demonstration.
A convention was held in Chicago, February 12 and 13. of representative^ of
six of the agricultural magazines published by the agricultural colleges. Con-
siderable progress is reported in the standardization of the size of publication,
number of issues, advertising rates, etc.
A gift by Theodore N. Vail has been accepted by the Vermont legislature of
the agricultural school at Lyndon and other land and equipment. The gift is
estimated at about $150,000.
The next annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute
Workers has been fixed for August 13 and 14 at the University of California.
The new agricultural buildings of Oxford University, costing about .$30.iX)«),
have recently been occupied.
o
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Peice, pee Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
V
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D
"" n. Beal.
^RULLINGER.
Meteorology, Soils, and FertiIizersJTy"-,y' m'
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology/^- ^- ^l^^' ^^' ^'
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticultm-e and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
[C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D, Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition<IL L. Lang.
IC F. Walton.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. LIBRARY
Veterinary Medicinej^. A. Ho^okeR. ^^ ^^^^^
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. SOTANIC^
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. '
Agi-icultural Education— C. 11. Lane. OAkOUui.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 6.
Recent work in agricultural science 501
Notes 599
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Chemistry of agriculture, Stoddart 501
The farmer as a manufacturer, Stuart 501
Dairy chemistry: A handbook for dairy chemists and others, Richmond 501
Analytical chemistry. — I, Qualitative; II, Quantitative analysis, Treadwell.. 501
The germplasm as a stereochemic system, Reichert 501
Constituents of the leaves and stems of Daviesia lati/olia, Power and Salway... 501
The nitrogenous constituents of hops. Chapman 502
Diastase and the effect of rapid curing on the food value of alfalfa, Shuey 502
Concerning the presence of diastase in certain red algee, Bartholomew 503
The survival of amylase in dried fodders, Neidig 503
Influence of fat of milk on rate of coagulation by rennet, Kreidl and Lenk 503
A contribution to the biochemistry of cheese ripening, I, Ehrlich and Lange. . 503
The gravimetric determination of calcium as calcium oxalate, Goy 504
Study of methods used in alkali determinations, Vinson and Catlin 504
Colorimetric estimation of iron in water, Gothe 504
Quantitative determination of lead in drinking water, Reese and Drost 505
Estimation of iodin, especially in organic substances, Griitzner 505
Colorimetric estimation of creatin, Baur and Triimpler 505
Flours, starches, bread, alimentary pastes, and pastry, Arpin 505
The rapid determination of boric acid, Bertrand and Agulhon 506
Detection of formaldehyde in foods, Rachel 506
Detection and estimation of formic acid, Fincke 506
The detection of formaldehyde in plants, Fincke 506
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Detection of small amounts of formaldehyde and its compounds, Fincke 506
Utility of vacuum distilling methods for detecting formic atid, Merl 507
Determination of formic acid in ketchup, Peters and Howard 507
Unsaponifiability of mowrah fat and its significance. Berg and Angerhaueen. .. 507
The detection of coconut oil in butter, Barthel and Sondd-n 508
Estimation of water and fat content of butter with a new apparatus, Jungkunz. . 508
A simplified and inexpensive oxidase apparatus, Bunzel 508
Proposed new loop for use in bacteriological tests of disinfectants, St. John 509
Home canning, IMiller 509
Fruit preserving: Canning, bottling, jam making, and candying peel, Allen. . 509
Manufacture of textile fibers from Epilobium angitstifolium, Schumann 509
METEOROLOGY.
Suggested changes of U. S. Weather Bureau in California, Binckley and Lee. . 509
The influence of volcanic dust A^eils on climatic variation."?, Arctowski 509
A report on Montana climate, Burke and Pinckney 510
El'^eather observations and notes], Blake, Ilalsted, et al 510
eteorology, Stupart 510
Salton Sea water, Vinson and Catlin 511
The Salton Sea, MacDougal 511
Chemical composition of the water of Salton Sea, 1906-1913, Ross and Vinson. 511
SOILS FERTILIZERS.
Distribution of soil particles, Duke of Bedford and Pickering 511
The decomposition products of the aluminum silicate rocks, Lacroix 511
Soils of the Sassafras series, Bonsteel 512
Soil siu-vey of Habersham County, Ga., Long and Hall 513
Soil survey of Jones County, Ga., Long, Crabb, et al 513
Soil survey of Talbot County, Ga.. Winston and Hawker 513
Agiiculture of Sulphur Spring Valley, Ariz., Forbes 513
Soil erosion, Ames 514
Description of a wire cage for protection of pot experiments, Lipman et al 514
Influence of bacteria in manure on green manure, Lipman et al 514
Oxidation of manganous carbonate by microbes, Beijerinck 514
Investigations into the nitrogen metabolism of soil. Green 514
Nitrogen fixation in substrata poor and rich in nitrogen, Hanzawa 515
Mutual influence of certain crops in relation to nitrogen, Kellerman and Wright. 515
Availability of nitrate of soda and dried blood, Lipman et al 516
[Production and consumption of Chilean nitrate] 516
Nitrate production, Easterling 517
Chilean nitrate statistics, Myers 517
Nitrate of soda in 1914 517
Sulphate of ammonia in 1914 517
[German potash salts] 517
Potash supplies from Germany 517
Vegetation experiments, Lipman et al 518
Magnesian and noumagnesian limestone in rotation expeiiments, Lipman et al. 518
Methods and results in vegetation experiments, Lipman and Blair 519
Utilization of the fish waste of the Pacific coast for fertilizer, Tun-entine 519
Rejiort on commercial fertilizers, 1914, Jenldns and Street 519
Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Haskins et al 520
Commercial fertilizers, Hills et al 520
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Plant physiology, Jost, trans, by Gibson 520
Students' handbook to accompany Plants and Their Uses, Sai-gent 520
Experiments on hybridization with Canna indica, Honing 520
[Some correlation studies of hypocotyls], Halsted et al 520
A peculiar negative correlation in OEnothera hybrids, ShuU 521
Some objections to the mutation theory of De Vries, Jeffrey 521
Explanation of apparent exception to Mendel's law of segregation, Tammes. . . 521
Influence of position in the pod upon the weight of the bean seed, Hams 521
Variation of structure and color of flowers under insolation, Rawson 522
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
Adjustment to light in oats, Arisz 522
Electromotive phenomena in plants, Waller et al 522
Regulation of transpiration of Viscum album and RhipsaUs cassytha, Kamerling. . 522
Bark ringing and the descent of sap, Janse 523
Destruction of parallhi by Bacillus prodigiosus and soil organisms, Greig-Smith . . 523
The nitrate ferment and formation of physiological species, Beijerinck 523
The study of plant cnzyms, particularly oxidation, Hall, Armstrong, et al 523
Some investigations in anthocyan formation, Jones 524
Cytological studios on the formation of anthocyanin pigments, Guilliermond . . 524
The evolution and physiological role of mitochondria, Guilliermond 534
Evolution of plastids and mitochondria in adult cells, Guilliermond 524
Investigations in smoke injuiy, Wislicenus 524
FIELD CROPS.
Tillage and rotation experiments at Nephi, Utah, Garden 525
[Field crop experiments], McOmie 526
Report of the work at Molly Springs branch experiment station 1913, Ames. . 526
Report of the department of farm crops, Owen at al 527
"Field crops experiments, 1905], Thompson and Shepperd 527
Field crops experiments, 1906], Tliompson and Shepperd 528
Field crops experiments, 1907], Thompson and Shepperd 528
'Field crops experiments, 1908-9], Thompson and Shepperd 528
Field crops experiments, 1910], Thompson and Shepperd 528
Field crops experiments, 1911-12], Thompson and Shepperd 528
Field crops experiments, 1913], Thompson and Shepperd 528
Field crops experiments, 1909], SteAvart and Shepperd 529
Field crops experiments, 1910], Stewart and Shepperd 529
Field crops experiments, 1911], Stewart and Shepperd 529
Field crops experiments, 1912], Stewart and Shepperd 530
Field crops experiments, 1913], Stewart and Shepperd 530
Summary of results [in] field husbandry, 1913, White et al 530
Summary of results [with] forage plants, 1913, Malte et al 532
[Effect of frost on forage and other plants], Thornber 532
[Alfalfa and vrheat breeding experiments], Freeman and Uphof 532
Alfalfa in the Southwest, Freeman 532
Hairy vetch for the cotton belt. Piper 533
Winter oats in the cotton belt, Warbmton 533
Rape as a forage crop in the cotton belt. Piper 533
Rye in the cotton belt, Leighty 533
Sorghum for forage in the cotton belt, Vinall 533
Soy beans in the cotton belt, IMorse 533
Trials with sweet clover as a field crop in South Dakota, Hume and Champ lin . . 533
Winter wheat in the cotton belt, Leighty 533
Winter wheat, Atkinson and Nelson 533
The continuous growing of wheat and rye, 1913, Lipman et al 533
Permanent pastm-es for the cotton belt, Carrier 534
Report of the seed analyst, Helyar and Schmidt 534
HORTICULTURE.
Report of the horticultmist, Blake, Farley, and Connors 534
[Report of botanical investigations], Ilalsted et al 536
Report of progress, Groth 537
A study of inheritance in garden plants, Owen 538
[Variety tests at the Edgeley substation], Thompson and Shepperd 538
Report of the horticulturist, Newman 538
Horticultural experiments at San Antonio, Tex., Hastings and Blair 539
Division of Horticulture. — Summary of results, 1913, Macoun et al 539
Plant introduction and acclimatization, Thornber 540
[Bean breeding investigations]. Freeman and Uphof 540
Phosphate for spinach, Johnson 540
An apple orchard survey of Mills County, Greene 540
Experiments with fertilizers on cranberries, Voorhees 541
StraA^berry growing, Ames 541
Citrus orchard heating, McOmie 541
The planting and care of shade trees, Buck 541
IV CONTENTS.
FORESTRY.
Page.
Forest planting in the eastern United States, Tillotson 541
Forest, shade, and ornamental trees, Thompson and Shepperd 542
The Araucaria woods of Chile, Baquedauo 542
The eastern hemlock, Frothingham 542
The life history of lodgepole pine in the Rocky Mountains, Mason 542
[Relative success of timber-producing species at Avondale Forestry Station]. . 542
Report on su})plies of homo-grown pit wood in England and Wale.^, Middleton. . 542
The hardness of woods, Janka 543
Investigations on the accuracy of volume computations of stems, Kunze 543
DISEASES OP PLANTS.
Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, Barre 543
Notes of some plant diseases of 1913, Fraser 543
[Plant diseases in England], Biffen 544
The downy mildews, I)u Porte 544
The chemical composition of Bordeaux mixture, Vermorel and Dantony 544
The fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixture, Barker and Gimingham 545
Seed statement to prevent diseases in field crops, Thompson and Shepperd. . . 545
Foot disease of cereals, Schribaux 545
A cabbage disease. Grove 545
A note on celery leaf spot disease, Chittenden 545
Diseases of peas 545
Leaf spot and some fruit rots of peanut. Wolf 546
Potato diseases, Home 546
Potato scab, Lutman and Cunningham 546
Report of the plant pathologist, Cook 547
Storage rots of potatoes and other vegetables, Fraser 547
The biology of the apple canker fungus, Wiltshire 547
Observations on the life history of the American gooseberry mildew, Salmon . . 547
The control of American gooseberry mildew, Gough 547
Banana disease on the Clarence River 548
Cacao canker and its control in Java, Van Hall 548
Notice relating to citrus canker. Tucker 548
Coffee leaf disease, Small 548
Diseases and pests of Hevea in the Federated Malay States, Rutgers 549
Observations upon a disease of carnations, Blake 549
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Animal commimities in the Chicago region, Shelford 549
Preliminary report on North Dakota mammals, Bailey, Bell, and Brannon 549
Comijarative size of the red blood corpuscles of birds, Chi Tsau Wang 549
Entomology, Morrill 549
Report of the entomologist, Headlee 550
Summary of entomological information during 1914 551
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 551
A preliminary survey of forest insect conditions in British Columbia, Swaine. . 551
Concerning infection through insects, Venema 552
Transmission of disease by native bloodsucking insects, Schuberg and Boing. . 552
A contribution to the biology of sewage disposal, Johnson 552
The grasshopper problem and alfalfa culture, Webster 553
Thrips attacking the leek ( Thrips tahaci) , Vuillet 553
The sucking phenomena of plant lice and reaction of plant cells, Zweigelt 553
Phylloxera galls affecting pecan trees. Tucker 553
The oak scale and its control {Lecanium querci/ex), Tinner 553
The control of the moth borer, Quelch 553
A wood-boring moth 554
Relation between larvse of \ine moths and weeds of vineyards, Liistner 554
The biology of Hyponomeula inalinella in Roumania, Fintzescou 554
The bacterial diseases of caterpillars, Glaser 554
[Cecedomyiid flies attacking willows] 554
Economic and biologic notes on the giant midge, Burrill 554
Mosquitoes and sewage disposal, Knab and Busck 554
Stomoxys calcitrans, Rutherford - 555
A larva of a species of ^Muscinse, living in nest of Passer grisens, Rodhain 555
Inheritance of the length of life in Drosophila ampelophila, Hyde 555
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Oano grub and raiiscardine fungus at Cairns, Tryon 555
[Report of] division of entomology, Easterby 555
Wireworms attacking cereal and forage crops, Ilyslop 555
Tlie -waA-y strijied flea-beotle {Phyllotreta sinuala), Du Porto 556
The occurrence and danger from Pantomorus fulleri in Italy, Ilazzauti 556
Otiorhynchus ovaius in British Columbia with notes on other insects, Treherne. . 556
Fourth annual report of the state inspector of apiaries, Gates 556
Bees visiting Helianthus, Cockerell 556
A species of !Megastigmus reared from larch seeds, Marcovitch 557
The insect galls of Cedar Point and A-icinity, Sears 557
Three new Hymenoptera, Crawford 557
A roAdsion of the braconid genus Urosigalphus, Crawford 557
Report of expedition to Africa, Fullaway 557
Salivary secretion of bloodsucking insects and ticks, Cornwall and Patton 557
Tea and citrus mites, Rutherford 557
Cactus solution as an adhesive in arsenical sprays for insects, High 557
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Chemistry, bacteriology, and technology of foods and condiments, Kossowicz. . 558
Household chemistry, Klein 558
The pure food cookbook, Maddocks 558
The curd of milk from different breeds — Food value of milk, Buckley 558
Beef frozen for 18 years. Burrows 559
Growth in meat of bacilli causing food poisoning, Sacqu^pee 559
The identity of starches of different origin, Tanret 559
Variations in gluten, Marchadier and Goujon 559
Maize products as human food, Fidanza 560
Food products from the soy bean, Loomis 560
On the occurrence of creatinin in leguminous seeds, Oshima and Ariizumi 560
Gray honey, Reese and Drost 560
Recipes for the use of potatoes and potato products in cookery 560
Uses of fruit from domestic science viewpoint, Milam 560
Recijjes for the preparation of simple fruit dishes, Pfeifer 560
Roselle recipes, Wester 560
Indian chutneys, pickles, and preserves 560
Salads, sandwiches, and chafing-dish dainties, Hill 560
Rigby's reUable candy teacher 560
Confectionery (marslimallows), McGill 560
A sanitaiy code for bottlers 561
Concerning nickel cooking vessels 561
The diet, its composition, and influence on health, Berg 561
The derangement of the skeletal system by a diet poor in phosphorus, Masslow. 561
The distribution of phosphorus in striated muscle, Rabbeno 561
Maintenance of mice on a diet composed of simple foods, Rohmann 561
The relations of vitamins to lipoids. Cooper -. 561
Studies of a qualitatively insufficient diet, Oseki 561
Study of the diet of laborers in a district of Spain, Colmenares 562
[Army rations] 562
Subsistence Supplies Branch [Office of U. S. Quartermaster General] 562
The specific dynamic action of foods, Cserna and Kelemen 562
The influence of the spleen in nutrition, Richet 562
Influence of early removal of thyroid and parathyroid glands on sheep. Hunter. 562
The intestinal absorption of fats, Nakashima 563
Absorption of fat in the peritoneum, Nakashima 563
Energy metabolism and protein metabolism under fasting conditions, Hdri 563
The total energy requirement in disease, Du Bois 563
A contribution to the study of experimental beri-beri, McCarrison 563
The treatment and prevention of pellagra, Goldberger et al 564
Protein metabolism in fever and during work, Kocher 564
Influence of the high-calorie diet on typhoid fever, Coleman and Du Bois 564
Possibility of inversion of daily temperature curve of man, Polimanti 564
The effect on man of winter climbing in high altitudes, Zuntz 564
A method for the study of the periods of rest and activity, Szymanski 565
Respiratory exchange in fresh water fish, I, Gardner and Leetham 565
Laboratory experiments with air, Lee 565
[Report of the work of the] nutrition laboratory, Benedict 565
International catalogue. Q — Physiology. QR — Serum physiology 565
VI CONTENTS.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Page.
[Animal production] von OUech 566
Record of annual meeting, 1913, of American Society of Animal Production. . . 566
Acidosis and its relation to protein Btorage, Steenbock et al 566
The value of acorns, horse chestnuts, and beech mast as food for stock 566
Calcium phosphate in the rations of domestic animals, Denayre 566
The feeding vahie of different grass-seed mixtures, Hendrick and Findlay. . 566
Composition of moor hay causing excessive licking in cattle, von Feilitzen 567
Modern silage methods, Wright 567
The ensiling of beet tops with lactic acid bacteria, Meyer 567
The ensiling of potatoes with a lactic acid culture, Meyer 567
Ensiling potatoes 567
The utilization of marc for the feeding of cattle, De Grully 567
Molasses and molasses feeds, llalligan 567
Commercial feeding stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1913, Kellogg 568
Breeds of beef cattle. Ward 568
The inheritance of twin calving in cattle, Uhlmann 568
Com silage compared with hiills for fattening steers, Lloyd 568
The feeding and care of dauy calves 568
Sheep grazing on ditches infested with Johnson grass, Wilson 568
Producing sheep on southern farms 568
Swine investigations, Minkler •. 569
Swine-feeding experiments with skim milk and dried yeast, Klein 569
Fattening pigs on cassava, Gouin and Andouard 569
How southern farmers may get a start in pig raising 570
Horses and mule raismg in the South 570
Poultry production, Lippincott 570
Suggestions on poultry raising for the southern farmer 570
Report of the poultry husbandman, Lewis and Clark 570
Poultry rations and methods of feeding, Le\vis 572
A new breed of chickens on the basis of Mendelism, Hink 572
On inheritance of weight in poultry, Punnett and Bailey 572
Size inheritance in rabbits, MacDowell 573
Oyster propagation observations for 1913, Nelson 573
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Report of dairy husbandman. Cook 573
[Daily husbandry], Ames 574
Feeding the farm cow in the South 574
Advantages of dairying in the South 574
Do you keep a cow? 574
Milk records and cost of feeding cows in Berkshire, 1913, Mackintosh 574
[Milk production] 574
On the law relating milk flow to age in dairy cattle. Pearl 575
Rules and regulations of advanced registry tests in New Jersey, Cook 575
The production and care of milk and cream. 575
Handling milk in pint bottles, Kelly 575
The pasteurization of milk in the final package, Hammer and Hauser 575
Experiments on the pasteurizing of milk in bottles, Weigmann 576
Testing and handling dairy products, Larsen and Fuller 576
Preserving milk samples for examinations, Tillmans et al 576
Water content of butter, Theopold 577
Marketing butter and cream in the South 577
Making farm butter in the South 577
Shall southern farmers build creameries? 577
Dauy bacteriology, W^olff 577
Bacilli coli of milk, Van Ketel 577
Analyses of the milk of sick cows, Sjollema 577
Study of streptococci isolated from epidemics of tonsillitis, Smith and Brown. . 577
Reindeer milk production, Grotenfelt 577
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Reports of official veterinarians of Prussia. 1910 and 1911, Nevermann 577
Veterinary calendar for the year 1915, edited by Rautenberg 578
International catalogue. R— Bacteriology. QR — Serum physiology 578
Animal castration, White 578
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
Special veterinary therapy, Steffen 578
The use of drugs in tlie treatment of disease caused by nematode wormSjCraig. 578
Animal immunity, Rosenthal f. 578
The vitamLis, Funk 578
Exi)erimental study of the Abderhalden test, Bunce 578
About a new skin reaction for diati^osing pregnancy, Engelhom and Wintz 579
On the filterability and biology of spirochetes, Wolbach 579
Prei)aration of stable control extracts for anthrax precipitation, Schubert 579
Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on unhusked rice, Gibson and Concepcion. 579
[Foot-and-mouth disease] 579
The foot-and-mouth disease 580
Foot-and-mouth disease [in the United States] 580
The conglutination reaction as a diagnostic test for glanders, Anderson 580
The ophthalmic test in the diagnosis of glanders, Favero 580
An oj)hthalmic mallein eye dropper, Wilson 580
Simultaneous method of inoculating cattle and carabaos, Ward and Wood 580
A note on sm-ra in camels. Cross 581
Wholesale handling of bovine tuberculosis in Colorado, Yard 581
Diseases of internal generative organs in relation to inspection, Williams 581
A study of infectious abortion in cattle, Moore and Fitch 581
Experiments on the control of warble flies in Germany, Schottler and Gliiser. . 581
Effect of cattle tick on milk production. Woodward, Tm'ner, and Curtice 581
The action of immune sera against calf dysentery, Stenstrom 582
The hematology of normal and cholera-infected hogs, Dinwiddle 582
[Hog cholera in New Jersey], Minkler 584""
Atlas of equine anatomy, Schmaltz 584
The common colics of the horse, their causes, diagnosis, and treatment, Reeks. 584
Dourine in Nebraska, Kigin 584
[Poultry diseases], Lewis and Clark 584
The necessity of meat inspection of poultry, Breuer 585
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Wood pipe for convening water for irrigation, Jayne 585
Irrigation investigations. Smith and Enger 580
Conslitution of soils and distribution of irrigation waters, Miintz and Laine 586
Irrigation, Burdick 587
Surface water supply of North Pacific drainage basins, 1911, Ilenshaw et al. . . 587
Surface water sirpply of the Great Basin, 1912, Ilenshaw et al 587
Sm-face water supply of lower Columbia River, etc. , 1912, Henshaw and Fuller. 587
Surface water supply of coast in California, 1912, McGlashan and Stevens 587
Springs of California, Waring 587
Profile surveys in Bear River Basin, Idaho 587
Profile surveys of Snoqualmie, Sultan, and Skykomish Rivers, Wash 588
Profile surveys of Missom'i River from Great Falls to Three Forks, Mont 588
The diaphragm method of measuring the flow of water in open channels 588
List of references on water rights and the control of waters 588
Draining District 9, Mississipjji County, Arkansas, Hidinger 588
Comparative steam and electric power layouts for a drainage pumping plant. .. 588
Building levees with the hydraulic dredge, Allen 589
Some methods and costs of cleaning dramage ditches. Dean 589
Country roads in southeastern Wisconsin 589
Blasting cultivation on Moor soil, Berscli 589
Use of logging equipment for clearing land of stumps, Jacobsen 589
Heat power machines or electric motors, Jaenichen 589
Tractor and horse power, Dinsmore 589
The use of tractors in Russia, De Conde 589
Plans and detailed description of new dairy bam at the college farm, Cook 589
Conveniences for handling the farm cow and her products 590
Worth and uses of silos and silage 590
Details of construction and cost of vitrified tile silo, Cook 590
Steam power versus electricity for filling silos 590
The effects of the acid of silage on concrete, Neale and Corsa 590
Further studies in poultiy -house construction, Lewis and Clark 590
Cooking-boilers on poultry farms, Iladlington 591
Ice houses and the use of ice on the dairy farm, Bowen and Lambert 591
Ventilation of farm buildings, Grisdale and Arcliibald 592
CooLuig two rooms in a eountiy residence, Feldman 592
VIII CONTENTS.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Page.
A rural survey in southwestern Ohio, Vogt 592
The Minnesota Crop Improvement Association 592
Practical community studies 592
Social and civic work in country communities, McDonald et al 593
Agricultural survey, 1913, Nunnick 593
Full report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture 593
Annual report on cooperative societies in the Bombay Presidency, 1914 593
The farmers' elevator movement, I and II, Pi.efsell 593
Farmers' market bulletin 593
Money crops in place of cotton, Kone 594
Cost of grain production in Canada, 1913 594
The movement of prices during recent years, Mariotti 594
Prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural products 5M
The agricultural outlook 594
Agricultural statistics of Denmark 594
Census of agriculture in Greece 595
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Agricultural education, Forbes and McOmie 595
Fifth report of the district agricultural schools of Georgia, Stewart 595
Training teachers for agricultural subjects in Indiana, Book 595
Tentative course of study in industrial subjects for the schools of Indiana 595
Report of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, French 595
Twenty-first report of inspector of state high schools of Minnesota, Alton 595
Vocational education in Pennsylvania 596
Agricultural schools and departments 596
Household arts schools, departments, and evening classes 596
Correlating agriculture with public school subjects. Lane and Miller 596
Course of study in agriculture for the public schools of Oregon, Griffin 596
Outlines of nature study and elementary agriculture, Abbey 596
Agriculture in elementary schools 596
Helps for teachers in agriculture: Soils, Fisher 596
Helps for teachers in agriculture: Farm crops, Fisher 597
Helps for teachers in agriculture 597
Laboratory exercises in farm mechanics for agricultural high schools, Scoates. . 597
Planning and serving meals, Knowles and Campbell 597
Home furnishing, Gettemy 597
Textiles, Knowles and Campbell 597
Home economics study classes, McNeill 597
Suggestions for household exhibits 597
School exhibits, Eswine and Kauffman 597
Boys' and girls' home economics clubs, Comstock and Nash 597
Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs, course I, twelve lessons on foods, Nesbit 597
Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs, course I, twelve lessons in sewing. Brown 598
Organization of Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs, Peterson 598
Report of the department of agricultural extension, Agee 598
The agricultural college brought to the farm 598
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-fom-th Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1913 598
Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1913 598
Reports of the Edgeley substation, 1905-1913, Thompson and Shepperd 598
Reports of the Langdon substation, 1909-1913, Stewart and Shepperd 598
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1914 598
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Alabama College Station: Page.
Bill. 180, Dec, 1914 546
Circ. 28, June, 1914 553
Arizona Station:
Bui. 72, 1913 513
Bui. 73, June 1, 1914 542
Twenty-fourth An. Rpt. 1913 . 504,
511,526,532,540,541,
549, 568, 586, 595, 598
Arkansas Station:
Bui. 120, Oct., 1914 582
Connecticut State Station:
An. Rpt. 1914, pt. 2 519
Iowa Station:
Bui. 153, Nov., 1914 540
Bui. 154, Nov., 1914 575
Louisiana Stations:
Crop Pest Notice 1, Sept., 1914. 548
Crop Pest Notice 2, Sept., 1914. 553
Marvland Station:
Bui. 184, June, 1914 558
Massachusetts Station:
Control Ser._ Bui. 2, Dec, 1914 . 520
Mississippi Station:
Bui. 165, Jan., 1914. 514, 526, 541, 574
Bui. 167, Oct., 1914 568
Montana Station:
Bui. 99, Mar., 1914; [appen-
dix]. Mar., 1914 510
Bui. 100, Aug., 1914 533
New Jersey Stations:
Bui. 267, Mar. 31, 1914 518
Bui. 268, Apr. 15, 1914.. 514, 516, 533
Bui. 269, May 29, 1914 . . 514, 518, 519
Circ. 38 575
Circ.39 572
Circ. 40, Oct. 1, 1914 584
Thirty-fourth An. Rpt. 1913. 510, 514,
516, 518, 520, 527, 533, 534, 536,
537, 538, 541, 547, 549, 550, 569,
570, 572, 573, 584, 589, 590, 598
North Dakota Station:
Circ. 3, Dec, 1914 549
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1905 . 527, 545
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1906 . 528, 598
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1907 . 528, 598
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1909 . 528, 598
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1910 . 528, 598
•Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1912 . . . 528,
538, 542, 598
Rpt. Edgeley Substa. 1913 . 528, 598
First An. Rpt. Laugdon
Substa. 1909 529, 598
Second An. Rpt. Laugdon
Substa. 1910 529, 598
Third An. Ri)t. Langdon
Substa. 1911 529, 598
Stations in the United States — Contd.
North Dakota Stations— Contd. Tago.
Fourth An. Rpt. Langdon
Substa. 1912 530, 598
Fifth An. Rpt. Langdon
Substa. 1913 530,598
South Carolina Station:
Twenty -seventh An. Rpt.
1914 538,543,598
South Dakota Station:
Bui. 151, Aug., 1914 533
Bui. 152, Aug. , 1914 575
Vermont Station:
Bui. 182, June, 1914 520,587
Bui. 184, Sept., 1914 546
Virginia Truck Station:
Bui. 11, Apr. 1, 1914 540
Bui. 12, July 1, 1914 509
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bui. 132, Correlating Agiiculture
with the Public School Subjects
in the Southern States, C. H.
Lane and E. A. Miller 596
Bui. 147, The Effect of the Cattle
Tick Upon the Milk Production
of Dairy Cows, T. E. Woodward,
W. F. Turner, and C. Curtice. . . 581
Bui. 150, Utilization of the Fish
Waste of the Pacific Coast for the
Manufacture of Fertilizer, J. W.
Turrentine 519
Bui. 152, The Eastern Hemlock,
E. H. Frothingham 542
Bui. 153, Forest Planting in the
Eastern United States, C. R.
Tillotson 541
Bui. 154, The Life History of
Lodgepole Pine in the Rocky
Mountains, D. T. Mason 542
Bui. 155, Wood Pipe for Conveying
Water for Irrigation, S. O. Jayne. 585
Bui. 156, Wireworms Attacking
Cereal and Forage Crops, J. A.
Hyslop 555
Bui. 157, Tillage and Rotation Ex-
periments at Nephi, Utah, P. V.
Cardon 525
Bui. 159, Soils of the Sassafras Se-
ries, J. A. Bonsteel 512
Bui. 160, Cactus Solution as an Ad-
hesive in Arsenic;al Sjiravs for
Insects, M. M. High " 557
Bui. 162, Horticultural Exjjeri-
ments at the San Antonio Field
Station, Southern Texas, S. H.
Hastings and R. E. Blair 539
Farmers' Bui. 612, Breeds of Beef
Cattle, W . F. Ward 568
TS.
X
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.
Farmers' BiiL 623, Ice Houses and
the Use of Ice on the Dairy Farm, Page.
J. T. Bowen and G. M. Lambert. 591
Farmers' Bui. C37, The Grasshop-
per Problem and Alfalfa Culture,
F. M. Webster 553
Farmers' Bui. 638, Laboratory Ex-
ercises in Farm Mechanics for
Agricultural High Schools, D.
Scoates 597
Farmers' Bui. 645, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 594
Special [Cu-culars]:
Advantages of Dairying in the
South 574
Conveniences for Handling the
Farm Cow and Her Products 590
Do You Keep a Cow? 574
Feeding the Farm Cow in the
South 574
Hairy Vetch for the Cotton
Belt, 0. V. Piper 533
Horse and Mule Raising in the
South 570
How Southern Farmers May
Get a Start in Pig Raising. . 570
Making Farm Butter in the
South 577
Marketing Butter and Cream
in the South 577
Permanent Pastures for the
Cotton Belt, L. Carrier 534
Producing Sheep on Southern
Farms 568
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.
Special [Circulars] — Continued.
Rape aa a Forage Crop in the Page.
Cotton Belt, C. V. Piper. ... 533
Rye in the Cotton Belt, C. E.
Leighty 533
Shall Southern Farmers Build
Creameries? 577
Sorghum for Forage in the Cot-
ton Belt, H. N. Vinall 533
Soy Beans in the Cotton Belt,
W.J. Morse 533
Suggestions on Poultry Raising
for the Southern Farmer 570
The Feeding and Care of Dairy
Calves 568
The Production and Care of
Milk and Cream 575
Winter Oats in the Cotton Belt,
C. W. Warburton 533
Winter WTieat in the Cotton
Belt, C. E. Leighty 533
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1913:—
Soil Survey of Haber-
sham County, Ga.,
D. D. Long and E.
C.Hall 513
Soil Survey of Jones
County, Ga., D. D.
Long, G. A. Crabb,
et al 513
Soil Survey of Talbot
County, Ga., R. A.
Winston and H. W.
Hawker 513
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII Abstract Number. No. G.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
AGRICTTLTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGEOTECHNY.
Chemistry of agriculture, C. W. Stoudart {Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger,
1913, pp. VI-j-364, pi. 1, figs. 83). — This hook on general agricultural chemistry
is intended as a brief treatise, particularly for students, but sufficiently elemen-
tary for general reference. The contents are as follows: The plant: Germi-
nation of the seed, growth of the plant, plant compounds, and crops; factors
in plant growth : The air, the soil-organic matter, the soil-inorganic matter,
fertilizers, lime, farm manure, soil and fertilizer analysis, insecticides and
fungicides, and the gas engine ; the animal : The chemistry of animal physi-
ology, food and digestion, and milk and dairy products.
The farmer as a manufacturer, A. T. Stuart ( Canada Expt. Farms Bill. 20
{1914), ^- ^G''-> PP- IG). — ^An outline in popular language of some basic principles
in agricultural chemistry. That the farmer is the world's real manufacturer
of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and fiber for making clothes is pointed out.
The object of the bulletin is to present in a similar manner some illustrations
of the chemical processes which take place in vegetable and animal life and to
show how the farmer, through the agency of his ci'ops and stock, uses the raw
materials supplied by nature for the manufacture of his finished products.
Dairy chemistry: A practical handbook for dairy chemists and others
having control of dairies, H. D. Richmond {London: C. Griffin cC- Co., Ltd.,
191-i, 2. rci\ ed., pp. XI -{-434, figs. 49). — The second edition of this work, the
fii-st of which was issued in 1907. It is stated that the obsolete portions of
the text have been eliminated and replaced by more recent matter.
Analytical chemistry. — I, Qualitative analysis, II, Quantitative analysis,
F. P. Tke^vdwell {Analytischc Chcmic. Lcipsic: F. Dcutickc, I, QuaUtativc
Analyse, 1914, 8. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII+522, pis. 3, figs. 25; II, Quantitative
Analyse, 1913, 6. ed. rev. and oil., pp. IX-\-134, pi. 1, figs. ,?S).— Revised and
enlarged editions of this well-known work.
The germplasm as a stereochemic system, E. T. Reichert {Sci. Anicr. Sup.,
78 {1914), Kos. 2023, pp. 226, 227; 2024, pp. 242, 2.}3).— The thesis of this paper
is that every individual is a chemical entity that differs in characteristic par-
ticulars from every other. The subject is discussed in the light of the author's
researches, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 804).
The constituents of the leaves and stems of Daviesia latifolia, F. B. Power
and A. H. Salway {Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 105 {1914), No. 617, pp. 767-
778). — "The material employcMl for this investigation consisted of the leaves
and stems of D. latifolia (natural order Leguminosie), which had been specially
501
502 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
collected for the purpose in Victoria, Australia. An alcoholic extract of the
material, when distilled with steam, yielded a small amount of a pale yellow
essential oil, which i)ossosswl a ])leasant, aromatic odor, and gradually deposited
some crystals of benzoic acid.
" From the portion of the alcoholic extract which was soluble in water tlie
following definite compounds were isolated: (1) Benzoic, salicylic, p-coumaric.
and fumaric acids; (2) a crystalline benzojd derivative of a new disaccharid
(glucoxylose), which possesses an extremely bitter taste. This bitter substance
has the empirical formula C^oHosOnHsO, melts at 147 to 148°, and has been des-
ignated dibenzoylglucoxylose ; (3) a quercetin glucosid, C^iHmOio, which is prob-
ably identical witli rutin. The aqueous liquid contained, furthermore, a quan-
tity of sugar, which yielded d-phenylgluco.sazone (melting point 210°).
" The portion of the alcoholic extract which was insoluble in water, consisting
chiefly of resinous material, amounted to about 8.G per cent of the weight of
the drug. From the resinous material there were isolated: (1) Myricyl alcohol,
CaoHcaO; (2) hentriacontane, CsiHm; (3) a phytosterol, C27H«0 ; (4) a mixture
of fatty acids, consisting of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids. The resin also
contained a considerable proportion of the above-mentioned dibenzoylglucoxylose,
together with free benzoic acid.
" This investigation has shown that the bitterness of the leaves of D. latifoUa
is due to tlie crystalline substance which has been designated dibenzoylglu-
coxylose. The latter represents a type of compound which has not hitherto
been observed to occur in nature, and its characters will be fully described in a
subsequent communication."
The nitrogenous constituents of hops, A. C. Chapman {Jour. Gliem. Soc.
[Lomloni, 105 {1911,), No. 621, pp. 1895-1907).— A detailed study of the various
nitrogenous constituents present in hops, made for the purpose of noting espe-
cially those substances which might be of help in solving some of the vexed
questions as to the therapeutic effects of various Ivinds of beers, and also as to
whether the nitrogenous substances would have some effect on the vitality of the
yeast organism. In some cases the hops were extracted in the laboratory and in
others the extract prepared by a commercial concern was used.
The investigation was confined especially to those substances soluble in boiling
water. From the aqueous solution histidin, arginin (?), betain, cholin, aspara-
gin, adenin, hypoxanthin, a small amount of a definitely alkaloidal substance, a
colored nitrogenous substance wliich was acid in character and soluble in alkali
and forming a brownish-red solution, and substances exhibiting properties of
complex amino acids or polypeptids, or mixtures of the same, were isolated. A
crystalline substance melting at about 70° C, which was c. nonuitrogenous com-
pound and almost insoluble in alcohol, was also noted. Potassium nitrate was
obtained from an alcoholic extract of hops.
The carbohydrate matter was also investigated and will be reported upon in a
later communication. No alkaloids giving reactions similar to morphiu were
noted except with one method and then only a trace.
An investig-ation of the diastase of alfalfa and the effect of rapid curing
upon the food value of alfalfa, R. C. Shuey {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chew.,
6 {191J,), No. 11, pp. 910-919, fig. i).— The fact that diastase has been demon-
strated in a large number of plants and in various parts of plants indicated
the probability of the diastatic content of fodders bearing an important relation
to the availability of the food constituents. " Exi^eriments were conducted
along similar lin&s, using alfalfa as an example of a highly diastatic plant, and
endeavoring to learn the optimum conditions for the production and retention
of diastase in a cured hay."
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 503
"The diiistatic activity of alfalfa is greater in the morning or after a period
of darkness than after a period of exposure to light. There is much more
diastase present in the plant during the warm, active, growth-producing summer
than during the spring or fall. Young plants contain more diastase than older
ones. Drying at elevated temperatures in a humid atmosphere decreases the
diastatic activity, even though the temperature is only 50° F. Drying in a
current of air with gradually increasing temperature, on the other hand,
increases the activity markedly. Light and weathering in the field tend to
destroy the diastase, llaiu during curing is veiy detrimental. Highly diastatic
alfalfas generally show a greater solubility in water by autodigestlon than
samples low in diastase. However, the degree of solubility in water can not
be Increased above a certain limit. The loss in digestible constituents during
handling and curing in the field may vary from 20 per cent under favorable
conditions to as much as 50 per cent under adverse weather conditions.
" Curing by artificial heat, using the principle of countercurrents, gives a
hay of better color, odor, and fiavor than can be produced by other means.
The hay appears to retain manj^ of the valuable properties of the green plant,
which are ordinarily lost in curing. The cost of artificial drying Is estimated
to be less than the losses generally sustained in field curing and, therefore, it
ought to be possible to conduct drying at a profit when the drier can be located
near both field and source of fuel."
Concerning the presence of diastase in certain red alg'se, E. T. Bartholo-
mew {Bot. Ga-., 57 (IDUf), No. 2, pp. 136-1J,7).— "There is present in the red
algaj a diastase which will digest the starch of higher plants. The manner of
action of this euzym indicates that it is at least partially composed of a trans-
location diastase. The diastase of the red algfe, like that of the higher plants,
is probably not composed of a single enzym, but of a series of amylases and
dextrinases. Judging by the action of the algal extract upon cornstarch, the
diastase is a rather slow-working enzym.
" The series of digestion processes resulting from the application of the
algal diastase to cornstarch would indicate that the subtance composing the
grains of the red algie is very similar to that of the starch grains of higher
plants."
The survival of amylase in dried fodders, R. E. Neidig (Jour. Amer. Chcm.
Soc, 36 {1914), A^o. 6, pp. 13 12-131 J,). —The amylolytic activity of five dried
fodders about six months old, viz, two alfalfa hays, clover hay, timothy hay,
and corn stover, was calculated on the basis of 100 gm. of dry fodder, the
method of Sherman et al. (E. S. R., 24, p. 122) being used for determining the
amylolj-tic activity. " The addition of sodium phosphate and sodium chlorid as
electrolytes failed to increase the activity, probably because electrolytes were
abundantly present In the crude enzym preparations."
The influence of the fat content of milk upon the rate of coagulation by
rennet, A. Kreidl and E. Lenk {Biochcm. Ztschr., 63 (1914), ^^o. 2-3, pp.
151-155, figs. 3). — Despite the fact that investigations have been made under
uniform conditions the coagulation time of milk by rennet was not found to be
constant. The rate is dependent upon the fat content of the milk, the time
required for coagulation increasing with the fat content. The work was done
with skim milk, whole milk, ordinary cream, and whipped cream.
A contribution to the biochemistry of cheese ripening. — I, About the
occurrence of p-oxyphenylethylamin in normal cheese and its formation by
lactic acid bacteria, F. Ehrlich and F. Lange {Biochem. Ztschr., 63 {1914),
No. 2-3, pp. 156-169). — Lactic acid bacteria are said to form p-oxyphenylethyl-
amin from amino acids, i. e., tyrosin by the scission of carbon dioxid from the
504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
same. Appreciable amounts of this substance were noted in normal Swiss and
Emmental cheese, esi^ecially in the latter. See also previous notes (E. S. R.,
14, p. 1115; 21, p. 478).
An organism similar to those belonging to the Bacillus casci group was
isolated from Swiss cheese. The indications were that oxyphenyl lactic acid,
was present in both cheeses but no tyrosol could be noted.
The gravimetric determination of calcium as calcium oxalate, S. Gov
{Chcm. Zig., 37 (1913), No. 131, pp. 1337, 1338).— For the determination of cal-
cium in foods, soils, plant ashes, etc., the methods in vogue are tedious and
time-consuming. In most cases the calcium is determined as oxid or carbonate.
Attempts to weigh the calcium oxalate precipitate directly after drying re-
sulted in showing the feasibility of the procedure providing the drying was
done in the Gooch crucible. The precipitate when dried at from 100 to 105° C.
was found to contain one molecule of water of crystallization which will not
volatilize by continued drying at the above-named temperatures. By drying at
130°, the temperature used in the perchlorate method, a loss in weight is ex-
perienced and the salt goes over into the anhydrous condition.
Study of methods used in alkali determinations, A. E. Vinson and C. N.
Catlin {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 27.'f-277). — This is a comparative study of
the methods for alkali determinations in soil, which was prompted by the fact
that some investigators were reporting results for black alkali far in excess
of the limit usually acceptable as that of tolerance by most economic crops in
the presence of very large amounts of gypsum, a result which could not be
obtained by methods in use at other station.s.
The soils used in comparing the methods were a strongly black alkaline
soil from the University of Arizona farm, a moderately black alkaline soil
from Santa Cruz Valley, and a gypsum soil from Santa Cruz Valley, and the
methods studied were the California, Montana, Bureau of Soils, Texas, New
Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. The determinations made were total solids,
chlorids as sodium chlorid, and alkalinity expressed in terms of sodium car-
bonate. The comparisons show that the Arizona method gives high results
in all determinations except the chlorids. This is especially true for black
alkali, and it was found that it requires a fairly large propoition of water to
soil and long digestion to reach a maximum exti'action of total solids. Direct
titration of the soil filtrate with methyl orange as the indicator may show
black alkali in a strongly gypsum soil and the percentage would increase with
the carbon dioxid in the water used in making the solution.
Colorimetric estimation of iron in water, F. Gothe (Ztschr. Unicrsuch.
Nahr. u. Gemissmtl., 27 {1914), No. 9, pp. 676-683; -ahs. in Jour. CJiem. Soc.
[London], 1G6 {191J,), No. 621, II, pp. 581, 582).— It is claimed that the colori-
metric method of determining iron by means of potassium thiocyanate is liable
to yield low results when ferrous salts are present in a water in which the
iron has been insufficiently oxidized by treatment with hydrochloric acid and
potassium chlorate. The error is due to the influence of the hydrochloric acid
on the ferric thiocyanate and to a certain extent on the quantity of thiocyanate
added. More satisfactory results can be obtained by oxidation with nitric acid.
The following procedure is recommended : " One hundred cc. of the water
is acidified with 1 cc.'of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.125). a few crystals
of potassium chlorate are added, and the mixture is evaporated to dryness.
The residue is treated with 1 cc. of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.125)
dissolved in distilled water, diluted to 95 cc, and 5 cc. of 10 per cent potassium
thiocyanate added. The coloration is compared with that produced by a known
quantity of iron under similar conditions."
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 505
A simple, exact, and reliable method fox- the quantitative determination
of lead in drinking water, C. Reese and J. Drost {Gsndhts. Ingcn., 31 {1014),
l\'o. S, pp. 129-13S). — x^fter discussing the faults of the various methods hitherto
proposed for estimating the amount of lead in water, a colorimetric method Is
suggested. It consists essentially in noting the color produced in a volume of
water (previously evaporated with concentrated hydrochloric acid and again
made up to volume with distilled water) with hydrogen sulphid. A comparison
is made with tubes containing a known amount of acetic acid solution, lead
nitrate of known strength, and hydrogen sulphid.
Estimation of iodin, especially in organic substances, R. GrUtzner (Chem.
Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 12, pp. 169, 110; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106
{1914), ^0. 621, II, pp. 513, 514). — A known quantity of the substance is mixed
with powdered sodium hydroxid. moistened and dried, sodium or barium
peroxid is added, and the mixture is incinerated. After cooling, a small quantity
of charcoal is added and the mixture is heated again. Tlie fused mass wliicli
results is then dissolved in water and filtered. If barium peroxid is used the
solution can be treated with carbon dioxid and sodium sulphate before filtra-
tion. The resulting alkaline solution is boiled after the addition of a little
crystalline potassium permanganate and talcum, acidified with sulphuric acid,
boiled, rendered alkaline, and boiled again after adding alcohol. The mixture
is filtered while hot, the excess of alcohol being expelled by boiling the filtrate,
which is then rendered slightly acid with a mixture consisting of sulphuric
and phosphoi'ic acids. Ammonium sulphate is added, the mixture boiled for
three minutes, cooled, and the iodic acid titrated after the addition of sulphuric
acid and potassium iodid. Six atoms of iodin are thus liberated and when
titrated they correspond to one atom of iodin in the original substance.
Colorimetric estimation of creatin, E. Baur and G. TRiJMPLEK {Ztsclir. Un-
tersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 21 {1914), No. 10, pp. 691-113, figs. 3; ais. in
Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 106 {1914), No. 621, II, p. 595).— An investigation
of Jaffe's method for the estimation of creatin as regards the influence of time,
temperature, and concentration of acid on the conversion of creatin into
creatinin.
It was found that in the case of meat extracts the creatin is converted com-
pletely when 10 gm. of the extract is heated with 100 cc. of normal hydrochloric
acid for four hours at 97° C. The estimation of creatin in meat extracts Is
carried out as follows :
" Ten gm. of the extract is dissolved in water to give 100 cc. of solution ; 5
cc. of this solution is then treated with 15 cc. of saturated picric acid solution
and 5 cc. of 10 per cent sodium hydroxid solution. After seven minutes the
mixture is diluted to 500 cc, and the coloration compared with that exhibited
by a definite depth of twice-normal potassium dichromate solution. The result
gives the quantity of pre-formed creatinin. A second portion of 10 gm. of the
sample is then heated with hydrochloric acid as described above; after cooling,
5 cc. of the solution is neutralized, treated with picric acid and sodium hydroxid,
diluted to 500 cc, and the coloration compared. The amount of creatin plus
creatinin is thus obtained. The comparisons should be made while the solu-
tions are at a temperature of 17°. Liebig's meat extract was found to contain
from 3.72 to 0.76 per cent of creatinin and from 2.09 to 5.5S per cent of
creatin. Meat extracts prepared by the authors (1 kg. of flesh yielded 30 to
35 gm. of extract) contained from 7.5 to 8.9 per cent of creatin plus creatinin."
Flours, starches, bread, alimentary pastes, and pastry, M. Akpin {Farines
Fdcules et Amidons, Pain, Pates Alimeniaires, Patisseries. Paris: C. B6ranger,
1913, XIII +190, pis. 8, figs. 9).— The book includes methods of analysis of
these substances, the interpretation of the analyses, and legislation in regard to
506 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
these products. The various sources of flour are considered and photomicro-
graphs are included.
The rapid determination of boric acid normally present in foods, or ex-
traneous boric acid, G. Bertrand and II. Agulhon (Ann. Falsif., 7 il91-i).
No. 65, pp. 119-121). — With a colorimetric method devised by the authors it is
possible to estimate quantitatively and easily small amounts of boric acid
in foods with sufficient accuracy to determine whether the boric acid was
present normally or had been added as a preservative. This is demonstrated,
by giving the results of an examination of a large variety of substances, in-
cluding fruits, vegetables, cereals, meats, eggs, and milk.
Detection of formaldehyde in foods, F. Rachel {Pharm. Zentralhalle, 54
{1913), iNo. 31, pp. 759-761; ahs. in Jour. Cheni. Soc. [London'], lOJf. (1913), No.
612, II, p. 891). — Utilizing the suggestion made by Friese, the following process
for the detection of formaldehyde in meat, caviar, and fish is recommended :
Acidify the substance with phosphoric acid, heat in a current of steam, and
mix 1 to 2 cc. of distillate with 4 cc. of milk free from formaldehyde and 10 cc.
of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.19) to which has been added 1 drop of nitric
acid per 300 cc. When formaldehyde is present a bluish-violet coloration ap-
pears. Colors appearing after five minutes are taken as a negative result.
When much formaldehyde is present milk does not give the reaction and the
experiment must be repeated with pure water.
Detection and estimation of formic acid, H. Fincke (Biochem. Ztschr., 51
{1913), No. 4, pp. 253-287, figs. 2).— The first part of this paper deals with the
occurrence of formic acid, and the second with the reactions which were found
useful in Its qualitative and quantitative determination. Some of the quantita-
tive methods are given with much detail.
The detection of formaldehyde in plants, H. Fincke {Biochem. Ztschr., 52
{1913), No. 3-4, pp. 214-225; abs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [Landon], 104 {1913),
No. 610, I, p. 947). — "For these researches [see also above] the Grosse-Bohle
reagent for the detection of formaldehyde was employed. This consists of a
rosanilin salt in the presence of sulphites and free hydrochloric acid, and is
to be distinguished from the ordinary magenta-sulphite solution for detection
of aldehydes, by the presence of free mineral acid. It was found by the author
to be capable of detecting formaldehyde in the dilution 1 : 500,000, giving with
the aldehyde a violet color. In numerous experiments on plants no indication
of the presence of formaldehyde was obtained with the use of this reagent ;
furthermore, formaldehyde could not be detected by the reagent after addition
to certain living plants.
" The author draws the conclusion that his investigations throw no light on
the correctness or otherwise of Bayer's assimilation hjTiothesis."
About the detection of small amounts of formaldehyde and some formal-
dehyde compounds with fuchsin-sulphurous-hydrochloric acid, H. Fincke
{Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 246-253).—
As formaldehyde is decomposed under certain conditions it is essential to know
to what extent it occurred in foods. After repeating some of the work noted
above, the author lays stress upon the fact that the fuchsin-sulphurous-hydro-
chloric acid test is less influenced by other substances than any of the other
reagents used for detecting formaldehyde and consequently should find a wider
field of application. The reaction differentiates itself from the usual aldehyde
test by the fact that it is conducted in a medium containing an excess of free
acid.
Attempts to substitute for rosolic acid similar coloring matters (highly
methylated fuchsin, acid fuchsin, and acid violet) were unsuccessful. The f neb-
cin hoijjologues, parafucbsiu (Cio), fuchsin (do), fuchsin (C-2i), and new fuchsin
AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGKOTECHNY. 507
(€22). were compared, and all of these were decolorized by sodium sulphite
with the exception of parafuchsiu and the new fuchsia, which were only partly
decolorized. The color of none of the dyes was affected by the addition of acid.
Fuchsin (C20) is the preferi'ed reagent.
Formaldehyde is tested for directly in the distillate from the food and
especially in the first runnings, providing that it is not in a fixed state. In
milk or colorless substances the reaction can be made without previous distil-
lation. Strongly colored solutions, such as wines and fruit jams, must first
be decolorized with animal charcoal. The diminution of formaldehyde in food
is said to be due either to fixation or to decomposition by micro-organisms.
The extent of formaldehyde fixation is shown by the fact that rhubarb leaves
having an addition of 1 : 10,000 when heated for an hour at 100° 0. give no
reaction for the substance.
Formaldehyde may be converted into liexamethylentetramin and methylal.
Urine and urea fix formaldehyde very easily while milk fixes it only slightly. As
hexamethyleutetramin reacts only slightly at the beginning with fuchsin-sul-
phurous-hydrochloric acid, it is advisable to heat 10 parts of the solution with
'from 1 to 2 parts of hydrochloric acid on a water bath.
The detection of formaldehyde-sulphurous acid is also considered.
About the utility of vacuum distilling' methods for detecting formic acid,
T. Meul {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Kahr. u. GcnussmU., 27 {1914), Xo. 10, pp. 733-
743). — This work deals especially with the separation of formic acid from acid
sugar-containing fluids. It indicates that it is possible, by observing the speci-
fications set down by Fincke (see above), to obtain the formic acid from such
fluids without the formation of acid during the distillation process under dimin-
ished pressure. The apparatus employed was Anschiitz and Reitter's.
The preliminary work was done with solutions of formic acid ; formic and tar-
taric acids; formic acid and saccharose; formic acid, glucose, and tartaric acid;
levulose ; levulose and tartaric acid ; invert sugar and saccharose ; saccharose
and tartaric acid; saccharose and phosphoric acid; and saccharose, phosphoric
acid, anu tartaric acid. Although vei*y small amounts of formic acid were found
in the case of sugar solutions containing tartaric, phosphoric, or no acids, with
the ordinary vacuum distillation process it usually originated from impurities
present in the sugar. The steam vacuum method has a greater tendency to
form formic acid than the other methods.
Tests were also made with authentic samples of honey which had been ana-
lyzed previously by Fincke's procedure. Distillates from the head, thorax, and
abdomen of bees (Apis mcUifcra) showed formic acid to be present in traces. A
few distillation tests with benzoic, salicylic, and ciuuamic acids led the author to
conclude that the steam distillation method is preferable to the shaking-out
method in the detection of preservatives.
Determination of formic acid in ketchup, C. A. Peters and L. P. Howard
{Jour. Inclus. and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 55-37).— This gives the
details of a study made for the purpose of adapting the Fincke method
(E. S. R., 20, p. 312), to the determination of formic acid in ketchup with the
apparatus described. From 91 to 92 per cent of the total formic acid added to
ketchup maj- be recovered in one and a half hours providing about 1,000 cc. of
distillate is passed over.
The .unsaponifi^ability of m^owrah fat and its signifi.cance for the detection
of mowrah fat in edible animal and plant fats, P. Berg and J. Angerhausen
{Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 {1914), No. 10, pp. 723-731).—
Mowrah fat is one of the raw materials used in the margarin industry. It has
the consi.stency of American lard, and since its quality has been improved it is
87235°— 15 2
508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
considered a better substitute for animal fat than coconut or palm fat. The
fat when liquefied by heat and {illowe<l to cool at room temperature solidifies
only partly. The fully solidified fat, like palm and coconut fats, shows in its
surface and bottom a cellular iind honeycomb-like appearance. Its color is white
with a greenish hue and only when heated Is an odor perceptible. It has a nut-
like taste with a slight oily-soapy flavor.
The physical and chemical properties are as follows: Polarization (20 gm. of
fat in chloroform to make 50 cc. in all) in a 200 mm. tube+0.0 circular degree
which corresponds to a si^ecific rotation (100 gm. fat in 100 cc. polarized in a
100 nun. tube) of +1.12; refraction at 40° C, 51.9 to 52.2; saponification num-
ber, 193.6 to 194; iodin number, 60.4 to 60.8; Reichert-Meissl number, 1.43 to
1.65; and Polenske (new butter) number, 0.4.
No coloration was obtained with the Baudouin, Halphen, or Bellier test The
Soltsien reaction was negative. The unsaponifiable material of this fat po.ssesses
many characteristics not present in otlier plant fats, e.specially the presence of
an optically active substance. It was separated into an optically active
[a]D+34 substance, soluble in alcohol, and an inactive substance insoluble in
alcohol.
Phytosterol could not be detected by either the Bonier or digitonin methods.
This was due to the fact that niowrah fat contains only a very small amount of
phytosterol. The unsaponifiable material present in mowrah fat, especially the
alcohol-soluble optically active substance, is recommended as a basis for its
detection in lard.
The detection of coconut oil in butter by the Polenske distillation method
and the phytosterol acetate test of Bomer, C. Barthel and K. Sond£n (Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 27 (^yi-}), No. 6, pp. J,.39-.'io3, figs. 2).— For
detecting added coconut fat in butter three tests can be employed, viz, the
Polenske number, the phytosterol acetate method (E. S. R., 16, p. IS), and the
refractometric reading. While the presence of coconut oil in butter will lower
the refractometric index of the mixture it sometimes occurs that such mix-
tures may still ha^-e a higher reading than some pure butters, and this makes
it necessary to supplement the refractometric test by another. On the other
hand, the Polenske figure of butter is increased by the addition of coconut fat.
In some cases an addition of 5 per cent of coconut fat may be detected by this
method, and 10 per cent can be detected with certainty.
Butter obtained from cows fed on turnip leaves, coconut cake, peas, vetch,
or horse beans, when examined by the Polenske method gave figures indicating
the presence of an adulterant. When this is found to be the case the Bomer
phytosterol acetate test, which is not so easy to conduct as the other methods,
will have to be resorted to, and when vegetable fats are present in butter the
melting point of the acetate obtained will be higher. With it the presence of
added coconut fat in an amount of 10 per cent or over can be proved without
difficulty.
Before testing for coconut fat in butter, Baudouin's test for sesame oil should
be made, as all Swedish margarins must contain an addition of seasame oil.
The estimation of the water and fat content of butter with a new appa-
ratus, R. JuNGKUNz (Chan. Ztg., 3S (1914), Xo. 9, p. 91, fig. i).— A description
of the apparatus and the results obtained with it. The results are compared
with those given by the ordinary drying method in nickel dishes with and with-
out pumice.
A simplified and inexpensive oxidase apparatus, H. H. Btjnzel (Jour. Biol.
CJicm., n (191J,). No. 3, pp. 409-^11. fig. 1). — .\ simplification of the apparatus
previously described (E. S. R., 27, p. 9). The apparatus described previously
METEOROLOGY. 509
has not found its way into general use in plant physiological laboratories on
account of its great cost.
"In addition to its simplicity and increased sensitiveness, the apparatus is
much less fragile and very much easier to clean than the old one. As its only
drawback must be mentioned the fact that there is no provision made for absorp-
tion of the carbon dioxid produced. Until the carbon dioxid production in the
oxidation of the various oxidase reagents has been determined, the apparatus
will furnish only comparative results."
See also other notes (E. S. R., 28, p. 314; 29. p. 550).
A proposed new standard loop for use in bacteriological tests of disin-
fectants, A. D. St. John (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 11,
p. O.'iO, fig. 1). — A description of a cube-shaped loop devisetl for the purpose
of eliminating some of the errors and difficulties encountered in the present
methods of determining the antiseptic power of disinfectants.
Home canning, F. E. Miller {Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. 12 (1914), pp. 219-
297, figs. 5). — This deals with methods of canning, especially those practiced
in the home canning plant of the Virginia Truck Station. The bulletin is well
illustrated, and gives explicit directions for canning, especially vegetables. A
list of canning terms, with definitions thereof, is also given.
Fruit preserving: Canning, bottling, jam. making, and candying peel, W. J.
Allen {Dcpt. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 8S {191-'i), pp. 26, figs. 21).—
This pamphlet contains directions for carrying out this work in the home and
on a small scale. The outfits required for both canning and bottling are
described in full and illustrated. Hints are also given on the selection and
preparation of the fruit.
Manufacture of textile fibers from Epilobium angustifolium, K. Schu-
mann ((Jcnnan Patent 269,350, Jan. 6, 1912; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No.
IJf, Report., p. 66). — By proper fertilization of this plant a higher growth and
better elasticity of the .seed hairs are obtained. The seed hairs are then made
rough with steam and spun.
METEOROLOGY.
Suggested changes and extension of the United States Weather Bureau
service in California, G. S. Binckley and C. H. Lee {Proc. Amcr. Soe. Civ.
Engin., J,l {1915), No. 2, pp. 2^9-258, fig. l).—lt is pointed out that the present
weather service in California is not adequate for gathering the mountain climatic
data necessary to furnish a basis for the forecast of future stream-flow varia-
tion. It is, therefore, suggested that xiiore and better equipped stations be
established in the most productive mountain drainage areas, under men espe-
cially fitted to make and interpret observations bearing upon the relation of
precipitation to stream flow. Among the suggested studies having this purpose
in view are the following:
"(1) Annual snow surveys in the drainage areas of Sierra Nevada streams,
(2) snow movement subsequent to precipitation, (3) the relation of tempera-
ture, forest trees, drifting, etc., to snow melting, (4) the detailed relation
between topography and precipitation, (5) water evaporation from lakes or res-
ervoirs, (6) evaporation from snow, (7) establish, maintain, and observe snow
and rain gages at isolated points which can be reached only at long Intervals,
(8) any other investigations of practical value in the solution of the water
supply and flood protection problems of the State."
A study of the influence of volcanic dust veils on climatic variations, H.
Arctowski (Seiencc, n. ser., /,1 {1915), No. 1050, pp. 252-255). — Reviewing
especially the effects of volcanic eruptions of 1SS3 (Krakatoa), 1902 (La
510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Soufriere, Pelee, autl others), aud 1912 (Katmai) on atmospheric temperature,
with particular reference to his theory of pleionian variations (E. S. R., 31, p.
717), the author concludes that "the dust veil produced by the Krakatou
eruption affected atmospheric temperature very greatly. The violent volcanic
eruptions of 1902 as well as the Katmai eruption of 1912 influenced the yearly
mean temperature but very slightly or not at all. The pleionian variations
of temperature have nothing in common with the presence or absence of volcanic
dust veils."
A report on Montana climate, E. Burke and R. M. Pinckney {Montana
Sta. Bui 99 U91Jf), pp. 1J,3, pi. 1, figs. 57; [Appcndix'i {WlJf), pp. 67-
14s). — This bulletin contains a compilation of observations on temperature and
precipitation by the experiment station at Bozeman arid by the U. S. Weather
Bureau at 37 other places in the State especially selected because of their
geogriiphic location and the length aud completeness of their records. No
place having a continuous record of less than ten years is included.
The more striking features brought out by the meteorological data are
briefly summarized and illustrated by means of diagrams. In general Mon-
tana climate " clearly shows the characteristics of tempei-ature due both
to proximity to the Paciflc Ocean and to its midcontinent situation ; the former
most marked in the west, the latter in the east. The influence of the north
wind is predominant in winter over the plains region ))ut is limited in the east-
mountain district by the protective position of the lesser mountain ranges and
combated by the warm winds from the Pacific Ocean, which modify the climate
west of the Continental Divide aud even extend their influence across the
mountains.
" The total yearly precipitation of Montana varies from about 22 in. in the
western part of the State to about 14 in. in the eastern. The greater precipita-
tion is generally at the higher points, the lesser on the lower lands.
" The direction of this variation indicates that most of the rainfall of the
State has its origin in the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific. The eastern
part of the State receives less rain than the central and western, but a greater
portion falls in the growing season. This fact tends to equalize the crop value
of the rain at different points."
A study of the oldest and most complete records furnishes no evidence that
the yearly precipitation is increasing, as many people believe. As regards
temperature, it is stated that " the high portion of the State has less extremes
of temperature, greater rainfall, and less wind.
" The lower altitude has greater extremes of temperature, less rainfall, more
wind, and a longer growing season free from frost. The rainfall is so small
that even though it comes at a favorable time it must be rightly used to secure
good crops. This consideration involves selecting proper crops to use the rain
at the time it comes and proper means to secure absorption of the water into
the soil and to keep it there until it is needed by a useful crop."
The appendix gives monthly temperature records for 1S9S-3913.
[Weather observations and notes], M. A. Blakb:, B. D. Halsted, et al.
(Ncio Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 174-17S, 611-61/,).— The general weather con-
ditions of the season of 1913 at the college farm at Xew Brunswick are de-
scribed and data for temperature and precipitation for that year and for a
inimber of preceding years are tabulated.
Meteorology, R. F. Stupart (In Twentieth Century Impressions of Canada.
London: Sells, Ltd., 1914, PP- 164-176, fig. 1). — The meteorological and climatic
conditions of Canada as a whole and of each of its provinces are summarized.
The outstanding fact disclosed is that the climatic conditions are extremely
varied but that the continental type of climate largely predominates, only the
SOILS FEBTILIZEES. 511
immediate coastline of British Coluiiil)ia liavin;^ a climate of marine type such
as that of northwestern Europe.
Salton Sea water, A. E. Vinson and C. N. Catlin {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 272-27.^). — In continuation of previous examinations (E. S. R., 20, p. 415),
a complete analysis was made of a sample of Salton Sea water taken June 18,
1913, at the usual place southwest of Mecca, California.
The results show that from June 10, 1912, to June 18, 1913, the total solids
in the water increased from 84G.r.5 parts to 1.002.5G parts per 100,000. The
water may now be considered as a 1 per cent brine. As in the previous year,
calcium again showed a marked decrease, and the figures indicate that po-
tassium is disappearing at a rapidly increasing rate. The ratio of potassium
to sodium and total solids was 1 : 94 : 288 respectively in 1913, whereas the
ratio in 1912 was 1 : 71.1 : 222 and in 1911 1 : 59.8 : 188.
The Salton Sea, D. T. MacDougal (Amcr. Jour. 8cL, Jf. ser., 39 (1915), No.
231, pp. 2.U-230, fig.'i. 6). — This article is condensed from the above.
Chemical composition of the water of Salton Sea and its annual variation
in concentration, 1906-1913, W. H. Ross and A. E. Vinson (Carnegie Inst.
M'asliiuffton Pub. 193 (1914), PP- 33-JfS).— The investigations upon which the
articles here referred to are based have already been noted from other sources
(see above).
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Distribution of soil particles, Duke of Bedford and S. IT. Pickering (TTo-
hurn E.rpt. Fruit Farm Rpt., 14 (1914), pp. 37-45, fig. 1; ahs. in Intermit. Inst.
Agr. [Romcl, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp. 1164,
1165). — A series of experiments to determine the influence of the rainfall on
the distribution of the clay particles in a soil are reported. The samples were
taken at monthly intervals at three depths of G in. each from a soil which had
received moderate applications of artificial fertilizers for 18 years.
The amounts of suspended matter, after shaking the samples in water at
intervals for 24 hours and allowing to settle for four hours, were found to
vary considerably, the variation being greatest in the top 6 in. and least in the
third G in. The latter contained more fine particles than the upper two layers
together and a larger proportion of these was true clay. With one exception,
an intimate relationship was found between the relative proportions of fine
matter in the top 6 in. of soil and the inches of rainfall in the preceding 20
days, a larger proportion being found in the top soil after an increased rain-
fall and a smaller proportion after a decreased fall. The rainfall records for
the preceding 30 days showed a similar but not so marked an agreement with
the proportion of fine matter, from which it is concluded that the effect of the
rainfall had partially worn off after 20 days.
It was found that if the upper and. second depths of 6 in. are alone con-
sidered, the relative proportions of fine particles in the top layer do not follow
the rainfall records so closely as when the whole IS in. are considered, from
which it is concluded that the effect of rain on the fine particles extends below
the top 12 in. It is further concluded " that the actual amount of fine particles
in the top layer, though perhaps the most important feature of the effect of the
rainfall, is not the sole one, and that some redistribution of the fine particles
also occurs. ... It is evident that in this effect of rain on the flocculatiou of
the soil, we have a factor which is amply sutBcient to cause considerable dif-
ference in the behavior of plants in the same soil on different occasions."
The decomposition products of the aluminum silicate rocks, particularly
the laterites of Madagascar, A. Lacroix (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
512 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
159 (1914), No. 18, pp. 617-622). — The author compares the modes of decompo-
sition of the aluminum silicate rocks of Madagascar and West Africa.
In West Africa he distinguishes two zones of decomposition, namely, the so-
called zone of separation in which decomposition is governed bj- the nature of
the original rocks and above it the zone of concretion. In the first zone in the
ca.se of gabbros, diabases, and the nepheline syenites most of the silica, lime,
uuignesia, and alkalis are eliminated and crystalline aluminum hydrate pro-
duced. In the case of granites, gneisses, and mica-schists the decomposition is
progressive, first producing an aluminum silicate, sometimes crystalline but more
frequently colloidal, which is little by little transformed into the colloidal
hydrate. In the zone of concretion silica and other elements are eliminated and
in most cases the tendency is toward the formation of progressively pure alu-
minum hydrate in both crystalline and colloidal forms. The iron accomptinying
aluminum hydrate is usually in the hydrate form and moves by degi-ecs from the
lower to the upper zone where it accumulates, thus tending to form an iron crust
at the surface.
The iron crust is usually absent from the Madagascar soils. The surface soils
are most frequently red soils and decomposition is not governed entirely by the
nature of the original rock. The laterization of diabases, basalts, and syenites
is similar to that in the zone of separation in African soils, and gneisses, mica-
schists, and granites are most frequently transformed into aluminum silicate
and colloidal aluminum hydrate, which is the most frequent cause of the red
soils. Granite and pegmatite are sometimes transformed into kaolin, free alu-
minum hydrate, and colloidal aluminum silicate. Another frequent mode of
decomposition not observed in Africa consists in the production from granite of
clear white laterite containing undecomposed quartz. The author concludes
that the red soils of Madagascar are not laterites but lateritic clays and
frequently only common clays.
Soils of the Sassafras series, J. A. Bonsteel (f7, ;S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 159
{1915), pp. 52, pis. 9, fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the distribution, charac-
teristics, crop adaptabilities, and fertility requirements of the soils of the Sassa-
fras sei-ies, which are confined in their distribution to the northern portion of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain, extending fi'om the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay
region through central and southern New Jersey to the western end of Long
Island, New York.
The different soil tyi^es of the series range in texture from a gravelly loam
through sands and sandy loams to a heavy silt loam, and consist of water-laid
materials, chiefly formed as marine, estuarine, and fluvial terraces, but including
some areas formed by the deposition of glacial outwash materials. They
are distinguished by the yellow or brown color of the surface soils, by the yellow
or reddish-yellow color of the subsoils, and by the prevalence of an underlying
layer of gravel or gravelly sand at depths of from 2 to 6 ft. or more.
" The drainage of the soils of the . • . series is generally good and only the
more level areas and those remote fi'om stream channels are decidedly in need
of artificial drainage. . . . The chief requirements for the improvement of crop
yields upon the different tyi^es . . . ai'e the more extended use of stable manure,
supplemented with the plowing under of green-manuring crops ; the use of lime
in some form, particularly in conjunction with the growing of the leguminous
forage and green-manuring crops ; the adoption in some sections of a crop rota-
tion which shall provide for the alternation of grass crops with the prevalent
system of grain growing; and local underdrainage on small areas of the heavier
textured types. [Thesel soils . . . are suited to intensive tillage for the growing
of market garden and truck crops upon the more sandy tyi^es, while the heavier
, SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 513
types constitute the best soils for tlie ijroductiou of tlie staple crops to be foimd
withlu the northern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain."
Soil survey of Habersham County, Georgia, D. D. Long and E. C. Hall
(U. 8. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913,
pp. 48, fig. 1, tnap l). — This survey, made in cooi)eration with the Georgia State
College of Agriculture, was issued December 31, 1914. It deals with an area
of 181,120 acres in northeastern Georgia, which lies partly in the Blue Ridge
Mountains and partly in the Piedmont Plateau, the topography ranging from
rolling to mountainous. The greater part of the county is drained by the
Chattahoochee River system. The soils are residual and alluvial. Twenty
types of seven series and two miscellaneous tyi^es are mapped. The most im-
portant soil series in the county is the Cecil series, including six soil types
of which the clay loam is the predominating type in the Piedmont section.
"The agricultural progress of this county is dependent upon the maintenance
of the productiveness of the soils by a greater diversification of crops, the use
of crop rotations, the more extensive use of cowpeas and other legumes, the
incorporation of organic matter with the soil, the keeping of more live stock
upon the farms, the exercise of care in seed selection, and the proper mixing
and use of fertilizers."
Soil survey of Jones County, Georgia, D. D. Long, G. A. Ckabb, et al.
(f7. S. Dept. Agr., Advatvce Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils,
1913, pp. 44, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia
State College of Agriculture, was issued December 31, 1914. It deals with an
area of 256,640 acres in central Georgia, approximately 80 per cent of which
lies in the Piedmont Plateau and the remainder in the Coastal Plain. The
topography varies from level to undulating divides to hilly and broken areas
and the drainage is i^erformed by the Ocmulgee and Oconee river basins. The
soils range from incoherent coarse sands to stiff heavy clays. Twenty-
three types and three phases of thirteen series are mapped, of which nine types
and the three phases are found in the Piedmont section and are said to repre-
sent the best general farm soils in the county. The Cecil soils are the most
productive, with the Greenville and Orangeburg soils ranking next. It is
stated that the ox-ganic matter content of practically all the soils has been
depleted by the continuous growing of clean culture crops and. the limited
appreciation of the value of systematic crop rotation and of the growing of
leguminous crops.
Soil survey of Talbot County, Georgia, R. A. Winston and H. W. Hawkek
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Advanee Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils,
1913, pp. 40, fig. 1, map 1). — This survej% made in cooperation with the Georgia
State College of Agriculture, was issued October 20, 1914. It deals with an
area of 247,680 acres in west-central Georgia, the topography of which ranges
from gently rolling and undulating to veiy rolling and hilly. All sections of the
county are adequately drained. The soils are of residual, sedimentary, and
alluvial origin. Twenty-four soil types of eleven series are mapped of which
the Cecil clay loam is the most important. It is stated that the soils of the
county are generally in need of liming and more thorough cultivation and that
terracing is necessary over the more rolling areas. " There is little recognition
of the adaptation of soils to crops and no systematic rotation of crops, while
the improvement and maintenance of the productiveness of the laud receives
but little attention."
Agriculture of Sulphur Spring Valley, Ariz,, R. H. Foebes {Arizona Sta.
Bui. 72 (1913), pp. 213-224).— This is a reprint of a chapter from a bulletin
of the U. S. Geological Survey which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. IS).
514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Soil erosion, C. T. Amks {Mississipiji Hta. Bui. 165 (WUf), pp. 3-12, figs. 7). —
Experiments at the Holly Springs substation farm on the prevention of soil
erosion are described.
The soil is the so-called brown loam with white impervious clay and a
reddish soil resembling sandstone for subsoil. Small gullies were filled with
team and plow and drag scraper, or by dynamiting. The former method was
found to be the cheaper. When the gullies are much larger it is stated that
satisfactory results can be had by running tei'races about 75 yds. apart on
the hillsides, forming a system of ponds to catch the wash soil, and which are
joined together by drains to carry off the surplus water during rains. "To
prevent soil washing, anything that will hold the soil in place, such as a sod
of bermuda or lesiiedeza, is excellent ; any device that will control the running
water so as to make it move slowly is more or less helpful and satisfactory."
The system of terracing, in which by means of rows and embankments the
water is made to run more slowly, is considered the best system to use on clay
soils in the South where rainfall is heavy.
The laying off and construction of terraces is also described.
Description of a wire cag'e used for the protection of pot experiments, J. G.
LiPMAN KT AL. {Ncio Jersoj Stas. Bui. 269 U'Jl-'t), pp. 18-20, pi. 1; Rpt. 1913,
pp. 484-^86, pi. 1). — Details of the construction of this cage are given.
The influence of bacteria supplied in manure on the decomposition of green
manure, J. G. Lipman et al. (jVeu? Jersey Stas. Bui. 268 {1914), PP- 22-25;
Rpt. 1913, pp. 41 4-411). — This is a continuation of experiments, the first five
years of which were summarized in the report of the station for 1912 (E. S. R.,
30, p. 325).
The results show that applications of from 1,000 to 4,000 lbs. per acre of
manure gave little or no increase on plants receiving leguminous (crimson
clover) green manures but produced quite different results on plats receiving
nonleguminous (lye) green manures. The results in the latter case confirmed
those of the previous experiments in showing that greater increases in every
case resulted from small applications of manure alone than could be accounted
for by the plant food supplied, thus tending to confirm the conclusion " that the
bacteria conveyed in small quantities of cow manure are instrumental in bring-
ing about a more rapid decomposition of the green manure crop, and thus make
available more nitrogen for the succeeding crop."
Oxidation of mang'anous carbonate by microbes, M. W. Beijekinck {K.
Alcad. WctensclL. Amsterdam, Yersl. Wis en Natuurlc. Afdeel., 22 {1913-14), Pt-
1, pp. 415-420; also in ditto Proc. Sect. 8ci., 16 (1913-14), pt. 1, pp. 391-401;
ahs. in Chem. Al)s., 8 {1914), No. 12, p. 2211).— The results of tests show that
culture plates of agar containing about 1 per cent of manganese carbonate
develop brown spots when inoculated with garden soil, indicating the oxidation
of the manganese by bacteria or by some of the fungi i^resent in the soil.
Apparently very different species of fungi are capable of producing such oxida-
tion, but all of the species are among those commonly found in humus.
Investigations into the nitrogen metabolism of soil, JI. H. Gbeen {Centhl.
BaJct. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 {1914), No. 18-23, pp. 511-608; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soe.
[London], 106 {1914), No. 623, I, pp. 1113, III4).— In a continuation and exten-
sion of work by Lohnis (E. S. R., 17, p. 104S) the author reports laboratory
experiments on ammonification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and cyanamid
decomposition in both soil and solution media carried out on samples of soil
taken at approximately monthly intervals throughout the year, with particular
reference to the influence of season and of soil cultivation. A slight seasonal
variation is shown.
SOILS-^FEETILIZERS. 515
As regards the aniinoiiificatiou of the organic manures flesh meal, horn meal,
and blood meal, the bacterial activity showed, a rise from August to October, a
tendency to fall or remain constant in November, and a rise to a maximum in
December. This was followed by a minimum in February and. a low maximum
in April, and from April to July there was a slight fall, wliich was probably
continued to a summer minimum in August. Similar results were obtained as
regards nitrification, except that the spring maximum occurred in March and
the decline to a summer minimum commenced in April. The slight variations
in ammoniflcation and nitrification and the December maximum are attributed
to the mild character of the winter. Nitrogen fixation in 1 per cent mannite
solution was low with the soil samples of August and September. Subsequently
it was fairly constant except with samples taken after plowing. No definite
results were obtained in the cyanamid experiments.
" Comparison of the results of manuring experiments in the field with those
of laboratory tests indicates that the latter may be of considerable value in
affording information as to the decomposition processes naturally occurring in
soils. No difference, however, could be detected between soil from one-half of
the experimental area which had received autumn cultivation and soil from
the other half which remained untouched until the spring i^lowing, although
the crop returns showed a 20 per cent superiority (in respect to nitrogen) in
favor of autumn cultivation."
Solution methods were found to be equal to those in which the natural soil
is employed as a medium. As regards nitrification, the solution method gave
much clearer indications of seasonal variation, while the seasonal variation in
ammonification was more clearly indicated in soil tests.
Nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter in substrata poor and rich in nitrogen,
J. Hanzawa (Centhl. Bald, \_etc.}, 2. AU., Jfl {lOlJf), No. 18-23, pp. 573-576;
ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lotidon^, 106 {191J,), No. 623, I, p. 1113) .—Fuvther
studies along the line of those reported by Lohnis and Green (E. S. R., 31,
p. 120), including a test as to the value of humus as a source of energy in the
nitrogen fixing process, are reported.
Mixed cultures of different strains of Azotobacter were found to be more
effective in nitrogen fixation than the same bacteria in pure cultures, especially
in aqueous solutions of mannitol.
The nitrogen of humus, even in large quantities, had no serious retarding
effect on the fixation of nitrogen by pure cultures of Azotobacter. Small
amounts of nitrates also had almost no effect, but when present in amounts
corresponding to amounts of nitrogen greater than 2.5 per cent of the carbon,
nitrogen fixation was retarded and finally inhibited. It is thought probable
that the soil nitrogen can only in special cases, if at all, have an unfavorable
effect on nitrogen fixation.
The humus of stable manure was capable of being utilized as a source of
energy in nitrogen fixation, while that of green manure was not.
Mutual influence of certain crops in relation to nitrogen, K. F. Kellerman
and R. C. Wright {Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 204-210, figs.
4). — A brief account is given of pot experiments with legumes and nonlegumes
grown singly and combined which showed " that the effect of a given crop upon
two different soils may be very different, both in regard to its effect upon the
total soil nitrogen and upon the nitrifying power of the two soils." There was
an actual loss of soil nitrogen in the case of the nonlegumes, especially barley,
over and above that utilized by the plants. With the legumes there was no
such loss, but in some cases a gain. Where combinations of leginnes and non-
legumes (beans and barley, and peas and barley) were grown both the legmne
and the nonlegume showed an appreciable gain in nitrogen.
516 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The influence of the mechanical composition of the soil on the availability
of nitrate of soda and dried blood, J. G. I^ii'man et al. {Neto Jersey Stas. Bui.
268 U'Jl.'i), pp. 5-lD, fujs. 5; Kpt. 1<J13, pp. J,o8-.i71, figs. 5).— This is au account
of a continuation during 1913 of experiments begun in 1911 (E. S. R., 30, p.
324). The results are summarized as follows:
"When sand M'as mixed with shale soil (Teun loam) in varying proportions,
the yield of dry matter and the pe'rcentage of nitrogen recovered from nitrate
of soda were greater with 10 to 70 per cent of sand than they were with the
shale soil alone, or with 80, 90, or 100 per cent of sand. The highest yield of dry
matter and percentage of nitrogen recovered occuri'od with 50 per cent of sand.
"With dried blood the yield of diy matter and the percentage of nitrogen
recovered were higher in pure sand, and in all dilutions, than with the shale
soil alone.
"In no case was the yield of barley (first crop) on the check cylinders as
high as the yields on the cylindei's that received nitrate of soda and dried
blood.
" With the residual crop of buckwheat no nitrogen was recovered from three
of the series that received nitrate of soda, while comparatively small amounts
were recovered from the other series. With dried blood there was some recov-
ery in all series, the highest occurring in Series ' D ' with 30 i)er cent of sand.
" With the first crop, barley, the highest average 3-ield of dry matter and
nitrogen was from the nitrate of soda cylinders ; with the residual crop of buck-
wheat the highest average yield of dry matter and nitrogen was from the dried
blood cylinders. With the combined crop the average yield of dry matter and
nitrogen were very nearly the same for the two nitrogenous materials. For
the check cylinders, the average yield of dry matter and nitrogen was slightly
higher with the residual crop than with the first crop.
" The fact that the average yield of dry matter and nitrogen for the com-
bined crops was about the same with nitrate of soda and dried blood does not
necessarily lead to the conclusion that these two materials are equally good
for all types of soil. In the discussion it has been shown that for the shale
soil, and dilutions up to and including 70 per cent of sand, the average avail-
ability of dried blood is 70.6 when nitrate of soda is placed at 100, while, with
SO to 100 per cent of sand, the average availability of dried blood is 250 when
nitrate of soda is i^laced at lOO. From this it must be inferred that for all
except very sandy soils nitrate of soda shows a higher availability than dried
blood.
" The average percentage of nitrogen in the di-y matter is higher for both
crops with nitrate of soda than with dried blood or with the check cylinders.
" With most soils we need not expect much residual effect from moderate
applications of nitrate of soda. We may expect some residual effect from dried
blood in nearly all cases.
" The actual net recovery of nitrogen from the humus of the shale soils to
which varying amounts of sand had been added is greater in every case than
the theoretical amount as calculated from the recovery from pure shale soil.
Mixing sand with heavy soils permits better aeration and drainage and results
in a more complete utilization of the nitrogen in the organic matter."
[Production and consumption of Chilean nitrate] {Assoe. Sal. Propaganda,
(fire. Trimcst. 62 {191J,), pp. L7/-f 7-f-JJi).— This is a detailed report on the
nitrate of soda industry of Chile for the year ended June 30, 1914. It is stated
that the production of nitrate during that year was 3.165.9S9 short tons as
compared with 3.020.083 tons the previous year. The exportation was 2.984.565
tons as compared with 2,971,412 tons the previous year. The consumption was
3,002,271 tous as compared with 2,791,330 tons the previous year.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 517
Nitrate production, A. B. Easterling (U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 3
(1915), p. Jf8). — The marked decrease in export duties in Cliile during the past
year is attributed largely to the decreased production of nitrates. The produc-
tion of nitrate steadily decreased during the months of August and September,
until in the latter month it was only 51 per cent of the amount produced in July.
The export in September, 1914, was 107,238 tons as compared with 208,417 tons
in September, l'.)lo.
Chilean nitrate statistics, J. D. Myees ( U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 11
(1915), p. 196). — Statistics are briefly summarized showing a pronounced de-
crease in number of plants and a falling off in production and exports since the
beginning of the European war. It is stated that the production during the five
mouths July to November, 1914, was 901,405 tons as compared with 1,275,093
tons during the corresponding period in 1913. Fifty-four plants were in opera-
tion in November, 1914, as against 127 in November, 1913.
Nitrate of soda in 1914 (Chcm. Trade Jour., 56 (1915), No. lU'h PP- 69,
70). — It is stated that the production of Chilean nitrate was 2.432,320 tons in
1914 as compared with 2,739,480 tons in 1913; the exports, 1,824,760 tons in
1914 as against 2.705,820 tons in 1913; stock on hand in Chile December 31,
1,091,700 tons in 1914 as compared with 499,750 tons on the same date in 1913;
cargoes in nitrate ports December 31, 1914, 38,700 tons. There was an increase
of 122.000 tons in nitrate deliveries during the first half of 1914 over those of
the same period of 1913. Of the 170 nitrate plants in Chile, only about 40
remained in operation at the end of 1914. "Of the year's total, 1,721,000 tons
were produced in the first seven and only 711,320 tons in the succeeding five
months, against 1,608,600 tons and 1,130,880 tons, respectively, in the corre-
sponding periods in 1913."
Figui'es for consumption can not be given under present circumstances.
Sulphate of ammonia in 1914 (Chcm. Trade Jour., 56 (1915), No. I'M, pp.
66, 71, 7.2). — Prices of ammonium sulphate were lower in 1914 than in any year
since 1905, but as a result of the European war the prices rose in October and
remained substantially uniform until the end of the year. The production in
England in 1914 was 421,000 tons as compared with 432,000 tons in 1913. The
German production is not known, but it was increasing slowly up to August,
1914. Figures are also lacking for other producing countries except the United
States, in which the estimated output was 183,000 tons in 1914 as compared
with 195,000 tons in 1913. Imports by the United States from July to December,
1914, were almost equal to those of the same period of 1913.
[German potash salts] (Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, 67 (1915) No. 7, pp.
9, 10, 60). — It is suggested that the stiiet enforcement of the German eml)argo
on potash may be relieved by permitting shipment of potash salts after they
have been subjected to some sort of denaturing process, the nature of which
is not disclosed, which will preclude their use for any purpose except as
fertilizer. The imports of muriate of potash by this countiy during the 5
months (August to December, 1914) were 25,813 tons valued at $904,043; for
the corresponding period of 1913 they were 98,781 tons valued at $3,217,847.
The corresponding figures for sulphate of potash were 8,499 tons valued at
$382,202 for 1914 and 17,890 tons valuetl at $739,327 for 1913. The total im-
ports of potash salts during the years ended December 31, 1913 and 1914, were
942.442 and 702,810 tons, resi^ectively.
Potash supplies from Germany (U. 8. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 32
(1915), p. 529). — It is stated that the German potash syndicate on February 1,
3915, "decided to form a commission to consider means for denaturizing potash
salts so as to preclude the possibility of using them for ammunition and
518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
military purposes and malviiig IIh-iu valualjlo only as fertilizers. Upon the
receipt of the report of the commission the potash syndicate will confer with
the 'Government relative to moderating the embargo on potash. . . .
"The United States imported during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.
German potash salts for fertilizers aggregating 1,0GG,929 tons gross, equivalent
of 250,979 tons of potash (K^O). Importations for the six months July 1 to
December 31, 1914, totaled only 184,192 tons, against 507,595 tons during the
similar i^eriod of 1913, thus leaviug a shortage on January 1, 1915, of 383,403
tons."
Vegetation experiments, J. G. Lipman et al. {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 269
{1914), pp. 12-18, pi. 1; Rpt. 1913, pp. 4^8-484, pi. l).—Fot experiments, making
comparative tests of a so-called rock potash fertilizer with other fertilizing
materials and of basic slag with other phosphates are reporte4.
In the first case the rock potash fertilizer appears to have had a depressing
effect upon the yield of dry matter. It is suggested that in view of the fact
that this product is a low-grade material and must be used in comparatively
large amounts it is possible that other soluble compounds are introduced in
sufiicient amounts to prove toxic.
In the comparison of phosphatic fertilizers the greatest increase resulted
from the use of one of the basic slags, the lowest from rock phosphate. The
test included comparisons of four different samples of the slag with acid
phosphate, double superphosphate, sodium phosphate, and blue rock phosi^hate.
Comparison of magnesian and nonmagnesian limestone in rotation experi-
ments, J. G. Lipman et al. (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 267 (1914), PP- 0-4O, fi'J- 1,'
Rpt. 1913, pp. 42I-457, fig- !)• — This is an account of a continuation of experi-
ments begun in 1908, in which " four five-year rotations were carried out on
28 one-twentieth acre plats, so arranged that for each rotation there was a
check plat and three plats which received nonmagnesian limestone at the
rate of l, 1, and 2 tons per acre, and three plats which received like amounts
of magnesian limestone. At the close of the rotation, samples of soil were
collected from the various i3lats and the lime requirement for each determined.
" The results show that nearly all the plats were acid at that time. With
but few exceptions, however, the acidity decreased as the amount of applied
lime increased. The check plats showed the highest lime requirement.
"A comparison of the amount of nitrogen present in the surface G§ in. at
the close of the rotation, with the amount present soon after the experiment
was started, indicates a gradual loss of nitrogen. That is, with an annual
application of nitrogenous fertilizers and with the use of two or more
leguminous crops in the rotation, the nitrogen supply was not maintained.
" With comparatively few exceptions, both forms of lime resulted in an
increased crop yield over the check plats, the most notable exceptions being
the potatoes which were grown in two of the rotations.
" The yields were usually somewhat higher with the magnesian than with the
nonmagnesian limestone.
" One ton of nonmagnesian limestone gave about the same increase as one-
half ton, but two tons gave a decidedly greater increase than one ton.
" One ton of magnesian limestone gave, in most cases, higher yields than a
half ton, but two tons did not materially increase the yield over one ton.
" In the majority of cases, the dry matter of the crops from the limed plata
showed a higher percentage of nitrogen than that from the uulimed plats. This
is important in the case of feeding materials and human foods, inasmuch as it
means a higher protein content.
"The value of the total increased yield on the limed plats, as compared with
the yield on the check plats, varies from a few dollars to $50 or $60 i^er acre
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 519
for the five years according to the crops in the rotation. In the majority of
cases the increased vahie is more than $20. This should be regarded us a good
investment on tlie money exi)endod for (lie limestone — that is, the cost of one
application varying from 0.5 to 2 tons per acre for the entire five years."
Methods and results in vegetation experiments, J. G. Lipman and A. AV.
Blaiu (Xcw JcTiicij 8tas. Bill. 269 U'Ji'i), PP- 5-11).— Two series of pot experi-
ments with radio-active material on barley are reported. In the first the mate-
rial was used at rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 gm. per pot containing 20 lbs. of sand
with which had been mixed 8 gm. of acid phosphate, 4 gm. of potassium sul-
phate, 5 gm. of calcium cax-bonate (ground limestone), 0.5 gm. of magnesium
sulphate, and 0.25 gm. of iron sulphate. In the second the material was used at
rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 gm. per pot containing 9 lbs. of gravelly loam soil to
which had been added 4 gm. acid phosphate, 2 gm. potassium sulphate, 1 gm.
nitrate of soda, and 5 gm. of ground limestone. In neither case did the radio-
active material show any appreciable effect.
Utilization of the fish waste of the Pacific coast for the manufacture of
fertilizer, J. W. Tubkentine {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 150 {1915), pp. 71, pis. 6,
figs. 2). — This is a part of a general inquiry as to the fertilizer resources of
the United States and their utilization. It deals with the technology and waste
of fish, especially salmon, in canning, but discusses particularly the fertilizer
value of the waste and methods of utilizing it for the preparation of fish scrap
or of a mixed fertilizer with kelp. Brief reference is also made to the prep-
aration of fish scrap from the herring, tuna, whale, halibut, and sardine fisheries
of the Pacific coast, with analyses of dried fish scrap from sardine, whale, tuna,
and dogfish fisheries.
The waste from the salmon fisheries " is variously estimated to be from 25
to 50 per cent of the original or ' round ' weight of the fish." The total waste
from this source on the Pacific coast is stated to be 140,210 tons valued at
$2,103,150.
The average composition of the raw waste from the mechanical dressing of
"humpback" salmon was found to be nitrogen 3.02, phosphoric acid 1.59,
moisture 64.6, and oil 10.43 per cent.
Of the total amount of waste only 800 tons were utilized on the Columbia
River in 1913 and 15,500 tons around Puget Sound, the product being 1.630 tons
of dried fish scrap and 280,000 gal. of oil. The scrap showed nitrogen varying
from 7.63 to 9.49 per cent, averaging 8.7 per cent; phosphoric acid, from 5.32 to
12.08 per cent, averaging 8.31 per cent; moisture, fi-om 3.91 to 5.36 per cent,
averaging 4.97 per cent; and oil, from S.32 to 20.02 per cent, averaging 14.32 per
cent. ^Menhaden scrap shows as the average 8.43 per cent of nitrogen, 0.69 of
phosphoric acid, 7.72 of moisture, and 6.99 of oil.
As the most efficient means of conserving the waste the author recommends as
au alternative of the central rendering station, which has generally failed to
meet the requirements of the situation, a small unit by-products plant of low
capacity, ju.st sufficient to treat the waste of the cannery of which it forms a
part. In order that the plant may be continuously and iirofitably employed it is
suggested that it may be utilized when the canning season is ended in preparing
kelp for fertilizing purposes. A report on the fish scrap industry of the Atlantic
coast has been previously noted (E. S. U., 30, p. 320).
Report on commercial fertilizers, 1914, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street
{Connecticut State 8ta. Rjit. 1914, pt. 2, pp. 43-112).— Analyses and valuations
of 776 samples of fertilizers collected and examined during the 1914 inspection
are rei)orted, with notes on the source and character of the raw materials and
miscellaneous fertilizing materials examined, the latter including sheep manure,
520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
innck or peat, leaf mold, ajiple i)omace. lime, limestone, and wood ashes. An
analysis of sludge from the manufacture of lime-sulphur spraying solutions is
appended.
Inspection of commercial fertilizers, II. D. Haskins et al. (Massachusetts
tSta. Control Scr. Bui. 2 (1014), pp. 98). — This is a detailed report of fertilizer
insijectiou in Massachusetts during 1014, including analy.se.s and valuations of
606 brands of mixed fertilizers, raw fertilizing materaials, and lime comj^ounds.
The bulletin discusses commercial shortages in both unmixed fertilizing mate-
rials and mixed goods and the quality of plant food in the mixed goods, shows
the general standing of each manufacturer's brands, and emphasizes the econ-
omy of purchasing only high-grade fertilizers.
A brief account is given of a vegetation experiment made to show the efficiency
of the alkaline permanganate method as a moans of indicating the activity of
water-soluble organic nitrogen, and the general quality of nitrogen found in
each manufacturer's product is shown. Results of field tests of certain mineral
or stone meal fertilizers are briefly reported.
Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills et al. (Vermont Sta. Bui. 182 (1914),
pp. 265-339). — ^Analyses and valuations of 185 brands of fertilizers representing
the output of IS companies licensed to sell in Vermont in the season of 1913-14
are reported.
The quality of the fertilizers was fairly satisfactory, 83 per cent of the brands
meeting their guaranties and the quality of the crude stock used apparently
being good. All but eight of the brands containing nitrogen carried mineral as
well as organic forms of nitrogen. The average selling price of the fertilizers
examined was $32.53; the average valuation, $20.35. The high-priced brands
were most economical as regards plant food obtained for the price paid. A com-
parison of analyses of brands for three years shows in most cases essential even-
ness, but in some cases considerable variation in composition.
AGBJCULTTJEAI BOTATTr.
Plant physiology, L. Jost. trans, by R. J. H. Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1913, pp. 168, pi. 1). — This is a supplement to the English translation
previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 529) giving the alterations or additions con-
tained in the second edition of the German original. A large amount of addi-
tional literature is also cited.
Students' handbook to accompany Plants and Their Uses, F, L. Sakgent
(New York: II. Holt (G Co., 1914, pp. SO, figs, i?).— This book consists of labora-
tory directions for studies to be conducted in connection with the author's book
on Plants and Their Uses (E. S. R.. 31, p. 425).
Experiments on hybridization with Canna indica, J. A. Honing (K. Akad.
WetenscJi. Amsterdam, Versl. Wis en Natuurk. Afdeel., 22 (1913-14), pt. 2, pp.
173-779, fiffs. 8; also in ditto, Proc. Sect. Set., 16 (1913-14), pt. 2, pp. 835-841,
figs. 8). — ^An account is given of experiments in hybridizing two varieties of
Canna, one of which was characterized by having green leaves, bracts, stems,
etc., the other darker leaves with a red edge and dark red flowers. The behavior
on the different crosses is shown and the proportions of the different hybrids
suggest a segregation according to three INIendelian factors.
[Some correlation studies of hypocotyls], B. D. Halsted et al. (Xeio Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 588-611, pi. 1). — The results are given of studies on the
lengths of hyi^ocotyls and first internodes in tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants,
of the influence of varietal qualities upon the length of hypocotyl and the first
internode in beans, the influence of the depth of i^lanting and hilling beans, the
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 521
effect of limited sbade, varietal influence upon the length of hypocotyl anil first
internode, the intluenco of pod position of seeds upon length of hypocotyl and
vigor of the plant in soy beans and pea beans, and a study of the relation of
sex to the length of hjTocotyl in hemp. Notes are also given on the rise of the
zone of geotropic response in seedlings and of an experiment in the selection of
Wilson soy beans.
A peculiar negative correlation in CEInothera hybrids, G. H. Shtjll (Jour.
GcneHcs, If (19 U,), No. 1, pp. 83-102, pis. 2, fig. i ) .—Referring to difficulties in
applying to CEnothera the rules of genetic behavior demonstrable in other
groups of organisms (suggesting a hereditary mechanism in this genus funda-
mentally different from that which distributes the Mendelian unit characters),
and noting an apparent inadequacy of the data previously recorded for dis-
covery of the essential features of this mechanism, the author presents and
discusses data obtained by himself in studying the progeny of three rosettes
from unguarded but probably pure bred seeds of CE. rutricalyx since 1912, both
in pure strain and in crossing with other forms.
It is held that three conclusions arrived at by Gates (E. S. R., 25, p. 327),
regarding the origin and genetic nature of the (E. rnhricalyx character are erro-
neous, namely, that the character represents a purely quantitative difference
from CE. rubrinervis, that it differs from the latter si>ecies in a single mono-
hybrid Mendelian unit, and that the nature of a character itself, instead of the
nature of the inheriting mechanism to which it is related, determines the
manner of inheritance of that character.
Some fundamental morphological objections to the mutation theory of De
Vries, E. C. Jeffrfa' (Aincr. Nat., 4<J (1915), ^-o. 577, pp. 5-21, fif/s. 7).— As a
result of his studies the author concludes that the Onagracese are largely char-
acterized by hybrid contamination in nature. This holds particularly for
Q^noihera lamarckiana and other species of this genus, which serve as the basis
of the mutation hyi:)othesis of De Vries. The species of CEnothera, the author
says, are to a large extent, if not wholly, crypthybrids, and in his investigations
the objection raised bj^ Bateson to the genetical purity of GE7. lamarckiana was
confirmed. He considers hybridism the best explanation for the peculiar con-
duct of CE. lamarckiana as well as other species of this genus in cultures.
The explanation of an apparent exception to Mendel's law of segregation,
TiNK Tammes (K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Versl. Wis en Natnurk. Afdeel.,
22 (1913-14), pt. 2, pp. 846-857; also in ditto, Proc. Sect. Set., 16 (1913-14), pt.
2. pp. 1021-1031; and Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., 11 (1914), A'O. 1, pp. 54-69).—
The author, from experiments in crossing white and blue flowering varieties
of flax, found in the second and following generations white and blue indi-
viduals that were not in agreement with the numbers expected in accordance
with Mendel's law of segregation. In all cases there was a deficiencj' in white
flowering plants. This is believed to have ai'isen from two causes, (1) the F2
genex-atiou and the heterozygotes forming too small a numljer of seeds to yield
white flowering plants, and (2) the low germinating power of the seed.
The infl.uence of position in the pod upon the weight of the bean seed,
J. A. Harris (Amer. Nat., 49 (1915), No. 577, pp. 44-47, figs. 3).— Attention
having been called to the significance of position in the pod as a factor in de-
termining the weight of the bean seed, the author gives the results of a series
of quantitative determinations of the relationship, basing his figures largely on
data part of which have been previously given (E. S. R., 30, p. 433).
He claims that the percentage of ovules which develop into seeds increases
from the base toward the stigmatic end of the pod. In small r>ods the rate of
increase may be fairly regular, but in larger pods it falls off toward the stig-
522 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
luatic end, where the fecumlity iii;iy be oven lower than it is a little farther
down in the pod.
Variation of structure and color of flowers under insolation, H. E. Rawson
{Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Ahhog. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 711-713). — In pursuance of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 319), the author reports studies with nas-
turtium under controlled conditions as regards illumination, employing in addi-
tion to the descendants of South African plants previously used some grown
from English seed.
Very decided changes in the coloring pigments are apparently accompanied
by a tendency to sterility. A correlation is suspected between color of stem
and that of subsequent flowers. The occurrence of faseiation is now common,
as are also 'modifications in the mode of inflorescence. Plants of dwarf habit
have appeared and have been propagated for three generations by screening,
the unscreened seedlings soon reverting to the climbing habit. By permitting
cross fertilization and by limited employment of screening it is said to be
now easily possible to produce slight degi'ees of color modification. Certain
stiHictural characters which appeared have been transmitted. The sun's alti-
tude, diurnal or seasonal, seems to produce not only in coloration, but also in
metabolism, changes which can be reproduced in other individuals.
Adjustment to lig'h.t in oats, W. H. Akisz {K. Akad. Wetensck. Amsterdam,
Yersl. Wis en Natuurlc. Afdccl., 22 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 536-5^9; also in ditto,
Proc. Sect. Sci., 16 {1913-U), pt. 2, pp. 615-628).— A study was made of oat
plants grown in a dark room so regulated as to be maintained at a constant
temperature and with varying illumination to determine the adjustment of
the plant to difiierent amounts of light.
The observations with bilateral illumination showed that by illuminating a
plant, first on one side and then on the other, each stimulus results in a curva-
ture, as long as there is a certain definite time intervening between the two
exposures. If the illumination on the two sides should be simultaneous the
tendency to curve would be neutralized and consequently the plant would grow
in a straight line. Where the illumination was from all sides the growth
showed a condition that is considered the summation of unilateral illuminations.
Electromotive phenomena in plants, A. D. Waller et al. {Rpt. Brit. Assoc.
Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 2-'f 1-258). — The authors, referring to the tests and conclu-
sions reported by Balls (E. S. R.. 29, p. 27) as bearing upon their own work
(E. S. R., 28, p. 731), state that previously they themselves haVe applied the
test quantitatively only in selected cases. The present report contains a de-
tailed account of work carried out recently to sers-e as an indication and
sample of the procedure considered necessary in working out the test as a
practical method of measuring the vitality of seedlings. Their data are held
to indicate a general relation between plant vitality and voltage of blaze
curx'eut.
On the regulation of the transpiration of Viscum album and Rhipsalis
cassytha, Z. Kamerling (E. Akad. Wctensch. Amsterdam, Tersl. Wis en
Natuurk. AfdecL, 22 {1913-1^), pt. 2, pp. 821-835, pi. 1; also in ditto, Proc.
Sect. Set., 16 {1913-U), pt. 2, pp. 1008-1021, pi. i).— Results are given of a
study on the antagonism between the guard cells of the stomata and the ad-
jacent cells of the epidermis in these plants.
It was found that in leafy boughs or whole plants allowed to wither the
amount of transpiration per unit of time remains approximately constant
until the bough is dried up, or the amounts decrease uniformly until tx'anspira-
tion is reduced to a minimum. In the study of the two parasitic plants
enumerated above it was found that when they had lost a certain proportion
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 523
of weight, varying from 1 to 4 per cent, the jimount of transpiration i>er unit
of time increased. Later when the loss in weight had increased from G to 10
per cent transpiration decreased.
This Increase in the intensity of the transpiration is attributed to the dila-
tion of the openings of the stomata. The author states that the dilation Is
probably caused by the antagonism between the guard cells and the subsidiary
cells of the stomata, so that the turgor in the subsidiary cells begins to de-
crease sooner than in the guard cells, thus causing a stronger curvatui'e of the
guard cells and dilation of the slit of the stomata.
Bark ringing and the descent of sap, J. M. Janse (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, 2. ser., 13 (1914), pt. 1, pp. 1-92, pis. 12). — K study has been made of the
effect of bark ringing on the descent of the elaborated material in trees, par-
ticular attention being paid to the force and direction of the current. The experi-
ments were made on horizontal branches so selected as to remove the force of
gravity, and the primary and final changes, the reversal of the direction of the
current, and the transi)ortation of nonnutrient materials were studied.
In stems which were wounded by removing the bark in various ways, the
cambium layer and the wound tissue were found to influence the movement of
the elabortited material, and in addition to this, what the author calls a special
force, the exact nature of which was not determined, was always active. This
force is active in the secondary wood and assists in maintaining the current in
the same general direction of the elements in the surface of the wood.
The destruction of paraffin by Bacillus prodigiosus and soil organisms,
R. Greig-Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 39 {1914), pt. 3, pp. 538-541).—
Certain bacteria and molds having been shown capable of utilizing certain
hydrocarbons, the author has undertaken an experiment to determine whether
this action may not be taken by B. prodigiosus. Dried blood, casein, and finally
kieselguhr were coated with paraffin inoculated with B. prodigiosus and some
soil organisms, and it was found that in all cases the paraffin was decompose<l
to a considerable extent, the amount being uninfluenced by the nature of the
nitrogenous matter in the culture solution.
The nitrate ferment and the formation of physiological species, ]M. W.
Beijerinck (K. Akad. Wetcnscli. A)iisterdam, Yersl. Wis en Xatiiiirk. Afdeel.,
22 (1913-14), pt. 2, pp. 1163-1170; also in ditto, Proe. Sect. Set., 16 (1913-14),
pt. 2, pp. 1211-1211). — The author's studies have shown that the nitrate fer-
ment, growing at the expense of organic food, soon loses its power of oxidizing
nitrites to nitrates and changes into an apparently common saprophytic bac-
terium.
Summarizing the results of his investigations, it is said that the nitrate fer-
ment reiiresents a definite physiological species which may be kept constant in
nearly pure inorganic nitrite solutions, but which, w'hen better nourished with
organic substances, passes Into another physiological species which is much
more constant. To the former the author gives the name 'SitrihaciUus oligo-
trophus. and to the latter N. pohjtrophus. The first is a nitrate-forming organ-
ism while the second is not.
The study of plant enzyms, particularly with relation to oxidation, A. D.
Hall, E. F. Armstrong, et al. (Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1913, pp.
1 43-145). — This summarizes the second report of the committee on the study
of plant enzyms. and it lists related communications to the Royal Society, the
most recent noted being apparently that of Keeble, Armstrong, and Jones (E. S.
R., 30, p. 129).
It is stated that during the past year progress has been made in elucidating
the part played by oxidizing catalysts in the production of plant jngments, Evi-
87235°— 15 3
524 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
deuce accumulated favors tlie hypothesis that the soluble sap pigments of ](lants
are formed by the oxidation of a colorless chromogen through the agency of an
oxidase. The sap pigment may be reduced to the colorless chromogen by the
agency of a reducing substance, as when the colored cell is stimulated by a hor-
mone under conditions in which the amount of water present is at a minimum,
the chromogen being reoxidized when excess of water is present in the system.
Concentration of the coll sap thus shows close relation to the mechanism which
controls the formation of flower color.
The work of Chodat (E. S. R., 30, p. 110) is also briefly discussed in this con-
nection.
Some investigations in anthocyan formation, W. X. Joxes (Abs. in Rpt.
Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, p. 713). — This paper reviews some points thought
to be of special interest considered in the communication above referred to.
It is believed that both a pigment producing mechanism and a reducing body
are ]n-osent in the petals, the amount of water in the cells determining which
way the pigment reaction shall go. Reduction with, decoloration occurs in 95
per cent alcohol, while in weak alcohol or water oxidation results in a produc-
tion of pigment. Considerable quantities of reserve raw material are supposed
to occur in some colored, flowers which darken on fading, due, supposedly, to this
reserve raw material coming into action under these circumstances.
Cytological studies on the formation of anthocyanin pigments, A. Guil-
LiERMOND (Rev. GM. Bot., 25 Us (1914). pp. 295-337, pis. 3). — In continuation
of previous studies (E. S. R., 30. p. 729), and considering the origin of antho-
cyanin pigments in buds, flowers, and other organs, also the formation of
such pigments in leaves, the origin of the colorless phenol compounds, etc., the
author states that in all cases examined the anthocyanic pigments formed re-
sulted from mitochondrial activity, as did various colorless phenol compounds
noted in most plants studied. Anthocyanin appears in general as pigment in
the mitochondria, but the manner of its elaboration may be any one of several
described.
Structural and functional homologies as noted between cells of vegetables
and those of animals are also discussed. A large number of facts noted are
said to favor the views of Combes (E. S. R.. 31, p. 12S) regarding the produc-
tion of phenol compounds in plants as a normal and constant phenomenon and
the production of anthocyanin as a modification thereof.
The question of the evolution and the physiological role of mitochondria,
A. GuiLLiEKMOND (Rev. G6n. Bot., 26 (1914), Kos. 304, PP- 129-149, figs. 7; 305,
pp. 182-208, figs. 9). — Summarizing the results of studies on the origin, devel-
opment, chemical" nature, intimate functions, and generalized character of
mitochondria as noted in plants and animals, the author claims to have shown
that mitochondria are concerned with the elaboration of the products of secre-
tion which function chemically in tlie cell ; that the function of the mitochondria
is very general, probably the greater part of the products of secretion being
elaborated therein ; and that the chondriome is a constant and essential element
of the functioning cell. A bibliography is appended.
Evolution of plastids and mitochondria in adult cells, A. GtrrLLiERMOND
(Aiiat. Ans., 46 (1914), No. 20-21, pp. 566-574, fios- i6).— This is mainly a com-
pact summary of results and conclusions already noted (see above).
Investigations in smoke injury. H. Wislicenus (Samml. Abhandl. Abgase
11. Rauchschdden, Xo. 10 (1914). PP- 168, pis. 4. figs. 19). — This is one of a
series of reports under the editorship of the author on gas and smoke injury to
plants, this number dealing systematically with external and internal dis-
turbances produced by soot, smoke, and various acid fumes or gases during
exiierimeuts or observations, which are discussed.
FIELD CROPS, 625
It is Stated that carbou particles and insoluble salts are absolutely harmless
to foliage in all its stages, but that leachings of soot, etc., as soluble salts,
particularly sulphids and sulphites, cause a degree of injury to the foliage.
Pine and fir needles, while sensitive to sulphur dioxid, are not injured by
sulphur trioxid in a dry medium, and in a damp atmosphere the injury is slow
and somewhat limited, as is also the case of tender young foliage, which is more
or less moist. Some fluorin compounds tested proved to be injurious. Light
access, species, succulence, dilution with air, turgesceuce of guard cells, time
of casting leaves, etc., modify the influence of gases on foliage. The time of
greatest sensitivity appears not to be in winter or during the most abundant
precipitation, but during the greatest activity of the leaves in summer.
FIELD CROPS.
Tillage and rotation experiments at Nephi, Utah, P. Y. Caruon (U. S.
Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 151 (1915), pp. .'i5, figs. 21). — This bulletin gives results of work
carried on jointly by the Utah Station and this Department covering the period
from 1908 to 1913, inclusive. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 135).
A description of the station and of the climatic conditions is included.
A summary of the tests that deal with time and depth of ])lowing, cultiva-
tion of fallow, seeding, cultivation and harvesting of the crop, frequency of
cropping, and diversity of crops in rotation is given as follows : " The average
results for five years, 1909 to 1913, inclusive, show that spring plowing was
better than fall plowing for moisture conservation, in yield of grain, and in
cost of producing the crop. Spring plowing gave an average yield of 18.5 bu.
per acre, as compared with 16.8 bu. for fall plowing. Owing to this difference
in yield and the lower cost of producing the crop, spring plowing gave a net
a.cre profit of $3.03 more than fall plowing.
'• The results of five years show that there was no advantage in deep plowing
or subsoiling over shallow plowing so far as moisture conservation is con-
cerned. There was no material difference in the yields obtained from plats
plowed at different depths, varying from 5 to 18 in. The highest average
yield was obtained from plats plowed 10 in. deep, and the lowest average yield
was from the plats subsoiled 18 in. deep, while the 5-in. plowing yielded higher
than the 15-in. subsoiling.
" One year's results from a test of deep fall plowing and shallow spring
plowing compared with shallow fall plowing and deep spring plowing show no
difference in soil moisture and but slight difl'erence in yield.
"The results of five j-ears' experiments on fall-plowed fallow show that
the moisture of the cultivated plats remained practically the same throughout
the season, while that of the uncultivated plats rapidly declined, until by
fall it was reduced to a comparatively low point. It is probable that weeds
and volunteer grain were important factors in this loss of moisture. The aver-
age acre j-ield of the cultivated plats was 17 bu., as comparetl with 13 bu. on
the uncultivated plats.
" The results of one season on spring-plowed fallow show no difference in
the moisture content of the plats cultivated or not cultivated. The yields,
11.9 and 9.5 bu. per acre, favor the noncultivated plat.
" The results of 10 years show no correlation between the time of sowing
winter wheat and the yield, but the best yields have usually been obtained
from plats seeded between September 1 and October 15. There was no sig-
nificant difference between the average moisture content of the plats for any
one or for all years. The chief problem in the time-of-seeding tests of winter
wheat now seems to be a mechanical pue involving some improvement of the
526 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
iua<;hinery used in seeding. It is believed that this will obviate the necessity
of waiting for rain before seeding, thus permitting early seeding, which seems
desirable, and allowing the crop time enough to make a fair growth before
the advent of winter. Late planting is often followed by much winterkilling,
which completely offsets the value of any tillage method used in preparing the
land and of the quantity of moisture stored in it.
" The average result of five years' tests shows no difference in the yields
of winter wheat seeded at different depths. The yields were greatly influenced
by conditions at seeding time. The ordinai'y drilling of winter wheat has
given more profitable yields than bi'oadcasting or cross-drilling.
" The results of three years' experiments show that winter wheat sown at
the rate of 4 to 5 pk. per acre is more profitable! than when sown at 3 pk. per
acre, the rate ordinarily used on the dry lands of the Great Basin.
" The average yields of five years favor no spring cultivation of winter wheat.
The noncultivated plats yielded 17.05 bu., as compared with 15.09 bu. from
those cultivated. There was no apparent difference in the moisture content
of the plats. A test made in the spring of 1913 showed that 11.54 per cent
of the plants were killed by one harrowing. This loss offsets all benefits that
might have come from harrowing.
" The results of four years favor harvesting when the grain is in the hard-
dough stage.
" Where a good stand was obtained and little winterkilling followed, winter
wheat after fallow yielded more than winter wheat on continuously cropped
land. This depended largely upon the season, however, and the continuously
cropped plat, owing to volunteer grain, yielded as well or better than other
plats in the test in seasons of much winterkilling.
"The average acre yield of winter wheat for five years was less after fallow
than after corn, potatoes, or peas."
[Field crop experiments], A. M. McOmie (Arizon-a Sta. Rpt. 1013, pp. 243-
250, fig. 1). — This reports work at the dry fai'ms and the central station for
1913. At the Prescott dry farm Moqui Indian corn is noted as being inferior
to Kafir com in jaeld, and fallowed land proved more productive than that
continuously cropped. Feterita, white milo maize, kaoliang, Sudan grass,
durra, Canada field peas, tepary beans, and Grimm and Turkestan alfalfa
are noted as being new introductions. Cultural trials with many varieties
of spring and winter wheat, oats, barley, rye, spelt, emmer. and millet are
noted. Turkey lied wheat planted about August 20 is tlie only winter cereal,
it is stated, to mature at the experimental dry farms. It yielded from 10 to 12
bu. per acre. At Phoenix cultural trials of wheat, barley, oats, spelt, corn,
sugar beets, sugar cane, grain sorghums, forage sorghums, shallu, potatoes,
and tepary beans are noted.
Beport of the work done at Holly Springs branch, experiment station,
1913, C. T. Ames (mssissippi Sta. Bill. 165 {1914), pp. 13-21, 26, 32, figs. 4).—
Tests with 26 varieties of corn gave yields that ranged from 30.5 to 57.8 bu.
per acre ; 28 varieties of cotton yielded from 352 to 671 lbs. per acre of lint
cotton, or from 1.169 lbs. to 1.843 lbs. of seed cotton. Length of staple ranged
from ^ to 1t^ inches. Fertilizer tests indicated that the soil was deficient in
both lime and phosphorus, as basic slag produced the best yields of lint cotton
in fertilizer tests.
Some conclusions regarding the results of fertilizer tests with cotton covering
a period from 1906 to 1913, inclusive, are given as follows :
" The use of both nitrogen and phosphorus, either alone or in combination,
has given very satisfactory results.
FIELD CROPS. 527
" Phosphorus hastens maturity. Valley land that is slow in maturiuj; a
crop can be vei\v greatly benefited by its use.
"The use of potash, either alone or in combination with other elements,
appears to be unnecessarj- in these soils.
" On thin uplands, the use of an equal njixture of acid phosphate and cotton-
seed meal, at the rate of 200 to 300 lbs. per acre, gives very satisfactory
results, and has done so for the past 8 years. Two hundred lbs. of this
mixture has increased the yield of seed cotton in many instances over 500 lbs.
l)er year. On the more fertile soils the quantity of phosphorus may be increased
to advantage.
"Acid phosphate alone, 200 to 300 lbs. per acre, can be used to profit after
leguminous orop.s."
It is noted that in fertilizer and lime tests with cowpeas " one application of
lime, at the rate of 2 tons of crushed stone or 1 ton of air-slaked lime per acre,
will increase the yield of most legumes each year for several years. Lime will
give better results when used under leguminous crops; however, on these soils
almost any crop will respond to the use of lime. Ten tons of lime per acre for
the contents of the first 7 in. of a soil is considered the minimum amount of
lime for a maximum crop production, whereas these soils contain only about
4,500 lbs."
Yields of tests of 15 varieties of cowpeas and 6 varieties of soy beans are
given.
Cultural methods are noted for alfalfa and crimson clover. Cultural methods
for Lespedeza clover are described with reference to beneficial results obtained
from the use of acid phosphate. Cultural and storage methods for use in the
production of sweet potatoes are also given.
Report of the department of farm crops, I. L. Owen et ax. (Neto Jersey
8tas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 391-417, pi. 1, fig. 1)'. — In this report, continuing previous
work (E. S. R., 30, p. 333) are given the costs of production of various field
crops as derived from carefully kept records in 1913 on the station farms.
Records of a 9-acre field of alfalfa show the. average cost of producing hay
per acre to have been $19.17, the average cost per ton, $5.50, and the average
yield per acre, 3.48 tons. Similar items of a 10-acre timothy field are given
as $34.05, $8.58, and 2.98 tons; of a 14i-acre field of oats and pea hay, $15.80,
$6.83, and 1.6G tons; of a 19-acre field of alfalfa, $12..5G, $5.03, and 2.5 tons;
of a 10-acre field of oat and pea hay, $14.50, $9.67, and 1.5 tons; of a 6-acre
field of silage, $28.88, $3.32, and 8.68 tons; and of a 24-acre field of silage
corn, $29.36, $3.73, and 7.87 tons.
The total cost of seeding a 14^-acre field of timothy and clover is given as
$23.10 per acre. The total labor cost of producing rye and vetch on 0 acres
is given as $98.93 and the total income as $296.50. The average cost per acre
of a 3i-acre field of rye straw and soy beans is given as $6.15, the cost per ton
as $3.40, and the yield as 1.8 tons.
The total value of the crop from a 13-acre field of soy beans for seed is given
as $424 and the cost of production as $207.32. The total cost of seeding a
10-acre field of alfalfa is given as $168.42. Data are also recorded for buck-
wheat.
It is noted that the use of 16 per cent acid phosphate in mixing fertilizers in
the place of 14 per cent acid phosphate caused the mixture to cake in the
spreaders and made it necessary to distribute by hand.
[Field crops experiments, 19051, O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd
(North Dalcota 8ta.. Rpt. EdgeJcy Substa. 1905, pp. 5-16, pi. i).— These pages
record results of variety tests with wheat, oats, barley, emmer, flax, corn.
528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
millet, and potatoes; cultural experiments with wheat, brome and slender wheat
grass; and crop rotations carried on duriuj? 1005. in cooperation with this
Department.
[Field crops experiments, 1906], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Sheppekd
(North Dakota 8ta., Rpt. Edgelry 8ubsta. 1906, pp. 12-26, pis. 3). — This reports
the continuation of variety tests with wheat, oats, barley, emmer, einkorn, and
potatoes, and tests of rotation, humus conservation, and moisture conservation
methods, carried on in cooperation with this Department in 190G.
[Field crops experiments, 1907], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Sheppebd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgclcy Suhsta. 1907, pp. 10-20, 23-37, pis. 6).— This
outlines and describes cultural tests with cereals, slender wheat grass, brome
grass, alfalfa, and clover, crop rotations, and moisture and humus conserva-
tion methods carried out in cooperation with this Department in 1907. Yields
are given in variety tests of wheat, oats, barley, and rye.
[Field crops experiments, 1908—9], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgeley Buhsta. 1909, pp. 17-52). — This gives results
of variety tests with wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, rutabagas, carrots,
mangels, sugar beets, corn, millet, rates of seeding millet, wheat, oats, and
barley, and cultivation and variety tests with alfalfa, carried on in cooperation
with this Department in 190S and 1909.
[Field crops experiments, 1910], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Sheppebd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgeley Suhsta. 1910, pp. l-hU, figs. JO).— This gives
results of cultural tests with wheat, oats, barley, rye, brome grass, timothy,
red, alsike, crimson, and white clover, bluegrass, Canada peas, and Dwarf
Essex rape, and variety tests with wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, beets, sugar
beets, mangels, carrots, rutabagas, corn, and alfalfa carried on in cooperation
with this Department.
[Field crops experiments, 1911—12], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgeley Suhsta. 1912, pp. 8, 9, 12-42, 50).— This gives
results of work with cultivation methods, cultural tests with wheat, oats,
barley, rye, brome grass, slender wheat grass, potatoes, red, alsike, and crimson
clover, timothy, Canada peas, and Dwarf Essex rape, a test of formaldehyde
for potatoes, and variety tests with wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, beets, man-
gels, sugar beets, carrots, rutabagas, flax, corn, millet, and alfalfa carried on in
cooperation with this Department.
[Field crops experiments, 1913], O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgeley Suhsta. 1913, pp. 7-19). — This describes and
gives results of some of the work carried on in cooperation with this Depart-
ment.
In variety tests with wheat it is noted that the highest yields of grain
produced in each class were 28.3 bu. for the durums, 30.6 bu. for the fifes, and
26.9 bu. per acre for the bluestems. Flax yielded from 52 to 54 bu. per acre.
The results of a test of rate of seeding with wheat, oats, and barley, rang-
ing from 2 to 11 pk. per acre, covering the 5 years from 1908-1013, inclusive,
showed that " in 1913 the heavier yields conform very closely to the heavier
rates of seeding, while in other seasons, with the exception of oats, the heavier
yields are associated with an intermediate rate." Dynamiting and subsoiling
with wheat, oats, and barley gave doubtful results in 1912 and 1913.
The results of different methods of preparing land for cereals show, " in
1913, the early fall plowed laud produced larger yields than any of the other
methods employed. The spring plowed land comes second in the matter of pro-
duction and the late fall plowed third. When the four-year average is con-
sidered, there appears to be no advantage obtained from packing the land
either in the fall or in the spring. A comparison of the average yield of all
FIELD CROPS. 529
the fall methods of tillage with the average of all the siiring methods shows a
difference of 4.0 bu. per acre in favor of the latter."
Two cropping systems are outlined, one adapted to live stock farming and
one to grain farming, and a fertilizer experiment is also outlined.
Average yields of wheat and oats grown with different cultural methods are
given. The averages showed that " wheat on fallowed laud stands first with a
yield of 21.8 bu. per acre; second, on disked corn ground with a yield of 19.1
bu. ; third, on all humus conservation plats with a yield of 18.8 bu ; fourth,
where green manure is plowed down with a yield of 18.1 bu. ; fifth, on spring
plowed land with a yield of 17.3 bu. ; sixth, on fall plowed land with a yield of
lO.G bu. per acre. Comparing the average of the oat yields under the different
treatments, we have the oats yielding first on the fallow land with a yield of
41.3 bu. per acre ; second, on the green manure plats with a yield of 35.1 bu. ;
third, on the disked corn ground with a yield of 34.5 bu. ; fourth, on spring
plowed land with a yield of 34.1 bu. ; fifth, on the all-humus conservation plats
with a yield of 33.9 bu. ; sixth, on the fall plowing with a yield of 31.4 bu.
per acre."
[Field crops experiments, 1909], E. D. Stewart and J. H. Shepperd (North
Dakota Sla., Rpt. Langdon Suhsta. 1909, pp. 1-11). — These pages report variety
tests of wheat, oats, and barley, and cultural exjjeriments with clover, flax,
millet, peas and oats, and iwtatoes.
[Field crops experiments, 1910], E. D. Stewart and J. H. Shepperd (North
Dakota 8ta., Rpt. Langdon Substa. 1910, pp. 9-19, figs. 2). — These pages report
crop rotation trials, variety tests with alfalfa, wheat, oats, and barley, and cul-
tural experiments with brome grass, timothj^ millet, corn, peas and oats, Canada
peas, flax, rye, emmer. and iX)tatoes.
As a result of the study of the root system of wheat it is stated that plants
that were about 24 in. high had roots to the depth of 4 ft. 4 in., and that 75
per cent of the roots reached a depth of 2 ft. or more.
As a result of experimenting upon depth of plowing, it is stated that " close
observation during the entire period of growth failed to show any difference
except that there was slightly more straw on the spring plowed, land. Fall
plowing 5 to 6 in. deep gave a yield of 4.2 bu. per acre; spring plowing 5 to 6
in deep, 3.4 bu. per acre ; and deep fall plowing 12 in. deep, 3.33 bu. per acre.
The low yields are the result of the dry season."
[Field crops experiments, 1911], E. D. Stewart and J. H. Shepperd (North
Dakota Sta., Rpt. Langdon Substa. 1911, pp. 9-29, figs. 3). — These pages report
cultural tests with clover, alfalfa, corn, vetch, peas, timothy, millet, brome
grass, redtop, western rye grass, flax, spring and winter rye, emmer, wheat,
oats, and potatoes, and variety tests with alfalfa, com, millet, wheat, oats,
barley, and potatoes. Notes are given on a 5-year and C-year crop rotation.
In regard to soil packing and fallowing for wheat, it is noted that "upon
the 5 to G-in. plowing- the ground not packed before seeding gave a yield of
1.07 bu. more than the packed ground. Upon the 12-in. plowing the gi'ound
packed gave a yield of l.OG bu. more than the unpacked ground. Upon the
spring plowing there was an increase of 1 bu. in yield on the packed land. . . .
Where fallow ground is free from weeds a better yield can be obtained in this
locality by the use of the ordinary peg-tooth harrow than where the ground
is disked. Disking seems to loosen the ground more than is necessary to secure
a good seed bed."
Exi)eriments in different depths of plowing for spring wheat showed the
yield of grain upon 5 to G-in. fall plowing to be the best and that uiX)n the
si)ring plowing 3 to 4-in. was the poorest. On fall plowing to the depth of 12 in.
"the straw grew taller and heavier and from the general appearance of the
530 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECOED.
field looked better during the growing season, yet when threshing was done the
grade was considerably poorer, as the grain was shriveled and affected badly
by rust."
With oats fall plowing to a depth of 5 to 6 in. gave a yield of 3.63 bu. more
than upon the 12-in. fall plowing, and 11.75 bu. per acre more than upon the
3 to 4-in. spring plowing. Similar results are noted with barley.
[Field crops experiments, 1912], E. D. Stewart and J. H. Sheppeed (North
Dakota 8ta., Rpt. Langdon Suhsta. 1912, pp. 7-32, figs. Jf).— This gives results
of variety tests with alfalfa, w^heat, oats, barley, potatoes, and cultural trials
with corn, clovers, peas, peas and oats, vetch, timothy, millet, flax, winter and
spring rye, emmer, winter wheat, oats, and potatoes, with notes upon the
5-year and a 6-year rotation.
In studying the root system of wheat grown on land fall plowed 3 to 4 in.,
5 to 6 in., and 12 in. deep "it was found that 50 per cent of the roots grew
to the depth of 2 ft. and over, and many roots were traced down to the depth
of 6 ft. in the 3 different depths of plowing. It was also found that there
w-as little or no difference in the root system in the different depths of plowing."
[Field crops experiments, 1913], E. D. Stewart and J. H. Sheppeed (Xorth
Dakota Sta., Rpt. Langdon Substa. 1913, pp. S-26. figs. 3). — This reports variety
tests of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes, and on cultural experiments with
corn, peas, alfalfa, clover, flax, winter wheat, winter rye, early and late seeding
of wheat, rates of seeding wheat upon corn ground and upon timothy sod,
methods of treating corn stubble to be sowed to wheat, differeuL rates of seed-
ing oats and barley, and different depths of plowing for wheat, oats, barley,
timothy, and corn, and notes on rotations.
Summary of results [in] field husbandry, 1913. O. C. Whitest al. (Canada
Expt. Farms Bui. 15 (1914), PP- 43). — This bulletin gives in a summarized
form the more important of the season's results secured from crop production
and field experimental work as carried on at the several experimental farms
in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 431).
Numerous crop rotations are described. The costs of operations per acre of
the several rotations at the central station for 1913 are given as ranging from
$17.08 to $21.83, and the average profits for eight years preceding 1912 as rang-
ing from $8.15 to $10.08 per aci'e. The cost of production for oats is given as
30.8 cts. per bushel, for hay (first year) $4.06 per ton, hay (second year)
$4.12 per ton, turnips $1.86 per ton, and corn $1.72 per ton.
In regard to the use of barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers in these
rotations, it is noted that " the five years' results . . . show a distinct advan-
tage of barnyard manure alone over commercial fertilizer alone for this soil, but
point to the possibility of combining the two to good advantage when barnyard
manure is scarce or high in price."
The eradication of couch (twitch or quack) grass by the use of the spring
tooth and smoothing harrows is noted.
The cost of production per bushel of the rotation crops at Xappan, Nova
Scotia, are given as follows : Turnips 5.94 cts., mangels 7.68 cts., potatoes 13.13
cts., oats 28.9 cts.. wheat 48.9 cts., barley 40.8 cts.. and silage corn $3.10 per ton.
At Cap Rouge, Quebec, the results of different rates of seeding corn (Long-
fellow) for silage during three years are given as follows: In rows 8 by 42 in.,
9 tons 1.094 lbs. per acre; 8 by 48 in.. 8 tons 1,754 lbs.: in hills 36 by 36 in., 5
tons 1,398 lbs. ; and 42 by 42 in., 5 tons 1,364 lbs.
At Indian Head, Saskatchewan, the profit per acre on land in a 3-year
rotation of summer fallow, wheat, and wheat is given as .$9.61 ; of a 6-year
rotation of summer fallow, wheat, wheat, oats (seeded down with western rye
FIELD CROPS. 531
grass and alfalfa), hay, and pasture $12.08; of an 8-year rotation of siunnier
fallow, wheat, wheat, suninier fallow, corn, barley (seeded down with western
rye grass and alfalfa), hay, and pasture $s..32 ; and of a 9-year rotation of
summer fallow, roots, wheat, oats, summer fallow, wheat, oats (seeded down
with western rye grass and alfalfa), hay, and pasture $9.12.
In regard to a 3-, 6-, 8-, and 9-year rotation at llosthern, Saskatchewan, it
is noted that " land worlied under a rotation including grains and hay gives a
greater profit per acre than where wheat alone is grown, and this is empha-
sized in a season of early frosts; that a hoed crop in the rotation inci'eases the
cost of operation per acre, but very much more increases the profit per acre
as well as the yield of the succeeding grain crops."
In studying the relative value of summer fallow manured, summer fallow
without manure, green crops of peas, and vetches plowed under it is noted that
the plowing under of a green crop evidently left the ground too dry for any
great benefit to be derived by the crop of the succeeding year, but showed an
advantage over bare fallow in the second succeeding crop.
The yields of hay in 1913 at Scott, Saskatchewan, as results of various
methods of seeding 10 lbs. each of western rye grass and red clover seed per
acre, are given as follows: With wheat after summer fallow, 2 tons 400 lbs.;
alone after summer fallow, 2 tons 1.200 lbs. ; with wheat after roots, 2 tons
800 lbs. ; alone after roots, 2 tons 680 lbs. ; with wheat after wheat, 1 ton
1.240 lbs.; alone after wheat, 1 ton 1,160 lbs.; with oats after wheat, 1,720
lbs. ; alone after wheat on manured land, 1 ton 80 lbs. ; with wheat after
two successive crops of wheat, 1 ton 820 lbs. ; alone after oats jireceded by
wheat, 1 ton 400 lbs. ; with wheat after wheat preceded by a hoed crop, 1 ton
1,860 lbs.
In regard to the experimental work at Lethbridge, Alberta, it is noted that
" on the dry land the yields of hay were very light. Brome grass produced
only 1,580 lbs., and western rye grass 1,160 lbs. per acre. Alfalfa sown broad-
cast yielded only 1,481 lbs. per acre whereas alfalfa sown in rows yielded about
double this amount. . . .
"Wheat following corn yielded as well as wheat after summer fallow, and
much better than wheat following turnips. The latter difference is no doubt
due to the fact that the roots made considerable growth in the fall, thereby
using up moisture, whereas the corn ceased growth with the first frost. A gootl
profit was obtained from alfalfa seed when the crop was planted in rows and
intertilled. Heavy yields of oats and peas, grown for feed, were obtained when
sown on summer fallow. With irrigation, the yield of spring wheat was over
52 bu. per acre, following potatoes. With irrigation, iwtatoes planted on alfalfa
sod gave a yield of 635 bu. 30 lbs. per acre. . . .
" Our results to date indicate the following rates of seed per acre to be
the best: Winter wheat, nonirrigated, 60 lbs.; spring wheat, nonirrigated, 75
lbs. ; oats, nonirrigated, 60 to 75 lbs. ; barley, nonirrigated, 75 to 90 lbs. ; spring
wheat, irrigated, 90 to 105 lbs. ; and oats, irrigated. 75 to 90 lbs."
At Lacombe, Alberta, trials of graded seed showed that " wheat fanned three
times, under strong wind, yielded 35 bu. 11 lbs. per acre, wheat fanned once
yielded 26 bu. 50 lbs., and wheat not fanned, 24 bu. . . .
"The deep working of the land in the summer fallow year did not appear
to give any special results on the first succeeding crop (wheat) but influencetl
favorably the second crop (oats). In the breaking out of sod, plowing at a
depth of 5 in. gave better results than at 3 or 4 in. This practice also proved
superior, this year, to breaking sod 3 in. and plowing the wheat stubble G in.
for the following oat crop."
532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lu summer fallow treatment it is noted that " it is of advantage to plow
summer fallow but once, that deep plowing gives better results than shallow
plowing, and that working or plowing the stubble land in the fall previous to
the summer fallow does not always result in increased yields."
Notes are given on the first year's trials at Agassiz, British Columbia, with
nitrate of soda v. nitrate of lime for mangels, commercial fertilizer alone v.
commercial fertilizer together with barnyard manure, spring application v.
winter application of fresh manure, and winter application of manure (fresh)
r. spring ajjplication (stack).
Summary of results [with] forage plants, 1913, M. O. Malte et al. (Can-
ada J'J.rpt. Farms Bid. IG (IDlJf), pp. 32). — This bulletin gives summarizetl re-
.sults of the more important experiments with forage crops conducted at the
several experimental farms during 1913. Brief notes are presented regarding
variety tests of turnips, mangels, carrots, com, and sugar beets, and prelimi-
nary work in breeding alfalfa, clovers, timothy, orchard grass, western rye
grass, and wild grasses, etc.
[Effect of frost on forage and other plants], J. J. Thornbek (Arizona Sta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 251-255). — This notes the serious injury to the native and culti-
vated forage and other plants caused by the unusually low temi>ei'ature of the
winter of 1912-13.
[Alfalfa and wheat breeding experiments], G. F. Fbeeman and J. C. T.
Uphof (AHzona Bta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 257-261, 263-265).— This gives further
observations regarding investigations with alfalfa (E. S. R., 31, p. 629). It
is noted that the studies of 144 pure races of alfalfa " give promise of afford-
ing (a) pure races of alfalfa of the Peruvian type, which heretofore has shown
itself so productive in mass cultures; (b) improved strains of the rapidly
growing Mediterranean alfalfa for use in short rotations; and (c) strains
high in both leafiness and productivity, which will be of value to the dairy
industry."
The points involved in a study to increase the water efficiency of alfalfa are
noted as being rapidity of growth, rate of transpiration per unit of surface
exposetl, ratio of transpiring surface to total dry matter produced, the dis-
tribution and length of root system, osmotic density of cell sap, ability of the
plant to become dormant in seasons of water famine. The study has thus far
shown that some strains will regularly mature a crop from five to seven days
earlier than others under the same conditions ; that certain strains or varieties
imder identical conditions I'egularly give off more water than others per unit
of green weight or of leaf surface exposed; that the percentage of leaves in
different pure races varies widely ; that the rate of growth does not depend
nix)n the amount of water transpired ; that there is usually a minus correla-
tion between yield and percentage of leaves ; and that varieties of alfalfa
differ markedly in their ability to become more or less dormant during sea-
sons of extreme heat or water famine.
Breeding and selection work in progress with Algerian and domestic hard
wheat varieties is briefly described. Yields ranging from 21 to 67 bu. per acre
are recorded.
Alfalfa in the Southwest, G. F. Freeman (Arizona Sta. Bid. 73 (191Jf), pp.
233-320, pis. 2, figs. 19). — This bulletin contains information gathered from
several sources upon the culture, harvesting, storage, uses, and enemies of
alfalfa, with special reference to Arizona conditions.
The discussion includes acid and alkaline soils, methods of irrigation, the
alfalfa caterpillar, green alfalfa hopper, grasshoppers, harvester ant, varie-
gated cutworm, alfalfa weevil, brown root rot, leaf spot, rust, down.v mildew,
FIELD CROPS. 533
crown gall, Pboma disease, stem rot, dodder, and such weeds as Johnson grass,
Hormuda grass, wall barley, water grasses, dock and canaigre, pigweed, sour
clover, and bur clover.
The bulletin terminates in tables taken from several sources, showing the
composition of alfalfa and the commercial grades of the hay.
Hairy vetch for the cotton belt, C. V. Piper ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec.
Spec. [Circ.], Idllf, Dec. 15, pp. //, fig. 1). — Brief notes on methods of production.
Winter oats in the cotton belt, C. W. Warburton (t/. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office
Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Nov. 21, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of production.
Rape as a forage crop in the cotton belt, C. V. Piper {JJ. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 191Jf, Dec. 15, pp. 3). — Brief notes on methods of pro-
duction and uses.
Eye in the cotton belt, C. E. Leigiity {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
\Cire.]. I'Jl.'f, Dec. 2, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of production.
Sorghum for forage in the cotton belt, H. N. Vinaix (C7. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Dec. 23, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of pro-
duction and uses of sorghum and Sudan grass.
Soy beans in the cotton belt, W. J. Morse ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
[Circ], 1915, Jan. 12, pp. 6). — This discusses methods of production and uses.
Trials with, sweet clover as a field crop in South Dakota, A. N. Hume and
M. Champlin (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 151 {1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 6).— This
bulletin gives a brief description of sweet clover, the possibilities in its use, and
results of tests in South Dakota. Sweet clover sown in corn in August is noted
as yielding 3.6 tons of hay in two cuttings the next year and O.S tons of hay
and a seed crop of 5.9 bu. per acre the second year. Sweet clover sown in April
in fall wheat is noted as being successful.
Letters are quoted from farmers of South Dakota who have produced sweet
clover successfully. Data of rainfall for varying periods from 1905 for four
localities of the State are given.
Winter wheat in the cotton belt, C. E. Leighty {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office
Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Noi\ 21, pp. 6). — Brief notes on methods of production.
Winter wheat, A. Atkinson and J. B. Nelson (ilontana Sta. Bui. 100 {1914),
pp. 141-160, figs. 4). — This bulletin notes Turkey Red and Kharkov varieties of
wheat as being most commonly grown in Montana. In several years' tests on
demonstration farms the former averaged 25.6 bu. per acre. As a 5-year aver-
age at the Fergus County substation the Kharkov variety is noted as yielding
35.2 bu. and Turkey red 32.S bu. per acre. In rate-of-seeding tests, from 3 to 4
pk. are noted as giving the best results. The time-of-seeding tests showed that
August and early September seedings were the most satisfactory.
"Harrowing winter wheat in the spring reduced the yield in nearly every
case. Rolling in the spring increased the yield in the tests conducted. Spring
harrowing of winter wheat reduced the stand 19.4 per cent when compared with
the wheat not harrowed. The unharrowed wheat produced an average of 4.5
heads per plant and the harrowed wheat 4.3 heads per plant. Wheat drilled in
between the rows of standing corn gave a fair yield, and it is probable that this
method of seeding will be very generally adopted as the area devoted to corn-
growing increases."
The continuous growing of wheat and rye, 1913, J. G. Lipman et al. (JVew
Jersey Stas. Bui. 268 {1914), pp. 19-21, pi. 1; Rpt. 1913, pp. 471-473, pi. i).—
This reports the continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30. p. 325).
The plan of the experiment has not been modified, and the results are similar
to those of 1911 and 1912, showing that even a leguminous crop which has not
attained full development may add enough humus and nitrogen to the soil to
534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
more than clouble the yield iis compai'ed with plats which have grown no
legume.
Permanent pastures for the cotton belt, L. Carrier (U. .S'. Dept. Agr., Office
Sec. Spec. [Virc.], 191 4, Dec. ,?.?. pp. 4). — Brief notes on the methods of produc-
tion of Bermuda grass, Lespedeza, bur, and white clover, carpet grass, Italian
rye grass, redtop, orchard grass, and hairy vetch.
Report of the seed analyst, J. P. Helyab and R. Schmidt (New Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 369-375). — This contains brief notes on scope of the work,
equipment of the laboratory, and data showing results of the analyses of 486
samples of seeds.
HORTICULTURE.
Report of the horticulturist, I\I. A. Bi.ake, A. J. Farley, and C. H. Connors
(Neic Jer.^cy Stas. Rpt. 1913. pp. 89-173, ;>?•■?. l^)- — Data are given on a survey
of the peach industry within a radius of six miles of the Vineland experiment
orchard (E. S. R., 30, p. 344). The influence of the control of the brown rot
and peach scab and the successful shipping of the first crop of peaches from
the experimental orchard in 1910 api^ears to have greatly stimulated the peach
industry as a whole, for the total plantings for the last three years are in ex-
cess of 76,000 trees as compared with about 20.000 trees for the previous three
years. Most of the orchards are receiving good care in cultivation and fertili-
zation. Of the varieties planted the Elberta ranks first in number, followed by
Carman. Champion. Belle of Georgia, and Ray. A brief account is given of the
work of the past season in the Vineland orchard, including an outline of spray-
ing practice. Orchard heaters were tested during the blooming period and the
temperatures kept above freezing, but high winds and wet weather greatly in-
terfered with pollination.
During the spring of 1913 a study was made by C. Miller of the viability of
the pollen of the peach, nectarine, currant, and gooseberry. The results and
observations of this study are briefly recorded here. A preliminary test of
various solutions in which to gei'Diinate pollen resulted in the selection of a 20
per cent sugar and gelatin solution, and also a 20 per cent sugar solution, the
former being most satisfactory for the germination of peach pollen.
A study of the viability was made with pollen gathered fresh from the trees
just previous to each test. Ripe pollen which would germinate was found upon
seven varieties of peaches and three of nectarines from April 9 to 21. or a
period of thirteen days. There were many periods of wet weather during the
blooming i)eriod, and it was noted that ripe, yellow pollen grains upon the
anthers turned to a grayish white and had a leached appearance following
such wet conditions. All such grains failed to germinate when tested in the
laboratory. Some varieties were found to be more capable of germinating in
dilute sugar solutions than others. It is suggested that such varieties should
be at an advantage during wet blooming periods.
Viability tests were also made of i^each and nectarine pollen taken from
blooming twigs kept in the laboratory. Very little pollen was in condition for
germination until April 7. Fairly constant results were secured with most
varieties from April 9 to 17, when a rapid falling off in the ability of the
pollen to germinate occurred with two exceptions — Belle of Georgia pollen gave
a 49 per cent germination on April 2G, having yieldetl pollen capable of ger-
minating over a period of 22 days, and Carman gave a 43 per cent germination
upon April 22.
Pollen secured from Maule Early twigs germinated in sugar solution for a
period of only nine days. Some poUen was collected and placed in a bottle,
HORTICULTURE. 535
which was sealed and placed upon a shelf in the laboratory. Such pollen gave
a good percentage of germination ten days after pollen of the same variety
had failed to germinate when kept exposed to the air.
In addition to the considerable difference in varieties as to the length of time
the pollen will remain viable, the authors conclude that there is variation be-
tween the pollen from trees of the .same variety occasioned by factors which
affect the development of the flowers.
Somewhat similar viability tests were conducted with the pollen of the goose-
berry and currant. The ijollen of three varieties of gooseberries commenced
to germinate well on April 21 and continued to do so for a period of nine days.
A small percentage of pollen showed its ability to germinate as late as May 3.
The results of the tests with currants show that ripe, viable pollen occurred
upon the plants from about April 21 to May 12 to 14, depending upon the
variety, or a period of from 21 to 23 days.
Some crossing work was also attempted with gooseberries and currants. The
number of crosses was small, but the results apparently indicate that the
Wildei", Pomona, and lied Cross varieties of currants are self-fertile.
Tables are given showing the blooming dates for the seasons of 1912 and
1013 of the various kinds and varieties of fruits grown on the college farm,
together with a discussion of weather conditions at the actual blooming period of
certain varieties of fruits and the effect of the weather upon the flowers and fruit.
The results of dynamiting for tree planting, based upon all of the tests
made at the station during the past two years, indicate that there is a greater
development of branch and twig at the close of the first season's growth for
peaches, but only a slightly greater development for apples where the trees
are planted with dynamite. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 29, p. 339),
This development has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the
circumference of the trunks. Both apple and peach trees planted with dynamite
have developed a deeper and stronger root system than trees planted in the
usual manner. In all the tests made, both with apples and peaches, the per-
centi'.ge of trees living through the first season wus practically the same, whether
dynamite was used or not. This is attributed to a previous thorough prepai-a-
tion of the soil before planting. The results of the tests as a whole indicate
thus far that the advantage in twig growth the first season shown by the trees
planted by the use of dynamite is not maintained the succeeding year.
Results are given of experiments conducted witli American Beauty roses in a
commercial greenhouse during the seasons of 1910 and 1911. They indicate that
the American Beauty rose is markedly affected by the amount of light which it
receives in the greenhouse. All other conditions being equal the monthly yields
of this rose are reduced during the dull months of the year. Experiments show
that even in modern well-lighted rose houses plants near the south side of a
bench are more productive than plants near the north side. The general vigor
of the plants is not greatly reduced during the dull period. Individual plants
favored by extra light are more productive even in bright months, such as May
and June. Too close planting is likely to result in low yields from the less
favored plants.
A paper dealing with a study made by C. H. Connors relative to the multipli-
cation of floral parts in the carnation, previously noted (E. S. R.. 30. p. 644), is
here given.
Soil, temperature, and moisture studies with carnation and rose soils were
conducted in the station greenhouse by J. S. Obecny, largely with a view to
determining the variable factors to be considered in investigations with plants
under greenhouse conditions. In the data and observations recorded, the follow-
536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ing jiliases are coiisidorod : The reluliuu uf liueucss of soil division, various kiuds
of organic matter, sand, and bench construction to maximum moisture; the rela-
tion of age to the watei'-holding capacity of soils ; and the relation of maximum
moisture to optimum moisture. In the discussion of soil temperatures, consid-
eration is given to the relation of air temperature to soil temperature, the
effect of location of heating pipes on soil temi)eratures, the effects of sun, venti-
lation, and direction of wind on soil temperatures, and the relation of moisture
to soil temperatures.
The results of greenhouse fumigation with potassium cyanid are reported.
Fifteen fumigations were conducted in rose and carnation houses with 98 per
cent potassium cyanid, used at the rate of five-eighths of an ounce to 1,000 cu. ft.
of greenhouse si^ace. The temperatures inside the rose houses varied from 62
to 80° F., inside the carnation houses from 54 to 60° F., and the length of time
for each fumigation varied from 16 to 17 minutes. The result in the destruc-
tion of aphis in the rose houses were good in all cases but in some Instances
slight injury to the foliage resulted. Fumigations at the above noted strength
and duration failed to destroy many of the a])his in the carnation houses. Sub-
sequent experiments indicated that fumigations for the destruction of green
aphis are not likely to prove successful where the temperature of the gi'een-
house is 60° F. or below, and where the amount of cyanid used is at the rate
of three-fourths of an ounce to 1,000 cu. ft. of space unless the time of fumiga-
tion is prolonged to exceed 30 minutes, and even this may not bring success.
A peculiar form of Injury to carnations was observed after one fumigation.
This appeared in the form of a light ring or band upon the calyx. The injury
occurred upon small immature buds and also upon buds that were opening. It
was so slight, however, that it did not appear to affect the quality of the flower.
Observations upon a disease of carnations are noted on page 549.
In order to control red spider upon American Beauty roses, a spray, consist-
ing of a mixture of fish-oil soap and blackleaf 40, was used. This was used at
the rate of 130 gm. of fish-oil soap and 3 gal. of water to which was added 1
fluid ounce of blackleaf 40 to 300 fluid ounces of water. It was observed that
some of the foliage was burned by the application. Subsequent spraying with
the fish-oil soap alone caused the same injury, hence it is concluded that the
tobacco extract did not cause the damage.
In view of the considerable damage done by insects and diseases of the apple
in the State during the past season, an outline of the spraying treatment applied
to the college farm orchard is here given, including the special treatment for the
control of green aphis or plant lice upon apples.
[Report of botanical investigations], B. D. Halsted et al. {Xctv Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 537-588, i)ls. 12). — Inheritance studies of various crosses of
sweet, pop, and flint varieties of corn and of peppers (E. S. R., 30, p. 342)
were continued in 1913. Starchy and sweet grains from different corn crosses
were grown and data are given with reference to the transmission of such
characters as length of stalks, number and weight of ears, and color and
texture of the grains. Fs grains of Country Gentleman crossed, with Squaw were
selected from 10. 12, 14, and 16 rowed ears as well as from zigzag ears. There
was some evidence of inheritance of row character to the extent that the
greater the number of rows in the parent ear the greater the tendency to pro-
duce many-rowed and zigzag ears. The proportion of zigzag ears was greatest
when taken from a zigzag parent ear. The 12-rowed ear was dominant in all
of the plantings.
A test was also made of the viability and vigor of starchy and sweet grains
selected from the same set of ears. The results show that when the starchy
grains are heavier and larger but without any marked difference in specific
HORTICULTURE. 537
gravity, tlie viability of the starchy >;rains is very uuiforuily higher, as are
also the weights of the seedlings. Plantiugs were made at depths of 1. 2, and
3 in. The uiesocotyl for the starchy grains was shorter for the 1-in. plantings
and nearly the same for the 2 and 3 in. depths. The range of variation in
length of the mesocotyl was usually less with the starchy than with the sweet
grains.
In the work with pepi>ers some 14.000 plants were grown, a large proportion
of which were of the second generation. Tabular data are given for the fruit
of a large number of these crosses showing average weight, volume, length, and
breadth, as well as the range in length and breadth, the average number of
locules. and the range in number of locules. Data are also given showing the
averages of weights, lengths, and breadths of Fx and F- fruits and the rehition
of number of locules to size in Fa fruits. Observations on pendency and up-
rightness in pepper fruits suggest that the position of the fruits follows the
ordinary Mendelian segregation, with pendency dominant. With reference to
the inheritance of deciduousness of pepper fruits it appears that deciduousness
is dominant to persistency in Fi, the latter appearing again as a recessive in F-.
Observations on the inheritance of shape in the calyx for a number of crosses
indicate that there is no well-defined segregation in the form of the calyx.
Some general observations are given on pepper crosses with reference to
spotted leaved, sterile, and dull fruited plants, plants with peculiar maturing
colorations and with yellow foliage, and the best crosses commercially con-
sidered.
Report of progress, P.. H. A. Groth (Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 615-
621, pis. 5).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R.. 30, p. 343), about
4,500 plants of the third generation of tomato crosses were grown in 1913. All
of the lots had been selected from F- generation plants in order to shed further
light on the heredity of characters of size and shape. The results in detail are
to appear in a subsequent bulletin.
The work has not demonstrated thus far a strict Mendelian inheritance of
size or shape characters. It has been found that the size characters of the
fruits behave differently in the first generation from those of the leaves and
stems. In certain crosses the greater vigor of the Fi plants is lacking in all
of the F- plants, while in other crosses it is maintained even in the F3 plants.
The average fruit size of a F- generation agrees fairly well with the average of
the parent Fi generation, except in the crosses with long fruits. In one
"Pear" cross the vegetative parts of F2 plants averaged smaller than those of
Fi while the fruits averaged much larger.
A strong correlation has been found to exist between shape and the larger
number of locules in the fruit. In crosses of flat fruits with long ones there
was a correlation between absolute size and shape. Likewise the slaty foliage
color of "Peach" tomatoes and the dull surface of their fi'uit skins were
correlated with flabby interior of the fruit and invariably accompanied by a
poor filling of the locules, although this latter condition may exist independently
of the other characters.
In some crosses it was easy to reproduce the absolute size of the parent fruits
in F: and F3; in others the fruits of the lai'ger parent were not even approxi-
mated. Some of the Fs lots of " Ponderosa " crosses bred true to a very light-
green foliage color. One Fo block of " Peach-Pear " crosses bred true to a pear
shape of greater relative and absolute length than was found in either parent.
Other F3 blocks bred true to a factor for simultaneous ripening and cessation of
flowering after this riiTening period. Among the F3 lots of " Currant " crosses
some seemed to be heterozygous and some homozygous for an exceedingly tough
538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
skill. In the PonderosaX Dwarf Stoue crosses of bolli F- and Fs isolated plants
were found that surpassed any tomato known to be on the market in solidity of
the interior combined with absence of core and smooth round shape.
Further selections of many-celled and 2-celled fruits in the prairie berry
failed to show any connection between cell number in the parent and in the
progeny. The prairie berry has been crossed with another variety of the black
nightshade with the view of determining whether fn.sciated fruit could be iso-
lated by crossing in this manner. Several F2 plants of this cross have appeared
in which the fluctuation in cell number of the prairie berry I'eappears but not in
which fasciatod fruits are the rule. Certain dwarf plants were secured from
this cross, w^hereas no dwarf plants have thus far ajipeared in the breeding
work with prairie berries.
The sap circulation experiment outlined in the previous report (E. S. R., 30, p.
343) gave inconclusive results and is to be repeated under more favorable cir-
cumstances.
The study of the effect of various chemicals on plants was continue<l. The
tests involved the effects of equal amounts of XO3. SO3, PO4. and CI in the form
of similar sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium salts. Buckwheat was
used in one set of pots and buckwheat and sweet potato vine in another set. The
results thus far here briefly studied show that the untreated pots and tliose con-
taining chemicals soluble with difficulty matured first and kept ahead in growth.
Those receiving the smaller excesses of nitrogen and phosphate salts developed
much slower than the controls but began to branch out profusely later, and when
the controls were already fully matured and dead the nitrogen plants especially
became fully as large, more branched, and bloomed profusely. It is possible to
distinguish between the sjTnptoms of plants suffering from the lack of a salt
and those suffering from an excess, and between plants suffering from equal
doses of different salts, but thus far it has not been possible to tell whether a
plant suffered from a small excess of one salt or from a large excess of another.
A study of inheritance in garden plants, E. J. Owen (tiew Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 622-629, pi. i).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 30,
p. 343) character transmission in a number of bean crosses is discussed and the
average plant growth arid yield of fruit in eggplant and okra crosses is given.
Data are also given on limitation studies with beans and tomatoes, together
with a brief note on tomato novelties. The limitation studies continue to show
that the restriction of fruit bearing to one fruit in the parent plant leads to a
greater development of blossoms in the progeny.
[Variety tests at the Edgeley substation], O. A. Thompson and J. H.
Sheppeed (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgelcy Suhsta. 1912, pp. .^2-^) .—For
several years a number of varieties of apples, plums, cherries, gooseberries, cur-
rants, and strawberries have been tested with reference to their general adapta-
bility to soil and climatic conditions at the substation. The varieties under
observation are here classified with reference to their degree of hardiness.
Trials made with different classes of vegetables show that it is possible to grow
almost anything in the vegetable line at Edgeley.
Report of the horticulturist, C. C. Newman {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. 16-19). — A brief progress report on the woi'k of the horticultural division.
As a result of the apple breeding work started by the station some ten years
ago, more than 500 crosses have been made. Only a few of these trees have
fruited thus far and only two crosses have shown any exceptionally desirable
characteristics. One of these, Albemarle Pippin crossed on Golden Russet,
fruited the past season and appears to be of promise for. the Piedmont region of
the South because it ripens very late in the season and is a si^lendid keeper.
HORTICULTURE. 539
A descriptiou is given of a seedliug i)oar of the russet type which has fruited
at the station for the past two seasons and promises to be one of the most
valuable pears for the entire South.
The Chinese wood oil tree, which was received from llio V. S. Department
of Agriculture for testing puri)oses, fruited heavily during the past season and
gives promise of being adapted for successful growth at the station.
Experiments have been conducted during the past three years to determine
the best variety of Irish potato for a second crop. Of the varieties tested
Lookout Mountain has given the best results. The tubers of this variety sprout
very readily and an average stand of over 90 per cent can be secured, as com-
pared with 40 to 60 per cent for other varieties. The tubers keep perfectly from
November until planting time in July under ordinary storage.
A study of methods of proiiagating the scuppernong and other varieties of
Rotundifolia grapes indicates that the best time for making cuttings of the
Rotundifolia grapes is during the montlis of May. June, and July. Only about
15 per cent of dormant cuttings placed in the open ground during the fall will
root. The green wood cuttings appeared to root much more readily than cut-
tings taken later on in the season.
Horticultural experiments at the San Antonio field station, southern
Texas, S. H. Hastings and R. E. Blair (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 162 {1915), pp.
26, flos. 8). — This bulletin gives the results of experiments conducted for a
number of years (E. S. R., 32, p. 337) to determine the varieties of fruits best
adapted to conditions in the San Antonio region, and also to find out what
varieties or species may be used as stocks upon which desirable but less
resistant varieties may be grafted. Suggestions are also given on cultural
methods best adapted to the region.
The tests as a whole show that the climate is too sevei'e for such fruits as
oranges and olives and too mild for apples and cherries. Among the fruits
which are considered more or less promising for the region are varieties of
the South China race of peaches, a numl)er of the American and Japanese
plums, pears on the higher lands, figs, persimmons, pomegranates, jujubes, and
dewberries. Cultivated varieties of grapes related to the native grapes may
be grown but are not valuable as table grapes. The Rusk variety of citrange
was hardy and made good growth.
Of the nuts tested, the native pecan does well as a lowland tree but has
given poor results even under irrigation on the uplands. The Persian walnut
makes good growth when worked on either Juglnii.s rupestrli or J. nigra.
Almonds flowered so early as to be injured by frost. Pistache trees were
found to be quite susceptible to root rot. Canada peas have proved to be the
most satisfactory green manure crop.
Division of horticulture.^ — Summary of results, 1913, W. T. Macoun et al.
(Canada Expt. Farms Bid. 77 {I'JlJf), pp. 68). — This comprises a summary of
results securetl in 1913 in the breeding and cultural experiments with fruits,
vegetables, forest and ornamental trees, and herbaceous i)lants conducted at
the Central Farm, Ottawa, and at the various branch experimental farms
and stations in Canada. The details of the work are to appear as usual in the
annual report at a later date.
As result of long continued variety tests at Ottawa a list of the varieties
of fruits is here given that are considered best for eastern and central Ontario
and a considerable portion of the Province of Quebec, together with a list of
the 25 best seedling apples originated at the farm. Since 1903 some 1,214 new
varieties have been fruited.
87235°— 15 1
540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tent caterpillars were successfully controlle<l iu tbe orchard by using
arsenate of lead with lime-sulphur and with Bordeaux. In cases where masses
of caterpillars were found on ornamentals and on individual trees a dust
composed of pyrethrum and 4 parts of cheap flour as well as an emulsion made
up of 8 oz. of flour and 1 qt. kerosene to 2 gal. of water were found to kill the
caterpillars quickly by contact.
The work at the branch stations and farms consisted largely of variety
tests. At the Kentville substation, Nova Scotia, W. S. Blair in charge, tests
were made of Bordeaux v. lime-sulphur in controlling apple scab. Lime-sul-
phur was practically as effective as Bordeaux in controlling the scab and
caused much less russeting of the fruit than Bordeaux. The 3:3:40 Bor-
deaux apr)earod to russet the fruit as much as the 4 : 4 : 40. Arsenate of lead
used alone showed no fungicidal value.
Plant introduction and acclimatization, J. J. Thornbke {Arizona Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 255, 256). — A brief statement of proposed work with native walnuts,
elderberries, and currants, together with a list of native hardy ornamentals
growing at the station grounds.
[Bean breeding' investigations], G. F. 'Freeman and J. C. T. Uphof (Arizona
Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 261-263). — The work with beans has been confined to the
selective breeding of the white tepary and to certain studies of inheritance
among hybrids and pure races of both beans and teparies. Continued efforts to
cross the bean upon the tepary and also the tepary and the Lima bean have re-
sulted negatively. A few pods of the tepaiy-Lima cross were set but all failed
to mature seed.
A small plat sown broadcast to tepary beans, at the rate of 60 lbs. per acre,
gave an estimated yield of about 3^ tons of air-dry hay per acre.
In the tepary breeding plat, 105 plant rows were grown, each row being from
the seed of a single plant selection of the previous year. A marked contrast
was observed between different rows as to the relative proportion of vine and
seed, time of maturity, habit of growth, and productivity. The average for all
races was 35 per cent of dry cleaned seed.
Phosphate for spinach, T. C. Johnson (Virginia Truck Sta. Bid. 11 {191J^),
pp. 269-276). — ^A previous bulletin gave in detail the plan of a combined fer-
tilizer, soil management, and cropping system experiment with truck crops
started by the station in 1908. The effect of various treatments, as measured
by a crop of kale grown during the season of 1912-13, was also shown (E. S.
R., 30, p. 532). In the present bulletin tbe author presents data for the 1913-14
kale crop and also shows the effect of various treatments as measured by crops
of spinach during the season 1913-14. Although no conclusions are drawn from
the work, thus far the results indicate that spinach requires a considerably
larger quantity of phosphoric acid than is contained in the ordinary fertilizers
used.
An apple orchard survey of Mills County, L. Greene {loiim Sta. Bui. 153
(191Jf), pp. 252-316, figs. 35). — This bulletin gives the results of a survey con-
ducted in 1911-12 relative to the conditions and methods of management of
the apple orchards in Mills County, Iowa. With results of this survey as a
basis, suggestions are given relative to the renovation and care of apple
orchards.
The orchard area in Mills County is about 3.000 acres, and the average age
of the trees 19 years. The avei'age planting distance was found to be 22 by
22 ft Although no data were secured with reference to the effect of planting
distance on yield, observations on the general conditions of the orchards indi-
cate that the trees were planted too close for the best results. Eighty-two per
FORESTRY. 541
cent of the orchards were in sod, 8 per cent in sod mulch ; 12.6 per cent was
manured; and 11 per cent was partially tilled. The orchards return an average
annual net profit per acre as follows: Sod, $86.50; sod and manure, $140.83;
sod mulch and partial tillage. $115. Orchards which were pruned annually
yielded a much greater net profit than those pruned less frequently or not at
all. The practice of spraying was not general in the county but the net re-
turns from the orchards Avhich were sprayed were greater than those from
unsprayed orchards.
The most important diseases found were apple blight, blister canker, and
apple blotch, and the more important insects were the codling moth and the
apple and plum curculios.
Harvesting costs averaged for piclcing. 6 cts. per bushel; packing, 16 to 25
cts. per barrel ; and hauling 2.2 cts. per barrel per mile. Of the orchards visited
76.5 per cent were operated by owners and 23.5 per cent by tenants. The aver-
age size of the farm was 102 acres and of the orchard 17 acres. Seventy per
cent of the orchard men were of the opinion that the orchard was more profit-
able than other farm crops.
Experiments with fertilizers on cranberries, J. H. Voorhees {tiew Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 384-3S8). — Outlines are given of some cooperative fertilizer
experiments which have been started on a number of cranberry bogs in New
Jersey. The work thus far outlined includes the application of single elements
derived from different sources as well as a number of complete mixtures.
Strawberry growing, C. T. Ames (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 165 (1914), pp. 21-23,
fig. 1). — Data are given on costs, yields, and returns from a five-acre strawberry
field for the years 1908 to 1913, inclusive, together with brief notes on the
culture of strawberries in the latitude of the Holly Springs substation.
During the first four years a net average of $84.85 per acre was secured from
the 5-acre field. The net returns for the last two seasons was $30.63, or an
average of $66.80 per acre for the six years.
Citrus orchard heating-, A. M. McOmie (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, p. 250). — ^A
brief statement of results secured in protecting citrus groves from frost
injury.
The data collected at the station farm, where one coal pot to every tree
was used during the cold periods of December 22 and 23, 1912, and January
5. 6, and 7. 1913, indicate that when temperatures lower than 23° F. are reached
little benefit results from their use. At the same time two vigorous yearling
Mediterranean Sweet trees were only slightly injured when exposed to a
temperature of 11° F. on January 7, 1913, while an adjacent weak ti-ee of
the same variety was killed to the ground. This test suggests that it may
be possible to develop the citrus industry in Salt River Valley by a careful
selection of hardy varieties and the maintenance of high individual tree vigor.
The planting- and care of shade trees, F. E. Buck (Canada Expt. Farms Bui.
19, 2. ser.. (191 Jf), pp. 24, figs. 7). — ^This bulletin contains practical directions
and advice in the selection of shade trees, their planting, transplanting, and
subsequent treatment and care, with notes on the principal injuries and un-
favorable conditions to which shade trees are subjected, especially in towns
and cities. Lists of varieties suitable for street and home planting in Canada
are also given.
FORESTRY.
Forest planting in the eastern United States, C. R. Tili.otson ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. But. 153 (1915), pp. 38, pis. 7, fig. 1).—K treatise on the establishment of
forest plantations in the eastern United States, discussing the propagation of
nursery stock, methods of planting, including costs and merits of the different
542 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
methods, time of plantinj?. preparation of the soil, spacing, cultivation, thin-
ning, pruning, choice of species for mixed plantations, protection, yields, and
returns. Each species recommended for planting is considered with reference
to its silvicultural requirements, soil adaptation, planting distances, planting
method, products, and age of maturity, with reference to the prairie, central
Imrdwood, and northeast regions. Introductory considerations deal with the
opportunities for forest planting and the present status of forest planting in
the eastern United States. Data on the prices of nursery stoclt, officers in
charge of forestry in various States, together with literature dealing with plant-
ing are .'ipiiendod.
Forest, shade, and ornamental trees, O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd
(North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Edgelcy Suhsta. 1912, pp. f/.'i-50). — Notes are given
on the behavior of a number of trees and shrubs which have been tested at
the substation with reference to their value for shelter belts, windbreaks,
hedges, and ornamentals.
The Araucaria woods of Chile, R. E. Baquedano (Bol. Basques, Pesca i
Caza, 2 {19U), No. 10, pp. 509-524. fig»- ^0).— This embraces the results of a
survey of the Araucaria forests of Chile with reference to their extent and dis-
tribution, habitat, amount of standing timber, natural products, possibilities
of exploitation, etc.
The eastern hemlock, E. H. Frothingham (U. S. Dept. A(jr. Bui. 152 {1915),
pp. JfS, pis. 5, figs. 3). — This bulletin discusses the eastern bemlocli with refer-
ence to its geographical and commercial range; amount and value of stand-
ing timber ; utilization ; structure and development of the tree ; associated
species; effect of light, soil, and moisture on the composition of the stand;
reproduction; rate of growth; susceptibility to injury; and the status of hem-
lock in forest management. A number of volume tables, applicable chiefly to
average trees in the Lake States and Southern Appalachian region, are
appended.
The author concludes, in brief, that hemlock grows too slowly and is of too
little commercial value to be recommended for planting or for encouragement
among natural second growth as a timber tree. The management of hemlock
will ultimately be restricted to lands useless not only for agriculture but also
for growing many kinds of commercial timber. It is desirable as a decorative
tree for parks, and its heavy foliage and shade endurance give it exceptional
value for the protection of stream sources. By virtue of its tolerance of shade
hemlock adapts itself for gi-owth as a subordinate stand among other kinds
of timber. In such cases it materially increases the yield per acre and at the
same time protects and enriches the forest soil, thereby tending to accelerate
the growth of the other species.
The life history of lodg'epole pine in the Rocky Mountains, D. T. Mason
{TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 154 U915), pp. 35, pis. 5. fig. i).— In this bulletin the
author discusses the lodgepole pine with reference to its geographical distribu-
tion and altitudinal range; size, age, and haliit; climatic, soil, moisture, and
light requirements; reproduction; growth; causes of injury; associated species;
permanency of lodgepole type : ground cover ; age classes ; and yield.
[Relative success of timber-producing' species at the Avondale Forestry
Station] {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 57 {1915), No. 1J,6S. p. 77).— A summary of
results secured during the first five years in gi'owing various conifers and
broad-leaved species at the station. The trees are arranged in order of their
rate of growth and with reference to their hardiness.
Report on supplies of home-grown pit wood in England and Wales, T. H.
MiDDLETON {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Supplies Ilomc-Grou-n Pit
Wood, England and Wales, 1914, pp. 13). — This report embraces the results of
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643
a survey which was made with a view to securing a home supply of mine
proi)s and other mining timher to talie the place of that imiwrted previous
to the present war.
The hardness of ■woods, G. Janka {Mitt. Forstl. Vcrsuchsw. Osterr., No.
39 (1915), pp. VII-{-117, pU. 4)- — I" continuation of previous investigations
(E. S. II., 20, p. 754) the author conducted hardness tests of some 2SG kinds
of coniferous and deciduous woods. Determinations were also made of the
.specific gravity, comi)ressive strength, and shriulcage of the woods. The results
are here presented in detail and discussed at length. The investigation was
conducted primarily with a view to formulating a numerical classification of
the hardness property of different kinds of native and foreign woods occurring
in the Vienna trade.
Investigations on the accuracy of volume computations of stems by using
the average diameter and length, M. Kunze (Mitt. K. Sachs. Forstl. Ver-
suchsaiist. TJiannidt, 1 (1912), No. 1, pp. 5.J). — The author here presents a study
of volume and length measurements for various kinds and classes of trees in
Germany.
The general conclusion is reached that the form factor of unbarked stems
decreases regularly with an increasing average diameter and increases regu-
larly with an increasing stem length. This relation was most marked with
pine trees. The influence of diameter and length on the form factor is some-
what less when the bark is removed, but the variation of the form factor due
to the absence of bark in the individual species Is so small as to be negligible.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, H. W. Barre (South Carolina
Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 20-25). — ^The author reports additional investigations on the
anthra<'nose of cotton, studies of which have been in progress for a number of
years. In undertaking to control this disease the hot-water treatment has been
investigated, and there was found to be a difference of about 20° C. between the
thermal death point of the fungus in culture and the temperature at which the
seed is killed. Following up this information it was found that cotton seed
would stand a treatment of 75° C. in water for 10 minutes without injury.
Plants that have been grown to maturity from treated seed have shown no
presence of disease. In cooperation with the North Carolina and some other
experiment stations variety tests of cotton for resistance to anthracnose are
being carried on, but the author states that while thei'e is consideral)le variation
in the amount of disease on different varieties there has thus far been found
no indication of very marketl resistance.
Notes are given of studies that have been begun on bacterial diseases of cotton
and on some physiological disturbances of tlie cotton plant.
Under the author's direction a plant disease survey of the State is being
made, and one of the important discoveries of the past season was the occur-
rence of Phiisodcnna zcir-mniHlis on corn. Some cooperative work is briefly
reported on the wilt of cotton and cowpeas. which is carried on with this De-
partment and with planters throughout the State.
Notes of some plant diseases of 1913, W. P. Fraser (Ami. Rpt. Quebec Soc.
Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-14), pp. 45-50, figs. 3).— The following diseases
were noted on the farm of Macdonald College in 1913 :
Downy mildew of alfalfa (Pcronospora trifoliorum) was held in check, prob-
ably by the very dry summer of 1913. No effective control measures have been
found. Koot and stem rot (Selcrotinia trifoliorum) was not as i)revalent as in
1912 on fleld alfalfa, but clover grown uu exiierimeutul plats suffered severely.
544 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
Eotutiou of crops for several years is recommended. This fungus, it is thought,
may not be distinct from S. libcrtiana, which attaclis vegetables, particularly
in storage, and was common in 1912.
European apple tree canker (Nectria galUgena) was found in an orchard of
the college. This is supiiosedly the first report of this fungus on apples in
Quebec, though it is thought to be common in the province.
Pea blight (Ascochyta pisi) was noted, but was not troublesome in 1913.
fieptoria pisi was common in some plats. These blights are kept under control
by seed selection and rotation.
Millet smut (Ustilago panici-miUacei) was very serious on Panicum tmli-
ueeimi. Fornialin treatment of the seed controls the disease.
Stripe disease of barley (Helminthosporium yrnmineum) , while severe on
oats and on Mansury barley, did not attack other barleys. Formalin treatment
gave good results.
Tip burn of potato w'as severe, being favored by the dry weather, decreasing
the vitality of the plants. Conservation of moisture and control of insects and
fungi by spraying held the disease in check. Tomato blossom end rot was
prevalent, owing also to dry weather.
Raspberry cane blight {Coniothynitm fuckelii) was also prominent during the
dry summer weather. No effective measures of control are known, but cutting
out and burning diseased canes and cutting old canes as soon as the berries are
picked helps to check the spread of the disease.
[Plant diseases in Eng'land], R. H. Biffen (Jour. Roy. Agr. Sac. England,
74 (1913), pp. 374-376).— This is a part of the report of the botanist for 1913
and deals very briefly with cases reported or sent in of diseases affecting cul-
tivated plants.
Bacillus amylobacter seemed to attack potato tubers already infected by
Phytophthora infestans. One case of black stalk rot, due to B. melanogenes, is
noted. It is thought that the disease may be plante<^l with the seed tubers. A
case suspected to be Spongospora scabies was thought to be due to gritty soil
constituents (as coal ashes), or to the excessive use of kainit. Uromyces betw
and Peronospora schachtii are reiwrted on mangolds, also mildew and club
root of swedes. Clover sickness is reported as prevalent, and the use of clovers
in rotation not oftener than once in six years is recommended. Bunt of wheat,
though reported as being spread by traveling thrashing machines, is easily con-
trolled by the copper sulphate or the hot water treatment.
The fruit diseases reported are peach curl, apple canker, leaf scorch, silver
leaf, and strawberry spot. Podosphwra Icucotricha, the cause of apple mildew,
was found to be in itself parasitized by a species of Cicinnobolus.
Outbreaks of white rust (Cystojms candidus) on white mustard and of celery
spot (Septoria petroselini apii) were reported too late for effective control.
Other diseases, as larch canker, mildew on peas, asters, etc.. and a spot dis-
ease on tobacco were dealt with.
The downy mildews, E. M. Du Porte (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants
[etc.], 6 (1913-14). pp. 33-38, figs. 3).— This is a brief discussion of some
Peronosporacefe affecting economic plants, with a key to the genera.
The chemical composition of Bordeaux mixture and its soluble copper
content, V. Vebmorel and E. Dantony (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159
(1914), No. 3, pp. 266-268). — Reporting a study of the conditions leading to the
formation of different comi>ounds in Bordeaux mixture and of the question
as to whether the alkaline mixture is free from soluble copper, the author
states that when concentrated milk of lime is poured vei*y rapidly into a dilute
solution of copper sulphate the visible result is the blue color of stable copper
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545
hydrates, but that when the lime watei* is poureil very slowly the green color
of basic copper sulphate is seen. The alkaline mixture in process of applica-
tion is said to contain abundance of dissolvofi copper for fungicidal purposes.
Further observations on the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixture, B. T.
P. Barkkb aud C. T. Gimingham (Ahs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1913, p.
767). — This gives briefly the substance of a contribution already noted from
another source (E. S. R., 32. p. 243).
The physiological effect of the absorbed copper on the treated plant is also
under investigation.
Seed treatment to prevent diseases in field crops, O. A. Thompson and J. H.
Shepperd (North Dakota Stu., Rpt. Edgclcy Substa., 1905, pp. 19, 20).— Direc-
tions are given for the treatment of cereals, flax, and r>otatoes with formalde-
hyde solution for the prevention of the various diseases.
Foot disease of cereals, Schkibaux (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 74 (1914),
No. 4y PP- -'fi'^--'i-^3). — ^Tests were made in 1913 with a number of wheat varieties,
also some hybrids thereof, both in test plats and in the open field, as regards
susceptibility to foot or stalk disease. One of -these A-arieties, Poulard d'Aus-
tralie. seemed almost entirely resistant, this variety being later than native
wheats and showing a less rank vegetative growth in early spring. In general,
plats from seed of a given variety sown experimentally in both fall and spring
showed fewer affected plants from the spring sowing. It is claimed that
moderate vegetative growth and free access of sunlight are unfavorable to
development of foot disease of cereals.
A cabbag'e disease, W. B. Grove (Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc, 40 (1914), No. 1, pp.
76, 77, fig. i).— The author gives a brief description and the life history of a
cabbage disease prevalent in the Isle of Wight, Cornwall, and elsewhere during
the past winter.
The perfect stage, known as Mycosphwrclla brassicicola, is said to be some-
what rarely found in that section, but the pycnidial stage occurs more com-
monly and abundantly and does considerable damage. This stage is said to have
been described formerly as Asteroma brassicw, but the author claims it should
be classed as a Phyllosticta and he describes this form under the name
P. brassicicola n. comb.
The only view given regarding remedial treatment is that such measures
would probably prove to be of more expense than benefit in this case.
A note on celery leaf spot disease, F. J. Chittenden (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1
(1914), ^0. 2, pp. 204-206). — The author states that he has been able to demon-
strate the infection of seedlings from seeds diseased by adhering spores of
Septoria petroselini apii which may be found, it is said, on about 90 per cent
of the celery seed offered for sale. The fungus also attacks celeriac. The
disease appears to spread more slowly during the seedling stage than later in
the season.
Bordeaux mixture is said to afford satisfactory protection.
Diseases of peas (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), ^'O. 5, pp. 418-423. pi.
1). — Powdery mildew of peas (Erysiphe polygoni), said to attack also many
weeds, is controlled by early spraying with liver of sulphur, 1 oz. to 4 gal.
of water. Mildew (Peronospora victor), attacking many cultivated and wild
legumes, requires employment of rotation, with Bordeaux mixture where out-
breaks occur. Rust (Uromyces fabw), which also attacks many members of
this family, is most satisfactorily controlled by the destruction of the teleu-
tospores, preferably by burning the vines. Black root rot (Thielavia basicola),
said to be almost omnivorous and described as attacking young jjoa soe<llings,
lives saprophytically in humus soils. Formalin of about 1 per cent strength
546 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
applied at the rate of 1 gal. per square foot, is said to destroy the fungus if
the soil is covered with coarse sacking for a few days, after which the fumes
must be perruittetl to escape before planting the seels. Pea spot (Ascochyta
pisi) attacks also wild legumes. It is stated that this fungus may be con-
trolled with Bordeaux mixture if applied on Its first appearance.
Leaf spot and some fruit rots of peanut, F. A. Wolf (Alabama Col. 8ta.
Bui. 180 {IDUt), pp. 127-150, pis. 5). — The author descril)es three fungus dis-
eases of ])eanuts occurring in Alabama. These are leaf spot, due to Cercospora
pernonata. a red rot of th^ peanuts causetl by ticocofimoHpora vasinfecta, and
{i sclerotial rot due to Sclerotium rolfsii.
The most prominent symptom of the leaf spot disease is said to be the
presence of chestnut brown areas on the leaves, petioles, and stems, which may
result in considerable defoliation, impairing the hay crop and indirectly
reducing the yield of peanuts. Crop rotation and seed disinfection are recom-
mended as preventive measures, spraying being considered impracticable. On
account of the fact that the fungus has been found to hibernate on diseased
leaves lying in the field, attention is called to the necessity of their destruction.
The fungus causing the red rot is not considered parasitic, and it occurs on
peanuts only as a saprophyte. Digging the crop when mature without delay.
It is thought, would reduce the amount of injury sometimes done.
The sclerotial rot is due to a parasite, both the shell and the kernel being
destroyed. In addition to peanuts the fungus causing this disease is known to
occur on a large number of host plants and as a consequence no remedial meas-
ures such as rotation can be recommended for its control.
A bibliography is appended.
Potato diseases, A. S. Horne (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1914), Xo. 2, pp. 183-203,
figs. 8). — This is a brief examination and discussion of several contributions
from various authors regarding diseases of potato, including ChryKophliictis
cndohioUca, Phytophthora infestans, sprain, Fusariuin solani, curl, Spongospora
solani, and other diseases.
Potato scab, B. F. Lutman and G. C. Cunningham (Vermont Sta. Bui. 184
(1914), PP- ^^h pis. 12, figs. 7). — In a previous publication attention was called
to the pathology of the potato scab (E. S. R., 30, p. 539). In the present
bulletin a detailed account is given of the investigations, from which it is con-
cluded that the stimulation of cork products is due to the growth of an organ-
ism, resulting in the formation of chemical substances which are absorbed
and which cause the cork cells to increase in size and number. According to
the authors the organism which has hitherto been referred to as Oospora
scabies should be designated as Actinomyces chromogcuus.
This organism is widely spread, occurring in practically all soils, but is
most numerous in those which are rich in humus. The parasitism of the
organism is facultative and may be induced by an alkaline condition of the
soil, the presence of moisture, and an abundance of organic matter of the soil.
It is believed that some strains of the organism may have developed this char-
acter to a greater extent than others, but the authors were iniable to recognize
any morphological or cultural characters which would distinguish them. The
organism is considered to be spread more probably through manure and humus
than through scabby potatoes, though the latter should be avoided or thoroughly
disinfected.
A weak acidity of the soil instead of a neutral or slightly alkaline condition
id consideretl the most hopeful attack in combating this organism. The use
of flowers of sulphur is said to be helpful in diminishing the amount of scab,
but may prove harmful to other crops if applied in too large quantities. No
DISEASES or PLANTS. 547
varieties of potatoes liave been found tli;i( are wliolly resistant to this disease,
altliougli some differences have been observed. Tlie cause of variation is not
known.
A bibliofiraphy Is included.
Report of the plant pathologist, M. T. Cook {Acw Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 793-817, /j/s-. 7). — The author reports the discovery of the silver scurf
{Spondylocladium airovireus) of potatoes in the State. Notes are also given
of other investigations, and the most common diseases observed during the year
are reported according to host plants.
The report concludes with an account of potato field tests carried on under
the suix>rvision of G. W. Martin to determine whether finely pulverized sulphur
and powdered arsenate of lead can be dependtxl upon to protect the potato foli-
age from insect injury and fungus disease. Four powdered preparations were
used and comparisons made with Bordeaux mixture, Paris green, Pyrox, and
two other commercial preparations. It is concluded from the tests made that
a mixture of pulverized sulphur and arsenate of lead is practicable and effi-
cient in controlling the Colorado beetle. The most striking results obtained
showed the economy of Bordeaux mixture and also the .short time i-equired to
apply powders. Under the conditions of the experiment the cheapest and most
efficient preparation used was a dust mixture composed of three parts of sul-
phur and one part of arsenate of lead.
Storag'e rots of potatoes and other veg'etables, W. P. Fraser (Ann. Rpt.
Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-lJt), pp. 50, 51). — Brief descriptions
are given of black and blue mold rots, late blight rot, dry rot, and soft rot of
potatoes. Control measures include crop rotation, careful harvesting in dry
weather, and storage in clean, moderately dry cellars at not above 40° F.
The biolog'y of the apple canker fungus, S. P. Wiltshire {Abs. in Rpt.
Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1913, p. 714)- — Nectria ditissima is said to be a genuine
wound parasite, succeeding only in case of injury deep enough for the fungus
to reach the wood before it is shut off by the formation of a layer of phellogen.
The fungus traverses the intercellular spaces of the cortex, breaks through the
cell walls of phloem and cambium, and traverses the woody elements via
the pits in the walls, the medullary i-ays offering no special means of access to
the interior.
The host reacts by the formation of i»hellogen, of abnormal wood cells resem-
bling those of the medullary rays, and of wound gum in the wood vessels. The
mycelium normally does not spread greatly. Inoculation usually occurs by
means of injuries due to frost or aphids. Relatively immune varieties of apple
may be infected through injuries under suitable conditions, the determining
factors being mostly physiological.
Observations on the life history of the American gooseberry mildew, E. S.
Salmon (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {191Jf), No. 2. pp. 177-182). — The author, referring
to his previous article (E. S. R., 31, p. 545), gives results of a further examina-
tion of material, concluding that some of the perithecia of the American goose-
berry mildew (SplKerotheca mors-uvce) which are produced in England either
do not reach maturity or do not survive the winter. It is claimed that no case
of primary infection by ascospores from overwintered material still present on
the shoot has been established. It is thought that ascosiK)res from mature
perithecia lodged in bark crevices, bud scales, etc., may possibly be the ones
which become the source of the early infection noted.
The control of American gooseberry mildew, G. C. Gough (Gard. Chron., 3.
ser.. 56 (1914), Nos. 1J,5J,, pp. 303, 30 J, ; lJf55, p. 3i9).— Giving the advantages
and disadvantages of various methods of dealing with American gooseberry mil-
548 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
dew as shown by experience in many tj-jncal cases and in representative parts
of England for some years past, the author states that the order of the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries requiring the destruction of all diseased bushes has
been withdrawn, although destruttion is still recommended w^here bushes are
old and badly diseased. Owing to the habits of the fungus as described, spray-
ing has proved impracticable in a large number of cases, and it is thought to
be of value only in cases where the disease has api>eared recently and is noted
in time (soil infection being slight or absent), or where the object is to keep
the fruit free from disease for marketing. No definite or uniform success has
attended soil treatment. The value of pruning If done early and properly is
said to be decided, but to have its own disadvantages, which are outlined, chief
among these being its usually late or imperfect accomplishment.
Banana disease on the Clarence Biver {Agr. Gaz. 'N. 8. IFrt/es, 25 (1914),
No. 9, pp. 809, 810). — For the past two or three years a new disease has been
noted among bananas on the Clarence River. It is known locally as pear top,
bunch top, blight, or rust. Investigation has not shown it to be caused by
bacteria or fungi and it is thought to be of physiological origin. Soil exhaustion
is suggested by the facts that it appears only on old plantations and that sugar
cane on such soils shows a similar habit.
Remedies suggested are thinning, rotation, and fertilizing according to for-
mulas given.
Cacao canker and its control in Java, C. J. J. van Hall (JJcded. Proefstat.
Midden-Java, No. 6 {1912), pp. 11). — The author, referring to the claim of
Rorer (E. S. R., 27. p. 750), confirmed by Rutgers (E. S. R., 29, p. 248), that
PhytophtKora fateri is the cause of both cacao canker and black or brown pod
rot of cacao, notes the facts that in artificial cultures P. faberi is quickly over-
grown by Fiisarium colorans associated therewith, and may disappear from the
margins, easily giving the impression that F. colorans is the primary cause of
the trouble, which is really due to P. fabcrl.
Control measures recommended include the removal of all cankered fruits
or of spots on the tree, the production of unfavorable life conditions for the
parasite (as by better control of shading, involving attention to both the cacao
trees and others growing therewith), and the prevention of infection or or
spread in case of incipient attack, as by the use of such fungicides as Bordeaux
mixture.
Notice relating to citrus canker, E. S. Tucker (Louisiana Stas. Crop Pest
Notice 1 {191Jt), pp. 2). — Attention is called to the occurrence of the citrus
canker in Louisiana and a plea is made for the prompt cooperation of citrus
growers to secure its eradication.
CofEee leaf disease, W. Smai,l {Uganda Dcpt. Agr. Circ. 1 {1914). pp. 8).—
This disease (due to Hemileia vastatrix) is said to to be endemic in Uganda,
having been present on practically every tree of native coffee for many years,
but to have been only recently recognized definitely as to species and impor-
tance. It is said to be known now in all coffee-growing countries of the Old
AVorld. In 1913 losses on areas of recent planting amounted to 30 per cent in
many instances, but on some of these areas the trees afterwards showed new
shoots and foliage and some promise of good crops.
Such preventive measures are recommended as give access of sunlight and
wind. These include planting iti dry localities with wide spacing, the plats so
arranged that the prevailing winds may sweep them crosswise rather than
lengthwise. Destruction of all fallen and visibly diseased leaves is considered
important. Careful selection of material for planting, appropriate manuring,
supervision of native trees, etc., are measures relied uixm to reduce the amount
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 549
of the disease, whicli is expected to appear sooner or later on every estate of
cnltivated coffee in Uganda.
Diseases and pests of Hevea in the Federated Malay States, A. A. Lu
Rutgers (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies'^, Meded. Afdeel.
Plantcnzivkicn, Xo. Jf (1913), pp. 8-16). — Tliis is mainly a discnssion of ITevea
as affected by canker in relation to weather, particularly rainfall ; spacing In
planting, also interplanting with other growths; pruning; and employment of
water in connection with tapping operations.
Fomcs scntitostits, the cause of a root mold, is also briefly discussed.
Observations upon a disease of carnations, M. A. Blake (New Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 168-170, fig. 1). — The author reports having noted at different
times a disease of carnations in which there was a red spotting of tlie leaves of
red varieties and of some dark pink varieties. The light pink, white, or yellow
varieties may be affected by the spots, but less commonly and tlie spots are more
translucent. The injured leaves on all varieties gradually turn brown, giving
the plants a sickly and dying appearance.
Various theories have been advanced as to the cause of this trouble. The
author states that experiments have shown that considerable injury often fol-
lows the setting of carnation plants in soil that does not dry freely. Excess of
moisture does not appear to be one of the important factors in the matter, but
it seems to be a soil condition. It is thought that if proi^r cultural conditions
are maintained the amount of injury may be I'educed. Cuttings from diseased
plants have been propagated without showing any sign of the disease.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Animal communities in temperate America as illustrated in the Chicago
region. — A study in animal ecology, V. E. Shelford (Geogr. Soc. Chicago Bui.
5 (1913), pp. XIII-\-362, pi. 1, figs. 315). — The author defines ecology at present
as " that branch of general physiology which deals with the organism as a
whole, with its general life proceses, as distinguished from the more special
physiology of organs, and which also considers the organism with particular
reference to its usual environment."
The several, chapters of this work deal with the subject under the headings
of man and animals; the animal organism and its environmental relations; the
animal environment, its general nature and its character in the area of study ;
conditions of existence of aquatic animals; animal communities of large lakes
(Lake Michigan), streams, small lakes, and ponds; conditions of existence of
land animals; animal communities of the tension lines between land and water,
of swamp and flood plain forests, of dry and mesophytic forests, and of thickets
and forest margins; and prairie animal communities.
A bibliography of 214 titles and author and subject indexes are included.
Preliminary report on the mammals of North Dakota, V. Bailey, W. B.
Bell, and M. A. Brannon (North Dakota Sta. Circ. 3 (1914), PP- 20).— Follow-
ing a brief discussion of life and crop zones, habits of animals, and prepara-
tion and care of si)ecimens, the authors present brief accounts of some SO sjiecies
of mammals known to occur in North Dakota.
Studies in the comparative size of the red blood corpuscles of birds, Chi
TSAU Wang (Jour. Ent. and ZooL, 6 (191.'/), No. Jf. p. 22i).— Studies of the
erythrocytes of 17 species are reported upon.
Entomology, A. W. Morrill (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 270. 277).— Par-
ticular attention is said to have been given the harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex
harbata) and the alfalfa seed chalcis fly (Bruchophagus funebris). Through
550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tlie use of sheet-iron covers inclosing circular areas 4 and 10 ft. in (liameter,
respectively, it was found that a maximum dose of 2 oz. of carbon bisulphid,
costing approximately 1 ct, completely eradicated the ant colony when the
ground was still quite wet following irrigation. With soil insufficiently moist
the results were not dependable even with much larger doses. The author con-
siders it practicable for an individual possessing an outfit of ten or more such
covers to take contract work on a large scale.
In Arizona, the alfalfa seed chalcis fly, also known as the clover seed chalcis
fly. is one of the most destructive pests, not only on account of direct injury, but
through its keeping many alfalfa growers, who would otherwise be interested,
from attempting to make a seed crop. A trap crop experiment was carried on
during the year, in which a border of some 40 ft. all around a 10-acre field was
left uncut at the time of the second regular hay cutting on May 5. when the
remainder of the field was cut and the hay stacked . This border was allowed
to bloom and set seed which attracted the seed flies in the vicinity, it being the
only alfalfa having seed available for the ovipositiou of the eggs. This border
crop was cut and the hay removed from the field before the insects had sufficient
time to reach maturity. While it is believed that the bordering trap crop actu-
ally afforded considerable protection, the practical results appeared to be mostly
negative since the crop from the field averaged 210 lbs. per acre, which was not
more than would be expected under ordinary conditions. It is pointed out, how-
ever, that the experiment was conducted under unfavorable conditions since a
nearby grain field infested with bur clover produced myriads of the seed flies
of the first brood which spread over the surrounding fields.
Report of the entomolog'ist, T. J. Headlee (Xetv Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp.
633-7S9, pis. If, figs. 3). — The insects of the year briefiy noted, information relat-
ing to which is largely based on correspondence, include various species of plant
lice, scale insects, the false apple red bug (Lygidea mendax), rhododendron lace
bug (Leptobyrsa explanata), flea-beetle {Epitrix cucumeris), which proved to
be the worst insect enemy of the potato during the year, fruit bark beetle
(Scolytus rngulosus), which attracted attention by its work on peach, hickory
bai'k beetle (S. quadrispinosus), etc. In.sects mentioned as of special interest,
either because new to Xew Jersey records or because of the danger of their
introduction, include an undetermined buprestid borer on Rosa nigosa nursery
stock, a pine scolytid {Myelophilus piniperda), which bores out the tips of the
central shoots of Scotch firs, a sawfly (KaUosysphinga doJirnii) new to New
Jersey found doing considerable damage to alders in the nursery, etc.
In order to determine the relative value of a dusting mixture as compared
with the normal liquid treatment, a series of orchard and potato tests were
made. The dust was composed of 20 per cent powdered " Electro " arsenate of
lead and SO per cent very finely divided sulphur. Eleven and one-fourth lbs. of
paste, consisting of the same finely divided sulphur with about 50 per cent water,
and If lbs. of the powdered lead arsenate were used to each 50 gal. of water.
Application of the dust treatment to peaches at Glassboro is given credit for
exerting a better control of the plum curculio than the paste or self-boiled
lime-sulphur, and consequently for holding a much larger percentage of the
total set on the entire tree. The results of similar peach tests at Vineland
indicated "(1) that either dust or paste applied with sufficient frequency will
give reasonable control of plum curculio and scab fungus, (2) that when dust
or paste are applied no more frequently than self-boiled lime-sulphur arsenate
of lead they are not so efi'ective as the standard wash (3) that the paste sul-
phur and lead, which are much easier to make up and apply, are almost as
efficient in insect and scab fungus control as the self-boiled mixture, (4) that
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551
the (lust must have nioro frequent iipplicatiniis than either the self-boiled or
paste to pro<luce anything like equal results."
No detiuite results were obtained from the tests with apples and potiitoes. The
experiments with corn show: "(1) That when the poisonous dust is properly
placed on the corn silks and maintained throughout the period the silks are
green and succulent, more than 75 per cent of the normal damage is prevented,
(2) that any machine which distributes the dust in such a fashion as to produce
only a light coating on exposed parts is of little or no value in corn earworm
control, (3) that the dust must be maintained throughout the period during
which the silks are green and succulent, (4) that the 50 per cent mixture is the
most efficient, because its physical condition is better (drier) than the 75 per
cent, and has more strength than the weaker mixture."
Work with the iieach borer carried on in continuation of that of the previous
year (E. S. R., 30, p. 355), in which each of 2S 5-year-old peach trees was coated
with tree tanglefoot from the point where the large roots came off to a point 6 in.
above the surface of the soil, showed that although in common with other sub-
stances the tanglefoot reduces the infestation, it not only fails to prevent it com-
pletely, and if usetl regularly is likely to destroy the trees.
In summing up the results of fly work the author states that " the fly control
campaigns in the city of New Brunswick, on the college general farm, and on the
college dairy farm, have shown: (1) The need of cooperation betwen the fly-
suppressing agency and the persons running the premises on which a fly cam-
paign is in progress; (2) the utter insufficiency of the Hodge and other fly
traps as a complete control— demonstration of the fact that they are at best
but an adjunct; (3) the impracticability of obtaining anything lil^;e a general
adoption of the Hodge garbage can trap and its ineffectiveness as a destroyer
of the house fl.v, the really serious carrier of infection; (4) the surpassing
importance of eliminating the fly-breeding places ; (5) the usefulness of iron sul-
phate and carbon bisulphid as larvicides; (6) the effectiveness of sulphur as a
destroyer of adult flies; (7) the effectiveness of even incomplete work on fly
control."
A report upon the mosquito work for 1!)13 follows (pp. 710-780). The author
states in general that the work has proved as successful as the seasonal condi-
tions would permit. A brief account of the occurrence of the mosquitoes of the
year is included.
Summary of entomolog'ical information during 1914 (Agr. Neics [Barba-
dos}. IS (I91.'f). No. 330. pp. J,08. J,09).—A brief review.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Brit. Coluiiihia, n. ser., No. 4 (lOlJ^). pp. 83). — Among the more important
papers here presented are the following: Insect pests of the year in the Vic-
toria District, by E. H. Blackmore (pp. 11-14) and in the Okanagan District,
by W. H. Brittain (pp. 14-10) ; those economically important in the lower
Fraser Valley. Vancouver District, by R. C. Treherae (pp. 10-33) ; Bee Dis-
eases in British Columbia, by F. D. Todd (pp. 33-36) ; The Tent Caterpillar
(Malacosoma erosa), by T. Wilson (pp. 3()-3S) ; Pi-eliminary Note on the Work
of Eriophyes sp. upon Apples, Apricots, and Plums (pp. 38, 30), and Ants as
Fruit Tree Pests (p. 30), by W. H. Brittain; Notes on the Life Histories of
Bloodsucking Diptera of British Columbia, with Special Reference to the
Tabanld?e, by S. Iladwen (pp. 46-40) ; A Review of Applied Entomology in
British Columbia, by R. C. Treherne (pp. 67-71) ; and Mites, Their Classifica-
tion and Habits, with Some Observations on Their Occurrence in the Okana-
gan, by J. S. Dash (pp. 71-78).
A preliminary survey of forest insect conditions in British Columbia, J. M.
SwAiNE (Canada E.rpt. Farms Bal. 17 (lOl.'f), 2. ser., pp. ^J, pis. 2, figs. 22). —
552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
This is a report of a survey made durinj; the summer of 1913 with the view of
determining the location and extent of the chief forest insect injuries, and
to decide upon proper control measures for the more serious outbreaks. But
a small portion of the southern part of the forest area of British Columbia
could be covered.
The bull pine, or western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), occurs in British
Columbia only in the southern part of the interior. It is subject to attack
throughout its range In British Columbia by three destructive si^ecies of bark
beetles, viz, the western pine bark beetle (Dcndroctonus brevicomis), the
western white pine, or mountaiij pine bark beetle (D. monticolm), and the
red turpentine bark beetle (D. valens), and by a number of pests of lesser
importance. The most important and extensive injury was found to occur
about Princeton, in the southwest portion of the bull-pine area.
The mountain pine, or western white pine {P. monticola), occurs in British
Columbia from the valley of the Columbia River to Vancouver Island. It is
.subject to attack from several species of bark beetles, D. montkolw being
particularly destructive in the interior and on Vancouver Island.
The lodgepole or black pine (P. murrayana) occurs throughout the interior
of British Columbia and is subject to attack by D. monticolw and D. murray-
cnnce, and by a number of species of secondary importance.
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) extends over a very wide area
in the southern half of British Columbia, from the eastern foot-hills of the
Rockies to the coast and Vancouver Islands, with a very irregular northern
and northwestern limit ; in the area covered by the sun-ey there was no very
extensive insect injuries found. The Douglas fir bark beetle (Z). pseudotsugce)
is thought to be the most serious enemy and a number of other species are
important secondary enemies.
The Sitka spruce occurs In British Columbia throughout the coast region
and on Vancouver Island. Its most injurious insect enemies are the Sitka
spruce bark beetle (D. oJ)Csus) and the western spruce gall louse.
Brief accounts are given of the ambrosia beetles, also known as timber
beetles or pin-hole borers, of which the two most important on conifers are
Gnat hot richus rctusus and G. sulcatus, and of the Pacific Coast timber beetle,
Platypus sp., which is abundant on the coast and island. Brief mention is
made of the larger wood borers of the families Cerambycidre and Buprestidae.
Accounts of the life history, habits, and injury of, and control measures for
the most important species discussed in the bulletin are included. A map,
showing the limits of forest trees in southern British Columbia, is added.
Concerning infection through, insects, T. A. Venema {Hyg. Rundschau, 24
il91-i), No. 20, pp. 1073-10S.3). — A summarized account of the transmission of
disease organisms by insects.
Transmission of disease by native bloodsucking insects, A. Schitberg and
W. BoiNG (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 47 {1914), No. 3, pp. 491-512, fig. 1; ahs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Sei: B, No. 11, p. i69).— This third paper (E. S. R.,
28, p. 756) deals with the experimental transmission of anthrax and of strep-
tococci to the sheep and goat by the stable fly {Stomojcys colcitrans), a brief
account of which has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 29,
p. 760).
A contribution to the biology of sewage disposal, J. W. H. Johnson {Jour.
Econ. Biol., 9 {1914), ^'os. 3, pp. 105-124; 4- PP- 127-164, figs. .33).— In the course
of this discourse the author deals at some length with the sewage fly or moth
fly (pp. 136-143). particularly Psychoda phala^noides and P. sexpunctata; and
the water spring tail {Achorutes viaticus) (pp. 143-149), "Where circumstances
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 553
favor their development the psychodids may appear iu myriads at certain times
of the year and be carrie<l by the wind into inhabited neighborhoods so as to
give rise to an intolerable nuisance.
The biology of the three pests named is dealt with.
The grasshopper problem and alfalfa culture, F. M. Webstee {U. 8. Dept.
Affi'., Farmers' Bui. 637 {1915), pp. 10, figs. 8). — Three species of grasshoppers
are said to be largely responsible for the injury to alfalfa in the United States,
namely, the differential grasshopper {Mclanopliis diffcreniialis), the two-striped
grasshopper (.1/. bivittatufi), and 21. atlanis, a more or less migratory species.
Hardly a season passes without more or less serious outbreaks of these pests.
The publication consists largely of a popular account of them, their natural
enemies, and preventive and remedial measures.
Thrips attacking' the leek (Thrips tabaci), A. Vuillet (Rev. Phytopath.
Appl., 1 {1913), No. 10, pp. 136, 137; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A,
No. 5, pp. 278, 279).— In 1913 an attack by T. tahaci in the Department of Sarthe
resulted in a reduction of the Icvk crop I)y .50 per cent.
Contribution to the knowledge of the sucking phenomena of plant lice and
the reaction of plant cells, F. Zweigelt (Centhl. Balct. [f'/c], 2. Alt., 42 (1914),
No. 10-1 4> pp. 265-335, pis. 2, figs. 7). — An anatomo-cytological study of plants
and coccids and aphidids. A bibliography of 65 titles is apijended.
Phylloxera galls affecting pecan trees, E. S. Tuckeb (Louisiana Stas. Crop
Pest Notice 2 (1914), pp. 8, fig. 1). — ^This is a brief account of the occurrence
and nature of galls on pecan trees iu Louisiana caused by Phylloxera caryce-
caulis, P. (levastatrix, and P. perniciosa.
The oak scale and its control (Lecanium quercifex), W. F. Turner (Ala-
bama Col. Sta. Circ. 28 (1914). PP- 105-110, fig. i).— The oak scale is the source
of considerable injury iu Alabama and the other Gulf States to oaks, several
species of which, particularly the water oak (Quercus nigra), are the principal
street and shade trees. The injury, while not confined to the young trees, is
much less apparent on the older ones. The pest is becoming more and more
abundant every year and constitutes a very serious problem in the care and
maintenance of shade trees.
At Auburn, Ala., egg deposition commences early in April and continues for
about three weeks. Counts made of the eggs deposited by three females gave
2,245, 5,(X)0, and 5,262, respectively. The incubation period was found to be
about 26 days. The young are very active and may travel considerable distances
before settling, which occurs principally along the main or larger lateral veins
of the leaf. They may remain active for a considerable length of time even
after they reach the leaves. After settling they remain on the leaves until fall,
apparently remaining in the first stage throughout the summer. Migration to
the small twigs, where they remain dormant throughout the winter, takes place
the last of September. In February when the sap begins to flow growth com-
mences which continues until the last of March when it becomes very rapid
and. they soon attain their full adult size.
The natural enemies of this species include two undetermined hymenopterous
parasites and several lady beetles of which Chilocorus oivulncrus is the most
important. Spraying experiments have shown Schnarr's insecticide 1 : 20 and
emulsions of Junior Red Engine and Diamond paraffin oils when applied in
March to kill about all of the scales with which they come in contact. The
emulsions are made by using 2 gal. of either oil to 1 gal. of whale oil soap and
50 gal. of water.
The control of the moth borer, J. J. Quelch (Abs. in West India Com. Circ,
29 (1914), ^^0. 421, pp. 536, 537). — In this paper the author reports studies on
the control of the small moth borers (Diatrcea saccharalis and D. canclla).
554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
which cause much damage to sugar cane in liritish Guiana. Egg parasites
of these pests are said to be particuhu'ly effective, at times as high as 95 per
cent of the eggs in the field being parasitized.
A wood-boring moth {Agr. ^^ews [Ii(irhado)i], 13 (19 Vt), No. 325, p. 328).—
This is a discussion of Diiomitiis punvtifcr, an account of which is included
in the paper by Bovell and Nowell previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 547). The
larva of this moth is injurious to a wide range of trees and shrubs and is
generally distributed in the Lesser Antilles. It tunnels in the whitewood tree
(Tecoma Icucoxylon) in all directions in the larger branches and through the
middle of the smaller ones even to fine twigs. Its life history is said to resemble
closely that of the leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina).
Relation between the larvas of vine moths (Cochylis ambiguella and Poly-
chrosis botrana) and the weeds of vineyards and other plants, G. Llstneb
(Ztschr. Wciiibau u. WcinheUandl., 1 (lOUf), No. 1, pp. 3-35; aba. in Internat.
Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOl-i), No. 6, p.
826). — In experiments carried out in the fall Cochylis larvae were observed to
be distinctly polyphagous, even devouring euphorbiaceous plants. Experiments
with Polychrosis larv£e conducted in the spring showed them to be equally
polyphagous.
Contribution to the study of the biology of Hyponomeuta malinella in
Roumania, G. Fintzescou (Rev. Sci. Bourbon., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 78-80;
abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (191^), Ser. A, No. 9, p. 56J,).— The author, who has
studied this lepidopteran for many years, reports that there are three genera-
tions each year in Ronuiania.
The bacterial diseases of caterpillars, R. W. Glaser (Psyche, 21 (1914),
No. 6, pp. 184-190). — ^This is a brief review of the literature relating to the
subject.
The author states that while there seems to be a considerable amount of
collateral evidence that caterpillars are subject to bacterial diseases, he is not
familiar with a single case where this has been conclusively proved. It is
pointed out that many of the authors reviewed agree that the flacherie-like
diseases are primarily intestinal affections and that the bacteria concerned
are found outside of the intestine, in the body cavity, only during the later
stages when the alimentary canal ruptures.
" While it therefore seems possible that some of the caterpillar diseases nov/
grouped under the name of flacherie are intestinal disturbances caused by
toxic products liberated within the alimentaiy tract by specific bacteria, it is
not at all unlikely that other diseases affect other parts of the body, such as
the disease described by I'icard and Blanc [E. S. R., 29, p. 855]. The entire
subject, however, is still one for controversy."
A bibliography of 14 titles is appended.
[Cecidomyiid flies attacking willows] (Bui. Soc. Nat. Acclim. France, 61
(1914), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — The habits of two cecidomyiids, Rhabdophaga rosaria
and R. pulrhil, which are at times a source of serious injury in oseries are
briefly considered. Salix purpurea, S. depressa, vS. aurita, and S. cinerea are
the species that suffer most from their attack.
Economic and biologic notes on the giant midge (Chironomus (Tendipes)
plumosus), A. C. BuRRiLL (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc.. n. ser., 10 (1913), No.
3-4, pp. 124-163). — This paper deals at some length with the life history and
habits of this midge, its natural enemies, economic importance, and remedial
measures. An annotated bibliography of 14 pages is appended.
Mosquitoes and sewage disposal, F. Knab and A. Busck (Amer. Jour.
Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med.. 2 (1914), No. 5. pp. 333-338) .—The authors
point out that, certain species of mosquitoes, particularly Culcx pipiens and
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555
C. quinqucfaficiatus, multiply most rapidly in the presence of highly polluted
water, and discuss an outbreak investigated that had its origin at sewage-
disposal plants.
Stomoxys calcitrans, A. Rutherford (Trap. Agr. [Ceylon], /,2 (191.'t), No. 3,
pp. 222-225). — This comprises notes on the stable fly (.S. calcitrans) with
quotations from the literature. The born fly {HccmatoMa serrata) also occurs
in Ceylon
On a larva of a species of MuscinEe, living in the nest of Passer griseus in
the Kongo, J. Rodhain {Rev. Zool. Afric. [Brussels], 3 (lOl/f), pp. 213-217,
fig. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. B, No. 4, p. 69).— Larvae and pupse
of a fly belonging to the subfamily Muscinte were taken from the nests of the
gray-headed sparrow (P. griseus) and upon examination the larvfe were found
to contain avian blood.
Inheritance of the length of life in Drosophila ampelophila, R. R. Hyde
{Proc. Ind. Acad. Sri., I'JIS, pp. 113-124, figs. 5).— The conclusions drawn from
the author's investigations with the pomace fly are in part as foUow'S :
" Hybrids between the truncate stock and the inbred stock are more vigorous
than either parent, as .shown by the fact that the hybrid lives 47 days while
. . , the flies from the truncate stock , . . live 21.4 days, the females live 18.4
while the males live 26.4 days. The flies from the inbred stock live 37.4 days.
The females live 34.5 days while the males live 40.5 days. The shortened length
of life of the truncate stock reappears among the grandchildren after skipping
a generation wlien crossed to the inbred stock. . . . Those descended from the
truncate grandmother lived 29.5 days. The males lived 32.8 days and the fe-
males lived 25.9 days. The flics descended from the truncate grandfather lived
29.3 days. The males lived 31.1 days, while the females lived 27.3 days. It seems
not improbable that the length of life and the coming to maturity of the germ
cells may be in some way physiologically connected."
Cane grub and muscardine fungus at Cairns, H. Tryon (Queensland Agr.
Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914). No. G, pp. 402-405).— The author states that Metar-
rhizium anisopliw is indigenous to Queensland.
[Keport of] division of entomology, H. T. Easterby (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Sugar
Expt. Stas. [Queensland], 1914, pp. 55-57). — A brief statement is presented by
A. A. Girault of the results of work with the so-called grub pest or cane beetle
(Lepidiota alhohirtum), details relating to which will be published later as a
bulletin.
Wireworms attacking cereal and forage crops, J. A. Hyslop ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 156 (1915), pp. 34- figs. S). — In an introduction the author gives a
brief account of the feeding habits of the true wireworms (Elateridie), and also
of the false wireworms (Tenebrionidie). Several hundred species of Elaterid.ie,
which vary enormously in their habits, occur in North America ; the majority
attack the roots of plants but some live in dead and rotten wood (Alaus, Elater,
Adelocera, etc.) and still others (Alaus, Hemirhipus, Adelocera, etc.) are pre-
daceous. Some species abound in heavy moist soil filled with humus (^Nlela-
uotus, Agriotes, etc.), some prefer well-drained soils (Corymbites), and still
others (Horistonotus) are most destructive on high sandy land which is very
poor in humus. It is stated that the large luminous elaterid of the West
Indies (Pyrophorus luminosus) is a decidedly beneficial insect, since it feeds
on the Lachnosterna larvje in the sugar cane fields.
Brief accounts are given of the life history, habits, injury, occurrence, and
remedial measures for some of the more important species, including the wheat
wirew^orm (Agriotes mancus), the corn and cotton wireworm (Horistonotus
uhlerii), the inflated wii'cworm (Corymiites inflatus), the dry-land wireworm
87235°— 15 5
556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
{C. noxius), corn wirevvornis {MelanotUH cotniniui'iK, M. fi-ssilis, aiul J/, rribulo-
sus), aud a large nuiiibfr of species of minor iaiportance. In an account of
natural enemies, wliicli follows, it is stated that birds are probably the most
important factor in keeping wireworms in clieck. A list of the birds known
by examination of the crops and stomachs to feed on Elateridte, as compiled
by the Biological Survey of this Department, is given. Other enemies mentioned
are a small lizard (Phri/no.soma doitglasii (loiiglasii) found in the desert regions
of the Northwest, and locally known as the sand toad; several species of mites;
a dipterau {Thcrcvn cgrcHsn), the larva of which attacks and feeds upcm wire-
worms; and the fungi PcniciUium animpHw and Mrtarrhiziiim aiiisoplicr.
ReuKxlial measures are discussed under the headings of treatment of seed,
soil treatment, and cultural methods. It is stated that thus far cultural meth-
ods alone have proved to be of much practical value.
The wavy striped flea-beetle (Phyllotreta sinuata), E. M. Dupobte (Canad.
Ent., ^6 {Wl.'i), No. J 2. pp. .'iS3-.'i3-'). pan. J). — The author records observations
of this pest in Quebec in 1914, where it was found feeding on radish, turnips,
audcabl)age. It is often found associated with the turnip flea-beetle {P.vitiata^.
The occurrence and danger from Pantomorus fulleri in Italy, A. Kazzauti
{B(jI. Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola ^iip. Agr. roriici, 7 {I'JIS), pp. 113-124,
figs. 7; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 3.',6, 347).— A sum-
marized account of Fuller's rose beetle P. (Aramigus) fulleri, including de-
scriptions of its several stages, geographical distribution, food plants, and
methods of control. This pest, first collected in Italy in Ligui'ia in 1898, has
since been found at Leghorn, and at Palermo, Sicily.
The strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus) in British Columbia
with notes on other insects attacking' strawberry plants in the lower Praser
Valley, JX. C. Tseherne {Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 18 {1014), 2. ser., pp. 44,
figs. 9). — This is a more detailed account of the author's investigations of
O. ovatus than that previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p, 58).
Among the other pests upon which brief notes are given are 0. sulcatus,
which apparently does not occur, in the Northwest in sufficient numbers to
cause marked injury to strawberries: a lepidopterau {Ari-'stotclia sp.), larvae
of which attack the crowns of strawberry plants, which has been a source of
some injury in the vicinity of Vernon; the bronze flea-beetle {Haltiea evicta),
which was abundant on strawberry leaves at Nelson in 1910; a carabid
Harpalus sp., adults of which devour the ripe fruit ; wireworms, which are
commonly found in a strawberry plantation ; the western lined June beetle
iPolyphylla deeemlineata), which has been repoi'ted to be a source of injury;
a geometrid {Mesolcuca trimcata), the larva of which has been recorded as de-
structive to the strawbeny; cutworms. Scopelosoma trixtigniata and the black
cutworm; aud the western strawberry crown borer {Tijloderma foveolatuin),
an account of which has been previously noted (E. S. II., 10, p. 866).
Fourth annual report of the state inspector of apiaries, B. N. Gates {Agr.
of Mass., 61 {1913). pp. 269-284, i^^"*- ~^).— This is a brief report of the work of
apiary inspection during the year. Articles on (1) Soft Candy for Bees. The
So-called " Fuller Candy " for Queen Cages, Transixirtation of Combless Colo-
nies, and Stimulative and General Feeding; and (2) An Inquiry into the Spray-
ing Laws of North America in Their Relation to Beekeeping Interests, are
appended.
Bees visiting Helianthus, T. D. A. Cockerell {Canad. Ent., 46 {1914), ^^0.
12, pp. 409-415). — The author reports up!)n the bees that visit species of annual
and perennial sunflowers of the genus Helianthus, Andrena helianthi being
thought to be the most important. It is pointed out that the common sun-
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557
flower, IlcUanthus aiinitus, is wholly sterile with its owu ix)lleu aud has to
be visited by iusects in order to produce seeds, and that presumably the same
is true with other species of the geuus.
A species of Megastigmus reared from larch seeds, S. Marcovitch (Canad.
E)it., Jf6 {l'Jl.'f), ^^0. J 2, pp. 4.i5-ji38, figs. 8). — Megastigmus laricls, a chalcidid
reared from seeds of the larch. {Larix kiricina) at Ithaca, X. Y., in Septem-
ber, 1913. is described as new to science.
The insect galls of Cedar Point and vicinity, P. B. Hears (Ohio Nat., 15
(1914). No. 2, pp. 377-.392, pgs. 63). — A synonymic list with brief descriptions
aud peu illustrations of Go galls, many of which are common throughout Ohio.
Three new Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford (Iru^ecutor Inscitiw Mcnstruus,
2 (lOl.'f), No. 3, pp. 3()-38). — PacJnjneuron hammari, reared from codling moth
material at Koswell, N. :Mex. ; Cgrtogastcr gJasgowi, reared from puparia of
Brachydcutcra argcntafa at Urban, 111.; and Pleurotropis tcfitaceipc^, reared
from a leaf miner on an undetermined plant at Batesburg. S. C, are described
as new.
A revision of the braconid genus Urosigalphus, J. C. Crawford (Insecutor
Insciiiw Menstruus, 2 (19H), No. 2, pp. 22-27). — In his revision of this genus
of parasites the author presents a table for the separation of 13 species of which
S are describe<l us new to science.
Report of field entomologist Fullaway on his expedition to Africa, D. T.
FuLLAWAY (naiciiii. Forester and Agr., 11 (1914), No. 12. pp. 349. 350'). — A
brief statement of the success attained in the introduction of fruit fly parasites
into Hawaii.
Some observations on the salivary secretion of the commoner bloodsuck-
ing insects and ticks, J. W. Cornwall and W. S. Patton (Imlian Jour. Med.
Research, 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 569-593, pis. 2).—\ report of studies of a number
of hematophagous arthropods.
Tea and citrus mites, A. Rutherfoed (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914), No. 3,
pp. 225-229). — Notes are presented on Breripalpus obovatus, a common and
widely distributed tea pest; Tetranychus bioculatus, which apparently is the
least injurious of the mites attacking tea in Ceylon ; and T. nv/tilaspidis, which
the author reports having been recently found on citrus in Ceylon.
Cactus solution as an adhesive in arsenical sprays for insects, M. M. High
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 160 (1915), pp. 20). — In searching for an adhesive for
use wth arsenicals, the author's attention was directed to the prickly pear
(Opuntia lindlieimeri) which is used by Mexicans to promote adhesiveness in
whitewash. This cactus, which contains a high fluid content and is very muci-
laginous, is sliced several hours previous to the application and placetl in the
water or lime mixture.
In the author's control work with the beltetl cucumber beetle ( Diahrotiea
haltrata) tests were made of the adhesive action of a cactus solution on Paris
green, lead chroma te, zinc arsenite (in both paste aud powder forms), lead
arsenate, ferrous arsenate, and ii'on arsenite. A comparative test of cactus and
whale oil soap as adhesives I'esulted in favor of the former.
Experience indicates that 15 lbs. of cactus with spines, which is preferable to
the spineless, is the proi>er proportion to use with HO gal. of water. By the use
of cactus solution as an adhesive not only do the arsenicals give better and
more lasting results, biit considerable expense may be saved through the use of
the powdered form. Copper sulphate may be used as a preservative for the
cactus solution.
The author's experiments show that the beetle can be best controlled by
spraying with zinc arsenite or with Paris green. The other arsenicals employed.
558 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
while effecting a control In most cases, did not g^ive as liigli mortality as these
two.
The use of cactus solution is applicable to regions where i)rickly pear is easily
obtainable and for the treatment of insects of related habits, such as the striped
and twelve-spotted cucumber beetles, etc.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Text-book of the chemistry, bacteriolog'y, and technology of foods and
condiments for students, veterinaries, food chemists, physicians, and phar-
macists and for use in technical and agricultural high schools, A. Kossowicz
(Lehrbuch dcr Chcmie, Bakterioloffie, und Technologie der Nahrungs und Ge-
nussmittel fiir Studierende tierdrztlicher, technischcr, und landivirtschaftlicher
HncJischuIeu, yahfunffsinitfclchcmiker, Medisincr, nnd Pharmazeuten. Berlin:
Borntraciier Bros., 191.'/, pp. yi-\-557, figs. 225). — As tlie title implies, this book
is designed as a text-book for the study of foods from the standpoints of chemi-
cal composition, manufacture, preparation, and i)reservation. In addition to the
chemistry and bacteriology of the subject, the mechanical aspect of food prepa-
ration is also considered somewhat at length, and a great many illustrations are
given of different machines employed in the food industries.
The most important food materials considered are the following: Meat and
meat products, milk and dairy products, fats and oils, cereals and cereal prod-
ucts, fruits and fruit products, sugar, chocolate and chocolate products, and tea.
coffee, and other beverages, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.
Household chemistry, J. Klein {('hemic in Kiiche nnd Eons. Lcipsic: B. 0.
Teuhner, IOI4, 3. rd., pp. VI-\-136+16). — This book presents briefly the funda-
mental principles of general chemistry and treats somewhat at length of the
chemistry of foods and cooking, together with the biochemistry of fermentation,
preservation, and disinfection. There is also a chapter on heating and light-
ing which discusses the chemistiy of these subjects.
The pure food cookbook, Mildred Maddocks (Xew York: HearsVs Interna-
tional Library Co., 191^, pp. YII 1+^17, figs. 85). — In addition to a large num-
ber of recipes, this book contains sample menus and a chapter on the planning
of meals. An introductory chapter by H. W. Wiley, with notes on foods and
food values by the same author, is also included. A chapter is devoted to
advice regarding the selection and making of coffee.
The physical character of the curd of milk from, different breeds. — Curd as
an index of the food value of milk. — Studies of the proteid content of milk,
S. S. Buckley (Maryland Sta. Bui. 18', (WU), PP- 2 27-2. ',2). —The greater part
of this publication consists of a report of an investigation of the protein re-
actions with precipitating reagents in the case of milks from Holsteins. Ayr-
shires, Jerseys, and Guernseys. Some comparative tests were also made with
milks of other species (human, mule, .and goat) and with abnormal cow's
milk. A discussion of the relation of this study to the digestion and assimi-
lation of raw milk by infants concludes the report. In this connection the fol-
lowing quotations are of interest:
" Milks may have been found to have been produced under perfect conditions
as far as the food of the cow and the i)roper care of the milk are concerned:
both may have been shown to contain normal amounts of the several constitu-
ents ; in fact, they may have tested alike in the content of fat and other solids,
yet the results of fee<ling it to infants are widely different.
" The breed of the cow may be the onlv recognizable factor in which a differ-
ence [in digestibility] could exist, and yet there has been no measurable differ-
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION, 559
ence in the character of the const ituent.s recognized, except the size of the fat
globules and the flocculence of the curd.
" The size of the fat globules would not seem to be an important factor in
itself, for the reason that in most all cases where an infant has failed to thrive
upon a particular milk and is unable to digest and retain it it is possible to
give the cream from such milk with satisfactory results. Furthermore, the
size of the fat globules in human milk range in size from the smallest found
in cow's milk to the largest found in cow's jnilk, and averages about midway
between the IIolstein-Ayrshire class and the Jersey-Guernsey class.
" The flocculence of the curd has been claimed for some time by the advocates
of the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds of cows to be especially desirable for milks
for infant feeding. The results of the work done in connection with the
reactions of the proteids in the pi'esence of precipitating solutions confirm the
claims of these in regard to the flocculent nature of the curds and in addition
show that the milks of these two bi'eeds are not so easily curdled with the natu-
ral acid of the stomach as are those of the Jersey and the (iuernsey breeds.
"The results of the work done on abnormal milks are not suflicient to draw
conclusions from, nevertheless they indicate an important line of observation.
It may prove possible by such reactions to determine exactly what period after
calving and what time at the end of the lactation period is necessary to elapse
before the milk of such cows is proper for food."
Beef frozen for 18 years, G. T. Burrows {Breeder's Oaz., 66 {WW, No. 13,
p. JfSJf, fig. J). — Note is here made of a quarter of beef which was kept frozen
for 18 years, and at the end of that time showed no indication of putrefaction.
The fibers of the meat on microscopical examination appeared normal, and the
meat was consumed without any signs of digestive disturbance It is stated
that one reason why this meat maintained its good condition was that it had
not been kept in a chamber in and out of which other beef was passing.
Growth in meat of bacilli causing' food poisoning", E. SACQufip^E {Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 75 {1913), No. 3.',, pp. J,90-Ji32) .—An experimental
study was made of the growth of organisms of the Gartner type upon the sur-
face of meat as well as of the rapidity with which they penetrated its interior.
The growth upon the surface was found to be much the more rapid. At 37° C.
the bacilli growth over the surface was found to have spread in 24 hours to a
distance of from 10 to 12 cm. from the point of infection, while under the same
conditions it penetrated into the interior to a depth of only 4 cm. from the point
of infection.
Growth of these organisms on the surface was found to be most favorable
when the surrounding temperature was about 37 and when there was little
evaporation. On the other hand, very little development was observed when
the surrounding temperature was low and when there was considerable
evaporation.
The identity of starches of different origin, C. Taneet {Compt. Rend. Aead.
Sci. [Paris], 158 {lOlIf), No. 19, pp. 1353-1356; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1914, IT,
No. 1, p. 51). — To determine whether or not starches of different origin are
identical, the author determined the amounts of amylopectin and amylase pres-
ent in the starches preparetl from cereal grains, legumes, chestnuts, apples,
bananas, and potatoes. Since these constituents were present in different pro-
portions and showed unequal solubilities in boiling water, the author concludes
that starches of different origin are not of uniform composition.
Variations in gluten, Mabchadiee and Goujon {Jour. PItarm. et Chim., 7.
ser., 10 {1914), A'o. 5, pp. 191-202).— The author has attempted to account for
the curious color changes taking plnce when flour from wheat is compounded
500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Willi that of other grains. Analyses of different grains are given, with iiarticn-
lar reference to the glutenin-gliadin ratio. The germination, milling, storage,
and temperature are factors affecting the qualitj' and quantity of coagulable
gluten, but acidity of the grain is most important in regulating the glutinin-
gliadin ratio.
Maize products as human food, F. Fidanza {Ann. Uj. Hper., n. ser., 2-'/
(19L'f),,No. ,3, pp. 507-517). — The results are reported in detail of experiments
which tend <o show that, considerwl from the standpoint of the utilization of
protein, maize i)roducts have an inferior value to those of wheat and other
cereals. This inferiority was manifested not only in the case of persons who
are unaccustomed to a maize diet but also in the case of those who are ac-
customed to such a diet.
Food products from the soy bean, H. M. Loomis {Amer. Food Jour., 9
{1914), No. S, pp. 472-Jf75. fig. 1). — ^The method of preparation of a number of
Japanese food products is described, including shoyu or soy sauce, tofu or soy
bean curd, soy bean oil, and miso, a fermentetl product. A table is given
showing the chemical composition of these products. The paper is followed
by a discussion.
On th.e occurrence of creatinin in leguminous seeds, K. Oshima and M.
Aeiizumi (Jour. Col. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 6 {'1914), No. 2, pp. 17-25). —
In these experiments a number of different methods were applied to determine
the presence of creatinin in various legumes. It was found to be present in the
seeds of the Adzuki bean, kidney bean, and soy bean in small amounts, and in
the horse bean and in green ]ieas in even lesser quantities.
Gray honey, C. Reese and J. Drost {Ztschr. Unter.such. Xahr. u. Gcnus.^mtl.,
28 {1914), No. 3, pp. 150-154)- — The proi^erties of this substance are described
and some information is given regarding the so-called " sugar-layer," which may
develop in honey on long standing.
Recipes for the use of potatoes and potato products in cookery {Ztschr.
Landw. Knmmcr ^chlcsicn, 18 {1914) • No. ,3S, pp. 1484, 1485). — Notes are given
concerning the use of potato flour.
Uses of fruit from domestic science viewpoint, Ava B. Milam (Ann. Rpt.
Oreff. State Ilort. Soc., 5 {1914), PP- 79-81). — A brief preliminary note is made
of expei'iments which are being carried out to determine the comparative cook-
ing qualities of different varieties of apples, grapes, pears, etc., at certain sea-
sons of the year.
Recipes for the preparation of simple fruit dishes, M. Pfeifer {Ztschr.
Obst ti. GartenbaK, 40 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1S0-1S3). — Several examples are given
to illustrate the manifold possibilities of the fruit compote.
Roselle recipes, P. J. "Wester {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 {1914),
No. 5, pp. 239-241)- — In this article recipes by E. L. Worcester are given for
the preparation of a number of dishes flavored with roselle sirup and roselle
jelly. For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. R., 29, p. 566).
Indian chutneys, pickles, and preserves {Calcutta: Thacl-er. t'^pinJc d Co..
1914, pp. 92). — A compilation of recipes.
Salads, sandwiches, and chafing'-dish dainties, Jaxet McK. Hill {Boston:
Little, Broirn d- Co., 1914, rev. ed., pp. XV 1 1 +231, pis. 38).— X compilation of
selected i-ecipes with hints on serving. Special attention is given to the prepa-
ration of decorative dishes.
Rigby's reliable candy teacher {Topelca, Kan,^.: Righy Publishing Co., 1914-
11 ed., pp. XXXI+222, pi. 1). — General directions for candy making, recipes,
formulas, and hints regarding the display of candy are contained in this book.
Confectionery (marshmallows), A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada
Bui. 292 {1914), pp. 11). — The results are presented of the inspection and
POODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 561
analysis of 93 samples of niarshuiallows, which were examined esi>ecially for
their content of sulphurous acid and sulphites, sometimes added to produce the
desired whiteness. The quantity of sulphurous acid present in no case exceeded
1 part in 2.000 by weif:ht. which is regarded as harmless to health.
A sanitary code for bottlers {Pure Products, 10 {WlJf), No. 11, pp. 't.'fC-
5-^9). — The text is given of a code issued by the Agricultural Commission of
(he State of Ohio for the conduct of places where soft drinks are prepared.
Concerniug nickel cooking vessels {Pure Products. 10 {1914), No. 11, pp.
543, 54-i)- — This note states that the solubility of nickel varies according to
its method of manufacture.
The following figures show the quantities of nickel per square meter of sur-
face dis.solved by sulphuric acid: Rolled nickel. 15.5 to 1G.9 mg. ; cast nickel.
25.5 to 28.8 mg. ; electrolytic nickel. 30.G to 30.8 mg. : drawn nickel, 33.1 to 39.0
nig. : and ]nire nickel. 01.4 to G5.5 mg.
The diet, its composition, and influence on the health, with special refer-
ence to the mineral constituents, R. Berg {Die Nahrungs und Genussmittel,
ihrc Zusammcnsctzung ttnd ihr Einfluss auf die Gesundhcit, mit hesonderer
BeruclcsicMtgung der Aschenhestandteile. Dresden: Holze d Pahl, 1918, pp. 60;
rev. ill Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17 {191^), No. 3-4, p. 15&). — This book
contains data regarding the ratio of the acid and basic mineral constituents of
foods and is based on the theory that the diet should contain more than enough
inorganic bases to neutralize the inorganic acids. Some of the data is the re-
sult of original work, but the greater part has been compiled from various
sources.
The derangement of the skeletal system by a diet poor in phosphorus, M.
Masslow {Biochem. Ztschr., 64 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 10G-110).—ThQ results of
a microscopical examination of bones strengthen the author's conclusions, drawn
from previous work (E. S. R., 30. ]i. GG9), that a deficiency of phosphorous in
the diet play.s a definite part in pathogenic disturbance of the bones.
The distribution of phosphorus in striated muscle, A. E. Rabbeno (ArcJi.
Farmacol. Spcr. c Sci. Aff., 18 {1914), ^'0. 3, pp. 97-106) .—From the examina-
tion of several samples of straine^l muscle, from both human and animal sources,
the author concludes in part that the inorganic phosphorus makes up about
65 per cent of the total phosphorus content of the muscle. The nucleo portion
of organic phosphorus is greater than the portion outside the nucleus.
Maintenance of mice on a diet composed of simple foods, P. Roiimann
{Biochem. Ztschr., 64 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 30-62, figs. 23).— X series of experi-
ments was conducted to determine the relative nutritive values of protein con-
taining pho.sphorus and phosphorus-froe ])rotein. A large amount of experi-
mental data is given, from which the following conclusions are drawn.
Phosphorus-containing protein is not absolutely necessary in the diet. Such com-
pounds found in the body cells may be synthetized in the animal organism.
Purin bases such as lecithin may be similarly formed.
The relations of vitamins to lipoids, Evelyn A. Cooper {Bioehem. Jour.,
8 {1914), ^0. 4- PP- 347-354). — The results are reported of investigations regard-
ing experimental beri-beri from which the conclusion is drawn that vitamins
do not enter into the constitution of the lipoids of brain and muscle but may
be absorbed by them and stored until needed by the organism. The deleterious
effects of lipoid-free diets observed by some workers are attributed by the
author to mechanical removal of vitamins by alcohol-ether extractions rather
than to a deficiency of lipoids.
Studies of a qualitatively insuflacient diet, S. Oseki (Biochem. Ztschr., 65
{1914), ^0. 1-2. pp. 158-176). — Feeding experiments with laboratoiT animals
562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(mice) carried out to contribute to the linowledge of vitamins and lipoids may
be summarized as foiiows:
Rye bread prepared with water was found to have a greater nutritive value
than bread prepared from fine wheat flour and water. The nutritive value of
the wheat bread was greatly increased and in some instances made to equal that
of rye bread by an addition of niillj, pressed lees, rye 1)ran, wheat bran, or ex-
tracts prepared from army bread. Since these constituents of rye bread, which
are necessary for the maintenance of life, dissolve readily in water but can not
be extracted with alcohol and ether, they can not l)e identified with the lipoid-
like nutrients of millv.
Study of the diet of laborers in a district of Spain, I. G. Colmenabes (Bol.
Agr. Tec. y Econ., 6 (lOUf), No. 69, pp. 83.3-838).— The author reports the results
of observations regarding the diet of laborers. This diet is found to be deficient
in protein, in fat, and in carbohydrates.
[Army rations] {Pure Products, JO {IDl.'t), No. 11. pp. 54o, 5^6). — Notes are
given of the minimum daily rations supplied to the French, German, and
Belgian soldiers.
Subsistence Supplies Branch [Office of U. S. Quartermaster General] {War
Dept. [U. 8.], Rpt. Quartermaster Gen., 191.',, pp. 12-18).— On the basis of
experience some information is given regarding the use of dehydrated vege-
tables. Field bread, rolling kitchens, cooking outfits for Philippine scouts, and
field cooking utensils are discussed. Statements are made regarding the exten-
sion of schools for army bakers and cooks.
Brief reference is also made to studies of emergency rations undertaken for
the War Department by the Nutrition Investigations of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. It is pointed out that digestion experiments with an
emergency ration of which chocolate was a component led to the conclusion
that it was not suitable for this purpose. The ration was, therefore, discon-
tinued, and experimental studies are being made with a view to finding a substi-
tute which will fulfill the necessary conditions.
The specific dynamic action of foods, S. Cserna and G. Kelemen {Biochem.
Ztschr., 66 {191-',), No. 1-3, pp. 63-7Ji). — Intravenous injection into eviscerated
animals (dogs) of substances such as urea, sodium chlorid. and dextrose pro-
duced an increase in gaseous metabolism. The authors state that this increase
can not be due to the increased work of the kidneys or to acceleration of the
heart action, as has been suggested by others, since different substances in-
jected in the same quantity of liquid produced this increase in different degrees.
In the light of these experiments it also appeared that the gaseous metabolism
is not proportionately increased with the work of the intestines. The authors
believe that tlie increased metabolism produced by these substances depends
upon their stimulative action on the cells whereby their metabolism of matter
and energy is increased.
The influence of the spleen in nutrition, C. Richet {Jour. Physiol, et Path.
(J6n:, 15 {1913), No. 3, pp. 579-583; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 2J, {1914), No. 9,
p. 530). — According to the author's observations, laboratory animals (dogs)
with the spleen removed required more food to maintain unchanged weight
than normal animals. Therefore he concludes that the spleen plays a very
important part in nutrition, aiding in the complete utilization of nutritive
material.
The influence of early removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
upon nitrogenous metabolism in the sheep, A. Hunter {Quart. Jour. Expt.
Physiol., 8 {191J,), No. 1, pp. 23-32). — The following conclusions were drawn
by the author from the results of a study of three laboratory animals (sheep)
from which the thyroid and parathyroid glands had been removed :
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITIOX. 563
"These animals excrete during a fast ratlier more nitrogen and rather more
purin derivatives, in relation at any rate to body weight, than do normal
animals; are liable, although by no means certain, to succumb very early to the
effects of inanition; may fail to exhibit such signs of hunger acidosis as a high
output of ammonia, and the elimination of aceto-acetic acid ; excrete while
fasting urine which is generally alkaline and never acid; invariably react to
the withdrawal of food by the excretion of creatin in excess of creatinin ;
exhibit in the relations of the purin catabolites no evidence of diminished
oxidative power; and have a degree of sugar tolerance which is almost certainly
above the normal."
The intestinal absorption of fats, K. Nakashima {Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol.,
158 (1914). Xo. 6-S, pp. 288-306).— The mechanism of fat digestion was studied
in a series of normal feeding and injection experiments carried out with labora-
tory animals (mice). An examination of the blood after the injection of milk
fat into the rectum and large intestine failed to indicate any absorption of the
fat by the blood. Milk fat fed normally per mouth, however, appeared in the
blood.
Absorption of fat in the peritoneum, K. Nakashima (Pfluger's Arch.
Physiol, 158 {1914), Ko. 6-8, pp. S07-342).—In extending the work noted above,
experiments were can-led out in which milk fat was iujecteil into the peri-
toneum. From subsequent examinations o^ the blood the following conclusions
were drawn :
The fat is taken in corpuscular form from the peritoneum into the blood
stream, the resorption taking place both in the case of cold- and warm-blooded
animals. Casein is absorbed still more easily than the fat, but both appear in
the blood within 20 minutes after ingestion and traces of the fat remain for
24 hours. Lecithin is absorbed slowly. Resorption of fat from the peritoneum
takes place through the lymphatics.
The relation between energy metabolism and protein metabolism under
fasting- conditions, P. HAri {Biochem. Ztschr., 66 (1914), A'o. 1-3, pp. 1-19). —
The results of a large number of experiments with fasting dogs are reported
in which the heat production was measured both directly and indirectly. From
these results the author draws the following conclusions:
The energy metabolism computed per square meter of body surface at dif-
ferent temperatures varies during the first eight days of the fasting period,
between 700 and 1,000 kilogram-calories. This value is independent of the
body weight, but varies directly with the amount of body protein. The increase
of energy production depends not only upon increased protein consumption but
also upon a greater combination of fat, which could be designated as the
specific dynamic action of the body protein. The suggestion is offered that
possibly the decomposition products of body protein in some way accelerate
the combustion of the fat.
The total energy requirement in disease as determined by calorimetric
observations, E. F. Du Bois (Jour. Amer. Med. .issoc, 63 {1914), No. 10, pp.
827-830, figs. 5). — Results which are of general interest are here x-eported of
a series of experiments carried out to determine the influence of a number of
diseases upon metabolism. For this purpose a respiration calorimeter of the
Atwater-Rosa type, and equipped with a bed, was used. The fact is emphasized
" that the nutrition of a patient depends absolutely on the relationship between
his energy production and his food supply. If the organism fails to obtain food
from without, it will draw on its own glycogen stores, fat depots, and supplies
of body protein."
A contribution to the study of experimental beri-beri, R. McCarrison
{Indian Jour. Med. Research, 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 369-374, pl- l).—ln a labora-
5G4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tory sUuIy of experiinojilnl beri-beri in pigeous, the ]n-csoucc of certain bacteria
was noted in the internal organs of tlie animals developing the disease. Inocu-
lation of the animals with cultures of this organism produced symptoms which
were indistinguishable clinically from typical polyneuritis gallinarum.
The treatment and prevention of pellagra, J. Goldbebgkr, C. IL Waring, and
D. G. WiLLETs {Pub. Health Rpt^. [U. S.], 29 (JOVf), No. 43, pp. 2821-2825).—
An extended study of this disease tends to strengthen the conclusion that it is
neither infectious nor contagious, but essentially due to some fault in the diet
in which the proportion of animal or leguminous protein is abnormally small
and the nonleguminous vegetable component abnormally large. Experience
shows that pellegra does not develop among those who consume a mixed, well-
l)alanced, and varied diet. The prevention of the disease depends upon the
substitution of a mixed, well-balanced diet for the one-side<l diet. The most
important dietaiy change recommended is an increased use of milk, eggs, lean
meat, and legumes, either fresh or dried beans and peas (not canned). A
greater use of dried legumes, as a cheap and readily variable source of protein,
is urged.
Protein metabolism in fever and during work — studies regarding' the
nitrogen, minimum, R. Kocher (Dent. Arch. Klin. Med., 115 {1914), No. 1-2,
pp. 82-123; abs. in Zcntbl. Biochem. v. Biophys., 11 (1914), No. 5-6, p. 178).—
Observations upon fever patients who were given a diet which supplied 80
calories per kilogram of body weight showed the nitrogen metabolism to be
excessive. With a decrease in temperature to normal the nitrogen minimum
was reached. A corresponding decrease in the values of uric acid, creatinin.
phosphorus, and sulphur was also noted. The author suggests that the rise in
body temperature during fever may be caused by a specific action of the fever
on the cell protoplasm.
The influence of the high-calorie diet on the respiratory exchanges in
typhoid fever, W. Coleman and E. F. Du Bois (Arch. Int. Med., U {1914),
No. 2, pp. 168-209, figs. 4). — From the large amount of experimental data
obtained in 134 observations with a universal respiration apparatus upon a
number of patients, the conclusions drawn are in part as follows:
" The large amount of food administered exhibits little or no specific dynamic
action, thus removing the chief theoretical objection to the use of a liberal diet
in typhoid fever. In the' high-calorie cases approximately 10 per cent must be
added to cover the increase in metabolism caused by bodily exertion incident to
moving about the bed. The theoretical requirement must bo exceeded by from
50 to 110 per cent in oi'der to bring the patient into nitrogen and weight equilib-
rium. The fate of the excess has not yet been discoveretl."
Studies regarding the possibility of an inversion of the daily temperature
curve of man, O. Polimanti {Ztschr. Allg. Physiol.,. 16 {1914), No. 3-4, pp.
,')06-512, figs. 2). — Observations of the variations, during the 24-hour cycle, in
body temperature of a man. who for a period of six years had worked nights and
slept day.s, showed no tendency for a reversion of the normal temperature curve.
The temperature curve in this case was essentially the same as that of a man
of normal habits.
The effect on man of winter climbing in high altitudes, X. Zuntz {Separate
from Ztschr. Balneol., Kllmat. n. Kurort Hyg., 6 {1913-14). No. 18, pp. 3). —
The author took the opportunity presented by a walking trip up the Brocken
during the winter of 1913 to collect data regarding the effect of severe exercise
in cold w?ather at high altitude. Thirty-one members making the trip filled in
questionnaires regarding the effects of the exercise on muscles, breathing, heart
action, skin, etc. The weather on the day of the climb was cold and windy, and
during the descent there was a severe snowstorm.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 565
Da tit are given regarding the effects of the exeriiou on men of different ages
and itrevions training, from whieh the anthor concludes that even very severe
and unusual body exertion combined with great demands on the heat regulating
machinery of the body does not as a rule produce any deleterious results. On
the contraiy. it induces good sleep and a feeling of refreshment even in persons
little used to walking. The men in good training and general condition un-
doubtedly had the advantage during the ascent, but the final results were favor-
able also for those to whom the ascent was difficult or even painful.
The study seems to prove that to include considerable muscular exertion in
a winter vacation trip raises the general tone of the body by strengthening the
heart and improving the vasomotor activity.
A method for the study of the periods of rest and activity of laboratory ani-
mals, J. S. SzYMANSKi {P/lii(J(-r\s Arch. Plii/siol., J58 U'JJJ,), No. 6-8, pp. SJ,S-
38^, figs. 35). — A detailed description is given of a delicate modification of the
kymograph which the author employed in the study of a number of small labo-
ratory animals (such as goldfish, canary birds, etc.) during day and night. A
diagrammatic explanation of the modification is given.
On the respiratory exchang-e in fresh water fish. — I, On brown trout, J. A.
Gardner and Constance Leetham (Biochcm. Jdur., 8 {1914). Xo. 4, pp. 374-
390, figs. 2). — Detailed descriptions are given of apparatus and experimental
technique. The data reported may be summarized as follows:
Oxygen absorption was approximately proportional to the body weight at a
given temi)erature and yielded a respiratory quotient of about 0.8. The con-
siderablj' lower respiratory quotient noted at low temperatures is explained
by the authors on the theory that at low temperatures the animals are in a
state of hibernation or starvation and live on their fat, partially converting it
into glycogen and sugar.
Laboratory experiments with, air, F. S. I^ee (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 63
(1914), ^0. 19, pp. 1625-1628). — In this summary of the contributions of his
laboratory to the knowledge of air in relation to ventilation problems the
experiments being carried out by the New York State Commission on Ventila-
tion are very briefly described.
In these experiments one group of laboratory animals (cats) was kept
for a i>eriod of 6 hours at a temperature of 21° C. (70° F.) and in an atmos-
phere of 54 i)er cent humidit.v. Another group of animals was kept under con-
ditions of humidity as high as 89 i>er cent at temiwratures as high as 33°.
Under these conditions, which were comparable with those of a hot and humid
summer day. the body temperature rose on an average of 0.5° during the 6-hour
period. At the end of this time stimulation of certain muscles of the animals
showed that they were able to perform only an amount of work which was 14,
18, and 20 per cent less than was the case with animals of the first group which
had been kept under more favorable atmospheric conditions. A diminution of
13 iier cent in the blood sugar was also noted. Further experiments are being
carried on along this line.
[Report of the work of the] nutrition laboratory, F. G. Benedict (Carnegie
Inst. Washington Year Book, 12 (1913), pp. 241-254). — Notes of changes and
improvements of equipment, brief general descriptions of the various metabolism
experiments in progress, and brief reviews of the publications issued during
the year 1913 are given.
International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology. QR —
Serum physiology (Inteniat. Cat. Sci. Lit, 10 (1914), pp. yiII+1155, V+182 +
S6).— This volume, like the preceding ones (E. S. R., 20, p. 1168), contains
references to scientific articles on subjects regarding general physiology, includ-
ing among other subjects those of respiration, heat production, digestion,
absorption, and metabolism.
566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
[Animal production], von Ollech (Jahresber. Landw., 28 (1913), pp. XXVI-
XLI, 299-/(96). — A compilation of abstracts of German articles on various phases
of animal production and dairying published during 1913 and previously reported
from other sources.
Record of proceedings of the annual meeting, December, 1913, of the
American Society of Animal Production (Atiicr. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 1913,
pp. 39, figs. 6). — This gives the proceedings of the annual meeting held in
(.'hicago, December 3, 1913, previously referred to (E. S. R., 30, p. 99).
Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora and its relation to protein storage,
H. Steenbock, y. E. Nelson, and E. B. Hart {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 (1914), No.
3, pp. 399-419). — The authors summarize the results of their studies as follows :
"Acid rations fed to swine (omnivora) or calves (herbivora) occasion a rise
in urinary ammonia with a compensative fall in output of urea. Presumably
on a normal level of protein intake a jjart of the ammonia produced either in the
intestine or liver combines with acids and is excreted as the salts of these acids.
This power to help maintain neuti'ality by the production or use of ammonia is
apparently very general in all mammals. Ammonia production, under conditions
of exogenous protein metabolism, does not occasion an Increased nitrogen excre-
tion or an interference with protein storage.
"In herbivora (calves) approximate endogenous nitrogen metabolism, accom-
panied by mineral acid ingestion, likewise occasions a rise in urinary ammonia,
but does not, on the level of acid used, cause a rise in protein catabolism, as
has been observed with dogs and swine. This may be due in this experiment to
a greater dilution of the ammonium salts incident to -i large consumption of
water by this class of animals.
"Data are also given on calcium and phosphorus metabolism during both neu-
tral and acid, periods of low nitrogen intake, as well as on a period of high
nitrogen intake. Very probably the skeleton was not drawn upon for calcium
during the period of lowest acid ingestion. Only on a high acid ingestion did it
appear probable that decalcification of the bones began and then only a with-
drawal of calcium carbonate.
" From the records submitted on growth and reproduction, it is believed that
natural acid rations, if otherwise satisfactory, are as effective for growth or
reproduction as those of basic character. However, until it has been shown
conclusively that less vigorous individuals will tolerate acid rations with per-
fect impunity, we are not warranted in maldng too sweeping conclusions."
The value of acorns, horse chestnuts, and beech, mast as food for stock
(Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoti], 21 {191J/), Xo. 6, pp. 511-528). — ^A general summary
of material collected from other sources on the value of these products for stock.
Calcium phosphate in the rations of domestic animals. J. Denayre ( Handel.
Vlaamsch Xatuur en Gcnecsk. Cong., 11 (1913), pp. 218-222). — Data are cited
tending to show that the addition of calcium phosi)hate to the ration increases
the height, weight, and general conformation of young growing horses.
The feeding value of pastures. — An experiment with different grass-seed
mixtures, J. Hendrick and W. M. Findlay (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scot., 5. scr., 26 (1914), pp. 195-211). — Four pasture lots were calculated to
contain 59.3. 64.5, 67.1, and 40 per cent, respectively, of white clover. In addi-
tion lot 1 had 37.9 per cent perennial rye grass; lot 2. 25.S per cent perennial
rye grass and approximately 9 per cent cocksfoot and timothy : lot 3. 19.5 per
cent cocksfoot and 10.4 per cent timothy ; and lot 4, 18.7 per cent cocksfoot,
11.2 per cent timothy, and 20.9 per cent tall oat grass.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 507
During 1912 these plats were pastured with sheep. The average weight of
sheep carried ver acre on the several plats was 440, 460, 489, and 441 lbs., re-
spectively, and the average increase per sheep in 16 weeks was 43.9, 45.2, 51.5,
and 42.6 lbs.
During 1013 these plats were jia.stured to cattle in the early part of the sea-
sou and sheep in the fall. The average increase per acre for the 3-months'
cattle feeding was 233, 271, 254, and 295 lbs., respectively. The average weight
of .sheep carried per acre was 239, 189, 184, and 188 lbs., and the average in-
crease i>er sheep during 10 weeks pasturing was 11.5, 16.8, 15. and 12.6 lbs.,
respectively. The total value of produce per acre for the one year of haying
and two years of pasturing was £15 69. lid., f 16 5s. Id., £16 7d., and £14 16s. 7d.
The results obtained from these plats for the three years show, as a whole,
that a heavy seeding with rye grass, such as was given plat 1, is not superior
to a lighter seeding, such as was given plat 2, or to a mixture without rye
grass, such as that of plat 3.
Chemical composition of moor hay causing excessive licking in cattle,
H. VON Feilitzen {Svcnska AlosskuUurfdr. Tidskr., 28 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 155-
161; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Dis-
eases, 5 (1914), ^'o. 8, pp. 1002, 1003). — Samples of moor hay which cau.sed
an excessive desire to lick in cattle were analyzed and found to contain a larger
quantity of sodium and chlorin than other hays, thus no doubt furnishing salt
de.sired by the cattle.
Modern silage methods, W. L. Wright {Salem, Ohio: The Silver Manufac-
iuring Co., 1914, 10. ed. rev., pp. 264. figs. 77). — General information on methods
of ensiling crops and their feeding to farm animals.
The ensiling of beet tops with lactic acid bacteria, D. Meyek (Landw.
Wchn^schr. Sachseti, 16 {1914), No. 26, pp. 231, 232).— In experiments in which
beet tops were ensiled for 160 days, with and without the use of a lactic acid
culture, it was found that the loss of nutrients was in all cases greater in that
material ensiled without the use of the culture than that to which it was added.
The addition of the culture improved the aroma and palatability of the silage.
The ensiling of potatoes with a lactic acid culture, D. Meyer {Landio.
Wchmchr. Sachscn, 16 {1914), A'O. 12, pp. 106, 107).— It is stated that potatoes
may be ensiled with less fermentation loss by the use of lactic acid culture. It
is estimated that the loss in diy matter is 4.9 per cent, in protein none, in nitro-
gen-free matter 5.6 per cent, and in fiber 21.8 per cent. The ferment used for
this purpose is Baeillus delhriieki in the case of steamed potatoes, and for raw
potatoes and roots B. cueumens fcrmentati. The ensiled product is high in
sugar content and is valuable for all kinds of stock.
Ensiling potatoes {Ztscln: Landw. Kammer Sehlesien, 18 {1914), ^os. 38,
pp. 1485, I486; 39, pp. 1505. 1506). — Directions are given for the ensiling of
both raw and cooked potatoes. A lactic acid culture is added to hasten the fer-
mentation process. It is stated that horses, cattle, and sheep can use 40 kg. of
this material per 1.000 kg. live weight per day. while fattening hogs use a
smaller quantity.
The utilization of marc for the feeding of cattle, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr.
et Tit. (Ed. VEst-Cenfrc), 35 (1914), Xo. 37. pp. 300-303).— \ summary of
data based largely on the work of Fabre previously noted (E. S. R.. 21, p.
667). It is suggested that from 10 to 12 kg. per day may be fed to horses and
mules together with bran and a small quantity of water, 20 to 25 kg. to cattle,
5 to 6 kg. to sheep, and 5 to 10 kg. to swine.
Molasses and molasses feeds, J. E. Halligan (Baton Rouge, La.: Bd. Agr.
and Immifir. [1914]- PP- 2-12, fig. 1). — An account of the composition and feed-
ing value of cane and sugar-beet molasses, and of various molasses-mixed feeds.
568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
There are also included analyses of rice polish, rice Ijraii, rice straw, and rice
hulls, together with suggestive rations containing rice products for fattening
cattle, dairy cows, hogs, mules, and horses.
Commercial feeding- stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1913; their chemical and
microscopical examination, J. W. Kellooo {I'enn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 2JfO (1913),
pp. 189). — Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal,
linseed meal, dried brewers grains, gluten feed, middlings, mol;isses feeds, dried
beet pulp, corn chop, beef scrap, malt sprouts, buckwheat products, rye prod-
ucts, alfalfa meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
Breeds of beef cattle, AV. F. Ward (U. >S. Dept. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. (U.!
(1915), pp. 23. figs. 18). — This bulletin is a discussion of the breed character-
istics and utility value of the several breeds of beef and of dual-purpose cattle.
The inheritance of twin calving in cattle, E. Uhlmann (Deut. Laiidic.
Tierzucht, 18 (191Jf), No. IJf, pp. 163, 161f). — In connnenting on the inheritance
of twin calving in cattle, an instance is given in which a cow gave birth to
twins. In the third generation, of the four heifers born, two gave birth to six
pairs of twins, and in the fourth generation two pairs of twins were bom.
Corn silag-e compared with hulls for fattening steers, E. R. Lloyd (Mis-
sisftippi 8ta. Bui. 167 (lOl-i). pp. 3-8). — Four lots of .-^ix 4 to 5-year-old native
grade steers were fed 142 days, beginning December 1, as follows: Lots 1 and
2, cotton-seed meal, Johnson grass hay, and com silage; lots 3 and 4, cotton-seed
meal, Johnson grass hay, and cotton-seed hulls. Lots 1 and 3 were confined
under shelter, lots 2 and 4 had the run of the paddock. The average daily
gains per head were 0.77, 1.1, 1.13, and 1.38 lbs., respectively; the shrink in
shipping 4.65. 4.05, 5.42, and 5.42 per cent ; the cost per pound of gain 18.81,
11.12, 14.06, and 14.06 cts. ; the dressing percentage 59.32, 59.32. 59.01. and 59.01
per cent; and the profit per steer (manure not included) .$12.25, $15.87, $18.92,
and $22.07.
The manure from the silage-fed steers analyzed as follows : Moisture 74.78
per cent, nitrogen 0.69, potash 0.76, and phosphoric acid 0.63; that from the
hull-fed steers, 78.5, 0.57, 0.61, and 0.38 per cent, respectively. That from the
former was estimated to be worth $4.32 per ton and that from the latter $5.41
per ton.
Two lots of twelve 4 to 5-year-old steers of grade Jersey blood were fed
silage and cotton-seed meal and hulls and cotton-seed meal, respectively. The
average daily gains per head M-ere 1 and 1.19 lbs. ; shrinkage in shipping, 3.23
and 3.58 per cent; cost per pound of gain. 13.14 and 12.38 cts.; dressing per-
centage, 58.05 and 58.4 per cent; and profit per steer, $18.42 and $19.50,
respectively.
The feeding and care of dairy calves ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Offiee Sec. Spec.
[Circ.'], 1914, Dec. 19, pp. .}). — Popular suggestions on calf feeding, with special
reference to cotton-belt conditions.
Sheep grazing on ditches infested with Johnson grass, F. W. Wilson
(Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 268, 269). — From experiments conducted in coop-
eration with the LT. S. Reclamation Service it was found that the grazing of
sheep on irrigation ditches infested with Johnson grass lessened the stand of
grass ; the ditch banks were well packed ; the gopher holes and gophers seem-
ingly had disappeared ; the sheep had been maintained : the expen.se of
controlling the seeding of Johnson grass was cut to a minimum ; and the cost
of ditch cleaning was decreased.
Producing sheep on southern farms (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
[Circ.], 1914, Not\ SO, pp. 3). — General suggestions are given.
ANIMAL PBODUCTION. 569
Swine investigations, F. C. Minki.kk (Xciv Jcrsfi/ sia. Rpt. 1913, pp. Itil-
199, pis. 5; Circ. 40 {W14), pp. 3-21, pis. 5).— This treats of the breeding, feed-
ing, care, and nianagomeuv of swine under New Jersey conditions.
In trials to determine the adaptability of alfalfa for pasturing and growing
swine, it was found that 2i acres of alfalfa, not in average condition, furnished
forage for 10 head of brood sows and 79 pigs from May 1 to October 1. The
sows suckling pigs were fed in addition a ration made up as follows: Corn
meal, 100 lbs.; tankage, 12; wheat bran. 10; and oil meal. 4. The pigs were fed
limited quantities of skim milk and started on a grain mixture of I'ed dog
flour. 100 lbs.; crushed oats. 100; and tankage, 10. with a small quantity of
soaked shelled corn. The sows gained slightly in total weight during the sea-
son, while the pigs aA'eraged gains of 1.12 lbs. per day from birth until removed
to the fattening i)ens. Without allowing for tlie hay harvested, the mainte-
nance of the 10 brood sows, and deducting the cost of grain and value of the
milk fed, the alfalfa was responsible for approximately 460 lbs. of pork per
acre.
Two lots of 7 14S-lb. fall shouts each were fed for 30 days beginning May 1
as follows: Lot 1. corn meal and steamed kidney-bean meal, with alfalfa pas-
ture; lot 2, corn meal and bean meal, with skim milk. Lot 1 made an average
daily gain per head of 1.63 lbs., lot 2, 1.14. The cost per pound of gain was.
for lot 1, 4.3 cts., for lot 2, 7.1 cts. Ou this basis the forage value of the
alfalfa eaten was estimateil to be $21 per acre per month. The alfalfa-fed
pigs, which were in a later experiment confined in a dry pen, continued to
make more rapid gains than those of lot 2.
Ten 112-lb. pigs were turned into a half-acre of corn to hog down. They
cleaned up the plat in 16 days, making an average daily gain per head of 2.27
lbs. Kape and red clover had previously been seeded in the corn and furnished
forage for the iJigs. On this basis the corn was estimated to be worth $68.20
per acre.
Six lots of 2 pigs each, weighing approximately 200 lbs., were selected for
use in an exiieriment to determine the palatability and feed value of the refuse
product known as garbage tankage. They were fed for 40 days as follows :
Lot 1, corn meal and skim milk, 10:25; lot 2, corn meal, molasses, and skim
milk, 6:5:25; lot 3, corn meal, molasses, and garbage tankage. 4:2:9; lot 4,
corn meal, garbage tankage, and skim jnilk, 4 : 9 : IS; lot 5, corn meal, molasses,
garbage tankage, and skim milk, 4 : 2 : 9 : 18 ; and lot 6, corn meal, garbage tank-
age, and molas.ses, 4:8:3. It was necessary to neutralize the acid condition
found in the garbage tankage by means of bicarbonate of soda or lime water.
The average daily gains per head for the respective lots were 1,72 and 1.5,
1.37 and 1.57, 1.37 and 1.57, 1.1 and 2, 1.4 and 1.72. and 1.65 and 1.64 lbs. ; the
cost per pound of gain, 7.7, 7.5, 4.2, 5.7, 5.6, and 3.5 cts. The garbage tankage
product analyzed as follows: Moisture. 61 per cent, protein. 8.13; carbohydrates.
25.00; and ash, 5.S1. Eations for swine are suggested.
Swine-feeding experiments with heated and unheated skim milk and with
dried yeast, Klein {ililchw. Zenlbl, J,3 {WW, No. U, pp. 3St-38.',) .—In these
experiments with 7-week-old pigs it was demonstrated that heated skim milk
fed in addition to potato flakes and barley bran slightly increased the daily
gains during a 12-week period over pigs feil unheated milk, while with pigs
fed a similar ration, but in which a portion of the unheated milk was replaced
by dried yeast, the daily gains were materially lower.
Fattening pigs on cassava, A. GoriN and P. Andouard {BiiI. Soc. Nat. Agr.
France, llf (191^), No. 4, pp. 481-483). — It was demonstrated that in the case
of pigs fed milk in addition to cassava it took only 3 lbs. of cassava to produce
570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
a gain in live weiglit of 1 lb. On substituting for the niilli ration 1.1 lbs. of
rice gluten and 2J oz. of bone meal, wbich are estimated to be the equivalent
in nutrients of 1 gal. of separated milk, there was required to produce a gain
of 1 lb. live weight only 2.9 lbs. of cassava. While in former experiments
(E. S. R., 30, p. 174) the cassava bad been fed to the pigs in slices, cooked and
crushed, in these experiments it was fed raw, although chopped fine.
How southern farmers may get a start in pig raising (U. S. Dept. Agi:,
Office ^cc. Hpcc. \('irc.\, 191 'i, Nov. .lo, pp. -'/). — Geiienil suggestions are given.
Horse and mule raising in the South {U. »S\ Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
[Circ.], 191 Jf, Nov. 25, pp. Jf). — General suggestions are given.
Poultry production, W. A. Lippincott (Philadelphia: Lea d Feblger, 191^,
pp. VII I -{-17-47 6, pi. 1, figs. 205). — This deals with the breeding, feeding, care,
and management of poultry, together with a chapter on preparing poultry
products for consumption.
Suggestions on poultry raising for the southern farmer ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 191/,, Nov. 30, pp. 4)-
Beport of the poultry husbandman, II. R. Lewis and A. L. Clabk (New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 211-228, 234-259, 271-276, 279-290, pis. 18).— A test
made in April to determine the efficiency of a 3,000-egg capacity incubator gave
a percentage of hatch of fertile eggs of 77.4, and a percentage in July of 85.
Comparing compartments run dry with those run wet it was observed that the
latter gave a much higher percentage of hatch as well as an increase in the
weight of the chicks, the average weight for the dry being 1.2 oz. and for the
wet 1.25 oz.
Four brooders of 100 week-old chicks each were fed for nine weeks, two lots
receiving a regular chick ration and the two other lots receiving in addition
all the sour skim milk they would consume. The fii'st two brooders made a
total gain of 48.62 lbs. and 42.35 lbs., and the mortality was 71 and 73, re-
spectively, while the last two brooders made a total gain of 82.22 and 81.94
lbs., and the mortality was 28 and 28, resi>ectively. It was found to require
3.6 qt. of skim milk to produce a pound of body weight. It is stated that the
skim milk-fed chicks represented a more uniform flock than those not so fed.
It is thought that skim milk has the power to kill the organisms which cause
many poultry diseases, the bacilli being destroyed by the dilute acid of the
sour milk.
A brief discussion of the ash and protein factor in poultry feeding, previously
reported from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 568), is given.
The gasoline colony brooder, outdoor lamp-heated brooder, adaptable hovers,
the underneath-pipe system, and the overhead-pipe system of brooders are de-
scribed. It is thought that for the general farm flock the colony brooders or
adjustable hovers are best, while for the egg farmer either of these two meth-
ods is suitable, or either of the pipe systems in a long house.
In trials with three lots of Leghorn pullets, hatched February 26, April 8,
and June 10, respectively, the yearly egg production was 140, ISO. and 95 eggs,
the feed cost per bird $1.32, $1.64, and $1.25. and the profit per bird above feed
$1.98, $2.99, and $1.53, respectively. It was found that soy beans would pro-
duce a continuous supply of succulent green feed from August 15 until Novem-
ber, and that owing to their luxuriant growth they produced a liberal amount
of shade for the growing chickens. The soy-bean pods were not eaten by the
birds, thus probably making it possible to reseed by disking and rolling. The
value of mangels as a winter feed for poultry is discussed. The lower leaves
of the mangels were slipped three times during the summer and furnished a
large amount of green material.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 571
One lot of hens fed for 12 months on a I'ation consisting of 25 per cent of
meat gave an average yearly egg production per bii'd of 140 eggs, the feed
per bird costing $1.32, and the profit per bird above feed being $1.08, while
another lot fed a similar ration with 10 per cent meat scrap gave an average
of 96.7 eggs per bird, costing $1.27 for feed and yielding a profit of $1.10 i)er
bird.
It has been observed that a close relation exists between the degree of vigor
present In the individuals at breeding time and the vigor of the offspi'ing.
Natural vigor may be decreased and increased in young stock by care, feeding,
and management while it is growing. Layers and breeders, as well as male
birds, are usually lacking in vigor during long periods of excessively hot
weather and after periods of continuous heavy laying or intensive use in the
breeding pen. Some of the characteristics by which the vigor and vitality of
an individual may be judged are the color of the comb, the brightness of the
eyes, the strength of the beak, the breadth of the back, the depth of the body,
color of the shanks and skin, and the activity of the individual.
An account is given of a White Leghorn hen which yielded in her first year's
production 246 eggs weighing 29.5 lbs. She consumed 118.5 lbs. of feed, or 92
lbs. of dry matter, costing $1.79 and yielded a net profit of $4.72. During the
second year this hen laid 221 eggs weighing 21.6 lbs., or a total of 467 eggs in
730 days. It is said that this hen is one of 20 birds which are the product of
definite breeding for high fecundity and whose average yearly production for
the first season's laying is over 190 eggs.
The results attendant upon special mating indicate that it is through the
male progeny primarily that the egg-producing propensities of any given female
are transmitted.
In crossbreeding experiments the occurrence of barred chicks from a sup-
posedly pure-bred White Leghorn male of known breeding is noted. These
barred pullets show throughout the Leghorn carriage, and nearly all of the
Leghorn characteristics are present with the exception of the plumage pattern.
With a view to determining the mode of inheritance of common variable
factors in different breeds, namely, plumage pattern, color of ear lobe, shank,
egg, beak, and feet, body shape and shank feathering, reciprocal crosses were
made between standard-bred White Leghorns and Black Langshans. In the
Fi generation nothing but white birds were obtained, none of which, however,
were pure white. No barred feathers were apparent, but black feathers were
quite common. It appeared from an analysis of the Fi generation that in " the
case of shank and eye color, the factor of sex limitation was present; the female
progeny inherits from the paternal parent only, while in the case of shank
feathei'ing the presence of this character is in each case dominant over its
absence, no sex limitation being apparent."
A crossbreeding experiment with Muscovy ducks, which produce eggs requir-
ing five weeks of incubation to hatch, with Pekin ducks, whose eggs hatch
in four weeks, is reported. The eggs from the Pekin duclcs and a Muscovy
drake required about two days longer than the pure-bred Pekin ducks for
hatching, while the eggs from Muscovy ducks and a Pekin drake were thought
to require nearly the full five weeks. All of the 30 ducklings hatched from
White Pekin females and a White Muscovy male were nearly black in color,
resembling quite closely that of the colored Muscovys. The young hybrid ducks
seemed to be equally as vigorous as the pure-bred ducks of either kind. They
grew faster, however, than the young ducks of either pure variety.
"The crossbred ducklings presented much the same appearance as did the
Muscovy ducklings, there being more meat in proportion to the total weight of
87235°— 15 6
572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tlie carcass tlian on the I'ekius. They both had a bright yellow skin and the
J)renst was well covered with meat. The unevenuess in size, which is always
pi-esent with Muscovy ducks in respect to the sexes, was not so apparent with
the hybrid ducklings. ... As the hybrid ducks matured almost no difference
was apparent between them as indicating one sex or another. The Pekins'
characteristic sex features are the curled feathers upon the tail and the peculiar
voice. The characteristic sex features of the Muscovys are principally those
of size. AV'ith the hybrids no curled tail feathers appeared ; in size all remained
quite equal, and the voice seemed to be much like that of the Muscovys. Upon
examination only two of the hybrid ducks could be found that were apparently
males; these two in size and other outward appearances were almost identical
with the rest. All of the rest but one seemed to have both male and female
organs. One seemed to show genuine female characteristics, and the hermaphro-
ditic chai'acters were not present."
Records kept of nine breeds give for the "White Leghorn breed a total per-
centage of the theoretical production for the year of 31.37, for the Rhode
Island Red 29.36, for the Barred riymouth Rock 27.06. for the Buff Orpington
25.17, Black Langshan 22.29, White Orpington 20.33, White Wyandottes 29.44
(eight months), White Plymouth Rock 22.96 (nine months), and the Light
Brahma 12.72 (three months). The average percentage of the theoretical pro-
duction by months was as follows : November, 1912, 5.65 ; December, 14.1 ;
January, 1913, 20.28 ; February, 25.66 ; March, 41.61 ; April, 49.72 ; May, 48.63 ;
June, 42.68 ; July, 42.69 ; August, 29.22 ; September, 18.49 ; and October, 9.
Tests were made to determine the efficiency of the parcel-post method of
shipping eggs. It was found that the cost of shipping eggs was in all cases
less than shipping by express, and proportionately much less in near-by than in
long hauls. Of the shipments 20 per cent arrived in excellent condition, 40
per cent had some eggs cracked, and 40 per cent one or more completely broken.
It seemed to be a question of care in handling rather than of kind of package.
It is concluded that parcel post does not offer a reliable method of shipping
eggs for hatching or for table purposes and that the violent shaking to which
the eggs ai'e subjected in some cases caused a rupture of the shell membrane
and destroyed their hatching power.
Poultry rations and methods of feeding, H. R. Lewis (Xew Jersey Stas,
Circ. 39, pp. 3-8; Rpt. 1913, pp. 228-233).— K reprint of a portion of Bulletin 265,
previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 568), in which rations for laying hens, chicks,
and broilers are suggested.
The establishment of a new breed of chickens on the basis of Mendelism,
A. HiNK (Dent. Tierarztl. Wchmchr., 22 {1914), -Vo. 26, pp. .',09, 4/O).— Experi-
ments are reported in which Wyandottes and an Italian breed were crossed for
several generations, resulting in the formation of a breed having a partridge
color, a small rose comb, a vigorous constitution, good laying qualities, and
other desirable characteristics. From a study of the rose-comb characteristic
it was evident that inheritance followed the ordinary Mendelian rule of
inheritance.
On inheritance of weight in poultry, R. C. Punnett and P. G. Bailey
(Jour. Genetics, 4 (1914), Xo. 1, pp. 23-39, pJs. 2. figs. 9).— The two breeds
selected for these breeding experiments were the Gold-penciled Hamburgh and
the Silver Sebright Bantam, the object being to learn something about the trans-
mission of weight in poultry. It is concluded that " the facts of breeding offer
a clear indication that weight may depend upou the presence or absence of
definite genetic factors segregating from one another in gametogenesis on lines
with which students of these matters are already familiar." A scheme is sug-
DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 573
gestetl by wliich the phenomena observed in these experiments may be inter-
])retecl in tornis of genetic factors.
Size inheritance in rabbits, E. C. Macdowell (Carnegie Imt. Washington
Pub. 1D6 (IDlJf), pp. 55, figs. 9). — The author explains the theory and gives
examples of multiple factors. In experimental work upon rabbits in which
comparatively small and large races were crossed a study was made of skeletal
measurements and of adult weight, from which observations it was concluded
that " whether on the basis of the comparison of the ranges of litters of the
first filial generation with those of their corresponding back crosses, or whether
on the basis of the relative vai'iability of the two generations as shown by the
standard deviations of the coefficients of size, or by the distribution of fre-
quencies in relation to the parents or grandparents, or, finally, by their body
weights, there is found a consistently greater diversity of sizes in the back
cross than in the first hybrid generation. Characters occur among the second
generation that are smaller than the corresponding characters in the small
parent ; others that are above the modes of the first generation large parents."
The general law is stated as follows: " The second generation of a size cross
shows greater diversity than does the first generation or the parental lines.
Size characters that are inherited in a Mendelian fashion are included in the
above statement."
An extensive bibliography is included, and a prefatory note and appendix by
W. E. Castle.
Oyster propagation observations for 1913, J. Nelson {yew Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 4S0-53Jf, pis. 6). — ^These studies include the usual climatic data
as to the amount of sunshine and rain, temperature, and winds, and observations
on the temperature and saltness of the water, and the tidal ebb and flow, the
progress of spawning by the oysters, the distribution and rate of growth of the
embryo or larval oysters ("fry"), and the setting of the spat (E. S. R., 30,
p. 374).
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Beport of dairy husbandman, A. S. Cook (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp.
293-333, 355-365, pis. 3). — Two lots of eight cows each, of practically uniform
weight and production, were fed by the reversal system for two periods of 40
days each (10 days preliminary feeding intervening) on the following daily
rations : Lot 1, an average of 3.42 lbs. of soy-bean meal ; lot 2, 3.44 lbs. of cotton-
seed meal, in addition to the regular basal ration of oats and pea hay. alfalfa
hay, silage, green feed, beet pulp, and corn-and-cob meal, both lots receiving prac-
tically the same total amount of nutrients.
The production of milk was practically the same on each ration, there being
a difference of only 275 lbs. in favor of cotton-seed meal in the entire period.
The soy-bean ration produced 27.7 lbs. more of milk fat than the cotton-seed
meal ration. The weights of cows during the experiment had the same uniform-
ity as the milk produced, there being a difference of only 100 lbs. in favor of
cotton-seed meal in the total weights of the two groups.
" The cost of milk was 2.2 cts. per quart on the cotton-seed meal ration and
2.3 cts. on the soy-bean meal ration. Results of this experiment indicate that
when the price of cotton-seed meal is $33 [per ton] the dairyman can afford to
pay $41 for soy-bean meal."
The average yearly milk yield for the 33 cows in the station herd was S,547
lbs. per cow, the average milk fat yield 319.1 lbs; the average cost of roughage,
figured at market price $61.81, or when figured at the cost of production $34.56;
the average cost of grain $51.54 ; the average profit with milk at 5 cts. per quart
574 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
$91.80; the average returns per 100 lbs. expended for lee<] $1.80; and the aver-
age cost of feed per quart of milk 2.8 cts.
Complete records are given of the feed consumed and cost of feed, together
with the weight and average gain in weight per day for eight calves, for a period
of six months. All of the calves were removpil from the dam immediately after
being dropped, and were fed whole milk during the first 30 or 40 days except
two of the calves which were put on skim milk soon after birth. It was found
that the average daily gain in weight was practically the same when the calves
were fed skim milk as whole milk. The grain ration consisted largely of bran,
gluten, and Ajax flakes. Grain was placed before each calf when they were
about three weeks old and they were allowed to consume both grain and alfalfa
at will.
It was found that when a small amount of oat meal and soaked beet pulp was
added to the grain ration for the calves during the first few weeks they would
consume more than when the straight grain mixture was fed. Another satis-
factory mixture was found to be corn-and-cob meal, bran, and linseed meal,
8:4:1.
Data are given on the average daily rations, production, feed cost, and profit
of cows of the various breeds as determined by records obtained in advancel
registry work.
[Dairy husbandry], C. T. Ames {Mississippi 8ta. Bui. 165 (1914), PP- 23-
26). — At the Holly Springs substation the estimated cost of keeping a cow for
12 months was $47.33, which included 150 days winter feeding at 15.5 cts. per
day and 210 days of summer feeding at 4.8 cts. per day. It is stated that if
the value of the manure is allowed to offset the cost of labor in running the
dairy, each cow produced a net average of about $65.16, which does not take
into account the skim milk fed to pigs and calves nor the calves themselves.
Feeding the farm cow in the South ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
[Circ.}, 1914, Dec. IS. pp. 4)- — General suggestions are given.
Advantages of dairying in the South (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec.
[Circ], 1914, Dec. 18, pp. 4)- — -^ discussion of the advantages of dairying to
the southern farmer.
Do you keep a cow? (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Dec.
16, pp. 4)- — General information on dairying, designed for the cotton-belt
farmers.
Milk records and cost of feeding cows in Berkshire, 1913, J. M.\ckintosh
(Univ. Col. Reading, Dept. Agr. and Ilort. Bui. 19 [1913^, pp. 56).— Data are
given, collected from 12 farms in Berkshire. England, on the cost of winter and
summer feeding of dairy cows. A great variation was found among the several
farms, and it is concluded that a material lowering of the cost of production
could be effected if farmers would keep milk records and feed records and act
on the information thus obtained.
[Milk production] {Mark Lane Express, 112 {1914), ^'o. 43S9, p. 5S9, fig. 1).—
In connection with investigations carried out on a number of farms in Yorkshire.
England, it was found that though high yield and low fat content and low yield
and high fat content do not invariably go together, yet in the case of cows
yielding under 400 gal. of milk, the milk contained an average percentage of
3.92 of fat. The percentage decreased with an increased milk production, and
the milk of cows yielding over 1.000 gal. contained only 3.48 per cent fat.
The importance of milking at regular intervals was shown by the fact that
of the 18 samples containing less than 3 per cent fat in the morning milk, no
fewer than 13 were contributed by a farm where the intervals were very
unequal. It w^as observed that while the lengthening of the night interval tends
to raise the yield of milk and lower the percentage of fat in the morning milk-
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 575
lug as conipared with the evening milking, it has little effect on the total weight
of fat given at each milking.
On the law relating' milk flow to age in dairy cattle, R. Pearl (Proc. Soc.
Expt. Biol, and Med., 12 (191/,), No. 1, pp. 18, 19).— The author finds that,
contrary to the general assumption, the relation between the two variables milk
flow and age is a strictly linear one. " The amount of milk protluced by a cow
in a given unit of time (7 days, 1 year, etc.) is a logarithmic function of the
age of the cow." The law may be stated in the following way :
" Milk flow increases with increasing age but at a constantly diminishing rate
(the increase in any given time being inversely proportional to the total amount
of flow already attained) until a maximum flow is reached. After the age of
maximum flow is passed the flow diminishes with advancing age and at an
increasing rate. The rate of decrease after the maximum is, on the whole,
much slower than the rate of increase preceding the maximum." In general
the law applies to the absolute amount of fat produced in a given time as well
as to the amount of milk.
General rules and reg'ulations regarding the conduct of advanced registry
tests in New Jersey, A. S. Cook (Xcw Jersey Stas. Circ. 38, pp. 3-7). — This
gives general directions to breeders and supervisors regarding the conduct of
advanced registrj- tests in New Jersey.
The production and care of milk and cream ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec.
Spec. [Circ.], 1914, Dec. 31, pp. 4). — A ix)pular discussion.
Handling milk in pint bottles, E. Kelly {Hoard's Dairyman, 48 (1915),
No. 25, p. 145). — In surveys made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of
the relative number of milk bottles handled by milk dealers in five cities, it was
found that a surj^risingly large number of pint bottles are used. With 74 deal-
ers an average of 1.39 pints was handled for each quart, and these constituted
41 per cent of the entire bottled milk. It is believed that because of the small
profit made in some cases on milk handled in pints, it would be well for dealers
to encourage the quart trade in every jiossible way.
The pasteurization of milk in the final package, B. W. Hammer and A. J.
Hattser {Imva Sta. Bui. 154 (1914), pp. 321-356, figs. 6).— In the work reported
an effort was made to determine the most favorable vat temperature and time
of exposure for final package pasteurization. The points considered in the
determination were bacterial efficiency, creaming ability, and the heated flavor
produced.
It was found that " the method of final package pasteurization must be
regarded as a modified holding method because of the slowness with which the
bottle<l milk can be heated or cooled.
" High pasteurization temperatures are unsatisfactory for the methotl of final
package pasteurization because of the decreased creaming ability and pro-
nounced heated flavor of milk so treated.
"An exposure of HO minutes in water at 145° P. gave an average bacterial
eflSciency of 99.56 (13 experiments) and an average creaming ability of 94.68 (20
experiments). The heated flavor developed was so slight that only 8 persons
out of 61 detected that the milk had been pasteurized.
" Milk pasteurized in the bottles with an exposure of 50 minutes in water at
145° was very satisfactory from the viewpoint of the consumer. Out of a total
of 61 i)ersons, 11 preferred the raw milk, 36 preferred the pasteurized, and 14
saw no difference.
" The intensity of the heated flavor in milk depended to a certain extent on the
amount of fat present, inasmuch as the larger quantities of fat tende<l to mask
the heated flavor. Because of the influence of various factors, such as the fat
content, and also on account of the variations in the ability of different persons
576 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
to detect a heated flavor, it is believed to be impossible to make a statement
with reference to the exposure necessary to produce this flavor.
"An exposure of 50 minutes at 145° is satisfactory for half pints, pints, or
quarts of milk. Jlxposures satisfactory for milk appear to be satisfactory for
cream, if we can judge from the results obtained witli pint bottle.s.
" The exposure of milk to air during tlie heating process liad no detectable
influence on either the creaming ability or the detection of a heate<l flavor.
" Milk i)asteurized in bottles by an exposure of 50 minutes in water at a tem-
perature of 145° underwent much the same type of fermentation as good raw
milk although in the former case the ai^pearauce of tlie fermentation was, as
would be expected, materially delayed.
"As the vat temperature is increased above 145° the results obtained ai'e pro-
gressively less desirable. A vat temperature of 140° is objectionable mainly on
account of the long exposure necessary.
" With short exposures at various vat temperatures an increased creaming
ability of tlie milk so treated was frequently observed but. with exposures which
would satisfy tlie requirements regarding bacterial efficiency, such an increase
was not observed.
"Final package pasteurization did not decrease undesirable flavors in milk
and In some cases seemed to intensify them.
" Cream witii a slightly increased acidity is undesirable for final package
pasteurization because of the appearance of the heated cream as well as because
of the sensation it gives to the tongue.
"A flavor was imparted to the milk by the paper lining of the cap in some
cases. This defect has apparently been recognized by tlio manufacturers and a
cap with a parchment paper lining is at present being made."
Experiments on the pasteurizing of milk in bottles, Wihgmann (Mitt.
Deut. Milchw. Ter., 31 (191-i), July, pp. 149-165, figs. 5).— Successful experi-
ments are reported on pasteurizing milk in bottles at from 64 to 66° C. (147.2
to 150.8° F.) for A hour. The bacteria content was materially decreased and
the keeping quality greatly increased. A variety of forms of bacteria were found
in raw material but in the pasteurized product only lactic acid bacteria, isolated
Bacillus mesentcricus, and some few resistant forms were found. The apparatus
and method of pasteurizing is described.
Testing and handling" dairy products, C. Larsen and J. M. Fuller {South
Dakota Sta. Bui. 152 {1914), pp. 28-56, figs. 8).— Items discussed in this bulle-
tin are methods of testing milk and cream for milk fat, testing cream for acidity,
care of the separator, causes of variation in the cream test, and methods of pro-
ducing liigh quality cream.
Preserving milk samples for examination, J. Tillmans. A. Splittgebbeb,
and H. Eiffart (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genuss)ntL, 21 {1914), Xo. 12. pp.
893-901). — In tests with various preservatives of milk it was found that thymol,
phenol, creosote, and sodium fluorid cause the milk to coagulate after 24 to
48 hours. Bichromate of potash, owing to the intense yellow color it gives to
milk, does not allow an accurate determination of the degree of acidity to be
carried out. Chloroform causes an increase of refraction and of fat content,
and creosote a decrease of specific gravity. Thymol and creosote weaken the
diphenylamin reaction to a considerable extent, as is also tlie case with oil
of mustard and phenol. Bichromate of potash causes the milk to give a strong
IX)sitive reaction with diphenylamin, even without the addition of a nitrate.
Corrosive sublimate appears to be the most satisfactory of any of the pre-
servatives tried. When used in a 0.04 to 0.03 per cent solution it preserves milk
quite fresh for 120 hours without any noticeable increase in acidity. It has
no action whatever upon the milk constants and allows the quantitative deter-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 577
mination of nitrates to be carried out even after 120 hours. It Is advised
that Congo red at the rate of 0.2 cc. of 2 per cent solution be added to the sub-
limate for every 250 cc. of milk. It has no effect upon the analysis of the milk
and is a warning of the poisonous character of the preservative.
"Water content of butter, W. Theopold (Ber. ^l^ahrmtl. Untersuch. A?nt.
Bromhcrg., 1913, p. 16; ahs. in Zischr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 28
{191.'f), No. 2, pp. 109, 110; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), No. 22, p. 1106).—
Tests indicate that butter does not increase in weight by absorption of water
when moistened externally or placed in cold water for 70 hours. A sample of
butter containing 22.9 per cent water showed 22.6 per cent after treatment,
while another sample with 18.8 per cent showed 18.2 per cent.
Marketing butter and cream in the South (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec.
Spec. iCirc], 1914, Dec. 19, pp. 3). — A brief discussion of methods.
Making farm butter in the South (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. ICirc],
1914, Dec. 28. pp. 4). — General suggestions are given.
Shall southern farmers build creameries? (f/. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec.
Spec. [_Circ.], 1914, Dec. 2S, pp. 3). — A brief discussion on organizing and con-
ducting a farmers" creamery.
Dairy bacteriology, A. Wolff (Molkereibaktcriologische Betriebskontrolle.
Berlin: P. Parey, 1914, PP- yi+llS, figs. 9). — ^This is a general text treating
of the bacteriology of milk and its products, giving directions on methods of
preparing cultures and identifying the various bacteria, and methods for the
market control of dairy products.
Bacilli coli of milk, B. A. Van Ketel {11. Cong. Internat. Pharm. [The
Hague], 1913, Raps. 5. Sect., pp. 109-111). — It is stated that the usual source
of contamination is the feces, the body of the cow, or the feed, and that the
optimum temperature for growth is 37.5° C. (99.5° F.). There appeared to be
a variety of opinions on the temperature required to destroy bacilli coli, rang-
ing from 62 to 75°, and depending upon the duration of the period.
Analyses of the milk of sick cows, B. Sjollema {11. Cong. Internat. Pharm.
[The Hague], 1913, Raps. 5. Sect., pp. 83S6).— It is stated that in general the
milk of sick cows shows a greater degree of acidity and contains an iucreased
quantity of the ferments catalase, reductase, and amylase. The lactose content
is diminished, while the chlorin and albuminoids show an increase. In extreme
cases the milk shows an abnormal color.
A study of streptococci isolated from certain presumably milk-borne epi-
demics of tonsilitis occurring in Massachusetts in 1913 and 1914, T. Smith
and J. H. Brown {Jour. Med. Research, 31 {1915), No. 3, pp. 455-502) .—After
their extensive studies the authors conclude that the " streptococci causing epi-
demics of tonsilitis are not necessarily the same in different epidemics either
in the same or different localities. . . . There is at present no satisfactory
evidence that bovine streptococci associated with mastitis or garget are the
agents of tonsilitis in man. Whenever cases of garget are suspected as sources
of infection in man. both human and bovine types should be looked for."
Reindeer milk production, G. Grotenfelt {Mcrlkeritid.. 21 {1914), No. 22,
pp. 399-411, figs. 24). — Analyses are given of reindeer milk, and methods of
making reindeer cheese are described.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Annual reports of the official veterinarians of Prussia for 1910 and 1911,
Nevermann {Veroffentl. Jahres-Tet. Ber. Tierdrste Preuss., 11 {1910 [pw&.
1912]), pt. 1, pp. VI+136, pis. 17, figs. 2; 11 {1910 [pub. 1913]), pt. 2, pp. IV +
171; 12 {1911 [pub. 1913]), pts. 1, pp. VI -[■137, pis. 16; 2, pp. IV +131).—
578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
These, the eleventh and twelfth annual reports (E. S. R., 27, p. 181), deal with
the occurrence, etc., of animal diseases in Prussia. Much statistical data is
presented in tabular form.
Veterinary calendar for the year 1915, edited by M. Rautenbebg (Veterir
ndr-Kalender fur das Jahr 1915. Berlin: August Ilirschicald, 1914, 1. Aht., pp.
XVI +308; 2. Aht., pp. VIII +o85, fir/s. 6'5).— The forty-ninth annual edition of
this publication. Part 1 includes directions for treating the more important
diseases as prescribed in the Yeterinaiy High School at Berlin ; symptoms and
therapy of poisoning, with chemical methods for detecting poisons; excerpts
from materia medica ; data on slaughter animals and meat inspection; the
judgment of meat; veterinary jurisprudence; fees for veterinarians doing court
work; and vnrious tables (gestation, temperature, etc.) pertaining to veterinary
matters.
Part 2 gives a list of the civil and military veterinary officials, and contains
chapters on serodiagnosis, the microscojiic examination of bacteria on cover
glass preparations, the technique and significance of the urine examination,
examination of feeds, and much diita relating to the administration of laws
germane to veterinary and public health practice. The fees set down by law for
professional services are also included.
International catalogue of scientific literature. E — Bacteriology. QR —
Serum physiology (Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 10 (1914), PP- VIII+602+182+
23). — This deals with some of the literature of bacteriology and serology.
Topics coming under the latter heading are now grouped in a separate chapter
entitled Serum Physiology. The American literature is not treated adequately.
Animal castration, G. R. White (XashviUe, Tcnn.: Author, 1914, pp. 241,
figs. 209). — A well-illustrated work dealing with the subject as it relates to
the equine, bovine, porcine, ovine, canine, feline, and fowl. The deodorization
of the skunk is also considered.
Special veterinary therapy, M. R. Steffen (Chicago: Amer. Jour. Vet. Med.,
1914, PP- 91). — A collection of therapeutic notes based upon more than ten
years' active practice by the author.
The use of drugs in the treatment of disease caused by nematode worms,
J. F. Craig [Aiuer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1913), Xo. 5, pp. 490-509).— X somewhat
detailed discussion of this subject, which was presented at the Tenth Interna-
tional Veterinary Congress held at Loudon in 1914.
Animal immunity, W. Rosenthal (Tierische. Immunitdt. Brunswick: F.
Vieivcg d Son, 1914, PP- X+329, fig. 1). — ^This work is intended for the non-
technical man, the student of medicine, and the physician not yet versed in the
science of immunity.
The vitamins, C. Funk (Die Vitamine. Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1914,
pp. VIII +193, pis. 2, figs. 38). — This deals with the significance which the
vitamins have for physiologj' and pathology, with special reference to the
avitaminoses (beri-beri, scorbutus, pellagra, and rickets). An api>endix is
included which deals with the growth substances and the cancer problem.
A chapter bearing on the possible relation of the vitamins to " stijfziekte "
and " lamziekte " (Theiler) in horses is also included. Discussing the subject
the author points out that investigations are necessary to prove this relation.
Experimental study of the Abderhalden test, A. H. Bunce (Abs. in Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc., 62 (1914). No. 19, p. 1499).— Out of 34 tests for pregnancy
16 were positive and 17 negative. In no case was a negative reaction obtained
in a proved pregnancy. In the preliminary work contradictory results were
obtained, but this was due to faulty technique, such as taking serum from
patients soon after meals, when the blood was charged with much amino acid.
The method may also serve as a valuable aid for subtantiating and strength-
ening clinical results in doubtful cases.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579
About a new skin reaction for diagnosing pregnancy, E. Engelhobn and
H. WiNTz (Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 (1914), No. 13, pp. 689, 690, fig. 1;
ahs. in Jour. Amer. lied. Assoc, 62 (191^), No. 19, p. 1514). — The reaction is
conducted in a manner similar to tlie tuberculin and luetin reactions, viz, by
injecting the alien protein Into the sliin. In the test an extract of the placenta,
termed " placentin," was used.
" In 70 pregnant women a reaction in the skin was constantly obtaine<l.
while there was no reaction in 53 men and children and nonpregnant women.
The only contradictory finding was a positive reaction in one child of six with
bladder disease. The reaction became positive in pregnant women from the
seventh week on and persisted for three or four days after delivery."
On the filterability and biology of spirochetes, S. B. Wolbach {Amer.
Jour. Trap. Diseases and Prev. Med., 2 {1915), No. 8, pp. 494-505, pis. ^).— The
author's conclusions are " tliat the method of filtration as a means of sepa-
rating spiral organisms from ordinary bacteria will probably hold good for
other saprophytic and pathogenic spirochetes and allied micro-organisms; that
organisms larger than many bacteria will pass the Berkefeld V, N, and W
filters, namely, Spirochwta diittoni, and the ones we have tentatively called
S. elusa, '8. hiflexa, and the spiral organism from the colon of man, which is
probably the organism commonly recognized in preparation as an ' intestinal
spirochete ' ; that there is no evidence of spirochetes multiplying by any other
method than single fission. It is certain that the granules, coiled forms, and
swollen terminals of the spiral organisms cultivated by us are not capable of
multiplication in any form."
A simple method for the preparation of stable control extracts for anthrax
precipitation, B. Schubekt {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsehr., 30 {1914), No. 9, pp.
151, 152). — In the directions given for conducting the Ascoli procedure the
making of two control tests is recommended for the purpose of excluding the
possibility of errors, but the precipitation each time of a control extract is not
convenient. By preparing J cc. of the extract in the regular manner, filter-
ing through asbestos into test tubes, and sterilizing for ten minutes for three
successive days, a stable extract which may be used at any time is obtained.
If a precipitation occurs after the first sterilization, the solution in the tubes
is filtered through asbestos again in the manner described.
Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on unhusked rice (palay), R. B. Gibson
and I. CoNCEPCioN {Philippine Jour. 8ci., Sect. B, 9 {1914), No. 1, pp. 119-123,
pi. 1). — From this work it appears that the substitution of rough rice for the
polished article is not completely protective against beri-beri in all individuals.
The authors state that " we do not mean to say that this substitution has not
practically eliminated beri-beri where it has been undertaken or that the use of
rice polishing is not without great thei"ai>eutic value. But in view of the
accumulated evidence, we can say that the addition of other feedstufifs to a
diet of unpolished rice is essential to meet the normal nutritive requirements
of the body."
[Foot-and-mouth disease] {Cornell Vet., 4 {1915), No. 5, pp. 221-259, pis. 8,
figs. 3). — A number of articles are here presented which relate to foot-and-
mouth disease, namely. The Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, by P. A. Fish
(pp. 221-223) ; History of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, by J. Law (pp. 224-230) ;
The Nature of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (pp. 231-234), Economic Significance
and Methods for Control (pp. 247-250), and What Animal Owners Should Do
to Prevent Foot-and-Mouth Disease (pp. 256-258), by V. A. Moore; Etiology
and Morbid Anatomy, by C. P. Fitch (pp. 235-239) ; Symptomatology, by R. R.
Birch (pp. 240, 241) ; Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis, by D. H. Udall
580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(pp. 242-240) ; and Foot-and-Moutli Disease in New York State. 1914. by J. G.
Wills (])p. 251-2.55).
The foot-and-mouth disease, what it is, what it does, how to fight it, and
how to prevent it (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page d Co., 191Jf, pp. 19,
figs. 6). — This pamphlet embraces several articles, namely, Every Farmer's
Duty in the Present Foot-and-Moutb Crisis, by V. A. Moore (pp. 3-7) ; Foot-
and-Mouth Disease, Its Nature, Symptoms, Effects, and Treatment (pp. 8-16) ;
and Historical Notes and Data Concerning the Disease in This Country and
Abroad (pp. 17-10).
Foot-and-mouth disease [in the United States] {Amer. Vet. Rev., ^6 (1915),
No. 4, pp. 380-397). — This is a discussion of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth
disease that have occui'red in this country.
About the utilization of the conglutination reaction as a diagnostic test
for glanders, C. W. Andersen (Ccntbl. Balct. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., 72 (1913),
No. Jf-5, pp. 394-398; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 7, p.
124). — The conglutination reaction (E. S. R., 28, p. 478) was studied with the
sera from 225 horses. Parallel tests were run with the complement fixation
method.
Fourteen of the sera reacted positively, and in 13 of the horses on section
glanderous lesions were noted. In the fourteenth horse some old nodules were
found in the lung. The complement fixation and the mallein tests showed posi-
tive in the latter case. Four sera gave partial fixation in the complement bind-
ing test but negative findings with the conglutination test. The four horses
were found sound on autopsy. Two hundred and one sera gave negative com-
plement fixation and conglutination reactions. The author believes the con-
glutination test is more sensitive and specific for diagnosing glanders than the
complement fixation test. This work supports the findings of Sti'anigg.
The ophthalmic test in the diagnosis of glanders, F. Favero (J/0(f. Zooiatro,
Parte Sci., 25 (1914), No. 2, pp. 49-63; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther.,
27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 207-269).— "The ophthalmic test does not always clearly
indicate the existence of glanders. A positive ophthalmic test is specific. It is
essentially a muco-purulent secretion which persists for at least 24 hours. In
doubtful cases the ophthalmic test reiieated at a sliort interval gives confirma-
tory results. In a positive reaction there is a high percentage of neutrophile
polynuclear leucocytes in the conjunctival exudate, but this character Is not
specific."
An ophthalmic mallein eye dropper, W. Wilson (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46
(1914), ^0. 1, p. 62, figs. 3). — The apparatus consists of an ordinary medicine
dropper with the point drawn out and bent at right angles. The tip of the
dropper is fitted into a notch made in a camel's-hair brush just next to the hair,
and the dropper is fastened by means of a clamp made from a thin piece of
sheet copper. " By filling the dropper with mallein. which easily holds 10 to
20 doses, it may be squeezed out into the brush and placed into the eye, and any
remaining in the dropper after the testing is completed may be returned to the
bottle without being badly contaminated."
Simultaneous method of inoculating cattle and carabaos with serum from
animals that have been recently immunized, A. R. Ward and F. W. Wood
(Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B. 9 (1914), No. 1. pp. 125-135. pis. 5).— Experiences
with the simultaneous inoculation method utilizing blood dra\\Ti in the field
have demonstrated " that there is no necessity for maintaining an expensive
permanent laboratory and herd for the production of artiriuderi)est serum from
hyperimmunized animals. A radical reduction in the cost of serum production
has been effected, and in consequence the possibility of extensive employment
of simultaneous inoculation in combating rinderpest has been demonstrated,"
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581
A note on surra in camels, H. E. Cross {Lahore, India: Govt., 1914, pp. 8). —
A brief jurount with tliroctions for the diagnosis of the disease through a study
of the Mood. s.vin])t()nis. and post-mortem appearances; the treatment, etc.
Wholesale handling of bovine tuberculosis in Colorado, W. W. Yard (Amer.
Yet. Rev., Jf6 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 56-59). — A statement al)out the occurrence of
tuberculosis amongst bovines and pigs on a farm owned by one of the richest
men in Colorado, and illustrating some of the difficulties which may be en-
countered by an official veterinarian in eradicating tuberculosis from a herd in
which the support of the owner is not given. Stock worth $75,000 was destroyed.
The diseases of the internal generative organs in relation to dairy inspec-
tion, W. L. Williams (Rpt. X. Y. State Yet. Col., 1912-13, pp. 193-200) .—Thin
is a general discussion of the diseases of the internal generative organs that are
of importance in dairy inspection.
A study of infectious abortion in cattle, V. A. Moore and C. P. Fitch
(Rpt. X. Y. State Yet. Col., 1912-13. pp. 82-114).— This article discusses the
cause, channels of infection, experimental infection, elimination of the causative
organism, diagnosis, treatment, immunity, and control. A more recent report on
this disease by Williams has been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 779).
A bil)liography of 67 titles is appended.
Experiments on the control of warble flies in Germany, Schottler and
Glaseb (ilitt. Ausschusses Belcdmpf. Dasselplage, No. 6 (1914), pp. 1-31; ahs.
in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rojne], Ho. Bui. Agi: Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5
(1914), No. 9, pp. 1189, 1190).— This report of the work of the Warble Control
Committee carried on during 1913 in the district of Xeuhaus on the Oste is in
continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. GO). Of the 3,892 head
of cattle treated, 75.4 per cent were freed from warbles, an average of 16.2
larvie per head being removed.
In a second part of the paper a campaign against warbles in a district in the
grand duchy of Oldenburg is reported upon. An exi>erinient in which ten steers
were kept under exactly the same conditions, five being freed from warbles and
the others not, indicated that the loss in flesh caused by warbles amounts to
more than the loss caused through damage to the hides.
The effect of the cattle tick upon the milk production of dairy cows. T. E.
Woodward, W. F. Turner, and C. Curtice (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 147 (1915),
pp. 22, figs. 6). — This bulletin reiwrts upon an experiment undertaken with a
view to definitely determining the direct effect of the cattle tick (Margaropus
atinulatus) on the milk production and body wei'^ht of dairy cows.
In conducting the experiment, twenty grade Jersey cows of average dairy
quality and in fair condition of flesh, all being immune to ordinary attacks
of tick fever, were selected in the early part of their lactation periods. They
were divided into two groups of ten animals each, one being freed from ticks
and kept free, the other being kept tick-infested by applying seed ticks at
regular intervals. The experiment began May 21. 1913. and lasted during a
period of 140 days. The milk of each cow was weighed and a sample taken
at every milking for a composite fat test at the end of each ten-day period.
The body weights were taken for ten consecutive days at the beginning of the
work; thence once every ten days until the last period, when they were taken
for ten consecutive days as at the beginning of the work.
The investigations show that the cattle tick has a decidedly injurious
effect upon supposedly immune dairy cattle, the extent of the injury being
largely dependent upon the degree of infestation. The effect is more pro-
nounced upon the milk production than upon the body weights when a suffi-
cient supply of food Is given.
582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"At the beginning of the test the tick-free and ticli-infested groups gave
practically the same amounts of milk; at the close the tick-infested gave only
65.8 per cent as much as the tick-free. The tick-free group gained 6.1 per
cent in body weight ; the tick-infested 3.6 per cent.
" Spraying or dipping tick-free cattle in an ar.senical solution causes a
marked though temporary decrease in milk flow. In this experiment there
was an average reduction of 6.1 per cent from the normal milk flow for a
period of five days following each of the four applications of the arsenical
solution.
" Resistance of cattle to infestation by the tick is a variable quality. Of
the ten animals in the tick-infe-sted group, four became grossly infested ; two
more so than the average, and the remaining four but lightly infested.
" The death of cow 15, due to excessive tick infestation, and various recur-
rences of fever in the other animals, emphasizes the extreme hazard of cattle
being continuously subjected to these losses by the tick. Cow 15 was one of
the best of the tick-infested group and represented at least a 10 per cent
loss from the capital invested in tick-infested cows. Furthermore, the losses
observed In this experiment were sustained on rations sufHcient to main-
tain body weights. It is thought that had there been but a scant supply of
food, as sometimes occurs when cows are on pasture, the tick-infested cattle
would have suffere<l earlier and probably to a greater degree than they did.
The losses in this case were in spite of a good maintenance ration. It is prob-
able that much of the spring losses in cattle now laid to starvation, due to
lack of pasturage, is materially aided by blood depletion due to ticks, and that
repeated dippings would save many cattle otherwise lost.
" These experiments are not extensive enought to furnish an exact measure
of the amount of decrease in milk flow due to infestation, but they show that
the losses are considerable and vary in immune cows largely in proportion
to the extent of infestation, since in all cases the milk flow decreased faster in
the heavily infested than in the lightly infested cows. This is additional evi-
dence that the tick is a great hindrance to profitable dairying in the South. Even
in so-called inmume cattle, ticks cause irritation of the skin and withdraw
blood that otherwise would produce milk or meat."
The dairy records of the experimental cows are given in tabular form in an
appendix.
Investigations in regard to the action of immune sera against calf dysen-
tery (scours) in infections with the bacteria of the coli and aerogenes group,
O. Stenstrom {Svensk Vet. Tidskr., 18 (1913), No. 8, pp. 73-83; abs. in Centbl.
Bakt. [e/c], 1. Abt., Ref., 59 [1913), No. 7, p. 216).— This is a study of the
C. O. Jensen anticoli serum. The serum was able to fix complement. When
saturated with antigen and then centrifuged for the purpose of removing the
antigen the immunizing powers of the serum for guinea pigs were only slightly
reduced. Bacteria killed with toluol and suspended in sterile distilled water
were fatal for guinea pigs (endotoxic action). The toxic action was prevented
by immune serum but not according to the law of multiples. The serum
therefore apparently contains antitoxins, but its action is not entirely anti-
toxic. Leucocytes from exudates also acted antitoxic. In dilute solutions the
serum predisposes toward phagocytic action. Antiaggressins were detected iu
the animal exi^eriments. and the chief value of the serum is dependent upon
the presence of these substances.
Studies on the hematology of normal and cholera infected hogs, R. R.
DiNwiDDiE (Arkansas Sta. Bui. 120 (19U), pp. 21-1,1, figs. S).— In the course
of a somewhat prolonged study of the blood of normal pigs and that of pigs
VETERINARY MEDICINE 583
lnfecte<l with hog cholera some peculiarities in the red blood corpuscles were
observed.
Wheu red blood corpuscles were studied iu a fresh (unfixed and unstained)
state they were found to throw out, from their margins, processes from the
cytoplasm as active bodies of various bizarre forms which, in part, form the
plasma granules seen by dark ground illumination. A more common feature
of pigs' blood, and one which distinguishes it from any other animal species, is
the occuri-ence within the area of the red cell of refringent motile bodies,
which, with the highest of magnifications, show a certain degree of uniformity
in shape and ai*e apparently intracellular. They usually lie near the margin
of the cell, but in their migrations they may alternately be above or below
the focus, but never beyond the margin of the cell. Although first observed in
normal pigs, they were noted in much increased quantities in the blood of
hogs affected with cholera. The motility is inhibited by cold but goes on at
ordinary room temperature, i. e., 70° or upward. " The motility of these
endoglobular bodies is not to be compared with that of bacteria, nor can it l)o
I)roi>erly described as ameboid, nor yet as molecular."
" Omitting the smallest bodies too minute to allow recognition of their shape
these bodies occur in three distinct forms: (1) As roimd or short oval slightly
biconcave flattened disks; (2) as long oval or rice grain-like bodies; (3) as
crescentic or horseshoe-like forms. All of these forms may be found in the sarao
blood sample. Usually the disk form is most abundant. It also exhibits the most
active motility and the greatest diversity in size." The crescentic or horseshoe
shaped forms are the most sluggish in motion.
" The erythrocytes in which these bodies occur may be of normal size or slightly
larger or smaller than the average and are not commonly otherwise distorted.
Most frequently they occur singly in the cell, but doubles are nearly as common
and six or eight may be found. Those cells which carry such numbers are
generally smaller than the average, and I have only found them in cholera-
infected blood." The cells in which these motile bodies are present are not
obviously deficient in hemoglobin.
" Between the cells in pigs' blood and more numerously in infected blood,
a variety of minute quivering or dancing bodies may be seen, the origin and
nature of which I do not know." These may be offshoots of erythrocytes and
are increased some hours after collecting the blood.
"In diseased blood (cholera infected) the Intercellular or plasma granules
are usually more numerous than in normal blood. In all pigs' blood they are
greatly more numerous than in the blood of man." Spirochetes as observed
by King (E. S. R., 30, p. 383) were not found.
In stained specimens of pigs' blood small round solidly stained bodies were
seen within the erythrocytes. Only one of these coccoid bodies is usually
present and it is eccentrically placed in the blood cell. " With methylene blue
or Jenner's stain they are colored blue, with Giemsa, a dark ruby red. As to
the erythrocytes, in which they occur, they are, with the exception to be noted,
not otherwise abnormal. In the blood of some infected animals in which
marked anisocytosls was present with diminished red cell count, most of these
bodies would be found within enlarged cells (megalocytes) with deficient
hemoglobin. In the same preparation, however, bodies would be seen within
microcytes or cells of normal size. Unusual numbers of these bodies in any
specimen were found quite generally associated with such abnormalities in the
erythrocytes. Erythroblasts may be found in preparations from the blood of
normal or noninfected pigs. They are often more abundant in the blood of
cholera-infected animals, especially at a late stage of a chronic form of the
584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
disease, but lire never sufflcicntly abimdaut iv form a feature of cholera
infection."
Although intracellular bodies are increased as a rule quite markedly by an
infection, this is not invariably the case. They are in some way connected,
according to the author, or associated at least with conditions which give rise to
malnutrition and anemia, and when a marked increase in number takes place,
there is a corresponding decrease in the number of red cells.
The blood of three suckling pigs, four or fire weeks old and farrowed by a
mother which had been inmiunized for antiserum production, showed anemia,
especially the fattest of the three, although all of the animals were apparently
healthy in appearance. In all .three the intracorpuscular bodies were unusually
abundant. The bodies in pigs' blood are regarded as identical with the Jolly
bodies of other workers and bear a close relation to the figures of Theiler's
anaplasma. the reputed cause of gall sickness of South African cattle. Attempts
to transfer these bodies to the guinea pig were unsuccessful.
In a small percentage of cases of acute hog cholera blood films treated with
Giemsa or Wright stain showed the presence of ring-shaped forms. These had
the appearance of being plastered over the surface of the red cells, some pro-
jecting beyond the margins, and even lying intercellular. " The rings are colored
by the nuclear staining component of the stain various shades of purple to red.
As already said, these ring forms are apparently absent or so rare as to escape
observation in most samples of cholera blood, but in some cases they are ex-
ceedingly numerous. They appear in all preparations made from the same blood
sample and are absent from others similarly treated for comparison, hence are
attributable to the condition of the blood and not to defect in staining."
Although these forms have never been noted in the blood of noninfected animals,
they have not been sufficiently studied to allow of the suggestion that they are
characteristic of cholera. They bear no resemblance to bacteria in either stain-
ing, properties, or shape. According to the author's i>resent opinion they are
foreign organisms of some kind, if not bacterial probably protozoal.
" Hog-cholera infection gives rise at an early stage to a pronounced leucopenia,
M'ith the appearance of numerous atypical mononuclear or transitional leuco-
cytes. "When inflammatory complications occur a polymorph leucocytosis ap-
pears. The destruction of red corpuscles is not a prominent feature of the
disease."
[Hog cholera in New Jersey], F. C. Minkler (New Jersey Stas. Circ. 40
(Wllf), pp. 21-29; Rpt. 1913, pp. 199-207) .—The author describes the nature
of hog cholera and preventive and remedial measures. A number of outbreaks
were encountered in the State during 1913.
Atlas of equine anatomy, R. Schmaltz (Atlas de Anatomic des Pferdes.
Berlin: Richard Schoetz, 1914, pt. 3, pp. 20, pis. i^).— This third pait of the
work previously noted (E. S. R., 24. p. 485) deals with the position of the
viscera as based upon studies of frozen subjects. Colored illustrations of twelve
cross sections made of the trunk show the organs in situ.
The common colics of the horse, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment, H. C. Reeks (Chicago: Alexander Eger, 1914, 3. ed., pp. XVI+369,
■figs. 32). — An enlarged edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 14,
p. 922).
Dourine in Nebraska, L. C. Kigin (Amer. Yet. Rev., 46 (1915), No. 5, pp.
563, 564). — This article records the discovery of the occurrence of dourine in
Nebraska during the fall of 1914. It is thought to have entered the State in a
shipment of horses from Wyoming.
[Poultry diseases], H. R. Lewis and A. L. Clark (New Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1913. pp. 276-279). — The authors report upon an outbreak of vent gleet among
RURAL ENGINEERING. 585
recently purchased Buff Orpiugtous at the poultry plaut ou the college farm, as
a result of which the average egg production for the year was but 25 per cent
of the theoretical. The percentage of fertility of the eggs was low, about 60,
although apparently good vigorous male biixls were used. The disease was
found to be very hard to overcome and it is concluded that in dealing with it
the best method lies in the destruction of the affocted fowls.
In an attack of roup that broke out at the plant in January about the only
birds affected were those in the pens laying the heaviest. Control measures
consisted in the isolation of affected fowls as soon as detected. Most of the
affected birds were treated and recoveiy resulted in a week or ten days.
The necessity of meat inspection of poultry, with, especial regard to
tuberculosis, A. Breueb {Ilusszemle, 8 {1913), No. 11, pp. 81-83; abs. in Berlin.
Tierarzil. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 12, p. 206). — The importance of examining
the viscera of poultry, in addition to other parts, is pointed out. Where this is
not done great danger exists of spreading the disease. At the Budapest abattoir
8,337 head of poultry shipped from Servia were examined, and of this number
1S8 were tubercular, of which 183 were diseased only in a few organs, espe-
cially in the digestive tract. In the Budapest market tuberculosis in fowls is
said to be present to the extent of from 6 to 13 per cent.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Wood pipe for conveying' water for irrigation, S. O. Jayne {U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 155 {1914), pp. 40, pis. 4, pjs. 7).— This bulletin deals with the de-
sign, construction, durability, possibilities, and limitations of continuous and
machine-banded wood pipe f-or several classes of service and is intended to be
of interest to irrigation engineers, owners of irrigation works, water power com-
panies, and water departments of municipalities. The studies reported included
the inspection of many pipe lines throughout several western States, interviews
and correspondence with manufacturers, builders, and operators of wood pii^e,
and a review of published data on the subject.
As regards the durability of wood pipe, data are presented to show that the
length of time any pipe will last can not be accurately predicted without a
thorough knowledge of all the conditions involved. '' With pipes buried in the
ground the wood will endure longest where the air is most nearly excluded either
by a high internal pressure which completely saturates it or by a deep covering
of very fine soil. ... In contact with the soil wood pipe decays more rapidly
under a light head than it does under heavy pressure, and other things being
equal, it usually decays more rapidly in a porous open soil, such as sand or
gravel, than it does in a fine soil of silt or clay, because the finer soil is more
effective in excluding the air. Experience appears to indicate also that wood
decays more rapidly in a loamy soil, rich in humus or partially decayed organic
matter, than it does in one containing little or none. . . .
" The life of exposed pipes may be prolonged by promptly stopping all leaks
as they develop and by keeping the exterior diy. The decay of buried pipes
has also in some instances been arrested by removing the covering and leaving
them exposed. . . . Where pipes are to be placed in contact with the soil, and
where the internal pressure is not sufficient to insure complete saturation of
the staves, it is probable that their durability may be increased by treating with
some preservative. . . .
" Contrary to the theories commonly held thirty years ago, it has been found
that the durability of wood l)ipe is usually dependent on the life of the wood
rather than ou the life of the bands. . . . Corrosion of the bands . . . usually
occurs most rapidly where pipes are buried and the backfill is wet, under con-
586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ditioiis which, as a rule, are most favorable for the life of the wood. Corrosion
is greatly accelerated by the presence of alkali In the soil. . . . Under such
conditions the bands almost invariably fail at the bottom of the pipe. . . .
" With so many influences affecting the life of wood pipe no attempt should
be made to strike an average of durability except in cases where attending con-
ditions are kn(nvn to be the same. Where pipes are fully exposed and supported
free from all contact with the soil the conditions are much less variable than
otherwise, and a life of at least twenty years may be quite reasonably expected
for either fir or redwood if properly maintained. If placed in the ground or in
contact with the soil, the life of wood pipe may, under very favorable conditions,
be much greater than twenty years, otherwise it may be a great deal less. In
contact with soil the durability is nearly always a matter of some uncertainty."
Irrigation investigations, G. E. P. Smith and A. L. Engee (Arizona Sta.
Rpt., 1913, pp. 280-285). — Further experiments with reinforced concrete caisson
curbs (E. S. R., 29, p. 484) demonstrated their effectiveness for developing
shallow wells.
Measurements of the surface flow of Sabino Canyon in the vicinity of Tucson
from 1904 to 1912 indicate that the available supply is sufficiently large, but that
*' the remarkable disparity between the discharges of such years as 1904 and
1910 and those of 1905 and 1907, together with the fact that there is a tendency
for several lean years to come together, necessitates much greater storage
capacity for a reservoir project than would be the case if the rainfall, and hence
the run-off, were more evenly distributed."
Experiments as to the necessary slope of the land in border irigation indicated
that " under ordinary conditions it is best to run the borders down the steepest
slope, or nearly so, and thus reduce the cost of grading the land to a minimum,
and then to adjust the width and length of the lands to the head of water.
The effects of silts in river irrigating waters must be considered, inasmuch as
these silts tend to settle out at the head ends of the lands, making those ends
more impervious to water than the lower ends. These deposits, also, produce
a slope lengthwise of the land. The tightening effect of the silt blanket must
be counteracted so far as possible by the various methods of cultivation in use.
The amount of desirable slope is influenced further by the kind of crop, alfalfa
requiring more than crops which are irrigated between rows. But with clear
or moderately clear water lands should never be graded entirely level."
Relations between physical constitution of soils and the distribution of
irrigation waters, A. MiJNTZ and E. Lain^ (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. For^ts,
Hydraul. [etc.]. No. U (1912), pp. 1-130, pis. 7, figs. 9).— In continuation of
previous studies on the relation of the physical properties of the soil to irri-
gation (E. S. R., 24, p. 522) the authors extended their investigations to include
the module, and time, method, and amount of irrigation most favorable to
crops, with particular reference to the design of irrigation works.
The permeability of the soils used in the experiments varied from an infiltra-
tion of 0.5 to 60 cm. (0.2 to 23.4 in.) per hour. In the module experiments
it was found that for the less permeable soils the module should be such that
the flow through the diversion gate is about 0.3 liters per second per meter
of width of the irrigated parcel. For soils of average permeability this should
be from 1^ to 2 liters per second and for extremely permeable soils should exceed
0 liters per second per meter of width of the irrigated parcel. It is also con-
cluded in this connection that the improper choice of module is one of the main
causes of failure in irrigation.
Irrigation experiments with hay crops showed that the most economical
amount for an irrigation is an amount just sufficient to reach the extremities
RURAL ENGINEERING. 587
of an irrigated plat, which amount sliould be predetermined for each plat on
the basis of the physical i)roperties of its soils. A greater amount than this is
concluded to be a waste of water and more or less of an injury to the soil.
On the soils of varying permeabilities in-igation was found to be on the
average most effective and practical when ap])lie<l in preiletermined amounts
at intervals of seven or eight days. Very inferior results were obtained when
irrigation water was applied at intervals of 15 days and of three weeks. It
was further found that on these soils tho necessiiry total quantity of water for
crops computed on the basis of continual flow during the growing season varied
from 0.23 to 0.85 liters per second per hectare according to the physical proper-
ties of the soil. The commonly assumed need for all soils of a continual flow
of 1 liter per second per hectare is thought to be a great waste of water.
Irrigation, R. T. Burdick (Vermont Sta. Bui. 182 (191^), pp. 840-363, pis.
.J).— The author discusses the general topic of irrigation and states that vege-
tables, small fruits, and potatoes can be best irrigated in Vermont. lie briefly
describes various methods of applying water, including subirrigation and
sprinkling. It is considered unsafe to apply more than 1 in. of water to crops
at a time, owing to the uncertainty regarding rainfall. Brief descriptions of
several irrigation plants in operation in the Eastern States are given and a list
of references to related literature is appended.
Surface water supply of North Pacific coast drainage basins, 1911, F. F.
Henshaw et al. (U. S. Geol. Survci/, Water-Supply Paper 312 (1915), pp. 706,
pis. 4)- — This report presents the results of measurements of flow made on the
streams in the North Pacific coast drainage basin and their tributaries dur-
ing 1911.
Surface water supply of the Great Basin, 1912, F. F. Henshaw, E. A.
PoRTEK, and G. C. Stevens (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 330 (1914),
pp. 275, pis. 3). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Idaho,
Utah, Oregon, California, and Nevada, presents the results of measurements of
flow made in the Great Salt Lake, Sevier Lake, Thousand Springs Creek, Salton
Sink, Owens Lake, ilono Lake, Walker Lake. Humboldt-Carson Sink. Pyramid
Lake, Winnemucca Lake, Warner Lake, Albert Lake, Silver Lake, Mauheur
Lake, Harney Lake, and Alvord Lake drainage basins during 1912.
Surface water supply of lower Columbia River and Rogue, Umpqua, and
Siletz rivers, 1912, F. F. Henshaw and E. S. Fuller (U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-Supply Paper 332-C (1914), PP- 226). — This report, prepared in coopera-
tion with the States of Oregon and Washington, presents measurements of flow
made on the lower Columbia River and the Rogue, Umpqua, and Siletz rivers
during 1912.
Surface water supply of the Pacific coast in California, 1912, H. D.
McGlashan and G. C. Stevens (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 331
(1914), PP- 442, pis. 2). — This report presents the results of measurements of
flow made on streams in the northern and southern Pacific Ocean drain.ige
basins and in the San Francisco Bay drainage basin during 1912. An article
on Fluctuations in Ground-water Levels in the Valley of Southern California,
by W. C. Mendenhall, is included.
Springs of California, G. A. Waring (C7. iS'. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply
Paper .338 (1915), pp. 410, pis. IS. figs. 4)- — This is a popular catalogue of the
spring waters of California, referring particularly to their chemical properties,
and including analyses.
Profile surveys in Bear River basin, Idaho (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-
Supply Paper 350 (1914), PP- 7. V^-^- (?).— This report, prepared under the direc-
87235°— 15 7
588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tion of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features of the Bear River basin
jiiid gives a plan and iirofile of the river frora Kiverdale to Novene, Idaho.
Profile surveys of Snoqualmie, Sultan, and Skykomish. rivers, Washington
4U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply J^aper 366 {19U), pp. 7, pis. 12).— In this
fiaper, prepared under the direction of R. B. Marshall, the general features of
the Snohomish River basin are described and plan and profile maps of the Sno-
•♦jualmle, Sultan, and Sliykomish rivers and certain of their tributaries are
j-'iven.
Profile surveys of Missouri River from Great Falls to Three Forks, Mon-
tana {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Supply Paper 367 (191.',), pp. 8, pis. 1.3^.—
This report, prepared under the direction of R. B. Marshall, describes the gen-
eral features of the Missouri River basin and gives a plan and profile of the
river from Great Falls to Three Forks, Montana.
The diaphragm method of measuring the flow of water in open channels
of uniform cross section {Engin. and Contract., Jf2 (1914), No. 18, pp. JflJf,
41s, fif/s. 4). — The diaphragm method is described and two examples of appa-
ratus are illustrated.
German experiments with one apparatus using calibrated orifices to check the
diaphragm method showed a close agreement and that the diaphragm gave accu-
rate measurements with velocities as low as 0.02 ft. per second. Another test,
using the current meter as a check, showed that the diaphragm gagings checked
the meter gagings very closely, the greatest difference obtained by a direct com-
parison being 0.7 per cent.
The chief advantage of the diaphragm method is said to be "the rapidity with
which the measurement can be made. The disadvantages are that a channel of
sufficient length and uniform section must be available and that the cost of
Installing the necessary appai*atus is rather high.
List of references on water rights and the control of waters (Washington:
LiT)rary of Congress, 1914, PP- 111). — It is the purpose of this list to bring
together the more important discussions of the various claims put forth by con-
flicting interests, including irrigation and ix)wer development concerns and prop-
erties largely dependent for their value upon the continuance of natural stream
flow, and to point out by means of an analytical index where information on any
phase of the subject may be found.
Draining District 9, Mississippi County, Arkansas, L. L. HmiNOEB (Engin.
Rec., 70 (19U), No. 17, pp. 455-/f57, figs. 2).— The methods of design and
execution of the work for an improvement involving 14.000,000 en yds. of
dredged excavation to prevent river overflow and provide local drainage benefit-
ing 300 square miles of land are presented.
The main features of the district plans are (1) protection from overflow from
the Little River, (2) a system, of lateral drainage through the entire territory,
and (3) a system of outlet channels to carry to a final outlet the water collected
in the lateral drains. A survey of the existing information regarding the run-off
28
<if the district led to the development of the formula E=-7=p+7.2. in which B
equals run-off in second-feet and 71/ equals the area in square miles. The so-
called fish-bone system of drainage was rejected owing to the fact that too
large and unwieldly a channel would be necessary and would make the effec-
tive distribution of sloi>e difficult. In its stead a 4-channel plan was adopted.
The estimated cost of the excavation was $1,155,000.
Comparative steam and electric power layouts for a drainage pumping
plant (Engin. and Contract., 42 (1914), No. 18, pp. 412-414, fi9^- 5). — Compara-
tive plans and bidding prices for the two types of jnunping plant are given with
EURAL ENGINEERING. 589
descriiitioiis of tho essential striulural features. The steam iJiinipiug plant bid
was awarded the contract.
Building levees with the hydraulic dredge, J. M. Allen {Engin. Neics. 12
i)1914), No. 18, pp. 891-893, Jigs. S). — A description of the plant and methods
used in building levees with hydraulic dredges on different rivers is given with
rest data of the operation of a typical plant. See also a previous note by Yarnell
(E. S. R., V>2, p. 1ST).
Some methods and costs of cleaning drainage ditches, S. Dean (Engin. and
Contract., 42 {191^), No. 18, pp. 415, 416). — ^A hydraulic jib outfit for removing
silt from a drainage canal is described and cost data are given. Cost data are
also given for the use of a small drag line excavator for the same purpose.
Country roads in southeastern Wisconsin (Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), No. 17,
pp. 4-i8-4'jO, figs. 5). — This article deals with state aid road construction,
including innovations in Ihe way of clay-bound macadam, high earth shoulders
on narrow roads, and increased thickness of conci'ete of a richer mixture.
Blasting cultivation on moor soil, W. Bersch (Ztschr. Moorknltur n. Torf-
verwcrt., 12 (1914), J^^o. 4, PP- 140-14^, figs. 5). — In a review of various blast-
ing experiments it is stated that soil breaking and. drainage ditch digging in
moor soil by means of explosives are unsuccessful owing to the fact that the
circumference and depth of activity are too great and can not be so well cou-
trolle<l as in mineral soils.
Use of logging equipment for clearing land of stumps, H. P. Jacobsen
(West. Engin., 5 (1914), No. 5, pp. 202-204, fiffs. 8).— The author shows how
to regulate hauling lines in connection with a logging engine so as to clear a
wide ai'ea with a single setting of equipment. Statistics of capacity are given.
Heat power machines or electric motors? E. Jaenichen (MascMnen Ztg.,
12 (1914), Nos. 17, PI). 193-197; IS, pp. 201-204).— The author reports consider-
able data for the purpose of comparing the efficiency and economy under actual
working conditions of steam and internal combustion engines and electric motor.s
for general use on farms in Germany.
A sunmiary of the data indicates that the internal combustion engine is the
most efficient type of power for the smaller work about the farm. For short
working periods the benzine or benzol engine is the most efficient, while for the
longer working periods the naphthaliu engine is the most eflicient. For the
heavier work of threshing, etc., the steam engine usually gives better results,
although it is stated that for stationary power plants of about 30 horsepower
where the exhaust steam of a steam engine can not be utilized the Diesel engine
is superior.
The data in general are not favorable to the use on farms of electricity from
central stations, and it is concluded in this respect that owing to the high cost
of electricity tho time has not yet come for its general use on farms.
Tractor and horse power, W. Dinsmoke (Breeder's Gas., 66 (1914), No. 15,
pp. 585, 586, fig. 1). — From observations of actual working conditions in the
Northwestern States and in the Canadian northwest it is stated that for general
farm operations the tractor has not proved successful from the standpoint of
economy. Its most important use in those localities is said to have been the
breaking of virgin prairie.
The use of tractors in Eussia, F. De CondS (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 2S
(1914), No. 27, pp. 23-25). — Some of the results of Russian tests of steam and
iutornal combustion tractors plowing with disk and moldboard plows are given
in incomplete form.
Plans and detailed description of new dairy ham at the college farm, A. S.
Cook (New Jersey Stas. Kiit. 1913, pp. 346-354, pis. 8). — A dairy barn designed
590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to provide space for hay storage autl .stable room for 40 cows is described and
illustrated.
The general plan is not elaborate and is .^aid to be well adapted to prac-
tically any conditions where milk is produced. The construction is of hollow
tile with stucco on the outside and plaster inside. It is statetl, however, that
the same general plan may be followed with lumber. The barn is 127 ft. long
and 3G ft. S in. wide. The ventilating system is of the well-known King type.
The foundation and first floor are constructed of 1:3:5 concrete.
The first floor is divided into three .separate parts. One section is divided
into box stalls for cows and calves and bull i>ens. Another section, in which
there are two rows of stalls with the cows facing in, is devoted to milch cows.
A third section contains the milking room and medicine room.
The first floor equipment consists of iron pipe stanchions and partitions,
both in the stalls and in the pens. The stanchion is of the swinging chain type
and the stalls are 3 ft. 6 in. wide. The mangers are of galvanized iron and
may be raised or lowered. A litter carrier is installed to carry the manure
to the pit but feed is handled on truck.s.
Conveniences for handling' the farm cow and her products ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Office Kec. Spec. [Circ], 191.'f, Dec. 31, pp. 6, figs. 10). — This circular, by
means of discussion and diagrammatic illustrations, gives popular information
regarding the cow stall, calf stanchion, milk cans, milk room and cooling box,
water heater, and equipment for washing dairy utensils.
Worth and uses of silos and silag-e (Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 33 (1914),
No. 129, pp. 110-380, figs. 36). — Pi'actical information is given on the value,
making, and use of silage, the materials therefor, and features for the con-
struction of the silos most approved.
Details of construction and cost of vitrified tile silo, A. S. Cook [New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 334-34i, pl>^. 5). — The details of construction of the
vitrified tile silo are described and illustrated and cost data given. This type
of silo is considered to be one of the most substantial and eflEicient of the types
used at present. The total cost of such a silo erected at the station, 12 ft in
diameter and 32 ft. high, was $603.83.
Steam power versus electricity for filling silos (Elect. World, 6^ (191.'f),
No. 19, p. 914, figs. 3). — A rural community found that the daily rent, including
cost of energy consumption, of a 15-horsepower electric motor with trans-
formers mounted on a truck when used for filling silos was considerably less
than the expense of using a traction engine. The electrical outfit was rented
for $5 per day, while the actual total cost of steam-engine drive was about
$12.50 per day. The average energy required per ton for silo filling was said
to be 1.17 kilowatt hours.
The effects of the acid of silag'e on concrete, A. S. Neale and W. S. Corsa
(Concrete-Cement Age, 5 (191Jf), No. 3, pp. 125). — Both experimenters claim to
have observed no injurious effects on the walls of concrete silos due to acids
in the silage. It is stated that in case any bad effects are noticed washing with
neat cement or coal tar dissolved in gasoline will overcome them.
Further studies in poultry house construction, H. R. Lewis and A. L. Clark
(New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 259-271, pis. 4, fig. 1). — This report desci'ibes
and diagrammatically illustrates the so-called type L poultiy house, known also
as the New Jersey multiple unit laying house, developed at the station, and gives
the results of studies of this and five other houses which are designated by the
letters J, K, M, R, and P, and w^ere described in a previous report (E. S. R., 30,
p. 389).
Tjiie J house is of the half monitor construction with an entire glass front in
the peak and with the front left entirely open two feet above the ground and
RURAL ENGINEERING. 591
covered with inch mesh wire. Tyjie K liouse is of the half monitor construction
witli glass front and no muslin curtains. Type M house is of the shed roof tji'c
S ft. 2 in. high in front and 5 ft. 2 in. at the back and is built of 12 by 12 in.
Natco hollow tile. Type R house is intended for a cheap shelter and is of the
shed roof type 7^ ft. high in front and 4 ft. in the back. Each unit of the type
L house is a square house 20 by 20 ft. and gives a capacity of 100 hens. The
house is only single boarded on all four sides except at the rear and above the
dropping boards and perches. About this si)ace sheathing boards are also closely
nailed to the side of the back studs and rafters. The front of the house i.s
largely taken up by the curtains and windows, the former being hinged at the
top and the latter at the side. A distinct feature of the house is a large dry
mash hopper i^laced every 40 ft.
The studies were made for the purpose of securing data on cost of material,
temperature variations, moisture conditions, food consumption, egg production,
and total net profit.
It was found that a type resembling house L meets more nearly all the ideal
conditions and that type K represents everything which is undesiral)le. As a
result of the studies the liouses are classed in the following order of excellence:
L, R, J. P. M, and K.
In addition, the Xew Jersey portable breeding house is described and diagram-
matieally illustrated.
Cooking-boilers on poultry farms, J. Hadlington (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales,
25 (1914), No. 10, pp. 898-900. figs. .J).— These are briefly described and illus-
trated diagrammatically.
Ice houses and the use of ice on the dairy farm, J. T. Bowen and G. Mu
Lambert {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bid. 6.1S {191.5). pp. 2-',. figs. /,S).— This
discusses the use of ice on the dairy farm for the keeping of milk and cream and
gives plans and specifications for ice liouses.
It is pointed out that wherever ice is abundant the cost of harvesting and
storing is usually very small. " The dairyman should consider both the cost of
construction and the cost of the ice in selecting the type [of house] most suitable
for his requirements."
As regards insulation it is stated that "an air space 1 in. wide is i)ractically as
good as one 12 in. wide. Air circulation is valuable, however, between the insu-
lated ceiling and the roof of an ice house in order to break up the heat radia-
tion through the roof. No entrance or exit of air should be allowed to take
place in a room where ice is stored, especially at or near the ground line, as the
cold currents of air at the bottom will filter through. . . . The building should
be so constructed that there will be a circulation of air through the outer walls
and at the eaves to the ventilator on the roof, as these air currents tend to break
up the heat radiation through the walls and roof. . . .
" Ice should never be placed directly on the ground, soil being a fairly good
conductor of heat, esiiecially when wet. ... In houses that have the floor below
the level of the ground, sufficient drainage usually can bi obtainefl through the
soil, especially if the soil is porous. It may be necessary, however, with a clay
soil, to excavate a foot or two and fill in with cinders or gravel, and to place a
3-in. porous tile under the floor. This drain should be properly trapped or
sealed to prevent warm air from entering the building through the floor. . . .
'• It is of the utmost importance that brick, concrete, and wooden buildings
be waterproofed. Brick and concrete work may be rendered waterproof by-
painting the outside of the wall with white lead and oil or by coating the walls
with a preparation of paraflin or asphalt. . . .
"About 40 cu. ft. of space should ordinarily be allowed for a ton of ice. . . .
592 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
" Under general conditions about 1 lb. of ice will be required to cool and keep
I lb. of cream in good condition until delivered to tbe creamery wben deliverias
are made three times a week. When storing ice about 50 per cent more should
be packed than is actually needed. This amount allows for a heavy shrinkage
and for household uses. The dairy farmer should provide annually ^ to 1
ton of ice per cow for cooling cream only and I A to 2 tons per cow if whole
milk is cooled, depending upon the locality and other factors. If a cake of ire
is kept floating in the w'ater surrounding the cream cans when the ordinary
cooling cans are used, the temi:)erature will remain at about 40° F. Good ice-
wator tanks can usually be constructed for from $5 to $20."
Ventilation of farm building's, J. H. Gbisdale and E. S. Archibald (Canada
Expt. Farms Bui. 78 (WU), pp. 32, figs. 2.3).— This bulletin deals with the
ventilation of cow and horse barns and piggeries and reports comparative studies
t)f several systems of ventilation, including the Rutherford and King systems.
For the horse and cow barns it is stated that tbe Rutherford system has
proved much superior to any other tried, while for piggeries the Rutherford
and the modified Rutherford systems were both found to be uniformly satis-
factory. The essential features of the systems recommended are described and
diagrammatically illustrated.
Cooling- two rooms in a country residence, A. M. Feldman {Heating and
Ycntilaimg Mag., 11 (1914)' No. 3, pp. 33, 3Ji, figs. 2). — Two rooms in a country
residence were cooled by installing a cork-insulated box in the attic imme-
diately above the rooms. The top of the box was connected with a short duct
to the roof for taking in fresh air and the bottom was connected to tbe ceiling
registers of tbe two rooms. Fresh air enters the top of the box, is cooled by
coils from a small refrigerating plant for the pantry and kitchen, and drops
by gravity through the registers to the floor of the rooms.
EURAL ECONOMICS.
A rural survey in southwestern Ohio, P. L. A'ogt (Miama [Ohio] Univ. BuL,
II ser.. No. 8 (1913). pp. 93, figs. 11). — According to the author, among the
jnincipal problems awaiting solution in the areas studied are the decrease in
church membership, especially among young persons, a nonresident ministry,
a lack of organized rural recreation, inadequate rural school equipment and
teaching force, and the breaking up of the homogeneity of rural population
through the growth of tenantry, increase of foreign iwpulation, and change in
type of farm labor. Among the constructive tendencies noted were the gradual
increase in rural culture and in interest in the problems of rural life and co-
operative enterprises. The author suggests, as some of the changes to be
Itrought about, the reorganization of the church and rural school system, the
encouragement of farm organizations, the development of pride in rural life
and institutions, and the provision for social and recreational life of the rural
conmiunities.
The Minnesota Crop Improvement Association (Ann. Rpts. Minn. Crop.
Improv. Assoc, 8-11 (1911-191^), PP- 91. figs. 14)- — This report contains ab-
stracts from addresses made before the association, and relates principally to
the effects of seed selection upon profitableness of farming and to the various
agencies tending toward the improvement of rural conditions.
Practical community studies (Bttl. Univ. Ga., No. 228 (1914), pp. 4-i)- —
This outline contains a limited syllabus of educational and social topics planned
for elementary and preliminary studies in specific localites. The subjects are
divided into those primarily urban and rural and those relating to general
social problems and to sociological theory.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 593
Social and civic work in country communities, Ellen B. McDoNAr.D, Ros v
M. Cheney, and G. F. Comings ([Wis. State Supt. Pub. Jtifitr.] Bui. 18 [1013),
pp. 138, figs. 20). — This bulletin is the report of a subcommittee appointed to
iuvestigiite conditions in the rural schools of Wisconsin and treats of the
relationships between the home, the school, and the community, and outlines
methods for making these relationships effective and helpful along the lines
of community improvement.
Agricultural survey, 1913, F. O. Nunnick {Com. Consew. Vanada Rpt., 5
(lOlJf), pp. l42~17Jf, pis. 4). — The committee on lands of the Canadian Commis-
sion on Conservation conducted agricultural-survey work in 20 districts in
Canada and noting the crops grown, rotations followed, seed selection, manures
used, insect and plant diseases, fuel, power and water supjily, antl live stock
and labor conditions. These pages give the details by districts.
Full report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture {Btit. Columbia Rpt.
Roy. Com. Acjr., 191/,, pp. IX+39S, figs. S).— Part 1 of this report discusses
conditions in British Columbia as they relate to the public and private lands,
land and public improvements, taxation, labor, agricultural credit, marketing
and cooperation, and agricultural education, and contains a summary of the
hearings held by the commission in various points in the Province. Part 2
describes the agricultural conditions and types of farming in British Columbia
and cooperation and agricultural credit in European and other countries.
Annual report on the working of cooperative societies in the Bombay
Presidency, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. W07'Jc. Coop. Soc. Bombay Pres., 1913-lJi, pp.
II+78-\-3). — ^This report reviews the progress made and outlines the working
of the central societies and unions of the agricultural and nonagricultural
societies and other forms of cooperation in the Bombay Presidency. Statistical
tables are given showing membership, receipts and disbursements, assets and
liabilities, and profit and loss of individual societies.
The farmers' elevator movement, I, II, O. N. Refsell (Jour. Polit. Econ..
22 (1914), Nos. 9, pp. 812-895; 10, pp. 969-991)1— The author describes the
various methods of selling grain through elevators and track buyers, the
allegetl methods used by line elevator companies to drive the independent
farmers' elevators out of business, and the methods that have been devised
to meet their competition at Rockwell, Iowa. The farmers at this place formed
an elevator company, the by-laws of which contain a penalty clause which
provides that members are to pay into the treasury of the company * per cent
bushel for every bushel of grain sold either to the company or to its competitors.
By the means of this payment the company has been able to exist in spite of
all ontside competition. This system became somewhat of a model for other
farmers' elevator companies. Later, it is stated, boycotted commission firms,
because of the harmful effect produced on their business by the work of the
regular grain trade, began to cooperate actively with the farmers' elevator
companies to bring about a more rapid spread of the movement. State asso
ciations were formetl which accelerated the building of this kind of elevator and
gave additional strength to the individual company. The author points out
various methods said to have been used in attempting to force the new type of
company out of business.
Farmers' market bulletin (Farmers^ Market Bui. [A\ C], 2 (115), No. 1.
pp. 26). — This is a continuation of the series previously mentioned (E. S. R..
31, p. 894) and contains a partial list of merchants who purchase produce
outside of the State and the commodities handled by each, and a partial list
of farmers with farm products for sale indicating quantity and Kind.
594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Money crops in place of cotton, E. K. Konk (Tcsas Dept. Agr. liiiL, n. scr..
No. 13 (1914), pp. 27, pi. 1). — This bulletin outlines a system of farming for
the different sections of Texas designed to give the farmer practical money
crops and a source of revenue which may be in part a substitute for cotton.
Cost of grain production in Canada, 1013 (Census and Slotifi. Mo. [Canada],
7 {191Jf), No. 76, pp. .iin}-.j()6). — A special inquiry, conducted through the crop-
reporting correspondents, as to the cost of grain growing in Canada is reported.
Avith data as to the cost of the various items for fall and spring wheat, oats,
barley, liax. ami corn in the various Provinces.
The movement of prices during recent years, A. Mabiotti {Atti. R. 1st.
Incorof/g. Napoli, 6. scr., 65 {191 ^), pp. 183-250). — The author compares the
index of prices of the principal agricultural products in England, Germany,
France, Belgium, the United States, and in the city of Naples. The principal
part of the discussion relates to changes since 1!)00.
Return of prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural products
{Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Staiis. 1913, pp. 79, pis. 17, fig. 1).—
This report contains information along the lines previously noted, but with
reference to 1918 (E. S. R., 30, p. 297).
The agricultural outlook {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 645 {1914), PP-
45, figs. 2). — ^This issue contains the final estimates in detail for the crop year
1914. The total area harvested for 14 crops for which estimates are included
was 300,782,000 acres and comprised 92 per cent of the entire cultivated area
of the United States and being 0.1 per cent larger than in 1913 and 2.4 per
cent larger than in 1912. The total production was 10 per cent larger than
during 1913 and 6 per cent smaller than for 1912. The average value i^er acre
of these crops was $16.44 for 1914. $16.52 for 1913, and $16.15 for 1912, and
the total values were $4,946,000,000. $4,966,000,000, and $4,759,000,000. respec-
tively. The estimated value of all crops was $6,044,480,000, $6,132,750,000. and
$5,842,220,000, respectively, and of animals and their products $3,828,456,000,
$3,656,866,000, and $3,500,570,000, respectively.
It is estimated that the cotton States on the average produce 46 per cent of
their total wheat requirements, 86 per cent of their corn. 75 i>er cent of their
oats, and 79 per cent of their hay. To produce the remainder would requii-e
15,000,000 acres.
The pur^'hasing power of the farmer is discussed by X. C. Murray. It is
estimated that from 1899 to 1909 the money value of one acre of the farmer's
crops increased 72.7 per cent but in the same period the money value of the
articles usually purchased by the farmer increased 12.1 per cent. In 1913 the
value of one acre of the farmers' crops averaged about 1.2 per cent higher
than in 1909. but the value of articles purchased by the farmer has advanced
in the same time about 5.7 per cent.
Among the other phases of crop statLstics discussed were the winter wheat
and rye sowing and condition, the apple crop, a forecast of sugar production
in Louisiana, onion and cabbage statistics, trend of farm prices, shipments of
California barley to New York, cold-storage holdings of apples, and the wheat
crop of the southern hemisphere.
Statistical tables are included showing the estimated acreage, yield per
acre, total production, average price and value December 1 for the principal
crops for 1914, with comparative data for earlier years. Additional statistical
tables are included relating to subjects discussed in the text.
Agricultural statistics of Denmark {Statis. Aarhog Danmark, 19 {1914),
pp. 26-29, 36, 44-52). — This yearbook contains information along the lines
previously noted regarding agricultural work and the number of farms in Den-
mark, including data for 1913 concerning the use of land ( E. S. R.. 30, p. 392).
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 595
Census of agriculture in Greece (lieceii-'ic. Aijr. Grdce, 1911, pts. j. /j/j.
XVl-\-l-Ul ; 2, pp. VJJI+l.'fS-iOy). — ^These reports give statistics showing by
Provinces the area in crops for 1911 for Tliessaly, Arta, and tbe louiau Islands.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Agricultural education, R. II. Forbes and A. M. McOmie (Ari:^ona Sta. Rpi.
1913, pp. 286-296). — An account is given of tbe scheme of agricultural educa-
tion in Ai'izona, comprising academic courses in high and normal schools
and the state university; extension instruction, including a demonstration
train, a two weelvs' farmers' short course held annually at the university, and
farmers' institutes; and advisory relations, including corresiK)udence between
the station staff and farmers, and a farm management service in process of
organization.
Fifth annual report of the eleven district agricultural schools of Georgia,
J. S. Stewart (.BuI. Ga. State Col. Agr., 2 {191J,}, \o. IS. pp. 35, figs. ^).—
This report confciins reports of these schools, including an outline of the course
of study, and tables showing the enrollment, expenses, equipment, farm
products, etc.
The training and certification of teachers for agricultural, industrial, and
household arts subjects in the public schools of Indiana, W. F. Book (Dept.
Pub. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 5 {191Jf), pp. 56).— The author discusses the
need of trained teachers for pre-vocational work, the general character and
aim of the work, qualifications and training of teachers and agencies available
for training them, and standards that must be met by schools offering training
courses in pi-e-vocational subjects, and outlines summer school work, profitable
courses for principals and suj)erintendents, and teachers' training courses in
domestic science and industrial arts.
Tentative course of study in industrial subjects for the public schools of
Indiana (Dept. Pub. Bistr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 2 {WIS), pp. 205).— This
bulletin discusses the aim, scope, and problems of vocational work in the public
schools of Indiana ; offers general suggestions and helps in conducting this work
in the grades from the kindergarten through the high school and in special
departnionts and schools, and tentative outlines for work in agriculture, domes-
tic science, and industrial arts; and gives lists of suggestive references on voca-
tional and industrial e<^lucation and of equipment.
Bepoit of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, W. H. French
(Mic-h. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. Bui. 13 (191/f), pp. IJ,, pi. 1, figs, a).— This
bulletin gives brief reports on the agricultural work in Bay City. Escanaba.
Maniste'^, and Muskegon, home projects, the Houghton Township School, the
effect of teaching agriculture on the school and community, boys' and girls"
club work, and general suggestions as to means and methods of improving the
work in agricultural instruction in the high school. A statistical table shows
that 31 high schools offered one or more years of agricultural work to 1,000
boys and 30G girls, and approximately 500 boys and girls worked at home proj-
ects during the summer of 1914. Seventeen schools offered one-week courses
for farmers and 10 had a total of 31 boys' and girls' clubs.
Twenty-first annual report of the inspector of state high schools of Min-
nesota, G. B. AiTON {Ann. Rpt. Insp. State High Schools Minn., 21 {1914), PP-
51). — For the year ended July 31. 1914, 119 high schools received a total state
aid of .$237,853 for instruction in agriculture. Agriculture was taught in 134
high schools, cooking in 165, and sewing in 179 to 4,053, 5,799, and G.080 students,
respectively. The total expenditure for agricultural equipment was $40,558.
596 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
aud for cooking and sewing equipment $55,144. Statistical tables show the
enrollment aud expenditures for agriculture and home tconomics instruction.
Vocational education in Pennsylvania (Penn. Dept. Pub. Instr., Vocational
Div. Bid. 1 {1913). pp. 21). — This bulletin contains the text of the law enacted
in 1913 providing state aid for vocational, industrial, agricultural, and house-
hold arts schools and departments, an interi^retation of the law, rules and regu-
lations to 1)0 apiilicd, methods of iiutting the new statute ii'to effect, etc.
Agricultural schools and departments {Penn. Dept. Pub. Instr., Vocational
Div. Bui. 2 {191S), pp. 15). — This bulletin discusses conditions and require-
ments with reference to organization, qualifications of teachers, courses of
study, project work, .summer employment of teachers, i-.se of land, rooms and
equipment, etc.. governing agricultural schools and departments desiring to
qualify for state aid.
Household arts schools, departments, and evening classes {Penn. Dept.
Pub. Instr., Vocational Div. Bui. Jf {1913). pp. 18). — This bulletin considers in
detail those parts of the vocational education law of Pennsylvania that relate
to household arts education, including suggestive outlines and. a description of
4-year, 2-year, and evening courses, and a plan of procedure for organizing
evening classes.
Correlating agriculture with the public-school subjects in the Southern
States, C. H. Lane and E. A. Miller {V. S. Dept. Agi: Bui. 132 {1915), pp. Jfl,
figs. 9). — The authors present a scheme by means of which the rural or public
."^ichool teacher may utilize clubs in correlating agriculture and farm-life problems
with the regular school work. For the pui-pose of this scheme public school
classes are divided into two groups, including grades 1 to 5 and 6 to 8, respec-
tively. The subject matter outlined is arranged according to a monthly sequence
plan. 9 months' work being provided for. Directions are included for organiz-
ing boys' and girls' clubs, securing literature, selecting, storing, and testing
seed, planning school gardens, and making school exhibits, including score cards.
Suggested problems in arithniotie are added.
Course of study in agriculture for the public schools of Oregon, F. L.
Griffin {Salem, Greg.: State Dept. Ed., 191^-15, pp. 79). — An agricultural
course for the eighth grade is outlined in seasonal sequential order. It com-
prises a series of lessons of fi'om 20 to 30 minutes each a day in orchard, field,
and garden crops, beneficial and injurious insects, plant diseases, weeds, poultry
husbandry, dairying, animal husbandry, farm management and machinery,
foi'estry, and the country home and its surroundings. The lessons are accom-
panied by suggestions and directions for practical exercises, at least one for
each week. A list of references is included.
Outlines of nature study and elementary agriculture, :m. J. Abbey {Salt
Lake City: Univ. Utah, 1913, pp. 103). — In this bulletin the author discusses
the correlation of nature study with other school subjects, and outlines the work
in nature study aud elementai-y agriculture, including typical lessons from the
first to the eighth grades, inclusive. The course in elementary agriculture for
the seventh and eighth grades may also be used, with slight modifications, as an
elementary high school course.
Agriculture in elementary schools (Augusta, Me.: Dept. Ed., 1911f, pp. 28). —
This circular contains an outline for tlie study of school and home gardening,
together with laboratory exercises, exercises in soils aud plant growth for the
rural schools in Maine, and suggestions concerning the organization of boys' and
girls' agricultural clubs.
Helps for teachers in agriculture: Soils, M. L. Fisher {Purdue Univ. Dept.
Agr. Ext. Bui. 31 {191 Jf). pp. 12). — ^The author outlines soil studies for the
seventh and eighth grades of the Indiana public schools for 1914-15.
AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 597
Helps for teachers in ar-Ticulture: Farm crops, M. L. Fisher (Purdue Univ.
Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 30 {191.'/), pp. 12, figs. 7). — Corresponding to the above,
this bulletin gives a brief discussion, with suggestions for laboratory and field
work, of wlieat seeding-, nodules of legumes, wheat stooling and the Hessian fly,
rotations, cowpeas and soy beans, oats, potatoes, and corn growing.
Helps for teachers in agriculture (Dcpt. Puh. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui.
12 (1914), Vocaiional Ser. 7, pis. 1, pp. 1^; 2, pp. 14). — ^This bulletin comprises
two leaflets which contain detailed outlines for the months of September to
December, inclusive, on Soils and Poultry, prepared by Z. M. Smith. Horticul-
ture and Dairying, by J. D. Harper, and Animal Husbandry and Crops, by F. M.
Shanklin. No one teacher is expecte<l to use all the material outlined, each
county superintendent of schools selecting one or two subjects for his county.
Laboratory exercises in farm mechanics for agricultural high schools, D.
ScoATES (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 638 (1915), pp. 26, figs. 26).— These
exercises in rope work, farm power, farm buildings and machinery, surveying,
tile drains, terracing, irrigation, and roads, are suggested to serve as a guide to
the teacher of high school agriculture. Brief notes are given on library and
laboratory equipment.
Planning and serving meals, Neale S. Knowles and Louise H. Campbeli,
(Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Ho-me Eeon. Circ. 1 (1913-14), pp. 29, figs.
7). — ^This circular contains a study of the nutritive value of foods; suggestions
with regard to the choice of foods to suit the needs of the family, preservation
and public care of foods, and serving meals; and a price list of kitchen utensils.
Home furnishing, Winlfbed A. Gettemy (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 17
(1913), pp. 36, figs. 19). — The author discusses the construction of a house and
its decoration and furnishing.
Textiles, Neale S. Knowles and Louise H. Campbell (lotva State Col. Agr.
i:xt. Dept., Home Eeon. Giro. 2 (1913-14), pp. 16, figs. 7).— This is a study of
textiles including classification, structure of fibers, characteristics, tests, and
methods of adulteration of cottons, linens, woolens, and silks, methods of remov-
ing stains, width of textiles, some points in selecting textiles, the Consumers'
Lengue, and references for study.
Home economics study classes, Roberta McNeill (Purdue Univ. Dept. Agr.
Ext. Leaflet 54 (1914), PP- <^, fiff- !)■ — fhis leaflet gives suggestions for organiz-
ing home economics study classes among farm women " to help each other to
make better homes and to have more joy in living."
Suggestions for household exhibits (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Home
Eeon. Circ. 4 (1913-14), pp. 8, fig. 1). — Entries and score cards ai*e suggested.
School exhibits, H. E. Eswine and Treva Kauffman (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui.
[Oliio State Univ.'], 9 (1914), No. 9, pp. 16, figs. 15). — The authors suggest agri-
cultural and home economics material suitable for display at school exhibits
and how best to select and prepare specimens.
Boys' and girls' home economics clubs, Laura Comstock and Ethel H.
Xash (Mass. Agr. Col, Dept. Agr. Ed. Circ. 30 (1914), pp. 40, figs. 9).— This is
a program of instruction in home economics club work, including cookery, can-
ning and preserving fruit and vegetables, table serving, sewing, darning or
mending, and other household acti\ities.
Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs. Course I, twelve lessons on foods and
their preparation, Orpha E. Nesbit ( Univ. Nehr., Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 17
(1913), pp. 80, figs. .3). — One lesson in foods and their preparation is outlined
for ench month in the year for girls' clubs. Most of the work is done by the
girls at home.
598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs, Course I, twelve lessons in sewing, Mary
E. Brown {Univ. Nehr. Col. Ayr. Ext. lUd. 16 (191.3). pp. 5J, figs. 29).— The
author oulHiies 12 lessons in sewing' correspoiidinj^ to the iibove.
Organization of Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs, Huldah Peterson ( Univ.
Nehr. Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 10 {1913), pp. 12, figs. 2).— This buUethi contains
suggestions for organizing local, county, state, and national clubs, including a
local constitution and outlines of boys' and girls' club work for 1913.
Report of the department of agricultural extension, A. Agee {New Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 379-383). — The organization and work of the department
of agricultural extension of the Is'ew Jersey State Station, established Decem-
ber 1, 1912. are described.
The agricultural college brought to the farm {Facts for Farmers [Mass.
Agr. Col.], 5 {191^/), jA'o. 2, pp. -J). — Some of the most important lines of exten-
sion work being conducted by the Massachusetts Agricultural College are
briefly outlined.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1913 (Arizona St a. Rpt.
1913, pp. 233-296, pi. 1, figs. 3). — ^This contains the organization list, an admin-
istrative report by the director on the work and publications of the station, a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913. and department.-il
reports, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted
elsewhere in this issue.
Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1913 (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913,
pp. XXVIII+S15, pis. 97, figs. 11). — This contains the organization list of the
stations, a financial statement for the State Station for the fiscal year ended
October 31, 1913. and for the College Station for the fiscal year ended June 30.
1913, a report by the director, and departmental reports, the experimental
features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
ReiX)rts of the fertilizer inspection have been noted in Bulletins 259 (E. S. R..
30, p. 327) and 261 (E. S. R., 31, p. 126), and feeding stuffs in Bulletin 25f>
(E. S. R., 29, p. 665) and the text of the lime-inspection law.
Reports of the Edgeley, North Dakota, substation. 1905-1913, O. A.
Thompson and J. H. Shepperd (North Dakota Sta., Rpts. Edgeley Siibsta.
1905. pp. 20. pis. 2; 1906. pp. 30, pis. 5; 1907, pp. 38. pis. 9; 1909, pp. 55, figs. 6;
1910, pp. .'{7, figs. 15; 1912, pp. 50; 1913, pp. 20).— These reports give data as to
temperature and rainfall and brief summaries of the lines of work at this sub-
station during the periods indicated. The experimental work reiwrted is for
the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Annual Reports of the Langdon, North. Dakota, substation, 1909—1913,
E. D. Stewart and J. H. Shepperd (North Dakota Sta., Rpts. Langdon Siiista.
1909. pp. 12; 1910, pp. 19, figs. 4; 1911, pp. 29. figs. 5; 1912, pp. 32. figs. 6; 1913,
pp. 26, figs. 4)- — These reports give brief summaries of the lines of work at
this substation during the periods indicated. Those for 1911. 1912, and 1913
also contain meteorological data. The experimental work reported is for the
most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1914 (South
Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 33). — This contains the organization list, a report
of the director on the work and publications of the station, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, and departmental reports, of
which that of the hoi-ticulturist and the botanist and plant pathologist arc
abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The report of the association agronomist
contains brief cultural notes on cotton. Fulghum oats, Sudan grass. Abbruzzi
rye. and beardless barley.
NOTES,
Connecticut College. — According to a note in AVfr England Homestead, n
requirement of at least three months of actual farm work of approved grade
before graduation has been adopted. Paul W. Graff, a graduate of tne college,
has been appointed assistant in botany.
Kansas College. — A scholarship of $300 per year has been offered by L. M.
Crawford, of Topeka. The scholarship is to be in the division of general science,
the donor's preference being that its holder elect courses chiefly in agriculture, if
a man, and in home economics if a woman.
Massachusetts College. — A major in rural journalism has been authoi'ized,
beginning with the fall semester.
The enrollment at the winter school reached ISO. Of these 25 per cent had
attended or graduated from other colleges.
Minnesota University and Station. — The appropriations requested for the uni-
versity for the ensuing bieuuium aggregate $3,212,450, of which 35 per cent is
for the agricultural work. Among the items is one of $45,300 to enlarge and
equip the new home economics building, which is already proving inadequate to
accommodate the 515 students registered.
Howard R. Smith, professor of animal husbandry and animal husbandman,
has resigned to become live-stock lecturer and .specialist for a national bank in
St. Paul.
Nebraska "University and Station. — Under an act passed by the last legislature
about $700,000 will be available for the erection of agricultural buildings and
equipment during the next four years. Plans for a dairy building have been
completed, and an agricultural engineering building approximately 200 feet
square is under consideration.
The agricultural science group in the college curriculum has been super.seded
by a general agricultural group, the first two years of which are prescribed and
the remainder largely elective. Beginning next September students may take the
entire college course at the university farm, or, if preferred, the academic and
general science studies may be taken at the university. The agricultural prac-
tice group has also been rearranged and shortened to two years by the elimina-
tion of practically all nonagricultural subjects. A certificate of proficiency in
farm practice is to be awarded at the completion of this course to students suffi-
ciently experienced in practical farm work and to others on complying with
practice requirements on farms. It is expected that this change will make it
unnecessary for high-school graduates to enter the .school of agriculture, and
by providing pr;ictical farm training at once will greatly increase the registra-
tion in the college of agriculture.
Dr. Charles Edwin Bessey, head of the department of botany and head dean
and distinguished as a leader in botanical education and research for many
years, died February 25 at the age of 70 years. Dr. Bessey was born on a farm
at Milton, Ohio, and graduated from the Michigan College in 1869. He received
the M. S. degree in 1872 from the same in.stitution, that of Ph. D. from the State
T'niversity of Iowa in 1879, and that of LL. D. from Iowa College in 1898. He
also studied two years with Dr. Asa Gray, of Harvard University.
Dr. Bessey's long career as a teacher began in 1870, when he was appointed
professor of botany at the Iowa State College. He remained in this position
599
600 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
until 1884, also serving for a lime as acting president. In that year lie went
to Nebraslia as professor of botany, also serving as acting chancellor at various
periods and as bead dean since 1909.
In addition to these duties Dr. Bessey was botanical editor of the American
NaturaliM from ISSO to 1897 and of the same department of Science since 1897.
He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
in 1910-1911; the Botanical Society of America, 1895-1896; Society for the Pro-
motion of Agricultural Science, 1889-1891; the Department of Natural Science
of the National Education Association, 1895-1896; and the American Micro-
scopical Society in 1902; and was a member of a long list of other associations.
He was the author of several books, including Botany for High Schools and
Colleges, 1884; Elementary Botanical Exercises, 1892; Elementary Botany,
1904; and Plant Migration Studies, 1905, as well as of a large number of
scientific papers and reviews.
Dr. Bessey's services to the university were of unusual importance, and have
had an enduring influence on its development. He was a strong believer in the
necessity of the broadest essential preparation of agricultural workers. In his
long service he trained many botanists of prominence in tliis Department and
elsewhere, and as a recent tribute states " their achievements form the greatest
monument that can be erected to his memory. Present-day students will do
well to remember that the success of his students is in large part due to the
scientific spirit with which he has imbued them."
New Jersey College and Station. — Recent appointments include Erwiu C. Van
Leer as assistant herdsman in the dairy department, vice John W. Bartlett, who
has been made field assistant in horticulture in place of Joel P. Sherman, re-
signed, Roscoe W. De Baun as extension specialist in market gardening, and
Winifred N. Cowgill as field assistant in horticulture. The death of the college
and station treasurer, Irving S. Upson, is noted.
Pennsylvania College. — The Penn Stuie Farmer announces that a farmer's
week held in Philadelphia was attended by over 800. A similar program for
Pittsburgh is under consideration.
South Carolina College and Station. — The legislature has elected B. H. Bawl
of the Dairy Division of this Department, to succeed W. D. Garrison, resigned,
as a member of the board of trustees.
W. W. Fitzpa trick, formerly of the farm improvement department of tlie
Southern Railway, has been appointed assistant dairyman in charge of field
c'emonstrations in South Carolina, with headquarters at the college.
As one of its Smith-Lever projects, the extension division is organizing co-
operative cream routes in near-by counties. The cream is shipped to the col-
lege, manufactured into butter, and marketed for the farmers. The plan has
proved successful in its first six months, and recently egg gathering has been
begun on the routes. The dairy equipment has been increased by the iustalla-
llon of a churn of 600 lbs. daily capacity.
Tennessee University and Station. — The will of the late Colonel Benjamin
Rush Strong, a resident of Knoxville, contains bequests to the university of
!i;?>5.000 for the purchase of additional laud for the station, $30,000 for a girls'
dormitory, and a business house in Knoxville, the income from which is to
constitute a medal fund for the university and certain other institutions of
learning. It also provides that the residue of the estate from these and many
other bequests is to be given to the university as a trust fund for loans to
deserving students of the agricultural department. The amount available for
this loan fund is not definitely known, but is estimated at from $200,000 to
$400,000.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PE0CT7EED FROM
THE StJPEEINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
SUBSTEIPTION PEICE, PEE VOLUMK
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, SI
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Edilor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITOKIAL IIEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Ohemistrj^ and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers/^ "i?" m^^^"
■^- ' ' \R. U . TliULLINGER.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^^- ^ • f ^^0"^' ^^' ^'
Field Crops— G. I\r. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
[0. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., I). Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition<H. L. Lang.
[C. F. Walton.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Planning — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
VeteriBao- Modicmcji^Sf' f?--"-
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. LIBRARY
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. NEW YORK
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes— M. D. Moore. BOTANICAL
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 7.
Editorial notes: Page.
A notable contribution to station literature 601
The need of constructive ideals in research 603
Recent work in agricultural science 606
Notes 693
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.
Studies relating to the chemistry of milk and casein. Van Slyke and Bosworth. 606
Condition of casein and salts in milk, Van Slyke and Bosworth 607
The action of coagulating enzyms on caseinogen, Harden and Macallum 607
Caseinogen and casena, Geake 608
The detection of potassium vnth tartaric acid, Winkler 608
Detecting potassium mth tartaric acid, Recklcben 609
Micro-chemical detection and distribution of aluminum, Kratzraann 609
Determination of lime requiremeiits of soil, Hutchinson and ]\IacLennan 609
Method of determining the lime requirom-jnts of soils, Jones 610
A new method for the determination of soil acidity, Truog 610
A shaker for the mechanical analysis of soil. Ward 611
A shaker for the mechanical analysis of soils, Fletcher 611
Determination of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, Popp 611
A field method for determining dissolved oxygen in water, Miller 612
The detection of extracted paprika, Heuser and Hassler 612
A field test for limo-sulphur dipping baths, Chapin 612
Some seeds whicli liave rarely been examined, and their oils, Diedrichs 613
Agricultural alcohol: Studies of its manufacture in Germany, Kremers 613
Osage orange. — Its value as a commercial dyestuff, Kressmann 613
I
II CONTENTS.
METEOKOLOGY.
Page.
Monthly Weather Review G14
Climalolojjical data for the United States by sections 614
Meteoroloi,ncal ol)servations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and McLain. . 614
[Meteorological observations], Seeley 614
Meteorological records for 1 913 614
Response to rainfall in India, Packard 615
Nitrogen compounds in rain and snow, Shutt 615
Nitrogen and chlorin in rtiin and snow, Knox 616
SOILS — FERTILIZEUS.
Soil survey of Goodhue County, Minn., Smith et al 616
The soils of Pennsylvania, Shaw G16
Soil survey of Oranj^eburg (^ounty, S. C, Agee et al 616
Soil survey of Washington (^ounty, Tex., Meyer et al G17
Soil survey of Boone County, W. Va., Latimer 617
The properties of soil grains and the plasticity of soils, Atterberg 617
Denitrification in soils of different Avater content, Lemmermann and Wichers.. 618
The chemistry of soils: Evolution of purins, Chardet 618
Effect of deciduous and evergreen trees on the soil and its vegetation, Koch 618
Field test with toxic soil constituent: Vanillin, Skinner 619
The number and growth of protozoa in soil, Sherman 019
Methods of soil sterilization for beds and greenhouses, Selby and Humbert 620
The present position of the science of manuring in Germany, Hoffmann 020
Some facts about commercial fertilizers in New York State, Van Slyke 021
Fertilizer facts for farmers. Hall 622
Action of sulphate and superphosphate of ammonia in calcareous soils, Wiodeck . 622
The cyanamid works at Niagara Falls 622
Silicates and carbonates as sovu'ces of lime and magnesia, Maclntire and Willis. 622
Effect on different plants of liming an acid soil, Hartwell and Damon 622
The use of lime on land, Gardner 624
Fertilizer analyses. Patten, Winter, and Jensen 024
The fertilizer inspection for 1914, Cinry and Smith 024
Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, supplies, and mixtures, Cathcart et al. . 624
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Handbook of technique for teachers and students of natural science, Schmid. . 625
Culture media for use in the plate method of counting soil bacteria, Conn 625
The chemical dynamics of living protoplasm, Osterhout 625
The mechanism of exchange between plants and external media, Maz6 625
Evaporation and plant succession in Washington and Idaho, Weaver 626
Efft'cts of acid and alkaline solutions on metabolism of plants, Dachnowski.. 626
Root habits of desert plants and reaction of roots to soil temperature. Cannon. . 626
Determination of exosmosis from roots of anesthetized plants, Merrill 626
The germination of belladonna seed, Sievers 626
Pollen development in the gi'ape with special reference to sterility, Dorsey 627
Injm-y and abscission in Impatuns sultani, Lloyd , 627
Relations of plants to distilled water and dilute toxic solutions, Merrill 627
A study of vanadium and the action of vanadates in ve,2;ctables, Rarati'cz 628
Arsenic and manganese in products serving as food, Jacjin and Astruc 628
On the correlation l)etween somatic characters and fertilitj^ Harris 628
Hybrids of (Enothcra biennis and (E. franciscana, Davis 628
Inventory of seeds and plants imported from October 1 to December 31, 1912 . . 628
FIELD CROPS.
Grass pastures for irrigated lands, Welch 628
Soil fertility investigations, Wiancko 629
Report of the division of farm crops, Shoesmilh 630
[Experiments with field crops], Van Hoek 630
Varietal tests 1914 — ground nuts, maize, and rice, Stockdale 630
On the plant food absorption and growth of Agropyrnm rcpcm, Burmester 630
Cultivation and composition of comfrey {Symphjtum asperrimum) 631
Corn judging, Moore 631
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
Variety work with corn and cotton, McClelland 631
Cowpeas in the cotton belt, Morse 631
The dashcen, a root crop for the South, Young 631
Experiments with oat varieties at Stockholm fields, 1908-1912, Rhodin 631
Home-mulched v. northern seed potatoes for eastern Nebraska, Emerson ' 631
The use of Paris green and Bordeaux on the farm, Ince 632
The fractional liquefaction of rice starch, Warth and Darabsett 633
Field tests of soy beans, 1914 633
Changes in sweet potatoes during storage, Hasselbring and Hawkins 633
On the spike form of wheat, Detzel 634
Is the present system of grading wheat equitable? Ladd 634
Root atlas, Schulze 634
The longevity of some common seeds, Eastham 634
Report of seed analysis, HoUister 635
First annual seed- laboratory report, 1913-14, Oswald 635
Results of seed tests for 1914, Taylor 635
Wisconsin seed inspection law, Stone 635
The new seed inspection law, Stone 635
ft
HORTICULTURE.
[Report of horticultural investigations], Garcia 635
Fertilizer tests on onion lands. Bouquet 635
Tomatoes, Stuckey 636
Tomato growing in the South, Thompson 636
Greenhouse tomato investigations, Bouquet 636
Ringing fruit trees, Howe 636
Ringing an unsafe stimulus to fruit bearing. Hall 637
Sprajang farm orchards by the club plan, Jay and Cook 637
Sprajdng program for orchards with combinations recommended, Green et al. . 637
Spray treatment, etc., for orchards, Britton and Clinton 637
Spray calendar, Britton and Clinton 637
Tree fillings and wound dressings for orchard and shade trees, Selby 637
Thinning apples, Eustace 637
Nature of a somatic segregation of characters in the Le Conte pear. Tufts 637
The pear as affected by moistm-e supply, Barss 638
Blackbcriy culture, Darrow 639
Strawberry varieties in Oregon, Gardner 639
FORESTRY.
The temperature of leaves of Pinus in winter, Ehlers 639
Report on forest administration in Burma for the year, 1912-13, Rogers 640
Report on forest administration in Presidency of Bengal, 1912-13, Muriel 640
Forest administration in Northwest Frontier Province for 1913-14, Mayes 640
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
How saprophytic fungi may become parasites, Massee 640
Parasitism in Hymcnochaete agglutinans, Graves 640
Eelworm disease 641
Maryland plant diseases in 1912, Norton 641
Report of the botanist, Bessey 641
[Report on work in plant pathology] 641
Notes, observations, and minor investigations on plant diseases, Jackson 641
Fungus diseases of Swedish melons and cucuml^ers, Eriksson 641
A contribution to the study of foot rot of cereals, Berthault 641
Rust in the interior of graminaceous seeds, Beauverie 642
Fungus diseases of cotton. Smith 642
Spraying of peanuts for leaf rust 642
Notes on miscellaneous potato diseases, Bailey 642
Potato spraying experiments, Bailey 642
Leaf roll of potato, VIII, Kock, Kornauth, and Broz 642
Occurrence of silver scurf of potatoes in the Salt Lake Valley, LTtah, O'Gara. . 643
An endophytic endodermal fungus in Solanuvi tuberosum, Wilcox et al 643
[Diseases of sugar cane on the island of St. Croix, 1913], Smith 643
IV CONTENTS,
Page.
Effect of dilution on infecti\nty of virus of mosaic diseases of tobacco, Allard. . 643
A fruit spot of tomato, Perotti and ("ristofoletti 644
Fruit pit studios in the Willamette Valley, Lewis 644
Apple ruHt and die-hack, NifhoUs 644
Cedar rust on the apple, Scott €44
Bacterial guramosis or Itacterial canker of cherries, Barss 644
Experimental spraying of prunes for control of brown rot, Bailey 645
A Pacific coast rust attacking pear, quince, etc., Jackson 645
Resistance of gooseberry against mildew and effects of sulphur treatment, Kock. 645
Fungus diseases of coffee in Porto Rico, Fawcett 645
Black root disease of limes 646
Black knot of birch, Massee 646
Relation of Endothia parasitica and related species to tannin. Cook and Wilson. 646
A new filbert disease in Oregon. Barss 647
Report on cultures with Peridermium on pine in 1914, Hedgecock and Long. . 647
Injury by disinfectants to seeds and roots in sandy soils, Hartley 647
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Extermination of ground squirrels, gophers, and prairie dogs. Bell and Piper. . 648
Preliminary census of birds of the United States, Cooke 648
Some common birds useful to the farmer. Beal 648
Food of the robins and bluebirds of the United States, Beal 648
Quassiin as a contact insecticide, Parker 649
Para-dichlorobenzene as an insect fumigant, Duckert 650
A method of fumigating seed. Sasscer and Hawkins 650
Report of the entomologist, Pettit 650
Report of the department of entomology 651
Tomato insects, root knot, and "'white mold," Watson 652
Three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Wildermiith 652
Control of green pea aphis in 1914 ( Macrosiphum pisi), Smith 652
Life history and habits of corn ear worm ( Chloridea obsoleta), Garman and Jewett. 652
[Codling moth investigations], Garcia -.---.- 654
The European pine shoot moth; a serious menace to pine in America, Busck.. 654
The Mediterranean fruit fly in Bermuda, Back 655
Susceptibility of citrus fniits to Mediterranean fmit fly, Back and Pemberton. 655
[Serious outbreak of Haltica foliacea] 656
Observations on the life history of Agrilus^ 6i7inea<MS, Chapman. 656
Preliminary classification of the superfamily Scolytoidea. Hopkins 658
Descriptions of some weevils reared from cotton in Peru, Pierce 658
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Food industries, Vulte and Vanderbilt 658
Food and diet. Peacock 659
Foods and sanitation, Forster and Y^eigley 659
The preservation and care of food. Peacock 659
Bread cereals and bread, Neumann _. 659
Milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheat, Richardson et al 659
Rope in bread, Zeckendorf 659
Report on bread wrapping 659
Fenugreek seed, Wunschendorff 660
All about milk, Roseneau ' 660
Viscose — a new casing for sausages, Cohoe, Fox, and Acton 6G0
Are hardened fats suitable for human food? Lehmann 660
Ice cream studies in Cincinnati. Bahlman 660
The uses of fruit in the household, Dunbrack _- 660
On the analysis and composition of some proprietary foods for infants, Baker. . 660
On the use of proprietary foods for infant feeding, Coutts 661
Increasing the fat content of infants' food. Niemann 661
[Food analyses and pure food and dnig topics], Ladd and Johnson 661
[Inspection and analysis of foods and feeding stuffs], Purcell 661
Sanitary standard for bakeries adopted by National Association of Master Bakers 661
Home economics as applied to the choice and preparation of food. Peacock 661
French cookery from 14th to 20th century, compiled and edited by Richardin. 662
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Principles of cooking, Conley 662
Rechu'ing the cost of living, Noaring 662
Second Congress of Aliment^xtion, Liege, October 1-4, 19 11 662
Biochemical catalyzers in daily life and in the industries, Effront 602
Vitamins, Bywaters 002
Continuation of work on vegetable proteins, Osborne and Mendel 603
Effect of air breathed on protein and carbohydrate metabolism, Bache and Auel . 663
The influence of excessive water ingestion on protein metabolism, Orr 663
The stimulatory power of water in the human stomach, Bergeim etal 663
JExcretion of creatinin on creatin-free diet. Ringer and Raiziss 663
Some observations on the excretion ofcreatinin by women, Hidl 603
Metabolism and energy of men, Lipschiitz 063
The biochemistry of respiration, Vernon 004
Body temperature and pulse rate in man after muscular exercise, Martin et al. 604
Comparison of effects on blood pressure of physical and physic fatigue, Lahy. . 004
Influence of envh'onment on the heat production of the human body, Wobsa. . 664
Energy metabolism under conditions of chronic malnutrition, Hdri 664
AXIMAL PRODUCTION.
An important contribution to statistical theory, Pearl 665
Distribution of Mendelian population in brother X sister mating, Pearl 665
Studies on inbreeding, IV, Pearl 005
Inbreeding and relationship coefficients. Pearl 005
Formulas for the results of inbreeding, Jennings 005
Valuation of feeding-stuffs by means of chemical analysis, Smetham 665
Influence of fertilizing meadows on chemical composition of forage, Dusserre. . 665
Studies on straws with reference to influences of weathering, Honcamp et al.. . 065
Silos and silage, E wing 600
Shock corn for silage, Eckles 060
Digestibility and feeding value of molassine meal, etc., Lindsey and Smith. . . 006
Concentrated commercial feeding staffs, Turner and Spears 007
Concentrated feeding stuffs and registrations for 1914, Cathcart 667
The nitrogen economy value of sodium acetate for ruminants, Pescheck 667
The principles and practice of judging live stock. Gay 668
Stock breeding in Belgium, Frateur 668
The cattle of Demonte, Mascheroni 668
Cattle feeding on the plantation and farm, Dalrymple 668
Metabolism of a steer on a continuous ration of silage, Ewing and Wells 668
[Feeding preserved milk to calves]. Brown 669
The characteristics of the hybrid zebu, Pucci 669
Rations for breeding ewes, Hackedorn 669
A survey of sheep and lamb production in 1914, Murphy 070
Silage for horses and mules, Trowbridge 070
Studies on physiology of reprodtiction in fowl, VIII, Pearl and Curtis 670
Studies on physiology of reproduction in domestic fowl, IX, Pearl and Surface. 671
The factor for black pigmentation in the \\1iite Leghorn, Hadley 671
Seaweed for packing bn-ds, Dekobra 672
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Report of the dairy husbandry department, Hunziker 672
Report of an experiment on the feeding of dairy cows, Milburn and Richardson. 672
Murne Cowan, new world's champion [cow], Murphy 673
Experiments with the Sharpies mechanical milker. Hooper and Nutter 673
Milk recording and bookkeeping associations in Denmark, Duborg 674
[Prices paid to farmers for milk] 674
Studies on milk, Windisch 674
Bacillus abortus in market milk, Evans 674
Prevalence of tuliercle bacilli in the Edinburgh milk supply, Mitchell 674
The viability of the typhoid bacillus in sour cream, Krumwiede and Noble 675
Keeping properties of condensed milks in tropical climates, Beveridge 675
[Butter analyses], Briinnich 675
Moldiness in butter, Thorn and Shaw 675
VI CONTENTS.
VETEKTKARY MKDICINE.
Page.
A system of veterinary medicine, edited by Hoare 67G
Report of the veterinary department, Craig 676
Report of the ba(;teriologist, Giltncr G77
Report of IJongal Veterinary College and department, iyio-14, Smith and Kerr. 678
Recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and therapeutics 678
Bacterial an tifernients.— Studies on ferment action, XVII , Jobling and Petersen 678
Studies on ferment action, XVIII, Jobling and Petersen 678-
An anomalous strain of Bacillus paraiy phosus (B), llutchens and TuUoch 678
Four cases of sudden death at the Athens State Hospital, Hayhurst and Scott. . 678
A crisis in the foot-and-mouth disease situation 679
Immunity against tuberculosis in cattle, Calmette and Gu^rin 679
The twenty-eight-hour animal quarantine laws annotated, compiled by Goding. 679
Sterility in bovines and equines, Wester 679
Dehorning cattle, Ewing 680
The warble flies: Fourth report on life history and treatment 680
Eradication of the cattle tick necessary for profitable dairying, McClain 681
The treatment of bovine piroplasmosis by trypanblue, Mellis 682
A text-book of the topographical anatomy of the horse. EUenberger and Baum. 682
Ophthalmic malleiu for the diagnosis of glanders, Mohler and Eichhorn 682
Contagious pneumonia. — Its treatment by neosalvarsan, Bunsow 682
Hog cholera as a result of vaccinating against erysipelas, Muller 682
The curative action of autolyzed yeast against avian polyneuritis. Cooper 683
House disinfection with formaldehyde, Lowenstein 683
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Some measuring devices used in the delivery of irrigation water 683
New methods of gaging stream flow. Collet et al., trans, by Blaauw and Ward. . 685
The hydraulics of irrigation, drainage, and other channels, Schmeer 685
Ground-water supplies, Smreker 685
Economic factors involved in road construction in strictly rural sections 686
The relation of farm produce hauling to permanent road improvements 686
Concrete highway bridge construction, McCullough 686
Notes on using kerosene, King 687
Dynamics of a plow, Keir 687
Strength and design of waslaers in reference to the bearing on wood, Rodenhiser. 687
Silo construction, Ewing 687
Housing in rural districts, HoUoway 687
Rural laborers' cottages 687
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The cost of producing IMinnesota farm products, 1908-1912, Peck 688
Statistics of cooperation among farmers in Minnesota, 1913, Weld 688
The New York State Vegetable Growers' Association 6S8
Report of the public roads and highways commis.sion of Ontario, 1914 688
Rules and regulations under the United States Cotton Futures Act 689
[Amendment, United States Cotton Futures Act] 689
Government crop reports 689
Statistical atlas of the United States, 1914 689
Annual statistics of Chile 689
Report on the agriculture of Saxony for 1913 689
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Proceedings of the Conference on Rural Education, February 10, 1913 689
Present status of agi'icultural education in Canada, McCready 689
Annual report of the state director of industrial education, flyers 690
Vocational schools. Dean 690
Elementary science courses, Carrol 690
The teaching of agriculture in the high scliool, Hickox 690
Should normal schools offer a special course for rural school teachers? Maltby. . 690
Home economics in the agricultural college. Hoover 690
Home economics extension work in Kansas, Van Zile 690
The extension worli of the College of Hawaii, MacCaughey 691
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
Extension schools and community federations, Nolan and Hieronymus G91
Extension v/ork in Minnesota, Cull 691
Social and civic work in country communities, McDonald et al G91
Instruction trains 691
The Los Angeles nature-study exhibition, Edwards 691
New course of study 691
Pre- vocational agricultural work in the public schools of Indiana 691
[Rural school agi-iculture] 691
ICleinents of forestry, ^loon and Brown 692
Helps for domestic science work, September-October 692
Suggestions for laying out and planting the school farm 692
Some experiments for the garden, P'mery 692
Should school gardens be made to show financial gains? Sell 692
Nature study and school gardens, Findlay 693
Suggestions and regulations on the work of corn clubs, Eastman 693
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1914 693
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1914 693
Twenty-lifth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1914 693
Thirty-second Annual Report of New York State Station, 1913 693
Fai-mers' Day guide 693
Laws applicable to U. S. Department of Agriculture, compiled by Gates 693
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United Stale!).
California Station: I'age.
Bui. 247, Jan., 1915 683
Connecticut State Station:
Bui. 183 637
Bui. 184, Dec, 1914 637
Bui. 185, Jan., 1915 633
Delaware Station:
Circ. 7, June 17, 1912 693
Circ. 8, June 16, 1913 693
Circ. 9, June 15, 1914 693
Florida Station:
Bui. 125, Dec, 1914 652
Georgia Station:
Bui. 109, Dec, 1914 668
Bui. 110, Dec, 1914 6G6, 687
Bui. Ill, Dec, 1914 680
Bui. 112, Jan., 1915 636
Bui. 113, Jan., 1915 631
Idaho Station:
Bui. 80, Nov., 1914 628
Illinois Station:
Circ. 178, Jan., 1915 679
Indiana Station:
Twenty-seventh An. Rjit. 1914 629,
672, 676, 693
Kentucky Station:
Bui. "185, Sept., 1914 667
Bui. 186, Dec, 1914 673
Bui. 187, Dec, 1914 652
Louisiana Stations:
Bui. 151, Jan., 1915 668
Massachusetts Station:
Bui. 158, Dec, 1914 666
Met. Buls. 313-314, Jan.-Feb.,
1915 614
Michigan Station:
Bui. 274, Oct., 1914 624
Circ. 24, June, 1914 637
Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914 630,
641, 650, 669, 671, 693
Minnesota Station:
Bui. 144, Sept., 1914 627
Bui. 145, Dec, 1914 688
Bui. 146, Dec, 1914 688
Bui. 147, Jan., 1915 635
Missouri Station:
Bui. 120, Oct. 1914 669
Circ 71, Nov., 1914 666
Circ. 72, Nov., 1914 670
VIII
Stations in the United States — Continued.
Nebraska Station: Page.
Bui. 146, Dec. 24, 1914 631
New Hampshire Station:
Bui. 173, Sept., 1914 624
Bui. 174, Sept., 1914 635
New Jersev Stations:
Bui. 271, June 1, 1914 667
Bui. 272, Sept. 15, 1914 624
New Mexico Station:
Twenty-fifth An. Rpt. 1914 . . 635,
641, 654, 656, 693
New York State Station:
Bui. 391, Dec, 1914 636, 637
Bui. 392, Dec, 1914 621. 622
Tech. Bui. 37, Dec, 1914 606
Tech. Bui. 38, Nov., 1914 625
Tech. Bui. 39, Dec, 1914 607
Thirty-second An. Rpt. 1913. 614, 693
North Dakota Station:
Spec. Bui., vol. 3. No. 14.
Jan., 1915 632, 634, 661
Circ 4, Jan., 1915 648
Ohio Station:
Circ. 148, Dec 1, 1914 637
Circ. 149, Jan. 4, 1915 637
Cu-c 150, Jan. 11, 1915 637
Circ. 151, Jan. 15, 1915 620
Oregon Station:
Bui. 123, Dec, 1914 637
Second Bien. Crop Pest and
Hort. Rpt. 1913-14 . . 635, 636, 638,
639, 641, 642, 644, 645. 647, 651
Pennsylvania Station:
Bui. 131, Sept., 1914 624
Bui. 132, Oct., 1914 616
Porto Rico Station:
Bui. 17, Feb. 9, 1915 645
Rhode Island Station:
Bui. 160, Oct., 1914 622
Bui. 161, Dec, 1914 671
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 110, Oct., 1914 670
Virginia Truck Station:
■ Bui. 13, Oct. 1, 1914 652
Wisconsin Station:
Circ. Inform. 4, 2. ed., Dec,
1911 635
Circ. Inform. 4, Sup., Nov.,
1913 635
Ciic. 8, 2. ed., Mar., 1913 631
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
IX
U. S. Department of Agriculture .
Jour. Agr. Research, voL 3, No. 4, Piig"-
Jan., 1915. . . G33, 643, 652, 655, 656, 675
Bui. 161, The Mediterranean Fruit
Fly in Bermuda, E. A. Back 655
Bui. 163, A Field Test for Lime-
Sulphur Dipping Baths, R. M.
Chapin (i 12
Bui. 164, Field Test with a Toxic
Soil Constituent: Vanillin, J. J.
Skinner 61f)
Bui. 165, Quassiin as a Contact In-
secticide, W. B. Parker 649
Bui. 166, Ophthalmic Mallein for
the Diagnosis of Glanders, J. R.
Mohler and A. Eichhorn 682
Bui. 167, Para-Dichlorobenzene as
an Insect Fumigant, A. B. Duck-
ett 650
Bui. 169, Injury by Disinfectants to
Seeds and Roots in Sandy Soils,
C. Hartley 647
Bui. 170, The European Pine-shoot
Moth: A Serious Menace to Pine
Timber in America, A. Busck. . 654
Bui. 171, Food of the Robins and
Bluebirds of the United States,
F. E. L. Beal 648
Bui. 182, Agricultural Alcohol:
Studies of Its Manufacture in
Germany, E. Ki-emers 613
Bui. 186, A Method of Fumigating
Seed, E. R. Sasscer and L. A.
Hawkins 650
Bui. 187, Preliminary Census of
Birds of the United States, W.W.
Cooke 648
Farmers' Bui. 630, Some Common
Birds Useful to the Farmer,
F. E. L. Beal 648
Farmers' Bui. 639, Eradication of
the Cattle Tick Necessary for
Profitable Dairying, J. H. Mc-
Clain 681
Farmers' Bui. 642, Tomato Growing
in the South, H. C. Thompson. . 636
Farmers' Bui. 643, Blackberry
Culture, G. M. Darrow 639
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.
Office of the Secretary: rage.
Rpt. 102, Descriptions of Some
Weevils Reared from Cotton
in Peru, W. D. Pierce 658
Circ. 46, Rules and Regula-
tions of the U. S. Cotton Fu-
tures Act of Aug. 18, 1914. . 689
Spec. [Circ], Cowpeas in the
Cotton Belt, W. J. Morse 631
Bureau of Crop Estimates:
Circ. 17, rev.. Government
Crop Reports 689
Bureau of Entomology:
Bui. 17, pt. 2, tech. ser., Con-
tributions Toward a Mono-
graph of the Scolytid
Beetles. II, Preliminary
Classification of the Super-
family Scolytoidea, A. D.
Hopkins 658
Bureau of Plant Industry:
Inventory of Seeds and Plants
Imported, Oct. 1 to Dec. 31,
1912 628
The Dasheen, A Root Crop for
the South, R. A. Young G31
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1913—
Soil Survey of Goodhue
County, Minn., W. G.
Smith etal 616
Soil Survey of Orangeburg
County, S. C, J. H.
Agee et al 616
Soil Sm-vey of Washington
County, Tex., A. H.
Meyer et al 617
Soil Survey of Boone
County, W. Va., W. J.
Latimer 617
Office of the Solicitor:
Laws Applicable to the U. S.
Department of Agriculture,
Second Supplement 693
The Twenty-eight Hour Law
and the Animal Quarantine
Laws Annotated 679
Weather Bureau:
Mo. W^eather Rev., vol. 42,
Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct., 1914. 614
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos.
11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1914 614
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. May, 1915. No. 7.
A notable publication has been issued from the Ohio Experiment
Station which on account of an attitude it represents is worthy of
special comment. It is entitled A Review of the Literature of Phos-
phorus Compounds in Animal Metabolism, and is the work of Dr.
I']. B. Forbes and ]\Iiss j\I. Helen Keith. It is a highly important con-
tribution to our literature of agricultural investigation, and one which
not only the authors and the station issuing it but the American
system of stations may well be proud of. The lesson it carries in the
preparation for research has wide application.
Soon after Dr. Forbes went to the Ohio Experiment Station eight
years ago, he began a series of investigations into the relations of
mineral constituents in animal nutrition. Although these studies are
of quite technical character and do not insure direct practical results
at once, he has been supported in his undertaking and has gradually
secured facilities for the work which are hardly equaled anywhere.
The broad interest of agricultural science in the whole question of
the mineral elements lies, as Dr. Forbes explains, " in that larger in-
termediary metabolism between the soil and the sea which begins with
the weathering of the rocks, includes the whole of plant and animal
metabolism, and ends with the formation of new rocks."
In its relation to animal life, phosphorus stands out as an unusually
conspicuous member of this group. No other inorganic element
enters into such a diversity of compounds and plays as important a
part in so many functions. " Structurally, it is important as a con-
stituent of every cell nucleus and so of all cellular structures; it is
also prominent in the skeleton, in milk, in sexual elements, glandular
tissue, and the nervous system. Functionally, it is involved in all
cell multiplication, in the activation and control of enzym actions, in
the maintenance of neutrality in the organism, in the conduct of
nerve stimuli, and through its relation to osmotic pressure, surface
tension, and imbibition of water bj^ colloids it has to do with the
movement of liquids, with the maintenance of proper liquid contents
of the tissues, with cell movements, and with absorption and secre-
tion."
The study of the mineral elements in relation to nutrition is a sub-
ject but recently taken up by our stations, and the large measure of
the world investigation bestowed upon it has been reported since the
GOl
602 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
beginning of the present century. It extends back, however, for as
much as two hundred years, and the literature of the hist fifty years
is quite voluminous. From the fact that the subject has been ap-
proached from the medical and the physiological, as well as the agri-
cultural and nuti'ition standpoints, the papers relating to it are
unusually Avidely scattered.
At an early stage Dr. Forbes' studies naturally led him into the
literature, and showed how difficult of access and study it was in its
widely diffused condition. With an industry and zeal which deserve
to be highly commended he instituted a systematic search for original
articles bearing on the subject of investigation, Avhich soon developed
into a large undertaking. The assistance of several competent per-
sons was obtained in abstracting, and the search Avas organized to be
carried on at various libraries and institutions over the country. The
work was in active progress for several A^ears, and the bulletin now
pu])lished is the result, the data being compiled and digested by Dr.
Forbes after it had been assembled from various sources. In scope
and size it surpasses all expectations of those who had known of its
progress — a volume of seven hundred and fifty pages, with the ab-
stracts grouped by topics, accompanied b}^ concise summaries, a bibli-
ography of approximately twenty-five hundred titles cited in the text,
referring to work ranging in date from 1719 to 1914, and concluding
with a detailed index.
The review will not only aid Dr. Forbes in his studies, but it will
be well-nigh indispensable to those engaged in work in this field or
who may enter upon it. It will at once take place as a standard
work and become a starting point for future investigation in this
and related lines. It will serve from now on to make investigation
more clearly directed and more effective. It would be surprising if it
did not stimulate research in this general subject, for it opens up
the field in a most attractive way, making apparent not only the
progress which has been attained but the gaps that remain to be
filled.
The publication of this monumental work represents a broad-
minded, liberal attitude, which stands for the communitv of interest
in investigation and seeks its advancement rather than personal
advantage.
When an investigator takes the pains to collect and digest the
literature of his chosen field, as a part of a general progi'am of
experimentation in that field, we feel that he has gone at his work
aright and commend him for his determination to build upon the
foundation laid by the work of others. And when an experiment
station not only authorizes the time and other expense for such a
review of the past, but in addition publishes it for the benefit of the
EDITORIAL. G03
-world, we commend the courage of its convictions and feel a new
assurance that agricultural investigation at the experiment stations
is not to be bound b}' any narrow view or impatient demand. Such
an attitude evidences a deep appreciation of research as thorough
and enlightened as present knowledge permits. It shows a determi-
nation not only to make its work thorough but constructive, adding
to the sum of knowledge not by duplication but by building upon
what has already been found.
Of course only a station liberally i)rovidcd with means could
undertake so comprehensive a piece of work. Usually the investi-
gator will need to compile the literature, if at all, only in a narrow
field relating to the project on which he is working. Regard must
be had for the fitness of things and for the proper proportions at all
times. And if this work had stopped with the making of a compila-
tion and critical digest it would be less worthy of an experiment
station, but it formed a real part of a line of investigation in which
Dr. Forbes has already made notable progress. The compilation is
not an end in itself but its evident purpose is to clear the field as far
as practicable, in order that the author and other investigators may
know just the status of investigation in that field and so be better
prepared to do thoroughly constructive work.
The review' has given not only the results but the point of view
and the method of attack which others have developed, and has fur-
nished the basis for a critical examination and comparison to show
the sources of error in investigation and in reasoning. Thus in a
large way it takes advantage of the accumulated experience of many
individual workers. By this means theories, views, and plans become
crystallized and perfected.
A clear vision and purpose is the first great essential in investiga-
tion. The aim is what gives the work direction and largely deter-
mines its quality. A clear conception of the purpose of agricultural
experiment and investigation w^ill not be satisfied Avith a superficial
attack or an aim which does not sight beyond what is already known,
or what last year's results showed, or the empirical facts they estab-
lished in a large way. Hence, the spirit of Dr. Forbes' review
applies to our experimental work as a whole. This is its broader
application.
We have reached a point in experiment station work where it is
more pertinent than ever that more attention should be given to mak-
ing the work progressive in aim if not always in actual attainment.
We need to define clearly the end of real experiment and the begin-
ning of demonstration. Each new piece of work which is undertaken,
whether it be of experimental grade or research, has the advantage of
accumulated experience and results out of wliich method, fact, and
theory have developed. It is reasonable to expect, therefore, that it
604 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
should be better, more searching, and more conchisive than Avhat has
precedl^l it. How else can the expenditure of time and money be
warranted, or the rightful ambitions of the investigator be satisfied ?
Of course, we must find out whether what we know^ is true, but this
usually implies more than simple repetition unless we are dealing
with tradition. What we Imow is a product of reasoning from what
has been definitely found out, and this at best is uncertain when our
knowledge is in a transition stage, as much of it is which relates to
agriculture. But the purpose of investigation is advancement,
^vhether it be in extending the boundaries or in checking up what has
been accepted as true. In either case it will not be characterized by
duplication or repetition, but by a new point of view or method of
attack.
The French scientist Berthelot once said, " If each of us adds some-
thing to the common domain in the field of science or art or moral-
ity, it is because a long series of generations have lived, worked,
thought, and suffered before us." And an American scientist has
enlarged upon this idea in defining the means by which knowledge
grows: "Piece by piece must new truths be found and correlated.
Each investigator must rest his work upon that of others. He must
stand on the shoulders of the past if he is to look into the future. To
know what has gone before is only possible where accumulated rec-
ords are at hand."
Eecognition of this has been the leading motive in preparing and
issuing this journal, as a world review of new literature in agricul-
tural science, — to enable the workers in that field to have access to
the latest work and theoiy relating to their field. But research in
agriculture is now reaching out so far into the basic sciences that
no single abstract journal can meet all its needs, and other aids are
necessary. This is the justification for spending money given for
investigation in the purchase of scientific journals and books, and
in their proper care.
As experimentation progresses we not only discover new phe-
nomena, but in those we thought we knew unforeseen aspects reveal
themselves. This is notably true in agricultural investigation. A
thorough study of the experiments, even the simpler ones, if properly
framed, reveals new facts or new means of advancement. Unless
they receive adequate study or are builded on previous findings they
become a round of mechanical routine, devoid of the prime essen-
tials of productive experimentation.
It is sometimes advantageous to pause in doing and consider the
nature of the end product. The experiment or the series of trials
may meet all the accepted rules of procedure and follow the usual
channels, but Avill they add another link in the chain of evidence or
EDITORIAL. 605
simply more dnta of tlie same kind ? TTnless the former is the case the
Avork will not be genuinely c-onstriicti\e; and at the present stage this
may well be the test. If its aim is not constructive it is on doubtful
ground; and if its method and attack ai-e not such as to lead to ad-
vancement, it lacks the degree of efficiency Avhich may now rightfully
be expected.
It sometimes seems that even now the force of this is not fully
appreciated, partly no doubt because the field and function of the
experiment station is still confused witli that of demonstration, and
some of its workers from their relations or inclinations vacillate from
one to the other without changing their Aiewpoint. The effects of
this are seen particularly in the simpler experiments, which should
aim at advancement and conclusion, but which often represent merely
repetition and duplication, ending mainly in demonstration. These
■simpler experiments ought to mark a contribution, not merely to
A\hat their author knows but to what is generally known; and if
they do not afford promise of such a result in their plan and method
it is questionable whether money so much needed for productive
work should continue to be assigned to them. Too often they are
undertaken without a search of the available literature to learn
what others have found, and hence they involve nothing new in
conception or result. There should be a means of determining in
advance the character and the reasonable prospects of each under-
taking, whether it be a piece of investigation or a relatively simple
field experiment.
Some of our experimental work has moved in circles. It has been
done more from the demonstration standpoint than from that of
acquiring information. The attitude and aim are not genuinely
experimental but rather of convincing the farmer by example and
improving his methods because the need of it is keenly felt. No one
questions but it has had good effect, and it has often been done in
response to state appropriations secured specifically for that kind of
work, because the response to it was easier to arouse. But one effect
of this has been to not only confuse the public l)ut worst of all the
staff of the station. It has put them in a wrong position as station
men and their work in a false light as station work. It has often
kept them from the opportunity for more advanced and progressive
work, and has sometimes blinded them to the real character of what
they were turning out.
Now that extension work is definitely organized and provided for,
the purpose of the experiment station and its place in the institution
should be made clear and maintained. Demonstration for the pur-
pose of teaching and experimentation for the purpose of learning
should not be confused, and each should be made in the highest
degree effective.
RECENT WORK IN AfxRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Studies relating to the chemistry of milk and casein, L. L. Van Slyke and
A. W. BoswoRTii (Neio York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 37 (1914), pp. 11; Jour.
Biol. Chcm., 19 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 67-71, 73-76; 3, pp. 397, 398).— This bulletin
consists of three parts, as follows:
I. The cause of acidity of fresh milk of coics and a method for the detennina-
tion of acidity (pp. 4-6). — '"The acidity of fresh milk is due to the presence
of acid phosi)hates. Titration of phosphoric acid with alkali, in the presence
of calcium salts, results in hydrolysis of dicalcium phosphate formed during
the titration, whereby free calcium hydroxid and phosphoric acid are first
formed and then calcium hydroxid unites with more dicalcium phosphate to
form insoluble tricalcium phosphate. As a result of these reactions more alkali
is required to make a solution, containing calcium and phosphoric acid, neutral
to phenolphthalein than is required in the absence of calcium. The calcium
must be removed previous to titration by trentment of 100 cc. of milk with 2 cc.
of saturated solution of neutral potassium oxalate"."
II. The phosphorus content of casein (pp. 7-10). — "The amount of phos-
phorus in casein has been commonly given as about 0.S5 per cent. By treating
a solution of casein in dilute NHiOH with ammonium oxalate and an excess of
NH4OH and letting stand 12 hours the phosphorus content is reduced to about
0.7 per cent. This lower percentage can not be explained as being due to
hydrolysis of casein and splitting off of phosphorus. While some of tbe casein
is hydi'olyzed, this portion does not enter into the final preparation and does
not affect its composition, because the hydrolyzed portion is not precipitated
by acetic acid while the unhydrolyzed part is. The higher figure ordinarily
given is due to the presence of inorganic phosphorus (dicalcium phosphate)
carried from the milk into the precipitated casein and not entirely removed
under the usual conditions of preparation. The lower figure corresponds very
closely to two atoms of phos^ihorus (0.60S per cent) in the casein molecule.
Analyses of various preparations of casein containing varying amounts of ash
show a general correspondence between the ash and phosphorus content."
III. The action of rcnnin on casein (pp. 10, 11). — This study was made for
the purpose of determining whether the change from casein to paracasein is
accompanied by cleavage of any of the elements contained in the casein
molecule. The use of an excess of ammonia commented on by Harden and
McCallum (see p. 607) was not found to result in the loss of phosphorus due
to cleavage of the casein molecule. " The similarity between the composition
of casein and paracasein, and the fact that casein has been shown to have
a molecular weight of 8,SS8+ and a valency of S, while paracasein has been
shown to have a molecular weight of 4,444+ and a valency of 4. seems to be
"Amor. Jonr. riiysiol., 0 (1013), No. 5, pp. 265-278.
606
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECITNY. G07
evidence enough for concluding that the transformation of casein into para-
casein is a process of hydrolytic splitting, one molecule of casein yielding two
molecules of paracasein, and that this splitting of casein is not accompanied
by a cleavage of any of the elements contained in the original casein molecule
[E. S. R.. 29, p. S05I."
Condition of casein and salts in milk, L. L. Van Slyke and A. "W. Boswoeth
(New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 39 {19U), pp. 3-17; Jour. Biol. Chem., 2a
(1915), No. 2, pp. 135-152). — "Milk contains two general classes of compounds,
those in true solution and those in suspension, or insoluble. These two por-
tions can be separated for study by filtering the milk through a porous earthen-
ware filter like the Pastour-Chamberland filtering tube.
"Serum prepared from fresh milk is yellow with a faint greenish tinge and
slight opalescence. The following constituents of milk are wholly in solution in
the milk serum : Sugar, citric aciij, potassium, sodium, and chlorin. The follow-
ing are partly in solution and partly in suspension : Albumin, inorganic phos-
phates, calcium, magnesium. Albumin in fresh milk appears to be adsorbed to
a considerable extent by casein and therefore only a part of it appears in the
serum. In serum from sour milk and milk to which formaldehyde has been
added, nearly all of the albumin appears in the serum.
"The insoluble portion of milk separated by filti'ation through Pasteur-
Chamberland filtering tubes is grayish to greenish white in color, of a glisten-
ing, slime-like appearance, and of gelatinous consistency. When shaken wath
water it goes into susi^ension, forming a mixture having the opaque, white
appearance of milk. Such a susjpension is neutral to phenolphthalein. When
purified, the insoluble portion consists of neutral caseinate (casein Ca<t) and
neutral dicalcium phosphate (CaHP04). The casein and dicalcium phosphate
are not in combination, as shown by a study of IG samples of milk from 13
individual cows, and also by a study of the deposit or ' separator slime' formed
by whirling milk in a cream separator. By treating fresh milk with formalde-
hyde and whirling in a centrifugal machine under specified conditions, it is
possible to effect a nearly complete separation of phosphates from casein.
" Both fresh milk and the serum from fresh milk show a slight acid reaction
to phenolphthalein, but are strongly alkaline to methyl orange, indicating that
acidity is due, in part at least, to acid phosphates. In eight samples of fresh
milk the acidity of the milk and. of the milk serum was determined after
treatment with neutral potassium oxalate. The results show that the acidity
of the whole milk is the same as that of the serum, and that, therefore, the
constituents of the serum are responsible for the acidity of the milk. There
is every reason to believe that the phosphates of the serum cause the observed
acidity."
In the study the Briggs apparatus for filtration (E. S. R., 14, p. 127) was
employed. See also notes by Schroinor and Failyer and by Rupp (E. S. R.,
17, p. 831; 29, p. 109).
On the basis of the data presented, taken together with many other analytical
data worked out by the authors, the following composition of milk is suggested:
"Total solids, 12.901 per cent: Fat 3.90, milk-sugar 4.90, proteins combined
with calcium 3.20, dicalcium phosphate (CariP04) 0.175, calcium chlorid
(CaCls) 0.119, monomagnesiura phosphate (MglLP-Os) 0.103, sodium citrate
(NaoCsHsOT) 0.222, potassium citrate (KsCeHsO:) 0.052, dipotassium phosphate
(KjHPOi) 0.230." The amounts are based on milk of average composition.
On the action of coagulating enzyms on caseinogen, A. Harden and A. B.
Macaixum {Biochcm. Jour., 8 {IDl.'t), No. 1, pp. 90-99). — "The conversion of
caseinogen into casein by enzym action is accompanied by the cleavage of
90853°— No. 7—15 2
008 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
nitrogen, ])hospborus, and calcium. Rennin action produces no solulile nitrogen
or phosphorus. Trypsin splits off both soluble nitrogen and phosphorus, while
the Withnnia enzym also produces soluble nitrogen and phosphorus but in
smaller absolute quantities. The cleavage products are specific for each enzym
and it is to this difference of enzym action that the variation in behavior of the
resulting casein is to be ascribed. The precipitation of calcium caseinate by
soluble calcium salts is not due to any chemical combination with these. The
caseinogen once exposed to enzym action and redispersed can not be rendered
more precipitable by renewed enzym action. If the enzym be sufficiently con-
centrated, precipitates are obtained without the addition of calcium salts and
tlie same tiling occurs with more dilute enzym solutions when the temperature
is raised above 45°."
The importance of using an appropriate method for preparing casein is
pointed out. " In preparations for milk the use of sodium hydrate was avoided
so as to escape the possibility of hydrolyzing the protein. Van Slyke and
Bosworth have used ammonia in the final stages of their method [E. S. R., 29,
p. 9], allowing it to remain in contact with the caseinogen overnight. Their
preparations have a very low ash content and the phosphorus content is the
lowest yet recorded. This is due possibly to removal of phosphorus by the
action of the alkali."
Caseinogen and casein, A. Geake {BiocJicm. Jour., S {lOlJ/), i\'o. 1, pp. 30-
37).— The object of this investigation was to determine the difference, if any,
between caseinogen (casein) and casein (paracasein) in elementary comiwsi-
tion and in the Hausmann numbers.* See also a note by Osborne and Harris
(E. S. R., 15, p. 221).
A slight modification of the Carius method was used for the sulphur deter-
mination. The results obtained for sulphur were higher than those which have
been previously obtained for caseinogen. "The sulphur contents of caseinogen
and casein appear to be identical, but casein apparently contains more phos-
phorus than caseinogen. The ditlerence is, however, not sufficient to warrant
the supposition that the two proteins are chemically different."
The figures for the Ilausmauu numbers vrere also too low to establish any
definite differences.
The detection of potassium with tartaric acid, L. W. Winkler (Ztschr.
Angew. Chem., 26 {1913), No. 29, Aufsatzteil, p. 20S).— Potassium bitartrate has
the property of forming hypersaturated solutions, so that the use of a solution
of tartaric acid as a reagent for detecting potassium often fails. If. however,
the tartaric acid is used in powdered form and the solution is not too dilute,
the characteristic precipitate is quickly obtained. The procedure recommended
is as follows :
To 10 cc. of an approximately 5 per cent neutral solution of the substance un-
der examination is added 0.5 gm. of crystalline powdered acetate, then approxi-
mately 0.5 gm. of pov>'dered tai'taric acid, and the mixture is shaken thoroughly.
If no potassium (or ammonium, rubidium, or c.-iesium) is present the solution re-
mains perfectly clear. If the solution contains 0.2 per cent or more of the potas-
sium ion the reaction occurs only after one to two minutes. It is advisable to
conduct a control test with a solution of sodium chlorid or distilled water. The
reaction can be employed for potassium chlorid. bromid. iodid, nitrate, chlorate,
sulphate, etc., and the organic compounds of potassium, with the exception of
tartar emetic. With alum the reaction is less sensitive.
» Hoppe-Scyler's Ztschr. rhyslol. Chem., 27 (1899), No. 1-2, pp. 95-108; 29 (1900),
No. 2, pp. 136-145.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 609
Detecting potassium with tartaric acid, II. RfX'KLEBEN (Ztschr. Angcw.
Chcm., 26 {1913), No. 49, Aiifsatztcil, pp. 375, 376). — In discussing tlie metliod
proposed by Winkler (see above) it is pointed out that when the concentrations
are not properly controlled the potassium hydrogen tartrate is dissolved or the
tartaric acid remains undissolved despite the fact that the potassium ion may be
absent. The test also loses its force when the necessity exists for making a
blind test, as proposed by Winkler, with distilled water or a sodium chlorid
solution. For a number of years the following i)rocedure has been used, espe-
cially for beginners in the laboratory:
To the solution, which should not be too dilute, is added a fairly concentrated
solution of sodium bitartrate. If it is desired to employ tartaric acid it should
be utilized as a solution of tartaric acid containing sodium acetate, and with
the precaution that the latter is not employed in a large excess. If no pre-
cipitate results on gently rubbing the walls of the vessel with a glass rod, the
glass rod with its adhering fluid is put on a watch glass holding a few drops of
a 10 nor cent solution of a potassium salt, and when crystallization lias set in
the glass rod with its adhering fluid is replaced in the solution to be tested.
The author believes this method is better than the one proposed by Winkler.
The micro-chemical detection and distribution of aluminum in the plant
kingdom, E. Ivkatzmann (Sit;:ber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vicnnal, Math. Naturw.
Kl., 122 (.1913), I, No. 2, pp. 811-336, figs. 6).— The methods for the micro-
chemical detection of aluminum in plant tissues recorded in the literature were
•studied and Cs-SOi was the only reagent found satisfactory for detecting it as
Al::(S04)3.Cs2S04. The sensitiveness was 0..3 microgram. A modification of the
method was necessary, however, in order to be able to work more rapidly.
One hundred and thirty plants representing various families were examined
for the presence of aluminum. The results indicate that aluminum is widely
distributed in the plant kingdom and some plants might justly be termed
" aluminum plants." Many cryptogams show a marked accumulation of alumina
iu the sporophylls, and the blossoms of angiosperms contain more aluminum
than the other parts of the plant.
The clay bodies described by Radlkofer could be found only in a few varieties
of symplocos. It has not been definitely settled, however, that these bodies
consist of clay only, and they probably contain silica. When aluminum is
present with silica it is hard to detect, even with the Thenard blue test.
Some plants possess a sfieciflc selective affinity for aluminum.
The determination of the lime requirements of the soil, H. B. Hutchinson
and K. MacLennan {Chcm. News, 110 {191.',), No. 2854, pp. 61, 63).— The various
methods heretofore proposed for determining the lime requirements of soils,
including those of Loew and Jones, are critically discussed. A'eitch's method
(E. S. R., 14, p. 418) was found to give results closely corresi>onding to the
actual but it is claimed to be a very tedious process and difficult of adoption on
a large scale. " It appeared, therefore, that a closer investigation of the action
of certain carbonates on the soil might give a measure of prevailing acidity,
and would possibly conform more closely to natural conditions than some of the
compounds hitherto employed."
As preliminary work with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate gave unsatis-
factory results, the use of calcium bicarbonate was pi-oposed. The solution is
prepared " by passing a current of carbon dioxid into a suspension of calcium
carbonate in distilled water, or by means of a ' Sparklet ' or refillable soda
water syphon, vrhere bulbs of compressed carbon dioxid are used. The latter
method is the more convenient, and permits of the preparation of a saturated
solution within quite a short time. A large excess of carbonate must be used
GIO EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
iu order to provide fiu abuudauco of small particles which readily pass into
solution; the contents of the syphon may be diluted with one-third its volume
of distilled water before filterinj?, and this will result in the formation of a
solution of approximately fiftieth-normal strength.
" For a determination of acidity, or lime requirement, 10 to 20 gni. of the
soil is placed in a bottle of 500 to 1,000 cc. capacity together with 200 to 300 cc.
of the approximately fiftieth-normal solution of calcium bicarbonate, and the
air in the bottle is displaced by a current of carbon dioxid in order to insure
against possible precipitation of the calcium carbonate during the period of
determination. The bottle is tlien placed in a shaking machine for three hours,
after which time it is opened, the liquid is filtered, and a portion of the filtrate
equal to half of the original amount of bicarbonate solution is titrated against
tenth-normal acid, using methyl orange as indicator. The difference between
this final titration and that of the initial solution represents the amount of cal-
cium carbonate absorbed, each cubic centimeter of tenth-normal acid being
equal to 5 mg. calcium carbonate.
" This method has been tested on a number of different soils, the behavior of
which has been ascertained bacteriologically and chemically in the laboratory.
A few of these results are summarized, in w^hich tlie production of ammonia
and nitrates and plant growth in untreated and limed soils is given. . . .
" In addition to its value for practical agricultural work, the method will
possibly be of use iu various ecological pi'oblems, Avhere the relations between
plant and soil require more accurate determination."
Method of determining- tlie lime requirement of soils, C. U. Jones {Aiiicr.
Fcrt., 39 (1913), No. 11, pp. 28, 29).— "Take 5.6 gm. soil, add 0.5 gm. calcium
acetate (tested reagent), place in a S-in. mortar, and mix with pestle. Add
sufficient water (room temperature) to make a fairly stiff paste. Pestle for 20
seconds, add. 30 cc. water, and continue mixing for 30 seconds. Wash into a
200-cc. flask, and keep bulk down to about 100 cc. Let stand, with occasional
shaking, for 15 minutes. Make up to bulk of 200 cc, mix, and filter through a
dry filter. Discard first 10 to 15 cc, which may be cloudy. Titrate 1(X> cc of
the clear filtrate, using pheuolphthaleiu as an indicator with decinormal NaOII.
This reading multiplied by 2 gives the cubic centimeters of decinormal alkali
required to neutralize the acetic acid in 200 cc. of the solution. This figure times
the factor l.S times 1,000 equals the pounds of lime (CaO) required i^er 2.000,000
lbs. of soil." The calculation may be shortened by multiplying the number of
cubic centimeters of decinormal sodium hydroxid used by 3,600.
" The factor l.S is a tentative one only, it having been secured on a relatively
small number of samples representing Rhode Island. Massachusetts. Vermont,
and New Jersey soils. The method is extremely rapid, one man easily making
50 determinations in a day."
See also a previous note, Loew (E. S. 11., 20, p. S15).
A new method for the determination of soil acidity, E. Truog {Science, ii.
ser., 40 {1914), No. 1024, PP- 246-248).— One of the most serious drawbacks in
the study of soil acidity is the lack of a suitable qualitative and quantitative
method for its determination. While the litmus paper test when performed
properly is a fairly satisfactory qualitative test its reaction with carbonic acid
is confusing. With the view of securing a more reliable method the zinc suli^hid
test was devised, which depends upt>n the evolution of hydrogen sulphid when
acid soils are boiled with zinc suljihid and water.
" Ten gm. of soil is placed in a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask and to this is added
1 gm. calcium chlorid, 0.1 gm. of zinc sulphid, and 100 cc. water. This is thor-
oughly shaken and then heated over a flame. After the contents have boiled one
AGKICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. Gil
liiinule, a strip of moistened load acetate paper is placed over the moutli of the
tlask and the boiling continued two minutes more, when the paper is removed.
If the soil is acid the paper will be darkened on the underside in proportion to
the degree of acidity. If it is nonacid, no darkening will occur if the test has
been performed as just outlined."
Calcium c-hlorid. which is added for the purpose of making the test much more
scnsilive, reacts with the comparatively insoluble soil acids and forms a small
amount of hydrochloric acid wliich readily lil)erates the hydrogen sulphid from
the zinc sulphid. The test is said to detect much smaller amounts of soil acids
than the litmus paper test. " The test has been applied to a considerable num-
ber of soils and also other materials of known reaction and as yet not a single
objection to the test has arisen. As a quantitative method, an effort is being
made to measure tlie degree of acidity by titrating with standard iodin solution
the hydrogen sulphid which a soil will liberate. Whether this will worii with
all soils has as yet not been determined. • By using this test for the end point in
the A'eitch lime water method for acidity or lime requirements, the present
Veitch method is considerably shortened and made far more accurate."
Inasmuch as the test can be made approximately quantitative and still require
only vei-y simple apparatus and very little time (10 to 15 minutes), it makes a
valuable field procedure. "The principle of this quantitative method, depends
upon the fact that for any particular class of soils the degree of acidity is
closely proportional to the intensity of color produced on the paper when the
test is conducted as previously outlined. The color on the test paper needs only
to be compared to a standard color scale and from an accompanying table the
degree of acidity or lime requirements is read off directly. This standard color
scale is now being prepared and checked up with standard, soil acids made by
new methods."'
A shaker for the mechajiical analysis of soil, F. Ward (Jour, Indus, and
Engin. Chcm., G (1914), No. 2, pp. llfl, lJi8, fig. 1). — ^A description of a homemade
device.
" The writer believes that hi.s method is better than the one used by the
Bureau of Soils in tv\'o respects. In the first place the machine is simple. and
inexpensive. A greater advantage is the saving of time. Clean separations can
be effected in three hours, and in some cases two hours; this is a saving of at
least four hours over the Bureau method. If the quantity of the water used in
the bottles is reduced one-half, a clean separation results in much less than
three hours, but there is a tendency for the grains to suffer some abrasion."
A shaker for the mechanical analysis of soils, C. C. Fletcher {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chcm., 6 {WL',), No. 6, pp. 517, .178).— It is pointed out that although
the machine mentioned in the abstract above is simple and inexpensive it carries
only IG bottles while that of the Bureau of Soils holds 4S. It must also be
run at a fixed si^eed to be efficient. The length of time required by the Bu-
reau of Soils apparatus is not so great as stated, since a majority of soils,
especially sandy soils, do not need seven, hours' shaking. " The length of time
of shaking does not result in any loss of time to the operator, as the analyst
merely keeps 48 soils shaking on the machine all the time and can not com-
plete the analyses rapidly enough with a force of three men to keep the machine
cleared of samples ready for analysis. If more samples should be required, all
that is necessary is to run the machine during the night, and thus the capacity
of the machine would be doubled."
New investigations on the determination of citric acid-soluble phosphoric
acid in Thomas slag powder, M. Popp (Chcm. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 109, pp.
1085-1087, fig. 1).—In this article the Popp method (B. S. R., 30, p. 809) is
612 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
describetl in full, and tho results obtiiiiifHl with (he ]nc4hod and othor nietliods
and slaf^s of widely varyii'n conii'osilion are ^iven. The figures given by the
I'upp method conijtared well witii those by the other methods.
Some work conducted at other experiment stations Avith the new iron citrate
method and other methods (old iron citrate, hydrochloric acid, Naumann, and
von Lorenz methods) is also reported. The results in general confirmed the
author's conclusions in regard to injurious silicic acid. The new iron citrate
method, when compared with the Naumann and hydrochloric acid methods,
seemed to give the best result. The von Lorenz method on the average (100
analyses) gave 0.28 per cent less phosphoric acid than the Ts'aumann method,
and 0.2r) ])er cent less than the hydrochloric acid method.
A field method for determining' dissolved oxygen in water, J. ^Iilleb
{Jour. 8oc. Cheni. Indus., 33 (lOIJ/), No. -'/, pp. 185, 186). — The method adopted
is as follows:
"To 50 cc. of the water contained in a 100 cc. Nessler cylinder is added 5 cc.
of alkaline tartrate such as is used for Fehling's solution and one drop of
phenosiifranin solution (1 in 2,000 of water), then from a 10 cc. graduated
pipette a solution of ferrous sulphate (0.22 gm. of pure FeSOi and 1 cc. of
concentrated sulphuric acid in 100 cc.) is run in just below the surface of the
liquid, stirring gently with the pipette until the color is discharged, looking
through the cylinder horizontally. The ferrous sulphate is added 1 cc. at a
time until the color begins to fade, then in additions of 0.5 cc. to the end.
There is a slight coloration at the surface of the liquid, but if the stirring is
not too vigoi'ous this does not interfere. The outlet hole of the pipette should
not be more than 1 mm. in diameter to minimize diffusion.
" The pipette reading gives the cubic centimeters of oxygen per liter. Theo-
retically 1 cc. ferrous sulphate of above strength does not equal 1 cc. oxygen
per liter working on 50 cc. of sample (0.25 per cent FeSOi is theoretical
strength), but under the conditions stated I have fomid that the above strength
gives correct results.
" Each experimenter should standardize his ferrous sulphate against water
of known oxygen content, say distilled water shaken with air until saturated,
taking the temperature and referring to Roscoe and Lunt's table (Sutton's
Volumetric Analysis, page 2G0) for the amount of dissolved oxygen present."
The results obtained compared well with those given by the AYiukler method.
The detection of extracted paprika, G. Heuser and C. IIassleb {Ztschr.
Unlcr.'oicJi. Nahr. u. acHUssnitL, 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 201-209).— For deter-
mining whether paprika has been extracted the iodin number is considered
satisfactory on account of the ease and rapidity with which it can be deter-
mined. The ether extract is, however, a better constant for judging paprika
than the alcohol extract. For simplifying and shortening the time necessary
for extraction a modification of the Rose-Gottlieb method is suggested.
A field test for lime-sulphur dipping baths, K. ^Nf. Chapin {U. 8. Dcpt.
Agr. Bui. 163 {1915), pp. 7, fig. 1). — The object of this paper is to describe a
portable testing outfit devised and employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry
for determining the strength of lime-sulphur dipping baths used in the official
dipping under regulations now in force. " This method, however, is intended
only for field use; It can not replace in the laboratory the more accurate
methods of analysis approved by the Association of Official Agricultural Chem-
ists. . . .
" The test here described employs the well-known reaction between soluble
sulphids and iodin in neutral solution, whereby sulphur is precipitated and
a metallic iodid is formed. It therefore directly estimates, not sulphur, but the
AGRICULTURAf. CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 613
niotal — in this case eulciuiu — couibiiiod willi sulpLur in the form of sulphid or
polysulphid. ... Briefly, the method of test involves tlie addition of standard
jodin solution to a measured quantity of bath until the resulting liquid no
longer gives cohu- with a dilute alkaline solution of sodium nitro-prussid, show-
ing that calcium polysulphid has been entirely decomposed. The amount of
iodiu added to reach this point is then a measure of the amount of ' sulphid
sulphur ' in the bath."
The outfit used is illustrated and tables showing quantities of concentrated
dip to be added to each 100 gal. of bath to restore it to the standard strength
(1.5 to 2 per cent sulphid sulphur) are given.
About some seeds which, have rarely been examined and their oils, A.
DiEDRicns {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Xahr. u. OenussmtL, 27 {1914), ^o. 1-3, pp. 132-
l.'/l). — This gives data in regard to the China orange, lemon, Imlia butter tree
(liassid hut 1/1 area), Stillingia, and Calotropis or akoon (C. f/ifjdnteii).
Agricultural alcohol: Studies of its manufacture in Germany, E. Kremers
(U. *S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 182 (1015), pp. ,];j).— These data collected in Germany
deal with the topic under the following headings: History; the economic situ-
ation; mash-capacity taxes, 1S20- and 1868; taxes on the finished products,
1887 ; tax refunds on industrial alcohol, 1879 and 18S7 ; increase in technical
applications of alcohol; distillation of tax of 1895, 'and bonus on industrial
alcohol; increase in potato culture; cooperation in marketing; organization of
the central association; success of the central association; voluntary regulation
of i)roduction ; the potato the principal source of alcohol; the distillery as a
factor on the market; distilleries on the larger estates and domains; distil-
leries on small farms; cooperative distilleries; and a report of visits to agri-
cultural distilleries at Dahlem, Dahlewitz, Dominium Neuguth-Heinzenburg,
Treben, Weihenstephan, and Perlach.
Osage orang'e. — Its value as a commercial dyestufE, F. W. Kressmann
{Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chem., 6 {1914), A'o. 6, pp. JfG2--'i64). — This is a study
of the utilization of Osage orange mill waste. As a rule the trunk of an
Osage orange tree is small in size, misshapen, and generally defective as a saw
log, "and, although because of the valuable properties of the wood (for wagon
felloes especially) closer utilization will scarcely be found in the use of any
other wood, comparatively large amounts of waste are produced annually.
" Osage orange has long been used in Texas in a small way as a dyewood.
The roots, bark, and wood are chipped and boiled with water and a more or
less permanent yellow is obtained from the extract." As a result of the investi-
gation it was found that the quality and quantity of the dyestuff present is
almost identical with that of fustic.
"Osage orange may be employed as a dyewood in all cases where fustic
wood is used at present. The yellows produced by direct dyeing or by aluminum
and tin mordants are too fugitive to be of commercial value. But the orange-
yellows, old gold, deep tan, olive, and chocolate shades obtained with chromium
and iron dormants are equal to, if not better than, those obtained with fustic
and are of sufficient fastness to be of commercial value.
"A domestic source of a yellow dyewood has been found that can advantage-
ously replace a foreign material used at present. The mill waste alone from
the pi'esent manufacture of osage orange amounts to over 25,000 tons annually ;
and if this waste could be set down in the East for $10 or .$12 per ton it is
believed that it could compete successfully with fustic, both from cost of pro-
duction and quality of color produced on dyeing."
614 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
METEOKOLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., J,2 (IDlJf), Nos. 9, pp. 519-
559, plH. S, figs. S; 10, pp. 561-608, pis. 2Jh figs. 6).— In addition to notes on
weather forecasts for September and October, 1914, river and flood observations,
lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteor-
ology, notes from the Weather Bureau library, the weather of these months, a
condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these
numbers contain the following articles:
-^0. 9. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Mount Weather, Va., During July,
August, and September, 1914, by H. H. Kimball ; Notes on Observing the Zodi-
acal Light, by M. Hall; Shooting Stars Reveal a Higher Atmosphere; Influence
of Terrestrial Rotation on the Condition of the Atmosphere and Ocean (illns.),
by J. W. Saudstrom; Daily March of the Meteorological Elements in the
Panama Canal Zone, by J. von Hann; The Function of the Atmosi)here in [Wire-
less] Transmission (illus.), by J. Erskine-Murray ; Rainfall after Battle, by
H. M. Chittenden; The Hourly Frequency of Precipitation at New Orleans, La.
(illus.), by E. D. Coberly; Forecast Distribution (illus.), by G. W. Smith; and
Heavy Rainstorm at Kansas City, Mo., by P. Connor.
No. 10. — Frost Protection (illus.), by W. J. Humphreys; Utilization of Frost
Warnings in the Citrus Region near Los Angeles, Cal. (illus.), by F. A.. Carpen-
ter; Frost and Frost Prevention, by J. W. Garthwaite; Air Drainage in the
Vicinity of the Corona District, Cal. (illus.), by F. A. Caiiienter and J. W.
Garthwaite; Frost Warnings and Orchard Heating in Ohio (illus.), by J. W.
Smith; Air Drainage Explained, by C. F. Marvin; Protection Against Frost
in Georgia, by C. F. von Herrmann; Protection from Frost in Utah, by A. H.
Thiessen; Notes on Frost Protection in the Vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn., by
J. F. A^oorhees; Frost Forecasts and Protection in Oregon. Washington, and
Idaho, by E. A. Beals; Frost and Frost Protection in Florida, by A. J. ilitchell;
Frost Protection in Arizona, by R. B. Briggs; Frosts and Frost Protection in
Texas, by M. Sprague; and Frost Protection by Irrigation in Southern Texas,
by J. L. Cliuo.
Climatological data for the United States by sections ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 {191Ji), Nos. 11, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 8; 12, pp.
236, pis. 2, figs. 7). — These numbers contain binef summaries and detailed tabu-
lar statements of climatological data for each State for November and Decem-
ber, 1914. respectively.
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrandeb and R. E. McLain {Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Buls. 313, Sl.'f (1915), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst,
Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudi-
ness, and casual phenomena during January and February, 1915, are lu-esented.
The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.
[Meteorological observations], D. A. Seeley (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Bd. Agr. Mich.,
53 (1914), pp. 185-198). — Daily and monthly summaries of temperature (maxi-
mum, minimum, and mean), precipitation, cloudiness, and sunshine, and
monthly summaries of pressure (maximum, minimum, and mean), wind move-
ment, and miscellaneous phenomena (frost, hail, thunderstorms, fog, auroras,
and halos) are given for the year ended June 30, 1914.
Meteorological records for 1913 (Xcw York State Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 789-
801). — Tables are given showing tridaily readings at Geneva, N. T., of standard
air thermometers for each month of the year ; daily readings of maximum and
minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of the year; a monthly sum-
METEOKOLOGY. G15
mary of maximum, minimum, and standard tliermometor readings; montlily
and yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from 1SS3 to 1913, inclusive;
average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1SS2; and rainfall by months
since 1SS2.
Response to rainfall in India, L. O. Tackard {Bui. A)ne>\ Gcoor. l^oc, )ft
{191'j), Ko. 2, pp. 81-99, figs. 3). — This article discusses the factoi's controlling
distribution and variation of rainfall in India and its relation to irrigation, crop
production, and man's welfare. The relation to rainfall A^ariation of topogra-
phy, extra-tropical cyclones, summer monsoons \vi(h their accompanying
cyclones, and proximity to the sea with . long-continued sea winds is briefly
explained.
Among crops which require heavy rainfall or irrigation are named rice, jute,
tea, and coffee. Sugar cane is also grown in the wet areas. "Jute, tea, and
coflee differ from sugar and rice in that their areas are not extended by irriga-
tion but are limited to those regions in which water is supplied wholly by rain-
fall. . . . Crops requiring less water are wheat, millets, pulses, and cotton.
Wheat and cotton are injured by heavy rains, especially during the later stages
of growth. For this reason cotton, although a summer crop, is limited to those
provinces having a comparatively light rainfall, as in parts of northern India
and in the northern and central parts of peninsular India. . . .
"Two crops a year are raised in many parts of India, although in many cases
the poor soils, combined with primitive methods of cultivation, do not permit two
crops to be raised upon the same land in a given year." However, " in most
parts of the country the rainfall, in favorable seasons, is well adapted for two
crops per year. . . .
" For the reason that rainfall is always scanty in certain parts of India, and
that nearly all parts are subject to seasons of light rain, or of unsatisfactory dis-
trilmtion of rainfall, irrigation systems have been developed throughout the
country. The regions receiving heavy rainfall, and consequently those in which
chances of failure are remote, are Bengal and Assam and the strip of territory
west of the Western Ghats."
Irrigation is secured by means of canals and wells, the latter supplying water
for only small areas (1 to 20 acres).
Nitrog'en compounds in rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Proc. and Trans. Roij.
»Sfoc. Canada, 3. ser., 8 {191^), Sect. Ill, pp. 83-87). — In continuation of previous
reports (E. S. li., 32, p. 419), this article records the results of studies on this
subject during the seven years ended February 28, 1914.
The average amount of nitrogen brought down by the precipitation during
this period is shown to have been G.1S2 lbs. per acre. Approximately 70 per cent
of this was in the form of free and organic ammonia and 30 per cent nitrates.
Approximately two-thirds of the total precipitation was rain and this supplied
very nearly 85 per cent of the nitrogen. The observations show that the rain is
decidedly and invariably richer than snow in nitrogen compounds.
It was observed that the prevalence of bush or forest fires increased the
ammonia content of the precipitation to a marked extent. A light rainfall
after a period of hot, dry weather was especially rich in nitrogen compounds,
Rain during thunderstorms was always found to be rich in nitrogen, but this is
attributed more to an increased amount of dust in the air than to nitrates pro-
duced by electric discharges.
In these studies every precipitation of rain or snow that was sufficient for
analysis was chemically examined, it having been observed that results from
composite samples representing the rain of a week or a month were not reliable.
" The collection of the samples of rain was made on a leaden tray or basin.
616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
placed about 20 ft. from the ground, which for some distance around is lawn
and shrubbery. It is approximately GO by 30 in. The water as it falls is con-
ducted from the bottom of the basin by means of a glass tube into a glass jar,
from which the sample for analysis is taken at the end of each rainfall."
Nitrogen and chlorin in rain and snow, W. K. Knox (CJiem. Neios, 111
(1915), ^A'o. 2880, pp. 61, 62). — In continuation of previous studies by "Wiesner
(E. S. 11., 30, p. 815) the author reports determinations of the nitrogen and
chlorin content of 3G samples of rain and 7 of snow collected at Mount Vernon,
Iowa, from October 4, 1913, to June 12, 1914. The snowfall during the period
amounted to 11.5 in., equivalent to 0.95 In. of rain. The rainfall was 17.75 in.
It is estimateil from the determinations that the total precipitation during
the period named carried down to the soil 3G.85 lbs. of chlorin per acre, 1.54
lbs. of nitrates. 0.01 lb. of nitrite. 3.09 lbs. of free ammonia, 2.79 lbs. of
albuminoid aminonia, and 0.13 lb. of suliihate.
SOILS—FEKTIUZERS.
Soil survey of Goodhue County, Minnesota, W. G. SMixf^ kt al. (U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 3Jf, fig. 1,
map 1). — ^This survey, issued February 3, 1915, deals with an area of 490.880
acres in southeastern Minnesota, consisting of rolling to hilly upland which
drains eastward into the Mississippi River. The soils of the area consist
mainly of dark brown to black silt loams with relatively small areas of stony
gravelly soils, and are grouped naturally into upland, high river terraces, and
overflow bottom land. Twenty-five soil types of ten series and two miscellane-
ous types are mapped. The Knox silt loam, covering 43 per cent of the area, is
the most important and extensive upland t3'pe, the Waukesha silty clay loam
is the most extensive river terrace tyi^e, and the Wabash soils are the most
important of the botttom land types. It is fetated that an excessive acreage in
small grain and too little in clover has materially reduced the producing power
of the naturally strong soils of the county and that a I'eorganized cropping
practice is necessary.
The soils of Pennsylvania, C. F. Shaw {Pennsylvania 8ta. Bui. 132 {191Jf),
pp. 209-2^2, fig. 1). — This bulletin summarizes the results of a reconnoissance
survey of the soils of Peimsjivania made by the Bureau of Soils of this Depart-
ment in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State College.
The State is naturally divide<l into three physiographic sections. The first
lies east and south of Blue Mountain and has a generally rolling to hilly
topography. The second lies between Blue ^Mountain and the Allegheny escarp-
ment and consists of a succession of mountain ridges and valleys. The third
lies west and north of the Allegheny escarpment and has a topography varying
from rolling to hilly and mountainous.
Seventy-four per cent of the soils of the State are residual in origin, 22 per
cent are glacial, and 4 per cent are alluvial and lacustrine. The soils are
classed in seven provinces and forty-seven series. The Dekalb series is the
most extensive, covering 43.5 per cent of the State, and the Volusia series is
second, covering 19.4 per cent of the area. Each soil series is briefly discussed
with reference to extent, distribution, general characteristics, and crop adapta-
bilities.
Soil survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, J. H. Agee et al. ( V. 8.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 39, fig. '/,
map 1). — This survey, issued February 16, 1915, deals with an area of 702,720
acres In south-central South Carolina, the topography of which ranges from
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 617
level to gently rolling. Most of the lands are in the Coastal Plains province, a
small part in River Hood Tlain provinoe. and there is a gradation from well-
draiued rolling lands to poorly drained swami)y flats. The sonthern and sonth-
ea.steru parts of the county are very poorly drained. The soils of the county
are grouped according to origin as sedimentary, alluvial, and colluvial, the first
greatly predominating. Twenty-seven types comprising eleven series and two
miscellaneous types are mapped and described, of which tlie Norfolk series is
the most extensive (over half of the total area). The Orangeburg sandy loam
covering about -1 per cent of the total area " is one of the strongest soils in the
county and most of it is under cultivation." About half the area of the county
is under cultivation, cotton being the most important crop. Commercial fer-
tilizers are usetl extensively but rotation of crops is not generally practiced
although followed on many farms. " The mellow character of the soils, coupled
with the favorable surface features, invites the use of all kinds of labor-saving
machinery."
Soil sui'vey of Washington County, Texas, A. H. Meyer et al. (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Adrancc SJtccts Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 31, fig. 1, map 1). —
This survey, issued January 2G, 1915, deals with an area of ?>!)2.320 acres in
southeastern Texas, the topography of which varies from level to rolling.
Drainage is said to be generally good. The soils of the area are of residual and
alluvial origin and range from a heavy waxy clay through a loam and sandy
loam to a loamy sand and fine sand. Five series, comprising eleven types, are
mapped. The Houston types cover about two-thirds of the county and of these
the black clay is the most extensive. It is stated that, although the agriculture
of the county is generally prosi)erous, little attention is given to the adaptation
of soils to crops and no system of crop rotation is followed.
Better crop adaptations for the different types of soil are suggested. Farm
manure is generally used with very beneficial results. " There is a general need
for more thorough tillage, deeper plowing, and the conservation of soil
moisture."
Soil survey of Boone County, West Virginia, W. J. Latimer ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bxir. Soils, 1913, pp. 26, fig. 1, map 1). — ■
This survey, made in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological Survey, was
issued February 10, 1915. It deals with an area of 323,840 acres in southwest-
ern West Virginia, the topography of which is rough and broken. Only about 25
Iier cent of the area is cleared. The northeastern part is drained by the Coal
River and the remainder mainly by the Little Coal River and its tributaries.
The soils of the county are grouped as upland or residual soils, terrace or second
bottom soils, and first bottom or overflow land. Eleven soil types, comprising
four series, and two miscellaneous types are mapped, of which the Dekalb stony
silt loam is the most extensive, covering 85.2 per cent of the county. The prin-
cipal crops grown are corn, oats, hay, potatoes, and vegetables. Very little com-
mercial fertilizer is used and no general system of crop rotation is practiced in
the county.
The properties of soil grains and the plasticity of soils, A. Atteeberg
{KoUoidehem. Bcihefte, 6 {1914), No. 2-3, pp. 55-89, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Chem.
Soc. [London], 106 {191^), Xo. 623, I, p. 1120).— The author takes the position
that mechanical analysis alone is not adequate for distinguishing the properties
of different classes of soils. It is deemed also necessary for this purpose to
have knowledge of the physical properties (hygroscopicity, pore space, capillar-
ity, water capacity, I'elation to root hairs, flocculation, Brownian movement,
etc.) of the different grades of soil particles. Moreover, many soils are rich in
ultramicroscopic bodies and the i)roperties of such soils will be determined
largely by the nature.and properties of the colloid bodies present.
G18 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
The author proposes and explains a system of classifying such soils by their
varying degrees of plasticity. For this purpose the ordinarily accepted classifi-
cations of soil particles do not go far enough into the microscopic and ultra-
microscopic particles, but he approves of the proposed international classification
(E. S. R., 31, p. 417). Ordinarily it is necessary for a rational classification to
take account only of particles 2 mm., 0.2 mm., 0.02 mm., and 0.002 mm. and less
in diameter. The author's apparatus and methods for mechanical analysis of
soils, especially for the separation of the very fine microscopic and ultramicro-zT^
scopic particles, are described. ^ C?»V(«y
0.i)2^m.]
Soils containing more than 50 per cent of coarse sand (2 to ^SiHfxo.m..') are con
sidered dry sandy soils fit only for forestry. Soils containing more than 50 per
cent of fine s:ind (0.2 to 0.02 mm.) or silt (0.02 to 0.002 mm.) may be classwl as
loamy clay, normal loam, or loamy sand. Soils containing more than 50 per cent
of colloid particles (0.002 mm. or less) are very heavy, highly plastic clay soils.
The importance and value of determining the degree of plasticity in the latter
class of soils are especially emphasized, and simple methods of determining the
limits of (1) fluidity, (2) "rolling out," and (3) sticky plasticity are described.
Two natural classes of clay soils based on such determinations are di.stin-
guished, (1) highly plastic (sticky) clays containing more than 50 per cent of
colloid particles, and (2) less plastic soils containing more than 50 per cent of
fine sand or silt. The determination of plasticity of clays is preferred to
mechanical analysis because it is very simple and much more rapid. Further
study of the colloid substances which determine the plasticity of soils is in
progress.
The course of denitrifi.cation in soils of different water content, O. Lem-
MERMANN aud J. L. WicHEKS {Ceuthl. BaJd. [etc.], 2. AM., 4I {1914), ^0. 18-23,
pp. 608-625, fig. 1). — The authors review work of others bearing on the subject
and report comparative studies of thi'ee soils of different water-holding capaci-
ties with reference to the intensity of the denitrification process. With the
same relative water content with reference to the total water capacity entirely
different results as regards nitrate reduction were obtained with the three
soils. The most nitrates were destroyed in all three soils when the water
content corresponded to the total water capacity. The formation of elementary
nitrogen decreased with decreasing water content, but was not always the least
with the least water content. This is thought to be due to the influence of
other bacteriological processes on the denitrification pi-ocess.
The chemistry of soils: Evolution of purins, G. Chardet {Rev. G^n. Chim.,
n {1914), ^^0. 10, pp. 154, 155; ahs. in Chrm. Zcnthl., 1914, II - A'o. 10, p. 655).—
In continuation of a previous article (E. S. E„ 31, p. 515) the author briefly
discusses certain theoretical considerations involved in the breaking down of
nucleo-proteids with simultaneous formation of purin bodies. It is concluded
that the purin bases occur in tlie soils either as nucleic acids derived from
vegetable alkaloids or formed from the nucleo-proteids of dead micro-organisms.
They occur in very small amounts in soils and it is not likely that they exert
any considerable influence on plant gi'owth.
The effect of deciduous and evergreen trees on the soil and its vegetation,
A. Koch {Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 {1914), A'o. lS-23, pp. 545-572. /)/.<(.
4). — The author reviews the work of others bearing on the subject, and reports
studies of the humu.s of pine and beech forest soils and of the volatile oils and
other products of conifers with reference to the germination of seeds, the
growth of plants, and the life and activity of yeasts and soil and other bacteria.
Buckwheat and cabbage plants and beech and pine seedlings grew much
better in the beech humus than in the pine humus. Both kinds of humus were
SOILS FERTILIZERS. G19
fonnd to be better stocked with pbint food tban a productive field soil. Tlie
pine liumiis reacted weakly acid and liming slightly improved growing con-
ditions.
Turpentine and carveue wlieu applied to a loam soil retarded the germina-
tion of corn, but this effect was apparent only during germination. No efl'ect
was observed with these products when used in the presence of tannin. Silver
pino-needle oil slightly retarded germination and chlorophyll formation. The
addition of ground pine needles to soil, while apparently not affecting germina-
tion, retarded the growth of the plant, which effect the author attributes to the
favorable influence of the pine needle cellulose on the activity of denitrifying
bacteria rather than to poisonous secretions. Formic acid strongly retarded
germination. Carvene and turpentine were both temporarily but increasingly
toxic to corn plants. The vapors of a number of the volatile conifer products
were found to be more or less toxic to Impaticns sultanii, rape, and cresses.
The volatile products also retarded the formation and activity of soil fer-
ments, were more or less toxic to soil and milk bacteria, and, with one excep-
tion, more or less retarded the formation of nitrates from the ammonia of
urine.
The oxidation of ammonium sulphate in beech humus was marked, while in
pine humus it was either small or negative. Comparative studies of the effects
of decomposing beech leaves and pine needles on the reduction of sodium nitrate
showed them to be about equally active. The volatile products had little retard-
ing influence on the reduction of sodium nitrate but markedly retarded the
bacterial decomposition of cellulose.
It is concluded from these studies that the most of the different coniferous
products tested are toxic to higher plants, yeast, and bacteria, and that the
humus of pine forests, in contrast to the humus of beech forests, has a generally
unfavorable efi'ect on plant growth.
A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.
Field test with toxic soil constituent: Vanillin, J. J, Skinnek (TJ. 8. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 164 (1015), pp. 9, pis. 4). — Pot and field experiments on the effect of
vanillin, a soil constituent (E. S. R., 30, p. 610), upon plant growth are reported.
In pot experiments using a loam soil clover was stunted in growth and its
green weight reduced 53 per cent when 100 parts per million of vanillin was
present. In pot experiments with wheat using an infertile sand, an infertile
sandy loam, and a fertile loam vanillin in concentrations varying from 100 to 500
parts per million was harmful in the two infertile .soils and had no effect in
the fertile soil. The negative effect in the fertile soil is attributed to its stronger
oxidizing power.
In field exiieriments on an acid silty clay loam with cowpcas, string beans, and
garden peas the harmful effect of the vanillin when added at the rate of 285 lbs.
per acre was noticeable from the beginning and throughout the experiments.
Six months after application this soil still contained vanillin, and when used in
pot experiments was harmful to wheat, cowpeas, string beans, and garden peas.
The number and growth of protozoa in soil, J. M. Siikrman {Ccnibl. Balct.
[r/c], 2. AM., 41 ilOlJf), No. 18-23, pp. 625-630; ahs. in Internal. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), '^o. 9, pp. 1165,
1166). — Studies, using the dilution method, on sixteen soils representing various
types under vr.rious treatments as to cultivation indicated that the normal fertile
soil has a protozoa content approximating 10.00<) per gram. "The flagellates
constitute the greater portion of the i)rotozoan fauna of the soil, and not the
ciliates nor amoebie. Colpoda eucullus appears to be the most widely distributed
ciliate in soil, and may occasionally be found in numbers api)roximatiug 1,000
620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
per gram. The amoebai do not ordinarily occur in numbers nearly as great as
do the flagellates. Certain forms of the soil protozoa are active under normal,
and oven subnormal, conditions of moisture. The active protozoan inhabitants
of most soils are probably restricted to the flagellates. C. cucuUus is ijrobably
active whenever the moisture content is much above normal, but does not appear
to be so ordinarily."
Methods of soil sterilization for plant beds and greenhouses, A. D. Selby
and J. G. Humbert (Ohio Sta. Circ. 151 {1915), pp. 65-7/f, figs. 2).— This circu-
lar describes the jierforated pipe and inverted pan methods of steam steriliza-
tion and the formalin method of sterilization for plant beds and greenhouse
soils, gives cost data for the different methods, and notes reports on practice in
sterilizing soils. The estimate of costs of oi>eration by the different methods is
$15.40, $12.20, and $21, respectively, to treat a house 3,000 sq. ft. in area.
As regards soil sterilization, it is stated that " in general, a sandy soil will
require less time to be thoroughly heated to the desired depth than will a silt-
loam soil or one of heavier clay. ... A dry soil, and particularly one contain-
ing a high percentage of humus, will be very apt to suffer some injury, especially
in that portion next to the steam pipes. Light soils, and those rich in humu.s,
would better be steam treated with the iian method. ... In practice soil should
be wetted to the extent of a little less than good growing conditions when steamed
either by pipes or by the pan method ; this condition will generally be found
satisfactory in using the formaldehyde drench. . . . Great caution must be
observed that a recently steamed soil is not overwatered, thus giving it the
water-logged structure which prohibits or greatly retards growth of plants.
. . . Beds treated with formaldehye (3 pints to 50 gal. of water or stronger)
should be stirred every few days to rid the soil of fumes poisonous to young
plants, and such beds should not be seeded or planted for a period of ten days
after the drench is applied."
The present position of the science of manuring- in Germany, ;M. Hoffmann
{Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914),
No. 8, pp. 976-984)- — It is stated that while "the weightiest problem of the
science of manuring, namely, how to find out, rapidly and surely, the manurial
requirements of a given iiiece of land before a crop is put into it," has not yet
been solved, considerable progress in this direction has been made possible by
the work of Konig on the treatment of soil by steam under pressure, by
Mitscherlich on the use of solutions of carbon dioxid, and by Gerlach on the
use of 2 per cent citric acid as means of determining the available plant food
of soil, and by the work of Wagner and Pfeiffer on plant analysis. It is stated
that AVagner's conclusion that meadows, the air-dried hay of which contains
less than 2 per cent of potash, 0.7 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 1 per cent
of lime, need applications of these substances has been repeatedly confirmed,
and attempts are being made to establish similar standards for cereals. Gen-
erally, however, field and pot experiments are still to be considered the best
means of determining the fertilizer requirements of soils and crops.
In default of such experiments " soil statics," or keeping account of income
and outgo of soil fertility, is recommended as a useful guide in fertilizing.
Another guide is furnished by the fact that in normal plants, with the possible
exception of Leguminosie, the relative proportions of plant food constituents
are approximatelj' nitrogen 100, phosphoric acid 50, potash, 150, and lime SO.
"The farmer who reckons out his stock of the principal plant foods per acre
for each piece of arable land on the basis of an up-to-date and complete soil
analysis, and from this subtracts the quantity of plant foods contained in the
forthcoming crop at harvest (allowing about 1 per cent for wastage) on the
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621
above ratio, will be able to measure approximately, before tbe annual crop
sowin.ir, the quantities of manui'e which he must still apply to his land. In
doing this, however, he must take into consideration the average coetlicients of
utilization of the said plant foods and all the other factors which influence the
productive capacity of the soil."
It is recognized that while these suggestions may be extremely helpful, " there
exists at present no method at once rapid and entirely free from objection, of
determining the manurial requirements — not the plant food requirements — of a
soil, and there is not likely to be one until the biological and colloido-chemical
actions taking place in the soil have been more clearly defined."
In dealing with questions of fertilizing it is useful to keep in mind the law of
minimum as defined by liebig, or the law of physiological relations as defined
by Maz6 and Mitscherlich, and here it must also be borne in mind " that cer-
tain factors formerljr regarded as being present in excess, for example, carbonic
acid, are now suspected of being present only in the minimum quantity." Ac-
count must be taken of the variation in assimilating ix:)wer of different plants,
as explained in Strakosch's " law of the variation of work done by plants "
and in his idea of assimilative effect (E. S. R., 30, p. 332).
As shown by Schulze and von Seelhorst, with the roots and stubble or even
the whole plant of leguminous crops turned under, the soil can not be depended
upon to produce maximum crops. Only about 30 per cent of the nitrogen of
green manures has been shown by von Seelhorst (E. S. R., 80, p. 24) to be
utilized by a three-course rotation.
To get the best results solid and liquid manures should be stored separately.
" The liquid manure should be kept from contact with the air in a tank with
a lid, and should also be covered with a layer of petroleum or oil."
Experiments which have been carried on for TO years on a farm at Wingen-
dorf near Freiberg, Saxony, seem to show that complete replacement of farm
manures by commercial fertilizers " can not be continued through several
decades without fundamentally impairing the yield, except on good soils con-
taining plenty of humus, and even then, only when the remains of the roots
and stubble are allowed to accumulate for the enrichment of the soil." How-
ever, it is shown that the great increase in the systematic and scientific use of
fertilizei's in Germany has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in
crop yields.
In the author's opinion " the quintessence of human art in agriculture lies
... in the correct application of fertilizers to well prepared soil, and in sowing
productive varieties."
Some facts about commercial fertilizers in New York State, L. L. Van
Slyke (New York i^tate Sta. Bid. 392 (1014), PP- 585-625) .—This bulletin (1)
calls attention to differences in cost of plant food in commercial fertilizers sold
in New York, with suggestions as to the more economical purchase of such
plant food, (2) discusses the relation of guarantied to actual composition, and
(3) shows that the present state fertilizer law " needs amendment in order
to limit more carefully the amounts of deficiencies that are absolutely exempt."
It is shown among other things that " the tendency among farmers at the
present time appears to be in the direction of purchasing more high-grade
mixtures, [but that] in complete fertilizers as well as in other mixtures and
unmixed materials, the variation in .celling price is often wholly out of pro-
portion to the amount of plant food present. . . . Plant foo<ls can be pur-
chased generally in unmixed materials at less cost than in mixtures."
The analyses of fertilizers sold in the State in 1014 show that " in the case of
each constituent of complete fertilizers, the number of samples showing results
622 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD.
above the guarantied statement of composition Is much larger than the num-
ber below. ... In the case of fertilizer materials and mixtures other than-
complete fertilizers, the average percentage found is above that guarantied in
all cases excepting flsh scrap and calcium (lime) carbonate." However, "the
present law permits absolute exemption of deficiencies of plant food amounting
in some cases to a value of $5 or more per ton [and] in the case of high-
grade fertilizers and especially of fertilizing materials . . . offers an oppor-
tunity for cheating farmers with impunity."
Fertilizer facts for farmers, F. H. Hall (New York State 8ta. Bui. 392, popular
c(l. (VJl.'i), pp. 8, fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above.
The action of sulphate of ammonia and superphosphate of ammonia in
calcareous soils, J. Wlodeck (Ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (IDlJf), No. 8, pp. lOOJf, 100.5).— In field experi-
ments with cereals on calcareous and sandy soils to detennine losses of nitrogen
from ammonium sulphate and to test the behavior of superphosphate of am-
monia in calcareous soils, it was found that while the superphosphate was
about equally effective on the two soils, the sulphate gave much lower results
on the calcareous soil than on the sandy soil. The conclusion is drawn that
the unfavorable result with the sulphate on the calcai'eous soil was due to
volatilization of ammonia, and that losses of as much as 20 per cent of the
ammonia may result from this cause whereas with superphosphate of ammonia
such losses can be avoided or considerably reduced.
The cyanamid works at Niagara Falls {Engin News, 73 {1915), No. 1, pp.
16-21, figs. 5). — ^The present status of the synthetic nitrogen industry, with
particular reference to the cyanamid process, is reviewed, and the works at
Niagara Falls, Ontario, is described. It is stated that the present annual pro-
duction of cyanamid is as follows: Odda, Norway, 72,000 metric tons; Alby,
Sweden, 16,000; Piano d'Orta, Italy, 6,000; Terni, Italy, 25,000; San Marcel,
Italy, 3,000; Martigny, Switzerland, 12,000; Notre Dame de Briancon, France,
7,500; Trostberg, Bavaria, 25,000; Gross-Kayne, Germany, 6,000; Knapsack,
Germany, 20,000; Selenico, Dalmatia, 6,000; Dugriat, near Almissa, 15,000;
Kagami, near Kumamoto, Japan, 16,000; and Lonza, Switzerland, 15.000 metric
tons; and Niagara Falls, Ontario, 64,000 long tons. Practically the entire
American ovitput of cyanamid is used in the preparation of mixed fertilizers.
The Niagara Falls factory occupies a plat of 40 acres, covers 12 acres of floor
space, represents an investment of $3,000,000, normally employs continuously
day and night about 750 men and 30,000 horsepower of electrical energy, and
produces cyanamid of a sales value of approximately $2,750,000 a year.
Comparison of silicates and carbonates as sources of lime and magnesia
for plants, W. H. MacIntire and L. G. Willis {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
6 {1914), No. 12, pp. 1005-1008, figs. 2).— The authors review previous work
indicating that calcium and magnesium more commonly occur in soils as
silicates than as carbonates and report tests of the carbonates and silicates
in pot experiments with clover. The soil had a lime requirement of about 1
ton per acre surface foot. The substances tested were used in amounts fur-
nishing the equivalent of 16,070 lbs. per acre in excess of this requirement.
The results indicated that " calcium and magnesium mineral silicates, woUas-
tonite, and serpentine were very beneficial when applied either singly or
jointly. . . . Calcium silicate is decidedly superior to calcium carbonate, both
in its effect upon plant growth and as a form tending to conserve lime in soils."
The comparative effect on different kinds of plants of liming an acid soil,
B. L. Hartwell nud S. C. Damon {Rhode Island 8ta. Bui. 160 {191.',). pp. Jf07-
Jf46, 2jZs. Jf). — This bulletin summarizes the results secured during 22 years (1903
SOILS FERTILIZERS.
623
to 1914) on four plats equally and liberally fertilized as regards nitrogen, plios-
I)horus, and potassium, two of tlie plats receiving their nitrogen in ammonium
sulphate and the other two in sodium nitrate, and one of each pair receiving
slaked lime fi'om time to time.
The results of the first eight years' experiments of this series have been
previously reported ( E. S. K., 15, p. G72).
During the 22 years the plats received average annual applications of 44.5 lbs.
per acre of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate, 90 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid in dissolved boneblack or acid phosphate, and 114 lbs. of potash in
muriate of potash. The total application of lime during the period was G,3.50
lbs. ; 4,750 lbs. in two applications in 1893 and 1894, and 800 lbs. in 1902 and
again in 1912.
The lime requirements of the soil at different dates as indicated by the Veitch
method were as follows:
Lime rcqiiirementfi of different fertiiizer plats in IDO'/, JD12, and lOl'f.
Kind of plat.
Calcium oxid required per
acre of soil.
1904
1912
1914
Unlimed ammonium sulphate plat
Limed ammonium sulphate plat. .
Unlimed sodium nitrate plat
Limed sodium nitrate plat
Lbs.
4,700
1,100
2,500
0
Lbs.
5,500
3,200
4,200
2,600
Lbs.
7,784
4,607
4,210
3,069
About 280 different kinds of plants have been grown upon the plats, classi-
fied as follows: Flowers (mostly perennials), 75; trees and small fruits, 25;
grasses and clovers, 30 ; and miscellaneous crops, 150. The behavior of the dif-
ferent plants as regards the condition of the soil are presented in concise tabu-
lar form. It is shown that the behavior of the different plants toward liming
is influenced to a marked extent by the lesidual effect of ammonium sulphate
and sodium nitrate. The plants tested included those representing all grades,
from such as are positively injured by an application of lime, even to a very
acid soil, to such as are unable even to live on an acid soil and are greatly
benefited by liming.
Prominent among the flowers which seemed to be quite tolerant of soil acidity
were blue false indigo, marigold, tickseed, evergreen, Japanese bell flower,
Xicotiana, scarlet sage, and catchfly. Of the trees tested Norway spruce, birch,
and peach seemed to be particularly tolerant of soil acidity. Of the fruits the
Blackcap raspberry was more productive on the unlimed than on the limed
plats, whereas the opposite was true with the Cuthbert raspberry. The most
pronounced case of injury from liming was represented by the cranberry.
Of the grasses redtop and Rhode Island bent grew well on the unlimed plats.
The growth of the clovers varied with the source of nitrogen, some of them
growing about equally well on the sodium nitrate plats whether lime was added
or not. With the exception of cowpeas, lupines, serradella, and vetch the
leguminous plants were, as a rule, however, benefited by lime. Japanese millet
seemed to grow best on the most acid soil.
The conditions in these experiments were not such as to make it possible to
compare the relative efficiency of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate as
sources of nitrogen for the different crops since the reaction of the soil was not
9085S°— No. 7—15 3
624 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
oi)tinium for the [growth of the iiiirtk-ular kind uf ijlauL under experiment.
" To create such a condition there would usually be required the addition of a
larger amount of lime in connection with sulphate of ammonia, because it is
I)l).vsiolof,'icall.y acid; and inasmuch as such lar{,'er amount has not thus far been
aiqilied in the present experiment, only those plants which prefer moderate soil
aridity have usually grown better on the limed sulphate of annuonia plat than
on I he limed nitrate of soda plat, whereas the reverse is true of those plants
which are sensitive to acidity. This indicates that in the present experiment
the reaction of the soil may have had a more important influence on growth
than the form of the nitrogen."
The use of lime on land, F. D. Gardner (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 131 (1914),
pp. lll-20.'i, fiff.t. 3). — The wide distribution in Pennsylvania of acid soils, that
is, soils on which clover fails, is pointed out, this condition being attributed
1o a deficiency of lime which may occur even in soils originally rich in lime.
Iveference is made to numerous tests which have shown that red clover fai!.<-'
when the lime requirement of the soil is l.-WO to 1,700 lbs. of burnt or caustic
lime, equivalent to 2,700 to 3,000 lbs. of carbonate of lime or crushed limestone
per acre to a depth of 7 in. On the other hand, red clover grows without seri-
ous check on a soil of which the lime requirement is only 500 to 1,000 lbs. per
acre. In ordinary farm practice the acidity seldom becomes so marked as to
alTect noticeably the growth of cereals and grasses.
Pot experiments made by the station are cited to show that finely pulverized
limestone is as prompt and effective in correcting soil acidity and promoting
the growth of clover as equivalent amounts of caustic lime. The station field
experiments extending over a long period of time showed a steady increase in
the lime requirement and in the benefit from liming and that the lime require-
ment of soils is greatly increased by the continued use of ammonium sulphate.
The field tests indicated no advantage in applying more than sufficient lime to
neutralize the acids present in the soil and showed that large applications vary-
ing from 1,9.80 to 29.556 lbs. per acre were wasteful so far as the needs for five
or six years are concerned. It was found that " the lime requirement indicated
by the Veitch method falls about one-third short of the actual amount of lime
advisable to apply under field conditions. This suggests that a third to a half
more of lime should be applied in farm practice than is indicated by the Veitch
method if the soil is to be neutral after one or two crops have been grown."
Fertilizer analyses, A. J. Patten, O. B. Winter, and O. F. Jensen (Michigan
Sta. Bui. 274 (1914), pp. J-28).— Analyses of 327 brands of fertilizers licensed
for sale in Michigan in 1914 are reported, with a general discussion of the
results of the inspection and the text of the state fertilizer law as amended in
1913.
The fertilizer inspection for 1914, B. E. Curry and T. O. Smith (yew
Ilompsltire tSla. Bui. 113 (1914), PP- i/).— Analyses of 184 brands of fertilizers
offered for sale in New Hampshire during the year are reported. It is stated
that these brands " almost without exception, have met their guaranty in every
respect." Reference is made to a so-called mineral fertilizer, the approximate
value of which, on the basis of analysis, was GO cts. per ton, or one twenty-fifth
of the price at which it sells wholesale.
Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, fertilizer supplies, and
home mixtures, C. S. Cathcart et al. (Xrw Jersey SMs. Bill. 272 (1914), PP-
43). — Analyses and valuations of 576 fertilizers and fertilizing materials, rep-
resenting a portion of the brands of fertilizers collected and examined during
the season of 1914, are reported and discussed.
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 625
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Handbook of technique for teachers and students of natural science, B.
SciiMiu {Iluiidbiivli ilcr iialunjcscltii-lttliclicn Tcvhiiih: y>r/p.s-(c; B. (J. Trubiicr,
191.'h PP- VIII-\-555, figs. 381). — This book, prepared by collaboration of the
15 authors named, is intended to bring together such information, directions,
and suggestions as may prove helpful to instructors or students in any one of
several branches of natural science. It is divided into sections partly corre-
sponding to the usual divisions and the main requirements of such work in
the field, laboratory, and museum, but partly groupiug together features of more
general ai)plicMtiou and common technique, as in photography.
The arrangement, ]u-eparation, care, and use of the hiboratory, specimens,
materials, and instruments, covering a wide range of studies, are treated in
more or less detail. Lists are given of related scientific and pedagogic litera-
ture, and the work concludes with an index.
Culture media for use in the plate method of counting soil bacteria, 11.
J. Conn (Xew York titntc Sta. Tcvh. Bui. 3S (191',), pp. 5//).— The author
describes the use of two culture media, one of which is a soil-extract gelatin
and the other an agar medium containing no organic matter except the agar,
dextrose, and sodium asparagluate.
The soil-extract gelatin is recommended for use when the plate method is
employed as a preliminary procedure in a qualitative study of soil bacteria.
The chief advantage of the asparaginate agar is said to be that it contains
no substance of indefinite composition except the agar itself. This, it is
thought, would allow compai'able results to be obtained by its use, even
though the work was done in different laboratories by different individuals.
Four other media that have been recently discussed were compared with
the media mentioned above, but for qualitative work they were all found to
be inferior. For quantitative work they are said to be undesirable because
they contain substances of indefinite composition.
The chemical dynamics of living protoplasm, W. J. V. Ostekhout {Ahs. in
Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 101,8, p. 17Ji). — The author claims it is possible,
by means of electrical measurements, to follow reactions in living jirotoplasm
without interference with the progress of the reaction or injury to the proto-
plasm. It is also considered possible to determine the order of the reaction
and to ascertain whether the reaction is reversible. In many cases it appears
that the reaction is reversible up to a certain point, but beyond this it is
irreversible.
The mechanism of exchange between plants and external media, P. Maze
{Coinpl. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. S. pp. 27i-27.J).— Claiming to
have shown previously (E. S. II., 31, p. 221) that the elaboration of a given
weight of vegetable matter requires the use of a constant volume of nutritive
solution of definite composition and concentration (this law dominating the
whole economy of the plant and regulating excbanges with its external me-
dium), also that roots excrete mineral and organic substances, this fact disa-
greeing with the hypothesis of a pi-otoplasmic semipei'meable membrane, the
author gives tabulated results of a study on the role of osmosis in this connec-
tion as exemplified by maize growing in sun or shade and supplied with a '
nutritive medium including from 2 to 5 per cent of sugar.
The conclusion is drawn that the law of osmosis does not operate in any
important degree to affect exchanges occurring between roots and nutritive
solutions. The plant, it is held, constitutes a system permeable to water .
and to substances in solution or in colloidal suspension therein, but its per-
626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
nioability is essentially regulable not alone in the organs whicti are in relation
with the external inediiini, but si ill more within the comj)onent tissues.
Evaporation and plant succession in southeastern Washington and adja-
cent Idaho, J. E. WjiAVKB {I'lant World, 17 {IHIJ,). Xo. 10. pp. .>l.i-.i'.>J,. flijs.
10). — A preliminary study, as detailed, of the differences of rates of evapora-
tion in the various plant formations and associations in this region is con-
sidered to show that these differences are sufficient to be important factors
in causing succession, at least through the earlier stages, where light values
are usually high.
The effects of acid and alkaline solutions upon the water relation and the
metabolism of plants, A. Dacunowski {Anier. Jour. Hot., t {V,)lJf), So. 8, pp.
-'il2--'i3D, //f/.s. Ji). — In extension of i)revious work (E. S. R., 31. p. G25), experi-
ments are detailed as carried out to ascertain the possible importance of hydro-
lytic reactions in determining the amount of water absorbed and retained by
plants during germination and growth, these experiments employing corn and
bean seeds and tomato cuttings.
The results, which are given at length, are thought to justify the general con-
clusion that the variation in the water content of seeds can not be brought
about solely through the concentration of acids and alkalis within the cells and
tissues, and that the alterations here noted may be explainable on the hypothesis
that hydrolytic changes are taking place whereby the water content in the seeds
varies more and more as complete hydrolysis is approached. It is suggested
that this work may aid in developing further the conception of antagonistic rela-
tions among salts,
A bibliography is appended.
Root habits of desert plants and the reaction of roots to soil temperature,
W, A. Cannon {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl {1915). No. lOJfS, pp. 113. II-',)-—
According to the author there are three well-marked types of roots of desert
perennials, those which never penetrate the ground deeply, tho.se which pene-
trate the ground but have few or no roots near the surface, and those which
are intermediate between these extreme forms. The relation of these different
types of root systems to the temperature of the soils is discussed. It is thought
that differences in temperature response, coupled with differences in soil tem-
perature, are the definitive factors which bring about the characteristic dis-
tribution in the soil of the roots of the species studied.
Electrolytic determination of exosniosis from the roots of anesthetized
plants, M. C. Merrill {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl (1915), No. lO^S. p. 176). —
The author subjected growing plants of Pisum sativum to the influence of
illuminating gas and ether vapor to determine their effect on exosmosis from
the roots.
Where the roots were exposed directly to the anesthetics the resulting exos-
mosis was more rapid than where the roots were kept in water during the
exposure. In the former case the root turgor decreased greatly, while in the
latter case the tops were affected but the roots remained normal in appearance
even though the exosmosis was abundant, thus indicating a disappearance of
mineral nutrients from the tops. With older plants the increased conductivity
was less than with younger plants, indicating a greater resistance to the anes-
thetics.
The germination of belladonna seed, A. F. Sievers (Amcr. Jour. Pharm., 86
(191J,), No. 11, pp. 1,83-505, figs. 10). — ^Detailing studies as carried out, the
author states that freezing accelerates germination, that seed size shows no
influence (but high specific gravity indicates high germinability). that color has
no meaning in this connection, and that sulphuric acid treatment has no great
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627
value as a means of iucreasiug germiuabilily. Scratcliiug the seed coats with
powdered glass or emery, while helpful, does not pi'oduce so good results as does
treatment with hydrogen peroxld, which was of material benefit, the effect
i-eacliing the maxiniuiu at GO per cent strength of the solution when applied to
the seeds for not over IS to 24 hours.
Pollen development in the grape with special reference to sterility, M. J.
DoRSKY (Minnesota Sta. Bui. UfJi (191Jf), pp. GO, pis. Jf). — A report is given of
an investigation conducted to determine the cause of sterility in grapes and
whether it can be controlled. As a basis of the investigation studies were made
of the variety Brighton, which is said to be typical of a number of sterile or
nearly sterile cultivated varieties of grapes. Comparisons are also made with
the parent varieties frou) which Brighton was derived, as well as a number of
other species and varuMies.
The factors bearing ui>on the i)henomenon of sterility were found capable of
being divided into two classes, those inherent to the plant and those resulting
from an unfavorable environment. In the grape the inherent cause of sterility
was found to be due to the pollen rather than the pistil. Cytological studies of
the pollen showed that sterile pollen in the grape results from degeneration
processes in the generative nucleus or arrested development previous to mitosis
in the microspore nucleus. Aborted pollen is found in varying quantities with
both sterile and fertile pollen. It occurs in pure forms as well as in hybrids,
but is usually moi'e abundant in the latter. Since pollen is produced in abun-
dance by the grape, aborted pollen is relatively unimportant from the stand-
point of fertilization or the setting of fruit.
As a practical deduction from his investigations, the author states that as
both fertile and sterile hybrids occur among the cultivated varieties of Amer-
ican grapes, hybridity is not necessarily a cause of sterility. It is evident that
the cause of sterility in the grape is deep-seated and intimately connected with
the functional activity of ix»llen. and can not be overcome by cultural condi-
tions, but will have to be avoided by mixing varieties in the vineyard at plant-
ing time.
A bibliography is given.
Injury and abscission in Impatiens sultani, F. E. Lloyd (Ann. Rpt. Quebec
Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-14), PP- 72-79, figs. 11).— After noting con-
tributions by others, the author gives results of his own studies with /. svltani.
Injury does not seem to cause abscission. The abscission layer lies just
above the base of the internodes, but it is not strictly limited to any particular
position, the ixiint of its occurrence being determined physiologically. There
is no special abscission tissne, the immediate cause of abscission being, it is
claimed, the hydrolysis of the middle lamella, no disintegration of tissues occur-
ring in any other sense. Increased turgor is claimed to play no part in this
connection.
Some relations of plants to distilled water and certain dilute toxic solu-
tions, M. C. Merrill (Ahs. in Krienee. n. ser., J,l (1915), No. IO4S, p. 176).— A de-
termination was made of the interval during which pea seedlings could be left
in redistilled water and in certain toxic solutions and then recover when later
placed in a full nutrient solution. Horse beans (Yicia faba) were more
marked than pea seedlings in their behavior toward the renewal of distilled
v,-ater. those in which the distilled water was renewed showing more than
double the growth. Bacterial and fungus action was found to be undoubtedly
;in important factor, and the evidence obtained indicates that there are several
factors entei'iug into the so-called harmful action of distilled water.
G28 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
A study of vanadium and the action of vanadates in vegetables, . E. C.
liAMfREz; {Datos /'<ini <l /Jstiulio del Vunadio 1/ Acrion de AUjuiiofi Tavadntos
en los Vcf/ctalefi. Thesis, Univ. La Plata, J014; abs. in An. Soc. Quim. Argen-
tina, 2 (IDlJi), No. 6, pp. IJ/.'), l.'fO). — The iinthor, after a general section on
A-anadiinn, a description of the principal vanadium bearing substances in Argen-
tina, and a discussion of methods, gives an account of studies on vanadium as
Influencing vegetable growth, with the conclusion that this element may be ab-
soi'bed and stored by plants, which may show anomalies of growth therefrom.
Arsenic and manganese in some vegetable products serving as animal
food, F. Jadin and A. Astruc (Compl. Rend. Acad-. 8ci. [Pans], 1S9 (WlJf),
No. 3, pp. 268-270) .—In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 29. p. G28),
results are given in tabular form of analyses made of 12 plants (also of certain
mixtures thereof) commonly fed to animals usetl for human food, indicating the
percentages of arsenic and also those of manganese found in the fresh or the
dry form of each.
On the correlation between somatic characters and fertility, J. A. Harris
(Amer. Jour. Bot., 1 (191Jf), No. 8, pp. 898-1,11, figs. 4).— The author presents
data bearing upon the relationship of somatic develoiiment (as measured by the
fruits borne by the individual plant) to fruit fertility (as measured b^ the
number of ovules forming ;ind of seeds developing).
Data obtained and analyzed are considered to indicate that the correlation
between number of pods per plant and number of ovules per pod is positive but
low, and that the correlation between pods per iilnnt and seeds per i)od is for the
most part positive and lower.
It is held that " there is some correlation between the number of pods per
plant and the number of ovules which develop into seeds, which is in part at
least independent of (although it may be inseparably bound up with) the mor-
phogenetic factors which link together the magnitudes of the two characters,"
])ods per plant and ovules per pod. This corrrelation is designated as more
truly physiological than morphogenetic, although there is thought to be no very
sharp line of demarcation between the ]iliysiological and morphogenetic in
problems of the kind here considered.
Hybrids of (Enothera biennis and CE. franciscana in the first and second
generations, P.. M. Davis (A ?>.<?. in Science, n. scr., 41 {1915), No. 101,8, p. 177).—
The author reports upon a study of 1.S0G plants grown from reciprocal hybrids
of the above species of CT^nothera. The second generation of this cross is said
to jiresent a wide range of forms, and among them were a number of plants
with combinations of characters that appear to have fulfilled in essentials the
requirements of .synthetic (U. laniarckiana-Vike hybrid.
Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the OflB.ce of Foreign Seed and
Plant Introduction during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1912
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Inrentonj No. HS (1915), pp. GO. pis. 5).—
This inventoiy gives a descriptive list of about 4(X) numbers of seeds and plants
imported from various parts of the world for testing in the Fnited States.
FIELD CROPS.
Grass pastures for irrigated lands. J. S. Wki.cii (Idalw Sta. Bui. 80 {191},),
pp. 15, figs. S). — ^This bulletin describes methods of seeding, irrigating, and
care of irrigated grass pastures in which Kentucky blue grass, smooth brome
grass, orchard grass, timothy, meadow fescue, redtop, tall meadow oat grass,
English rye grass, Italian rye grass, Canada blue grass, wbite clover, alsike
clover, and rwl clover were used singly and in mixtures. The value of these
FIELD CROPS. 629
grasses was measured by graziiij; tests with cows, slieep, aud steers. Con-
clusions are given as follows :
Irrigated grass pastures produce returns that warrant their use even on coni-
]iaratively high-priced land. Of all the grasses tested, Kentucky blue gra.s.;,
smooth brome grass, orchard grass, timothy, and meadow fescue have i)roved
the best.
" White, or alsike clover, is desirable in a very small proportion. IMore than
three or four lbs. jier acre may cjiuse bloat. Mixtures give better results than
any variety seeded alone. Different conditions require different mixtures. A
total of about 28 lbs. of seed per acre is necessary.
" Seed should never be bought in mixtures. Thorough seed-bed preparation is
absolutely essential. Grasses can be seeded any time from early spring to the
middle of July. Fall seeding is not advisable. Broadcasting the different
varieties separately is the most satisfactory method of seeding. The seed should
be covered lightly with a spike-tooth harrow or good brush drag. Under
average conditions a nurse crop should not be used.
" Irrigation water should be applied by the corrugation method during the
first season ; thereafter flooding between borders is recommended. The pasture
should have frequent irrigation and during the entire season should receive a
total of about 2.5 acre feet per acre. Early seeded pastures can be grazed
lightly late in the first season. The pasture should be divided into at least two
parts and should not be grazed too closely. Barnyard manure can be used on
the pasture with good results. Some shade should be provided for the animals.
" Grazing tests at the station indicate that an acre of good mixed grass pas-
ture will maintain two good dairy cows or three medium-sized beef steers
during May, June, July, August, and part of September. The sheep grazing
tests have not been very conclusive but indicate that an acre will maintain
about 12 ewes and their lambs. The conclusions reached at the station are
being substantiated by the experience of irrigation farmers in different parts
of the State."
Soil fertility investigations, A. T. Wiancko {Indiana Sta. Rpi. 191 Ji, pp.
SS-dO). — Brief notes are given stating the successful use of soy beans and
cowiieas in rotations to impi'ove the soil fertility at the imiversity farm and
on the outlying fields of the State. As results of phosphate and manure treat-
ments on the Scott County and Pike County fields it is noted that " the compari-
son of acid phosphate and raw rock phosphate used in conjunction with liberal
liming has thus far shown that an application of 24 lbs. of phosphoric acid in
acid phosphate once in three years is more profit;ible than a 2-ton ai)plication of
raw rock phosnihate put on at the rate of 1 ton per acre at the beginning of the
experiment in 1!»0G and a second ton in 1911. The total value of the increase in
eight corn croyis and nine wheat crops, including straw and stover, and two
clover hay crops which were removed from the land, has been $87.-11 for the
acid phosphate and $68.58 for the raw rock phosphate, yielding net profits of
$71.84 and $54.58. respectively.
"Where ten tons per acre of manure were applied every three years on corn,
the value of the increase was $170.03 with a net profit of $10.03 after allow-
ing $2 for each ton of manure used. Where two tons per acre of raw rock
phosT»hate was added to the same manure treatment, the total value of the
increase was only $8.21 greater for the entire period and the net profit, after
allowing $2 per ton for the manure and $7 per ton for the rock phosphate, was
$5.70 less than where manure alone was used. On the Pike County field, which
w.is in a much better state of fertility to begin with, the addition of rock
phosphate to the manure treatment showed only $8.55 net returns for the
630 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
entire period, or approximately $1 per acre per annum ; tbe rock phosphate
alone showed a loss of $3.57, while the acid phosphate alone showed a gain
of $2.41 during the same period.
"These experiments, therefore, indicate that under the conditions prevailing
on these two fields acid i)hosphate is more profitable as a source of phosphorus
than is raw rock phosphate."
Report of the division of farm crops, V. M. Siiof.smith (Michifjnn Hta. Rpt.
191Jf. pp. 23/>-239). — In this report F. A. Sprogg notes that two strains of winter
barley have been developed to withstand Michigan winters satisfactorily. The
improvements of wheat, oats, corn, and alfalfa as results of breeding and selec-
tion work are also briefly noted.
Data are given showing results in fertilizer experiments with wheat and
corn, and in rotation experiments. It is stated, however, that the.se experi-
ments have not been carried on long enough to justify conclusions.
[Experiments with field crops], P. Van Hoek (Vcr.slag. en Meded. Dir.
Landb. Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel, No. 3 (lOUf), pp. Jfl-lS-'f). — Results of a
variety test of potatoes for starch manufacture and of table potatoes are given,
the latter being grown on both clay and sandy soils. The starch content of
the former kinds ranged from 15.7 to 16.15 per cent.
The data show a considerable increase in yield, especially of marketable
size tubers, as a result of seed selections. Results of spraying with Bordeaux
mixture showed large increases, especially in the marketable sizes of the
sprayed crops. In tests of the use of from 400 to 900 kg. per hectare (356 to
SOI lbs. per acre) of nitrate of soda, covering the years 1908-1912. it was found
that about 600 kg. gave the most profitable results.
Variety tests of sugar beets covering the years 1907-1911 are reported.
Studies of the influence of the application of from 200 to 600 kg. per hectare
of nitrate of soda on the sugar content of beets for the years 1910-1912 showed
a lack of uniformity.
The I'esults of variety and manurial tests with mangels and turnips, cereals,
beans, peas, flax, and of a test of inoculation of legumes and spraying for weed
destruction are given.
In several years' experiments with grass lands a top-dre.ssing of kainit and
slag meal gave no results the first year. Kainit alone nearly doubled the yield,
slag meal alone gave no increase, while 2 parts (1.000 kg. per hectare) kainit
and 1 part of slag meal proved better than 1 part kainit and 2 parts of slag
meal.
An application of sand to grass plats in the dry year 1911 caused an increase
in yield in general on various fertilizer plats and improved the quality of the
growth. In manurial tests complete commercial fertilizer on grass lands during
1899-1912 gave better results than barnyard manure or loam dressing.
Varietal tests 1914 — ground nuts, maize, and rice, F. A. Stockdale (Dept.
Agr. Mauritius, Gen. Ser., Bui. 3 (WU) [English Ed.], pp. iO).— This bulletin
reports yields and analyses of several varieties of peanuts and maize and yields
of several varieties of rice.
On the plant food absorption and growth of Agropyrum repens, H.
BuKMESTER {Filltliiig's Landw. Ztg., 63 (191^), No. 16, pp. 547-556, fig. 1). —
This article describes pot expeiiments designed to determine to what extent
A. repens suffers by deep covering of the rhizomes, to what extent it withdraws
plant food from soils of varying fertility, and to what extent a crop suffers in
its presence on soils of varying fertilily. The following results are given :
When the rhizomes of A. repens are covered to a depth of about 12 in. they
die. Repeated removals of the leaves of the plant above groimd so weakens it
FIELD CROPS, 631
that it will soon die; A. repens withdraws abundantly available plant food in
proportion to the fertility of the soil, but without appreciable increase in growth
of its top. A crop of good stand (oats) prevented A. repctu from withdrawing
appreciable large quantities of plant food from a fertile soil and was little in-
jured by its presence, and scarcely any more plant food was removed from the
soil by the association than by oats alone.
Cultivation and composition of conifrey (Symphytum asperrimum) (C///-
/»;■«. 2^; (IDlJf), Xo. .Uf), pp. .JG2-3GG). — This article briclly discusses the culti-
vation of this crop, and gives analyses and yields of a Caucasian variety, har-
vested at different dates throughout the season. The results of this work, per- /
formed at the seed-control station at Wageningen, are given in tabular form. //
Corn judging', R. A. Moore (Wisconsin 8ta. Circ. 8 (1913), 2. rev. eel., pp. "*
23. figs. J J). —A revised and enlarged edition (E. S. R., 22, p. 233).
Variety work with corn and cotton, C. K. McClelland (Georgia Hfa. Bitl.
lis (1915), pp. 2^/9-256, figs. 2). — Data showing the number of 2-eared stalks,
number of barren stalks, and the yield and percentage of corn to ear from 14
varieties of corn for 1914 are given and briefly discussed. The yields ranged
from 16.1 to 23.9 bu. per acre, and the percentage of corn to ear from 80.5 to
90.9. The highest yielding variety. Velvet Cob, produced ears averaging 88.5
per cent corn.
The results of testing 32 varieties show yields of seed cotton per acre ranging
from 842 lbs. to 1..295 lbs. and the percentage at first picking from ,33 to 77. The
variety Sawyer Improved, producing the highest yield of lint. 442 lbs. per acre,
showed 37 per cent lint and 56 per cent at first picking. The variety Perry Im-
proved, showing the highest percentage at the first picking, gave a yield of only
278 lbs. of lint per acre.
Cowpeas in the cotton belt, W. J. Morse ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Off. 8ec. 8pec.
[C'/y-f.], 1915, Feb. 13, pp. 5). — This gives cultural methods and uses.
The dasheen, a root crop for the South, R. A. Young (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Indus. Doc. 1110 (191Jf), pp. 11, pis. Jf). — A revision and extension of a
paper previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 336).
Report of experiments with oat varieties at the Stockholm experiment
fields for the period 1908—1912, S. Rhodin (Meddel. Ccntralanst. Forsoksr.
Jordhruksomnnlet, No. 100 (1914), PP- 16; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och
Tidskr., 53 (19U), No. 6, pp. 435-J, 48). —This article gives results obtained with
15 varieties of early, medium, and late maturing oats. Tabulated data include
the yield of grain and straw, days to maturity, dry weight, green weight, weight
per hectoliter, and percentage of hull.
The average yields of grain for the different varieties for the period ranged
from 2,835 kg. (2,523 lbs. per acre) to 3.779 kg. per hectare, while the per-
centage of hull varied from 25 to 31.6 per cent. The percentage of hull showed
no correlation with the grain yield. The best yielding variety showed the
highest percentage of hull, thus making It in actual value the most inferior of
all the varieties tested.
Hom.e-mulched vs. northern seed potatoes for eastern Nebraska, R. A.
Emerson (Nebr(i.ika Sta. Bui. 146 (1914), PP- 5-36, fig. 1). — " Exiwriments car-
ried on at this station show clearly that it is possible to increase the produc-
tiveness of potatoes by proper methods of breeding. But potato breeding can
not be carried on successfully unless the same stock of potatoes can be kept
indefinitely. This can not be done in southern and eastern Nebraska with
ordinary methods of culture. The importance of producing improved strains
of potatoes for this region makes it desirable to devise a method of producing
strong seed tubers at home.
632 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
" Since rather low and fairly uniform soil temperatures seem to be essential
to the production of high-class seeil tubers, the use of a mulch of straw or
other coarse material about the plant suggested itself. This method has been
under test at the station for eight j'ears, and during that time 22 separate
tests have been conducted, all with the Early Ohio variety. In evei'y test
a uniform stock of tubers was divided into two lots, one grown by ordinary
cultivation and the other one mulched. The seed tubers produced on the two
plats were kept under identical conditions over winter. The next spring
both were planted in the same way on adjoining plats of as uniform soil as
could be had, and both were given the same cultivation throughout the summer.
Differences in yield the second year of tbe test are, therefore, attributable
to the difrorent methods of culture by which the seed tubers were produced In
the first year of the test. Tests wei'e also made of the effect of different num-
bers of years of mulching and cultivation.
" In ten comparisons of seed tubers grown one year under a mulch with seed
tubers of the same stock grown one year by ordinary cultivation, for each
100 lbs. of tubers produced from mulched seed the cultivated .seed produced 02,
68, 70, TO, 7G, 80, 82, 83, 88, and 93 lbs., respectively, or an average of
77 lbs. The other 12 tests compared from two to eight years of mulching with
the same number of years of cultivation. The results from all the 22 tests
are that for each 100 lbs. of marketable tubers grown from mulched seed the
average yields of marketable tubers from cultivated seeds were: Cultivated
1 year (10 tests). 77 lbs.; 2 years (4 tests), 68 lbs.; 3 years (1 test). 74 lb.s. ;
4 years (1 test), 68 lbs.; 5 years (1 test), 66 lbs.; 6 years (2 tests), 61 lbs.;
7 years (2 tests), 49 lbs. ; 8 years (1 test), 54 lbs.
" Continued cultivation in southeastern Nebraska results, then, in a pro-
nounced though somewhat gradual deterioration of potato stocks. One year of
mulching, however, restores the normal vigor of the stock, as is indicated by
two tests as follows: Mulched 6 and 7 years, 100 lbs.; mulched fi and 0 years
and cultivated 1 year, 82 lbs. ; cultivated 6 and 7 years, 67 lb.s. ; cultivated 5
and 6 years and mulched 1 year, 100 lbs.
" Comparisons of home-grown mulched stocks of Early Ohio potatoes with
northern-grown stocks of the same variety have been made in five of the eight
years. For each 100 lbs. produced on the average by mulched seed tubers, the
northern-grown seed tubers yielded an average of 98 lbs.
" Northern-grown seed tubers ordinarily retail for about 25 per cent more
than home-grown tubers. The estimated cost of producing seed tubers by
mulching is $10 to $12 an acre more than the cost of producing them by
cultivation, but a mulched seed plat will ordinarily yield about 25 per cent
more soeil tubers an acre than will a cultivatetl seed plat. The cost i>er bushel
is, therefore, not greatly different for the two methods. The grower can pro-
duce high-class seed tubers at home by mulching at a cost somewhat less than
he can buy northern-grown seed of equal quality.
" It is recommended to mulch a few rows of potatoes along one side of the
field to furnish seed for the next year's crop. The mulch should be about
4 hi. deep after settling and may consist of hay. straw, stable litter, or other
coarse material free from grain and noxious weed seeds. It is best applied
before the plants come up and must be spread by the time the new tubers
begin to develop. To insure that the plants are strong enough to push up
through the mulch and to produce as large a yield as possible for a given
amount of mulching, large seed pieces from 4 to 6 oz. should be planted. The
depth of planting should be the same as in the rest of the field, about 4 in."
The use of Paris green and Bordeaux on the farm, J. W. Ince (Xorth Da-
kota .S7a. Spec. Bill., 3 {1915), No. U,, pp. 239, 2^0).— This article briefly de-
FIELD CROPS. G33
scribes these and other spray mixtures, the methods of application, and the
effect on the potato crop.
The fractional liquefaction of rice starch, F. J. Wartii and D. B. Darabsktt
(Mem. Dcpt. A;;): India, Cliciii. So:, 3 {191.',), No. 5, pp. 135-l.'iG, pi. 1. fig. 1).—
This paper doscribos a method of fractional liquefaction of rice starch and
its application in dilTcront latins seven varieties of rice. The method involves a
wet grinding of the grain and fractional liquefaction of the starch in water at
different temperatures for definite periods of time and a conversion secured
with malt extract. The samples showed decided degrees of liquefactions at
the various periods and uniformity for the same variety.
Field tests of soy beans, 1914 (Conncclicut State Sta. Bui. 185 {1915), pp.
8-17). — This bulletin briefly discusses the uses of the soy bean as a cat<'h
croj). green manure crop, seed crop, silage crop, and for hay for Connecticut
farmers, and gives results of tests of ]!>l-4 that were planned and carried out
by H. K. Hayes and C. D. Hubbell, showing analytical data and comiwsition in
comparison with corn and alfalfa.
Data of 19 varieties grown as forage show the total yields to range from
5,389 lbs. to 21.240 lbs., averaging 1G,949 lbs. per acre, and the dry matter to
range from 1,247 lbs. to 6,287 lbs.
The protein ranged from 2.7 to 7.1 per cent with an average of 4.8, fat from
0.7 to 2.0 with an average of l.G, nitrogen-free extract from 8.8 to 15.5 with an
average of 11.7, and fiber from 4.9 to 12.3 with an average of 8.6.
The highest yielding variety in grain produced 32.5 bu. per acre. Analyses
of the grains show the protein to range from 36.8 to 45.5 per cent, fat from
14.1 to 19 per cent, ash from 5.2 to 8.6 per cent, nitrogen-free extract from 26.2
to 32.9 per cent, and fiber from 4 to 6.5 per cent.
The composition and digestible nutrients of soy beans, cotton-seed meal, and
linseed meal are compared. Methods of planting soy beans are discussed briefly.
The Hollybrook variety is recommended for Connecticut conditions as a crop
for soiling, hay, or green manure.
Physiological changes in sweet potatoes during storage, H. Hasselbring
and L. A. Hawkins (f/. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. It, pp.
331-3.'f2). — The results of the investigations conducted at Washington, D. C,
with Jersey Big Stem and Southern Queen sweet potatoes are summarized as
follows :
" During its growth the sweet ix>tato root is characterized by a very low
sugar content. The reserve materials from the ^ines are almost wholly depos-
ited as starch.
" Immediately after the roots are harvested there occurs a rapid transforma-
tion of starch into cane sugar and reducing sugars. This initial transformation
.seems to be due to internal causes and is largely independent of external condi-
tions. Even at a temperature of 30° C. (86° F.) both cane sugar and reducing
sugars accumulate during this initial period in excess of the quantity used in
respiration, while during subsequent periods the quantity of reducing sugar
diminishes at that temperature as a result of respiration. These initial changes
seem to be associated with the cessation of the flow of materials from the vines.
" In sweet potatoes stored at a temperature of 11.7 to 16.7° the moisture con-
tent remains fairly constant. There is a gradual disaiipearance of starch dur-
ing the lir.st of the season (October to March) and j)i'obably a re-formation of
starch accom])anied by a disappearance of cane sugar during the latter part of
the season (March to June). The changes in retlucing sugar are le.ss marked
than those in cane sugar. The changes in starch and cane sugar appear in a
general way to be correlated with the sea.sonal changes in the temperature.
634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
" In sweet potatoes kept in cold storage (4° C.) there is a rapid disappearance
of the starch and an accompanying increase in cane sugar. These changes do
not attain a state of equilibrium at that temperature, as the sweet potatoes
invariably rot by the action of fungi before the changes have reached their
maximum. At both high and low temperatures cane sugar is the chief product
formed by llie conversion of starch in the sweet potato. The quantity of invert
sugar in the root at any time is comparatively small."
A bibliography of cited literature is api^ended.
On the spike form of wheat, L. Dctzicl ( Filh ling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914),
No. 17, pp. 561-572). — This article discusses the different forms of spikes of
wheats, the arrangements of the spikelets, and the factors which cause the
different forms. Statistical data of different type forms are given and the
X 100
application of the formula D = — + 1 in which D represents the thickness,
y
X the number of spaces between the spikelets on one side of the spike, and y
the length of the si)ike axis is explained.
Is the present system of grading wheat equitable? E. F. Ladd (North Da-
l:otu ^ta. Spec. Bid., .3 {1915), No. 1.',, pp. 233-239) .—Thin article criticizes the
present market grades of wheat and presents data, compiled as joint cooperative
work of the station and tliis Deijartment, to show that millers, on the basis of
their net returns for flour and by-products, could pay more for the lower grades
and thus return a large sum to the growers.
Boot atlas, B. Schulze {Wurzelatlas. Berlin: P-aul Parey, 1911, vol. 1, pp.
86, pis. 36; 1914, vol. 2, pp. 42, pis. 29). — Volume 1 contains 36 plates from
photographs, showing the root systems at different stages of growth of winter
and spring rye, winter and spring wheat, oats, and barley, and volume 2 con-
tains 29 coi'responding plates for peas, horse beans, white lupine, red clover, and
winter rape. Each volume also contains statistics showing the length and
weiglits of roots, length and weights of tops, and ratios between I'oots and tops
for the individual plants, and a text discussing the work. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 31, p. 733).
The longevity of some common seeds, A. Eastham {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1
(1914), No. 7, pp. 544-546)- — This paper gives results of gemiination tests of
seeds of timothy, red clover, and alsike clover, that had been stored 10 years,
aud of oats that had been stored 13 years.
For timothy it is noted that " the average germination of the 25 samples
1 year after harvest was 95 per cent; 5 years after, the average was 90 per
cent; after that, however, a steady loss of vitality was shown, although at the
end of 10 years an average germination of 54 per cent was still shown. It is
interesting to note that, contrary to general opinion, the timothy seed retained
its vitality somewhat better than either red clover or alsike."
For red clover " the average germination of 24 samples 1 year after harvest
was 97 per cent, while 10 years after, only 44 per cent was capable of
germination."
For alsike clover " the average germination of 24 samples 1 year after harvest
was 93 per cent, and 10 years after. 45 per cent, or a loss of 48 per cent during
that period."
For oats "the average of the 180 samples when first tested in 1903 was 95
per cent, while the average of 156 samples (the supply of seed in 24 samples
having become exhausted) when 10 years old was still 95 per cent. Further-
more, the average germination of .53 samples 13 years old was 91 per cent,
an average loss of only 4 per cent during that period, a very slight loss when we
remember that in ordinary germination work a variation of 5 per cent is allow-
able between tests on identical lots of seed."
HORTICULTURE. 635
Report of seed analysis, Bebtha A. IIollisteb (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Bd. Agr. Mivli. 53
(19l.'t), pp. 168-182, figs. 6). — This gives the results of the purity analyses of
iijrrioultural seeds under a new law, and the text of the roj^ulation for seed
testing.
First annual seed laboratory report, 1913—14, W. L. Oswai.ij (Minnesota
Sta. Bui. l-'il {1915). pp. 5-20. figs. 6). — This bulletin discusses the Minnesota
seed law and its effect upon the seed indtistry of the State, points out the func-
tions of the educational, experimental, seed testing, and seed inspection divi-
sions of the seeti laboratory, and gives results of seed testing for germination
and purity for 1913-14.
Results of seed tests for 1914, F. W. Taylor (New Hampshire Sta. Bui.
174 (lOl-'f)' PP- 20, fig. 1). — This gives results of purity and germination tests
of 126 samples of seeds examined from September 1, 1913, to September 1, 1914,
with brief notes.
Wisconsin seed inspection law, A. L. Stone (Wisconsin Hla. Circ. Inform.
4 (1911), 2. cd., pp. 10, fig. 1).—A slightly revised edition (E. S. R., 22, p. 236).
The new seed inspection law, A. L. Stone (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. If
(1913), Sup., pp. 3). — A brief discussion of the changes made in 1913 in the
above law.
HOKTICULTURE.
[Report of horticultural investigations], F. Garcia (New Mcrico Sta. Rpt.
1914, PP- 58-67, 72-74, figs. 3). — This comprises brief statements of the progress
made with the various horticultural projects in 1913, and in pai't noted in a
previous bulletin (E. S. R., 30, p. 839).
Experiments with Yinifera grapes have shown plainly the benefit derived from
covering the vines during the winter. Uncovered vines in both irrigated and
nonirrigated plats were badly winter injured, the canes being l^illed back to the
ground. Data are given for 1913 showing the yields on the various grape plats.
A table is also given showing the comparative growth made during the season
of 1- and 2-year-old apple grafts planted in 1912. The fertilizer experiments
with peach trees were continued, and the results as measured by tree growth
during 1912 and 1913 are briefly recorded. In the orchard cover crop experiment
plantings of various croi:>s were made on October 15 and December 1, 1913. and
on January, February, and March 1, 1914. A diagram is given showing the
height of these various plantings when plowed under on May 11. Of the various
peas planted on October 15. sweet peas alone passed through the winter unin-
jured and the amount of vine growth in May was equal to that of the various
pea plantings made on December 1. Some data are given on cultural and
variety tests of spinach and cauliflower.
Breeding exi)eriments with the Mexican chili were continued. A number of
promising strains were secured and are here illustrated. Data are given show-
ing the yields of fresh, red, and green chilies, together with the estimated yield
per acre of good dried red chilies secured from the various strains in 1913.
Fertilizer tests on onion lands, A. G. B. Bouquet (Oregon Sta. Bicn. Crop
Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 7-24, flffs. .'/). — The results are given of cooper-
ative fertilizer experiments with onions conducted on a number of farms in the
upper Willamette Valley during the seasons 1913 and 1914. The results thus far
show in general that expenditures for medium heavy to heavy applications of
fertilizer are not always accompanied by resulting crop increase. Each farm is
an individual problem and in few cases can a definite rule of fertilization be
economically applied to all. The exi3eriments are being continued.
636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tomatoes, II. 1'. Stlckky [iUoryia ,SI(i. Hiil. ll.i {1'J15), pp. 20'J-2J,S, Jigs.
i//).— A revision of Bulletin 90 of the station (E. S. K.. 2(5, pp. 640. 048). His-
torical references and variety tables are either condensed or omitted in the
present bulletin and the descrii)tion8 of varieties are omitted entirely. Some
additional data on tests of early varieties, noted in Bulletin 106 of the station
(E. S. li., .'i1, \). 4;}S), together with directions for the control of insect pests
and fuii^'iis diseases, have been added to bring the subject matter ui) to date.
Tomato growing' in the South, II. C. Thompson iU. *S'. Dcpt. Ayr., Fanners'
Bid. (i'/.i (l!)15). pp. l.i, fujs. 0). — A popular tnsitise on toniat<i culture prepared
with special reference to the n(>cds of caiuiing clubs and those who grow toma-
toes for home use. It discusses the starting of tomatoes in hotbeds and cold
frames, soils and their preparation, manures and fertilizers, planting, cultiva-
tion, pruning and staking, rotation, diseases and their control, varieties, cost
of growing, yields, and returns.
Greenhouse tomato investigations, A. G. B. BouQUE'r {Oregon Hta. Jiien.
Crop Pest and IJort. lipt. lOl.i-lJ/, pp. 25~3Jf, figs. 3). — A i)rogress reix)rt on the
station's investigations with tomatoes (E. S. li., 29, p. 145) in which the results
obtainefl from crops produced during the years 1912-1914, inclusive, are
discussed.
The results in general show that tomato varieties differ quite largely in
the amount of fruit produced during various stages of the bearing season. In
the three years of test Bonny Best, Jewel, Earliana, and Sutton Al in the
order named have been the most desirable varieties from the standpoint of
early and prolific production.
Early yields of tomatoes are greatly influenced by pollination. Both hand
pollination and shaking the vines resulted in profitable net increases over plants
that were left untouched. The total amount of tomatoes for the season is
largely decreased w'here no assistance is given in pollinating the vines.
Actual counts were taken of a large number of flower clusters of various
varieties, and it was found that nearly 50 per cent of the blossoms remained
unfertilized. The prolific bearing habits of varieties appear to be affected by
the number of blossoms ordinarily produced on clusters. Data are given
showing the variations in this respect of the varieties tested, together with
a general summary of variety characteristics.
Ringing fruit trees, G. II. Howe {Neiv York State Sti. But. 391 {lOlJf). pp.
575-58.i, pi. 1). — In some previous investigations conducted at the station (E. S.
R., 19, p. 37) it was found that ringing herbaceous plants was so deleterious
to their growth that it could not be advocated for general practice. The
object of the experiments here reported was to determine the extent to which
fruit trees can be ringed without permanent injury and to what degree the
operation induces and stimulates fruitfulness. Apples, pears, plums, and
cherries were used in the work which was started in 1910 and carried on during
the three succeeding years.
The results as a whole indicate that under certain conditions ringing may
induce and possibly increase fruitfulness of apples but it rarely has these
favorable effects on other fruits. The practice of ringing stone fruits should
never bo followed, the experiments indicating almost 100 per cent loss in the
life of the trees. Only young and very vigorous aiiple trees and possibly now
and then pear and cherry trees can survive ringing. There are no regular and
successive increases in productiveness and ringing had no apparent influence
upon the size, color, or maturity of apples. The general effect of ringing on
the roots of trees was to increase their size, and number and to lessen their
vigor. The results obtained are not favorable to ringing fruit trees as a
general practice.
HORTICUJ.TURE. 637
Binging an unsafe stimulus to fruit bearing, F. II. Hall {,Veiv York tslalo
Sia. Bill. S91, poinilar cd. (UU.'i), pp. Jf). — A popular edition of the above.
Spraying- farm orchards by the club plan, R. I). Jay and W. M. Cook
(Ohio Stii. Circ. t.'/S {IDl-'/), pp. -}.7-5^). — Tliis ciiciilar de.scribes a cost account-
in;^' oxiicriniout conductwl by the station in cooperation with the Greene County
Improvcnicnt Association in order to secure data relative to the community
s[)rayiMfj: of orchards by one man. An itemized account is j;ivon of the over-
head charges connecteil with the work, together with an Itemized statement <jf
the expense incurred in sin-aying one orchard and summarized statements of
the cost in the seven other orchards.
The total cost per tree for three sprays was 4-l.o cts. and the tolal amount
of spray material required per tree for three sprays was 0.7 gal. lime-sulphui
and 0.2 lb. lead ar.sennte. The average number of trees sprayed per hour was
18, including flic time spent in mixing the material and filling the tank. Under
favorable conditions it was found possible to spray 300 trees in a day. The
total rental charges for the spray outfit amounted to $58.80, which allows 6 per
cent ou an investment of $150, as well as 20 per cent depreciation, and leaves
about $18 a year for repairs, insurance, and storage charges.
Some suggestions based on the present work are given with a view to assisting
those organizing orchard spraying clubs.
Spraying program for orchards with combinations recommended, W. J.
Green, A. D. 8klby, and II. A. (k)SSAKu (Ohio »S7.«. Vire. l-'fO (UU5), pp. GS-
60). — This circular contains schedules for .siiraying orchards of apple, pear,
plum, and peach, the directions being based upon many years of observations
and experimental testing.
Spray treatment, etc., for orchards, W. E. Britton and G. P. Clinton (Con-
necticut State Sta. Bui. IS-'t (1914), pp. 3-12).— This bulletin describes the gen-
eral spraying practice for the treatment of the apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry,
and quince, and gives directions for making spray mixtures.
Spray calendar, W. E. Britton and G. P. Clinton (Connecticut State Sta.
Bui. ISS (1915), pp. 32, figs. 63). — ^This calendar contains directions for the
control of the more important insect pests and diseases of orchard and small
fruits, vegetables, and other plants, including also formulas for the preparation
of spray mixtures.
Tree fillings and wound dressings for orchard and shade trees, A. D. Selby
(Ohio Sta. Circ. 150 (1915), pp. 61-63). — This circular describes the process of
filling cavities in branches and trunks with a composition of asphaltum and
sawdust, ;i method originated by J. Boddy. Instructions are also given for
dressing wounds with gas tar and liquid asi»haltum.
Thinning apples, H. J. Eustace (Michii/an Sta. Circ. 2.) (Wl.'f), pp. 158-160,
figs. 2). — This circular contains practical suggestions relative to thinning apples.
Some data are given showing the time required to thin fruits of four Wealthy
apple trees. On one tree 2.980 fruits were removed in two hours time. This
tree yielded 19 bu. of marketable fruit and 2.5 bu. of culls at harvest time.
An inquiry into the nature of a somatic segregation of characters in the
LeConte pear, W. P. Tufts (Oregon Sta. Bui. 123 (1914), pp. 4-16, figs. 6).—
The author cites several recorded instances of variation of characters in
somatic tissue, and gives the results of a study conducted with the LeConte
pear with the view of throwing some light ou the general laws underlying
somatic variations. The somatic segregation here considered has to do with
the relative deciduousness or persistence of calyx lobes in the lieConte pear.
Ob.servations were made throughout the fruiting season on the crop of one
tree, amounting to 5,396 fruits, each of which was considered as 5 fruits when
638 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
determining the deciduous or ijersisteut nature of the calyx lobe. A similar
study with 56 fruits of the Transcendent crab apple was also made.
An examination of the data secured with both fruits showed a striking simi-
larity in the segregation of the deciduous and persistent factors to that secured
in an F2 Mendelian hybrid. The deciduous factor dominated in the pear at
the ratio of 1 : 3.7 and in the crab apple at the ratio of 1 : 2.8. Partial evidence
is presented to show that the failure of the segregation in the LeConte pear
to assume that of a characteristic Fi Mendelian hybrid, i. e., the complete domi-
nance of the deciduous factor, may be due to the possibility of either one or
both of the supposed parents, Pyrus sinensis and P. communis, carrying both
a factor for deciduousness and a factor for persistence. Out of 250 varieties
of supposedly pure P. communis studied, 31 per cent sometimes shows a tendency
toward deciduous calyx lobes. The author concludes in brief that since the
Mendelian ratio is so closely approximated, it is reasonable to consider the
LeConte a true hybrid between the species P. communis and P. sinensis.
Assuming, however, that the LeConte is a mere mutation of P. sinensis, "the
data show that there is apparently a mechanism possessed by the somatic cell
capable of affording practically the same results and with the same degree of
regularity as those afforded by the reduction and fertilization processes incident
to bisexual reproduction." It is suggested that this hypothesis may explain
the immediate causes of at least some bud variations, and the inquiry as a
whole is offered as a contribution to our present limited data on bud variation.
A bibliography of the cited literature is given.
The pear as affected by moisture supply, A. F. Barss (Oregon Sta. Bien.
Crop Pest and Jiort. Rpt. ID 13-1 Jf, pp. SS-Jf'J, fifjs. .J).— The results for the first
two seasons are given of experiments conducted to determine the effect of vary-
ing amounts of water upon the growth and fruiting habit of pear trees.
A test was conducted with 48 uniform dwarf Bartlett pear trees growing in
pots under controlled conditions. One lot of pots was kept standing in water in
order to insure a continuous supply. Another lot of trees received just as much
water as was needed to keep up the supply for the first lot, but the water was
applied in twice as frequent applications of one-half the quantity each time.
The trees in the third lot received half as much water as for the first two lots.
The trees of the fourth lot received just enough water to keep them alive.
The results for the first year showed no perceptible difference between the
different lots of trees in the time required for the trees to leaf out fully. Trees
receiving the maximum amount of water developed larger and more brightly
colored leaves than the trees receiving half the amount. Trees given the mini-
mum amount of water developed small, dull, grayish-green leaves. All of the
trees started to form terminal buds at the same time, but these buds grew out
again on some of the fully watered trees, thus indicating that large increases
in the amount of water above the minimum required by the trees lengthen the
growing season. Generally speaking, the amount of wood growth increased
with the amount of water supplied, although the difference was not great in
the two lots receiving the least amount of water. The lenticels of trees receiv-
ing the greatest amount of water were larger and more conspicuous and the
growing wood showed more green than on the trees receiving half the amount.
When matured and dormant, the wood on the trees receiving the full amount
of water was darker and showed less green than the wood on the trees receiving
half the amount of water. Late growths put out by the trees receiving the
continuous supply of water remained green through the winter.
During the second season measurements and observations were made at
frequent intervals to determine any existing differences in condition of trees, in
FORESTRY. 639
blooming, fruit developmeut, new bniucli growth, foliage, etc. The dillereuces
observed are here presented and discussed. As summarized they show that thus
far for the two years of experiment the water supply did not influence the
time of starting of buds. The trees which received an excess of water showed
the greatest number of blossom clusters; greatest average size, greatest average
weight, and bigliest quality of fruit; greatest total amount of wood growth;
greatest number of branches; greatest average linear growth to the branch;
greatest average diameter of wood growth; longest internodal spaces; greatest
number of cases of multiple growths from single buds ; largest, most conspicuous,
and greatest number of lenticels; greatest size, weight, and vigor of leaves;
greatest number of leaves affected with the apparent " sunbura " ; longest grow-
ing season; largest, healthiest, and most vigorous buds; and readiest formation
of callus tissue. The moderately watered trees had the largest total number of
blossoms and greatest number of fruits. The scantily watered trees led the
others only in having the largest average number of tlowers to the cluster. " Of
the lots which received the excess of water, the one which received water less
frequently showed a superiority only in that it had the greater number of
fruits, greater average weight to the leaf, and gi-eater average diameter of
new growth. On the other hand, the lot watered more frequently slightly
exceeded the other in all other respects."
Blackberry culture, G. M. Dakrow {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 643
(1915), pp. 13, figs. 8). — A. practical treatise on blackberry culture, discussing
the location of the plantation, soils and their preparation, propagation, pollina-
tion, planting, intercrops, cultivation, fertilizers, systems of training, mulching,
harvesting, yields, winter protection, duration of plantation, insects and dis-
eases, regional adaptability of varieties, hybrids and novelties, and blackberry
by-products. In the introduction statistics are given showing the acreage
devoted to the cultivation of blackberries and dewberries in the United States
in 1909.
Strawberry varieties in Oreg'on, V. R. Gardner {Oregon 8ta. Bien. Crop Pest
and Hort. Rpt. 101.3-1//, pp. .50-94, fiff- i)- — This comprises descriptive notes on
varieties of strawberries which have been tested at the station during the
period 190S to 1913, icclusive. The characters described are such as have to do
Avith the horticultural value of both plant and fruit. Reference is made to the
history of each variety as far as known. A bibliography of cited references is
appended.
FORESTRY.
The temperature of leaves of Pinus in winter, J. H. Ehlers (Amer. Jour.
Bat., 2 (1915), ^0. 1, pp. 32-70, figs. 4)- — Results are given of an investigation
conducted in the arboretum of the University of Michigan with the view of de-
termining the internal temperature of pine leaves in winter under as nearly
natural conditions as possible. The species Pinus laricio ausfriaca was selected
for the purpose, the leaves of this species being the largest in cross section of
the conifer leaves available in the locality. An attempt was also made to ob-
tain direct evidence of photosynthesis under winter conditions by examining for
starch content the leaves of the various conifers growing in the university
arboretum.
The data here presented show that evergreen conifer leaves even under winter
conditions maintain through the absorption of radiant energj' temperatures from
2 to 10° C. higher than the surrounding air. The UKSximum obtained under bril-
liant illumination and with a light breeze blowing was 8.83°. Where the leaf
90853°— No. 7—15 4
640 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
was partially protected against air currents a differential temperature of 10.31°
was obtained. Even diffuse ligbt according to its briglitness will increase the
leaf temperature from 0.5 to 2°. The average differential temperature for Feb-
ruary, the coldest month of the year, based on some 650 readings talien between
the hours of 8 a. m. and 3 p. m. was 3.06°.
Although these differential temperatures are considerably less than tho.se ob-
taine<l by previous investigators for broad leaves under summer and tropical
insolation (he differences are believed to be of sufficient magnitude to become an
important factor in photosynthesis. More or less starch was found in various
conifers examined during the winter although no conclusive evidence of starch
formation was observed after December 13. This result, it is suggested, merely
indicates that photosynthesis was not sufficiently active under the conditions
that obtained during January and February to result in the production of starch
in the leaf. Carbohydrates may have been formed and used or translocated as
fast as formed.
The literature of the subject is reviewed under the general headings of the
internal temperature of foliage leaves, photosynthesis and low temperatures,
and accumulation of reserve food material by evergreen trees in winter.
A bibliography of consulted literature is appended.
Beport on forest administration in Burma for the year 1912—13, C. G.
Rogers (Rpt. Forest Admin. Burma, 1912-13, pp. 111+4+149). — A progress
report on the administration of the state forests in Burma, including a financial
statement for the year 1912-13. The important data relative to alterations in
forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, silvicultural opera-
tions, miscellaneous work, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues,
expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form.
Annual progress report on forest administration in the Presidency of
Beng'al for the year 1912-13, C. E. Muriel (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Bengal,
1912-13, pp. Il+JfS+Jf, pi. 1). — A report similar to the above relative to the
administration of the state forests of Bengal for the year 1912-13.
Progress report on forest administi'ation in the Northwest Frontier
Province for 1913—14, W. Mayes {Rpt. Forest Admin. Xorthicest Frontier
Prov., 1913-14, pp. 2+II+16+XXVI). — A report similar to the above relative
to the administration of the state forests of the Northwest Frontier Province
for the year 1913-14.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
How saprophytic fungi may become parasites, G. Massee (Roy. Bot. Gard.
Kew, Bui. Mise. Inform. Xo. 5 (1914). PP- 190, 191). — A case is described in which
Clerodendron fallax at Kew had been attacked by Cladosporium epipfiyUum
under conditions favorable thereto. This had apparently started as a saprophyte
on the stalked peltate leaf glands excreting a nutritive liquid, and appeared to
have developed the parasitic habit within three weeks. It is thought that op-
portunities for habitually saprophytic but potentially parasitic fungi to change
their habit are numerous in nature, very slight changes of conditions being
sufficient to initiate the parasitic activity.
Parasitism in Hymenochaete agglutinans, A. H. Graves (Mtjcologia, 6
(1914), ■S'o. 6, pp. 279-284: pi. 1). — This fungus is stated to be a facultative
parasite, having been found encircling, attacking, and killing Benzoin (rstivale
in contact with Alnus incana, which also it had apparently killed. It is
thought that the choking and consequent weakening effect of the encircling
fungus may have had something to do with its increase of activity in the host.
This is evidenced by the progressive diminution of growth of the latter above
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 641
tho original point of attack (the pails below showing an increase of growth)
during (hroo years. A young red maple was also found to have been attacked
in like manner and to have been killed above the fwint of contact.
Eelworni disease (Agr. Gas. Tasmanid, 22 {lUl'i), No. 9, p. SJ/l). — It is staled
(liat the nematodes which infest clover also attack oats and several other culti-
vated besides many wild plants. They are carried on tool.s, wheels of vehicles,
etc., as well as by .Miiuials. the eggs resisting desiccation for a long time.
It is claimed that turning the land as much as 5 in. deep destroys the nema-
todes, also that potassium sulpliate applied to tho bind shortly before sowing
the clover seed is safely i)rotective (o the plant during the short period of its
susceptibility to nematode attack.
Maryland plant diseases in 1912, J. B. S. Norton (Rpt. Md. State Hort.
Hoc, 15 (1012), pp. 182-188). — After discussing the immediate and later effects
of the very cold weather on plants in 1912 and stating that the cool moist sum-
mer was favorable to parasitic disease in Maryland, the author lists alpha-
betically about 50 plants with parasites observed in connection with each.
Report of the botanist, E. A. Bessey (Michigan HIa. Rpt. lOlff, pp. 226,
227). — Besides brief notes of work regarding some plant diseases, more special
mention is made of investigations by J. A. McClintock on Michigan ginseng
troubles, particularly those due to nematodes. Golden seal was found susceptil)le
to this pest.
The steam pan laiethod of sterilization was found to give adequate" protection
against nematodes. A soil drench of formalin, 1 part to 100, prevented damping
off in the beds, and black rot was controlled by a much higher concentration of
this agent.
[Report on work in plant pathology] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. IHIJf, pp. SO,
81). — The principal work carried on in the department of plant pathology has
been the studies of the blighting of chili peppers, chlorosis of foliage of orchard
trees, studies of diseases of apples, i>ears, and peaches, particularly the powdery
mildew of the apple (Podospliccra oxycanthw), and some truck crop diseases,
one of which, Fusarium wilt, is said to cause considerable damage to tomato
crops.
The blight of peppers is thought to be influenced by damp weather, as the
disease spi'eads much more I'apidly under such conditions than where the season
is dry and free from heavy rains. So far no causative organism has been iso-
lated.
In the studies on chlorosis of the foliage of orchard trees, plugging and spray-
ing them with 1 per cent solution of ferrous sulphate were compared. The use
of the material as a spi'ay was found to benefit the trees greatly.
Notes, observations and minor investigations on plant diseases, H. S.
Jackson (Oregon ma. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpi. lOlS-lJf. pp. 261-283,
fi'js. 15). — Notes are given of observations and investigations on a considerable
number of diseases of economic plants due to fungi, etc.
Fungus diseases of Swedish melons and cucumbers, J. Eriksson (/v.
Landthr. Alcad. Ilandl. ocli Tidalcr., 52 (1913), No. J,, pp. 233-253, figs. 9; Mcddel.
Centralanst. Fdrsokv. Jordhruksomrddet, No. 76 (1913), pp. 23, figs. 9). — Tho
following fungi causing diseases are described and discussed in the paper:
Cladosporium cucumerinutn, Cercospora melonis, and CoUctotrichum lagenariiim.
A Coiatribution to the study of foot rot of cereals, P. Bertii.\ult (Rev. G6n.
Bot., 25 />/-i" (IDJ'f), pp. 2D-3-'i). — Reviewing reports and discussions of studies
on this disease of cereals, and reporting on his own examination of diseased
wheat stems sent in from several portions of France during lOlo. the author
states that while he did not find Leptosphicria hcrpotrichoidcs on these speci-
642 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
mens, Ophiobolus graminis was abundant. Fusarium ruhiginosum, it is claimed,
is almost consfjiutly present in this disease. It is thonglit tliat foot rot of
cereals may be considered due to tlie attack of such fungi as Ophiobolus and
Leptospha-rla on the one Jiand and to various species of Fusarium on the other.
Some discussion of the fructification of these fungi is also given.
Rust in the interior of graminaceous seeds, J. Bkauvkrie (Rev. G6n. Bot.,
25 his (1914), pp. 11-21, figs. 10). — In continuation of work previously refwrted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 241), the author states tliat within the seed coats of several
wild or cultivated grains he has found the fruiting bodies and the mycelium of
rusts. This occurrence is very frequent in certain species, as Puccinia glumarum
in barley, and other rusts in Agropgron spp., Br achy podium pinnatum, etc. P.
graminis is soniotiuies found in this relation on wheat.
Fung'us diseases of cotton, Jj. Smith (Rpt. Agr. E.rpt. Sta. ^t. Croix, 1912-13,
pp. 59, 60). — It is stated that while tlie usual attacks of angular leaf spot,
round spot, rust, and mildew of cotton are observed to do but little harm here,
a much more serious case is that caused by a fungus which attacks young bolls
almost to the time of their maturity. The trouble is thought to be due to a
Macrosporium, possibly M. nigricantium, which is said to be associated with
black rust of cotton in the United States.
A disease causing a blistered and torn appearance of young leaves and abor-
tion and blackening of young flower buds is thought to be practically identical
with tliat described by Cook (E. S. R., 29, p. 47) as causing a physiological dis-
order of cotton in the United States, differences in details as to manifestations
being ascribed to differences in local conditions.
Spraying of peanuts for leaf rust (Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No.
328, p. 380). — Bordeaux mixture sprayed, on twice (63 and 77 days after plant-
ing) under 80 lbs. pressure is considered to have given an increase of 42 per
cent in tlie sprayed as compared with the unsprayed plat in the case of the
Gambia variety of peanuts affected with Uredo aracliidis.
Notes on miscellaneous potato diseases, F. D. Bailey (Oregon Sta. Bien.
Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14. pp. 2^5-256, figs. 9). — Notes are given on
investigations of various potato diseases in Oregon. Among these are several
storage rots, the powdery dry rot due to Fusarium trichothecioides, dry rot due
to F. cwruleum, and jelly-end rot caused by F. orthoceras. Notes are also given
on silver scurf, early blight, Verticillium wilt, mushroom root rot, and Rhizoc-
ionia violacea, with suggestions for their control.
Brief accounts are also presented on the curly dwarf and internal browning
of tubers due to nonparasitic causes.
Potato spraying experiments, F. D. Bailey (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest
and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 251-2G0, fig. 1). — Accounts are given of spraying
experiments for the control of late blight of potatoes, which is said to be occa-
sionally a serious menace in the western part of the State.
The results of the use of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead for the con-
trol of this disease anti insect pests show in one instance an increased yield of
44.4 per cent where no late blight was present. Experiments for two years in
another locality showed that the late blight could be effectively controlletl by
Bordeaux mixture. When blight appeared a month before harvest, the yield
was increasetl in one case 4G bu. per acre and in another 203 bu. when the plants
were sprayed.
Leaf roll of potato, VIH, G. KoCK, K. Kornaxjth. and O. Broz (Ztschr.'
Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 17 (1914), No. 5, pp. 270-300) .—This continues
recent reports on the study of potato leaf roll by the committee, as noted by
these authors (E. S. R., 30, p. 243) and by Reitmair (E. S. R., 30, p. 48).
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643
It is staled that tliis disease is associated witli species of Fusariuni in
soutliern, and of Verticilliuiu in nortlieru, regions. Tlie primary infection takes
place from the soil, which, it is thought, may retain the fungus in an active
condition for at least live j-ears. Tuhers from shoots not attacked on diseased
plants will be sound, while those from infected shoots may be more or less per-
meated by the mycelium or may be simply weakened by its presence in the
vascular system of the stolon. From an infected seed tuber the mycelium may
(though apparently it seldom does) grow into the forming shoots (.secondary
infection), or the .seed tuber may give rise to descendants which are simply
wealvened as an after-result of the disea.se. Resistance as regards varieties
differs greatly, but no coini)letely iunnune varieties are mentioned.
Control measures reconunended include su.s])ension of potato culture for at
least five years on fields which have shown leaf roll ; careful selection of seed,
with particular reference to climate and soil; suitable fertilization of the soil to
increase vigor in the crop; and careful elimination of plants showing leaf roll
(luring growth.
A bibliograi)hy of contributions for 191'i is added.
Occurrence of silver scurf of potatoe-s in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, P. J.
O'Gara {ScU'itce, n. ser., Jfl {HU'j), Xo. lO'tl, pp. 131, 13:i).—The author calls
attention to the occurrence of silver scurf {BpondijlocJadium. alrovirens) on
jiotatoes in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. From the investigation of the source
from which the seed tubers were purchased, it is believed, that this disease is
widespread among the iutermoimtain States, particularly in Utah and Idaho.
An endophytic endodermal fungus in Solanuni tuberosum, E. M. Wilcox,
(i. K. K. Link, and Florence A. McCormick (Abs. in Sciowe, n. ser., /fl {1915),
No. 10 is, p. 171). — A preliminary account is given of investigations on an
endophytic fungus found in .S'. tuherosum. This fungus, it is said, may be found
throughout the whole plant, but is confaied to the endodermis. In the usual
vegetative propagation of the potato it proceeds from the tuber throughout the
shoots to the daughter tubers. The possible relation of this fungus to tuberiza-
tion is discussed.
[Diseases of sugar cane on the island of St. Croix, 1913], L. Smith (Rpt.
Agr. Expt. fita. St. Croix, 1912-13, pp. ^5, Ji6). — Marasniiu.'i sacchari is said to
cause considerable damage to sugar cane all over the island. Fructifications
have been reported from one plantation.
The chief remedies recommended include planting tops from laud known to
have been free fi'om the disease for 8 or 10 years, the employment of Bordeaux
mixture for soaking the cane tops 20 minutes befoi-e planting, and rotation,
preferably with cotton followed by legumes or these with corn.
Red rot of the leaf sheath, which does some damage here, has been identified,
it is said, with a fungus disease which is common in Java.
Effect of dilution upon the infectivity of the virus of the mosaic disease
of tobacco, H. A. Allard (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Arjr. Research, 3 (1915), No.
Ji, pp. 295-299). — Experiments are reported that were conducted with the idea
of determining the effect of dilution ui)on the infective power of the virus of the
mosaic disease of tobacco. A quantity of expressed snp from diseased leaves
was passed through filter paper and all dilutions accurately determined, and
Inoculations immediately made from these to young vigorous tobacco plants
growing in a greenhouse.
It was found that the virus of the mosaic disease, when diluted to 1 part in
1,000 of water, is quite as effective in producing infection as the original nndi-
luted virus. It was observed that adenualion of the virus was indicated when
dilutions of 1 part in 10.(X)0 were made. At greater dilutions infection is not
considered likelv to occur, The author claims that the evidence iit hand indi-
644 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
cates that there is something present in the virus of mosaic disease which is
extraneous to the protoplasmic organization of healthy plants, and, In his opin-
ion, parasitism offers by far the simplest and most reasonable explanation of
its origin.
A fruit spot of tomato, II. 1'kuotti and U. Cristofoletti (Staz. Sper. Agr.
JUiL, 7/7 {191/,), Ko. 3, pp. 169-216, pis. 3, figs. 9).— Reporting a study of the
fruit rot said to be pec-uliar to a small, pear shaped A-ariety of tomato, tlie author
states that this rot is associated with the presence of the fungus Clado-^porUnn
herbarum and of a bacterium described as a new species, Pscudomonas poly-
ci'omigena, the latter being noni)arasitic and apparently dependent upon the
diminution of acidity in the fruit by its associated fungus.
Frequently the same spots show also the presence of another fungus, consid-
ered also as parasitic and described as a new variety, Oosporn (Oidium) lactis
solani. It is thought that C. herhanun is hindered by the presence of the other
organisms, also that since not over 5 to 10 per cent of the fruits are attacked
by C. herharum, the development of a more resistant variety need not be very
difficult.
Fruit pit studies in the Willamette Valley, C. I. Lewis {Oregon Sta. Bien.
Crop Pest and Ilort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 35-37, fig. 1). — The author reports three
years' work conducted on a study of the fruit pit in the Willamette Valley, the
disease being locally known under a number of names.
It is believed that the trouble may be due to some physiological disturbance,
no definite cause having been determined for it. The general appearance of
fruit affected by this trouble is indicated by spots, which may be only on the
surface, and finally cause a depression in the skin, or the pits may not show on
the outside, but be scattered throughout the flesh. Occasionally the trouble
takes the form of a dry rot around the core.
The effect of various fertilizers on controlling this disease was Investigated
without conclusive results. The author comments on the effect of cold storage
in retarding the disease.
Apple rust and die-back, Jl. M. Nicholls {Agr. Oaz. Tasmania, 22 {1914),
No. 9, pp. 351-360, figs. 6). — It is claimed that apple rust, cracking, die-back,
and leaf spot, besides possibly other disorders of more or less obscure character,
are due to the presence and activity of the fungus Coniothecium chomatospo-
rium in some of its several stages or forms, which are briefly discussed.
It is stated that the activity of this fungus is favored by exposure to strong
light, also by use of Bordeaux mixture, and that it is carried over winter largely
on dead leaves, and spread probably by omitting to disinfect pruning tools
between trees. Poor drainage also, it seems, may sometimes play a part, as
may any condition tending to check normal growth of the trees.
No fungicidal preparations yet tested have proved entirely successful and
safe.
Cedar rust on the apple, W. M. Scott {Rpt. Md. State Uort. Soc, 15 {1912),
pp. 91-105). — This is a report with discussion on recent experience with apple
rust, ascribed mainly to Gymnosporangium macropus, though it is thought to be
producible also by G. globosum and G. clavipes.
Destruction of all cedars in the locality is the remedy most favored. When
this is not practicable the use of such a fungicide as lime sulphur is found help-
ful. This is to be applied just before the blossoms open, again as soon as the
petals fall, and twice later at intervals of about 10 days. There is also a dis-
cussion of resistant apple varieties.
Bacterial gummosis or bacterial canker of cherries, H. P. Barss {Oregon
Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hori. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 224-2J,0. figs. 7).— A progress
report is given of an investigation previously noted (E. S. R.. 29. p. 154).
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645
The bacteria causing the disease have beeu isolated and artificial inoculatious
made which indicate that they are the cause of the trouble in question. Some
varieties were found to be naturally immune, and the planting of such is ad-
vised. There appear to be two slightly difl'erent kinds of bacteria concerned in
this trouble, and in addition to blighted buds and spurs, cankers are formed
on the branches, limbs, and trunks of trees.
The method of dissemination of the trouble is unknown, but indications point
to the possibility of sucking in.sects being among the carriers of the bacteria.
The most serious infection is believed to take place in the autumn, the new
infection developing slowly at first, and late in winter and early in spring
becoming of very rapid growth. Wound parasites and wood rotting fungi fre-
quently enter at the cankered spots and extend the injury originally caused by
the bacteria.
A similar canker disease has beeu found on prunes, peaches, and apricots,
and pathogenic bacteria apparently identical with the organisms found on
cherry trees were isolated.
Suggestions are given for the control of the disease, which include the plant-
ing of resistant stocks to be later grafted to commercial varieties, and cutting
out of all diseased material.
Experimental spraying' of prunes for control of brown rot, F. D. Bailey
(Oregon 81a. Bicn. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-lJf, pp. 2Jfl-2.'fJ,).— The results
of spraying experiments carried on in 1913 and 1914 for the control of the
brown rot of stone fruits are given.
In 1913 four spray mixtures were tested, Bordeaux mixture. Burgundy mix-
ture, self-boiled lime sulphur, and commercial lime sulphur. Two applications
were given of all except the Burgundy mixture. The results seemed to indicate
that for the earlier attack Bordeaux mixture gave the best results, while the
second record showed a greater loss than with the check in all cases except
where self-boiled lime sulphur was employed.
In 1914 the work was repeated, and comparing the results obtained both sea-
sons it is considered probable that Bordeaux mixture will be found as satis-
factory as any spray for the control of this disease. The best time of appli-
cation of the fungicides was found to vary with conditions that are not clearly
understood.
A Pacific Coast rust attacking pear, quince, etc., H. S. Jackson (Oregon
Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 204-212, figs. 3). — This is a
detailed account of the attack of Oymnosporangiuni hJasdaleanum on quinces,
pears, etc., a preliminary notice of which has already been given (E. S. R., 32,
p. 51).
A bibliography is given.
Varietal resistance of the gooseberry against mildew and the effects of
sulphur treatment therefor, G. Kock (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 17
(1914), ^0. 6-7, pp. 634-637).— Ot about 100 varieties of gooseberry tested, about
16 proved to be susceptible to American gooseberiy mildew, while 56 proved to
be susceptible to injury from treatment with powdered sulphur for the pre-
vention of the disease.
Fungus diseases of coffee in Porto Rico, G. L. Fawcett (Porto Rico Sta.
Bui. 17 (1915), pp. 29, pis. 8). — A discussion is given of the commoner and more
destructive diseases of coffee in Porto Rico, among which are the leaf rot or
thread blight due to Pelliculana koleroga, the leaf spot caused by Stilbella
flavida, root diseases due to RoseUinia sp. and Dematophora sp., and berry spot
caused by Cereospora coffeicola. These diseases are described at considerable
length and the results of investigations for their control are given.
646 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In addition to the above, notes are given ou leaf spot due to Cephalosporium
sp., a root and trunk disease associated with the presence of Fusarium sp.. and
the attaclc of nematodes {llcterodera radicicola).
For the leaf rot no satisfactory method of control has been found, although
spraying with I'.ordenux mixture will lessen the disease to a considerable extent.
For the leaf spot Bordeaux mixture is usually found quite effective if thoroughly
applied. For the control of the spot on berries the author recommends pro-
viding adequate shade, as this not only renders the action of the fungus less
harmful, but also impi-ove the quality of the coffee. For the root diseases ditch-
ing about the trees, together with the use of unslaked lime, sulphur, or other
substances about them is recommended.
Black root disease of limes (Agr. News [Barhados], 13 {191Jf), No. 327, pp.
SG-'i, 365). — This is the mycologist's report, continuing observations of South
(E. S. R., 26, p. 245; 28, p. 149), on Rosrllinia hunode?. altacking lime trees in
Dominica.
This important disease is said to be different from one somewhat similar on
cacao. It appears only on estates with fairly recent forest clearings, ajiparently
preferi'ing trees growing under very good conditions. New roots which often
appear above the wound on the collar may remain healthy for a time and lead
to partial recovery of the tree. The fungus remains active on roots and branches
in the soil, attacking new roots and following these to the collar, and extending
up the tree if dampness and shade are abundant.
Spores of two forms occur on the above-ground portions (the later form being
the more resistant), but it is thought that infection usually occurs by contact
of live portions with dead roots bearing the fungns.
The wet weather of the year is thought to account in part only for the serious-
ness of the situation, the natural spread of the roots playing an important part.
Remedial measures suggested include the use of carbon bisulphid emulsion as
adA'ocated by Bordnz (B. S. R., 31, p. 549), isolation by means of trenches,
ventilation, destruction by fire of all affected wood, and budding on sour orange,
which is said to be immune to this fungus.
Black knot of birch, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform.
No. 9 (1914), pp. 322, 323, fig. 1). — It is stated that Plmcrightia virgultorum
is the cause of a disease found on birch trees in parts of Scotland. England,
Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, and Germany. The disease is described, in its
several stages.
Removal of infected branches is the only remedy suggested.
The relationship of Endothia parasitica and related species to the tannin
content of the host plants, M. T. Cook and G. W. Wilson {Ahs. in Science, n.
ser., Jjl {1915), No. lO.'/S, pp. 171, 172). — Two strains of E. parasitica (one
American and the other Chinese), E. radicalis, and E. radicalis niississippirnsis
were grown in culture media to ^^■hich different percentages of commercial
tannin and special extracts were added.
The results of the experiments indicate that the commercial tannins are
variable and probably not pure tannin ; that ordinary commercial tannin and
pure tannin extracts are not the same; and that the form or quantity of tannin
or tannin-like substances with which the fungus comes in contact in the host
plant is not known. The food supply influences the vigor of the fungns and its
power of resistance. High percentages of tannin usually cause a retardation of
germination, frequently followed by an abnormal growth of aei'ial mycelium.
E. radicalis mississippiensis was found most resistant, E. parasitica second, and
E. radicalis third, and the American strain of E. parasitua was more resistant
than the Chinese strain.
DISEASES OF PLANTS, 647
E. parasiiica may feed to some extent on tannin. Specially prepared pure
tannin extracts were less toxic to tlie funf,'us than the commercial tannin. Color-
ing materials which are usually estimated as tannins were toxic. Tannic acid
is toxic to many parasitic funsi, but there are other compounds associated with
it that are more toxic and may be more iniyiorlant in the economy of the host
plant.
A new filbert disease in Oregon, II. P. Barss (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest
and Hart. Rpt. J913-1J,. pp. 21S-223, figs. 9). — A description is given of a serious
filbert disea.se, which is said to be prevalent in western Oregon, that is charac-
terized by the blighting of the buds and new shoots, spotting of the leave's,
girdling and brealving down of smaller brandies, and the formation of cankers
on the larger branches and trunks. Bacteria have been associated with this
disease, but while they are believed to cause it inoculation experiments have
not completely demonstrated the relation that they bear to the trouble. Cer-
tain varieties of filberts were found more resistant to the disease than others,
and for prevention and control the author recommends the growing of filberts
in tree form, selecting resistant varieties, and spraying throughout the spring
to reduce the number of infections.
Beport on cultures with foliaceous species of Periderniiuni on pine
made in 1914, G. G. Hedgcock and W. II. Long (Ahs. in Science, n. .scr., Jfl
(1915), No. lOJfS, p. 111). — A summary is given of experiments with P. acicohim,
P. carneiiin, P. clclicaliihim, P. inconspicuiim, P. intermedium, and P. montaniim,
all taken from species of pine. A total of 712 inoculations were made with
these species, and with the species of Coleosporium with which they were asso-
ciated as alternate forms.
The results of the experiments indicate that at least four of these species
and the related species of Coleosporium lielong to a single polymorphic species,
and that the transfer from one herbaceous host to another is accomplished
through the fecial forms in the pines.
Injury by disinfectants to seeds and roots in sandy soils, C. Hartley ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 169 (1915), pp. 35, pi. 1. figs. 2). — ^The results of several seasons'
investigations on the control of damping-off of pine seedlings are given, a pre-
liminary report of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 647).
The author found that sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and copper
sulphate used in disinfection of seed-bed soil caused injury to the roots of pine
seedlings and prevented the development of many species of weeds. Many of
the injured seedlings later resumed root growth and recovered. The injury is
considered due to the concentration of the disinfectant in the surface soil, due
to the capillary rise of the soil solution and the evaporation of water from
the soil surface.
It was found in a sandy soil that all injury could be prevented by frequent
watering during a germinating period. It could also be prevented by an addi-
tion of lime shortly after treating the soil with disinfectant. The use of lime,
while undesirable in the case of growing pine seedlings, is believed to be the
only way in which injury to angiospermous .seedlings can be prevented. Acids
also, it was found, could be applied to seed beds at the time of sowing without
injury to dormant pine seed. Formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate solution
in sufficient strength for disinfection should be used several days before sowing
the seed, as they are liable to kill dormant pine seed in the soil. Formaldehyde
applied at or before seed sowing was never found to cause the injury to germi-
nating pine seed that was caused by acids and salts,
648 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Extermination of ground squirrels, gophers, and prairie dogs in North
Dakota, W. B. Bell and .S. E. I'ipkr (Xorth Dakota Hta. Circ. 4 (1915), pp. 11,
figs. 6). — It is estimated that the annual loss to farmers in North Dakota from
the depredations of six species of rodents amounts to more than a million
dolhirs, and in dry years this loss is probably more than doubled. The Richard-
son ground squirrel or flickertail, commonly called "gopher" in the State, is
the most conspicuous offender.
In January, 1914, an investigation was started by the station in cooperation
with the Biological Survey of this Department, the field work commencing
early in April and continuing into September. It was found that the Richard-
son ground squirrel, like the California ground squirrel, is killed more readily
by strychnin absorbed through the cheek ix)uches from properly prepared
strychnin-coated grain than through the stomach, only one-fifth as much poison
being required to kill when thus taken directly into the circulation. The authors
give directions for the preparation of a formula which has given excellent re-
sults in exterminating the Richardson ground squirrel, and state that it is
equally as effective in destroying the Franklin or gray ground squirrel and
the striped or thir teen-lined ground squirrel. In tests made the average cost
of treating 1,528 burrows in 135 acres, including poison, grain, and labor, was
slightly over 2i cts. per acre.
Methods of destroying prairie dogs and pocket gophers are also briefly de-
scribed.
Preliminary census of birds of the United States, W. W. Cooke (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 187 (1915), pp. 11, fig. J).— This is a reix)rt of work carried on
during the summer of 1914 for the purpose of ascertaining approximately the
number and relative abundance of the different species of birds occurring in
this country. Such information has been found necessary in administering the
federal law relating to the protection of migratory game and insectivorous birds
as a basis for determining the adequacy of the protection now afforded them.
Nearly 200 reports were received from observers, mainly from the section of
the United States north of North Carolina and east of Kan.sas.
" The census covered 58 of the 108 acres of the average farm of the North-
eastern States and revealed on this area a bird population of 69 nesting pairs,
and on the remaining 50 acres it is estimated that there would be about one
pair to the acre ; in all, 114 nesting pairs to the 108 acres of farmed land. On
the 46 acres of wild land existing for each 108 acres of farmed land it is safe
to assume that there would be fewer birds than on the census-covered area.
" The results of the census show that the numbers of birds are too few. and
it is believed that with adequate protection and encouragement they can be
materially increased. The record for density comes from Chevy Chase. Md.,
where 161 pairs of 34 species were found nesting on 23 acres.
" This preliminary census shows that the most abundant bird on farms of the
Northeastern States is the robin; that the next is the English sparrow; and
that following these are the catbird, the brown thrasher, the house wren, the
kingbird, and the bluebii'd in the order named."
Some common birds useful to the farmer, F. E. L. Beal (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 680 (1915), pp. 27, figs. 28). — Brief popular accounts of the more
important birds of the farm, particularly as relates to their food habits.
Food of the robins and bluebirds of the United States. F. E. L. Beal ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 171 (1915), pp. 31, figs. 2). — This bulletin presents in detail the
results of investigations of the food of five species of American robins and blue-
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 649
birds. The species of iusects ami otber auiiual aud vegetable substances takeu
from the stoinacbs of a large nuniber of individuals have lieen identified and
are listed for each of these species.
Summariziui; the. results of studies of the common robin {PUtncHiicu^ iniyra-
lorius and subspecies), the author concludes that while in all probability it is
to-day doing much more good than harm it must be acknowledged, that the bird
is potentially harmful since its diet contains a large percentage of fruit, in-
cluding many varieties. Investigations of the varied thrush, or Oregon robin
(fj'oreus tKevius and subspecies) indicate that it is not likely to do much mis-
chief by eating useful insects since a good proportion of its animal food consists
of such as are of no economic significance. Since this bird does not at present
spend the breeding season in a well settleil and cultivated country farm prod-
ucts are not fed tipon. The eastern bluebird {Hlalia sialis and subspecies)
does not prey upon any product of husbandry or in any way render itself in
jurious or annoying. During the spring and early summer when small fruits
are at their best It subsists on insects to the extent of five-sixths of its food,
and during the late fall and early spriug when insects are scarce only waste
fruit is available. The western bluebird (&'. mexieana subspecies) is found to
he an eminently useful species. The mountain bluebird (S. currucoides) has
probably not yet come in contact with the products of husbandry extensively
enough to demonstrate its real propensities, but the nature of its food does not
iudicate tliat there is much to be feared from it.
Quassiin as a contact insecticide, W. B. Paekee {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 165
(1914), PP- 8, fig. 1). — Quassia wood (Picrasma excelsa), a native of Jamaica
that is available in considerable quantities, has for many years been employed
In the preperatiou of spray solutions for the control of the hop aphis (Phorodoti
Jiumuli). The percentage present of quassiin, the active principal in the chips,
varies somewhat and does not appear to be definitely known. If the percentage
be 0.75, as given by one author, in order to use it at an effective rate of 0.4
gm. to 2,000 cc, only 1.5 lbs. of chips to 100 gal. of spray would be required.
The author states that if twice the amount of chips calculated to be necessary
were used, in order to be on the safe side, and 3 lbs. of whale-oil soap added,
the cost of material for 100 gal. of the spray would amount to but 24 cts.
In an attempt to determine its iusecticidal value the author compared the
ac-tion of quassin with that of a standard contact insecticide, namely, nicotin
sulphate solution, standardized to 40 per cent, and used at the rate of 1 : 2.000.
Since whale-oil soap even at the greatest dilution at which it has any spread-
ing effect was found to kill a certain percentage of aphidids, a soap bark' solu-
tion was used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 gal. of water. In conducting the ex-
periments prune twigs infested by the hop aphis (P. humuli) and the prune
aphis ( Ryalopterus pruni) were brought from the field and after being sprayed
with the solutions were set in moist sand. The results presented in tabular
form show that " quassiin used at the rate of 0.4 gm. to 2,000 cc, or 6.5 oz. of
40 per cent solution to 100 gal., was almost as efi'ective against the hop aphis
and the prune aphis as nicotin suli)hate, 0.4 gm. to 2,000 cc. The difference is
approximately 3 per cent, while quassiin, 0.4 gm. to 1,000 cc, is fully as ef-
fective."
The author is of tlie opinion that quassiin has possibilities as a commercial
insecticide and that it can be cheaply prepared and profitably sold at a lower
price than some of the materials that are now on the market. It is pointed out,
however, that the exi»eriments were conducted under conditions existing at
Sacramento, Cal., and that the etficacy of this insecticide should be determined
alsa for a more humid climate before a commercial recommeudatiou is made,
650 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Para-dichlorobenzene as an insect fumigant, A. B. Duckett (U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 167 {liur,}, pp. 7, pis. 2). — Pani-tliclilorobenzene is a colorless, crys-
talline substance that volatilizes very readily as a colorless vapor with a
lieculiar ether-like odor, aud which has been known for many years but only
recently used as an insecticide. The vaiK>r is harmless to man and domestic
animals under ordinary conditions, but in many instances it is a specific poison
for insects. The greatest advantages which it possesses ai'e absolute uoninflam-
mabillty and its comparatively low cost, and the disappearance of the ether-
like smell upon exposui'e of the fumigated substances to the open air. It is
stated that it can be us«l in closed or occasionally opened cupboards and even
in sitting rooms without causing any inconvenience whatsoever. Fumigation
exi>erinients with stored product insects conducted during the spring of VJ14.
here reported in tabular form, show it to have destroyed all of ten species of
beetles exposed when used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 cu. ft. of .space at a warm
temi>erature but only 70 per cent were killed when exposed at a low tem-
perature. Flies and aphidids were destroyed when it was used at the rate of
S oz. to 100 cu. ft. of space.
The author concludes from the observations and experiments that ]iara-
dichlorobenzene is an excellent fumigant against stored product insects, case-
bearing clothes moths, roaches aud ants, museum pests, and miscellaneous
house insects. It is also an effective substitute for potasium cyauid in collecting
bottles.
An account of the chemical and physical properties of this chemical, pre-
pared by the Insecticide aud Fungicide Laboratory, is appended.
A method of fumig'ating' seed, E. R. Sasscer and L. A. Hawkins ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 186 (1915), pp. 6, figs. 2).— The need of a reliable method for
destroying insects present in seeds imported into this country, without injury
to the seed, led the authors to conduct experiments with a vacuum chamber
into which some gaseous insecticide could be introduced. The construction of
the apparatus devised, which consists of a fumigation chamber of iron tubing
36 in. long by 12 in. in diameter and an air pump, is described. The air pump,
driven by a motor aud capable of reducing the air pressure to the equivalent
of about 0.05 nun. of mercury, is used to secure an almost complete vacuum
of the fumigation chamber, which is fitted with a vacuum gauge, etc.
The results of the experiment in M'hich hydrocyanic acid gas was intro-
duced into an air-tight chamber from which the air had been practically ex-
hausted, here presented in tabular form, show the method to be effective
for various seeds, insects, and conditions. In an experiment with ten avocado
seeds infested with larvne of Conotrachelus sp. and the broad nosed grain
weevil in all stages, an exposure of gas genei'ated from 4 gm. of sodium cyanid
for one-fourth hour was effective, fifty insects of different stages having been
killed aud all the seeds having germinated. Two gm. of sodium cyanid were
effective when the exposure was increased to one-half hour.
It is stated that further experiments with special reference to the use of
carbon bisulphid will be conducted.
Report of the entomologist, R. H. Pettit {Michigan St a. Rpt. 1914. PP- 232,
233). — A brief statement of the work of the year including the occurrence of
several insect pests of considerable economic importance.
The carrot rust fly (Psihi ros(r) appears to have become established at Sault
Sainte Marie where it injured a small area of table carrots in 1913. It is
pointed out that in addition to carrots it attacks celery, parsnips, and perhaps
other vegetables, and that in Europe it has proved to be a difficult pest to con-
trol. The clover snout beetle {Sitoncs hispidulus) is reported to have been
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 651
the source of cou.siderable injury to alfalfa, and two species of apple red bugs
were found in considerable numbers. The occurrence of a snout beetle (Ana-
metris grisrii) on a[tple for the first tiuje in Michigan, a tree hopper (Ceresa)
in young apple orchai'ds where it killed the twigs, and the clover seed cater-
pillar (Enarmonki intcrstinctaiw) which injured June clover heads in a re-
stricted area after a rest of some 20 years, is reported.
Report of the department of eiitomolog-y {Oregon Sta. Bicn. Crop Pest and
Uort. Rpt. J913-IJf, pp. 95-202, figs. 98). — This second report, prepared under
the Crop Pest and Horticultural Law of 1911 (E. S. R., 29, p. 158) contains
a statement of the investigations carried on during the years 1913 and 1914,
;ind summarized accounts of important insect pests, including the nature of
their injury, life history and habits so far as known, technical description,
methods of control, and references to the literature thereon.
The insects thus discussed are the fruit tree leaf Syneta (Syneta albida)
i'ud the eye-spotted bud moth by H. F. Wilson and G. F. Moznette; the fruit
tree leaf roller {Archips argyrospila), the peach twig moth (or peach and prune
twig borer), an apple leaf miner iPhyUonoryctcr (Lithocollctcs) cratcegclla),
a new cherry pest {Siniplcmphytus pacificiis), injurious gall mites [the pear-
leaf blister mite, the grape leaf mite (Eriophyes vitis), the walnut leaf mite
{fj. tri.stratus crinea), and the filbert bud mite (E. avellena-)], insect pests
of stored products [the Indian meal moth and the saw-toothed grain beetle
[Silvatius surinamensis)], the thistle butterfly (Vanessa cardui), grasshoppers
in Oregon, insecticide investigations of 1911, and minor insect pests [the Prionus
beetle (Pnonus calif ornicus) , the bud weevils {ticiopithes ohscurus, Paraptochiis
scUatus, and Thricolepis inornata), the bud click beetle {Limoniiis discoideus),
the blossom fly (Bibio nervosiis), a peculiar undetermined apple insect which
mines under the skin, the black cherry aphis (Aphis ccrasi) on nursery stock, two
•ipple and pear membracids (StictocepJiala incniiis and Cerasa basalts), and the
spotted Diabrotica (D. soror) as a fruit pestj, by H. F. Wilson; the variegated
cutworm, ami the olive green cutworm (Dargida procinctus), the rose curculio
(Rhyncliites bicolor), injuring blackberry buds, the radish weevil — a new pest
(Cleonus sparsus), clover seed injured by midge (Dasyneura leguminicola) ,
nematode gall worms or eelworms (Heterodera radicicola), tiiiulid work in
pruue wood (Ctcnopfiora angustipennis), and tomato worms, by A. L. Lovett;
the antique or rusty tussock moth (\otoIopIius antiqua), by L. G. Gentner;
the brown lace-wing (Hemorobius pacificus), by G. F. Moznette; the alfalfa
looper (I'lusia califoruica) as a truck crop pest, by L. Childs; and the rose
leaf hopper as a fruit pest (Empoa rosw), by H. F. Wilson and L. Childs.
The fruit tree leaf Syneta, which has never been recorded outside the Pacific
Northwest, is the source of considerable injui-y to fruit trees, including the
apple, pear, cherry, prune, etc., through the feeding of the larvfe upon the
fibrous roots and the adults upon the flowers, foliage, and fruits. It is stated
that cultural methods are not at the present time of any avail and that spray-
ing thus far has not been found profitable in its control. Spraying experiments
conducted against the bud moth led to the conclusion that oil sprays as ordi-
narily used are not effective. The fi'uit tree leaf roller is said to be found
quite generally throughout the Willamette Valley. Investigations have led to
the recommendation that a 10 per cent crude oil emulsion be applied about the
time the buds are opening, or earlier if the eggs are found to be hatching earlier.
Should the oil fail to kill the eggs, an application of arsenate of lead 2: 50
should be made just before the blossoms open. The apple leaf miner is said
to be quite common throughout the orchards of western Oregon, though not
serious enough at the present time to warrant special applications of spray.
652 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
A new sawfly (W. paciflcus), first observed iu the winter of 1913, is reported
to be ttie source of some damage to cherry trees. The larvse of the radish
weevil (C. sparsus) tunnel about inside the radish, devomnng the whole interior
of a small plant, and rendering it unfit for food. Tipulid larvje (C. angwiti-
prnnis) were observed tunneling in the decayed wood of prune trees in an
orchard near Corvallis, and the injury, while secondary in nature, is said to
he fairly serious since it shortens the life of tlie infested trees.
Tomato insects, root knot, and "-white mold," J. R. Watson (Florida Sla.
Bill. 125 (1914), pp. 55-78, figs. 1/f). — A brief popular account is given of the
more Important insect enemies of tomatoes in Florida and of root knot and
white mold and means for their control.
Three cornered alfalfa hopper. V. L. Wildermuth (U. .S'. Depf. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Rvsmrch, S {J915), No. J,, pp. 3Jf3-362, flg. i).— This membracid {Stictoce-
phaia fesiinu), first described in 1831 by Say, has become of economic impor-
tance to alfalfa crops in the irrigated valleys of the .southwestern United
States and to alfalfa and cowi>eas in the Southern States. Injury is due to the
sucking of plant juices by both adults and the larvse and the development of a
feeding scar which often takes the form of a ring or girdle and which is usually
accompanied by a gall formation.
In this paper the author deals with its specific identity, distribution, and
food plants; presents descriptions of its several stages; and reports studies of
its life history and habits, seasonal history, damage to alfalfa and other plants,
natural enemies, and preventive measures.
" Plants of the legume family constitute the favorite food. The eggs are de-
posited in the stems of the food plants, usually back of the sheath leaves or
below the surface of the ground. In cowpeas the eggs are deposited in pockets
on the stems. The egg period in Arizona occupies from 12 to 41 days and the
five stages of the nymphal period from 22 to 69 days. The average combined
length for both periods is about 50 days. In southern Arizona there are four
generations annually and during extremely mild winters the adult insects are
active thi'oughout the season. During colder winter the .species hibernates in
both the egg and adult stages.
" The alfalfa hopper is little affected by natural enemies and is only reduced
in numbers by the variable winter temperatures. The Sonoran redwing
[Agelaius phceniceus margineJIa] was found to feed upon the species. The
cleaning up of places of hibernation and the eradication of weeds, rubbish, etc.,
is the only known system that will reduce the numbers of the pest."
A bibliography of 11 titles is included.
Control of green pea aphis in 1914 (Macrosiphum pisi), L. B. Smith (Vir-
ginia Truck. 8ta. Bui. 13 (191.',), pp. 301-312. fig. 7).— This is a report of exi^ri-
ments with control measures for one of the most troublesome and destructive
insects with which truck growers in tidewater Virginia have had to contend.
The results of spraying experiments lead the author to recommend the use
of either of the following formulas: Blackleaf 40 10 oz., whale-oil soap 4 lbs.,
and water 50 gal. ; or whale-oil soap 5 lbs. and water 50 gal. The spray should
he applied within one or two days after the aphidids are found on the pea vines
and two or three sprayings may be necessary especially if the aphidids are
very numerous. The second spraying should come about one week after the
first. The growing of clover, especially crimson clover, in the vicinity of the
pea field should be avoided if possible since this species passes approximately
eight months of the year on clover.
The life history and habits of the corn earworm (Chloridea obsoleta), H.
Garman and H. H. Jewett (Kcuturki/ Sta. Bui. 187 (19^), pp. 513-591, p/v.
13, figs. 3). — Observations of the boUworm or com earworm in Kentucky were
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653
commenced by the senior author in 1S89 in which year it was very common
and has since remained so. It is not as common in some seasons as it is
in others; it may be difficult to find in a locality one summer and appear in
very great numbers in anothei*. In 1803 it was observed working on tobacco
and has since been found constantly present where tobacco is grown next to
corn. The authors' observations indicate that tomatoes are not the favorite
food, but that the worms feed upon them when corn becomes too ripe or none
is to be found.
In 1907 plantings of several widely dilTerent varieties of corn, including
Held and table varieties, were made with the view of determining its prefer-
ence, if any, and the time at which corn is most subject to injury. The results
which are presented in tabular form show an increase in the injury with the
advance of the season, the early plantings, without rogai'd to variety, generally
showing less injury than those planted later.
" Sirup baits constantly used with a view to showing when the moths were
abroad in the field failed to attract a single one. Electric lanterns of excellent
quality also failed to attract the moths though kept in some cases in the midst
of corn. Larvje of the second brood were secured in August, and on the
twelfth to the nineteenth of the month left the corn for pupation. Adults from
these pupa? emerged in early September (August 2S to September 9) in con-
fined examples, and on the eleventh eggs were found attached to the silks.
Larvfe hatched from some of these eggs September 14, and pupated October 17.
Adults of one or another brood were abi'oad during all this period, apparently.
On September 11 eggs were found attached to silks. On October 9 . . . corn
planted August 5 was found to have eggs on every ear, sometimes six or eight
on the silks, occasionally one at the edge of the husks. They were noted as
abundant again on the nineteenth and twenty-second. On the twenty-fourth
they were noted as hatching, and individuals of the brood were confined and
followed to maturity." A record is given of 1G5 moths reared in the laboratory
from eggs that were laid from September 7 to 11, the first adults emerging
on September 28 of the same year and the last on August 14 of the following
year. Hearings showed that the minimum time required for complete devel-
opment from egg to adult was about one month and three or four days. " The
fact is patent that the corn earworm begins its injuries in the spring as soon
as it finds suitable food and continues producing broods at the rate of about
one a month until severe frost destroys its food again in the fall."
"Taking the average period of a brood as about 32 days, from egg laying to
egg laying, and beginning with the brood represented by the example secured
June 13 and emerging July 11, ending with that reared in September and Octo-
ber, it appears that three broods developed as follows: (Brood 1) egg about
June 10, pupa June 26, adult July 11; (Brood 2) egg July 13. pupa July 28,
adult August 12; (Brood 3) egg August 14, pupa August 29, adult September
12; (Brood 4) egg November 3. Brood imperfect owing to frost."
Observations made in 1913 at Hickman, the only region in which cotton is
grown in Kentucky, are reported. The life periods as observed in 1913 are
detailed in tabular form. In observations made in Novemher, 1911, in plats
planted in corn, pupre were taken from the soil at depths varying from 1 to 7
in. and at distances from the nearest corn stalk varying from 4 in. to 2 ft. 4 in.
.Tests of the value of arsenate of lead paste and powder in 1914 in the con-
trol of the pest on corn failed to justify the exi^ense involved. Mention is made
of a bacterial disease observed in the fall of 1911.
Biological notes are presented upon seven different in.sect enemies observed
during the course of the work. Tnchn(jnim»m prrfiosa parasitized 81 of 1,661
bollworm eggs collected in 1913. The larva of a telephorid beetle, perhaps
654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD
Oluiuliognathufi marginatus, is said to follow tlie worms into their burrows and
during some seasons devour large numbers of them. The common lady beetle
MeyiUa niaculata of which there are at least three broods during the season
in Kentucky is said to be a constant frequenter of corn where it feeds upon
tlie egg. Records of the reai-ing of three broods in the insectary are detailed in
tabular form. Ilippodamiu convcrgcnn frequents corn silli and feeds uix)n the
eggs of the bollworm, at Hickman it having been found on corn in about equal
numbers with M. maculata. A true bug, Coriscus fcrus, of which two broods
were reared in the insectary, is said to have proved to be a useful check in the
increase of the pest. The insidious flower bug (Triphlcps insidiosus) , while
appearing to feed to some extent on plant juices, is common among corn silk
and is very useful because of its destruction of the egg. It was found to ovi-
posit in the tender corn silk and rearing studies reported show four molts to
occur before it reaches maturity. The average time passed in development of
the eggs to maturity was 15 days, 3J hours. The lace-wing fly Chrgsopa oculata,
a common enemy, was reared through three broods in 1912, the number of eggs
deposited by a single individual varying from 27 to 56.
The illustrations include colored plates which show the color variations of
the adult and larva. A monograph of this pest by Quaintance and Brues of this
Department has been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. IGO).
[Codling moth investig'ations], F. Gakcia (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP-
67-77, figs. 3). — Experiments conducted to determine the attractivity of electric
lights of various colors placed in the orchard brought out the fact that a large
proportion of the first brood of moths, developing from wintered-over larvae,
are either males or infertile females. Charts are given which show the time of
emergence of the maximum number of wintered-over codling moths, irregularity
of emergence of the larvae of the different broods, and the time at which the
larger number of larvte occurred. The results of spraying work, based upon a-
life history study, as shown in tabular form, is thought to have been very satis-
factory.
The European pine shoot moth; a serious menace to pine timber in
America, A. BuscK {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 110 {1915), pp. 11, pis. 6).— This is
a more detailed account of Evctria huoliana than that previously noted (E. S.
R., 32, p. 251).
The author deals with the history of the species in Europe, food plants, intro-
duction and distribution in America, life history, character of injury, descrip-
tion of the several stages, allied American species, natural enemies, and method
of control. Survey investigations made during the summer of 1014 have estab-
lished the fact that the species has been repeatedly introduced on European
nursery stock and that it has become established in nurseries and parks in sev-
eral localities scattered over nine States, namely, Massachusetts, Connecticut.
Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and
Illinois. It is stated that in none of these localities, except on Long Island, has
the species existed for more than the last two years, and in most of them it has
become established only within the last year. As yet the jiest has been found
only in nurseries and private parks supplied by these infested nurseries. In no
case has it yet been found on forest trees in America. It is confined to pine
and does not attack other coniferous trees. It is pointed out that the species
attacks mainly young trees between 6 and 15 years of age, but it is often ex-
cessively destructive to younger plantings and seedlings and injurious also to
older trees, though trees of 30 years or older are rarely seriously affected.
The full life history of the species in America has not been ascertained.
While in the main it is the same as in Europe, a very distinct difference has
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655
already been noticed, due to the longer and warmer summer and fall in this
country. The author expresses the opinion that at the present time it is pos-
sible to eradicate the pest from this country.
A list of literature relating to the subject, consisting of 13 titles, is appended.
The Mediterranean fruit fly in Bermuda, E. A. Back ( U. S. Dept. Agi: Bui.
161 (I91.'f), 2)1). S). — This paper, based upon an investigation made by the author
in Bormuda during December, 1913, discusses the history of the fruit fly in
Bermuda, its life history, host fruits, and the possibility of eradicating it from
those islands.
For nearly fifty years the peach industry of Bermuda has been ruined by this
pest, which is thought to have gained entrance in 1865 in a cargo of fruit from
the Mediterranean region bound for New York which storms forced to discharge
there. Since that time it has spread over the islands, which consist of 19i
scpiare miles of rolling country, and has long since ruined the excellent peach
industry enjoyed by Bermuda in the early days and caused such discouragement
among prospective fruit growers that at the present time native-grown fruit in
Bermuda is a luxury. To the 47 fruits listed by Winter in the bulletin previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 656) as attacked by the Mediterranean fruit fly in
Bermuda, the author adds the ball kamani (CalophylhDJV iiiophyUum), the
prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), and the acordia.
It is stated that while at the present time Bermuda is probably a source of
comparatively small danger to the United States as a source of infestation by
this pest, both on account of trade relations and the climatic conditions sur-
roundiug New York, its extermination in these islands will be decidedly to the
advantage of both Bermuda and the United States. It is pointed out that the
topography of these islands is such that they can be easily inspected ; that the
trees and shrubs, the fruits of which are subject to infestation, are compara-
tively few numerically; and that a large proportion of the uncultivated land
supports little that is subject to attack. Experience in all countries where
clean cultural work has been undertaken, but especially in the city of Honolulu,
has shown that no lasting beneficial results will follow such work as has been
carried on in Bermuda unless extermination is the object in view. " The value
of the fruit grown in Bermuda is not sufficient to warrant work being carried
on with any other object. In no country where the fly now exists could work
of extermination be undertaken with such assurances of success as in Bermuda.
If clean cultural work were supported continuously by adequate legislation and
undertaken by a person sufficiently conversant with the problem and eager to
make a unique record in the entomological world, the Mediterranean fruit fly
could be exterminated from Bermuda within three years, without the expendi-
ture of a prohibitive amount of mone3'."
Susceptibility of citrus fruits to the attack of the Mediterranean fniit fly,
E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3
{1015), No. 4, pp. 311-330, pis. 3, figs. 3). — The authors here report the results
of investigations conducted in the Hawaiian Islands which tend to show that
even if Ceratitis capitata should obtain a foothold in the warmer portions of the
United States, it probably would not be the serious pest to fruit that previously
published literature would indicate. The paper includes a historical review
and discussion of host fruits, liabits of the fly, proportion of ei;a: punctures con-
taining eggs, mortality of eggs and larvte, persistent attack leading to infesta-
tion of the pulp, secondary attack of citrus fruits by insects other than the
fruit fly and by fungi, and effect of attack of the Mediterranean fruit fly upon
citrus crops of California and Florida.
90853°— No. 7—15 5
656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The authors point out that citrus fruits are not the favored host fruits of
V. capiiata that the earlier writers thought. " While grapefruit, oranges, lemons,
and many limes may become quite badly infested with well-grown larvae if
allowed to remain on the tree long after they become sufficiently ripe for the
market, nature has so well equipped them to withstand attack that larvae
are seldom found in their pulp until they are much overripe. Oranges and
grapefruit are generally eaten and found uuinfested if gathered as they ripen."
The oil of the cells ruptured in the formation of the egg cavities kills a large
percentage of the eggs and newly-hatched larvae. " LarvtB that succeed in en-
tering the rag from the egg cavity are able to reach the pulp in astonishingly
small numbers because of the iraperviousness of the rag. It is only the per-
sistent attack of successive lots of larvae hatching from different batches of
eggs laid in the same puncture in which the oil has become inoperative that
finally breaks down the barrier between the young larvae and the pulp.
" The Mediterranean fruit fly is quickly affected by low temperatures. A
temperature of about 56° F. has lengthened the time required by the fly to pass
from the egg to the adult stage from 14V2 to 91 days. A temperature ranging
from 50 to 55° will either seriously check development or kill large numbers
of the immature stages of the fly. The winter monthly mean temperatures of
California and Florida are so similar to those of the citrus regions of southern
Spain and Italy and of Sicily that it is to be expected that the fruit fly if in-
troduced to the mainland would not become a serious pest to Citrus spp. It
happens that the very cold temperature necessary to bring citrus crops to that
degree of perfection in which they are most susceptible to fruit fly attack like-
wise renders the fly so inactive or sluggish that it may be disregarded as a
pest for that period of the year.
" In addition to the assistance of adverse climatic conditions during that
part of the j^ear when tliey are most needed to protect citrus crops, the growers
of California and Florida are still further protected — and most admirably so —
from attack by the very scarcity of wild host fruits that can not be destroyed.
It will be found a practicable undertaking to remove such a number of noncitrus
host plants at present growing about commercial citrus orchards that the suc-
cession of fruits in which the Mediterranean fruit fly can breed during the
large portion of the year when citrus fruits are unavailable for attack because
of their greenness will be reduced to a minimum, if not entirely done away
with. It is under conditions such as can be secured in California and Florida
that the excessive mortality occurring in the rind will become a valuable factor
in preventing infestation or establishment of the pest, as each fruit will in
reality become a trap for stray females. The scarcity of host fruits will also
make spraying with poisoned baits a practical undertaking, should it become
necessary to resort to artificial methods of control."
A bibliography of 7 titles relating to the subject is appended.
[Serious outbreak of Haltica foliacea] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 82). —
An outbreak of this fle;i-beetle upon grapes and young fruit trees is said to have
been checked through the use of powdered arsenate of lead applied at the rate
of 1% lbs. to 50 gal. of water. This mixture is said to keep the beetles off the
foliage for the most part and to prevent damage if applied in time.
Observations on the life history of Agrilus bilineatus, R. N. Chapman
(U. S. Dept. Afff., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. 4, pp. 283-293, pis. 2).—
It is stated that at the present time the two-lined chestnut borer (A. bilineatus)
is commonly associated with the death of many oaks (Quereus alia, Q. waero-
earpa, Q. niljra, and Q. cocciiwa) in the southern part of Minnesota. In the
neighborhood of St. Paul aud Minneapolis large numbers of oaks, many of them
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 657
on valuable residence property, have been killed during recent, years and their
deadi has been commonly attributed to this pest. In some of the outlying dis-
tricts areas of several acres in extent have been completely devastated, leaving
the land treeless.
In this paper the author presents the results of work commenced in the fall
of 1913 at the University of Minnesota and continued during 1914 at the Minne-
sota Station.
Members of the black oak group are said to be slightly moi'e susceptible to
attack than those of the white oak group, but in localities where infestation is
severe none of the species is exempt. It has oftv?n been found that the shoe-
string fungus (Armillaria meUea) has apparently been the cause of the weak-
ened condition of the trees and that the borers have followed it.
In 1914 adults were first observeil on June 17 and increased in numbers until
thej^ reached their greatest abundance about July 1. The females were oviposit-
ing from June 19 to July 13, the eggs being deposited in deep cracks between
ridges of the bark on the trunks and larger limbs and especially near the
ground. Oviposition is said to have lasted from 1 to 5 minutes, from 1 to 10
eggs being laid in a cluster. In the laboratory they hatched in from 10 to 13
days. The newly-hatched larvre, which measure from 1 to li mm. in length,
were found capable of reaching the cambium layer in 24 hours by burrowing for
2:1 nim. " Observations show that burrows made during the first instar often go
obliquely across the grain of the wood or with the grain, the larvte being indif-
ferent as to whether they go up or down the tree. . . . The burrows measured
showed that the larva? had burrowed for a distance of 60 to 135 mm. when the
first molt took place. . . . The burrows made during the second Instar meas-
ured about 900 fi in width and took about the same course through the cambium
layer, but they were about twice as long. At the beginning of the third instar
quite a different course was usually found, especially in green bark on the
trunks of ti'ees, wliere the burrows were almost always transverse to the grain
of the wood. The burrows of the fourth instar were about 2 mm. in width and
often attained the length of 500 or 600 mm. Where the bark was thick these
burrows were quite generally transverse to the grain of the wood. This condi-
tion, as well as the oblique course of some of the smaller burrows, is well shown
[in a plate accompanying this article].
"At the close of the fourth instar the larva burrows out into the bark, if it is
thick enough, and constructs a cell in which it hibernates. Here pupation takes
place in the spring. These cells are found in the ridges of the bark on the trunk
and larger limbs of the tree and in the wood on small, thin-barked trees and
limbs. In constructing the cell the larva burrows out to within a few milli-
meters of the surface of the bark, withdraws itself 2 or 3 mm., then turns about
to one side and excavates around the posterior portion of its body until an
oblong cell has been constructed. . . . From the point where the larva entered
the bark to the place it emerged from the wood after the first molt the burrow
measures G9 mm. in length and 270 fi in width."
While the author has not thus far determined the duration of the instars,
larvse were found in the first stage from July 21 to August 13, and mature larvae
were found in their pupal cells as early as August 7, while the intermediate
stage was found throughout this period. It was found that when larvse were so
numerous that they confront each other, one or the other is eaten through as if
it were merely cambium tissue. Attention is called to the " wide distribution of
the burrows on the tree, from the small branches less than an inch in diameter
and between 40 and 50 ft. from the ground down even to the roots, where in one
case a larva was found constructing a pupal cell 11 in. below the surface of the
ground."
658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tbc jai]);il stage which was studiod In the hiburalory was found to last about
10 days. Observations indicate that in Minnesota the insect normally pupates
during the latter part of May and emerges from the cell about the middle of
June.
Two parasites were observed, one l)elonging to the genus Atanycolus, tlie
other an undetermined trichogranimid. As regards control measures it is
stated that the cutting and hui'ning of infested trees before the emergence of
the adults in the spring heretofore recommended is an effective method and
needs emphasizing. The need of other methods is thought imjierative. The
trunks and large limbs were sprayed during the egg-laying season with an
iron sulphate and lime-sulphur mixture and others witli a Bordeaux mixture
as a preventive measure. The results indicate that .it was successful in
preventing much oviposition.
Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. — II, Prelimi-
nary classification of the superfaniily Scolytoidea, A. D. Hopkins ( U. H. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 11, pt. 2, tech. sci: {1915), pp. VI +165-232, pU. S, figs.
11). — This second jjart of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 557)
discusses the taxonomy and presents a preliminary classification of the families
and subfamilies of the scolytid beetles of the world. The discussion and
classification are said to be based upon a study of representatives of about 122
described and undes(:>ribed genera and about 1,000 species of North America
and other countries in the collections of the U. S. National Museum and cer-
tain other museums and institutions of this country.
Following a brief introduction, a discussion of the position of the Scoly-
toidea and tJie general anatomy, the taxonomy, including morphological chai'ac-
ters, physiological characteristics, geographical distribution in its bearing on
taxonomy, etc., is dealt with at considerable length (pp. 169-216). A brief
discussion of the species, the genus, nomenclature, types of genera, and a
description of a new genus and species {WehMa (liptcrocarpi) from the Philip-
pines follow. The author's preliminary classification of the .superfamily is
presented in the form of keys to the families and subfamilies, four of the
former, Ipidfe, Scolytidfe, Scolytoplatypodidre, and Platypodidte, and twenty of
the latter being recognized.
A list is presented which shows the position of the principal described genera
in the preliminary classification. A bibliography of the literature relating to
the subject consisting of four pages is appended.
Descriptions of some weevils reared from cotton in Peru, W. D. Pierce
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 102 {1915), pp. 16, pis. 2. figs. 6').— This paper presents
descriptions of a number of species reared by C. IL T. Townsend from cotton
stalks, squares, and bolls in Peru. Two genera and seven species, namely,
Slylahris pcruanus n. sp., Padnihruchus verticdlis n. sp., Spcr)iiopJtagns piurce
n. sp., EustyJomorphns squamipuncfatus n. g. and n. sp., Mcncli/pus raricgatus
n. sp., SiMnia peruana n. sp., Gasterocercodes gossypii n. g. and n. sp. are thus
described, and notes on two additional species, namely, Anthonomiis testitus
(E. S. R., 25, p. 763) and Geraeus perscit'us, are included.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Pood industries, H. T. Vulte and Sadie B. Vanderbilt {Easton. Pa.: The
Chemical Publishivg Co., 1914, pp. VIII +309, figs. 78).— The authors have in-
corporated in this text-book the material collected as the result of many years'
experience in lecturing on the manufacture of foods and food products. The
essential steps of the manufacturing processes are described without going to
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 659
any great extent into a discussion of the physics and clieniistry involved. One
chapter is devoted to water supplies and describes briefly the various methods
employed for their purification. Other subjects dealt with are the manufacture
of cereal products including flour and bread, the nmnnfaeturo of leavening
agents, the sugar industry, the starch industry, ;iiiini:il foods ;iiid the packing
industry, the production of milk and milk ])rodut"ts, the i>resorvation and can-
ning of foods, and the ])roduction of tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, and condiments.
Food and diet, Jkan P.. I'f.acock {Dci>t. Agr. 'New Bniiifurick Bui. JO, pp.
12). — A ]Ki])ular presentation of fundamental principles of nutrition.
Foods and sanitation, Edith II. Forstee and Mildrkd Wkiolf.y {Chicago:
Row, Peterson Co., 191 J/, pp. 396, figs. 82). — This book is intended for use as a
laboratory manual for courses in domestic science. It considers the funda-
mental principles involved in the economical nse of fuel, the processes of
sterilization, cooking, and other methods for the preparation of food and food
I)roducts, and the selection and choice of foods. The subject matter is illustrated
by a large number of ex])ei'iments. The second part of the book is devoted to
sanitation in the home and presents briefly data regarding the causes of the
more common diseases, together with hints as to how they may be avoided. In
this connection chapters are devoted to a discussion of ventilation, heating,
lighting, plumbing, water supply, sewage and garbage disposal, and fire protec-
tion in the home.
The preservation and care of food, Jican B. Peacock (Dcpt. Agr. New
Brunswick Bui. 9, jrp. 12). — A popular presentation of princii)les of sanitation
as applied to the care of food in the home.
Bread cereals and bread, M. P. Neumann {Brotgetrcidc und Brat. Berlin:
P. Parey, 191 Jf. pp. VII -{-615, figs. 181).— This book is intended for use as a
text-book in technical and agricultural high schools and in experiment stations,
and considers the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the various
cereal grains.
A part of the book is devoted to a discussion of the storing of grains with
special reference to the organisms which bring about spoiling. Another part
deals more in detail with the bread-making cereals, i*ye and wheat. Both the
chemical and biological factors in the preparation of flour and bread making are
considered at length. Attention is given to the mechanical side of this question,
and the various mechanical processes are described in detail, as well as illus-
trated by numerous figures and diagrams.
Milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheat, A. E. V. Richardson,
P. R. Scott, and F. G. B. Winslow (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 9,
pp. 538-545, figs. 4). — ^The wheats grown in New South Wales, Victoria, South
Australia, and Western Australia, during the season 1913-14 were compared
as to physical proi)erties, chemical analysis, and baking qualities.
Rope in bread, Zeckendouf {Nat. Assoc. Master Bakers [Proc], 16 {1913),
pp. 66-78). — This paper summarizes experiments i)erforined for the purpose of
testing what constitutes " rope " in bread.
Several species of rope bacteria were isolated which proved very sensitive to
acids, but whose spores had great capacity for resisting heat. These bacteria
were traced to the flour and not to the yeast. The addition of lactic acid to the
dough proved very efficient in preventing the development of rope. Several
sanitary reconnnendations are also made.
The paper is followed by a discussion.
Report on bread wrapping {Nat. Assoc. Master Bakers [Proc], 16 (1913),
pp. 161-193). — This report embodies the results of a chemical and bacteriologi-
cal study of the question of bread wrapping carried out by commercial cliemists
660 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
for the National Association of Master Balcers. Aualj-tical data are presented
from wbicb the following eonelusions in part are drawn:
The wrapping of Ijread in waxed or parafDn paper is not recommended, as it
holds the moisture upon the surface of the bread /ind produces injurious effects
upon the quality of the product. It is stated that the wrapping of bread in
porous paper, which allows a gradual loss of moisture and ventilation, may be
used with satisfactory results in most cases, except in the cases of Vienna and
rye bread, the wraiii)ing of which impairs the crispness and flavor of the crust.
Fenugreek seed, M. Wunschb:ndorff {Jour. Pharm. et Chiui., 7. set:, 10
iJOlJ/), No. J/, pp. 152-151). — Because of its high nitrogen and phosphorus con-
tent this grain should possess great nutritive value. The results of experiments
here reported indicate that its disagreeable and intensely penetrating odor and
flavor, w'hich prevent its use in medicine, may be removed by germination of the
grain and subsequent treatment with boiling alcohol.
All about milk, M. J. Rosenau {[Tslew York^: Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., 1914, pp. 35, figs. 22). — ^This pamphlet, which is distributed by the Metro-
politan Life Insurance Company to its policy holders, points out the dangers
from contamination of milk, gives advice regarding the care of milk in the
home and the precautions which should be taken in its use, and reviews briefly
the relation of milk to infectious diseases.
Viscose — a new casing' for sausag-es, W. P. Cohoe, E. C. Fox, and A. J. Acton
{Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 33 {1914), ^o. 19, pp. 947, 948).— It is stated that this
artificial sausage casing, prepared from w'ood pulp, consists only of cellulose
(hydrate), moisture, glycerin, and a trace of ash. The advantages claimed for
this product over the natural casings are that it is cheaper and does not furnish
food for the growth of molds and bacteria. It is further claimed that the prod-
uct is in part at least digestible, and that when eaten it involves the ingestion
of a smaller percentage of cellulose than many of the breakfast foods prepared
from whole wheat.
Are hardened fats suitable for human food? K. B. Lehmann {Chem. Ztg.,
3S {1914), No. 75, pp. 79S, 799). — Hardened products made from peanut, cotton-
seed, and sesame oils showed on chemical examination a nickel content of
from 0.07 to 6.1 mg. per kilogram. Feeding experiments with dogs led to the con-
clusion that an ingestion of 2 mg. of nickel per kilogram of body weight is harm-
less. The author concludes that hydrogeuated oils contain inappreciable amounts
of nickel and that there is no objection to the use of such fats as foods.
Ice cream studies in Cincinnati, C. Bahlman {Amer. Jour. Put). Health, 4
{1014), No. 11, pp. 1009-1015). — Laboratory experiments were carried out to
determine the effect of the gelatin, eggs, sugar, vanilla powder, and cream used
upon the bacterial content of ice cream.
From the results it appeared that the great majority of the bacteria were
derived from the cream, comparatively few being contributed to the finished
product by the other ingredients. It was also apparent from these investiga-
tions that the colon bacillus will generally be pi-esent in 10 cc. samples and occa-
sionally in 1 cc. samples owing to the widespread occurrence of this organism.
Proper pasteurization of the cream reduced the bacterial content of the ice
cream, and pasteurization of the mixture just before freezing caused a still
greater reduction. The taste of the ice cream was not affected by the pas-
teurization.
The uses of fruit in the household, A. Ethel Dunbrack {Dept. Agr. New
Brunswick Bui. 5 {1914), PP- S). — Recipes and directions for the household
canning of fruits are given.
On the analysis and composition of some proprietary foods for infants,
J. L. Bakek {Rpts, Local Govt. Bel. [Ot. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Subjs., n.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 661
ser., No. 80 (1914), PP- 49-83). — ^Analytical data are given regarding a number
of dififerent kinds of these products.
From these results the foods are classified as follows: Those consisting of
dried cows' milk mixe<.l with hydrolyzed starch products or malt flour; foods
consisting for the most part of ground meals such as wheat flour, lentils, oat-
meal, or arrowroot, and in which no alteration of the starch, other than that
caused by heating, haa taken place during manufacture; foods consisting of
ground meals but mixed with a proportion of malt flour or malt extract,
(these foods when prepared for use containing the starch In a gelatinized
condition) ; foods In which the starch Is altered, during the process of prepara-
tion according to directions; and partially or wholly altered starch foods, in
which the starch or some of it has been converted into soluble products during
the process of manufacture. IMost of the foods examined showed a deficiency
in fat and had a protein content approximately equal to that of average wheat
flour.
On the use of proprietary foods for infant feeding, F. J. H. Coutts (Rpts.
Local Girvt. Bd. [(It. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Sul)js., n. set:, No. 80 {1914),
pp. 3-Jf9). — From this digest of data regarding the nature, chemical composi-
tion, and preparation of a large number of proprietary infant foods the general
conclusion is di'awn that many of such products are not only unfit for the feed-
ing of infants under seven or eight months of age but may cause serious
injury. This injury may be caused by the presence of either a greater or less
amount of starch or of an excess of carbolij-d rates in relation to protein and
fats or else by a deficiency of fats. A number of recommendations for remedy-
ing this condition are made, the most important of which is an argument for
proper labeling. The appendixes contain extracts from the laws of other coun-
tries regulating the manufacture and sale of proprietary infant foods, and a
lubliography.
Increasing the fat content of infants' food, A. Niemann (Jahrb. Kinder-
lieilK:, 19 {191 J,), No. 3, pp. 214-281, figs. 4; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62
{1914), ^'0. 16, p. 1291).— The author claims that substitutes for mother's milk
contains too little fat and that there is a tendency to increase carbohydrates
and decrease fats. Such injury as may result from too high fat content is
attributed to the presence of lower fatty acids. It is recommended that this
iliSiculty be overcome by adding to the food butter which has been thoroughly
and repeatedly washed with cold water until it has lost all its acid reaction.
Enough butter should be added to bring the fat content of the food up to that
(if normal mother's milk. The food should be warmed and, after the butter is
added, shaken thoroughly to form a fine emulsion.
[Food analyses and pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K.
.ToHNsoN {North Dakota ma. tipec. Bui., 3 {1915), No. I4, pp. 240-248).— In addi-
tion to analytical data regarding samples of foods and drugs inspected, general
and specific iuformatiou is given with reference to patent medicines.
[Inspection and analysis of foods and feeding stuffs], B. L. Purcell {Quart.
Rpt. Dairy and Food Conir. Va., 1914, June-Sept., pp. 43). — This report reviews
the work carried out under the state food and drug laws, and gives data regard-
ing the inspection of dairies, bakeries, slaughterhouses, hotels, restaurants, and
other places where food is packed, prepared, or handled. Analytical data are
included regarding a number of samples of a wide range of food products.
Sanitary standard for bakeries adopted by the National Association of
Master Bakers {Nat. Assoc. Blaster Bakers [Proc.], 16 {1913), p. 2). — ^The text
of a sanitary code is given.
Home economics as applied to the choice and preparation of food, Jean B.
Peacock {Ayr, New Brunawick Dcpt. Bui, 8, pp. 12). — General information is
662 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
given rogarding the iutroductiou of labor-saving devices and economy in the
selection, choice, and i>rei>aration of foods.
The art of good living — French cookery from the 14th to the 20th cen-
tury, conii>iled and edited by E. Kichakuin (L'Ai't du lien manger — La amine
francaise du XIV mi, XX^ sidcle. Paria: Editions d'Art et de Litterature, 1914,
5. t'd., cnl., pp. XLVI+9Jf6, pis. 27, figs. 113). — Besides over 2,000 recipes, some
of them taken from old manuscripts, some collected in remote parts of France,
and some contributed by well-known professional cooks and also by distin-
guished writers, this volume contains reproductions of old paintings represent-
ing the preparation and serving of foods at different periods, and an article by
the editor in which are sunnnarized data on the food preparations characteristic
of different sections of France.
Principles of cooking, Emma Conley (New York: American Book Co., 1914,
pp. 206, pi. 1, figs. J/l). — ^This book presents for the student of domestic science
fuudaniontal princijiles of the choice, selection, cooking, and serving of food.
Eeducing the cost of living, S. Nearing (I'ltiladclphia: G. W. Jacobs d Co.,
191.'/, pp. 343). — A summary and discussion are given of important factors
influencing the cost of living. Chapters are devoted to the economical consid-
eration of the changing form of American living, the increa.sing demands for
service and luxuries, and a number of causes of the advance in prices. A part
of the book is devoted to a discussion of remedial measures suggested by the
author, among the more important of which are the adoption of simpler methods
of living, social education, increased efBciency in food distribution, better con-
servation of resources, and an increase in the efficiency of labor.
Second Congress of Alimentation, Liege, October 1-4:, 1911 (2. Cong. Ali-
ment. Li6ge, 1911, pt. 2, pp. Jf99, pis. 2, figs. 9). — A. report of the proceedings of
the congress is given which includes the transaction of routine business as well
as more technical discussions. A number of papers upon various subjects
relating to foods and nutrition in addition to those contdined in the report of
proceedings are included. Among these are the following : What Kinds of Veal
Should be Rejected as Human Food, by E. Lonhienne ; Food Value of Sugar, by
Aulard; Food Value of Sterilized and Preserved Milk, by A. Weymeersch; Arti-
ficial Feeding and Digestive Disturbances in Infants, by A. Weymeersch ; The
Economy and Food Value of Fish, by Koettlitz ; and Fermented Milks, by J.
Effront.
Biochemical catalyzers in daily life and in the industries, J. Effront (Les
Catalyseurs Biochimiques dans la Vie et dans VIndiistries. Paris: II. Dunod
& E. Pinat, 191^, pp. XI-{-772). — This volume, which might serve both as a text-
book and as a reference woi-k, deals chieflj^ with the preparation and properties
of the enzyms associated with the processes of digestion and metabolism. The
industrial application of enzyms is also considered under such topics as the role
of proteolj'tic onzyuLS in the keeping of flour and in bread making, ferments
occurring in the manufacture of cheese, etc.
Vitamins, H. W. Bywaters {8ci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 9 (191^), No. 3.',,
pp. 225-250, pis. 5, figs. 10). — ^A summary and digest of data which deals
chiefly with the importance of the vitamins in the diet and the relations which
they bear to such diseases as beri-beri, pellagra, scurvy, and rickets. The
importance of these substances for growth is also considered. Attention is
called to the necessity of quality as well as quantity in the diet.
Continuation and extension of work on vegetable proteins, T. B. Osborne
and L. B. Mendel {Carnegie Inst. ^Yashington Year Book. 12 (.1913), pp. 299-
305). — This work has been previously referred to from another source (E. S. R.,
32, p. 460).
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 663
The effect of air breathed upon the metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
food, M. Bache and W. Aukl (Miinchcn. Med. Wch^m-hi:, 61 {IdlJf), No. 16, pp.
868-870). — The results of a series of animal experiments are here presented
and discussed. The following conclusions are drawn:
Breathing air deficient in oxygen prudtiros a nitrogen retention wliicli is
probably to be regarded as resulting from the storage of protein. A deficiency
of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxid in the air breathed produce glycosuria
in the case of well-nourished animals. An increase of carbon dioxid diminishes
])hk)ridzin diabetes and increases the blood sugar content. A lack of oxygen
in the air breathed has no effect upon phloridziu glycosuria.
The influence of excessive water ingestion on protein metaboiism, J. B.
Our {Bioclicm. Jour., 8 (IBl.'t), No. 5, pp. 5.30-5.'i0). — From the results of a series
of experiments in which varying quantities of water were ingested, both during
and between meals, the author draws the following conclusions:
"The excessive ingestion of water produces an increased excretion of
urinary nitrogen which is most marked on a low protein diet; a retention of
nitrogexi on the return to normal consumption of water in the case of excessive
protein intake; an increase in the percentage of total nitrogen excreted as
urea ; a marked increase in the excretion of creatin, [and] a decrease in the
fecal nitrogen which is interpreted as indicating a more complete utilization of
the food protein.
" It is .suggested that the results indicate that the influence of the increased
water consumption is to accelerate both the catabolic and the anabolic jihases
of protein metabolism."
Gastro-intestinal studies, III (studies on water drinking', XXI). — Direct
demonstration of the stimulatory power of water in the human stomach, O.
Bergeim, M. E. Rehfuss, and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Biol. Chcin., 19 {1911,), No. 3,
pp. 3.'i5-371, figs. 15). — Men were subjects for experiments in which varied
amounts of water were introduced into the stomach by drinking through a
Rehfuss tube, and specimens of the stomach contents were then removed at
intervals and analyzed for total acidity, free acidity, and peptic activity.
As small a volume as 50 cc. caused in every instance a very distinct stimu-
lation of the gastric glands, as evidenced by increases in both acidity and
euzym value.
Since water stimulates the gastric glands to activity when no food is present
in the stomach as well as when there is a digestive task to complete, it would
seem a waste of " glandular energy " to drink water between meids.
The excretion of creatinin by human individuals on a prolonged creatin-
free diet, A. I. Ringer and G. W. Raiziss {Jour. Biol. Clicm., 19 {19J.'f), No. Jf,
pp. 4Sy-'i92). — Experiments are reporte<l in which individuals received a creatin-
and creatinin-free diet for a long period of time.
"There was noticeable a gradual and steady decline in the creatinin output
per day, a decline that unquestionably lies outside the physiological fluctuations.
It is independent of any changes in body weight, and is associated with a
steady decline in the creatinin coefficient."
Some observations on the excretion of creatinin by women, INIary Hull
{Jour. Aincr. Chcm. Sac, 36 {191Jt), No. 10, pp. 2///6-2i5i).— The subjects studletl
exhibited a low creatinin excretion in comparison with the usual values as
found for men.
Metabolism and energy of men, A. LirscniJTz {Stofficechsel und Energie-
u-echsel des MenscJien. Leipsie: R. Voigtliindcr, 191^, pp. XI-\-lS9, figs. 17). —
This book considers the fundamental principles of human nutrition. Among the
subjects included are the chemical nature of foods, the body requirements for
664 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
food, the digestive and metabolic processes involved in the maintenance of the
body, etc. Descriptions are also given of various types of apparatus which have
been used in the study and measurement of energy metabolism and respiratory
exchange.
The biochemistry of respiration, PI. M, Vernon (8ci. Prog. Twentieth Cent.,
9 (1914), No. 3Jf, pp. 251-269). — ^A summary and digest of data regarding this
subject, from vphich the author draws the general conclusion that the biochem-
istry of respiration is in the main dependent upon intracellular enzyms. "While
in some instances this is entirely a hydrolytic process without oxidation, in a
niajority of organisms the jirocosses are both hydrolytic and oxidative.
Body temperature and pulse rate in man after muscular exercise, E. G.
Martin, C. M. Grubeb, and T. H. Lanman {Avier. Jour. Physiol., 35 {1914),
iNo. 2, pp. 211-223, fig. 1). — Experiments with an athlete and an untrained man
were conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the relationship between body
temperature and the cardio-acceleration of exercise. Aftei' muscular exercise,
comparisons of axillary temperature and pulse rate were made, leading to the
conclusion that no definite parallel exists between persistent cardio-acceleration
following exercise and heightened body temperature.
A comparison of the effects upon the blood pressure of physical fatigue
produced by prolonged marching with that produced, by psychic fatigue
resulting from continued mental effort, J. M. Lahy {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
[Paris'], 158 (1914), No. 25, pp. 1913-1916). — Measurements of blood pressure
were made upon soldiers making long daily marches, scientists working in the
laboratory, and stenographers working industriously for seven hours. A com-
parison of these figures before and after work showed that in general physical
fatigue produced a diminished blood pressure while mental effort increased
the blood pressure.
Influence of the environment on the heat production of the human body,
WoBSA (Arch. Hyg., 83 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 123-154). — A mathematical treatise
of heat as applied to the maintenance of normal body temperature is given. It
is suggested that heat nerves constitute a part of the central heat regulating
system.
Energy metabolism under conditions of chronic raaluutrition, P. Hari
{Diochcm. Ztsclir., 66 {1914), No. 1-3. pp. 20-47).— Respiration calorimeter ex-
periments were made with laboratory animals (dogs) which had previously
undergone a fasting period. The experimental periods varied in length from
20 to 22 hours and were carried out at a temperature of 27 to 29" C. Measure-
ments were made of the energy production and of the nitrogen and carbon
balance.
The metabolism of a dog receiving a daily ration of milk insufficient to meet
his energy requirements showed either a slight increase or else a gradual
apparent decline. A slight increase in energy metabolism was noted In the case
of dogs which showed a relatively small loss of protein in the preceding fasting
period as well as during the period of malnutrition. In the case of animals
showing a considerable loss of protein a decrease in energy metabolism was
observed, but a total milk diet tended to prevent this diminished metabolism.
The specific dynamic action of milk was demonstrated in the case of such
animals as had suffered a loss of protein and showed a decrease in energy pro-
duction. Owing to the marked decrease in the metabolism necessary for main-
tenance, it is deemed conceivable that the increase of energy metabolism
brought about by the ingestion of milk can not make itself evident during the
24-hour heat production period.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. 665
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
An important contribution to statistical theory, R. Peael {Amer. Nat., ^8
(1914), No. 572, pp. 505-507). — The author eonmients on Slutsky's recent con-
tribution extendins Pearson's test for the goodness of fit to cover the chiss of
curves formerly not amenable to such test, and the importance of this contri-
bution to biunu'trlcians.
The distribution of a Mendelian population in successive generations with
continued brother X sister mating, R. Pearl (Amer. Nat., 48 (1914), ^o. 565,
pp. 5S-G.i). — Starting with a population composed, entirely of complete hetero-
zygotes as to a single character, the author follows out the distribution in suc-
cessive generations with continued brother X sister mating up to the tcnith
generation. He shows that the proportion of homozygotes approaches 100 per
cent in the same miinner as in the case of self-fortilization, but at a slower x'ate.
Studies on inbreeding. — IV, On a general formvila for the constitution of
the nth generation of a Mendelian population in which all matings are of
brother X sister, K. Pkahl (Amer. Nat., 4S (1914), No. 57.1, pp. 491-494).— The
author endeavors to i)iit in the form of a formula the eminrical results presented
in the above paper.
Inbreeding and relationship coefficients, R. Pkarl (Amer. Nat., 48 (1914),
No. 573, pp. 513-523, figs. 2). — In this paper the author calls attention to the
fact that '* an individual may be inbred in 10 generations to within 0.2 per cent
as intensely, measured by the coelficieuts of inbreeding, if his sire and dam are
in no way related, as he would be if his sire and dam were brother and sister."
A method is presented for measuring separately what proportion of the ob-
served inbreeding in a particular case is due to kinship of the parents, and what
to earlier ancestral relationship. A proposed coefficient of relationship is de-
scribed and its ap])lication illustrated by concrete cases.
Formulas for the results of inbreeding, II. S. Jennings (Amer. Nat., 48
(1914), No. 575, pp. 693-696) .—The author exiwnds the work of Pearl (see
above) on the results of inbreeding. A general formula is presented for the
rate at which organisms become homozygotic through continued brother by
sister mating. This consists in "(1) the proportion of individuals that will be
homozygotic for any given character after any number of unbroken generations
of such inbreeding, (2) the average proportion of the characters of a given in-
dividual that will be homozygotic after any number of unbroken generations of
such inbreeding. The numerical value so obtained may conveniently be called
the coefficient of homozygosis."
The rule is expressed as follows: " The value of the coefficient of homozygosis
X for any term (as the nth) is obtained by doubling the numerator and denomi-
nator of the fraction expressing the value for the previous term, and adding to
the numerator the corresponding (n-lth) term of the Fibonacci series."
Valuation of feeding stuffs by means of chemical analysis, A. Smetham
(Analyst, 39 (1914), No. 464, pp. 481-491). — ^Analyses are reported of a number
of English feeding stuffs including a number of unusual products from India,
Egypt, Brazil, and other places.
The influence of the phosphate and potassic fertilizing of meadows on the
chemical composition of the forage, C. Dusserre (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 14 (1913),
No. 4< PP- 271-273). — In experiments to determine the influence of phosphatic
fertilizing on the composition of grasses, it was found that the phosphorus con-
tent was materially increased when phosphorus was added to the meadows iu
the form of superphosphate.
Studies on the various straws with reference to the crude fiber content
and the composition and digestibility under the influences of weathering, F.
HoNCAMP, P. Ries, and H. Mullner (Landw. Vers. Stat., 84 (1914), No. 5-6,
666 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
pp. 301-398). — In these experiments with sheep it was demonstrated that the
straws of spring grain are not so poor in crude fiber as the corresponding straws
of winter grain. The influence of weathering on the percentage content of the
various grain stniws was proportionately as slight on the organic as on the
inorganic con.slituonts, and not so marked as in the protein-rich roughages, such
as meadow and clover hays.
It was found that tlie Konig method for determining the crude fiber content
did not agree in results witli tlie Weender method, also that the Kunig method
of determining the pure cellulose and the iucrustated material (lignin and cutin)
was not accurate. The Cross and Bevan method for determining pure cellulose
is reconnnondod as the best.
The digestil)ilities of summer and winter grown straws were as similar in this
respect as in others. Eape and turnip tops as forage material were approxi-
mately equal in value, but inferior to the grain straws. The legumes varied to
some extent. It is claimed that the value of roughage consists in its starch
value and that any classification as to protein and crude fiber content is mis-
leading. The digestible portion of crude fiber is found in the pure cellulose.
Silos and silage, P. V. Ewing {Georgia 8ta. Bui. 110 {1914), pp. 163, 164,
177-190). — This bulletin contains general information on the value of silage
as a feed, methods of growing and harvesting silage crops, silage femientations,
the cost of silage, and the feeding of silage to the various classes of farm live
stock.
Shock corn for silage, C. H. Eckles {Missouri Sta. Circ. 71 {1914), pp. 25^
28, fig. 1). — It is stated that although not equal to silage from corn put in at
the proper stage dry shock corn may be used to advantage in the silo. Tests
at the station and elsewhere indicated that approximately 1 lb. of water
should be added to every pound of dxy fodder. The method recommended for
making this silage is described.
The composition, digestibility, and feeding value of molassine meal, cot-
ton-seed meal and hulls, cocoa shells, grain screenings, flax shives, Mellen's
Food refuse, and Postum cereal residue (CXX feed), J. B. Lindsey and, P. H.
Smith {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 158 {1914), pp. 53-71). — Molassine meal is
described as an English product composed of substantially 70 to 75 per cent of
cane or beet molasses and from 25 to 30 per cent of sphagnum moss, and has
the following approximate comiwsition : "Water 18.43, protein 9.32, fat 0.47,
nitrogen-free extract 57.51, fiber 6.75, and ash 7.52 per cent.
Six cows were fed by the reversal method, in periods of three weeks' dura-
tion, a basal ration of hay, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal, to which were
added definite amounts of either molassine or corn meal. The total average
daily nutrients were somewhat less for the molassine ration than for the corn
meal ration. The cows produced substantially 14 per cent more milk and 16
per cent more solids and fat on the corn meal ration than they did on the molas-
sine ration. The cost per quart of milk on the corn meal ration was 3.1 cts.
per pound, of butter 2G cts. ; on the molassine meal ration 3.S and 33 cts., re-
spectively. Successful trials in feeding this product to horses are also reported.
Molasses as a feeding stuff is discussed.
Analyses are given of cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed hull
bran, and cotton-seed feed meal. It was found that low-grade cotton-seed meal
contained about 30 per cent less digestible organic matter than the high-grade
material. It is stated that the addition of hulls to cotton-seed meal, even in
small amounts, lessens its feeding value by decreasing its protein content and
impairing its digestibility. Cotton-seed feed meal containing choice cotton-seed
meal and cotton-seed hull bran in equal iiarts has nbout one-half the feeding
value Of choice cottou-seed meal. A gradual deterioration in the quality of the
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
667
cotton-soetl meal sold in Massachusetts, due to the growing tendency to incor-
porate more hulls, is reported.
Cacao shells are described as the hard, outside coating or bran of the cacao
bean. Their use in this country as a feeding stuff has been quite limited, but
in Europe they are used as a partial feed for horses and cattle and as an adul-
terant for oil cakes. liargo quantities are also used by the Swiss as a feed for
draft oxen. It is held that they act as a stimulant to the nerves and muscles
aud enable the animals to do a greater amount of work. An analysis is re-
ported as follows: Water 4.5, protein 1.3.9, fat 4.91, nitrogen-free extract 55.61,
hber 12.05, aud ash 8.43 per cent.
In feeding trials with wheat screenings the fiber did not appear to be at all
digestible, indicating somewhat of a depressing effect upon the fiber digestibility
of the hay, and the fiber contained in the weed see<ls of the screenings was of
decidedly inferior character. In chemical composition and digestibility the
screenings did not ai)pcMr to vary greatly from wlieat bran.
In experiments with sheep the following coefficients of digestibility were
obtained for the several products:
Digestion coefficients icith sheep for various feeds.
Kind of feed.
Dry
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitrogen-
freo
extract.
Fiber.
Ash.
Per ct.
61.98
58. 23
57. 52
62.94
45.38
51.15
42.91
Per ct.
41.74
74.96
11.47
71.79
81.03
4!. 94
19.81
Per ct.
Per ct.
71.90
61. 20
73.46
73.19
43.45
58.36
62.48
Per ct.
Per ct.
79. 48
C'ott on seed feed meal
100.66
100. 48
88.45
92.68
83.38
77.90
26. 10
50.66
49.37
13.64
Flax shives .
25.79
44.53
13.39
22.78
CXX feed ... .
Analyses of these various feeds are included.
Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, J. D. Turner and H. D. Spears
{Kentuckif 8ta. Bui. 185 (Wl-i). pp. J67W/71).— Analyses are reported of alfalfa
meal, blood meal, tankage, dried-beet pulp, corn bran, corn chop, cracked corn,
corn-feed meal, corn-germ meal, hominy feed, cotton-seed meal and feed, oil
meal, rolled oats, rye feed, wheat bran, shorts, middlings, shipstuff, dried
brewers' grains, dried distillers' grains, molasses feed, and various mixed aud
proprietary feeds.
Concentrated feeding stuffs and registrations for 1914, C. S. Catiicart
{yeio Jersey Stas. Bui. 211 (lOUf), pp. 3-85). — Analyses are reported of the
following feeding stuffs: Alfalfa meal, brewer's dried grains, buckwheat bran,
buckwheat middlings, buckwheat offal, corn-feed meal, corn-and-col) meal, corn-
germ meal, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed meal and hulls, distillers' dried grains —
corn and rye — dried-beet pulp, feeding flour, gluten meal, gluten feed, hominy
feed, hominy meal, linseed meal, malt sprouts, meat meal and beef scrap,
mustard bran, oat hulls, rye bran, rye middlings, shredded wheat, wheat bran,
and wheat middlings, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. A discussion
of the findings under the new law and other data are included.
Experiments on the nitrogen economy value of sodium acetate for rumi-
nants, E. Pesciieck {Biochem. Ztsclir., 62 {191J,), Ao. 3-J,, pp. 1SG-21S).—
Experiments of Weiske and Flcchsig in 18.S9 are discussed in which sheep
were fed hay, peanut cake, potato starch, and sugar as a basal feed with
ap[)roximately 80 gm. per day of .sodium acetate, the addition of sodium acetate
reducing the nitrogen output in the urine over that in animals fed on the basal
ration alone. Later experiments by Gabriel in which salt was added to the
668 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
basal ration confiruiod these results, the nitrogen output in the urine and feces
being greater on the basal ration alone than when from 10 to 30 gm. of NaCl
was fed with the ration.
The principles and practice of judging live-stock, C. W. Gay (New York:
The Mucmillun Co., IDlJf, pp. XV]Il-\-Jil3, fifjs. 159). — This l>ook, which is one
of the Rural Text-book Sei'ies, gives practical instruction in methods of judging
live stock.
Stock breeding in Belgium, J. 1j. Frateur (Vie Agr. ct Ruralc, 3 (lOlJf),
No. 2-'i, pp. 666-612, figs. 2). — This includes data on the importation and exporta-
tion of horses, cattle, sheep, and other classes of farm stock in Belgium, and
an account of the status of live stock breeding in that country.
The cattle of Demonte, E. Mascheroni (Indus. Latt. c Zootec., 12 (Wllf),
No. 19, pp. 292-295, figs. 5). — ^An account of the origin, breed characteristics,
and utility value of the breed of cattle indigenous to Demonte, Italy.
Cattle feeding on the plantation and farm, W. H. Dalrymple (Louisiana
Stas. Bui. 151 (1915), pp. 3-13, fig. 1). — This bulletin is a general discussion
of the opportunities for successful cattle feeding in Louisiana, especially on the
sugar plantation where molasses and cane-top silage may be used to advantage.
The expei-ience of one feeder is cited in which 49 lbs. of com silage, 6 lbs.
of blackstrap molasses, and 5 lbs. of cotton-soed meal per head i>er day were
fed 111 days, a net profit of $0.52 per head being realized.
Digestion and metabolism of a steer when placed on a continuous ration of
corn silage, P. Y. Ewing and C. A. Wells (Georgia Sta. Bui. 109 (1914), PP-
145-15S, figs. 3). — In a digestion experiment with a 14-month-old Shorthorn
steer in which eight 10-day trials, with periods of about seven days intervening,
were made, and in which he was fed all the silage he would eat twice daily,
this being regarded as about a maintenance ration, average digestion coef- .
flcients were obtained of 61.3 per cent for dry mutter, 27 for nitrogen. 51 for
fat, 62.4 for nitrogen-free extract, 60 for fiber, and 42.2 for ash. It was demon-
strated that " when an animal is placed on a low plane of nutrition it does not
more completely digest the feed given it as time goes on. The tendency seems
to be slightly in the opposite direction. Not only is digestion quite uniform in
its intensity in different individuals of the same species, but with the same
animal it remains fairly constant when taken over a rather long period of time.
" The digestibility of the feed is somewhat retarded in an animal after hav-
ing been on a low plane of nutrition for a time, which is probably the result of a
general retardation of the digestive functions. The maintenance ration of a
steer does not decrease as time goes on through the steer's ability to take more
of the nutrients from the feed given him, but by virtue of his physiological
behavior the steer puts the digested nutrients supplied him to a more economical
use.
" Silage alone is an unsatisfactory feed because of its deficiency in nitrogen,
and a steer placed on this ration is forced to draw on his stored nitrogen to
meet the demands of the body for nitrogen. While the animal was eating all
the silage its appetite would permit, there was every indication that it could
have digested more silage if it could have consumed it. The appetite seems to
act in some way as a check on the efficiency of the animal.
" Water consumption seems to be very greatly influenced by the moisture
content of the feedstuff, and it is possible for the water of a succulent feed,
such as silage, to supply all the water required by a steer for at least a num-
ber of days. The disposition of an animal is materially affected by being placed
on a low plane of nutrition, as indicated by restlessness, nervousness, inclina-
tion toward viciousness, a very abnormal appetite, constant grinding of the
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
669
teeth, and a drawn or liuruped attitude when standing. After having been
starved or stunted for a period this animal was apparently able to overcome
the effects, which suggests that an animal has the capacity to increase its rate
of gain for a short period of time, at least, in order to compensate for a low
rate at some previous period."
[Feeding preserved milk to calves], U. A. Brown (Michigan Sta. Rpt. VJlIi,
pp. 206-210). — In trials to determine the advisability of using formaldehyde
as a preservative for skim milk fed to 4 to 7-week-old calves for 24 weeks, 7i
cc. of 40 per cent formaldehyde being used to each 100 lbs. of milk, it was found
that in general the calves suffered no deleterious effects from the preservative,
and as compared with calves fed sweet milk or sour milk, made slightly greater
gains at somewhat lower cost. From records kept of the after development
of these calves it was found that those which had been fed the preserved
milk continued to make the cheapest gains, followed by the sweet milk fed calves
and the sour milk fed calves.
For the entire experiment the calves fed sweet milk made a total gain of
1.997 lbs., costing 5.41 cts. per pound; those fed sour milk 2,489.4 lbs., costing
r>.43 cts. per pound; and those fed the preserved milk 2,5o7 lbs., costing 5.23
cts. per pound.
It is concluded, however, that the work should be carried on with a large
number of calves before definite conclusions can be drawn.
The characteristics of the hybrid zebu, C. Pucci (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 8
(1914), No. 10, pp. 613-619), pis. 3). — Experiments are reported in crossing the
zebu on various Italian and European breeds of cattle. The hybrid showed
greater resistance to disease, earlier maturing qualities, and more marked beef
qualities.
Rations for breeding ewes, H. Hackedobn (Missouri Sta. Bui. 120 (1914),
pp. 31-57. figs. 9). — Lots of 2 to 4-year-old Colorado ewes, weighing approxi-
mately 86 lbs., were fed during the winter season with the results shown in the
following table :
Siiniinanj of ewe-feeding experimetits.
Ewes.
I.ambs produced.
VeeA?-.
d
2:
— tc.
Daily
rations.
O
It
<
ti
(3
o
1
1
>
<
i
c
h4
.s
.•a
<
1
Clover hay and
grain
Timothy hay
and grain
Grain and clo-
ver hay
Clover hay
Corn s i 1 a g 0
and grain
Corn stover
and grain
Com s i 1 u g 0
and clover
M
15
10
10
21
26
23
27
20
24
Lbs.
92.75
91.73
81.69
79.72
83.36
86. 17
86.75
84.80
88.24
87.89
Lbs.
0.33
.35
.56
.43
.503
.45
.397
Lbs.
2.99
2.91
2.94
3.27
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
6.53
-7.67
3.21
-3.20
1.18
-.83
-2.03
-2.06
4.26
- .31
16
11
10
9
20
26
25
24
24
23
Lhs.
8.98
8.48
8.98
8.16
9.37
9.29
S.62
8.27
8. 69S
9
Lbs.
0 534
2
5
1
1
4
4
1
3
1
......
2
1
.447
3
.319
4
.204
5
C
3.42
6.16
2.32
2.3.5
.389
.388
7
1.87
2.31
2.079
1.86
2.30
2.09
.308
8
Com stover
and clover
hav
.308
9
10
Cora" silage,
clover hay,
and grain —
Corn stover,
clovor hay,
and grain.'...
.398
.384
670 . EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
The results are summarized as follows:
" Clover hay and grain proved more efficient as a ration for breeding ewes
than timothy hay and grain. Clover hay alone was sufficient to maintain
pregnant breeding ewes up to lambing time. After lambing, the addition of
grain to the ration proved advisjible.
" Corn sil;ige when fed with clover hay, with grain, and with both clover
hay and grain, ])roved a slightly better roughage than corn stover fed with the
Siinie combination of grain and clover hay. Moldy or extremely sour corn
silage is a dangerous feed for sheep. Eleven ewes were lost in this experi-
ment in one week from accidentally feeding moldy silage. A ration of corn
silage, clover hay, and grain proved to be the most efficient means of utilizing
silage.
"A ration of grain and corn stover gave very satisfactoiy results when suffi-
cient and pi'oi)er kinds of concentrates were used. Corn stover, clover hay, and
grain jirovod to be the most satisfactory method of utilizing stover. Corn
silage and stover both proved to bo bettor roughages than timothy hay when
fed with grain."
A table Is given showing the capacity for sheep feeding of silos ranging in
capacity from 45 to 314 tons.
A survey of sheep and lamb production in 1914, R. M. Murphy {Tennessee
Sta. Bui. 110 {I'.n.',), pp. P48-26Jf, figs. 2).— This bulletin is a general discussion
of the sheep industry in Tennessee and includes sections on the extent of the
industry, causes of increase and subsequent decline, kinds of sheep and sources
of supply, system of management, marketing the crop, clipping and marketing
wool, lamb and wool clubs, dogs, needs of the sheep industry, and a suggested
dog law.
Silag'e for horses and mules, E. A. Trowbridge (Missouri Sta. Circ. 72 (1914),
pp. 29-32, fig. 1). — ^Ten yearling mules, weighing approximately 650 lbs. each,
were fed for 90 days an average daily ration of 6.5 lbs. of ear corn, 8.6 lbs. of
mixed hay, and 4 lbs. of corn silage. The mules made a gain of only 4.8 lbs.
during the period. No ill results w^ere seen from the use of the silage but the
mules did not consume large quantities of it. This it is thought may have
been due to the fact that the silage was made from rather immature corn.
Successful experiments in feeding silage to horses and mules, conducted at
the North Cai'olina and Pennsylvania stations ( E. S. R., 15, p. 901 ; 28, p. 172 ;
29, p. 773) are cited. It is advised that corn silage should always be fed in
combination with other feeds, and that under no circumstances should spoiled
silage, either moldy or rotten, be fed to horses and mules.
Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — VIII, On
some physiological effects of ligation, section, or removal of the oviduct,
R. Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis (Jour. Expt. Zoo?., i7 (ifli.}), iYo. 3, pp. 395-
Jf24)- — The authors summarize the results of their studies as follows:
" Neither the ligation, section, nor entire removal of the oviduct causes the
degeneration or prevents the further growth of the ovary. The pressure of the
inclosing funnel is evidently not necessary to ovulation since yolks are ovulated
into the body cavity after the ostium is sewed or ligated or after the entire duct
is removed. Internal pressure due to continued yolk formation is probably the
most important factor in the normal rupture of the follicle, since closing the
funnel or removing the duct apparently does not greatly delay ovulation. There
are cases of unoperated birds with normally functioning ovaries, and oviducts
apparently capable of functioning which do not produce eggs because of some
anatomical or physiological condition of the mouth of the oviduct which prevents
the entrance of the yolk.
ANIMAL PHODUCTION. 671
"The fate of yolks or eggs set free in the body cavity depends apparently
upon the physiological vigor of the bird. First, they may cause serious meta-
iiolic disturbances which result in the death of the bird; second, they may be
absorbed rapidly from the general peritoneal surface; or third, they may be
walled off by the peritoneum and then absorbed. The material from the re-
sorbed yolks or eggs is a})parently utilized in body metabolism since all such
birds which were in good health at the time of autopsy were very fat. The
removal of the greater portion of an oviduct does not cause the atrophy of any
remaining portion. The whole or any remaining part of an oviduct sewed at
the funnel, ligated at any level, or with parts removed, passes through growth
and cyclic changes coordinated with changes in the ovary exactly as an unop-
eratod duct.
"The stimulation of the advancing egg is necessary for the discharge of the
secretion of the duct, since a duct closed at any level functions only to the point
where the passage is interrupted. When any iwrtion of the ventral ligament i.s
removed it Is not replaced but all remaining portions develop. The forward
portion of the ventral ligament is necessary for the reception of the yolk by the
funnel. The muscle bundles which arise from the muscular cord in the ventral
ligament along the uterus are probably an important part of the normal appa-
ratus which expels the egg."
Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — IX, On
the effect of corpus luteum. substance upon ovulation in the fowl, R. Pearl
and F. M. Surface {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1014), ^'o. 2, pp. 263-278).— In these
studies it was shown that " the desiccated fat-free substance of the corpus
luteum of the cow, when injected in suspension, in proper dosage, into an actively
laying fowl immediately inhibits ovulation. The duration of this effect varies
with different birds from a few days up to two to three weeks. After the bird
begins ovulating again the laying goes on unimpaired. The same effect is pro-
duced by the injection of extracts of the lutear substance, either intravenously
or intra-abdominally. The active substance in producing the inhibition is in-
activated by boiling." It is stated that these results are of interest zoologically
as well as physiologically. It suggests the possibility of finding a chemical sub-
stance which will stimulate or activate the ovulation mechanism. Also, " the
fact that the same chemical substance inhibits ovulation in mammals and birds,
which latter do not possess any organ corresr)onding to the one which produces
the substance in mauunals (the corpus lut(>um) suggests that natural selection
probably had nothing to do with the evolution of either the organ or the function
in the mammals."
Studies on inheritance in poultry. — II, The factor for black pigmentation
in the White Leghorn breed, P. B. Hadley {Rhode Island 8ta. Bui. 161 {1014),
pp. 449-460, pi. 1). — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R.,
30, p. 71).
The author demonstrates that the White Leghorn carries in itself all the
factors necessary for the production of black pigmentation in the F^ and later
generations of crosses with any nonblack ra.ce. In these experiments the stock
used was pure White Leghorn and White Plymouth Rock, line-bred for many
generations. The crosses were made in only one direction, White Leghorn
male X White Plymouth Rock females. The majority of the birds were raised
to five months of age, and some were kept until they were mature. On the
basis of the hypothesis that the White Leghorn does not carry the factor, or
factors, for black pigmentation, but contributes only one of two necessary
factors, while the White Plymouth Rock contributes the other, there was a
wide departure in the actual results from the expected results; while on the
00S53°— No. 7—15 6
672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
basis of the hypothesis that the White Leghoi-n carries in itself all the factors
for black pigmentation, the actual and expected results corresponded veiy
closely.
The results of this study indicate that the admixture of 'Leghorn blood can
not be made without introducing complexities in either pattern or color.
Seaweed for packing birds, M. Dekobka {Nature [Paris], J,2 {101 Jf), No.
2134, pp. 339-340, figs. 5; al)s. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 7, p. 918). — ^A new method of packing
birds is described, which consists " in placing the body in a natural bag formed
by the lamina of a certain seaweed occurring in islands off New Zealand.
Birds can be kept in good condition for several years in this way."
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Beport of the dairy husbandry department, O. F. Hunzikee {Indiana Hta.
Rpt. 1914, pp. 37-47) I — In continuing Avork previously noted (E. S. R., .30. p.
575) three lots of five cows each were fed for six months corn silage and alfalfa
as roughage and a grain rating as follows: Lot 1, corn meal, wheat bran, and
cotton-seed meal 4:2:1 by weight ; lot 2, ground corn and wheat bran 1:1;
lot 3, ground corn and oats 1 : 1. The gains in weight per head were, respec-
tively, 19.64, 19.8, and — 7.56 lbs., the milk yields approximately 1,435. 1,400.7,
and 1.430 lbs., the milk fat yield 57.6, 56.72, and 56.86 lbs., the total dry matter
consumed per pound of millv 0.97, 0.99, and 0.94 lb., and the average daily
cost of feed 21.1. 20.7, and 20.5 cts. per head. The cost per pound of fat was
22.1, 22.2, and 22.5 cts., respectively.
It is concluded that the use of wlieat bran or ground oats in a dairy ration
Is to be recommended, although the selection should depend largely upon its
availability.
In an experiment in which three lots of six or seven calves were fed for 42
weeks as follows: Lot 1, an average of 11.2 lbs. skim milk per head per day;
lot 2, 1.41 lbs. per day of home-mixed calf meal consisting of hominy meal,
linseed meal, red dog flour, and dried blood equal parts by weight; and lot 3,
1.06 lbs. per day of a commercial calf feed, all of the lots receiving whole
milk until gradually displaced by the other feeds, and also receiving a dry
mash and a roughage feed of alfalfa hay and silage, the average daily gains per
head were 1.26, 1.04, and 0.78 lbs., the average daily cost of the ration 7.1,
7.4, and 9.67 cts., and the cost per pound of gain 5.6, 7.2, and 13.6 cts., respec-
tively. This experiment is being continued.
In ox'der to determine the accuracy of the different methods of sampling
milk, including daily samples, composite samples with aliquot portions or equal
portions, samples every second day, every third day, every fourth day. and
evei'y fifth day. tests were made of 4,900 of samples taken by these methods.
The averages of the percentages of fat and pounds of fat of all samples and for
the entire 14 days show " a remarkable uniformity of results secured by the
several methods."
Beport of an experiment on the feeding' of dairy cows, T. ^Milbubn and R.
Richardson {County Council Lancaster. Ed. Com., Agr. Dept., Farmers^ Bnl. 28
{1915), pp. 13). — An analysis of palm-nut cake is given as moisture 12.29. pro-
tein 18.79, fat 6.87, carbohydrates 48.84. fiber 9.51, and ash 3.7 per cent.
Two lots of six cows each were fed by the reversal method for two months a
basal ration of roots, meals, and hay, lot 1 receiving daily in addition from 4*
to 5 lbs. of decorticated cotton cake, and lot 2 from 6J to 7* lbs. of jxilm-nut
cake. The cotton-cake fed lot yielded a total of 8,852 lbs. of milk during the
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 673
experimental period, while the palm-nut cake fed lot yielded 8,743.25 lbs. In every
case whore there was a change to palm-nut cake a drop in yield occurred,
whereas in cases of changes to cotton cake there were two increases and two
decreases. The change in feed did not materially affect the composition of the
milk, and the palm-nut cake, though fed in fairly large quantities, had no unde-
sirable effects on the butter produced.
It is stated that palm-nut cake is a perfectly safe feed for milch cows, and
might give better results if fed as a part of the cake portion of the ration (2 to
3 lbs.) than were obtained in this experiment where one cake only was intro-
duced.
Murne Cowan, new world's champion [cow], II. G. Mukphy (Hoanrs Dairy-
man, .',!) (1915), No. 7. p. 2.',7, figs. J).— An account of the 10-year-old Guernsey
cow. IMurne Cowan, which has recently completed her year's record of 24,008
lbs. of milk containing 1,098.18 lbs. of fat. Her largest milk yield in 24 hours
was 82.3 lbs. In seven days she produced 565.8 lbs. of milk containing 24.44 lbs.
of fat and in one month she produced 2,361.5 lbs. of milk and 102.02 lbs. of fat.
It is said that ]\Iurne Cowan weighs 1,320 lbs., 100 lbs. more than when the test
was begun, and that to all appearances the. making of this record has not in-
jured her in the least.
Experiments with the Sharpies mechanical milker, J. J. Hooper and J. W.
Nutter {KrniHckji Sta. Bui. 1S6 (WlJf), pp. Jf7o-510, figs. 12).— In tests with
milking machines at the Kentucky Station it was demonstrated that there was
no appreciable or permanent decrease in the milk production during a 30-day
period when the cows were becoming accustomed to the mechanical milker.
At the Elmendorf farm, Lexington, Ky., it was found that 25 cows milked
with the machine decreased 10.5 per cent in their milk yield in INIay as com-
pared with their production in February, while 25 other cows during the same
period milked by hand decreased 18.5 per cent. The machine-milked cows pro-
duced less milk during Mai'ch than during April. After the machine at the
station had been in use for seven months, it was discontinued for two weeks
and the cows during that period were milked by hand. The cows did not as a
rule respond with a larger milk yield when hand milked. The cows were
stripped by hand after being machine-milked, the average strippings amounting
to less than one pint.
The average percentage of decrease in milk yield for each period of 30 days
was found to vary from 3.4 per cent in the second month to 21.5 per cent in the
twelfth month. This decrease is somewhat larger and was not so uniform as
was found in 323 animals at the Wisconsin Station (E. S. R., 28, p. 272).
An average of 71 milkings showed that the time consumed by a unit in milking
a cow was 3.99 minutes, the time to strip 0.83 minute, the weight of strippings
0.92 lb., and the milk produced with strippings added 11.67 lbs.
It was found that two men operating four units can milk 28 cows, strip and
feed them, and carry the milk to the dairy room in 43.4 minutes. With hand
milking this same operation performed by two men required 1 hour and 20
minutes. The total time consumed in washing the parts of the machine each
day was 75 minutes.
Salt brine and sal soda solutions were found unsatisfactory in cleaning the
parts of the milking machine. A solution consisting of unslaked lime and
water 1 : 9 is now used and found to kill practically all bacteria.
Bacteriological tests made of the various solutions showed that whereas those
using brine and sal soda contained a large number of bacteria, limowater con-
tained from 0 to 130 bacteria i>er cubic centimeter. Bacteriological tests
made of milk produced with the machine showed an average of 3.657.6 bacteria
674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Iier cubic centimeter, and where tlie strippiugs were added, an average of
12.221.5 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Tests on average milli from the station
dairy showed 10.020 I)acteria.
A comparison of hand and niacliine niillv sliowed a .'^omfwhat lower bacterial
content in tlio latter. In comparing the tests of milk drawn with the niachine
from many different cows it appeared that some cows produced milk that con-
tained a large number of bacteria, but ordinarily the milk was almost free
from bacteria as it came from a healthy udder. It was found advi-sable to
draw a stream of milk from each teat before the cups are applied as this milk
contains a large number of bacteria. A high bacterial count followed lapses
in scrujHilous cleanliness in handling the machine and its i)arts.
Development and present situation of milk recording and bookkeeping
associations in Denmark, A. C. Duisoiu; {Ahs. in Intcnidi. Inst. A'jr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOUf), No. 9, pp. J 2.Pf-l 2.36). —An
account of the work of the milk-recording associations in Denmark.
[Prices paid to farmers for milk] (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 {1915),
No. 6, pp. 2-3, 2.'i, fig. 1). — From statistics compiled by the Daily Division and
the Bureau of Crop Estimates of this Department it is estimated that the
average price paid to farmers for milk in 1913 was 3.S49 cts. per quart, and in
1912, 3.565 cts. The price decreased from 4.2 cts. in January to 3.3 cts. in
June and then gradually increasing to 4.3 cts. in December. It appears that
milk was at its highest in New England, the average price for the year being
4.571 cts. It was lowest in the east North-Central States, the year's average
being 3.503 cts. The greatest range in prices was found in the Middle Atlantic
States, where the December price was 4.187 cts. and the June price 2.912 cts.
Studies on milk, R. Windisch (Kis6rlet. Kozlem., 17 (191^), No. 2, pp. 221-
223). — In these studies a variation in the dry matter in the milk of morning
and evening milkings from 0 to 0.1 per cent was noted in 75.47 per cent of the
cases, from 0.1 to 0.2 in 21.69 i>er cent, and greater than 0.2 per cent in 2.81
per cent of the cases. The Ackermann refraction was found to be a fairly
accurate method of distinguishing the milk from cows of fresh lactation from
those well along in the lactation period.
Bacillus abortus in market milk, Alice C. Evans {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
5 {1915), No. J,, pp. 122-125). — A method by which B. abortus may be isolated
and identified is described as follows :
"The milk is plated on ordinary lactose agar, to which there is added just
before pouring into the plate, at a temperature of about 50° C, 10 per cent of
sterile blood serum. After incubating for four days at 37°, a certain area of
the plate, large enough to include several colonies of B. abortus, should they
be present, is selected, and the colonies are transferred to a nutrient broth con-
taining 1 per cent of glycerin. Colonies from a similar area arc transferred
to tubes of whole milk containing litmus.
" The growth in the glycerin broth is quite characteristic. There is a medium
amount of growth in tiny, compact, spherical masses which settles to the bottom
of the tube and does not cloud the broth. In litmus whole milk there is an
abundant growth in the cream layer, with a gradual development of acid.
Cultures in litmus milk from which the cream has been removed grow spar-
ingl}^ with no apparent effect. On plain infusion agar slopes the growth is in
very small, separate colonies, which are .scattered over the whole surface of
the slope, if it hapi:)ens to be moist at the time of inoculation ; or the colonies
are confined to a ribbon-like growth, along the line of inoculation, if the agar
is comparatively dry when inoculated."
Tlie incidence of tuberculosis in childhood. — The prevalence of tubercle
bacilli in the Edinburgh milk supply, A. P. Mitchell {Jour, iitatc Med., 23
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 675
(1915), No. 2, pp. Ji4-5'i). — Samples of milk collecteil from Edinburgh milk
shops show a high incidence of tubercle bacilli, which fact is thought to account
for the prevalence of bovine tubercular infection of chiUlron in that city.
More stringent inspection and regulation of dairy farms is urged.
The viability of the typhoid bacillus in sour cream, C. Krumwiede and
W. C. Noble (Amcr. Jour. Pub. Health, J, {1!)14), No. 11, pp. 1 006-1008). —Thin
investigation tends to show that the acids i)roduced in sour cream gradually
kill the typhoid bacillus, at a rate pi"oiK)rtional to the degree of acidity and
the number of organisms present.
"With a moderate contamination, the typhoid bacilli are killed in about four
days. With a heavy contamination or where initial multiplication has taken
place, a longer time may be required. For this reason a clean cream which
soured slowly would be more dangerous if contaminated, as an initial multipli-
cation of the typhoid bacilli would occur and a longer time would be required
to destroy the bacilli."
An investigation into the keeping- properties of condensed milks at the
temperature of tropical climates, AV. W. (). Beveridge (Jour. Roj/. Army Med.
Corpi^, 22 (li)l'i). So. 1, pp. 1-8). — The author C(mcludes from his observations
that " the change in color of certain kinds of condensed milks in tropical cli-
mates is presumably 4ue to brown color being developed by reducing sugars in
solution at a certain temperature, and is likely to be more marked with an
increase of acidity due to bacterial fermentation ; the presence of iron in the
ferric state also plays a part in the production. In sterile condensed milks,
chiefly found an)ong those brands which contain no added sugar, changes are
not noticeable. Sterile uncondeused tinned milk also shows no change even
after incubation at 37° C. (98.6° F.) for many months.
"The increase of acidity is brought about by bacterial activity resulting
from the increased temperature, and hydrolysis of the sugar follows. The bac-
teria concerned in the change are spore-bearing bacilli which produce an acid
fermentation of the proteins. In milks containing only Gram-positive staphylo-
cocci a brown color is probably never produced. It would seem that the depth
of the Jirown color is dei)endent on the amount of reducing sugar produced or
of iron present, and is likely to l)e more intense in sweetened milks, owing to
the reduction of the added cane sugar.
"The increase in consistency, noticed in connection with the brown colora-
tion in sweetened milks, is also due to bacillary fermentation, and some of the
protein is consequently rendered insoluble."
[Butter analysesj, J. C. BRiJNNiCH (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Sloclc [Qucen.s-
7.ff«rf], 1913-l-'f, pp. 6.T, 66). — Analyses of a large number of butter samples gave
an average moisture content of 14.97 per cent for salted butter and 15.09 per
cent for unsaltcd. There was 0.14 i>er cent of boric acid in the salted butter
and 0.27 ])er cent in the unsalted.
Moldiness in butter, C. Thom and R. H. Shaw (U. .S*. Dept. A[;r., Jour. Agr.
Research, 3 (1915), No. J,, pp. 301-310, fig. i).— From mycological and chemical
examinations made of characteristic samples representing the range of condi-
tions and appearances found in commercial butter obtained through the in-
spection service of this Department, the authors conclude that " mold in butter
usually takes three forms, viz, (a) orange-yellow areas with a submerged growth
of mycelium are pro<^Iucetl by O'idium htetis; (b) smudged or dirty green areas
either entirely submerged or with some surface growth are produced by species
of Alternaria and Cladosporium ; (c) green surface colonies are produced by
species of Penicillium, or, more rarely, A.spergillis, either upon the butter, caus-
ing decomposition, or upon the container or wrappings, injuring tbe appearance
of the sample in the market.
676 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" Species of Oidium, Alternaria, aud Cladosporium can not develop in butter
coulaiuiug 2.5 per cent of salt. The occurrence of any of tbese forms In a
sample of butter indicates low salting. Excess of curd favors mold growtb.
Well-washed butter is less subject to mold. Leaky butter, i. e., butter from
which water of buttermilk exudes and collects in the wi'appings or in the con-
tainer, furnishes the best conditions for the beginning of mold growth. From
these wet areas colonies may spread to the butter itself.
" Wet surfaces, wet wrappings, or high humidity, are es.sential to mold growth in
butter. Mold will not grow upon the surface of a piece of butter exi^osed to
humidities of 70 per cent or lower. The water in the butter is thus not suffi-
ciently available to the mold to support the development of a colony, unless
evaporation is reduced liy high humidities. In clo.sed packages, wet or damp
cellars, or carelessly packed masses with cracks or fissures in which moisture
collects, mold may seriously injure the appearance of butter packages or
actually induce great changes in the butter itself. Salt up to 2.5 to 3 per cent
in butter is sufficient to eliminate mold or reduce it to negligible amount. This
is equivalent to the use of a 12 to 15 per cent brine,"
A bibliography of ten references is given.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
A system of veterinary medicine, edited by E. W. Hoaee (Chicago: Alexan-
der Eger, 1915, vol. 2, pp. XVIII-\-162S). — This second volume of the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 476) deals with general diseases and includes
a section on parasites and parasitic diseases. An index to the two volumes is
given.
Report of the veterinary department, R. A. Ceaig (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. 72-76). — During the year 38 per cent more of antlhog-cholera .serum was
prepai'ed than in any previous year. In the field work all healthy hogs wei'e
vaccinated by the serum-simultaneous method and the cholera hogs were given
the serum alone. Many deaths resulted amongst the vaccinated healthy hogs
due to infection of the vaccination wound at the time of vaccination or shortly
afterward.
A few of the simultaneously vaccinated herds lost their imnnniity in from
six weeks to six months post vaccination. In nearly every case the pigs that
lost the immunity received only 0.5 cc. of hog cholera blood. " Field ex-
perience indicates that it is not advisable to administer less than one cc. of
virus, or simultaneously vaccinate pigs that weigh less thap 50 lbs., especially
if the mother is actively immune."
In the hog cholera investigations hog cholera blood and virulent normal salt
solution were studied with the ultramicroscope and various culture media such
as milk, hay, and meat infusions, bouillon, and sugars were used in combina-
tion with filtrates of virulent blood. More than 60 germ-free filtrates were
studied.
For the purpose of determining variations in the virulence of hog cholera
blood at different periods in the disease, virus was secured by tail bleeding a
cholera hog four and six days after it had been inoculated. Twelve pigs given
the four-day virus lived an average of 24 days while those given the six-day
virus lived only 21 days.
A mixture consisting of one part hog cholera blood and two parts normal
salt solution was incubated at a temperature of 37.5° C. for 24 hours. The
different lots of virus were then heated from one to two hours in a water
bath at temperatures ranging from"" 60 to 65°. Of 62 pigs inoculated with
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 677
the heated virus, 60 of the pigs died of acute hog cholera, while of 2::5 pen
exposure checks, 21 died of hog cholera.
Inoculation by the intravenous method was found to yield a less potent
antiserum than that given when the inoculation of virus is made intramus-
cularly. Ten hog cholera cures (nine proprietary and sodium cacodylate) were
tried, but no preventive or curative properties were found.
" Samples of the different antihog-cholera sera sold by the commercial firms
have been bought and tested for both potency and purity. The bacterial counts
of the different makes of serum have varied from 30,000 to 125,000,000 bacteria
to the cubic centimeter. Forty tests for potency have been made. Thirteen
of these tests proved unsatisfactory, one or all of the pigs in the different
tests that were vaccinated by the simultaueous method dying of hog cholera."
From a large number of post-mortem examinations of birds from different
poultry farms in the State and the reported losses, it is concluded that mixed
septicemia causes more loss to poultrymeu than any other one disease. An
attempt to control this Infection on one poultry fai'm by the use of a bacteriu
failed.
Report of the bacteriologist, W. Giltneb {Micliigan 8ta. Rpt. 191.'t, pp. 210-
225). — In a study of the milk of animals infected with contagious abortion
organisms having a close resemblance to the BaciUus ajjortus were isolated
from the stomach of an aborted calf and from the milk of a cow after abortion.
As to the comparative virulence of avian, human, and bovine types of B. tuber-
culosis, the results of a rabbit experiment " would lead one to believe a close
relationship exists between the avian and bovine types as regards the degree of
virulence. Furthermore, if the type of disease produced in rabbits is indicative
of tlie type that might be produced by the application of the same methods in
calves, the use of living cultures of avian tubercle bacteria in bovine vaccina-
tion is unsafe and unwarranted."
In studying contagious epithelioma or " sore head " in chickens, a vaccine was
prepared " from the diphtheritic membrane which developed in the mouth of
the diseased birds. This material was ground in a sterile mortar, susijended in
salt .solution, and heated at 60° C. for two hours. Injections of 1 cc. were made
into the muscles of the leg in some cases and the breast in others. Twelve birds
were treated and one not treated was placed in a pen with those treated. This
untreated bird died later and an autopsy showed a diphtheritic condition of
mouth, larynx, and pharynx. Those birds which were sick when treated all
recovered with but one exception. One of the sick treated birds was kept in
the pen and later the disease redeveloped, about two months after apparent re-
covery. This would indicate an immunity of short duration." •
In work on contagious abortion, an additional experiment was made to study
the effects of dead and living cultures of the abortus bacterium upon the mor-
phological blood elements " and blood reactions, both in open females and dur-
ing pregnancy, a study of the pathologic anatomical changes as a result of these
culture injections." It was found from a comparative study of the agglutina-
tion and complement fixation test that little can be determined from these tests
about the probability of an individual aborting, nor can anything be predicted
as to the probability of the reacting animal becoming a source of danger to sus-
ceptible animals. " The complement fixation test will pick out more reactors
than will the agglutination test but on the other hand animals may react to the
agglutination test and not to the complement fixation test. . . . The use of living
cultures of the abortus bacillus on open females and dead cultures on pregnant
females has been applied to a few herds with the object of observing their
immunizing effects. The results of this work can not be fully appreciated as
678 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD.
yet but they are not encouraging, on the other hand they lead to the belief that
these injections may result injuriously in some cases and henelicial in others."
Annual report of the Bengal Veterinary College and of the Civil Veterinary
Department, Bengal, for the year 1913—14, A. Smxth and P. J. Kerr (Ann.
Rpt. Bengal Vet. Col. and Civ. Vet. Dcpt., 1913-1/t, pp. 6+///+y+r///+3).—
This is the usual annual rei)ort (E. S. II., 30, p. 778).
E. Merck's annual report of recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry
and therapeutics (Merck's Ann. Rpts., 21 (1913), pp. 589). — This is a review of
the literature pertaining to these topics for the year 1913. Siiecial articles on
nucleiu and nucleic acid and preparations used for radiographic examinations
are included. A bibliographic index is al)pended.
Bacterial antiferments. — Studies on ferment action, XVII, J. W. Jobling
and W. I'KTKKSEN (Jour. Expt. Med., 20 (191',), No. .5. pp. .)r)2-J,Gl, figa. 2).—
This work was done with several kinds of bacteria, including (he tuliercle
bacillus. Intact bacteria are said to resist digestion by trypsin because no
protein substratum is exposed. Dried organisms resist digestion in a degree
proportional to their content of unsaturated lipoids. Lipoidal extractives were
found to I'educe the resistance to tryptlc digestion.
"The extracted lipoids (saponified) are antitryptic in a degree proportional
to their unsaturation. The inactivation of the antiferment in Gram-negative
organisms is probably due to changes in the degree of lipoidal dispersion. Bac-
teria adsorb lipoids from the serum when incubated at 37° C. Such organisms
when dried are found to be more resistant to tryptic digestion than untreated
organisms."
Lipoids as inhibitors of anaphylactic shock. — Studies on ferment action,
XVIII, J. W. Jobling and W. Peiersen {Jour. Expt. Med., 20 {WW, No. 5,
pp. Jf68-i76, fiff. 1). — "The antitryptic titer of the serum can be increased by
.subcutaneous injections of serum lipoids (antitrjiJsin) and of the liiwids from
egg yolk. Animals so injected show a relative immunity to acute anaphylactic
shock (two minimum lethal doses). Extraction of lipoids contained in antigens
increases the toxicity of the antigen when injected into a sensitized anijnal.
Sublethal doses of soap solutions injected simultaneously with the antigen
(purified horse serum albumin) prevent anaphylactic shock. The refractory
state following anaphylactic shock is related in part to an increase in the
antitryptic tiler of the serum."
An anomalous strain of Bacillus paratyphosus (B) and its source, 11. J.
HuTCHENs and W. J. Tulloch (Ahs. in Jour. Path, and Bact., 18 (1914), ^'o. 3,
pp. 431, Jf32). — ^An organism was Lsolatetl from brewers' yeast which had been
used as a feed for various siiecies of farmyard animals in which it appears to
have produced symptoms of acute enteritis. The organism exhibited the usual
mon>hological and biochemical characteristics of the Salmonella group but dif-
fered in its agglutination reactions.
Report on the investigation of four cases of sudden death which took
place at the Athens State Hospital, E. R. Hayhxjrst and E. Scott (Mo. Bui.
Ohio Bd. Health, J, (191//), No. 10, pp. l-'f07-U21, fig. i).— Autopsical findings
are presented for four men, patients with minor degrees of psychoses at the
Athens State Hospital, and 31, 56, 56, and 67 years old. respectively, who were
suddenly asphyxiated within five minutes after entering a new metal silo being
filled with corn silage. The men were employed to tramp down the silage, and
were waiting for work to begin. In spite of efforts at resuscitation, including
hypodermic injections of stimulants, it was impossible to revive any of them.
On (he morning following the accident tests were made in the silo with
guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs, which succumbed in a few minutes. About half
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679
an hour later, one of the investigators entered l)nt could detect nothing ix^culiar
until his head was about a foot above the silage, when pungent, warm, slightly
alcoholic gas was noticeable. The odor of the gas gave no suggestion of bitter
almonds, garlic, or rotten eggs. A second investigator discovered at about 10
in. above the general level of the silage, and from there to the silage the same
almost irrespirable gas, which had an immediately irritating effect upon the
mucous membrane of the nose, throat, and trachea.
Analysis of a sample of the gas collected from the silo showed carbon dioxid
38.15, oxygen 38.75, and nitrogen 48.1 per cent, while that of a sample olilained
from a neighboring silo showed carbon dioxid 0.22, oxygen 20.0, and nitrogen
79.22 per cent. No test was obtained for carbon monoxid, ammonia, hydro-
cyanic acid, or methane.
A crisis in the foot-and-mouth disease situation (Illinois Sta. Circ. 178
(1915), PI). Jf). — A discussion of the foot-and-mouth disease situation prepared
by a connnittee of the station which emphasizes the fact that it is " the plain
duty of all who have the welfare of the live stock interests at heart to unite
in supporting the efforts of the federal and state authorities to eradicate the
disease from this country."
Immunity ag'ainst tuberculosis in cattle, A. Calmette and C. Gu^rin (Ann.
Inst. Pasteur, 28 (1914), ^o. 4, PP- 329-337; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and
Ther., 27 (1914), ^^o. 3, pp. 263-265). — This is in continuation of work previously
reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 482) in regard to determining what part the sub-
stances which comprise the bacillus, i. e., the lij)oids, the tuberculins, and the
bacillary protoplasm, play in the production of immunity.
The lipoids appear to play no part in immunity, and the injection of tuber-
culin, either crude or precipitated, sensibly retards the development of tubercu-
losis produced by the test inoculations. The effect of intact bacilli killed by
heat and washed was studied for the purpose of determining whether the
slight protective power attributed to dead bacilli depends upon the tuberculin '
inclosed within the bodies of the bacilli.
"An S-month-old calf was inoculated Intravenously with 20 mg. of bacilli
heated for 36 minutes at 65° C. and then washed with salt solution. Three
months later the animal was tested with tuberculin and gave a very i)ronounced
reaction. It was slaughtered on the same day. and at the post-mortem the
lesions of chronic, slowly progressive tuI)ereulosis were found."
"The intact bacillary protoplasm obtained from dead bacilli which are devoid
of tuberculin possesses no immunizing action at all. Lasting tolerance pos-
sessed by bovines to infection with, tuberculosis is due to the presence in their
systems of living bacilli. The saprophytic existence of tubercle bacilli in the
system leads to the production of soluble imniuni-zing substances different from
those obtained in artificial culture media."
The twenty-eight hour law and the animal quarantine laws annotated,
compiled by H. Coding (Washinyton: U. 8. Dcpt. Ar/r., Office ^oliritur, 1915,
pp. 52). — An annotation of the act of Congress approved June 29, 1906, com-
monly known as the " Twenty-eight Hour Law," and the Animal Quarantine
Acts of May 29, 1884, February 2, 1903, and March 3, 1905. All of the deci-
sions of the courts contained in the publication of October 2, 190S, entitled
" The Twenty-eight Hour Law Annotated," all decisions under the Twenty-
eight Hour Law reported since that publication was issued, and all decisions
reported under the animal quarantine laws ai*e included.
Sterility in bovines and equines, J. J. Wester (Tijdsehr. Veeartsenijl:., 4I
(191.',), No. 1, pp. 13-16; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 27 (191 J,), No. 1362, pp. 109, 110;
Cornell Vet., 4 (1915), No. 4, pp. 212, 213).— Thin article deals with endemic
sterility which has been frequently encountered during certain years.
680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Dehorning cattle, P. V. Ewing {Georgia Htu. Jiiil. Ill {191.'t), pp. 193-201i,
I'KJK. 7). — A i)0])iil;ir illustrated accouut.
The warble flies: Fourth report on experiments and observations as to
life history and treatment (Dt'ijt. Ayr. and Tccli. I)usir. Irclund Jour., 15
(lyiJf), No. 1, pp. 105-132, pis. 4, fiffS. 2). — This is a report of investigations,
conducted in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. Pi., 24, p. 61), which
have extended up to the summer of 1914.
In the first part of the report New Facts in the Life History (pp. 105-119) are
presented by G. H. Cari)enter, T. li. Hewitt, and T. K. Reddin. It is pointed out
that while Ilypoclerma lineatum lays her eggs on the hairs in i-ows and must,
therefore, cling on for a few minutes while depositing them, //, havis lays her
eggs singly and quickly, thus causing the animals to get veiy excited. Studies
of the external reproductive organs of H. lineatum and II. hovis show that they
may be distinguished by very definite structural characters (E. S. R., 31, p. 2.54).
Up to the summer of 1913 the first-stage larva of the warble fly had not been
observed outside the egg, but during that summer it was seen by Glaser in Ger-
many (E. S. R., 32, p. GO) and by the authors in Great Britain. The so-called
first-stage maggots mentioned by various authoi's as found in the gullets of
cattle are in reality early second-stage larvte.
"The newly-hatched maggot, though only 0.8 mm. (^ in.) long, is dis-
tinguished by the relatively immense strength of its mouth hooks, and of the
spiny armature in transverse rows across its segments especially on the ventral
aspect. . . . The whole aspect of this little larva suggests that it could bore as
readily through the skin as through the mucous coat of the gullet. That it does
bore into the skin we are convinced as the result of the muzzling experiments
and of the direct observations that we have been able to make."
Muzzling experiments indicate that there is no protection from warbles for
those calves which can not lick themselves, and confirm the opinion derived
from the early muzzling experiments that the maggot usually enters the host's
body through the skin. The experiments indicate that the tongue, far from
aiding the parasite in its career, rather inhibits its progress and reduces the
number of maggots found in animals that can lick themselves. In an experi-
ment conducted during the summer of 1913 three of six calves kept housed and
never allowed outside where they would be exposed to warble flies were fe<l 16
newly-laid H. hovis eggs each, the other three being kept as controls. All of the
calves failed to develop warbles, thus telling strongly against the view that the
parasites gain entrance to the host body by the eggs being licked in.
It is pointed out that the fly deposits its eggs almost exclusively on the legs,
not confining itself to any particular part, but showing a decided preference — at
least as regards H. boiHs — for the heel or hock joint of the hind limbs. It was
observed that a few days after the eggs had been deposited that a soreness
appeared in the neighboring region of the skin which was followed by a dis-
charge. "On looking with a lens at the skin near the newly-laid eggs, we saw
that it was perforated with minute holes from which flowed a watery discharge,
hardening on the surface to form a scaly deposit. After a day or two the region
became covered with small pimples which disappeared a few days later. On
squeezing the skin of the earliest ' case ' that could be obtained, some clear
watei*y fluid exuded from the holes, and on examining a smear of this under the
microscope we were delighted to find a newly-hatched maggot of H. lineatu))i."
In an experimental attempt to verify these observations the authoi's clipped
closely a small patch on the shoulder of a calf and placed seven maggots
thereon. " Immediately they were put on the hairs they crawled down
them to the skin and directed their bodies perpendicular to its surface. We soon
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681
found that they were slowly disapijoariiiy into the skin, four were lost sight of,
but the other three were watched cutting into the epidermis with their mouth
hooks and occasionally bending the hinder region of their bodies until they dis-
appeared completely. It took them about six hours to get into the skin; possi-
bly hair follicles may have facilitated entrance. Next morning there were three
little eruptions or pimples just where they had entered, and we found four other
little pimples indicating where the other maggots which had been lost to view
had also bored iu. . . . These observations confirm the belief deduced from the
muzzling results that the maggots enters the animal's body through the skin
and not by the mouth and gullet.
"As the eggs are laid on the lower parts of the animals, seldom if ever on the
back, and us the maggots, according to our observations, enter the skin some-
what below the position of the eggs, it remains to consider by what course the
parasite finds its way to the back." The authors conclude that there is no
reason why the maggots should not make their way through the host's body
from the skin of the legs to the gullet and thence to the back. After having
observed the entrance holes of newly-hatched larvie in the skin two cows were
slaughtered to trace their further course. A careful search in the skiu and the
underlying fatty and muscular tissues, however, failed to reveal any maggots.
In no case could they be followed further than the superficial layers of the
dermis. It is suggested that possibly the minute larva may enter u small vein
and be carried in the blood stream, at least part of the way to the gullet.
Examinations were made of a large number of gullets and stomachs of cattle
from the Dublin meat markets, and of 1,795 gullets examined G6 contained
a total of 625 larvae. The appearance of larvae in the gullet was found to begin
in August (on the twenty-sixth in 1914) and the number of affected gullets and
of larvae to increase until November, when the maximum is reached. " In
December and January there is a slight decrease iu the proportion of affected
gullets, but the average maximum of maggots then becomes highest, and it is iu
these months that the maggots first appear beneath the skiu of the back. In
February when they become common in the latter position, the number in the
gullet shows a marked decrea.se; iu March hardly any are left there (our
latest specimen was found on March 14), and from April until July, inclusive,
no maggots were found in the gullet at all. These facts altogether supjwrt the
view that the larvte make their way to the gullet during the late summer and
autumn, and leave it during the winter and early spring, traveling toward the
region of the spine." The authors' obsei-vations indicate that the maggots
wander to and fro along the gullet during the late autumn and winter. Seventy
stomachs were examined between October 1 and February 28, but no warble
larva; were found in any of them. The authors consider their observation of
second-stage larvae just outside the muscular coat of the gullet, appearing as
if they had bored througli from the subnuicous coat, to be a new and most
interesting one.
The second part of this paper on The Destruction of Warble Maggots (pp.
119-132) is by J. L. Duncan, T. R. Hewitt, and D. S. Jardine. Systematic de-
struction by squeezing out the " ripe " maggots has been continued up to the
present time, the details relating to which are presented in tabular form.
In the experiments conducted with a view to discovering an effective dressing
to be used for maggot destruction, it was found that sulphur dioxid gas applied
under pressure to each warble for less than a minute kills 93 per cent of the
maggots and causes no harm whatever to cattle.
Eradication of the cattle tick necessary for profitable dairying, J. H.
McClain {U. .v. Dci}t. A<jr., Fanners' Bill. 6S'J {191',), pp. //, fuj.-i. 2).— This is a
popular account based upon the investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 32,
682 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
p. 581), which emphasizes (ho import a i ice of ticli • eradication to the dairy
industry in tlie »Soii(liern .States.
A contribution to the study of the treatment of bovine piroplasmosis by
trypanblue, C. Mkllxs {Ecv. It'/. IToulousc], 3D (lOlJ,), Ao. 6, pp. 321-33.',)-—
Twenty-three cases of i>iroplasmosis in different degrees of severity were treated
by the author through the use of trypanblue, it being administered subcu-
taneously in 20 cases in doses of from 1(X» to 160 gm. of the solution, both with
and without pilocarpine, and intravenously in three in doses of 100 gm. with
COS gm. of pilocarpine. Nineteen of the cases responded to the treatment.
The author ]K)iiits out that with all four animals that succumbed the drug was
administered suhcutaneously.
A text-book of the topographical anatomy of the horse, W. Ei.i.knbf.rcer
and n. Baum {LeJuhuch dcr Topograplnschcn Anatomic ties Pferdes. Berlin:
Paul Pare]/, 1914, PP- IX-\-427, figs. 215). — This text-boolc has been prepared
from the author's large 3-volume work on the subject (E. S. R., 9. p.' 594) for
use as a handbook by the veterinary student. The text of this work is shorter
than that of the 3-volume work, but the number of figures remains the same,
and a largo number are in color.
Ophthalmic mallein for the diag'nosis of glanders, J. R. Mohler and A.
EicHiiouN {U. H. Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. 166 {1915), pp. 11, pi. 1). — ^The mallein eye
reaction is considered the most appropriate test for the use of the practicing
veterinarian for the diagnosis of glanders. The combined agglutination and
complement fixation method is considered a good laboratory test, as a check on
the field tests and as a last resort in the diagnosis of doubtful reactors.
The oi>htha]mic test, wliich is simple to conduct, has been used with much
success in Europe, especially in Austria. The reaction commences in from five
to six hours after the instillation of the mallein, and lasts from 24 to 36 hours.
The e.s.sential factor in obtaining satisfactory results is to use the proper kind
of mallein. The mallein employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry was in
concentrated form (raw mallein) and prepared by the Biochemic Division.
The method of preparation is described. Dry mallein may also be used for the
test but the solution for instillation must be prepared fresh each day. This
form of mallein is used in the State of Pennsylvania for official work. The
method of applying and interin-etiug the mallein test is described in detail and
the description is accompanied by a copy of Quarantine Division Form 69,
Record of Ophthalmic Mallein Test, used l>y the Bureau of Animal Industry.
The effect of the test on glandered and healthy animals is discussed. Four
reproductions of photographs are included to show the varying degrees of
reactions.
The report of the special committee of the American Veterinary ^Medical As-
sociation and its conclusions, which are in accord with the findings of the
bureau, ai"e j)resented.
Contagious pneumonia. — Its treatment by neosalvarsan, R. Bunsow (Blood-
stock Breeders' Rev., 3 (191J,), No. 1, pp. 40-43; ahs. in Yet. Rcc., 27 (191.',), No.
1358, pp. 41, 4^)- — This article calls attention to the recent advances made in
the treatment of pectoral influenza of equines through the use of neosalvarsan,
which has much the same properties as snlvarsan (dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol).
Hog cholera as a result of vaccinating" against erysipelas, Mulleb (Berlin.
Ticrarztl. Wchnfichr., 30 (1914), No. 13, Beilagc, pp. 21-24). — A culture of ery-
sipelas bacteria suspected of being the cause of hog cholera was tested upon 7-
to S-week-old shoats. Some were given the culture and others the filtrate from
the culture, while another lot received blood serum, filtered and unfiltered. and
organ pastes from affected animals.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 683
The animals receiving tlie filtered and uiifiltered cultnros became affediHl
with lioj: cholera, bnt the others did not. A nnmber of the pij;;^ which remained
sound and some controls were fetl with orjians from the pi.ys whlcli died from
hog cholera and as a result of treatment with erysipelas culture, and others
were jilacod In the infectetl stable. In l)oth instances the animals ])ecame
alfected with hog cholera. The symi)loiu.s and pathological tindings are briefly
stated.
The curative action of autolyzed yeast against avian polyneuritis, E. A.
Cooper (Biochem. Jour., 8 (191.',). No. 3, pp. 2.50-252).— " By the autolysis of
Itrewers' yeast a solution can be obtained which possesses as niarl^ed curative
properties toward avian polyneuritis as the original yeast. The solution retains
its curative power for at least eight weeks and when given orally to birds in
doses ten times as great as the minimum curing dose has no toxic action. Air-
dried yeast retains its curative power after storage for two years in a dry tin,
and still autolyzes after storage for four months."
House disinfection with formaldehyde, W. Lowenstein [Zi-^chr. Jfi/f/. n.
Infehtionskrank., 78 (.191J,), No. 2, pp. 363^38.',) .—When formaldehydt; was used
for disinfection in the neighborhood of heated bodies the bacteria were killed
with difficulty. Moist test objects were killed quicker than dry substances.
Threads dipped in and saturated with bouillon cultures were more resistant to
formaldehyde disinfection than agar cultures suspended in w"iter. Formalde-
hyde acted in a similar manner on moist and dried bouillon culture test objects.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Some measuring devices used in the delivery of irrigation water iCali-
fonii.a ,St(i. Bui. 2//7 (1915), pp. 111-180, pi. 1, Jif/s. .?/).— This bnlleliu, prei»ared
under a cooperative agreement between the Irrigation Investigations of this
Office and the University of California, describes the testing station at Davis,
Cal., which is used for the purpose of examining, testing, and demonstrating the
jn-incipal irrigation water measuring devices so far developed, and de.scribes,
illustrates, and points out the relative accuracy of some of the devices that have
already become standard or that have been in use for a sufficiently long time
or on a sufficient scale to warrant their installation at the laboratory.
Three me.MSuring hydrants for underground distribution systems were tested.
The Aznsa hydrant pi'ovides for measurement through one or more oriliee.s on
the center of which a pressure head of 4 in. is maintained by means of a
sheet iron spill crest set at right angles to the orifice plate. The hydrant is
in the form of a concrete box placed over the supply pipe line and the area of
the openings in the orifice varies from 10 to 50 sq. in. The average of all tests
made on this hydrant showed "the amounts in inches being carried through
the openings to be 1 per cent more than their area in square inches," includ-
ing all errors in measurements. All openings or combinations of openings were
equally accurate. It is thought, therefore, that the box will meastu'e as accu-
rately as is required.
The Gage hydrant consists of a main box of 2-in. mortar, the bottom of which
is cast separately and the top cemented to it in the field. The weir crest
consists of 4-in. by li-in. iron cemented to the sides, giving a final opening of
10 in. wide and 10^ in. high. In the tests of this hydrant it was found that the
amount of w-ater discharged for any given depth was greater than with a
standard 10 in. weir, owing to the nearness of the sides of the box to the sides
of the weir and to the velocity conditions in the box. " The amount of this
difference increases as the head increases, being as much as 35 per cent at the
684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
higher heads." It is stated that the principal source of error in using this box
in practice will be the difficulty in measuring the depth over the weir closely.
The Iliverslde box consists of a shallow box set over the end of the delivery
pipe line. The water enters through the bottom of the box and is measured out
through an adjustable cast-iron mea.suriug plate in the end. In tests of this
device the average difference between the number of inches actually received
and the area in square inches of the opening was about 2 per cent. For all
tests the area in square inches of the opening averaged 1 per cent greater than
the inches actually received. It is thought that where care is used to adjust
the width of the opening to the amount running this box will measure water
very closely.
In tests of the Foote inch box the amount of water supposed to have been
passed averaged 4 per cent greater than was actually run and the error did not
vary with the amount of discharge. " From these tests it appears that the
slide can be set within an average 4 per cent of correct if care i^ used. This
box will measure water up to 150 in. satisfactorily under conditions to which
it is adapted, although it is not in general an economical box to use."
A general discussion of different types of weirs in use is given, including
weir tables which are in general use.
Submerged orifices are also described and tables developed by the U. S.
Reclamation Service for determining their flow under different conditions are
given. Tests of a submerged orifice 2 ft. wide and 1 ft. high gave a coefficient
of 0.61 which agrees with that determined by the Reclamation Service. In
tests of a submerged orifice gate under two conditions it was found that the
mean of all measurements using the level board gave a mean coefficient of 0.8
while the measurements on the gate gave a mean of 0.72. " From these results
it is seen that the coefficient for such measuring gates varies with the type of
gate. . . . Where the lack of sufficient fall for the use of a better measuring
device makes the use of this type of submei'ged orifice necessary, a standard
size and structure should be adopted, and special discharge tables prepared.
This should then be rated under the condition in which it will be used."
Three mechanical devices for measuring and registering the total flow were
tested. The Dethridge meter consists of a wheel or drum to which projecting
pieces of sheet metal are fastened. The drum is placed with its axle horizontal
and is so set that the projecting blades are in the current' of the ditch to be
measured. A special box is built around the wheel so that all water in pass-
ing has to strike against the blades. The tests of this device showed the meter
to be quite accurate under constant ditch conditions between rates of flow of
from 1 to 3.5 second-feet. For both larger and smaller discharges the meter
passed more water than it did between these limits. " The amount of water
going through the meter varies with the depth of drov\-ning. A meter set high
in the ditch will discharge less water per revolution than one set low. Check-
ing up the ditch below a meter so that the depth is increased at the meter may
increase the discharge by as much as 10 per cent in some cases. . . . The
Dethridge meter of this size is adapted for accurate measurement of streams
varying from 1 to 3 or 4 cu. ft. per second."
The Graut-Michell meter consists of a wheel turning in a horizontal circular
opening through which the water is made to pass. The meter consists of four
flat blades set so that the water in flowing through the circular opening strikes
against them at an angle. On the upper end of the shaft carrying the wheel
is a counter which records the number of revolutions of the wheel. Tests
made of the 21-in. meter showed that for discharges of over 2 second-feet and
up to 6.5 second-feet the meter makes one revolution for every 6.1 cubic feet of
RURAL ENGINEERING. 685
water passed. More water is passed per revolution on lower rates of discliurge.
Tlie tests show that the meter will probably register within 2.5 per cent of the
true quantity. The fall required in the ditch varies with the rate of flow from
about 1 in. for a discharge of 3 second-feet to 4 in. for a discharge of 5 second-
feet. The high cost of this meter is said to be against its general use.
The IIlll meter consists of a circular horizontal opening in the floor of a box
through which the water to be measured is made to pass. The meter consists
of curved vanes on a central drum. It sits in the center of the opening and is
turned by the water as it strikes against the vanes on rising through the open-
ing. The turning of the meter drives the gears of a counting device which
records the water passed in acre-feet. Tests of a 12-in. Hill meter showed that
this size of meter apparently registers the quantity passed within 1.5 per cent
for discharges of from 1 to 3.5 second-feet. For discharges of less than 1 .second-
foot more water passed the meter than was registered and for discharges of
3.5 second-feet the water boiled up through the opening so as to submerge tlie
counter. The loss of head of fall in the water required for this meter varied
from 1 in. when carrying 1 second-foot to 6^ in. when carrying 3.5 second-feet.
"The Hill meter seems adapted to use under the usual conditions of irrigation
practice. It is simple and has few^ wearing parts. The head required for the
different sizes is less than that needed for the use of weirs. The record of the
total quantity of w'ater passed can be read in units of 0.001 acre-foot."
The data of the tests are given in an appendix.
Stream gag'ing by titration: Comparative tests of new chemical and stand-
ard miechauical methods of gaging stream flow, L. W. Collkt et al., trans.
by G. Blaauw and R. E. Ward {Engin. and Contract., 42 (Wl-'f), No. 12, pp.
270-273, figs. 3). — This article explains the method of stream gaging by chemi-
cal means, describes the preparation of the solution, and the computation of
results.
The process is based on the theory that if a constant quantity of concentrated
solution of sodium •clorid be injected into a stream and samples of water taken
at a certain distance from the poiBt of injection into the stream, the discharge
may be determined by the fact that the ratio of the discharge of the initial
solution to the discharge of the final solution is inversely proportional to the
ratio of their concentration. The conditions necessary for the success of this
method of gaging are (1) a constant rate of flow of the initial solution, (2)
perfect mixing, and (3) accurate titi'ation of the salt solution.
Comparative tests made in Switzerland of the chemical method with the cur-
rent metei*, curtain, and weir methods are described, from which it is concluded
that the titration method is rapid and exact, permits the easy determination
of a discharge of high head turbines, is applicable in certain cases to test low
head turbines, and may be used in gaging Alpine streams whore otlicr methods
are considered inaccurate.
The hydraulics of irrigation, drainage, and other channels, L. Schmeeb
{Engin. and Contract., 42 {1914), No. 13, pp. 284-290, figs. 4).— The author
briefly reviews the history of channel flow formulas, deduces an equation for
circular conduits running full, discusses the practical application of formulas
for conduits under pressure, and deals in more or less detail with formulas
governing the flow of water in open conduits, covered aqueducts, and egg-shaped
conduits.
Ground-water supplies, O. Smreker (Dns Grundivasser, Seine Erscheinungs-
fornien, Bcwcgung.'igcsctzc, und Mcngenbestivimung. Leipsic: W. Engelmann,
1914. PP- 67, figs. 27; rev. in Engin. News, 72 (.1914), No. 21, p. IO46).— This
book is divided into seven sections which embrace a review of the principal
686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
theories of the foriuatiou of ground water, the interchange of surface and sub-
soil waters, the law of resistance to tlie motion of water through the ground, the
efliciency of different methods of obtaining a water supply, the determination
of the shape of the cone of depression of the ground-water surface by means of
experiments with pumps, and the determination of the discharge of a stream of
ground water tlirougli a given basin or cross section.
Economic factors involved in road construction in strictly rural sections
{Hmjin. and Contract., Jf.l (IDi-'t), No. 11, pp. 2.7.5-2.58). — This article considers
the economics of country road construction from the standpoint of the general
welfare of the community, discusses the relative permanence of construction
and structural details, and describes methods of financing.
It is considered fundamental that any outlay of money be made in such a
manner that it will result in a paying investment to the community. With this
in view it is concluded (1) that no road should be improved without some pro-
vision for its maintenance, (2) that all unprofitable work and works " de luxe"
be avoided within certain limits, (3) that all improvements not actually and
positively needed be omitted or postponed, (4) that the choice of kinds of pave-
ment the durability and ease of maintenauc of which have not been ascertained
in practice be avoided as much as possible, and (5) that unnecessary experi-
ments be avoided.
The relation of farm produce hauling to permanent road improvements
(Engin. and Contract., }fi (1914), No. 9, pp. 215-217, figs. ,?).— This arti<-!e dis-
cusses economic questions relating to the classification of highways, hauling
radius, apportioning of aid. supporting areas of cities, and cost of distributing
food products, treating these subjects as fundamentals to economic road design
imder Ontario, Canada, conditions.
Concrete highway bridge construction as standardized by Iowa commis-
sion, C. B. McCuLLOuGH (Eni/in. Rec, 10 (191-'f), No. 19, pp. ')l.'t-5n, figs. 6). —
The author, in describing the process by which the Iowa Highway Commission
has arrived at its standards for concrete highway bridges, states that topograph-
ical conditions markedly influenced the selection of designs for different parts
of the State.
The cantilever type of abutment has been chosen for the general standard, but
to meet conditions of scarcity of concrete materials in the Kansan drift area
the pedestal or integral approach span type is being developed. The box type
of culvert is said to have proved in general the solution of the culvert problem
except in cases of very deep ravines requiring excessive fill, when the arch
culvert is used.
Specifications and permissible stresses in material are given, and the standard
superstructure plans were designed for the following loadings: (1) Dead load-
ings of earth fill at 120, concrete at 150, and brick masonry at 150 lbs. per cubic
foot ; treated timber at 5 and untreated timber at 3^ lbs. per foot, board meas-
ure; and (2) a uniformly distributed live load over floor and sidewalk surface
of 100 lbs. per square foot or a concentrated live load consisting of a 15-ton
traction engine with weight on the rear axle of 20.000 lbs. and on the front axle
of 10,000 lbs., distance between axles 11 ft., distance between the rear wheels
6 ft, and width of the I'ear wheels 22 in. "Where the floor slab supporting
this concentration is relatively thin, as in the deck girder floors, each of the
rear wheels is assumed to distribute over an area 4 by 4 ft. Where the slab is
12 in. thick or over the lateral distribution is increased to 6 ft. for each wheel
or 12 ft. for the entire rear axle load, and the longitudinal distribution is taken
as 5 ft. The culvert loadings are taken the same as the foregoing with the addi-
tion that below 1 ft. the wheel load concentration is assumed to distribute
through the earth fill in four directions at the rate of ^ horizontal to 1 ver-
RURAL ENGINEERING. 687
tical." The details of the desij;us of various standard structures, including
deck and through girders, are further discussed.
Notes on using kerosene, J. A. Kino (loicu Engineer, 15 (lOUt), No. 2, pp.
■■,(>-58). — The author ct)nrhules that the best results are obtained today with
kerosene as a fuel for internal combustion engines when one uses a thoroughly
t'tticient carburetor in connection with a water spray and on a throttle-governed
engine.
Dynamics of a plow, J. I\i;ik (Jour. Aor. [Seiv Zeal.], S {191.'/), No. 6, pp.
507-606, figs. IZ). — The author, in endeavoring to explain the dynamics of a
plow, deals with the single furrow lever plow of the New Zealand type having
three wlieels. lie points out in conclusion that a great deal of misappreheusitm
regarding the relative draft of light and heavy plows exists among farmers and
plowmen. The draft of plows running on wheels on level land, he states, is
not appreciably aft'e<-ted by the dead weight of the plow. " The draft of every
plow is almost entirely due to the work done on the furrow, and will vary with
the width and doitth of furrow, and condition and quality of the land. While a
light plow is easier to handle for the man. within reasonable limits and on level
land, it makes hardly any difference to the horses."
The strength and design of washers in reference to the bearing on wood,
L. R. RoDKNiiisEB {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 (1014), No. 2, pp. .'tl-45, figs. 6). —
Investigations are reported with four different types of structural timber to
determine (1) the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths of different w-oods
under different washers, and (2) the economic size of washers in order to make
the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths as high as possible and yet keep
tlie weight of the washers down to a minimum. The main conclusions reache<l
are as follows:
For bolts of less than i-in. in diameter no reinforcement of the washer is
necessary, a flat plate large enough to provide sutticient bearing area being all
that is required. For each inch of diameter of the plate there should be ^ in.
in height and iV in. in thickness for tlie spool, but no siX)ol should be less than
■j in. in height or less than I's in. in tlnckness.
Silo construction, P. V. Ewing (Georgia Sta. Bill. 110 (101.'^). pp. 1G5-11G,
figs. S). — This section gives general information regarding the size and con-
struction of silos.
Housing in rural districts, E. Hollowav {Jiiirvvijor. .J6' (i51.J), No. 1182. pp.
830, 331, figs. 4)- — The type of rui-al cottage decided on for the Evesham and
Pebworth rural districts of England is described and diagrammatically illus-
trated. It is one having a large living room and a small scullery on the first
floor, and three bedrooms on the second floor, two of which have fireplaces.
The construction of the cottages is as follows: Outside and party walls are
of 9-in. brickwork, internal walls on the ground floor 4i-in. brickwork, and on
the second floor 2-iu. concrete partition slabs. The roofs are tiled, and have
a pitch of 4,')°. In one case rough-cast has been used for the exterior walls.
The floors of the living room are 6-in. square tiles laid on 4-in. cement con-
crete, and in the scullery and elsewhere on the ground floor granolithic floors
have been laid ; upstairs. 1-in. best white flooring with matched edges is used,
the timber being red deal throughout: the plastering on the ceilings is three-
coat work, and on the walls two coats. In every instance casement windows
are put in, and ample provision is made both for light and ventilation. The
height of all rooms is 8 ft. throughout.
Rural laborers' cottages (Htirregor, .',6 {1914), No. 1180. pp. 272-277. figs.
21). — A quadruple system of rural housing, eacli house of which is said to cost
not over £152 ($789.70). is described and diagrammatically illustrated.
90853°— No. 7—15 7
688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some of the main features of these cottages are as follows: (1) The en-
trance gives access by a straight stairway diref,'t to the upper rooms, (2)
the living room, while directly accessible from the front door, stairs, and
scullery, gives the maximum of floor space free of traffic and a fireside away
from drafts, (3) all chimneys are on inside walls, (4) all bed spaces are against
inner walls while their positions afford the maximum amount of unimpeded floor
space, (5) a bath space is available if desired, (G) three sides of each of the*
upper bedrooms have solid brick walls, and (7) the upper internal walls are
natural continuations of those below, there being no partition work.
aUEAL ECONOMICS.
The cost of producing Minnesota farm products, 1908—1912, F. W. Peck
{Minnetiota Uta. Bui. 145 {1914), pp. 48, Jiya. 6). — Continuing previous work
(E. S. 11., 23, p. 695; 20, p. 474), this report is ba.sed upon a study of a number
of farms located at Northfiold. Marshall, and Ilalstad. Minn. The report de-
scribes the methods of collecting and compiling the statistics, the climatic condi-
tions, itvorage crop yield.s, and average farm price.s, and di.scusses the various
factors u.sed In computing the cost of farm croj^s and the acre as a basis of com-
parison.
Among the principal results noted were that the average monthly cost of
I)oard per man at Northfield amounted to $15.43; at Marshall. $14.17; and at
Halstad, $12.3(3. The average rate of wages per hour for the eight crop-season
months was $0,149 at Northfield: $0,139 at Marshall; and $0,135 at Halstad.
The average annual cost of maintaining a farm work horse at Northfield was
$103.41 ; at Marshall, $99.07 ; and at Halstad, $84.10. The average cost of horsa
labor iier hour w'orked amounted to 10.1 cts. at Northfield, 9.01 cts. at Marshall,
and 8.G3 at Ilalstad. The average annual depreciation of machinery amounted
to 6.7 per cent. The annual values consumed per acre (depreciation, labor,
ca.sh repairs, and Interest) for the commonly used machines were grain bind'-rs.
16.8 cts. ; grain drills, 7.2 cts. ; corn binders, 60.4 cts. ; wagons, 19.5 cts. ; mowers,
16.7 cts. ; and plows, 9.5 cts.
The total cost of producing an acre of spring wheat was reported as $10.78:
oats, $12.02; barley, $11.10; flax. $10.70; potatoes, $32.18: corn, cut. shocked, and
hauled from the field, $14.75;' corn, husked from standing stalks, $14.52; fodder
corn, stacked at the farmstead, $14.84 ; clover and timothy, first crop. $7.51 ;
wild hay. $7.30. The bulletin also shows the average cost of plowing at different
seasons of the year, and other cost data.
The report contains a number of statistical tables showing complete details.
Statistics of cooperation among farmers in Minnesota, 1913, L. D. H.
Weld {Minnesota Sfa. Bill. 146 {1914), pp. 22, figs. S). — This bulletin indicates
that there were 2.013 cooperative organizations in INlinnesota on January 1.
1014, and that the annual volume of their business during the previous year was
$(50,700,000. Of this number 014 were creameries doing a business of $21,075,-
252, 000 telephone companies Avith a business of $900,000, and 270 elevators with
a business of $24,000,000. This bulletin describes the most important features
found among the cooperative creameries and chee.se factories, farmers' elevators,
live stock shipping associations, telephone companies, and insurance companies.
The New York State Vegetable Growers' Association (.Y. Y. State Veff.
Groiccrs" Assoc. Rpt. l'JlS-14. PP- 2S6. pi. 1, figs. J). — This report contains a
series of addresses relating to the production, distribution, canning, and storing
of vegetables.
Report of the public roads and highways commission of Ontario, 1914
{Rpt. Pub. Roads and llighmiys Com. Ontario, 1914, pp. 277, pis. 16, figs. 16).—
This report discusses the development of highways in Ontario, Canada, and its
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 689
iuflueuoe upon tlieagricultui'iil prutluetion and the marketing of af,'ricultural ))ro(l-
uets, and outlines certain factors to be considered in their future development.
Rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United
States Cotton Futures Act of August 18. 1914 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Her.
Circ. Jf6 (J!)]5). pp. 2.}). — 'this circular contains the definitions, rules, and regu-
lations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United States Cotton Futun»s
Act, which taxes contracts of sale of cotton for future delivery not made in
accordance with its ])rovisions. The text of the act is appended.
[Amendment, United States Cotton Futures Act] (U, S. Dcpt. Ayr., Office
Sec. Circ. 46 {1915), Aiiicnda. 1, p. 1; 2, p. 1). — These two amendments relate to
the elimination of Waco. Tex., and Fall River, >.Iass.. from among the list of
" spot niarlcets."
Government crop reports ( f/. 8. Dept. Apr., Bitr. Crop Estimates Circ. 17.
rev. {lUlo), pp. 27). — This circular discusses the origin, value, scope, raetliod.
and bases of the crop estimates and gives a table showing the scope of wnrlv in-
volved in the preparation of the several croi> reports by months, and the details
involved in making the final estimates.
Statistical atlas of the United States, 1914 (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.],
8t(i1is. Atlas U. 8., 1914, PP- 99-\-XII, pis. 503). — ^TMs volume contains maps
and diagrams to illustrate the statistical tables of the Thirteenth Census, and
includes diagrams and maps x'elating to rural population, agriculture, manufac-
turing, and those gainfully employed.
Annual statistics of Chile {An. Estad. Chile, 10 {1912-13), pp. 221).— Th\>
vo]un;e contains statistical data showing the area and production of the prin-
cipal agricultural products and the number of live stock by provinces.
Report on the agriculture of Saxony for 1913 {Jahrcsbcr. Landw. Konigr.
Sachs., 1913, pp. VI+3Jf3). — This report gives information concerning agricul-
tural credit, labor, trade, and education, and the inspection of foodstuffs, fer-
tilizers, and seeds, the cultivation of land, animal industries, and live stock
sanitation.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Proceedings of the Conference on Rural Education, February 10, 1913
{Proc. Cunf. Rural Ed. [Mass.], 1913, pp. 45). — Among the papers and addresses
included in the proceedings of this conference are the following : Rural Educa-
tion from the Standpoint of the Agricultural College and Teacher, by W. R.
Hart: Rural Education from the Standjioint of the Rural Citizen, Taxpayer,
and Parent, by E. E. Chapman: The Betterment of Rural Schools, by E. T.
Fairchild: Educational Possibilities in the Rural High School, by R. W. Stim-
son : Educational Possibilities of Improved Social Conditions, by H. N. Loomis;
Two TyiX's of Agricultural Education, by D. Sneddeu; and Needs and Possi-
bilities of Education in Rural Communities, by P. P. Claxton.
Present status of agricultural education in Canada, S. B. McCrilady {Inter
)>at. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, ami Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), ^^o.
5. pp. 571-578). — The author gives an account of the jurisdiction of the fetleral
and provincial governments, the agricultural instruction act of 1913. and the
present organization of agricultural instruction in the various Provinces of the
Dominion.
Annual report of the state director of industrial education to the super-
intendent of public instruction, Manette A. Myers {Ann. Rpt. State Dir.
Indus. Ed. [N. Hex.], 1913. pp. 152, figs. 70). — This report contains (1) a copy
of the act approved June 10, 1912. empowering the New Mexico board of edu-
cation to prescribe a course in industrial education, including agriculture.
690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
domestic science, and inauual trainiufj lor the public scliools, and to appoint
a state director of industrial education, and of the 1912 county high school
law, providing that manual training and domestic science, agriculture, and com-
mercial science shall be added to the course of county high schools; (2) brief
roi>orts on the first and second contest of the boys' and girls' industrial club in
1!)12-13, and ])lans for farm crops, ])oultry, and housekeepers' contests for 1914;
and (3) notes on agricultural and domestic science instruction in the various
counties of the State.
Vocational schools, A. D. Dkan (Univ. State X. V. liul. 560 (liHJ,), pp. 76). —
The author discusses the operation, spirit, and purix)se of the law giving state
aid to vocational schools; the principles underlying state aid; the meaning and
controlling pui-poses of vocational education ; the rules and regulations of the
commissioner of education covering organization, courses of study, and content
of instruction; the five types of vocational schools, including the schools of
agriculture, inechaiiic arts, and home malciug; a description of the progress of
agricuultural teaching in the Hancock High School as an illustration of the
viewpoint of the community toward this work and of difliciilties to be overcome;
part-time or continuation schools and evening vocational schools in which
instruction is given in the trades and in industrial, agricultural, and homo eco-
nomics subjects; the training of teachers for vocational subjects; and the
movement for vocational guidance. Typical agricultural, industrial, and draw-
ing programs are given for use of state conferences of teachers, principals, and
supervisors engaged in vocational instruction in state-aided schools.
Elementary science courses, Ora M. Cakrol iXatitrc-Stiuly Rev., 10 (191.^),
No. 7. pp. 253-260)^ — This is a discussion of the i)resent status of instruction
in nature study in normal schools, mainly in the Middle West, and in agricul-
tural colleges and universities.
The teaching of agriculture in the high school, J. G. Hickox (Ohio Teacher,
S5 (1914), No. 4, PP- i51, 152). — The author briefly discusses the aim of instinic-
ti(m in agriculture, in what schools it shall be offered, what pupils shall study
it, the length and content of the course, laboratory work, and apparatus.
Should normal schools offer a special course for the training of rural
school teachers? A. E. Maltby (Proc. Bd. Priiic. State Normal Sehools Penn.,
1913, pp. 4-12). — In this paper the author discusses the necessity of increasing
the efficiency of the rural school by bringing it into closer touch with the life of
the people, their work, and their interests. In his opinion the rural school
under a teacher properly prepared for the work may become a center that will
influence every farm and home in the district, hence the normal school should
train teachers in agriculture and other rural arts as well as household and
manual arts. The work in agriculture should embrace text-book study, infer-
ence work, lectures, demonstrations, laboratory experiments, observation of field
work, planting and care of school gardens, etc. A certain area of the school
ground should be set aside for field work, and poultry yards with necessary
equipment might be established, as well as an orchard for demonstration pur-
poses. Two outlines are given of suggested 2-year courses for rural teachers.
Home economics in the agricultural college, Jessie M. Hoover {Jour. Home
Econ., 4 (1912), ^0. 2, pp. 150-155). — The author gives an account of what the
home economies departments of agricultural colleges are doing to give instruc-
tion in home economics by means of regular courses and extension work.
Home economics extension work in Kansas, Mary P. Van Zile (Jour. Home
Econ., 4 (1912). No. 2. pp. 155-158). — An account is given of the extension work
in home economics conducted by the Kansas College, including the women's
auxiliary to farmers' institutes, girls' home economics clubs, movable schools,
correspondence courses, and state farmers' institutes.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION". 691
The extension work of the College of Hawaii, V. MacCauohey (Co/. Hatcaii
C'in: .;i (IDL'i), pp. HO). — An account is liivcu of the object and organization of
tlic exlt'iisioii work of the College of Hawaii.
Agricultural and household science extension schools and community
federations, A. W. Nolax and K. E. Hieronymus (Agr. Col. E.rt. I'nir. HI..
Form 21 (Ji)Ly), pp. I'l, figs. //). — The author.s give a description of the organiza-
tion and work of agricultural and household science extension schools, includ-
ing typical programs conducted by the College of Agriculture of the University
of Illinois, together with suggestive topics and an outline of a con.stitutiou for
coDMiuuiity fe(l<M'ations.
Extension work in Minnesota, Mary L. Bull {Jour. Home Econ., .) (1912),
No. 2, pp. 159-101). — The home economics extension work of the University of
Minnesota is described.
Social and civic work in country communities, Ellen B. McDonald, Rosa
M. Cheney, G. F. Comings, and W. E. Lauson {[Wis. State Supt. Puh. Instr.]
Bui. 18 (1913), pp. 138, figs. 20). — In this bulletin a subcommittee of a com-
mittee of 15, appointed by the state superintendent of schools to investigate
conditions in the rural schools of Wisconsin, endeavors to show the i)art the
home, the school, and the iH?()ple must take in social and civic work in country
communities. Concrete suggestions are presented for special school and social
programs, for the organization for intellectual development of young people
who no longer attend school, for gatherings for older pe jple. for the training of
teachers for social and civic improvement work, for the organization of per-
manent clubs for the betterment of home, civic and social, industrial and eco-
nomic, and educational conditions, and for the federation of these organiza-
tions, and an account is given of what Wisconsin is doing for social and civic
improvement in rural communities. An article on Farmers' Organizations in
the Past, by George Wehrwein, and apjiendixes on school industrial credit for
home industrial work, a sugge.sted constitution for a neighborhood improvement
club, and a list of references for teachers and others interested in country life
improvement, are included.
Instruction trains (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {19J4), No. 9, pp. 712-729, figs. 5).^
This is a symposium on the methods and experiences of the Provinces of New
Brunswick, Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. Saskatchewan, and Albei'ta, witli '"bet-
ter farming specials."
The Los Angeles nature-study exhibition, C. I>. Edwards (Xaturc-i^tudg
Rev., 10 (1914)- No. 7, pp. 263-270, figs. .3). — This is a description of the .second
annual nature-.study exhibition of the Los Angeles city schools, held June 6.
New course of study (Xeuer Lehrplan, Proskau, Germany: Konigl. Lchranst.
Obst. u. Gartcnbau, 19lJf, pp. 27). — This is an outline and description of the
new 2-year course of study, including a schedule of hours, of the Royal Insti-
tute for Pomological and Horticultural Instruction in Proskau.
Pre- vocational agricultural work in the public schools of Indiana (Dept.
Puh. Instr. [/«(/.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 8 (IDl.'i), pp. 3/).— The purpose of this bulle-
tin is to give suggestions on what the schools are expected to do in pre-voca-
tional agricultural work and how the work should be done in 1014-15. by means
of type studies based on the state course of study in agriculture. Lists of agri-
cultural books and api:)aratus for the seventh and eighth and high school grades
are included.
[Rural school agriculture] (Rural School Agr. [Unir. Minn.], 2 (1913), Xos.
5, pp. h fig. 1; 6, pp. Ji, fig. 1; 7, pp. Jf, fig. 1; 8, pp. 4. fig. 1; 9, pp. 4. fid- 1 ; ^>
(1913). Xos. 1. pp. 4, fig. 1; 2, pp. 4, fig. 1; 3, pp. 4, fig. 1; Sup. pp. 4; 4, pp. 8.
figs. 5; 3 (191.',), Xos. 5, pp. 8, figs. 7; 6, pp. 8, figs. 5; 7, pp. 8, figs. 2; 8, pp. 8,
figs. 2; 4 (1914), Xos. 1, pp. 8, figs. 2; 2, pp. 8, figs. 2). — These circulars treat in
692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
uioutbly sequence of tlie study of corn, poultry, nature study, the organization
of boys' and girls' clubs, dairy cattle, farmers' clubs and cooperation, farm
horses, bread making, sewing, cooking, swine, the acre yield corn contest for
1914, bread making contests, planning a garden, outlines of work for 1914 and
1915, and warm lunches for rural schools.
Elements of forestry, F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown (New York: John Wiley
d- Sunx, 19JJf, pp. Xyil+3'J2. figs. 65). — This general text-book on forestry de-
fines and explains forestry, and discusses its need in the I'nited States and its
development here and abroad; the tree, its parts, functions, characteristics,
growth, etc. ; silvics ; silvicultural systems of management ; imin-ovement cut-
tings; artificial regeneration; forest protection and mensuration; lumbering;
wood utilizations, technology, and ])reservation ; and forest economics and
finance, followed by regional studies. An apiiendix gives the original and pres-
ent forest areas in the United States, uses of the principal American species, log
rules, etc., and a glossarj- of terms in forestry and logging.
Helps for domestic science work in seventh and eighth grades, September-
October (Dcpt. Piih. Iiistr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs:, Bill. 13 {lillJ,), pp. 2.5).— Sugges-
tions are given to village and rural teachers for introducing and carrying on
domestic science woi'k, and lessons are outlined for each week in the months of
September and October in cooking and the study of foods, sewing and the study
of clothing and textiles, and shelter, including projects and problems relating
to home and personal hygiene, care of the homo, home furnishing, decora-
tion, etc.
Shumw^ay agricultural high schools: Suggestions for laying out and plant-
ing the school farm {Lim-olii, Xclir.: Drjjt. J'lib. Jiistr.. IDlJf. pp. 23, figs. 2).^
Suggestions are given for laying out and planting the Ti-acre farms secured by
the high schools giving instruction in agriculture under the Shumway Act. The
plans are considered under the main headings of fertilizer contests, crop roto-
tions, continuous cropi>ing, a crop museum, a few simple tests with crops, cul-
tural field studies, the orchard, the family garden, and pathological demonstra-
tions.
Some experiments for the garden, J. VV. Emery {Naturc-Stiidij Rev.. 10
(1914), Xo. 7, pp. 2S1-2S7). — According to the author an endeavor is being made
in Ontario to meet the chief obstacles to successful school gardening — scarcity
of laud, neglect during the long sunnner holidays, lack of broad knowledge on
the part of the teacher, and apathy or even active opposition on the part of the
trustees and parents — with home gardening, summer courses for teachers, and
the sending out of capable young men from the agricultural college to visit
every rural section, enlist the sympathies of the pai-ents, and give the teacher a
start in the work. The economic side of school gardening is to be emphasized,
and in this way it is hoped to find the solution to the jiroblem of rural depopu-
lation. The advantages of the introduction of systematic experimental work as
a sort of compromise between the purely cultural and the purely agricultural
aims of nature study are enumerated, and experiments outlined which have
l>een found to work out successfully in the neighborhood of the normal school at
Stratford, Ontario, and which are deemed possible in the poorest equipped
school.
Should school gardens be made to show financial gains? E. S. Skll (Xatiire-
(■^tiidy Rev., 10 (/.''/)), Ao. 7. pp. 273-275).— The author calls attention to an
experiment he is making at the State Normal School at Athens. Ga.. to test the
theory that gardens should lie run in such a manner as to show financial gains
when ix)ssible. He maint.iins that it has been demonstrated " that a school
garden can be made to better serve the purpose when records are kept that
MISCELLANEOUS. 693
involve the profits and losses." This method creates an increased interest by
students in tlie j^arden work and seems to vitalize and make it more of a definite
jirobleni.
Nature study and school gardens, II. Findlay (Bui. N. Y. Slate School Agr.
Morritii-ilh' [/.''/-{]. pp. 7). — This bulletin jtoints out the value of nature study
and offers sufri-'estions on making; gardens and caring for them.
Suggestions and regulations on the work of corn clubs, J. F. Eastman
(Bui. N. y. State School Ayr. MorrLsrille [191^], pp. 8).— This bulletin cctotains
reasons why boys and girls of the rural schools should be helped to form clubs
or other organizations for studying agriculture and improving the farm practice
of their community, a suggested model club constitution, and directions for corn
culture.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1914 (Indiana St a.
Rpt. I'.il.'i. pp. 88, tif/x. ^). — This contains the (^irganizatiou list, reiwrts of the
director and heads of departments, the experimental features of which are for
the most part abstracte<l elsewhere in this issue, and a financial statement for
the state funds for the liscal year ended September 30, 1914, and for the remain-
ing funds for the fiscal year ended .Tune 30, 1914.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1914 (Michigan Sta.
Rpt. Idl.'i. pp. 199-559, pi. 1. figs. 101). — This contains reports of the director
and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year, the exi)eri-
meutal features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this
issue; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914; and rejirints
of Bulletins 272 and 273, Special Bulletins 02-71, 'JVchnical Bulletins IS and 19.
and Circulars 21-23. all of which have been i)reviously noted, and of Circular 24,
abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Twenty-fifth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1914 (Islcio Mexico
Sta. Rpt. 191Jf, pp. 85, figs. 6). — This contains the organization list, a report of
the director on the work, publications, and exchanges of the station, including
reports of heads of dejiartments, the experimental features of which have been
for the most part i>re\-iously noted or abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 191-f.
Thirty-second Annual Report of New York State Station, 1913 (Xcw York
Stoic Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. Sl.^. pix. J.J. pgs. .7.J). — 'i'liis contains the organization
list ; a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1913, and as to the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1913;
reprints of Bulletins 357-372. Technical Bulletins 27-31, Circulars 20-25, and
liojiular editicms of Bulletins 3.57-359, 301-305. 367, .308 and 309, and 370, all of
which have been previously noted; a list of the periodicals received by the sta-
tion; and meteorological observations noted on page 614 of this issue.
Farmers' Day guide {Delaware Sta. Circs: 7 (1912), pp. 26; 8 (1913), pp.
26; 9 (191Jf), pp. 26). — These circulars, prepared for distribution at the annual
Farmers' Day. furnish a key to the experimental plats and live stock in June,
1912, 1913, and 1914, respectively.
Laws applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture, compiled
by O. H. Gatks (Wa.shiiigton: U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, 1915, 2. Sup., pp.
128). — This publication represents a revision of that jireviously notetl (K. S. R.,
29, ]>. S90). embracing legislation enacted from August 28, 1912, to October 24,
1914. inclusive.
NOTES
Alabama College and Station. — Dr. F. L. Tliomns has been appointed assistant
professor of ontouiolos.v and :issist;u)t entomologist. E. A. Vaugban has suc-
ceeded (1. W. Ells as field assistant in entomology.
Arkansas University and Station. — The extension service of the college of
agriculture has been much develojted during the last two years and has brought
the institution before tlie ])eople of the State to a degree not obtained hereto-
fore. Calls for information through corre.siKjndence alone have at least doubled
in the last six months.
New appointments in the board of trustees include J. K. Mahoney, vice W. H.
Askew, deceased; Z. L. Reagan, of Fayetteville, vice Dr. Charles Richardson;
and J. K. Browning, of Piggott, vice T. A. Turner.
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. — Paul S. Burgess, assistant professor of
soil bacteriology at the University of California and assistant soil bacteriologist
in the station, has been appointed chemist, succeeding S. S. Peck, resigned.
Idaho University and Station. — Dr. M. A. Brannon has tendered his resigna-
tion as president. E. J. Iddings, vice dean of the college of agriculture and
animal husbandman, has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture.
J. S. Jones has been appointed director of the station.
The legislature has discontinued appropriations formerly given for extension
work, granting only an amount suflieient to meet the Smith-Lever increases,
Iowa College and Station. — The department of chemistry has occupied the
new building which replaces that destroyed by lire about two years ago. The
new building is a three-story and basement structure. 244 by 162 ft., of brick,
stone, and concrete, and cost about $200,000.
Dr. P. L. Blumenthalhas resigned as assistant chemist in the station to take
effect June 1.
Maine Station. — Recent appointments effective Jlay 1 include Emery J.
Theriault, assistant chemist, and C. Hari-y White and Walter E. Curtis as
scientific aids.
Maryland College. — Miss Katharine A. Pritchard, of Teacher's College, Colum-
bia University, has been appointed state agent in women's demonstration work.
Michigan College. — The new veterinary building for clinical, hospital, and
surgical purposes has been completed. The building is of doric design. 174
by 78 ft., and includes a wing for stabling large and small animals, operating
rooms, laboratories, and oflices. A special feature is the operating room for
large animals, 30 by 30 ft., containing a horse operating table controlled by
hydraulic power and connected with a recovery stall so that animals may be
removed before recovery from anesthetics.
Minnesota University and Station. — As a result of a recent conference con-
cerning substation work, the following general principles have been adopted:
All experimental work at substations and experimental farms is to be organ-
ized on a project basis, and foi'mulated, approved, and reported in the same
manner as are central station projects. Two types of studies may be carried on
at sub.statious, (a) regional problems, organized with substation men as leaders
694
NOTES. 695
and with scientists from the central station as cooperatnrs or advisors if
iitHvled. and (b) state-wide prol)lems. orjianized with central station men as
leaders, and with siil)station men as cooperators In case it is desired to nse
the snbstation as a tield laboratory for a i)ortion of the investigation.
E. W. Major has resignetl as associate professor of animal nntrition, to
take ihai-.i;e of a large dairy farm in southern California. Stephen Anthony has
resigniil as chemist in animal niitritition to enter the Bureau of Plant Industry
of this Deiiartnient. C. W. Cehvaud has been appointed assistant professor
of dairy husbandry, etfective March 1.
Missouri University and Station. — The 1915 legislature made a total appro-
pri.ititin (if .t;iOS.2(J.s for extension work. Of this sum, .$t>5,2().S goes to offset
tlie Smith-Lever federal appropriation, $35,000 is for county agents, and
^.s.dOo is for branch short courses. Increased appropriations were also madi»
for the two-year winter course and the soil survey, and an appropriation of
Si:.j.(MK> for the erection of a new lieating plant for the buildings used for
u-achiui,' purposes on the farm campus. Apiu-opriations were made for the
tirst time for the uiniulenance of instruction in soils, entomology, and poultry
husbandry.
Thomas J. Wornall and Charles E. Yeater wei-e succeede<l as members of
the board of curators April 1 by John H. Bradley. o£ Kennett, and H. B. Mc-
l>aniel. of Springtield. who.se terms will expire in 1921. F. W. Faurot has
been appointed extension assistant professor of horticulture and has been
succeetled as farm advisor for Buchanan County by E. \'. Crnndall. Other
iippointments include W. H. liawrence. horticulturist at the xVrizona Univer-
sity and Station, as profes.sor of horticulture, Addie D. Root, of the Kansas
College, as extension instructor in home economics and supervisor of girls'
club work, and F. E. Longmeyer as farm -advisor for Knox County. E. W.
Ivnsk. farni advisor for Audrain County, has resigned.
Nebraska University. — H. F. Williams, of this Department, has been appointed
in charge of farm management work in the State in cooperation with .this De-
partuiiMit. K. R. Stafford and E. L. Godfrey have been appointed assistants.
Nevada Station. — The recent legislature segregjited the quarantine and in-
spection work, the director of the station no longer being cbairman of the
state quai'antine board. The station bacteriologist has been made chief quar-
antine otHcer and all expenses of his ofhce are to be defrayeil from special state
funds. An appropriation of $2,000 was made for the use of the station farm.
The new laboratory for animal diseases has now been completed and is occu-
pied by the dejiartmeuts of bacteriology and veterinary science.
New Jersey Stations. — Science states that Dr. B. H. A. Groth has resigned as
plant iihysiologist to become director of the experiment station of the Republic
of Panama, beginning April 15.
Cornell University and Station. — A plan of procedure has recently been
formulated by the dean of the college of agriculture with reference to the atti-
tude of the college to cooperative enteri>rises. The princii)al purpose sought
at the present time, it is announced, will be to ascertain the facts as to the prac-
tical workings of cooperative enter!)rises. this study being deemed essential be-
fore the making of specific recommendations. In no case, however, is there
to be particijiation by the institution in the administering of any cooperative
enterprise or the handling in any way of its finances or business. Thus in the
case of lime, it is believed that the college may advocate its use, give inform;i-
tion as to the best formulas, the time of application, and similar points, and.
under proper conditions, even suggest that farmers m.iy comliine advan-
tageously for cooperative purchases. This stage, however, will under the pres-
696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ent policy end the functions of the college, and correspondence to obtain the
lime or handling of the funds involved must be taken up by others.
The new soils building has now been occupied. It is a large four-stor\' build-
ing of buff tapestry brick with white stone facings. enuii>i»ed with laboratories,
classrooms, lecture rooms, etc.
Xew courses are being offered in vegetable gardening and agricultural jour-
nalism. The former course, beginning in the sju-ing of the Soi)homore year,
includes a sunnner of i)ractical work with vegetable growers followed I)y throe
consecutive terms at the university, much of which is spent in outdoor labora-
tory work, two terms of advanced work, and graduation in September. Al-
though attendance in the agricultural joui'nalism cour.se is not open to lower
classmen and no credit is given, the opening lecture was attended by about Ho
students and instructors.
The Farmers' Week attracted a registration of 3,877, which is believed to be
the highest yet recorde(^l in this country and an increase of about ."><• \*ev cent
over 1914.
Charles S. Wilson, professor of jtomologj' and pomologist, has been appointed
State Commissioner of Agriculture. Asa C. King, a fruit gi-ower of Trumans-
burg, was appointed April 1 professor of farm practice. He will eng-age in
certain forms of extension teaching, and his work will further consist of bring-
ing about close relationships between the college and its former students.
Oregon College and Station. — A course on extension work has been provided
for the benefit of seniors who wish to specialize in the work of county agents
or other forms of extension service. Lectures are to be given by si>ecialists of
the various extension sections and demonstrations made by several college and
station departments.
The poultry exhibit at the Panama Pacific International Exjx>sition has taken
the form of a model poultry plant which shows yard, feeding, house and trap-
nest methods of poultry operations, and gives information on the results of
selective breeding. An automatic picture device in the upper .section of the
exhibit furnishes about 50 views of famous layers and other not»xi fowls, gives
feeding rations, and presents other points of interest in connection with jioultry
husbaiidi'y. Mechanical birds and attendants imitate closely the operations of
the plant.
Texas Station. — New members of the board of trustees include W. C. Breihan,
of Bartlett, J. F. Kubena, of Fayetteville, W. A. Miller, jr., of Amarillo, and
A. B. Davidson, of Cuero. L. J. Hart, J. S. Williams, and W. A. Miller, jr.. have
been appointed as the station committee of the board. W. L. Boyett. sujier-
visor of the feed control service, resigned April 15. James Sullivan has been
ai^poiuted executive .secretaiy of this service and is to be in charge of the
work under the direct supervision of the director of the st.-ition.
Vermont University. — The Vermont legislature, just adjourned, made perma-
nent the annual state appropri.-ition of .$8,000 for extension work, v.iiich will take
care of the increments for A'ermont from the national funds for four years to
<-ome. It also passed a law requiring towns to assist in the financing of county
agent work in counties where these agents are located.
Virginia Truck Station. — F. E. Miller, assistant horticulturist since 1012. has
resigned to take up horticultural work with this Department.
Washington College and Station. — W. A. Eitz. of Walla Walla, and K. T.
Coninn. of SpokaTie. have been ai>i)ointed to the board of control. C. A. M;igoon
has been appointed to the position of pathologist in the station. Miss Florence
Ward, of the State Teachers' College of Iowa, has been appointed associate
profe.ssor in rural education and assistant to the state leader in boys' and
girls' club work.
NOTES. 697
The legrisliitiire at its receut session made the nocessiiry ;ii>y)ropriatioiis for
the duplication of tlie Sniilh-Levor fund.
National Academy of Sciences. — The Prorcciliiiffs uf the National Academy of
Sciences are being jjublished monthly beyinninji; wiili January. 1915, by an
editorial board of which Arthur A. Noyes is chairman and Edwin B. Wilson,
managing editor. The Proceedings will constitute the official organ of publica-
tion of the Academy, and will contain reports of its business and scientific
sessions and of its other activities. It is also intendtnl to serve as a medium
for the prompt publication of brief original papers by members of the Academy
and other American investigators. Its aim will be to furnish a comprehensive
survey of the more important results of the scientilic research of this country,
supplementing those in special scientific journals. With this end In view the
pai)ers will, in general, be much shorter and less detailed than those pub-
lished in these journals. The Proceedings will aim especially to secure prompt-
ness of publication, wide circulation of the results of American research among
foreign Investigators, and fuller recognition of the advances made in the
separate sciences by per.sons more directly interested in other sciences.
The annual meeting of the Academy was held at Washington, D. C, April
19-21. Among the papers of agricultural interest were the following: Tvocaliza-
tion of the Hereditary Material in Germ Cells, by Thomas H. Morgan; Stimula-
tion of Growth, by Jacques I.oeb ; Sjiecific Chemical Aspects of Growth, by
T.afayette B. Mendel ; Basal Metabolism during the Period of (Growth, by Eugene
F. DuBois; and The Forests of Porto Rico, by Nathaniel L. Brittou.
Agricultural Education in Canada. — The total student enrollment in Canadian
agricultural and veterinary schools for the present academic year is reporte<l
as 1.9(')2. the largest registrations being those of HCj at the Ontario Agricultural
College and 327 at the Manitob.i .\gricultural College.
In Alberta, the second summer school for teachers was held at the uni-
\ersity under the direction of the department of education, and was attended
by 1G5 teachers as compared with 80 in the previous year. The instruction
included first- and second-year work in agriculture, nature study, etc., and first-
year work in domestic science, household arts, and ])hysical training. A
special course for the provincial inspectors of schools was given for the first
time.
In British Columbia, the department of agriculture conducted 25 n-day
schools for practical instruction in the pruning of tree and bush fruits, apple
liacking contests were held at 10 fairs, and the puinls of 24 fruit packing
schools made exhibits at IS different fairs. A boys' and girls' crop competition
was also held in connection with the farmers' institutes in British Columbia
for the first time, u])wards of 175 entries being receivetl. Each competitor was
required to send a 20-i)ound exhibit from his plat to the Dominion exhil)ition
lield in Victoria and also keep a crop and financial statement. The boy and
girl securing the highest total scores received respectively from the department
of agriculture a pure-bred heifer calf and a high-grade sewing machine.
The depai'tment of agriculture of Manitttba is preparing to enlarge its
extension work by introducing a system of field or district specialists in agi'i-
culture located in different i)arts of the Province. Special instruction was
given at the Manitoba AgriciilturMl College during the winter for the purpose
of fitting these men for their work. It is expected that they will not only i)ro-
vide technical assistance in extending apjtroved methods of cultivation and
farm management, but will also assist in improving the marketing facilities,
administer the Noxious Weeds Act. and by keejiing in close tnuch with the 14
demonstration farms .-ilready ('Stal)lished. and others to l)e established, will
be able to advi.se in regard to the approved methods of land clearing.
698 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The number of boys' and girls' clubs organized in Manitoba has this year
increased more than threefold.
A second school of agriculture in New Brunswick, to be known as the Sussex
Agricultural Institute, is now being completed at an estimated cost of $2S;.5(X>.
The Summer Rural Science School for Teachers held under the supervision of
tlie director of elementary agricultural education at Woodstock, N. B., in 11)14,
was attended by (58 teachers, 6 inspectors, and 1 normal school instructor.
Instruction was given in nature study, horticulture, agriculture. j)hysica}
nature, farm mechanics, and rur.-il domestic science, supplemented by a series
of lectures on insects, field crops, soil imjn-ovement, and practical instruction
In milk testing.
Since the beginning of the organization of women's institutes in Nova
Scotia in July, 1913. 14 institutes have been organized with an average mem-
bership of 25, and the first convention of women's institutes has been held with
an attendance of 27 delegates. The 1914 legislature appropriated $5,000 a
year for the encouragement of this work.
A feature of the Nova Scotia Ilural Science School, held in Truro in July,
1914, was a model school fair for which the teachers provided and arranged the
exhibits. The latter included collections of grasses, weeds, and wild flowers,
mounted insects, samples of chemical elements necessary to plant growth, a
home canning outfit, samples of butter from the agricultural college, dairy
apparatus, various fibers, samples of sugars, etc.
The total appropriations in Ontario for agricultural work carried on through
the departments of agriculture and of education for the year ended October 31,
1914. amounted to $1,311,632.75. of which .$395,658 was for the agricultural
college, and $41,200 for institutes.
A new two-story and basement poultry building at the Ontario Agricultural
College has been completed, and will be used for administration and instruction
purposes.
To bring educational work in closer touch '^•ith agriculture, the Province of
Prince Edward Island has been divided into 10 districts, in each of which an
inspector has been given charge of the educational work. These inspectors will
be assisted by the county representatives of the department of agriculture and
by the supervisors of women's institutes. A course in nature study has been
prepared for the public schools, so amplified as to be of assistance to teachers
and in a general program of work for the year.
The three maple sugar making schools in Quebec, located respectively at
Beaueeville, Ste. Louise, and Minerve. had a total attendance of 17 students
and manufactured 1.192 gal. of sirup. 555 lbs. of sugar, and 600 lbs. of sugar
wax. The schools were in session 37. IS. and 9 days, respectively.
In the Province of Saskatchewan $6,500 of the grant under the agricultural
instruction act is exi^ended by the department of education for the introduc-
tion of agricultural and domestic science courses into high schools and collegiate
institutions, and the training of teachers in agiiculture at the provincial normal
schools. The remainder of the money is about equally divided between the
college of agriculture at Saskatoon and the provincial department of agriculture
at Regina. The university will spend its grant almost wholly in salaries of
instructors in research, teaching, and extension, the appointments made
amounting during this year to $16,400. Instruction was given to 101 students
ill the regular course of the college of agriculture, to 12 men in the degree
course, .and to 10 registered in agriculture from other colleges of the university.
The department of education of the Province of Saskatchewan is arranging
for the appointment of agricultural instructors at each of the normal schools.
a part of whose duties will be the training of teachers in school gardening.
NOTES. 699
Experimental and permanent plats will he established iu connection witli each
normal school. At the Trovincial Normal School, Regina, approximately 10
acres have been set aside for a iiuxlcl rural school garden.
Agricultural Education in the West Indies. — A school of agriculture has been
started at Arteniisji. Cuba, where pupils fi'oni the district schools will receive
preparatory instruction in modern scientific farming. The ground, which has
been donated to the school for agricultural uses, will be aprK)rtionwl in small
lots to individual students and seeds and fertilizers will be furnished. The
department of agriculture proposes to found similar schools at different places
throughout the Republic. A tract of 100 acres near Camagiiey has recently been
purchased.
An agricultural school for boys over 12 years of age has been established at
Las Mercedes plantation, near the city of San Jose. Costa Rica, with the object
of training practical farmers. It is under the direction of Prof. Gustavo L.
Michaud, an experienced Costa Rican agrononust and educator. The instruction
will be theoretical and practical, the latter including the use of agricultural
machinery, elementary cari>eutering, blacksmithing, and brick laying.
The board of agriculture of Qnezaltenango, Guatemala, has taken steps
toward the establishment of an agricultural school in the vicinity of the city of
Quezaltenango.
National Agricultural Institute in Colombia. — The establishment of a National
Institute t)f Agriculture and ^'eterinary Science, at Bogota, with an experiment
farm attached, and an auxiliary school of agriculture and animal husbandry to
be located elsewhere, was authorized in December, 1914. Besides the regular
4-year course the institute will offer .special normal courses in technical instr.uc-
tion and courses In horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture, and the cultivation
and manufacture of raw materials for textiles. One scholarship will be granted
by the government to each deiiartment of the Republic and 6 scholarships at
large will be awarded by the minister of agriculture and commerce.
New Chinese School of Forestry. — A school of forestry has been established
in the X^niversity of Nanking. Three scholarships in the school have been pro-
vided by the forestry fund committee of Shanghai, and the Philippine Bureau of
Forestry has offered the services of exi)erts in arranging the cour.se of stiTdy,
delivering lectures, and otherwise assisting in the work of organization.
New Journals. — The Annals of Applied Biology is being issued monthly as the
official organ of the Association of Economic Biologists to cover the field in
applied biologj- not now covered by special journals such as those dealing with
agricultural science, parasitology, genetics, and medical science. The initial
number contains the following articles: Impending Developments in Agricultural
Zoology, by F. W. Gamble; The Action of Bordeaux INIixture on Plants, by
B. T. P. Barker and C. T. Gimingham; Notes on the Green Spruce Aphis (Aphis-
abictina), by F. X. Theobald; Pollination in Orchards, by F. J. Chittenden;
Life History of Pcgomyia hyoscyami, by A. E. Cameron; Caterpillars Attacking
Oaks iu Richmond Park, by R. H. Deakin; A Bacterial Disease of Fruit Blos-
som, by B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove; and On the Preparation of Coccidie for
Microscopical Study, by E. E. Green.
The United States Public Health Service has recently begun a series of jiopu-
lar publications on health and hygiene. These appear at intervals as Public
Health Report Supplements. In size and manner of presenting information
they are .similar to the Farmers' Bulletins of this Department, and like them
they are for general free distribution in the United States and are also sold
by the Sui>erintendent of Documents at a uniform price of five cents iier copy.
Each number contains a concise and popular discussion by an expert of some
700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
topic* pertaining to health or hygiene, and the series should iirove of special
value and interest to teachers and students.
JiitcnHitio)inJe Zcitschrift filr PliynikdliscIi-CheiiiixrUr Hiolof/ic is being pub-
lished at Lcipsic and Berlin under the editorshij) of Dr. J. Traube. Among
the articles in the initial number may be mentioned that on the History and
Development of Physico-chemical Investigations in Biology, by H. .7. Ham-
burger; Further Studies of the Physiology of Anabolism in the Living Plant
Cell, by F. Czapeli. and The Catalytic Effect of Alkaloids under Various
Physical and Chemical Conditions.
Annali de Chimica is being publishe<l at Rome, with G. Ampola at the head
of a cont.s of editors and collaborators. The initial number contains an article
on Rancidity in Olive Oil and the Oxidation of Oleic Acid in Sunlight, by F.
Canzoneri and O. Bianchini.
An Agricultural Journal is being i.ssued semiannually by the department of
agriculture of Bihar and Orissa and edited by the stuff of the Sabour Agi-i-
cultural College. The initial number contains original articles, weather and
crop reports, notes, revieAvs, notices, etc.
Die Aclcerhau auf Ostpreussischen 'Siederungamoorcn is being issued by the
Prussian Chamber of Agriculture with Dr. Feldt as editor. The initial number
contains a report on the experimental field for moor reclamation at Bledau near
Craiiz.
Miscellaneous. — At a meeting of the council of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. April 20, action was taken whereby the entrance
fee is to be remitted during the present calendar year to new members in
Section M (Agriculture) who may join from the Society for the Promotion of
Agricultural Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the Society for Horti-
cultural Science, the American Society of Animal Production, and the Official
Dairy Instructors' Association.
A scheme for teaching nature study and manual tr.-iining in the elementary
schools of Mauritius, together with the establishment of school gardens and
workshops, has been formulated by the department of agriculture in conjunction
with the director of public instruction.
The new laboratory building at the Philippine College of Agriculture for the
use of the departments of physics, rural engineering, and botany has recently
been completed at a cost of about $16,500.
The Philippine legislature has appropriated $7,500 for the establishment,
equipment, and maintenance of an agricultural school in the Province of Isabela.
The Y. M. C. A. College of Springfield, Mass., has established a special depart-
ment for country work under the .supervision of Walter J. Campbell, formerly
Penusylv.-mia state secretary for country work.
Science states that Dr. Fr. Ostendorf, i)rofessor of agriculture in the technical
school at Karlsruhe, has been killed in the European war.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCUEED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHiNGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per VoumE
OF Nine Numbers
and Index, $1
V
\
I c
V
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor : IT. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechuy — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. 1)., M. 1).
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers!}^ • ,lf ^^^''■
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology] rtr' ^' -royd ''' ^
Field Crops— G. U. Tucker, Ph. I).
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glassox.
fC. F. Langwoktijy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Uuman Nulrition^H. L. Lang.
IC. F. Walton.
Zootechiiy, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Web.ster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
veterinary Med,c'ine{)y-,^: Ho--.
Rural Engineering — R. "\V. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII. NO. 8.
Editorial notes: ^ag«-
Economic aspects of experiment station work 701
Experimental inquiry and economic inquiry 705
Relation of the experiment stations to studies in rural economics 706
Recent work in agricultural science 709
Notes 797
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Fatty acids and other ether-soluble constituents of feeding stuffs. Rather 709
Chemical changes during .silage formation, Neidig 710
Synthetic processes taking place during the autolysis of yeast, Iwanoff 710
Enzyms of Aspergillus oryzne and their api>lication, Takamine 710
Studies on enzym action. — XI, Castor bean urease, Falk and Sugiura 710
Determination of proteolytic activity of panci eas preparations, Long and Barton 710
Inversion of saccharose by asparaginic acid, Radlberger and Siegmund 711
The preparation of raffindse, Hudson and Harding 711
Blood pigment and chlorophyll. — Their close relation, Damm 711
The constituents of Clematis vitalba, Tutin and Clewer 711
Organic phosphoric acid of rice, Thompson 712
Presence of a glucose in the sunflower, Zanotti 713
The chemistry of tobacco resins, von Degrazia 713
The arsenates of load, Tartar and Robinson 713
Estimation of sulphuric acid, sulphates, potassium, and calcium, Ledoux 714
A new method for quantitative estimation of potassium, Marshall 714
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
The microscopy of cereals and its application in brewing, Winton 715
The examination of Belgian varieties of honey, Ledent 715
A new method for delcrininint,' the total solids in wine, Njegovan 715
The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, Hammer and Johnson 715
A rapid method for determining crude fiber, Kalning 716
Colorimotric test for nric acid in the urine. Host 716
A source of error in the Clerget polarization, Stanek 717
Comparative value of germic'ides for cane sugar factories, Owen 717
METEOROLOGY.
Temperature rec-ords, Thomp.son 717
Ohio weallier for iOlS, Smith and Fatten 717
Meteorological summary for the year 1913 717
Salient features in the geological history of Australia, Woolnough 718
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The present status of soil chemistry, Jodidi 718
On tne origin of the loes.s of southwestern Indiana, Shaw 718
Composition and origin of some South Russian soils and subsoils, Nabokikh 718
Value of excavated subsoil for the improvement of upland moor soils, Tacke. . . 719
A simple method for determining the critical moisture content of soils, Davis. . 719
Two equipments for investigation of soil leachings, Wooers and Maclntire 719
Ammonification and nitrification in Hawaiian soils, Kelley 719
The lime-magnesia ratio, I and II, Kelley 720
Influence of arsenic on nitrogen fixing powers of soil. Greaves and Anderson . . . 720
Bacteriological effects of green manures, Briscoe and Earned 721
Effect of applying stable manure with green manures, Lemmermann and Einecke 721
[Investigations on soils and fertilizers in Hawaii], Wilcox and Kelley 721
Radio-active fertilizers 722
Dogfish and how it is made into fertilizer, Martell 722
The fertilizing value of feathers, Pilz 722
Substitutes for rab. Knight .-. . . 722
Germany's artificial fertilizers 722
Air nitrate, Jurisch 722
Red soils and phosphatic manures, Ari6 723
The white phosphates of Tennessee, Hook. 723
Phosphatic feJilizers and the deposits of apatite of Freirina, Briiggen 723
American imports of potash salts 723
The economic value of Paci fie coast kelps, Burd 723
The relation of sulphur to soil fertility, Shedd 724
The action of salts of manganese on the growth of plants, Andouard 725
[Inspection of fertilizers in Alabama], Ross 725
[Inspection of fertilizers in Florida], Rose and Wilson 725
Inspection and analysis of fertilizers, 1914, Mumford and Trowbridge 725
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
The evolution of sex in plants. Coulter 725
Mode of inheritance of semisterility in offspring of hybrid plants. Belling 725
Plant chimeras, Popenoe 726
Heredity in chimeras, Chapin ' 726
Bud variations in Coleus, Stout 726
Inheritance of certain seed characters in corn, Harper 726
Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy, Blakeslee; 726
Oenothera lamarckiana and the CEnotheras of Fontainebleau. Blaringhem 726
A study of the genus Panicum, Belov 727
Coloration of glumes, in Panicum miliaccinn, Arnold 727
The relationships of root bacteria in the Legumiuosa>. Simon 727
Isolation of Bacillus radicicola from soil. Lipman and Fowler 727
Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, Wilson 727
Influence of certain salts on nodule production in vetch, Kno 727
Assimilation of elementary nitrogen by yeasts and mold fungi, Kossowicz. . . . 728
Distribution of nitrates in Phytolacca, Spallino 728
The role of calcium in forest vegetation, Chancerel 728
CONTENTS. Ill
Pagi'.
Growth of plants in a medium rich in carbon dioxid, lierkowski 728
On the nature of antai^onism, Osterhout 728
Senile changes in leaves of Vitis vidpina and other plants, Benedict 728
Effects of kerosene and other petroleum oils on Zca mays, WHiitten 729
Injuries to plants by smoke, gas. and ashes, Miiller et al 729
FIELD CROPS.
Report of the agronomy department, McClelland and Sahr 729
Agronomical investigations. Wilcox 730
Report of eastern Oregon dry farming branch station, Moro, 1913-14, Stephens. 730
Variety testing 731
Grasses and forage plants of Hawaii, McClelland 731
Forage crop studies, Thompson 731
Brachysm, a hereditary deformity of cotton and other plants, Cook 731
Crimson clover: Seed production. Westgate 732
Fertilizer experiments with corn in sonth Alabama, Duggar and Williamson... 732
Fertilizer experiments with corn in north Alabama, Duggar and Williamson. . . 733
Selecting and breeding corn for protein and oil in South Dakota, Hume et al. . 733
Cotton experiments, 1914 7.34
Express cotton, Ewing 735
Cowpea culture, Churc'liill 7.36
Kaoliang, a new dry land crop, Hume and Champlin 736
Variation and correlation of oats (Avcna sativa), I. Love and Leighty 7.36
Variation and correlation of oats {Arena sativa), II, Leighty 737
Irish potatoes. Price 738
Selection and preparation of seed potatoes, Hume and Oakland 739
Sudan grass, Karper 739
The commercial production of sugar beet seed in Utah, Harris 740
Sweet potato growing in the cotton belt, Thompson 740
Types and varieties of Maryland tobacco, Garner and Brown 740
The cjuality of grass and rape seed found in Maryland markets in 1913, Smith. 740
[Seed in.spections], Atkinson and ^Vl^itlock 740
Seed tests made at the station during 1914, Munn 741
Purity of farm seeds in 1914, Hall 741
-\gricultural seed. Burns 741
Suppression of weeds among pineapples by arsenite of soda spray, Krauss 741
HORTICULTURE.
[Horticnltural investigations in Guam], Thompson 741
Report of the acting horticulturist, Hunn 741
Report of the superintendent of the rubber substation, Anderson 742
The home garden in the South, Thompson 743
Alaska's pomological resources and outlook, Georgeson 743
The present status of Canadian pomology, Macoun 743
Fruit in the North, Buchanan 743
[Report of the] division of horticulture 743
Winter work in orchards. Somes 743
Does spraying pay? Somes 744
[Orchard heating], Cook 744
Apple growing in California , Weldon 744
"Iowa 403," a new seedling apple. Beach 744
The technical description of apples, Shaw 744
The varieties of plums derived from native American species, Wight 744
Plum culture in Ontario. Clement 744
The native persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), Fletcher 744
Studies on native fruits. — I, Grapes, Puig y Nattino 744
Studies on nati\-e fruits. — II, Peaches, pears, and plums, Puig y Nattino 745
A basis for the future classification of the mango, Popenoe 745
The handling of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit, and pineapples, Mann 745
[The applicability of cold storage to various tropical fruits], Wilcox 745
Tropical fruits in the Philippines, Wester 745
[Cacao investigations at River Estate], Carmody 745
Cocoa. Van Hall 745
Report of the coffee testing gardens at Bangelan, Wurth 746
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
[Thn influeii(,-e of fruit Uit-s on the (jiuility oi colfee], Wilcox. 746
The pahns cultivated in the open air in tlie jjardens of Italy, Roster 746
The present status of the different varieties of walnuts, Fitzgerald 746
The use of commercial fertilizers in growing carnations, Dorner et al 746
FORESTRY.
Foiirth annual report of the state forester, 1914, Elliott 747
Report of the forest branch of the department of lands, 1914 747
Report on state forest administration in South Australia, 1913-14, Gill 747
The utilization of chemical locality factors by forest plants, Bauer 747
A montane rain-forest of Jamaica, Shreve 748
A conspectus of North American firs (exclusive of Mexico), Lamb 748
Forest planting in Arizona and New Mexico, Pearson 748
Reforestation of brush fields in northern California, Boerker 748
Charcoal as a means of solving some nursery problems, Retan 748
Organization of forest fire-control forces, DuBols 748
Tables for determining profits in forestry, Sterrett and Barrows 748
A practical system of logging cost accounting. Detwiler 748
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the experiment station for plant diseases, 1913, Miiller et al 748
Mycological notes, Bolland 749
Fungi causing disease in Surinam, Kuijper 749
A review of some Philip])iue ])laut diseases, Baker 749
A new Xorth American Endophyllum, Arthur and Fromme 749
Studies in the genus Entorrhiza, Ferdiuaudsen and \\'inge 749
Effect of temperature on Glomerella. Edgerton 749
Cultures of Uredinese in ] 912, 19] 3. and 1 914, Arthur 750
Disease in oat seedlings, Voges 750
A test of Indiana varieties of wlieat seed for fungus infection, Hoffer 750
Resistance of different varieties of wheat to rust, Scurti and Sica 750
Beet rust, Eriksson 750
Irish potato scab as affected by sulphates and chlorids, Conner 750
Report of pathologist, Rose 750
Methods for controlling fungus diseases of the apple in New York, Reddick 751
The cause of bitter pit: Its contributing factors, McAlpine 751
Respiration in leaves infected with Gymnosporangium, Reed and Crabill 751
Some effects of brown rot fungus on composition of the ])each, Hawkins 751
[A banana disease in Hawaii], Wilcox .• . 751
[Panama disease of banana] 752
[Banana disease], Ashby 752
The extension of Marsonia rosse in rose culture, ChifHot 752
Influence of the medium on development of Lophodermiuvi nei'visequum, Mer. . 752
Pyropolyporus everhartii as a wound parasite, Hoffer 752
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
The animal enemies of agricultural plants, Neveu-Lemaire 752
The pocket gopher, Yocora 753
Report of the entomologist, Fullaway 753
Fifteenth report of the state entomologist of Minnesota, Washburn 753
Entomologist's report, Somes 753
Twelfth annual report of the state entomologist of Montana, Cooley 754
[Destructive insects in 1913] 754
Entomological notes 754
Insect pests of some leguminous plants, Rutherford 754
Pests and diseases of the coconut palm, Froggatt 754
The transmission of swamp fever, Scott 754
The control of chicken mites and lice, Sherwood 754
Cyanid of potassium in trees, Surface 754
How to collect and preserve insects, Lutz 755
Biology of the termites of the eastern United States, Snyder 755
" Thrips " in orchards. — A warning to fruit growers, Gurney 755
Dioppis pentngova and Prospnltdla hcrlcsei in Venice, 1913, Berlese 755
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Aphida on grain and cantaloups, W'oodworth 755
Two clover aphids, Patch 755
Our common butterflies, Lutz 756
Some notes on the life history and habits of Lauron vinosa, Jones 756
The Hessian lly, Webster 756
The Mediterranean fruit fly and parasite introduction, Back and Pemberton. . 756
Reconnoissance of fruit-fly parasites, Giffard 757
Sheep maggot flies, Froggatt 757
The i)arasite of the slieep maggot fly (Xasonia brevicomis), Froggatt 757
The eradication of the sheep tick. Swingle 757
List of Tachinida; from the Province of Quebec, Tothill 757
Criie hen flea (SarcopsyUa gallinacea)], Wilcox 757
ist of generic names and their type species in the Scolytoidea, Hopkins 758
Classiflcation of Cryphalinse with new genera and species, Hopkins 758
Xyleborus compactus, borer of tea and coffee, Rutherford 758
Plants other than tea from wliicli X . fornicatus has been taken, Rutherford 758
The n>Tuenoptera of the Georgetown Museum, III, IV, V, Cameron 758
The mason bees, Fabre 758
Apiary work, Thompson 758
Recent experience and progress in bee keeping in Germany, Gerstung 759
Biology, and importance of Noscma bombi n. sp., Fantham and Porter 759
Life history and bionomics of the knapweed gall fly, Wadsworth 759
The anatomy and life history of Agchylostoma duodenale, II, Looss 759
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Second Congress of Alimentation, Liego, October 1^, 1911 760
Belgian publications on nutrition and hygiene, Vandevelde and van Beresteyn. 760
Physiological bibliography 760
The nutritive value of ossein and its use in the diet, Mauris 760
Meat poisoning and meat-poisoning bacteria, Pfeiler and Engelhart 760
The food value and toxicity of fungi, Selan 760
Some Colorado mushrooms, Longyear 760
Barley 760
Milling and baking studies, Atkinson and Wliitlock 760
The use of sugar in bread making, Herzf eld 761
Uses of cassava, Caracciolo 761
The manufacture of cassava farine, Brunton 761
The composition of Hawaiian fruits and nuts, Thompson 761
Evaporated apples, McGill 762
Iron in tomatoes, Brautlecht and Crawford 762
Influence of glucose on temperatures of candy sirups, Daniels and Troxell. . .. 762
Influence of glucose on cooking temperatures of candy sirups, Daniels 762
Strained honey, McGill 762
Olive oil and salad oil, McGill 762
Rancidity of olive oil and oxidation of oleic acid, Canzoneri and Bianchini 762
Coffee and coffee substitutes, McGill 762
Egg albumin in baking powder, Jackson 762
"Food and drug analysis], edited and compiled by Stallings 763
Preliminary report of dairy and food commissioner], Foust 763
Food inspection and analysis] , Foust et al 763
Food and drug inspection and analysis], Ladd and Johnson 763
housewives retail market prices, edited by Foy 763
The commercial food container, Dudderidge 763
Nickel cooking utensils, Vuk 763
Chinese-Japanese cook book, Bosse and Watanna 763
The \itamins and subjective factors in eating, Sternberg 763
Flavors and vitamins 764
Influence of a diet poor in calcium on growing bones, Weiser 764
Metabolism of lecithin and cholesterin with reference to trimethylamin, Patta. . 764
Metabolism of creatin and creatinin, Scaffidi 764
Creatinin and creatin during fatigue, Scaffidi 764
Gastro-intestinal studies, IV, Rehfuss and Hawk 764
Elimination of water under different conditions of normal respiration, Azzi. . . 764
Energy metabolism and muscular activity, I, Brezina and Reichel 765
Energy metabolism during marching, II, Brezina and Kolmer 765
"VT CONTENTS.
Page.
Energy metabolism in marching, 111, Brezina and Reichel 765
Studies of the blood after muscular work, Cohnheim 765
Action of temperature and humidity on the orj^anism, Lee and Scott 765
Qualitative relation between temperature and metabolism in animals, Krogh. . 766
A micro-respiration apparatus correction, Krogh 766
ANIMAL P]?ODl(TION.
Pattern development in mammals and birds, Allen 766
Fittin;.^ logarithmic curves by the method of moments, Miner 766
[Aiiinial husbandry], liarber and Thompson 767
Inoculation of ensiled roots willi germ culture, Zscheye 767
Feeding of sugar-containing feed materials, Zuntz 767
New inquiries concerning the feeding of sugar-containing feed stuffs, Zuntz. . . 768
Calf- and pig-feeding experiments with milk, Wellmann 768
Steer-feeding experiments , 768
Alfalfa silage for fattening steers, True, WoU, and Dolcini 769
Prickly-pear experiments, Horn 769
Feeding experiments with ensiled and dried beet pulp, Moser 770
[Digestibility of "Wyoming-grown hays], Hepner 770
Uses of screenings, Dymond 770
Report of the wool specialist. Hill 770
The policy in respect to the sheep industry', Arkell 771
The ]\Iarv'land hog ". 771
Fattening and improving the hog, Escobar 771
Stallion enrollment.^ — II, Service liens and sale of bred mares, Thompson 771
Stallion enrollment. — III, Report of enrollment to October 31, 1914, Thompson. 771
Stallion enrollment.— Ill, Renewals for 1915, Thompson 771
Which stallion and why? 771
Relation of simultaneous ovulation to production of double-yolked eggs, Ciutis . . 771
Crooked breast in fowls, Stewart 772
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
The pi'oduction and consumption of dairy products, Merritt 773
International Union of Municipal Dairies 773
Value of vetch hay for milk and beef production, Wibberley 773
Palmnut kernel cake, Murray 774
Prolificacy of [the Guernsey] breed 774
The performance of breeds of cattle kept in Saxony, Ebbinghaus 774
Profitable and unprofitable cows, Wolcott 774
Testing and handling of milk and cream, McCann 774
The encouragement of clean milk production, Cook 775
Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteiu'ization, Ayers and Johnson, Jr 775
A bacteriological study of blue milk, Hammer 775
Use of Bacillus bidgaricus in starters for cheese, Doane and Eldredge 776
Influence of flora of cheese rind, Gratz and Szanyi 776
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Synopsis of parasitology' of man and the domestic animals, Gedoelst 777
Handbook of veterinary obstetrics, Franck 777
Regulations governing meat inspection of U. S. Department of Agriculture 777
Guide for meat inspectors, Ostertag, trans, by "Wilcox 777
Handbook of meat inspection, von Ostertag 778
Stock poisoning plants of California, Hall and Yates 778
Some observations on arsenical dipping fluids, Cohen 778
[First biennial report of the office of state veterinarian], Lytle 778
Proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, 1912 and 1913 778
Determination of protein content of serum by refractometry, Csonka 778
Anthrax or charbon.- — Points of popular interest, Morris 778
Foot-and-mouth disease •. 778
Dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, Hartman 778
A study of the specific reactions for diagnosis of glanders, Moore and Fitch 779
The insect carrier and reservoir of the virus of oriental sore, Sergent et al 780
New serum and liver substances' as levuloses in trypanosomiasis, Schern 780
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Physical examination and clinical diagnosits in tuberculosis in cattle, Moore. . . 780
The intrapalpebral and intraderuiic palpebral tuberculin tests, Moussu 780
Avian tuberculosis, Jones 781
Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, Dykstra 781
Brisket disease (dropsy of hi^'h altitudes ), Clover and Newsom 781
[A disease of cattle in Guam which resembles Texas fever], Thompson 781
Diseases of swine, Buckley 782
Hog cholera, Lewis, Shuler, IMcElroy, and Hitter 782
Serum as a factor in inter-herd control of hog cholera in New York, Birch 783
Notes of the hog cholera conference at Purdue University, 1913, Clink 783
Report of veterinarian, Cary 783
New pig disease in Ireland, Frost 783
Canine medicine and surgery, Saunders 783
Infectious coryza of fowls, Vallillo 783
Coccidiosis in'poultry and game birds, Fantham 784
UURAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering geology, Ries and Watson 784
The principles of irrigation practice, Widtspe 784
Underground water resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Stephenson et al. . 784
(leology and water resources of Tularosa Ba.'^in, New Mexico, Meinzer and Hare. 784
The iise of surface water free from bacteria as drinking water, Haupt 786
The chemical disinfection of water, Phelps 786
Profile surveys in Willamette River Basin, Oregon 786
Profile surveys in Wenatchee River Basin, Washington 786
Land drainage in Maryland, Haswell 787
Concrete in drainage and irrigation, Libberton 787
Progress report on cause of disintegration of cements by alkaUs, Steik 787
Permeabilily tests on gravel concrete 788
Wooden gang mold for concrete posts, Ives 788
Recent road improvements in Hawaii, Adams 788
Harper's gasoline engine book, Verrill 788
Tests of substitutes for gasoline, Moyer 788
Motor plowing competition of the North Kent Agricultural Association 789
Standardization of farm wagons. Parsonage 789
A cheap and effective homemade plank drag, Krauss 789
Imports and exports of agricultural machines into and out of Germany in 1913. . 789
The manufacture of agricultural machines and implements in Russia in 1911. . 789
Methotls and benefitsof gi-ading and gleaning grain, Horton 790
The explosil)ility of gi'ain dusts. Price and Brown 790
Disposiil of tannery waste. Roth 790
The design of permanent farm buildings. Fowler 790
Brief instructions for building a pit silo, Larsen 790
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farm costs on the Colorado Agricultural College farm, Keyser 791
Land tenure, Johnson and Foard 791
[Insanit V among farm people] _. - . - 791
Institutions for insurance against sickness and accidents in rural districts 792
Farmers must be cooperators, Drayton 792
Cooperative organization business methods, Kerr and Nahstoll 792
[Among the egg and poultry societies of England] 792
Report of the Agricultural "Organization Society, 1914 792
piarketing of agricultural products in Queensland] 793
First annual report of the bureau of farm development , 1914 793
First report, department of dr>' land demonstration and experiment, 1914 793
Report of Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 793
The economic organization of England, Ashley 793
• AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Important features in nu^l school improvement, Hodges 793
Vocational education and the State, Davenport. 793
Menominee Countv Agricultural School and what it does, Wojta 794
VTII CONTENTS.
Page.
[Agricultural ecluciiliuu iu CaniidaJ 794
Annual rc])ort of agricultural education and research in the year 1913-14 794
Agricultural education and research 794
Present atale of agricultural education in Germany, von Riimker 794
Anniversary of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle, Ennker. . 794
The inaiigxu-ation of the Royal National Higher Forestry Institute 794
Danish rural schools with some reference to training teachers, Foght 794
Agriculture in elenienlary schools, McLennan 795
[ Reading courses in agricult ure and home economics] 795
Finding time for agriculture, Wilson 795
Methods of instruction in soils in the high school curriculum, Bode 795
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report s of the Depart nient of Agriculture, 1914 795
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Alal)ama College Station, 1914 795
Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914 796
Annual Report of Guam Station, 1914 796
Annual Rei>ort of Hawaii Station, 1914 796
Biennial Report of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1913-14 796
Dii'ector's report for 1914, Jordan 796
Thirty-third Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1914 796
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1914 796
Report of West Virginia Station, 1913 and 1914 796
Twenty-fourth Annual R,eport of Wyoming Station, 1914 796
Appropriations asked for the bienniura ] 915-16, 1916-17 796
Press bulletins 796
Preparation of articles for the Journal of Agricultural Research 796
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United Slates.
Alabama College Station: Page.
Bui. 181, Dec, 1914 732
Bill. 182. Dec, 1914 733
Bui. 183, Jan., 1915 738
Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914. 783,
795
California Station:
Bui. 248, Feb., 1915 723
Bui. 249, Mar.. 1915 778
Cii-c. 124, Jan.. 1915 769
Circ. 125. Jan., 1915 755
Colorado Station:
Bui. 201. Nov., 1914 760
Bui. 202, Nov., 1914 774
Bui. 203, Dec, 1914 791
Bui. 204, Jan., 1915 781
Delaware Station:
Bui. 107, Jan. 15, 1915 (An.
Rpt. 1914) 796
Guam Station:
An. Rpt. 1914 717,
731,741,758,767,781,796
Hawaii Station:
Bui. 3G. Feb. 20, 1915 731
Bui. 37, Feb. 25, 1915 719
Press Bui. 48, Jan. 12, 1915. . . 741
Tress Bui. 49, Jan. 18, 1915. . . 789
An. Rpt. 1914 721, 729, 730. 741.
742. 745, 746. 751, 753. 757, 761, 796
Illinois Station:
Bui. 176, Nov., 1914 746
Indiana Station:
Circ. 45, Oct.. 1914 771
Circ. 46, Nov., 1914 771
Circ. 47, Dec, 1914 771
Circ. 48, Jan.. 1915 783
Iowa Station:
Research Bui. 14. Oct., 1913. . 715
Research Bui. 15, Feb.. 1914.. 775
Research Bui. 16, July, 1914.. 710
Circ 18, Apr., 1914 744
Circ. 19, July, 1914 754
Kansas Station:
Circ. 41 781
Circ 42 771
Circ. 43.... 753
Kentucky Station:
Bui. 188, Dec, 1914 724
Louisiana Stations:
Bui. 152, Feb.. 1915 778
Bui. 153, Feb., 1915 717
^^arvland Station:
"Bui. 1S5, Aug., 1914 771,782
Bui. 180, Oct., 1914 787
Bui. 187, Nov., 1914 774
Bui. 188, Dec. , 1914 740
Bui. 189, Jan., 1915 740
Slationsin the United States — Continued.
Massachusetts Station: Page-
Bui. 159, Dec, 1914 744
Mississippi Station:
Bui. 168, Jan., 1915 721
Bui. 169. Dec, 1914 7.34
Circ, Express Cotton, Jan.,
1915 735
Missouri College Station:
Bui. 121, Dec, 1914 791
J^il. 122, Jan., 1915 725
Missouri Fruit Station:
Circ. 7, Dec, 1914 743
Circ. 8, Dec. 1914 744
Bien. Rpt. 1913-14 750, 753, 796
Montana Station:
Bui. 101, Oct., 1914 740, 760
Bui. 102, Dec, 1914 754
N(iw York Cornell Station:
^remoirS, Aug., 1914 736
Memoir 4, Sept., 1914 737
N<nv York State Station:
Bui. 393, Dec, 1914 796
Bui. 394, Jan., 1915 741
North Dakota Station:
Spec Bui., vol. 3. No. ]5,
Feb., 1915 763
Ohio Station:
Bui. 277, June. 1914 717
Bui. 278. June. 1914 (Thirtv-
third An. Rpt. 1914) 796
Oklahoma Station:
Bui. 103. Jan. , 1915 739
Bui. 104, Dec, 1914 782
Bui. 105, Nov.. 1914 736
Oregon Station:
Rpt. East. Oregon Dry Fann-
ing Sta. More, 1913-14 730
Porto Rico Board of Agriculture
Station:
Bui. 7, 1914 745
.'-^oiitli Dakota Station:
Bui. 153. Aug., 1914 733
Bui. 154, Nov., 1914 790
Bui. 155, Nov., 1914 739
Bui. 156, Nov., 1914 736
Tennessee Station:
Bui. Ill, Jan., 1915 719
Texas Station:
Bui. 169, Sept., 1914 709
Circ. 5, n. ser., Jan.. 1915 796
Utah Station:
Bui. 136, Jan., 1915 740
LIST or PUBLICATIONS,
Stations in the United 5/a/es— Continued.
Papc.
Vermont Station :
Bui. 183, June, 1914 741
Washington Station:
Bui. 118, Nov., 1914 (Twenty-
fourth An. Rpt. 1914) 731,
743, 796
Bui. 119, Jan., 1915 793
Bui. 120, Jan., 1915 793
West Virginia Station:
Bpt. 1913 and 1914 79(5
Wyoming Station:
Bui. 105, Jan., 1915 757
Twenty-fourth An. Rpt. 1914. 717,
754, 770, 787, 790
U. S. Department of AgrieiiUure.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 5,
Feb., 1915 212,
731,755,756,760,771,775
Preparation of Articles for Journal
of Agricultural Research 79(i
Bui. 148, The Use of Bacillus hul-
garicus in Starters for Making
Swiss or Emmental Cheese,
0. r. Doane and E. E. Eldridge. 776
Bui. 172, Varieties of Plums De-
rived from Native American
Species, W. F. Wight 744
Bui. 177, The Production and Con-
sumption of Dairy Products.
E. Merritt 773
C ,S. Diparlment of Agriculture — Contd.
PaRe.
Bui. 178, Cooperative Organization
Business Methods, W. H. Kerr
and G. A. NahstoU 792
Farmers' Bui. 640, The Hessian
Fly, F. M. Webster 756
Farmers' Bui . 646, Crimson Clover —
Seed Production, J . M. Weslgate . 732
Farmers' Bui. 647, The Home Gar-
den in the South, H. C. Thomp-
son 743
An. Rpts. 1914 795
Rpt. 99, Classification of the Cryph-
alinte, with Descriptions of New
Genera and Species, A. D. Hop-
kins 758
Office of the Secretary:
Spec. [Circ], Sweet Potato
Growing in the Cotton Belt.
H.C.Thompson 740
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Order 211, Regulations Gov-
erning Moat Inspection in
the v. S. Department of
Agriculture 777
Bureau of Entomology:
Bui. 94, pt. 2, Insects Injurious
to Forests and Forest
Products, Biology of Ter-
mites of Eastern United
States, T. E. Snyder 755
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. June, 1915. No. 8.
Perhaps no branch of work rehithig to agriculture is attracting
more attention at the present time than rural economics. Questions
of the far-reaching influences and rehitions of systems and practices
in farming, of cost of production, of waste and economy, of the
farmer's return for his labor and investment, and many others of
similar nature are seen to be of fundamental importance, and to call
for special expert study. Organization and business management
are looked to for the advancement of the industry in much the same
way that experiment and research in production have been looked
to in the past. Fortunately, provision is being made for such studies
in increasing amount, and the phice of this effort and its relation to
the experiment station is being worked out.
A great deal of our station work has been from the very first eco-
nomic in purpose and application, although it has not always been
thought of as in the field of economics. It relates to a productive
industry whose methods are economic, involving the elements of
buying and selling, prices of supplies, cost of production, and profit
and loss. And the station work has been concerned very directly
with the business side of the industry, to make it more productive,
more profitable, more safe as a means of livelihood. True, the sta-
tion work has been thought of as largely directed at the science of
production, but in fact it has very often reached over into the eco-
nomics of production and distribution, especially in its simpler forms.
The subject matter of economics is defined as the study of man's
efforts to get a living. The means by which he is enabled to do this
through agriculture, the influences which aid and hinder him, and
the proper weighing and understanding of these, are in the field of
rural economics. Man's success in agriculture has resulted from his
knowledge of how to control and direct the forces of nature, and this
has been promoted by the accumulation and interpretation of expe-
rience, and more recently by the employment of the experimental
method, which goes outside the realm of experience in acquiring facts
and testing theories and traditions.
It is natural that at the outset simple, practical questions, many
of them dealing with the commercial side almost exclusively, should
have pressed upon the stations, and that the working out of these
701
702 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
({uestions should have helped to justify the stations in the com-
munities which they served and won for them an increasingly strong
following. Such activity was warranted from its experimental
character, and from the fact that the farmers usually could not
perform the service for themselves. Again, the stations ha\e found
it necessary to determine for their ow^n information and to prove to
the fai'mers the ])racticability of their findings and suggestions,
i. e., their business soundness or wisdom, and also to make clear the
economic fallacy of certain current practices and traditions.
"Whether or not we think of these activities as being in the field
of economics, they border very closely upon it, and they have gone
a long way toward laying a foundation for economic studies and for
testing the truth of economic generalizations. As soon as we at-
tempt to ascertain the cost of an operation or a practice or a product
we are in the economic field, and the study of the factors which in-
fluence these considerations are but a step removed from it.
The range and scope of this kind of activity at the stations is
very large. It has related to the cost of producing farm crops,
meat, wool, and eggs, the marketing of these products, market
grades, special requirements or preferences, losses in products dur-
ing transit or in preparing for the market, and expense of shipment.
It has likewise determined the effect of the use of fertilizers and of
purchased feeds on the efficiency of production and the attendant
cost of the product, and the relative profits from milk, cream, butter,
and cheese. It has dealt with the cost of clearing land or other-
wise reclaiming it, its relation to the returns, the cost of pumping
water for irrigation and the economics of handling water, and the
cost of light and powder from alcohol, kerosene and gasoline in its
relations to man's labor and environment. It has determined the
financial returns from spraying against insects and fungus dis-
eases, the relation of age to rate of gain in live stock as an economic
factor, financial returns and profits from different systems of farm-
ing, the factors which determine profits under various systems, and
the effect of various forms of organization upon financial returns.
Not infrequently the experiment stations have followed the results
of their experimental work even to the point of developing a new
economic system. The dairy work furnishes some notable examples
of this. After showing by much study the importance of the fat
content of milk as measuring its value for making butter and cheese,
and providing a simple method for its determination, the stations
worked out the details of systems for paying for milk or adjusting
dividends at creameries and cheese factories on the basis of the
pounds of fat supplied by each patron, and showed its advantage
and justice. The effect upon the economic status of the dairy indus-
try has been revolutionary.
EDITORIAL. 703
Hundreds of feeding, fertilizer, and sprayino; experiments have
been made for the pur])ose of U'arning how to bring greater eiliciency
into these operations, and how to realize a reasonable profit from
money and labor invested. In fact, thei-e is scarcely a farm operation
or method which has not been studied froui an economic viewpoint
by some of the stations. These, and the observations on their appli-
cation in practice, have constituted a study of man's efforts in earn-
ing a living through agriculture.
But these activities are not all that i-: involved in rural economics,
any more than they represent the full field of experiment station
work. Although in its final analysis the ultimate object of all our^
station work may be economic in its application, the directness of the
economic aims or bearings varies greatl}'^, and the keeping of the
economic factors too conspicuoush^ in mind at all stages has been
cited as a criticism of some of the station work. This is the case
where the mere determination of the cost or the factors that enter
into profit has been the ultimate aim, as for example, in the deter-
mination of the rate of gain in weight of an animal, not from the
standpoint of the physiology of nutrition or the actual nutritive
value or use of a feed, but primarily in relation to economic returns.
"\Miile these commercial experiments have been of great help to the
farmer and have furnished a broad basis for economic studies, the
objection has been made that the results represent little of permanent
value, are local in application, and are sometimes little more than a
demonstration of results which could practically have been antici-
pated. It is true that they are .subject to much repetition, and are
often continued beyond the actual experimental stage. Some men
have seemed content to stop their work at the point wiiei-e the the-
oretical interest begins.
The narrower range of application of these experiments may be in
part due to the data not having been subjected to interpretation from
an economist's point of view. The work has been carried on by
agronomists, animal husbandmen, hoi-ticulturists, dairymen, and has
been interpreted by them in the light of their own view and sur-
roundings. Already there is some evidence that the attempt to make
broader interpretations or generalizations from the summarized data
of many experiments needs the assistance of the statistician or some
one trained in the handling of data. The method of the economist
differs from that of the experimenter, both in the handling of the
data and the use he makes of them. There is a place for both, and
some danger in attempting to combine the two functions.
It is undoubtedlv true, for example, that experimental work has
suffered from a confusion of economic and scientific ends. This is
shown in some of our feeding trials. In the attempt to determine the
effect of a certain feed upon the dairy cow the purely economic
704 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
aspects have been allowed to enter i)roniinently into the experiment
at an early stage, and sometimes well nigh to the exclusion of the
study of the physiological effect. Many of our fertilizer experiments
also have stopped with the immediate economic result and have failed
to achieve a broader scientific value. The two ends should not be
confused, or one will be likely to suffer.
In a physiological study of plant or animal it would be well if
the experimenter could forget the economic side for the time being,
and devote himself to determining by every means at his command
the actual effect of the material or treatment upon the plant or
animal, or its relation to function. The material fed to the cow may
*cost ten dollars a pound because it is a synthesized or artifically
separated compound, and the result ma}^ be absolutely devoid of
economic value. But if the study helps to a clear knowledge of the
action or value of the compound as a prominent constituent of a
feeding stuff, the result will idtimately be turned to economic
advantage.
The recognized function of an experiment station is to acquire
accurate information bv means of experiment and research. For
most of its workers its object is primarily the study of the theory
of production and the relation of. the facts developed to practical
methods. It is scientific rather than speculative, and deals with
facts and principles developed by investigation through science.
The work of the station is on a constructive basis. While it will
take account of the experience of practical men, its results will be the
product of its own or similar investigations. These may be com-
pared with results obtained by farmers, and brought into harmony
with them, or used to explain deficiencies in ordinary farm practice,
but they will usually be original in the sense of resting upon experi-
mental work rather than statistics of practice.
The work of the stations is essentially experimental, dealing with
conditions not only as they exist but as they are modified experi-
mentally to determine the value of separate factors or conditions.
It differs, therefore, from studies in rural economics, which deal
primarily with conditions as they are found to exist and are sta-
tistical rather than experimental. The rural economist gathers data
as to farm statistics, or tabulates the experience of individual farmers,
or conducts economic surveys, but he also makes use of such experi-
mental data as are available. Although he does iiot himself con-
duct experiments under modified conditions, he takes account of the
results of experiments in agriculture and uses these as well as the
i-esults of general experience in developing his generalizations or
theories. The experimental work of the stations may therefore be
considered as contributory, and in fact it has furnished a formidable
array of data for economic consideration.
EDITOEIAL. 705
Definite provision for investif^ation and propa^findii work in rural
economics is gi-adnalh^ being made at the agricultural colleges and
experiment stations. This is manifestly broader in its scope and
treatment and more systematic than most of the economic work of
the stations in the past. The subject is a special field in itself, with
its methods and principles, and with relationships and contacts which
extend into different fields fi-om those of the student primarily con-
cerned with the science of production.
The advantage of the rural economist is the special point of view
he contributes, enabling him to trace farreaching relationships and
consecjuences applying to the industry which would be overlooked
by investigators in a narrower field of study; and beyond this he
supplements the investigations of these s])ecialists in lines not other-
wise covered. For, just as the economics of agriculture includes far
more than the tabulation of data of production, cost, prices, and
distribution, so investigation in rural economics goes beyond the
question of cost and x^rofits as brought out in experiment, and traces
tendencies and consequences of systems or conditions upon the indus-
try and the people associated with it. It views recorded facts and
the data it accumulates not merely for themselves or with reference
to their direct application, but in the aggregate and in relation to
their causes and their effects considered in a broad and comprehensive
sense.
The complexity of modern life is as apparent in farm operations
as in other fields of endeavor. Whether or not it is advisable for
the Massachusetts farmer to raise wheat does not depend alone on
his ability to produce good yields and to sell his wheat for more than
the cost of production. It depends on a gi'eat variety of considera-
tions relating to the economic conditions of wheat raising, competi-
tion Avith western and southern States, Canada, Eussia, Argentina,
and Australia, the probable cost of production as compared with that
in competing States and countries, transportation facilities, the use
of machinery and the local labor conditions, quality of the wheat as
compared with wheat from other localities, adaptal)ility of the crop
to a suitable rotation system, and especially the suitabilit}^ of the
locality to other crops and the returns from them. A scientific study
of the economics of any farm operation or system of farm manage-
ment must give due consideration to these points individually', as well
as to their bearing on one another and their place in a general eco-
nomic system.
There is a recognized need for definite economic studies of limited
range. And just here the question arises as to where such studies
belong and Avhere they can best be provided for. Some of the col-
leges and stations are conducting studies of systems of cropping,
farm management, cost of operating farm machinery, the economy
706 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
of huiiiaii labor and team labor, systems of cost accounting, the
efficiency of cooperative associations and other organizations, con-
ducting agricultural surveys, etc. They are attempting to apply
scientific management and the principles of economics in agricul-
ture, not as incidental to other investigations but as a primary
undertaking. This Avork is becoming systematized and methods for
it are being developed rapidly.
As a basis for the formulation of an economic system it is often
necessary to ascertain the conditions and farm practices that actually
exist, the cost of production under varjdng farm conditions and
methods, and the business aspects of various systems of farming.
But such studies as an end in themselves have not commonly been
considered within the special field of the experiment station. In
connection with their experiments the stations have often found it
necessary to take account of actual farm practice, good and bad. and
to subject it to the test of experiment. But the gathering of farm
data has been done as an incident to its studies and not as an end
in itself.
The idea of the experiment station is opposed to the latter his-
torically. Until the experimental method Avas applied, science and
practice, in agriculture and elsewhere, advanced by a study of
things as thej'' were found in nature or had developed through the
changes of time and also upon the basis of experience. The experi-
ment station movement carried tlie idea of going outside of human
experience in developing understanding and testing methods of
practice, by introducing science into agriculture through the experi-
mental method.
In this sense the station work has been thought of as experimental
inquiry, rather than economic inquiry: and because the latter em-
ployed the statistical method quite largely it has been looked upon as
in a somewhat different field of activity. Some forms of it, like farm
management studies, have been a combination of investigation and
of teaching or demonstration from the farmers' own experience. It is
fully recognized that economic inquiry, like experimental inquiry,
may result in new Icnowledge, often representing a general truth, if
it does not stop at the compilation stage. And, on the other hand, it
is quite possible for the stations to conduct studies which will suiij^le-
ment these statistical surveys, and will furnish a basis for the formu-
lation of broader truths or generalizations.
Manj'' of the strictly economic studies in the past have dealt with
very broad questions, difficult to formulate with exactness, and diffi-
cut to support entirely on reliable data. The matter of securing the
data has often been a large undertaking, and its collection has ab-
sorbed much of the economist's time. The lack of reliable and com-
EDITOKIAL. 707
plete data is one of the greatest handicaps in economic studies. It
has been one of the obstacles to conducting them through the experi-
ment station.
The economist ought to have at his command sufficient data, gatli-
ered in an accurate and dependable manner. Some of these data are
difficult to obtain. Their collection requires much time and the ex-
penditure of large sums of money. Manifestly the ex]:)eriment
station can not be expected to furnish these data in any comprehensive
way, for its appropriations, if available for that purpose, would not
go far. Only in a limited way is it an experiment station function.
There would seem to be need of special proAision fen- gathering such
information. This might be done by the States through their depart-
ments of agriculture or other agencies, on the advice of competent
economists. The stations could often add to such statistics the re-
sults obtained by exact experimental inquiries, and in many cases
such experimental inquiries are very desirable.
In the question, for example, of the cost of milk production, which
is a controverted one in several States, it is not sufficient to collect
data from farmers and from milk dealers and other interested parties,
based on inexact records and possiblv on practice which can not be
fully commended. There is need of exact and reliable information,
free from bias and distinguishing between what is and what should
be under efficient practice. An}' economic inquiry into this (juestion
of a fair farm price for milk will naturally take account of the large
body of reliable information concerning the cost of producing milk
which the stations have acquired; and if a station has made a careful
study of the subject in all its details, in which not only the stable side
but the various features connected with transportation and handling
have been taken into account, its results should be of marked eco-
nomic importance.
The data which serve as the foundation for rural economics vary
in relative importance from year to year. Fluctuations in the labor
supply, in the extent of competition, in the prevalence of pests and
diseases, in the general demand for the product in question, and in
the area planted to a given crop, all modify the economic status of
crops and systems of farming. Loss of old markets, access to new
markets and the opening and settlement of new lands also have an
effect upon the market value of farm products. The establishment
of new railroad or steamship lines may render a new market accessible
to a given farming district, but may also open the same market to
more favored competitors, thereby making unprofitable the growing
of certain crops. Hence the process of gathering data must be con-
tinuous, and nnist be systematized so as to make the figures com-
parable.
93681°— No. 8—15 2
708 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
To become appropriate lines of work for an experiment station,
economic studies need to be clearly conceived and definitely drawn.
As pointed out, the station's work is not in any primary sense the
gathering of statistics or the making of surveys or the tabulation of
individual experience. Economic studies, like the projects for in-
vestigation in the principles of production, require careful planning
in advance, and should imply a rigid testing of the reliabilitj' of
available data. They should contemplate an analysis and interpreta-
tion of the l)roader underlying meaning of the results, for otherwise
the facts will remain isolated, disconnected facts of little dynamic
force or value in a broad way. There are certain classes of statistics
which are relative rather than absolute and which can be correlated
with sets of conditions or systems of practice. These enable the econ-
omist to get at fairly definite and conclusive underlying principles.
There is no lack of opportunity for studies of this kind. Such
questions, for example, turn on the economizing of land, labor, and
capital. It has been said that in the elimination of labor waste lies
greater opportunities for the constructive economist than in any
other direction. A broad group of questions relating to intensive
farming and its economy are suggested by the advice now being
freely and widely given for more intensive cultivation, smaller farms,
greater specialization, etc. How far this is sound under present con-
ditions, and how far it is to be regarded as the solution of our agri-
cultural problems and of cheaper foodstuffs, we must look quite
largely to the economist to tell us. It would be interesting to know
also how far the introduction of more scientific and rational methods
might possibly modify the law of diminishing returns.
In the future w^ork of the stations in the field of rural economics
the difference must be distinguished betw^een the formulation of
economic facts and principles of agriculture on the one hand,
and the active effort to put these into effective practice through the
organization of farmers and otherwise. The one is investigation,
the other is teaching or propaganda work. The development of
effective means and plans for organization seems to occupy a middle
ground. Larger attention to the economic features of farming will
involve both station and extension activities, and the distinction be-
tween these will need to be clearly maintained.
The time has come when it is well for the experiment stations seri-
ously to consider how widely the fundamental purposes and tradi-
tions of station work, taken in connection with the funds available
and the need for investigation in agricultural production, will per-
mit them to engage to any large extent in economic studies ; and for
each State to consider how it may best provide for gathering miscel-
laneous farm and other agricultural statistics which tlie economist
will require for the formulation of the principles of rural economy.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
The total fatty acids and other ether-soluble constituents of feeding
stuffs, J. B. Eatheb {Texas Sta. Bui. 169 (1914), pp. 5-30; ahs. in Jour. Indm.
and Engin. Chon., 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. .?//, 35). — In some previous publications
(E. S. R., 28, p. 108; 31, p. 71) "it has been shown that the unsaponifiable
matter in the ether extract of hays and fodders averages about 5S per cent
of the total extract, and is of mucli lower digestibility than the saponifiable
matter. It has also been shown that chloroform extracts comparatively large
percentages of material from hays and fodders jjreviously extracted with ether,
and that this extract contains fatty acids." A method was described by means
of which it was possible to separate the constituents of the exti-act into three
fractions: Unsaponified (largely wax alcohols), uncolored saponified (fatty
acids), and colored saponified (chlorophyll and related compounds), and desig-
nated the digestion method.
An improved method (precipitation method) for the determination of total
fatty acids and nonsaponifiable matter of the ether extract has now been
devised. " This method for the separation of the constituents of ether extracts
into three fractions is essentially as follows: Saponify the ether extract, acidify
and dissolve in ethei", precipitate the fatty acids from ethereal solution with
aqueous alkali, and remove by washing with water. Acidify the soap with
acetic acid and shake with petroleimi ether to dissolve fatty acids and then with
ethyl ether to dissolve the residue."
Another new method is proposed which utilizes an alcoholic soda solution
for dissolving the fats. "Alcoholic soda i)robably dissolves less nonfats than
aqueous soda ; soap solutions in alcohol are more easily manipulated ; and fats
are soluble in alcohol alone. The advantages of alcohol over water thus appear
to be considerable. The use of aqueous alkali would not i)revent the contamina-
tion of the soap with unsaponified material, because the latter is both soluble
in soap solutions and emulsifiable with aqueous alkali.
" Ether extracts of the concentrates contained saponifiable material which
does not appear to be fatty acids, averaging about 8 per cent, and unsaponi-
fiable matter averaging about 6 per cent, a total of approximately 14 per cent of
nonfats in the ether extract of concentrates. Ether extracts of hays and excre-
ments from them contain saponified material which does not appear to be fatty
acids, averaging about 15 per cent of the ether extract. Together with the
unsaponifiable matter, they made a total of approximately 68 per cent of non-
fats in the ether extract of rougliages. Molecular weight determinations and
other evidence indicate that the ether soluble, petroleum-ether soluble acids
in the alcoholic soda extracts of feeding stuffs are pi'obably fatty acids.
" The digestibility of the various ether-soluble fractions was determined in
six hays with sheep. The fatty acids are digested on an average of 00.5 per
cent in the ether extract; the fatty acids in the alcoholic soda extract were
digested o.*?.? per cent. The digestibility of the fatty acids extracted by alco-
709
710 EXPEKIMENT STATION HECOKD.
holjc soclu l)iU not l)y ether had an averatce aij,'estibilU.v of 11.2 per ceut. The
digestibility in four cases was zero. The saponificxl residue of the ether ex-
tract was digested, on an average, 45.1 per ceut, and in the alcoholic soda
extract 25.8 per cent. The nitrogen-free extract of feeding stuffs contains
considerable material soluble in ether, which can be extracted by alcoholic
sod.i. This ether-soluble matter consists of unsapouifiable matter, fatty acids.
and, [iriiicipally, of nonfat organic acids, in the case of hays and excrements
from them. It made up from 2.72 to 32.30 j)er cent of the nitrogen-free extract
of those samples, and averagetl 5.97 per cent. In the concentrates it made
up from zero to 3.S4 per cent of the nitrogen-free extract, and averaged 1.49
per ceut of the nitrogen-free extract."
Chemical changes during silage formation, It. 10. Neiuiu {loica .S7fl. Rt-
scarch Bui. IG (liUJ,), pp. S-2.i ; Jour. Awcr. Chrin. Soc, 36 U91J,), No. 11, pp.
2Jt01-2JilS). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 29. p. 712), an examination
of the contents of three types of silo, viz, wooden stave, hollow clay tile, and
concrete, showed the following changes during the actual period of silage
formation :
" Xonreducing sugar was rapidly chaugod to reducing sugar, and the latter
then decreasetl in amount but did not disappear completely. The amount of
volatile acids increased daily. In the concrete silo, as already demonstrated
for the hollow tile and wooden stave silos, the racemic lactic acid produced
showed a daily increase. Alcohol was formed, in small amounts in each silo.
Carbon dioxid developed very rapidly after filling the silo. Free oxygen
disappeared entirely after the second or third day. The maximum temperature
observed in any of the three silos was 91° F.
" Within the limits of this investigation, no differences were noted which
might be attributed to differences iu the material of which the silos were
constructed."
Synthetic processes taking place during the autolysis of yeast, N. Iwaxokf
(Biochcm. ZtscJir., 63 (1914), ^'o. Jf-6, pp. 359-368, fiy. 1; aha. in Jour. Chew.
»S'oe. [Lnndoni, 106 (.1914), ^o. 621, I, p. 911). — In this work the proteins were
jirecipitated. by cupric hydroxid, the proteoses by lead acetate, and the diamine
acids by phosphotungstic acid. The nitrogen in the various fractions was esti-
mated during the progress of autolysis. It was noted, that the addition of
jiotassium hydrogen phosphate to the mixture increased the protein fraction.
Enzyms of Aspergillus oryzae and the application of its amyloclastic
enzym to the fermentation industry. J. Takamine (Jour. Indus:, and Eniiin.
Chcni., 6 (1914), ^0. 10, pp. 824-S28). — A review of the literature and st)me of
the author's work on the use of A. oryzw iu the preparation of taka-koji.
Taka-koji is suggested for use instead of malt for sjiccharifyiug cereals
employed for the preparation of alcohol, etc.
Studies on enzym action. — XI, Some experiments with, castor bean urease,
K. G. Falk and K. Sugiura (Jour. Amcr. Chcni. Soc, 36 (1914), Xo. 10, pp.
2166-2170). — Castor bean urease (E. S. R.. 00. ]). 409) was found to hydrolyze
much less urea than did similar soy bean preparations under comparable
conditions, but the action of acids, bases, and salts on the hydroly.sis of urea by
castor beau urease was found to be similar to that observed by others with
soj'^ bean urease. For previous work see a note by Zemplen ( E. S. E.. 27. p. 633)
and elsewhere."
A comparison of methods for the determination of the proteolytic activity
of pancreas preparations, J. H. Long and A. W. Bauton (Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc. 36 (1914). Ao. 10, pp. 21ol-2166). — "In this jiaper a comparison of the
<• Hoppe-Soyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 75 (1911), Xo. 3, pp. 169-190.
AGKICULTUKAL CHEMISTKV AGROTECHNY. 711
pruteolytio vuhie of six pancreas iireiiaratiuiis has been made by ft)ur distiuot
iiit'tbods, the nietacasehi reaction, a nioditicatiou of the Fuld-Gross reaction,
the forniaklehyde titration of amino acids liberated in difiestion, and tlie tibrin
digestion. It was hoi)ed to find such relations as wonhl permit the translation
of activity' as expressed on a given standard in terms of another.
"By the four methods the activities of the six preparations are arranged iu
the same general order, that is, the strongest ferment by the fir.st method is
found to be the strongest by the others. For the wealvest preparations the
order is al)out the same. But the relative rank, quantitatively, of the different
ferments is very different as measured by the different methods. AYhile the
strongest ferment by the metacaseiu reaction appears to be about 12 times the
strength of the weakest, and about 10 times as strong by the digestion of tibrin,
by the other tests the relation is as 2 or 3:1. Even greater irregularities
appear in comparing some of the other ferments.
" It is not possible at the present time to translate the proteolytic value of a
trj-ptic ferment from the terms of one standard to the terms of another with
the ])roducts as at present furnished by chemical or pharmaceutical dealers,
because' these preparations are made by very different processes of extraction,
concentration, or activation, which leave, probably, mixtures of ferments in
widely different proportions in the finislied ])roducts, and unknown amounts of
inorganic salts. There is evidence to suggest that the products sold as trn^sins
or pancreatins contain at least two dift'erent euzyms reacting in different ways
with proteins. The effects observed in any case are mixed effects depending
on the proiwrtions in which the eiizyms are pi'esent. These enzyms possess
different degrees of thermostability.
"The desirability of a more rational definition of trypsin is pointed out.
The definition should include a statement of the essential points of manufac-
ture and should be authorized by some responsible body, such as a pharma-
copa'ial revision eonuuittcc. Since what is called trypsin is prepared for the
use of medical men, these users are entitled to the fullest knowledge concern-
ing the composition and properties of the product. There is no excuse for
secrecy here, and products should be made to conform to interchangeable
standards."
Inversion of saccharose by asparaginic acid, L. Radlberger and W. Sieg-
MUND (Ostcn: IJugnr. Ztschr. Zuckcrimlus. u. Landw., JfS (1914), No. 1, pp.
29-.',3, figs. 2; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., SS {J91J,), Xo. 35, Repert., p. i<)2).— Tests
made witli 10 gm. of suci'ose and 0.1 gm. of asparaginic acid in 100 ce. of
aqueous solution at .30 to 80° C. for 0 to 240 minutes resulted in showing that
inversion occurs. The inverting power rises with an increase in temi^erature.
The preparation of rafl5.nose, C. S. Hudson and T. S. Harding (Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 36 (191Jf), No. 10, pp. 2110-21H).—K description of a procedure by
which raftinose can be prepare<l from various sami)les of conuiiercial cotton-
seed meal with a yield of 2..5 to 4 per cent. Several advantages are claimed over
the method previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 008).
Blood pigment and chlorophyll. — Their close relation points to a common
origin of animal and plant life, O. Damm (/SW. Amer. Sup., 77 {1914), No.
1999, p. 269, figs. 3). — This discusses the points which the constituents of
of hemoglobin and chlorophyll possess iu common in the light of new researches
(Willstiitter, Marchlewski, etc.).
The constituents of Clematis vitalba, F. Tutin and II. W. B. Clf.wer (Jour.
Chem. Soc. ILondon], 105 (191Jf), No. 621, pp. 18-^5-1858).— A study of the
climbing plant known popularly as " traveler's joy."
" The material employed consisted of the flowering branches of C. vitalia,
which had been si>ecially collected for the purpose. Preliminary tests showed
712 EXPEIUMKXT ftTATIOX K?:CORD.
the absence of any alkaloid and that only a trace uf volatile material was
Itresent. An alcoholic extract of the dried and ground material yielded, in addi-
tion to mnch clilon>]ihyil and resin, the following definite compounds: (1) 3:4
dihydroxycinnamic acid; (2) caulosapoKonin. C^HocOr,. identical with the sub-
stance recently Isolated by Power and Salway from C'<tuloph]/llum tliaUctroidrs
(some of the derivatives of caulosapojjenin yielded on analysis apparently
anomalous results, which can not at present be explained) ; (3) a saponin,
CwIIsoOio, which proved to be a glncosid of caulosapogenin ; (4) dextrose; (5)
myricyl and ceryl alcohols; (G) hentriacontane, C3in84. ; (7) a phytosterol.
which appeared to consist of a mixture of sitosterol, CirH^eO, and stigmasterol,
CaoHcoO; (S) a phytosterolin. which apparently consisted essentially of stig-
masterol glncosid; (9) nielissic, cerotic, and palmitic acids, together with a
mixture of unsaturated acids C(msisting largely of linoleic acid and an acid,
CssHwO- (melting point, 00.5°), apparently isomeric witli behenic acid.
"The statements regarding the irritant properties of C. ritalha can not be
confirmed."
Organic phosphoric acid of rice, Alick R. Thompson (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Jour.
\f/r. Rcscarcli. .? {191')), Ao. 5. pp. Ji2o-430). — In s<ime previous worlc on the
determination of ])hosplioric acid in the grain of rice (E. S. R., 29. p. 231). it
was found that when oxidizing with a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid
a colorless solution was soon obtained, but when the solution was evaporate<l
to dryness a charred mass remained behind. Determination of phosjihoric
acid In the gi-ain (not boiled to dryness) showed only one-third of the total
phosphoric acid found by the Neumann method. The foliage of the rice plant,
on the other hand, showed no such differences with the two methods. " It was
thought that the reason for this resistance to the action of aqua regia is proba-
l>ly the fact that phosphoric acid occurs in the rice gi-ain as phytin and is
therefore not comi)letely hydrolyzed. It was decided, therefore, to give some
study to the organic phosphoric acid of rice."
In attempting to obtain the pure tribarium salt of phytic acid from rice by
the methods of Anderson (E. S. R., 27, p. 712 ; 28, p. 17 ; 31, p. 707), it was found
that the substance was partially hydrolyzed very easily and difficulty was expe-
rienced in eliminating impurities such as other phosphoric acid esters of inosit.
In the work special attention was paid to the methods for the determination
of the barium and phosphoric acid in the salt. "The total phosphorus was
determined in samples of rice bran and impolished and polished rice. The
following determinations were duplicated to within 0.02 per cent: Phosiihorus
in rice bran, 2.291 per cent; in unpolished rice. 0.321 per cent; in polished
rice, 0.14 per cent."
Phytin was determined in rice bran by extraction with a 0.02 per cent hydro-
chloric acid solution and precipitating with alcohol. The amount found was
8.22 per cent. Attempts to obtain it in polished rice were unsuccessful.
Two preparations of barium phytate, one from rice bran and the other from
unpolished rice, were made by Anderson's i)rocedure. " The salts thus obtained
were practically free from chlorids and inorganic phosphates. Nitrogen was
:ilso absent. All the material of the first preparation was used in making
repeated determinations of barium, phosphorus, carbon, and hydrogen, but the
phytin obtained from the bran was analyzed also for ash constituents other
than barinm. In 0.6 gm. of this material an unweighable trace of calcium was
found, but no iron, manganese, magnesium, or potash. The residue on pre-
cipitating out the barium and igniting the phytic acid thus left amounted to a
few milligrams and was composed mostly of unvolatilized phosphoric acid.
Xo nitrogen was found in the salt." The salts contained less phosphoric acid
and barium than found by Anderson for tribarium-inosit-hexaphosphorlc-acid.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHXY. 713
It could not Ije stati'd with certainly wlietluT tlie liariuni phylato obtained was
composed of a single salt of inosit.
" Inosit was prepared from the barium phytate of rice bran by heatint; in
sealetl tubes to 150° C. about 2 t^m. of the salt with 20 cc. of 30 per cent
sulphuric acid for five hours. The suli)huric acid was prec-ipitated with barium
hydroxid, tlie excess of barium removed by carl)on dioxid. and the filtrate
evaporated to dryness. The residue was extracted with hot water and filtered.
The inosit was precipitated by ether and alcohol and recrystalized three times
as minute needles. These gave the Scherer reaction and melted at 223°
uncorrected."
Presence of a glucosid in the sunflower, A. Zanotti (BoL Cliim. Farm., 53
(1914), pp. 4, 5; (lbs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {lOlJf), No. 621, I, pp.
H13, Ol.'f). — In the leaves of tlie sunflower a glucosid of the probable formula
CnHi904N2 was found. The substance, however, has not yet been completely
purified.
The chemistry of tobacco resins. J. von Degrazia (Fachl. Mitt. Osterr.
Tahakregic, 13 {1913), No. 3, pp. 109-117; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {191Jf), No. J,l,
Rcpcrt., p. 189). — Haid, in the sixties of the past century, noted three different
constituents of tobacco resin, viz, kentuckylinic acid, CssHioOs, kentuckynoleic
acid. C:2H340c. and kentuckynie acid, C2:H4oOr, as well as a neutral resin. Ci2H2o02,
and an essential oil. Some of these results were verified by the author. A method
for purifying the resinous constituents is given. The following were noted:
a-Tobaccenic acid (probably identical with Ilaid's kentuckynie acid), a brittle,
dark brown, odorless mass: (3-tobaccenic acid, a dark green brittle mass (prob-
ably contaminated with chlorophyll) ; 7-tobaccenic acid, a thick, brownish fluid
substance; tobacco-resinol. the resin alcohol of tobacco, which in a pure state
consists of colorless needles having the composition (CcH,oO)x: and tobacco-
reseue, a reddish, thick, brown fluid mass having an odor like honey and an
empirical formula of CssHmO^
The essential oil which was found had a yellow color, a verj^ ])leasant odor,
and a refractive index of 1.48S2. No conclusions were drawn as to whether the
essential oil is the carrier of the tobacco aroma.
The arsenates of lead, H. V. Tartae and E. H. Kobinson {.Jour. Amcr. Chem.
Soc., 36 {191-'f), No. 9, pp. 18/(3-1853). — "Taken as a whole, the literature indi-
cates that there are at least two common lead arsenates, lead hydrogen arsenate
and lead orthoarsenate ; that these two compounds are the main components
present in ordinary commercial lead arsenate: that lead pyroarsenate may
j>ossibly be present in the commercial salts; and that there is very little accu-
rate knowledge of the preparation and the chemical and physical properties of
the pure compounds. See also a note by Holland and Reed [K. S. R.. 28. p. 30S]."
In this work a reliable method has been devised for the preparation of pure
lead hydrogen arsenate, but all attempts to jirepare pure lead orthoarsenate
were unsuccessful. " Fairly pure lead hydrogen arsenate is prepared by use
of the reaction between lead nitrate and disodivnn hydrogen arsenate."
Lead pyroarsenate was prepared and a new basic lead arsenate of apparently
constant composition was obtained. " The specific gravity of lead hydrogen
arsenate and basic lead arsenate have been determined. The difficulties attend-
ing the accurate determination of the solubility of the comjiounds prepared
have been pointed out. The tests made, however, show these substances to be
relatively insoluble."
According to the authors there is at the jn-esent time no method for estimat-
ing the amount of lead hydrogen arsenate in commercial arsenate of lead. It
was found that " since the basic arsenate may be considered as insoluble from
714 EXPEJtlMEKT STATION HECORD.
the usujil aujilytic.'il staudpoiiit, lead Liydro^eu arseimle in mixtures with tlio
l)asie arsenate can be easily detei-iiiiiied by flip folknA-ius described method:
"Take a convenient amount of the finely powdered sample (;} to 10 gm.),
depending upon the amount of the acid salt present, which has been dried at
1(X)°, and add 200 cc. of a 5 i)er cent solution of carbon dioxid-free ammonium
hydroxid. Allow to digest with occasional shaking for a few liours at room
temperature, when the reaction should be complete. The supernatant liquid is
then filtered bj' suction from the insoluble basic salt by using a Buchner
funnel prejiared with a pad made of two sheets of filter paper with a layer of
asbestos between. The upper paper slmuld be a hardened filter. The filter is
finally washed thoroughly with recently ))oiled distilled water luitil free from
soluble salts. The final washings may be tested with lead nitrate solution to
ascort.iin the completeness of the removal of the ammonium arsenate. The
filtrate should be perfectly clear. In case there is difficulty in obtaining a clear
solution it may be overcome by refiltering through a Gooch crucible having a
thin layer of carbon black on an asbestos pad. The final filtrate obtained is
made up to convenient volume and an aliquot taken for the determination of
arsenic. After free ammonium hydroxid is removed by boiling, the arsenic is
determined by the modified Gooch and Browning method. The amount of
arsenic in the total filtrate calculated as As-Os and then multiplied by the
factor 7.G034 gives the amount of lead hydrogen arsenate present in the original
mixture.
" This method has been tried out on a number of mixtures of known compo-
sition and in each case has given good results."
" The results show that the precipitates obtained from the i-eactions of lead
acetate and lead nitrate with disodium hydrogen arsenate under certain con-
ditions are mixtures of lead hydrogen arsenate and the basic lead arsenate."
The estimation of sulphuric acid, sulphates, potassium., and calcium, L.
Ledoux (Abs. ill Bui. 8oc. Chini. Bely., 28 (1914), No. 2, pp. 51, 52; Cliem. Ztg.,
38 {19J4), No. 54, p. 575).— To 200 cc. of solution 10 cc. of concentrated hydro-
chloric acid and 50 cc. of a 2 per cent barium ehlorid solution are added for the
precipitation of the sulphates. The mixture is then shaken for one hour in the
cold. Calcium is precipitated with ammonium oxalate, and the potas.sium is
obtained as potassium platinic ehlorid and reduced when Avarm with mag-
nesium.
Studies upon a new method for the quantitative estimation of potassium,
F. Makshall iCheiU: Ztg., 38 {1914), ^'os. 55, pp. 585-587; 58, pp. 615, 616).—
Of the known methods for determining potassium quantitatively the platinic
ehlorid and perchloric acid methods are the most frequently iisetl. although both
methods, but more especially the first named, have objectionable features.
In the method proposed an aliquot of the solution containing the alkalis only
as chlorids and representing about 0.05 gm. of potassium oxid is placed in a
beaker and evapoi'ated to dryness on the water bath. The residue is dissolved
in as little water as possible (2 to 3 drops is usually sufficient), and an excess?
(20 cc.) of a 2 per cent alcoholic solution of tartaric acid (one which has
stood for several days over solid potassium bitartrate and has been repeatedly
shaken and then filtered) is added. After the precipitation is complete, from
10 to 20 cc. of a bitartrate-containing alcohol (06 per cent) is added and boile<l
for 10 minutes on the water bath. The beaker is allowed to stand covered for
24 hours, shaking, however, at intervals, and then the contents are transferred
to a weighed Gooch crucible. The precipitate is washed w'ith potassium bitar-
trate-alcohol and finally with pure 96 per cent alcohol, dried at 80° C, and
weighed as potassium bitartrate. By dividing the weight o1itaine<l by 3.092 the
corresponding amount of potassium oxid is found.
i^ee also previous notes (E. S. R., 32. pp. 60S, 609).
AGRICULTURAL ClIEMISTRV AGROTECUNV.
715
The microscopy of cereals and its application in the brewing industry,
A. L, WiNTON (Aincr. [irciccr, //7 (J!>l.'f), Xos. 5, pp. 23J,-2S6, figs. .5; 6, pp.
29Q-292, p(!H. Jl: 7, pp. H.',l-.i.',.], flua. 9; 8, pp. J,02, 40.i, flcjs. 6).— A lecture on
the subject, which is illustrated with photomicrographs of the histological
structure of various cereals and starches.
The examination of Belgian varieties of honey, It. Ledent {liuL Soc. ('hint,
liclg., 28 {191.',), Xo. .i, pp. 73-77; ahs. in Chcm. Zig., 38 {19U), No. 54, p.
.775). — The author finds that the method.s of Fiehe and Jaeserschmidt will de-
tect invert sugar. The degree of adulteration can be estimated from the
amount of protein, determined by Lund's method.
A new method for determining the total solids in wine, V. Njfxiovan
iZtxcJir. Analgt. Chcm.. 53 (19U),.Ko. 3, pp. 160-165; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 38
(191/,). No. 35. Report., p. 157). — Five gm. of water-free sodium sulphate is
weighed in a weighing bottle and 5 cc. of tlie wine under examination is added.
After the sodium sulphate has become fully solidified the glass and its contents
are placed open in a vacuum desiccator which contains about 15 cc. of sulphuric
acid for each 5 cc. of wine dried, and exhausted to about 15 to 20 mm. pres-
sure. After 12 to 14 hours diy air is allowed to enter the desiccator, and the
Weighing flask is then stoppered and weighed. As sodium sulphate retains a
little water a control test is made without wine for the purpose of obtaining
the correction necessary. The method yields g()f)d results with dry wines.
See also previous notes (E. S. R.. 32, pp. 608, 609).
The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, B. W. Hammeb and A. R.
JoiiNSOX (Joica t<1n. Research Bill. U (1918), pp. 1,51-1,63, figs. 6).— A better
knowledge of the specific heat of milk and milk derivatives is deemed of the
greatest importance in the conduct of various processes (pasteurizing, refrigera-
tion, manufacturing and storing butter, and manufacturing ice cream) in the
dairy industry. Two methods for determining the specific heat were evolve<l
and these are described and the apparatus used therefor illustrated.
The samples of milk used in the tests were from the composite milk de-
livered at the college creamery. The fat content varied from 3.4 to 4.9, most
samples having about 4.3 per cent. The whej^ used was from composite milk
and obtained from the cheese vat, and contained from 0.25 to 0.3 per cent of fat.
The creams used were separated from composite milk in the morning and kept
in the refrigerator until evening when the various tests were carried out.
Skim milk varying in fat content from 0.3 to 0.38 per cent was also tested.
The butter fats used for the specific heat determinations were taken from the
ohurnings on three different occasions and contained the ordinary amounts of
curd, salt, water, and fat, and two other samples were carefully prepared in
accordance with the specifications of the ofiicial method of analysis?.
The results obtained are summarized as follows;
fipeeific Jiratx of mill: nn<l »ii1k ilcrivatire.i (ineliiding heat required to melt fat,
if tJiis factor enters).
Kind of milk product.
AtO-C.
Whey
Skim milk
Whole milk
15 per cent cream.
20 per cent cream.
30 per cent cream.
45 per cent cream,
60 per cent cream .
Butter
Butter fat
0.978
.940
.920
.750
.72.3
.673
.606
.560
a. 512
«.445
At 15" C.
0.976
.943
.938
.923
.940
.983
1.016
1.053
<i..527
1.467
At40''C.
0.974
.952
.930
.899
.880
.852
.787
.721
.556
. 500
At eo" c.
0.972
.963
.918
.900
.836
.860
.793
.737
.580
. 530
n These value.s were obtained by extrapolation, under the assumption that the .specific heat is about the
same in the solid and liquid states.
716 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" Heretofore it lias been customary to use a certiiin value for the si>ecific
lieat of milk or cream, without paying any attention to the temperature range
over which the material is to be heated or cooled. This is obviously wroog,
because the range plays a very important r'!trt from the standpoint of the
apparent specific heat value, and for that reason the above table was prepared,
although it is recognized that certain of the values may be in error because of
the assumptions that have been necessary. In addition to giving the values at
certain temperatures, the table gives the values over various ranges; these
were obtained by averaging the values for every 3° C. . . . Butter fat is com-
posed of a number of constituents which melt at different temiK>ratures, and
the abnormal values for specific heats include the latent heats of fusion of the
components of the fat." The highest si)ecific heat found over a wide temi)era-
ture range is in close agreement with the variations in the results that have
been obtained for the melting i)oint for butter fat by various investigators.
" For many practical purposes the apparent specific heat is of as great value
as the true specific heat, jtrovided the value obtained for a particular tempera-
ture interval is obtained while applying the heat at such a rate that all of the
material meltable in tliat particular range becomes entirely melted and equi-
librium is established. . . . The values near the freezing ix)int of water are*
of importance in their bearing on the question of the relation of the specific
heats of ice cream mixes to the elTect on the palate. An ice cream very rich
in fat would not only have a low specific heat at low temi>erature, but, as is
apparent from the very great slopes of the specific heat curves and the high
maximum reached, it would adsorb heat rapidly with an increase in tempera-
ture. From the data obtained and disregarding other factors it appears that
an ice cream carrying considerable fat, when first coming in contact with the
warm palate and tongue, would give a sensation that was not disagreeably
cold. Then as the temperature increased because of the adsorption of heat by
the fusion of the fats the mass would be automatically maintained cold longer
than it otherwise would I'emain. In short, there is no sensation of extreme
coldness, but still the mass remains cold for a longer time than if smaller
amounts of fat were present. On the other hand, with low fat ice creams and
sherbets there is a sensation of extreme coldness when the material is first
taken into the mouth, but the mass soon warms np."
The specific heat values for milk and milk derivatiA'es collected from the
dairy literature are tabulated.
A rapid method for determining' crude fiber, IT. Kalxixg (Ztscltr. Gcsam.
Gctricdcw., 5 {1913), No. 1, pp. 6-8; «?>.s\ in Chem. Ztff.. 38 (191J,), No. 11,
Repert.. p. 48). — The method is a modification of Weender's. It consists of
diluting the mixture with water after each boiling, and, after settling, filtering
the supernatant fluid through gauze. The residue in the flask is placed in a
folded filter, and after the fluid has been filtered off it is retransferred to the
dish and finally placed in a tared folded filter and weighed after drying. See
also a previous note by Stiegler (E. S. R., 82, p. 314).
Colorimetric test for uric acid in the urine, II. F. Host (Xorsk Mag.
TArgcvidemk. Med. Sclsk. Kristiania, 15 {1914). -Vo. 7, pp. 783-791. fig. 1; ab.<<.
in Jour. Amcr. Med. A.ssoc. 63 {1914). No. 8. p. 714). — A tabulation of the
author's "findings with simultaneous application of the various color tests in
vogue. They show that the Riegler method" is esiiecially simple and reliable
when the technique is slightly modified, as he describes, to render the reagent
more durable. It is a 1 per thousand solution of uric acid made by dissolving
0.1 gm. uric acid in a little distilled water in a 100-cc. graduated flask: adding
" Ztschr. Analyt. Chcm., 51 (1912^. No. T-S. pp. 4G6-470.
METEOROLOGY. 7l7
10 cc. of a 0.4 per cent solution of Htliium carbonate; and heating for ten or
fifteen minutes; until tlie uric acid is dissolved. Then the vessel is filled up to
the mark. This solution keeps for a week. lie precipitates the uric acid as
anunonium urate. Otherwise the techni(pie is the same as Kiegler's."
A source of error in the Clerget polarization, V. Stanek {Ztschr. Ziiekcr-
indus. Bohtiieit, ,iS (I'Jl.'i), ^'o. C. pp. ^S!i-..':t8; o&.s. in Chctti. Ztff., 3S (V.lUi),
iVo. Jft, Rcpcrt., p. 22i).— Ilerzfeld's figure. 132.GG, for the half-normal weight
at 20° C, is noted five minutes after filling to the mark. If, however, the solu-
tion is allowed to stand for from 10 to 35 minutes the constant obtained is 0.4
per cent higher, since the rotation, as Gubbe .showed in 1884, requires a certain
time to arrive at a maximum, and consequently a definite time must elapse
before the reading is taken. The author requests the International Conuuis-
sion. which is engaged in a .study of the constant, to pay particular attention
to this factor.
The comparative value of various germicides for use in cane sugar fac-
tories. "W. L. Owen (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 153 (19J.5), pp. 5Jf). — These studies
were made with fresh and fermented juices, sirup, and deteriorated sugar.
Formaldehyde was found to be superior to calcium hypochlorite, ammonium
tluorid, sodium fluorid, milk of lime, bisulphite of lime, and bisulphite of soda
for disinfecting sirup tanks or in removing the micro-organisms causing de-
terioration in sugars. Milk or chlorid (hypochlorite) of lime may be substi-
tuted for formaldehyde for cleaning tanks at a reduction of cost per unit of
etficiency.
" In cases where the efficiency of the germicide involves any great i^enetrating
power, as, for example, where gums are to be removed, chlorid of lime is a
more economical germicide than formaldehyde. Since the efficiency of all
germicides is greater at elevated temperatures, they should always be applied
hot in cleaning sugar factories. The comparatively high germicidal efficiency
of milk of lime, combined with its very low cost and the fact that it is always
on hand in sugar factories, renders it particularly suitable as a sugar factory
germicide."
A bibliography is appended.
METEOROLOGY.
Temperature records, J. B. Thompson (Guam Sta. Rpt. 191.^, pp. 17, IS,
figs. 2). — Maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at the Guam Station
during the year ended June 30, 1914, are shown in tables and diagrams.
Ohio weather for 1913, J. W. Smith and C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 277
{I'Jl'f). pp. 331-^06, figs. 5Jf). — The temperature and precipitation throughout
the State during each month are shown in charts. The usual summary tables
are given showing temperature and rainfall at Wooster and throughout the
State (18.88 to 1913).
The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 50,6° F. ; for the State,
52.3°. The highest temperature at the station was 9(5°, June 30 and August 17;
for the State, 105°. June 30. The lowest temperature at the station was —2°,
February G; for the State, —15°, February G. The annual rainfall at the sta-
tion was 51.18 in. ; for the State, 44.75 in. The number of rainy days at the
station was 134; for the State. 120. The prevailing direction of the wind was
southwest at the station and in the State at large.
Meteorological summary for the year 1913 (Wi/oming Sta. Rpt. 191It, pp.
J66-no). — Monthly sununnries are given of observations at Laramie. Wyo..
during 1913 on temperature, ju'essure, pre<'ipitation. hunndity. sunshine, cloudi-
ness, and wind movement. A record of soil temperature at depths of 3, 6, 12,
718 EXPEKIMENT .STATION KECOKD.
24, y(>, jind 72 in. during; 101.'} is hIwj given. Tlie growing season of 191o was
somewliat longer, tlie itrec-ipitatlon greater, and the %\-ind velocity less tlian
normal.
Tlie first killing frost occurred September 17, wliich is later than usual. A
summer frost occurred the night of July 31. The highest temperature was 89°
I'\, July C; the lowest, — 30°, January 7. The total precipitation was 13.01 in.,
as compared with a 20-year average of 10.21 in. The lowest relative humidity
was 15 per cent. July 2. The greatest velwity of wind was 60 miles per hour.
Juno 11.
Salient features in the geological history of Australia, with special ref-
erence to chang'es of climate, W. G. Wooi.noi'oii {Off. Yearbook A«v/., 7
(1901-1913), pp. 56-58). — The evidences of climatic variations during the
different geological ages in Australia are briofiy summarize*!.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
The present status of soil chemistry, with particular reference to organic
compounds, H. I^. Jodiui (Laiidir. ^'e)•f<. stdt.. So (JHUf), No. S-Jf. pp. S.')9-391}. —
This article is based mainly on investigations conducted l)y the author at the
Iowa and Michigan experiment stations (E. S. K., 22, p. 61S; 25, p. 622; 26,
pp. 320, 615, 616; 28, p. 813; 29, pp. 124, 316, 723; 30, p. 122).
The topics discussed are the sulphur compounds of the soil, the influence of
meteorological and biological factors on the soil nitrogen, the older and the
more recent theories regarding the nature of humus and its behavior with cer-
tain reagents, genetic relations between the chemical compoimds in soil and
those in plants and animals, the nature of nitrogen comiKjunds in the soil, the
organic nitrogen compounds of the soil, the separation of the nitrogen com-
pounds in sulphuric-acid extracts of the soil, cleavage products of nucleo-pro-
teins, lecithin products in the soil, pyridin derivatives in the soil, the ammoni-
fication of amino-acids and acid amids In the soil, the occurrence of carbon
dioxid, alcohols, and aldehydes in the soil, and soil organic acids.
A list of 71 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.
On the orig'in of the loess of southwestern Indiana, E. W. Shaw {Science,
n. ser., J^l {1915), No. lO.'fG, pp. lO'f-lOS). — The author concludes from a study
of the loess areas of the United States " that the so-called marl loess of south-
western Indiana consists of wind-deposited true loess, stream-laid valley filling,
and dune sand, and that the true loess part of it. together with the ' common
loess,' corresponds to the well-known loess of other parts of the Mississippi
basin."
Composition and origin of different horizons of some South Russian soils
and subsoils, A. I. Xauokikii {iiclsk. Khoz. i Lu'Hor.. 2.n {1911), Nov.. pp.
367-379; 238 {1912), Jan.. pp. 3-17; Mar., pp. 399-JilJt; .i39 {1912). May. pp.
3-14; June, pp. 159-180, fig. 1; July, pp. 289-305; «/>.s. in Zhiir. Opytn. A(/ron.
{Ruvs. Jour. Expt. Landw.), IJ, {1913), No. 4. pp. 3. '(2-.] -',7). —The author deals
mainly with the varying humus content of the soils as determined by the
pemianganate method.
A so-called isohnmic zone of forest soils containing from 1 to 2 per cent of
humus embraces the Governments of Kiev and Yolynsk. The adjoining border-
land of loess iX)dzol clays contain not less than 2 jier cent, often more than 3
per cent of humus. The soils intermediate between forests and steppes vary in
humus content from that of the forest soils on the north to that of the cher-
nozem steppes of the south. The stepjies soils are divided into (1) those of
the north covered with typical chernozem with 5 to 9 per cent of huiiius; (2)
the brown soils of the coast steppes containing not more than 3 per <-eat of
SOILS FEHIILIZEKS. 710
humus, but which are frequently rich iu alkali (chlorids, sulphates, aud
carbonates) ; and (3) tlie intermediate chestnut soils containing 3 to 5 per cent
of humus.
The value of excavated subsoil (Kuhlerde) for the agricultural improve-
ment of upland moor soils, B. T.vcKt; (Mitt. Vcr. Fonl. MoorkiiJtiir Unit.
Ix'ciche, .i.i [H'l.'f). Xo. .Li. pp. .ii).l-.',07). — The author brietiy describes the i)rocess
of excavatinj; and mixing the deep subsoil with the surface soil of the upland
moors in northwest (Jermany and reports crop experiments with oats, rye, and
potatoes on these soils with different manurial treatments. He states that the
moor soils are acid and poor iu plant food, but that the subsoils are well stocked
with plant food, which is made more or less available when intimately mixed
with the moor soil and subjected to proper manurial treatment and cultivation.
This process apparently ivquires several years time, however, as is shown by
nine years' of cropping experiments, but in the end important quantities of
potash and phosphoric acid are made available for plants.
A simple method for determining' the critical moisture content of soils,
K. O. E. Davis (Jour. Iiidua. and J-Jii(jin. Chcm., 6 (1014), No. 12, pp. 1008-1010,
figs. 2). — The method proi)osed depends upon the rise of water by capillarity
a short distance in a column of dry soil and the subsequent distrll)Utiou of the
water in the soil.
A brass tube 1 ft. long aud 1 in. iu diameter is tilled with the soil and sus-
pended in water until the water has risen several inches in the tube. The
tube is then removed and held in a horizontal j>ositiou until capillary move-
ment practically ceases, then moisture is deteiiuined iu the inch of soil at the
extreme iJoint to which water has advanced. The percentage so found is taken
to be the critical moisture content. To facilitate the operation the brass tubes
are split iu half, so that they can be separated and the entire soil column
obtained for examination, and have a slit covered with celluloid to permit of
observation of the movement of the water in the soil.
The method is considered simpler and more accurate than older methods for
the purpose.
Two equipments for investigation of soil leachings, C. A. Mooers and W. IT.
MacIntire (Tennessee Sta. Bui. Ill (1915), pp. S, plx. //).— Two types of
equipment for investigating soil leachings are described, and illustrated.
The first, a pit equipment, consists of an oblong covered cement pit 81.5 ft.
long, 5.3 ft. wide, and 6.5 ft. high. Thirty-four heavy galvanized iron soil
drainage tanks are sunk in the ground on both sides of the pit. These are 1. 2,
4. and 6 ft. in depth, and are provided with block tin outlets which pass
through the pit wall and empty the drainage water into galvanizod-iron cans
inside.
The second, a hillside equipment, is based upon a 6-ft. perpendicular concrete
wall built again.st the side of a terrace in which the soil drainage tanks are
.sunk. The tanks are made of 14-gage galvanized ingot iron, strengthened at
the top by means of a 3/10 by 3/4-in. wrought-irou band, and having a surface
area of 1/20,000 acre. There are two sets of these tanks, viz. 21 12 in. deep,
embedded 8 in. in the soil, and 23 24 in. deep, embedded 20 in. in the soil.
Block tin tubes connected with the bottom of the tanks pass through the
retaining wall and empty the drainage water into containers arraugeil along
the wall in a covered subway. This subway is open on the side opposite the
retaining wall, but is so arranged that the containers are protected from direct
sunshine and other extreme weather conditions.
Ammonification and nitrification iu Hawaiian soils, W. P. Kixt.ey (Haiiaii
Sta. Bui. 37 (1915), pp. 52). — This bulletin rei)orts studies on ammonification
and nitrification in Hawaiian soils under a variety of couditions.
720 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD.
It was fouud that, as a rule, nitriflcatloii was uot very active in untilled soils.
Amuioniflcatiou was much more active than nitrification in such soils. The
inactivity of nitrification in the uucullivatc'd soils was uot due to acidity or lack
of organisms, but largely to deficient aeration. Tillage improved the aeration
and thus stimulated nitrification as well as ammonification. Sterilization by
heat did uot promote nitrification but increased the production of ammonia.
Partial sterilization stimulated ammonification for a short time, usually about
two weeks, after which there was a decline in ammonification. Nitrification
was temporarily inhibited by partial sterilization, but later recovered its activ-
ity, lielnoculation of the partially sterilized soil with untreated .soil stimulated
nitrification without checking ammonification. Partial sterilization caused .-i
permanent increase in available nitrogen (nitrates and ammonia) in certain soils
and a temporary increase in others.
Calcium carbonate produced considerable stimulation of ammonification of
dried blood and soy-bean meal in certain soils; in others it had little effect iu
this respect. Magnesium carbonate, on the other hand, produced marked stimu-
lation In the majority of cases. Dolomitic and calcareous lime.stones produced
much the same effects as calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate stimulated nitrification in certain soils and was without
effect in others. Magnesium carbonate was toxic to nitrification in the majority
of cases. Nitrification was as active in the manganiferous and titaniferous soils
as in the others studied, but magnesium carbonate was especially toxic to nitri-
fication iu these soils, this effect being more marked iu the case of soy-bean meal
than iu the case of dried blood. Dolomitic and calcareous limestones and cal-
cium carbonate produced similar effects as regards nitrification.
The results regarding the effect of the lime-magnesia ratio on ammonification
and nitrification were inconclusive.
In general, the exijeriments emphasize the importance of maintaining the best
aeration possible In Hawaiian soils.
The lime-niag'nesia ratio. — I, The effects of calcium and magnesium car-
bonates on ammonification. II, The effects of calcium, and mag'nesiuni car-
bonates on nitrification, "W. P. Kelley {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 42 (1914),
Xos. n-lS, pp. 5W-526; 21-22, pp. 577-^82).— The experimental results con-
tained in these two articles are reported for the most part in the above. The
general conclusion is reached that the Hme-magnesia ratio is not of great impor-
tance to the ammonifying and nitrifying flora of the soil. The concentration of
magnesium in solution and its relations to the concentration of the other constit-
uents are of more importance.
The influence of arsenic upon the nitrog'en-fixing' powers of the soil, J. E.
Greaves and II. P. Anderson {Centhl. Bukt. [etc], 2. Abt., 42 {1914), No.
10-L'i. pp. 244-254. fig. 1). — In continuation of previotis studies on the influence
of arsenic compounds on the soil flora (E. S. R., 30, pp. 423. 424) the authors
found that arsenic when applied to a soil in the form of lead arsenate, sodium
arsenate, arsenic trisulphid, or zinc arsenite, stimulates the nitrogen-fixing
powers of the soil, this effect being greatest with lead arsenate and least with
zinc arsenite. Paris green did not stimulate in any of the concentrations tested
:ind became ver5' toxic at a concentration of 120 parts per million. Sodium
arsenate became toxic at a concentration of 40 parts per million and at 250
parts per million nitrogen fixation was entirely stopped. Lead arsenate was
not toxic even at a coucentration of 400 parts iier million, and the toxicity of
arsenic trisulphid and zinc arsenite was very small at this coucentration.
" The stimulation noted ... is uot due to any inherent peculiarity of the soil
used, for soils which vary greatly in physical and chemical properties had their
nitrogen-fixing powers greatly increased when arsenic was applied to them.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721
Soils high in orgauic matter tixed as umuh nitrogen iu the presence of arsenic
and in the absence of mannite as they did in the presence of mannite and absence
of arsenic. The stimuhition is greatest when the water-soluble arsenic content
of the soil is about 10 i)arts per million; this quantity exceeds that found in
most soils, so it is likely that arsenic will stimulate in place of retard bacterial
activities of .soil.
" Only one type of Azotobacter was isolated which was stinmlated by arsenic.
and in this case the stimulation was due to the organism utilizing more econonu-
cally, in the presence of arsenic, its source of carbon than it did in the absence
of arsenic. Arsenic does not act as a source of energy to the organism. Part
of the stimulation noted in the soil with its mixed flora is probably due to the
arsenic inhibiting injurious si^ecies. A quantity of arsenic which acts as a
stimulant to bacteria when jilaced in soil may become very toxic when tested
by the Keiny solution method."
Bacteriolog'ical effects of green manures, C. F. Briscok and H. H. Haknicd
(Mi^si.ssiiJixi St(t. Bui. 168 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 7). — This bulletin gives a general
discussion of the relation of humus to soil bacteiua and reports a series of ex-
periments in stone jars which was designed primarily to test the effect of green
manures and stable manure on the rate of nitrification in soils. One series of
jars was arranged for the bacteriological tests and the other was cropped with
oats as a check on the bacteriological tests.
The results iudicatetl a direct relation between the bacterial count and the
amount of organic matter added to the soil. There was a very unifoi'm agree-
ment between the bacteriological and the vegetative tests. It was found that a
light dressing of stable manure with green manure produced marked effects as
shown both by the crop tested and the bacterial count. The use of a bacterial
cultui'e with the green manure had as pronounced an effect as the addition of a
light dressing of stable manure, indicating that the benefit from the use of the
stable manure was due largely to the addition of the bacteria contained in the
manure. The addition of organic matter to the soil gave not only a larger
growth but a better quality of oats as shown by determinations of nitrogen in
the straw.
The effect of appljring stable manure with green manures, O. Le)mmermann
and A. Einecke (Mitt. Dcut. Landw. Gesell., 29 (1914), No. 52, pp. 702-70.'f).—
Contrary to a generally accepted view the experiments with sugar beets reporte<l
in this article did not indicate that applying stable manure with green manures
(lupines and serradella) appreciably increases the effectiveness of the latter.
Plowing under the green manures in si)ri:ig gave better results than i)lowing
under about the end of October. Plowing under to a depth of 11 in. gave better
results than plowing under to a depth of S.7 in. Takiag the effect of nitrogen
in nitrate of soda as 100, that of the nitrogen of the green manures was 44 and
of stable manure 21.
[Investigations on soils and fertilizers iu Hawaii], E. V. Wixcox and
W. P. Kelley (Haicaii Sta. Rpt. 191.',. pp. l.',-lil. 21. 22. 25-^).— Brief sum-
maries are given of the main results of investigations, including the effect of
heating on soils (E. S. R., 30. p. 419). fertilizing rice (E. S. R., 30, p. 420). the
nature of the nitrogenous compounds of soil (E. S. R.. 31, p. 11), effect of fer-
tilizers on the chemistry and physical i)ropertios of soils and on the fixation of
fertilizing constituents b.v soils, and ammonification and nitrification in soils (see
p. 710).
It is statetl that " continued pot experiments with various forms of phosphate
have demonstrated anew that soluble phos|)hates do not leach through the soils,
but I'emnin permanently available for plant growth. It was also shown that
722 EXPERIMENT STAllO-N KECOKD.
legumes iiseil a.s ki"<'»-'ii mii'inrc ;,'r('.illy iiin-wiscd tlu' availability of rock phos-
phate."
In comparative test.s of variou.s yieeii mauure plants it was found that an
introduced leguminous weed known as rattlepod (Crotahiria siiltmna) "has
the advantage over cultivated legumes that the seed may be sown without any
previous preparation of the soil and of course without cultivation after seed-
ing. . . . On several ])lantations fields which had become the poorest on the
whole plantation gave the largest yield during the past year as a result of plow-
ing under humus-forming material, but without applying excessive amounts of
commercial fertilizers."
Radio-active fertilizers {Sci. Aiiicr. Hup., 7i} {lUlo), No. .2038, p. o3). —
Investigations by Slokiasa. noted elsewhere {K. S. R., 31, p. 821), are reviewed.
Dogfish and how it is made into fertilizer, Jj. II. Maktkll (Cunad. Fisher-
man, 2 {IVir)), No. 1, PI). U-8, fiys. .i ; Aiiirr. Fcrt., .'f.i (I'Jlo), No. 8, pp. o.'f, 56,
58). — The progress made by the Canadian Government in efl!orts to utilize the
dogfish for the manufacture of oil and fertilizer and thus reduce the menace to
fisheries are discussed, and the methods used are described. It is stated that in
the factories established at Canso and Clark's Harbor, Nova Scotia, and Shippe-
gan. New Brunswick, the feasibility of so utilizing the dogfish has been demon-
strated, but that the further development of the iudn.«;try will probably be left
to private enterprise.
The fertilizing value of feathers, F. Pilz {Wicntr Landtc. Ztg., 64 (1914),
No. 83, p. 762). — Data colleetwl from various sources regarding the fertilizing
value of feathers are summarized in this article. The analyses given indicate
that feathers contain on an average about 14 per cent of nitrogen and small
amounts, not more than 0.5 per cent in the aggregate, of phosphoric acid, potash,
and lime. In view of the unavailable character of the nitrogen of feathers it is
stated that they can best be utilized in composts.
Substitutes for rab, J, B. Knight {iJcpt. Agr. Boiiihaii Bui. 63 (1914), PP-
19). — Rtlb is the term applied to the practice of burning materials like loppings
of trees or dried dung upon rice seed bed.s before planting the seed. Tests of
lime, .salt, charcoal, well-rotted cow mauure. sheep manure. i)oudrette. ashes,
ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, niter, and fish and oil cakes as substitutes
for rSb are reported. The results indicated that fish, niter, ammonium sul-
phate, and oil cakes are the most promising of the substitutes tested, but that
poudrette, sheep manure, and decomposed cow manure well mixed with the
soil are to be recommended.
Germany's artificial fertilizers {'/Aschr. Yer. Deut. Ingcii., 58 {1914), No.
40, p. 1443; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915). No. 1. p. 7.J). — It is shown
that Germany has a practical monopoly and an abundant supply of potash.
The situation is not so favorable with reference to nitrogen, but the production
of ammonium sulphate is rapidly increasing and the practicability of preparing
nitrogen compounds from the air has been demonstrated, although there has
not yet been any great commercial development of such processes. It is stated
that Germany controls in the Ilaber process of synthetic production of am-
monia one of the cheapest and most practical methods of producing nitrogen
compounds. The phosphoric acid required is supplied by Thomas slag, a by-
]iroduct of steel manufacture, and Germany is indei)endent with reference to
this fertilizing constituent as long as the steel factories are active.
Air nitrate, K. TV. Jubisch (Uber Luftsalpeter. Lcipf<iv: H. A. L. Dcgener
[1914], pp. 20, figs. 15). — ^The industrial develoi>ment of the manufacture by
electrical means of nitrates from the free nitrogen of the air by the Birkeland
and Eyde and especially the Schonherr processes is reviewed and an extensive
bibliography of references to literature and patents is given.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 723
Red soils and phosphatic manures, J. Akik (BoI. Ayr. [Udo Paulo], 15. -ser.,
No. 6-7 (1914), PP- o.i')-5'j5, figs. 2). — ^The author cites analyses of 48 samples
of red soils which show that these soils are generally deticieut in phosphoric
acid. He points out that although they rapidly absorb soluble phosphatic fer-
tilizers, the latter usually coinbiue with the irou nud aluniiuuni of the soils to
form insoluble comiiounds.
He further reports exi)erinients to sliow that the absorption of phosphoric
acid in red soils is considerably increased by the presence of lime and humus
and that the solubility of the phosphates of aluminum, iron, and shig in solu-
tions of so-called alkaline humates increases with the concentration of the
solution. It is thought that the humus prevents the formation of insoluble
phosphatic compounds in red soils by couibining with the iihosphoric acid and
forniiug easily soluble so-called humo-phosjiliates. The value of liming on red
soils is attributed niainly to its favorable influence on bacterial activity and on
the solubility of potash.
It is concluded that superphosphate may be jirofitably used on red soils if
accompanied by liberal additicms of organic matter and lime.
The white phosphates of Tennessee, J. S. Hook (Resources Tenn., 5 (1915),
No. 1, pp. 23-33, figs. Jf). — The character, geological relations, origin, and dis-
tribution of the white phosiJhate deposits occurring in Perry and Decatur coun-
ties, Tennessee, are discussed. Sufficient investigation has not yet been made
to determine definitely the extent of these deposits. The deiwsits are so
irregular and uncertain in character that no reliable postulations can be made
as to the extent and size of the individual deposits,
Phosphatic fertilizers and the deposits of apatite of Freirina, J. Brxjggen
(Los Ahonos Fosfatudos i los Yaciniicntos cic Apatita de Freirina. Santiago dc
Chile: Soc. Nac. Min., 1914, PP- 12, pJ. 1). — This article discusses briefly the
sources, character, and fertilizing value of various phosphatic fertilizers, and
describes in some detail what appear to be large deposits of high-grade apatite
occurring in the Department of Freirina, Chile. A considerable part of this
apatite contains from 25 to 29 per cent of phosphoric acid and some of it as
much as 35 per cent.
American imports of potash salts {U. 8. Dept. Corn., Com. Rpts., No. 17
(1915), p. 293).— The import into the United States during December, 1914,
of muriate of potash was 8.313 tons, sulphate of potash 2,204 tons, other salts
503,349 tons, as compared with 28,619, 6.459, and 695,373 tons, respectively,
during December of the preceding year.
The economic value of Pacific coast kelps, J. S. Burd (California 8ta. Bui.
248 (1915), pp. 183-215, figs. 3). — This bulletin reports in part the results of
an extensive series of studies on the chemistry of kelps, discussing these results
from the standpoint of their bearing on the commercial utilization of kelp.
The following are the general conclusions reached: "The giant kelps contain
potassium, iodin. and nitrogen in amounts which will possibly justify com-
mercial recovery. Estimates of potash yields which are based on analyses of
leaves and stems and do not take into account the larger proportion of leaf to
stem in the growing plant are likely to be higher than can be exjiected in the
avei'age run of commercial recovery. Exact determinations of the moi.sture con-
tent of the more common of the giant kelps, hei-e presented for the first time,
show that weight for weight of fresh kelp Macroci/stis pyrifrra contains more
of each important constituent than does Nereocgstis luetkeana.
" The efflorescence of potash salts when kelps are slowly dried can not be
utilized to advantage in the commercial preparation of potash if a large yield of
high-grade salts is desired. No technological difficulties are involved In prepar-
93681°— Xo.'S— 15 3
724 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD
ing high-grade potash salts uud iodin from kelp, but exact costs of production
can only be arrived at from data obtained on a large scale, as in actual factory
practice. Apparently, however, extraordinary profits are not to be expected
owing to the limited value of the product and the lar^e amount of manipulation
involved in the various methods of recovery.
"Air-dried kelp will furnish a low-grade potash fertilizer comparable to kainit
and containing in addition over 1 per cent of nitrogen and 50 per cent of organic
matter capable of furnishing humus to the soil. Objections to the use of dried
kelp because of the presence of sodium and chlorin are untenable, because this
material contains less sodium and chlorin than most of the commercial potash
salts now being used and is but little inferior in this respect to the highest
grades of muriate."
The relation of sulphur to soil fertility, O. M. Sheud (Kentucky Stn. Bill.
18S (Wl.'i), pp. 5D'j-G.W). — Determinations of sulphur in a large number of
vegetables and fruits and other materials are reported showing widely varying
but, in certain cases, considerable amounts of this constituent. For example, of
31 varieties of tobacco grown in Kentucky only two contained less sulphur than
phosphorus. The larger proportion contained considerably more sulphur than
phosphorus; in some cases twice as much. The average sulphur content of all
the varieties examined was 0.458 per cent, the phosphorus content 0.302.
The addition of sulphur (100 and ofK) lbs. per acre) or gypsum (equivalent
to 100 lbs. of sulphur per acre) to fertilizers containing only nitrogen, potas-
sium, and phosphorus produced a decided increase in yield in pot experiments
with tobacco on a soil containing 240 lbs. of sulphur and SCO lbs. of phosphorus
per acre. There were decided gains in the gro'n-th of soy beans with applica-
tions of sulphur, ammonium sulphate, pyrite. and ferrous sulphate and smaller
gains with calcium, potassium, barium, magnesium, aluminum, and sodium sul-
phates on a soil containing 600 lbs. of sulphur and 3,04<:) lbs. of phosphorus per
acre. The best results were obtained with the element sulphur. Pyrite and fer-
rous sulphate were applied at rates furnishing 6 lbs. of sulphur per acre; the
other materials in amounts supplying 100 lbs. of sulphur iier acre. The sulphur
content of soy beans which responded to sulphur fertilization was in all cases
higher than that of beans which had not been fertilized with sulphur. The
sulphur fertilizers were also found to increase materially the growth of turnips
following soy beans on the same soil.
Clover was not benefited by sulphur fertilizers on soil from the same source
as that used in the experiments with soy beans. In a series of experiments with
cabbage on soil, from the same source, to which were added in small amounts
ferrous sulphid. disulphid. and sulphate and ferric sulphate and oxid. sulphates
and carbonates of nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and lithium:
ammonium, iwtassium. and sodium sulphocyanid : and flowers of sulphur none
of the sulphur compounds except potassium sulphocyanid proved beneficial. A
few of the substances used had no effect, while several were harmful. In simi-
lar experiments with mustard following the cabbage good gains in yield were
obtained with several of the sulphates. With radishes following mustard the
results were more irregular, but indicated benefit from sulphur fertilization in
some cases. Experiments with alfalfa in sand cultures showed that this plant
readily utilizes different forms of sulphur. The best results were obtained with
magnesium, ferric sodium, potassium, and ammonium sulphates. Good results
were also obtained with elementary sulphur. In nine out of fifteen cases the
sulphates gave better results than the carbonates of the same element.
It was found that when sulphur was added to the soil it was rapidly oxidized
to the sulphate (60 to 80 per cent in four months), the oxidation proceeding
more rapidly in a fertile soil than iu a poor soil. Sulphur was also oxidized
AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 725
in sjind cnltnros. but not to the same extent as in soil. The oxidation of the
sulphur resulted in an increase of acidity. The orfj:anic sulphur of horse
manure was slowly oxidized to suljihaie.
The work of otlier investiirators on the subject is briefly reviewe<l and a
bibliography of the subject is given.
The action of salts of mang^anese on the growth of plants, 1\ Anuouard
(Bui. Sta. Agron. Loirc-Inf., 1912-13, pp. 125-1 Jfl). — Field experiments testing
the effect of manganese carbonate (80 lbs. per acre) and sulphate (3.').G
lbs. i)er acre) <m the growth of beets, beans, and potatoes are reported, the
results showing that the yield was in every case increased by the application
of manganese salts. The increase was generally more marked with the car-
bonate than with the sulphate. The effect on the different constituents of
the plants varied with tlie salt used.
[Inspection of fertilizers in Alabama], B. B. Ross {Ala. Dept. Agr. Bui.
C)/f {I'JIJ/}. pp. 133). — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers collected during the
inspection of 1913-14 are reported with brief discussions on the maintenance of
soil fertility, classification of fertilizing materials, and home mixing of
fertilizers. The text of the state fertilizer laws are included.
[Inspection of fertilizers in Florida], R. E. Rosk and F. T. Wilson {Ann.
Rpf. State Vhem. FUi.. 191.',. pp. .'}'i-10G). — Analyses of fertilizers collected dur-
ing the iuspecti<m of 191 1 are reported.
Inspection and analysis of commercial fertilizers, 1914, F. B. Mumfokd
and P. F. Trowbridge {Missouri Sta. Bui. 122 (1915), pp. 109-160, fig. 1).—A
list of fertilizers registered for sale in Missouri in 1914 is given and analyses
and valuations of about 500 samples of these are reported with comments.
There was a marked increase in the use of fertilizers in the State in 1914 over
1913. The deficiencies in nitrogen, phosiihoric acid, and potash found by
analysis, as compared with the guaranties, were greater in 1914 than in 1913,
and in all constituents excei)t potash greater than for the preceding five years.
In 1914. 49.4 per cent of the nitrogen determination.?, 2S.2 per cent of the
pho.sphorie acid determinations, and 27.0 per cent of the potash determinations
were below the manufacturers' guaranties. However, the average value of all
fertilizers examined in 1914, as calculated on the basis of their composition,
was 57 cts. per ton above the average guaranty.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
The evolution of sex in plants, .1. M. Coulter {Chicago: University Chicago
Press, 191 Jf, pp. IX+lJfO, figs. J}6). — This is the first of a series of publications
issued by the University of Chicago, in which it is intended to present sum-
maries of experiments or specific investigations. The treatment of the topics
is to be as nontechnical as possible, the series being intended for the layman as
well as for the scientist.
In the present volume the author discusses asexual reproduction, the origin
and differentiation of sex. evolution of sex organs, alternation of generations,
differentiation of sexual individuals, and parthenogenesis. A working hy-
pothesis is suggested regarding the theory of sex. and he concludes that
sexuality as a method of reproduction represents protoplasts engaged in
reproduction under peculiar difficulties that do not obtain in reproduction by
spores or by vegetative multiplication. Its significance lies in the fact that it
makes organic evolution more rapid and far more varied.
The mode of inheritance of semisterility in the offspring of certain hybrid
plants, J. Belling {Ztschr. Iiifliiktive Abstain, u. Vererhungslehre, 12 (1914).
No. 5, pp. 303-31)2, figs. 17). — This is a study of semisterility as related to
726 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
abortion of yoiin>; j)ollen grains and embryo sacs in three species and one
variety of Stizolobium.
After discussing the particular and general effects of crossing in each of
three generations, the author states that six families of the fertile plants
have been grown on a large scale in the fourth and tifth generations, and all
proved fertile, three of the lines obtained being of agricultural value. He
l)resents a working hji)Othesis claimed to account for all facts at present
known in this coiniectiou.
Plant chimeras, P. Popenok (Jour. Heredity, 5 {I'Jl.'f), Xo. 12, pp. 521-oS^,
figs. !>)■ — This is a discussion of so-called graft hybrids, including mention of
early cases observed and later cases studied, recent exr)eriniental production of
these chimeras with explanations of their behavior as regards chlorophyll
characters and chromosome numbers, and mention of what is possibly the only
genuine graft hybrid (Solanum dancinianum) now known.
Heredity in chimeras, W. S. Chapin (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), ^o. 12, pp.
533-5. 'iG, fiiis. 7). — This is an account of the study of the progeny of a si)ecimeu
of AmaranthuH rctroflexus which possessed variegated leaves and was regarded
as a sectorial chimera. The offsi)ring consisted of green, white, and a few
variegated seedlings. Only green offspring were jiroduced from green stn^d-
lings or green branches, and white brandies when self-fertilized (cross-fertiliza-
tion not being tried) produced only white offspring. It is thought that the
heredity of this plant belongs to the tyi)e of variegated chimeras, the variegated
plants coming from a cross between green and white gametes.
Bud variations in Coleus, A. B. Stout (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl (1915),
.A'q. lO'iS, p. 178). — The author states that plants propagated vegetatively
through six generations develop two types of changes, fiuctuations and muta-
tions. Although the different patterns which arose were remarkably constant
in vegetative propagation, each exhibited further changes in the epigenetic
development and distribution of the red pigmentation. The phenomena asso-
ciated with the apix^ai'ance and subsequent behavior of the different bud
variations are quite similar to the phenomena of variation, mutation, and
alternative inheritance in a seetl progeny of hybrid origin.
Inheritance of certain seed characters in com, R. A. Harper (Ahs. in Sci-
ence, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 10J,8. pp. 177, 178).— The author states that the
various pigmentations of the integument, aleuroue layer, and endosperm are
metidentical characters, that is. the same in the cells as they are in the tissues
or kernel as a whole. The pattern in the case of streaked or mottled grains is
a character of the tissue as a whole. The form of the dent kernels is a
character of the kernel due to the nature and distribution of the starch and
other elements in the tissues. The wrinkled form of the kernels of sweet corn
is more nearly identical with the shrinkage of the individual cells of the endo-
sperm. By crossing these different forms intermediates may be obtained be-
tween any two contrasting characters, and selection tends to develop tixity of
type, although the range of variation may at first be even higher than that of
either iiarent.
Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy, A. F. Blakeslee (Abs. in
Science, n. ser.. Jfl (1915), No. 10J,8, p. /78).— From a study of the yellow
daisy (Rudheckia hirta) the author has foimd a large number of I'ay char-
acters, such as absence, reduplication, length, color, constriction, transforma-
tion of rays into tubes, and differences in shai>e, size, and color of disk, as
well as vegetative characters, such as height, branching, leaf character, fascl-
ations, etc.
(Enothera lamarckiana and the (Enotheras of the forest of Fontainebleau.
L. Blaringhem (Rev. Gen. Dot., 25 his (1914). pp. 35-50. fig. 1). — The author
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 727
concludes an account of studies carried out on a-^nothera by stating that there
may be found in a wild state In France at least four distinct species of the
j^roup Euoenothera. namely (in order of frequency of occurrence) OJ. hicnniK,
OH. suaveolens, CR. hienni.s intrvi flora, and CE. muricata, (E. longiflora not
belonging to that group. CE. lamarckiana is probably not found growing spon-
taneously in France.
A study of the genus Panicum, S. A. Belov (Trudy Bfiiro Prild. Bot. (Bui.
Aiiffcic. Bot.). 7 (1914), No. 5. pp. 306-324, figs. 37).— Studies In water require-
ment as related to development at the agricultural station of Samara are said
to show that P. miUaccuin starts its main growth after wheat has passed Its
maximum, the principal root development of this millet corresponding with
the latter part of stalk growth and with the early period of panicle formation.
Several other species of Panicum studied are said to fall naturally into three
groups, in one of which there is considerable development of conducting
tissue as compared with a given stomatal area, in a second, like development
of conducting tissue with smaller stomatal area, and in the third, corre-
spondence of stomatal area with development of conducting tissue.
Coloration of glumes in Panicum miliaceum, B. Arnold (Trudy Bmro
Prild. Bot. (Bui. Angew. Bot.), 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 293-305, pi. 1, fig. i).— This
is an account of a series of comparisons made by the section for plant breeding
at the Saratov Experiment Station regarding coloration of glumes in 265 pure
strains within 23 varieties of millet, which were carried out with colors era-
ployed there as standards.
It was found that each variety of so-called red, yellow, and gray millet has
a prevailing color tone, others showing lower degi'ees of conformity to type.
The relationships of root bacteria in the Leguminosae, J. Simon (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 41 (1914), ^^0. 11-17, pp. 470-479).— A study of the rela-
tionships of nodule bacteria through their interaction with the leguminous
hosts is said to divide the bacteria into groups, each form reacting with a cer-
tain number of hosts, which are indicated. The root bacteria of the Legumi-
nosse, it is held, are to be considered as more or less constant adapted forms of
the species Bacterium radicicola.
Isolation of Bacillus radicicola from soil, C. B. Lipman and L. W. Fowler
(Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1050, pp. 256-259). — A method is described by
which the authors claim to have i.solated B. radicicola from soil in which there
had grown for several years a large si^ecimen of Vicia sicula. The organism
was isolated, and inoculation experiments showed that in 21 out of 44 instances
bacteria isolated from soil gave positive results, as shown by the presence of
nodules on the roots of plants as grown in cultures. This is believed to be the
first recorded instance where B. radicicola has been isolated directly from the
soil.
Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, J. K. Wilson
(Abs. in Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. IO48, p. 180). — ^This investigation is
said to confirm other earlier work regarding the influence of nitrates on nodule
production, and indicates that sulphates in relatively weak concentration in-
hibit the process. Chlorids and phosiihates stimulate nodule production, while
ammonium salts are inhibitory. It was determined that while nodule develop-
ment was prevented by the presence of nitrates, sulphates, and ammonium salts,
yet the organism retained its vitality in the presence of these salts. Whether
the effect of the salt is upon the root, such as to make it more resistant, or
uix)n the organism has not been determined.
Influence of certain salts on nodule production in vetch, Kno (Abs. in
Science, n. .s-rr., 41 (1915). No. IO48. p. 180). — The author claims that calcium
salts are essential for nodule production in vetch, although the substitution of
728 EXPERIMENT STATIOX KECORD.
barium or strontium permits nodule development to a limited degree. The
relation of a balanced solution to nodule production has also been investigated.
The assimilation of elementai-y nitrogen by yeasts and mold fungi, A.
KossowK'z { liii.clicin. ZlNfhr., 6'.J {I'JUi), No. l-.i, pj). 82-8'>). — The author has
followed u)) investigiitions previously rei)orted (E. S. R., 2S, p. 35; 31. p. 223),
and claims that the yeasts and mold fungi tested are able to utilize nitrogen
compounds existing in the air, but not the free nitrogen thereof. He considers
it doubtful whether yeasts or mold fungi exist which can utilize such atmos-
pheric nitrogen.
Distribution of nitrates in Phytolacca, R. Spallino (Ann. Chim. Appl.
[Rome], J (V.)Vi). Xo. 11-12, pp. ')02-,')0.'>. pi. 1). — A preliminary study of the
nitrate content in growing portions of Phytolacca at different .stages is con-
sidered to show that nitrates in this plant have the character of reserve mate-
rial, a relation being noted between the degree of leaf activity at a given stage
and nitrate distribution iu the plant.
The role of calcium in forest vegetation, L. Chanceeel {Rev. G6n. Bot., 25
bis {lOlJf), pp. 83-89, pi. 1). — Giving a brief account of tests of the influence of
several compounds uiwn the development of a number of common forest trees,
the author states that calcium salts exercise an accelerating influence (not com-
pletely nutrient, but probably strongly stimulant) on a number of forest growths,
jiroducing notai)le results without injury iu some instances. The maritime pine
was found to accommodate itself to a high projjortion of calcium and to show
much greater vigor than in a siliceous medium. Chestnut was cultivated in a
saturated solution of either sulphate or carbonate of calcium, which exercised
a favorable influence on this plant. In general, while other conditions are influ-
ential, calcium compounds, particularly as sulphate or as phosphate, exercise
V most important influence in silviculture.
Growth of plants in a medium rich in carbon dioxid, W. Berkowski (Gar-
trmcclt. 17 {lUlS). Xo. 51, pp. 707-709, pjs. 2; 18 (191/f). Xo. .13. pp. U5. U6,
figs. 3). — Reporting experiments on several plants, the author states that
increase of carbon dioxid iu the atmosphere did not improve the appearance,
flowering, or body weight of the plants tested.
On the nature of antagonism, W. J. V. Ostebhout (Science, h. set:, 41
(1915). Xo. 1050. pp. 255, 256). — The author presents a hypothesis formulated
as a result of his investigations on the permeability of protoplasm, by which
one may predict what substances will antagonize each other and what degree
of antagonism will exist between any two substances. Substances which alter
the permeability of protoplasm, it is said, may be divided into two classes. (1)
those which cause an increase, but not a decrease, of permeability, and (2)
those which can produce a decrease of permeability.
As a result of his investigations the author claims his hn^othesis offers a
rational explanation of antagonism by showing that salts antagonize each other
because they produce opposite effects on the protoplasm and indicates definitely
what the effects are. From this it is possible to ]iredict. both qualitatively and
to a considerable exteut quantitatively, the effect of combinations of salts, but
this may also be extended to organic compounds and to show that nonelectrolytes
which decrease permeability can also antagonize such substances as sodium
chlorid. This indicates that the hypothesis may be applied so as to include both
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
Senile changes in the leaves of Vitis vulpina and certain other perennial
plants, H. M. Benedict (Ahs. in Science, n. set:, 41 (1915). Xo. IO48. p. ISO).—
Through investigations extending over a period of seven years, the author has
found that leaves of V. vulpina and other plants exhibit evidence of senility.
Leaves of old plants have a higher percentage of vascular tissue than leaves of
FIELD CROPS. 729
youug plants, and consequeully they are less efl5cieut as photosynthesizing
organs. He obtained a formula showing means for determining the age of
1". rulpina from its veinage, as the age (age being reckoned from the last repro-
duction from seed) of a plant of V. riilinna determines the character of its velu-
age. The juvenile veinage is restored only after sexual reproduction.
The effects of kerosene and other petroleum oils on the viability and
growth of Zea mays, J. II. Whittkn (liitL III. Stale Lab. Nat. IIM., 10 (1914),
.1/7. 5, pp. 245-27S, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author reports on several series of
studies with Zea mays as affected by kerosene imder different conditions.
Grains of corn were not injured by immersion in kerosene for from 10 to 20
days if they were then freed from adhering oil and given very little moisture
during germination and initial growth. Dry, uninjured membranes were im-
permeable to kerosene, but moist membranes were not.
While some uninjured grains of corn may remain in icerosene for eight years
without detriment, mechanical injury to the membranes permits destruction of
life in the embryo by kerosene within 75 days.
Kerosene, while harmless in small i)roportions, was above those injurious
to germinating grains in proiwrtion to length of time of immersion and increase
in water content of the soil above the minimum required for germinaiicn.
Older seedlings absorbed safely larger quantities of kerosene. The injurious
effects of petroleum oil on germinating seed corn seemed to vary inversely as
the volatility of the respective oils.
It is not considered advisable to treat seed corn with kerosene unless the
water content of the soil is under control.
Injuries to plants by smoke, g'as, and ashes, II. C. Muller et al. (Ber. Agr.
Chem. Kontioll u. Vers. Stat. Pflanzcnkrank. Prov. Sachsen, 1913, pp. 21-23). —
This is a brief report on the chemical or physical injuries to various classes of
useful or ornamental plants by gaseous and solid emanations from locomotives,
electric ])lauts, and other .sources of abundant combustion products. The in-
juries due to nematodes, etc., attacking the plants weakened by the action of
such ])roducts are included.
FIELD CROPS.
Beport of the agronomy department, C. K. McClelland and C. A. Sahr
(Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 36-42, pi. 1). — In a test with rice, a Japanese vari-
ety, Bezembo, and a Chinese variety, Long Nyah Yin, are noted.
" In an exi)eriment with a sweet sorghum, a nonsaccharin sorghum, and
Japanese cane for yields of forage over a long period, the sweet sorghum has
yielded in four cuttings 47.1 tons per acre and the nonsaccharin variety 49.8
tons in three cuttings. The Jajtanese cane, cut for the first time, yielded 102
tons of forage per acre 4.53 days after planting."
Sudan grass planted November 22, 1913, is noted as yielding 31 tons of green
forage at the first cutting, March 9, 1914, and 30 tons at the second cutting,
May 8. Sudan grass seems to be much superior for lower and Tunis grass for
higher elevations. Among other grasses " Mitchell grass (-4sfre&?rt triticoides),
Judd grass (Lcptochloa' Hrgata), Pa.'ipaluui stolonifentm. molasses gra.ss
(Melinis minuti flora), P. rirgatum, Phalaii.s hitlbosa, and Texas blue grass are
worthy of mention. The American 'Buffalo grass' (Biilhilis dactyloides)
from Kansas seed started very slowly but is making much better growth as the
summer months come on."
Three varieties of saltbushes are montioneil as having shown desirable quali-
ties as sturdy, long-period cover crops, namely, Atriplex nummularia, A. lep-
tncarpa, and A. halimoides. Trials with buckwheat, flax, and rape show these
to be crops of value for Hawaiian conditions.
730 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
The trials of lesnmes include Lujniias hartncf/ii, which yielded tit the eud of
84 and DO days, icspectivoly, H.8 and lS.fi tons green manure and 1G.5 bu. seed
per acre, Trifoliiiia uJciandriniun, Desiitodiinn tort iios ion, Snnf/nisorha minor,
Ci/tisus proUfciUH, OiiohrncJiift sdtiva, and Lotus c(JinicuUttu.'i.
Agronomical investigations, E. Y. Wilcox {Hawaii .S7(/. Rpt. 1914, pp. 17,
18, li), 20). — This outlines tlie general scope of the agronomical work of the
stixtion, discussing tlie rice experiments, the unsatisfactory growth of cereals,
the favorable prospects for Sudan grass, Giant Bermuda grass, teff grass, and
saltbushes as forage plants, an unsatisfactory attempt to grow potatoes on
account of blight, the excellent results with buckwheat and flax as farm crops,
the increasing use of algaroba meal, and tlie increasing use of dynamite in im-
proving soil conditions. The great value of the use of arsenite of soda as a
spray to destroy weeds is also noted. The effect of arsenic on the soil is being
studied.
Report of the eastern Oregon dry farming branch experiment station,
Moro, Oregon, 1913-14, D. K. Stephens {Oregon Sta., Rpt. East. Oreg. Dry
Farming Xta., Moro, lOIS-Uf, pp. Jf2. figs. l.'i). — This bulletin embraces brief
notes on the establishment of the eastern Oregon dry-farming substation at
Mori), its equii>ment. and the climatic and soil conditions found there, including
meteorological data.
liesults of experiments that ha\e been carried out along the lines of variety
tests, tillage experiments, and crop rotaticms are given in detail and sum-
marized as follows : " Improved strains of the Turkey winter wheat, in a
4-year period, have averaged S bu. an acre more than the local Fortyfold. For
a 3-year period the Kharkov winter wheat has exceeded the best local Turkey
wheat by 4.6 bu. an acre. Early Baart spring wheat and selections from
Koola, Karun, and C. T. No. 2495 have given yields from 4 to 5 bu. an acre
higher than the Se1e<-'ted Bluestem, the best local spring wheat. . . .
"The average yield of G3.000 acres of sj>ring and winter barley in the Colum-
bia Basin counties of Oregon in 1909. according to the U. S. Census, was 15.5
bu. an acre. The 4-year average yields of the Mariout, Hannchen. and Swan-
neck spring barleys on the branch station farm have been 26 to 29 bu. an acre.
. . . For a 4-year average the leading oat varieties have been Kherson, Cana-
dian, Siberian, and Sixty Day. A selection of the Sixty Day in 1914 out-
yielded the best local oat variety by 20 bu. an acre. Tests with winter and
spring enmier indicate that this crop will not likely supplant oats and bnrley
for stock feed in eastern Oregon. That field peas can be grown with profit on
eastern Oregon dry lands has been demonstrated. The Carletou variety on
the same ground in 1912, 1913, and 1914 averaged 19.3 bu. an acre, at present
prices worth about $35. . . .
" The best corn varieties for eastern Oregon conditions have been found to
be Walla Walla White Dent. Northwestern Dent. Minnesota No. 13, Windus
White Dent, and Yellow Flint. Corn varieties grown for a number of years
and .selected at the bi'auch station have always given higher yields an acre
than corn grown "from seed of the same varieties obtained from distant
localities.
"Alfalfa in cultivated rows has given promising rosulls on the dry upland
soils. The Baltic and Grimm varieties are recommended as best suited to
eastern Oregon conditions.
" The permanency of the agriculture of eastern Oregon will depend upon the
adoption by the farmers at some time of a crop rotation scheme that will
increase and maintain the fertility of soil that is being depleted by continuous
grain growing. Eighteen different croj) i-otation schemes ai-e being tried at the
FIELD CROPS. 731
branch station ; and, though further truUs are needetl before it can be decided
which systems will be most profitable for farmers to adopt, results already
obtained indicate that sncli croi)s as held peas. corn, and alfalfa in cultivated
rows can. in a large measure, be substituted for sununer fallow. In an exten-
sive te.st of diffei'ent cultivation methods for winter wheat under tlie summer
fallow system it has l)een found that from 4 to 10 bu. an acre is gained l>y
plowing the ground earlier in the si)ring than is the common practice."
Variety testing (Wui^hingtoii Sta. Bui. 118 (19Vf), pp. 18-22. fitj. i).— Data
are given regarding variety tests of winter and spring wheat, winter and spring
barley, oats, and field peas.
Grasses and forage plants of Hawaii, C. K. McClbxlano (Hawaii Sta. liiil.
:{G' (I'Jl')). pp. -J.i, pis. it). — This bulletin gives a detailed idea of the present
status of forage plants on the various Hawaiian ranclies. Tables .show the
average annual and monthly precipitation at some Hawaiian ranches and
other points for periods ranging from 5 to 27 years ; analyses and compiled
data as to the comixisition of Hawaiian feeds; the Hawaiian, conmion, and
botanical names of the more important grasses and leguminous and miscella-
neous forage plants; the names of grasses introduced for range improvement
but not yet established; and undesirable and poist)nous i)lants. Descriptions
of many of the forage plants are given and recommendations for planting are
offered, together witli brief notes on the management of range lands.
Forage crop studies, J. B. TnoMi\soN {Guam. Sta. Rpt. IVL't, pp. 15, 16, pi.
1). — This notes the pi'oductinn of Para grass, Paspalum (Ulatatum, Guinea
grass, sorghum, and peanuts for soiling and pasture crops.
Brachysm, a hereditary deformity of cotton and other plants, O. F. Cook
(f/. 8. Dcpt. Ayr., Jour. Ayr. Rcxmrcli, 3 (1915), Xo. J, pp. 387-399, pis. 10).—
In this article the author discusses facts discovered by observations of the cot-
ton plants under the headings of special features of brachysm in cotton, inde-
jiendent origins of brachytic variations, different degrees of brachysm, shorten-
ing of internodes by drought, retention of blasted buds in brachytic varieties,
morphol?:^' of decurreut pedicels, brachysm accompanied by fasciatiou and
adhesion, analogy between brachytic variations and hybrids, brachysm and
homoeosis. and agricultural defects of '• cluster " cottons.
In conclusion it is stated that " brachysm is a term proposed to designate the
shortening of the vegetative internodes of plants. It is a hereditary abnormal-
ity, indicating degeneracy, that has appeared in independent mutative variations
in many distinct families of plants, including many cultivated forms. Brachytic
variations are of frequent occurrence in cotton, giving rise to the so-called
•cluster' and 'limbless' varieties, and afford uiuisually favorable ojiportunities
for learning the nature and physiological significance of such variations.
" The shortening of the internodes of the cotton plant is usually confined to
the fruiting branches without affecting the main stalk or the vegetative
branches. Brachytic variations occur independently in different species and
varieties of cotton and do not constitute a natural group with a common ori^n.
"Brachytic varieties of cotton usually show other abnormalities of the inter-
nodes, leaves, and involucral bracts. There is also an increased tendency to
abortion of the floral buds, and the blasted buds often remain attached to the
plant, because of the absence of well-differentiated absciss layer at the base of
the pedicel.
" Though brachytic variations arise by mutative changes in the expression
of the characters and show alternative Mendelian forms of inheritance, they
afford no additional support to the general theories of mutation and Mendelism
as explaining evolution. Such variations represent reduced .specialization or
732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
intermediate expression of cbiiraoters and are degenerative in nature. Tliey are
not to be considered an examples of normal heredity or of the evolution of new
characters. The aI)normalities of brachytic variations are analogous to those
found among hybrids and are likewise accompanied by tendencies to sterility or
abortion of buds.
" Bi-achysni i.s to be associated with other forms of intermediate expression
of characters, representing a general class of metaphanic variations. A more
definite recognition of this class of variations is desirable in connection with the
investigation of general problems of heredity and evolution.
"The agrcnltural value of brachytic varieties of cotton is impaired by the
tendency to abnormal variations and sterility and also by the fact that the clus-
ter cottons are more severely affected by unfavorable conditions. Hence,
brachysm is to be avoided in the breeding of superior varieties of cotton."
Crimson clover: Seed production, J. M. Westgate (U. ^. Dept. Agr., Farmers^
liiil. (>'/(! {I'.il.j'). pp. /.J, flgs. IS). — This describes methods of harvesting the
seed of crimson clover and also describes devices for gathering the seeds, known
as comb strii)pers and rotary brush strip])ers.
lirlof notes are given on the commercial growing of crimson clover seed and
how to grow a good crop of seed, and the money values of a seed and hay crop
are compared. The weeds to be avoided in a crimson clover field are mentioned
and illustrated. Because of the uncertainties of the foreign supply of seed, it is
suggested the individual farmer may readily arrange to save his own seed for
re.seeding, although the commercial production of seed in this country is handi-
capped by frequent untimely rains.
Local fertilizer experiments with corn in south Alabama in 1911, 1912,
1913, and 1914, .T. F. Duggar and J. T. Williamson i Ahilxuiid Col. t^in. HiiJ.
181 (191-'t), pp. 15S-1S2). — The chief object of these local fertilizer experiments
is given as to ascertain tlie best combination of fertilizers for corn production
on each of the principal soils of the southern half of Alabama.
" From these experiments, most of which were conducted on poor land in dry
seasons, it appears that under these conditions reliance should not be placeil
chiefly on commercial fertilizers in growing corn. Commercial fertilizers h;ive
proved, much more effective and profitable for cotton than for corn. On nearly
all experiments nitrogen, whether employed as cotton-seed meal or as nitrate of
soda, afforded a fair increase in the yield of corn. In 60 per cent of these
separate experiments the increase from applying 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal
alone per acre was sutiicient to afford a profit, even under these unfavorable con-
ditions of soil and climate. Acid phosphate used alone, and in various combina-
tions, usually afforded a small increase in the yield of corn, but this increase
was usually not sufficient imder these unfavorable conditions to afford a profit.
For corn, kainit was even less effective and more generally unfavorable than
was acid phosphate.
" When 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, api>lied before planting, was compared
wi|^ 1(X) lbs. of nitrate of soda, applied when corn plants were several feet high,
nitrate of soda afforded a larger increase. Nitrate of soda afforded, on the
average, and in most experiments, a profitable increase in yield. In the.se ex-
periments commercial fertilizers usually increased the yield to at least as large
an extent on land capable of producing 25 to 30 bu. of corn without fertilizer as
on poorer land ; this suggests that it was the supply of moisture in the richer
soils, rather than the fertilizers, which determined yield in these unfavorable
seasons. This argues for the plowing under of organic matter in connection
with the use of only moderate amounts of commercial fertilizers for corn.
FIELD CROPS, 733
" Consiileriuj? otlier experinieuLs, us well as thesf, the writers make the fol-
lowing general rec'oiumeuda lions regarding the fertilization of corn: That so
far as i)raeticable stable manure and the remains of soil-improving i)lants, sucli
as cowpeas, velvet beans, and crimson clover, be preferred to most kinds of
commercial fertilizers. That the amounts of commercial fertilizer be limited.
That most of the money invested in fertilizers be used in the jiurchase of
nitrogen. That where a pound of nitrogen can be bought in nitrate of soda at
the same or at a lower price than in cotton-seed meal, the preference be given
to nitrate of soda as a fertilizer.
'• That in view of results of unpublished experiments to determine the best
time of applying nitrate of soda it is reconmiended that it be ai)plied as a side
application when the corn plants are between 2* and 4 ft. high. That on soils
known to be deficient in phosphoric acid, and especially where heavy aitplica-
tions have not been applied to preceding crops, a moderate amount of acid
phosphate be employed. That no investment be made in potash as a fertilizer
for corn, especially at the high prices which will doubtless prevail in 191."), ex-
cept whej-e experience has shown the need of it.
" For the farmer wishing to make only a small investment in the fertilization
of corn the following forumla. for corn grown under average conditions, is sug-
gested: 1(X> lbs. acid phosphate, before planting or by the time plants are 2 J ft.
high; GO to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, api)lied when the plants are 22 to 4 ft. high;
or, 120 to 2o0 lbs. cotton-seed meal, applied at the same time as the phosphate,
may be substituted for the nitrate of soda."
Local fertilizer experiments with corn in north Alabama in 1911, 1912,
1913, and 1914, J. F. Duggar and J. T. Williamson (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui.
J82 (1914), PP- 185-211). — This bulletin gives detailed data of experiments cor-
responding to the above on each of the princii)al soils of the northern half
of Alabama.
The general conclusions noted above are repeated, except as follows: "On
about half of the experiments nitrogen, when employed as cotton-seed meal,
gave an incre.ase sufficient to be profitable. Acid phosphate, like cotton-seed
meal, gave small increases in most cases, l)Ut under the conditions of the
unfavorable seasons these increases were profitable in only about 50 per cent of
the experiments. •
"Nitrate of soda, applied when the corn plants were 2 to 3 ft. high, and on
plats which had previously received acid pho.sphate and kainit afforded, in 72
per cent of these experiments, a profit above the cost of the nitrate. Moreover,
the complete fertilizer containing 100 lbs. of nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phos-
phate, and 100 lbs. kainit afforded a profit in 71 per cent of these exix^rimeuts ;
but when nitrogen in a complete fertilizer was supplied in the form of cotton-
seed meal, the resulting increase was sufiicient to afford a profit in only 39 per
cent of these experiments.
"In most of these experiments kainit at the r.ite of 200 Ib.s. per acre was the
least profitiible of the fertilizers tested. While this amount of kainit was
usually unprofitable when used alone or with only one other fertilizer, yet in
many of the experiments it proved slightly profitable as a part of a complete
fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.
Selecting and breeding corn for protein and oil in South Dakota, A. N.
Hume, M. Champlin, and H. LooMis (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 153 (1914), PP-
59-78, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives results of selection of cora for high and low
protein and for high and low oil content of kernels, covering a period from
1910 to 1913, inclusive.
734
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Comparative average yields of hiylt protfin and uf Itnc prottin corn. liUO-liUS,
in hiishels per acre, and pounds of protein per acre.
High protein com.
lM\y protein com.
Year.
Yield
per acre.
Protein
in seed
planted.
Protein
in com
har-
vested.
Yield of
protein
per acre.
Yield
per acre.
Protein
in seed
planted.
Protein
in com
har-
vested.
Yield of
protein
per acre.
1910
1911
1912
1913
Bushels.
44.6
26.1
53.7
58.5
Per cent.
13.14
13.09
13.91
13.48
Per cent.
13.11
13.91
12. .H9
12.83
Pounds.
379. 13
212.09
411.83
439.50
Bushels.
39.2
34.4
46.3
51.5
Per cent.
13.14
11.11
11.07
11.98
Per cent.
11.20
11.07
12.46
11.22
Pounds.
284.98
223.35
343.27
331.62
Average
45.7
13.18
360.64
42.8
11.49
295.80
The .strain of corn selected for high oil content lu-odnced in 1911 an average
of 86.83 lbs. of oil per acre and in 1912, 216.97 lbs. The percentage contents
were 3.47 and 6.1, resijectively. The strain selected for low oil content pro-
duced 61.59 lbs. of oil per acre in 1911 and 170.66 lb.s. in 1912. The percentage
oil contents were 3.15 and 5.66, respectively.
As a result of a study to determine the intlueuce of degree of maturity on
an oil content of corn it was found that corn harvested on August 15, Septem-
ber 4, and September 19 contained 3.272, 4.982, and 5.523 per cent, respec-
tively, an average composite sample of 40 ears each. It is suggested that the
degree of maturity at harvest may account for the wide differences in oil con-
tents of the 1911 and 1912 crops above citetl.
Cotton experiments, 1914 (Mis.sis.^ippi. Sio. Bill. KW (lUL't), pp. 16). — This
bulletin gives results of cotton experiments similar to those previously noted
(E. S. R.. 29, p. 35; 31, p. 136). Itesults from tlie central .station are reported
by E. C. Ewing and J. R. Kicks. A table shows the monthly temperatures and
rainfall for 1914. A table giving the results of a variety test shows four early,
short staple varieties to range in yield of seed cotton from 1.287 to 1.570 lbs.
I)er acre, eight medium early, big boiled, short staple varieties to range from
1.303 to«1.5S9 lbs. per acre, and four long staple varieties to range from 1.154 to
1.430 lbs. per acre.
In regard to the values of the different varieties for local production of
cotton it is stated " that under average conditions on ix)or thin land or land of
medium fertility, with the boll weevil present, the medium early, big boiled
varieties such as Wannamaker Cleveland, Cook, Half and Half (a selection
from Cook), and Miller will give better results than the very early, quick
maturing varieties, which suffer worse from drought and rust and quit growing
early under such conditions. Besides, there does not seem to be as much dif-
ference in earliness between the earliest and the latest varieties on thin land as
there is between the earliest and the latest varieties on rich land. On rich
bottom lands in the presence of the boll weevil, one of the early maturing
varieties that does not make too much stalk will be the most satisfactory. In
this class there are no better varieties than Trice and Dodd Prolific. In most
tests in this State Trice has given better results than Dodd Prolific.
" We regard Express as the best available long staple variety for boll weevil
conditions. It is an early inch and three-sixteenths cotton that has given
splendid results in the Delta. Unknown is another good early variety that
runs from an inch and an eighth to an inch and three-sixteenths."
The results of a test on wilt-infested land are reported, which show that " the
wilt-resistant varieties generally gave the be.st yields in 1912 and 1913. but fell
FIELD CHOPS. 735
beluw tht' susceiJtiblc varieties in U»14. Tliis is on aocoimt of the oflects dT the
boll weevil. The wilt-resistant varieties are all late and can not be successfnlly
grown where weevil damage is heavy. At the same time the early varieties
that we have found all seem to be rather susceptible to wilt, so the combination,
where both wilt and weevils are present to a serious extent, makes cotton grow-
ing out of the question. The Covington-Toole wilt-resistant variety has yielded
more cotton than any of the other wilt-resistant varieties in all tests that have
been made with it at this station."
Cotton planted in rows spaced .3, 3^, 4, 4^, and 5 ft. apart yielded at the rate of
] ,600, 1,336, 1.220, 1,200, and 1,176 lbs., respectively, of seed cotton. Cotton spaced
32. 24, and 36 in. in rows 4 ft. apart yieldetl at the rate of 1,553, 1,403, and 1,153
lbs., resi^ectively, of .seed cotton. " The weevils seemed to have gotten all of
the squares after August 10."
In tests to prevent rust it was found that a plat receiving no treatment
yielded at the rate of 4S4 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, one receiving ,300 lbs. of
kainit per acre yielded 1.732 lbs., one receiving 10 tons of barnyard manure in
1911 .i elded at the rate of l.SOS lbs., and one receiving 10 tons of barnyard
manure in 1913 yielded 1.830 lbs. of seed cotton per acre.
A test of 16 varieties of cotton at the Holly Springs substation, which is
reported by C. T. Ames, gave yields ranging from 1.845.2 lbs. to 2.562 lbs. of seed
cotton per acre. Cook Alabama Station variety produced the highest yield of
seed cotton per acre and was second in percentage of lint (40 per cent), but
the staple was only | in. in length, the estimated valuation per acre being
$80.95.
The highest valuation per acre, $96.79, was produced by Durango. with a
total estimated yield of seed cotton of 2,111.2 lbs. per acre. Of this, 33.5 per
cent was lint having a staple length of li^ in. The longest staple, 1:^ in., was
produced by Sunflower, which yielded at the rate of 2,161 lbs. of seed cotton
per acre, producing only 28.7 per cent of lint and having a total valuation of
$74.40 per acre. Half and Half produced the highest percentage of lint, 44.2.
measuring J in. in length, but yielded only 2,304.4 lbs. of seed cotton per acre,
which brought the estimated valuation to $78.40 per acre.
Tabulated results of fertilizer experiments which have been continued for
nine years are given. "The u.se of both nitrogen and phosphorus, either alone
or in combination, has given very satisfactory results. Phosphorus hastens
maturity. The use of potash, either alone or in combination with the other
elements, api^ears to be unnecessary in these soils. On thin upland the use
of 200 to 300 lbs. of an equal mixture of cotton-seed meal and acid phosphate
per acre, placed about 3 in. deep under the seed, should give very satisfactory
results. On the more fertile soils the quantity of phosphorus may be increased
to advantage.
"After leguminous crops phosphate alone at the rate of from 200 to 400 lbs.
per acre can be used to profit. Where leguminous crops are to be grown,
from 300 to 400 lbs. of rock floats can be used to advantage. Where rock floats
is mixed with manure the results are most satisfactory."
Variety tests at the Delta substation, reported by G. B. Walker, showed
Express variet.y to be the most valuable producer.
Express cotton, E. C. Ewing (MifisiHslppi Sta. Ciic, 1915, Jan., pp. 8, figs.
2). — This bulletin gives the origin, history, and various characteristics of this
variety of cotton. It is noted as being a rather vigorous grower, but not a
.storm-proof variety, and rather free from fungus diseases. One of the most
distinctive characteristics is its earliness. The length of staple is given as
about 1 li' in., and the percentage of lint as about 28.
736 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD.
Cowpea culture, O. O. Chukchill (Okhihoma Hta. liul. 105 (191.'f}, pp. 3-22,
figs. H). — This bulletin describes inetbods of production suitaljle to Oklahoma
conditions and reports results of variety tests for the years 1911, liJ12, and 1913.
in whicli the yields of grain ranged from 0 to 10.14 bu. per acre. Notes give
characteristics of several varieties dui'ing the growing ])eri(jd of 1913. It is
stated that the Spec-kled Crovvder. Whippoorwill, and New lOra varieties are
considered the best for general jjurposes in Oklahoma.
Kaoliang, a new dry land crop, A. N. Hume and M. Ciiamplin (South Da-
kota 8ta. Bill. 136 (VJlJf), pp. 115-127, fiys. 5). — A brief history and description
of the r)lnnt is given. Results of tests show that at " Highmore the average
yield for the five years from ]1K)9 to 1913. inclusive, has l)een lO.ij bu. of S. D.
289 and 13.8 bu. of S. D. 290. The highest yield of S. D. 289 was 19.2 bu., in
1910, and the lowest was 10.3 bu., in 1911. The average yield of Minue.sota
No. 13 yellow dent corn for tliis same jjeriod is 12.6 bu.. showing that the
climatic conditions were decidedly severe. At Cottonwood in 1912 kaoliang
yielded an average of 23.7 bu. per acre as compared with 22.5 bu. per acre for
Minne.sota No. 13 corn. In 1913 the season was so severe at Cottonwood that
both kaoliang and corn failed to produce grain, but the kaoliang produced 440
lbs. of dry fodder per acre to 260 lbs. for the corn. In another test kaoliang
yielded 2 bu. of grain and 766 lbs. of dry fodder, whereas corn yielded no
grain and 687 lbs. of fodder, thus proving its value in an extremely severe
season."
Methods of production suited to South Dakota conditions are described.
Variation and correlation of oats (Avena sativa). — I, Studies showing
the effect of seasonal changes on bionietrical constants, H. H. Love and C. E.
Leighty {Sew York CorueU Sta. Mem. 3 (1914). pp. 70, figs. 6l.— This bulletin
describes in detail and gives the results of studies carried out by the station
in cooperation with this Department to discover what characters, if any. may
be used as a basis for selection and the status of correlation of characters of
the oat plant. The variety Sixty Day was used.
Data were gathered during 1908 to 1912, inclusive, and indicate, in regard to
the relation of the correlation factors and oat production, that " the growth
factors influence the developing plants in such a way that tall plants and
high yield of grain are found together. ... It is also interesting and im-
portant to note that as the plants tend to increase in height, the number of
culms also increases. At the same time it is shown also that the average yield
per culm increases as the height of plant increases. This shows the possi-
bility of obtaining plants with many culms that may be high in production,
which is rather important, since it is sometimes thought th;it the average yield
of culm would tend to decrease as the number of culms on the plant inci'eased.
"Another important fact brought out by this study is the relation between
average weight of kernels and height of plant, and average weight of Icernels
and total yield. This has an important bearing on the practice of seeding
oats. . . . One of the writers has sown hand-picked seed of a number of
varieties of oats, and found that in every case the larger yield was obtained
from the heavy seed. In another test with oats, in which large and small
kernels from the same head were compared, the large seed gave a greater
yield."
From the data presented the following conclusions have been drawn :
" Environmental conditions such as exist in different years cause changes in
the means. Conditions that genei-ally result in reduction of plant yield also
result in reduction of height, number of kernels, and number of culms, but in
increase in size ot kernels. Yield is reduced by decrease in number of kernels
FIELD CROPS. 737
produced, rather thau by docrease in their size. A'ariability decreases with
decrease in the means.
" Correlations are more or less responsive to environmental conditions, and
may be divided into fluctuating and stable, according to their behavior under
differing environments. There are high, positive, and fairly stable correla-
tions between average height of plant and (a) total and average yield, (b)
total and average number of kernels produced, (c) average number of spikelets
per culm; the correlations between average height of plant and (d) average
weight of kernels, (e) number of culms, are fluctuating, being high or low on
occasion. There are high, positive, and stable correlations between total yield
and (a) culm yield, (b) total ;uid average kernel production, (c) spikelet
production, (d) culm production.
" The average kernel weight is not correlateil closely and consistently with
any other character here cousidere<l, except average culm yield, with which the
correlation is fairly high and fairly consistent. The average number of spike-
lets per culm per plant is correlated (a) fairly highly with the average number
of kernels per spikelet; (b) apparently very highly with number of kernels
per culm; (c) very highly and stably with average height of i)laut and total
yield; and (d) in a fluctuating manner with kernel weight. The correlations
between number of culms i)er plant and (a) height, (b) culm yield, (c) number
of kernels, are fluctuating, varying greatly from high to low; between number
of culms per plant and (d) total yield they are high, positive, and stable;
between number of culms per plant and (e) average kernel weight they are
fairly stable and always low."
A bibliograi)hy of cited literature is appended.
Variation and correlation of oats (Avena sativa). — II, Effect of differences
in environment, varieties, and methods on bionietrical constants, C. E.
LEKiiiTY (Xew York Cornell Sta. Mem. Jf {1914), PP- 11-216). — The characters
of oats dealt with in these studies are height of ciUm and average height of
plant, average length of head per plant, total weight of plant, total weight of
culm, average weight of culm per plant, number of kernels, number of spike-
lets, number of kernels per spikelet of plant, total weight of straw for the
entire plant, total weight of straw per culm, average weight of straw jier culm
of plant, average weight of kernels per plant, diameter of straw, breaking
strength of straw, total yield of plant and culm, and average yield of culm
per plant.
" The study has been pursued with several purposes in view. One punwse
has been to determine the averages, the amounts of variation, and the correla-
tions that exist in various characters of oats. Another has been to determine
effects on these characters of various environmental influences. X'nder the
latter head data on the question of methods to be pursued in bionietrical work
with cereals have been adduced. Correlation has been carefully considered.
This was deemed advisable because of the increasing use of. and attention given
to. such studies. The correlations taken up have been principally of yield
and average weight of kernels with various other characters. . . .
" The first division of this study is a comparison of biometrical constants
determined for oat plants and for the culms of the same plants. From the
results obtained it may be concluded that, for statistical work with oats,
practically the same means and correlation coefficients will be obtained whether
plants are used as units or the culms of the same plants are used as units, but
that these constants will be slightly greater for the latter method. The stand-
ard deviations and coefficients of variability will also be greater when culms
are the units. The biometrical results obtained by the several investigators.
738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
\\lit'tber they worked with culms or with plants, art', however, comparable,
with slight reservation, as far as this factor affects the results.
"The second division of this study is a bionietrical comparison of varieties
of oats. In this study considerable difference is shown in average yield of
culm per plant. This is due to the larger kernels produced by certain varieties,
since the number of kernels and of spikelets are about the .same for the
different varieties. There are varietal differences in the height of culm. The
average number of kernels i>er spikelet is greatest in the Sixty Day and
.•^malle-st in the Early Champion variety. The proportion of straw to grain
differs in the different varieties. Considerable difference is found in the
amount of variability of different characters of the varieties. The greatest
A-ariability, in all characters but one, is found in the Welcome variety, while
each of the others is least variable in one or more characters. The coefficients
of correlation are usually fairly close together for the different varieties, but
some dift'erences occur that may be due to varietal causes.
" The third division of this study is a comparison of biometrical constants
determined for oat plants grown in hills and in drills. Regarding all char-
acters here studied, the means are greater for plants grown in hills than for
plants grown in drills. The least difference In the means occurs in the cases
of average height of plant and average weight of kernels per plant. There
is greater variability in average yield of culm per plant and average weight
of straw in plants grown in hills, but much less variability for plants so grown
in average height and average weight of kernels. The variability in number
of kernels and number of spikelets is slightly greater for the plants grown in
hills. Rather large differences occur in the same variety between the co-
efficients of correlation determined for the plants grown in the two ways.
AYhenever large differences in the coefficients of correlation occur, those for
the plants grown in hills are always the smaller in amount. The differences
due only to the growing condition may amount to more than any varietal
differences observed in this work. The constants, then, obtained by different
investigators are comparable only in so far as the conditions of growth are
comparable.
" The fourth division of this study deals with the effect of different degrees
of crowding on biometrical constants of oats. Oat plants grown in very
crowded conditions produce but one culm to a plant, but, as more room is
given, more than one culm are produced by many plants. The development of
plants in most characters is greater in less crowded than in more crowded
conditions. Variability decreases with increase in crowding for yield, number
of kernels, number of spikelets, and breaking strength of straw ; but for height
the least variability occurs when crowding is least. In every case when sipiifl-
cant differences exist in the correlations between characters in plants grown
under different conditions of crowding, there is an increase in correlations
produced by more crowded conditions, but there is sometimes a decrease beyond
a certain degree of crowding. It has been shown that environmental condi-
tions may influence the degree of correlation of certain characters to a marked
extent. Such conditions of environment may make of no significance the so-
called varietal and other differences obtained by several investigators."
A bibliography of cited literature is appended.
Irish potatoes, J. C. C. Price (Alabama Col. 81a. Bill. 183 {1915), pp. 3-16,
figs. 2). — This bulletin describes cultural methods that may be used in Alabama,
touching upon soil, varieties, fertilizers, culture, insects and diseases, harvest-
ing, and shipping and storing, both for the early crop and for the fall crop,
and also gives results of fertilizer experiments for the years 1911. 1912, and
1913, and of variety tests for these years and 1910. The best yield was ob-
I'JELU CROPS. 739
Mined with Bliss Triuin|ih in I'.Ml^, uMiiicly ;iit4 l»ii. per acre. Irish Cobbler
yiekhnl l-'nO.oT bu. per aero in 1!»11.
In the fertilizer tests the i)lat receiving a complete fertilizer aiiplicatlon in
which dried blood was usetl as a source of nitrogen i)rodncc<l the lar>,'est yield,
with cottou-seed meal plus acid phosphate, second. Of the single fertilizers
the hiirhest yield was obtained with cotton-seed meal, with dried blood second.
Selection and preparation of seed potatoes, size of seed piece and bud
variation, A. N. Hume and I. S. Oaki.anu (Huuth Dakota Sta. Bui. 155 {19U).
pp. 100-llt. fifln. -J). — This continues (he report of work previously noted (E. S.
R.. 29, p. 37).
A comparison of yields from seed i)ieces taken from selected tubers and from
culls of two varieties showed in an average of nine cases an increased -yield
of 5.53 bu. per acre in favor of the selectetl seed, the average total yield per
acre being 114.2 bu. In this test the tubers were cut into quarters, so that
the culls represented smaller seed pieces. Early Ohio selected tubers averagd
G.15 oz. and the culls l.SS oz. in weight. Carmen No. 3 selected tubers averaged
S.4 oz. and the culls 2.0s c.z.
A test of the Influence of size of seeil piece on yield consisted in iilanting
small, medium, and largo seed pieces taken from the same tuber.
It is noted that from Early Ohio seed, the average yield from seed pieces
of 0.35 oz. was 183.S bu. per acre, from pieces weighing 1.4 oz., 272.53 bu.. and
from seed pieces weighing 2.G0 oz.. 2ns.,59 bu. With Carmen No. 3 seed, the
use of seed pieces of 0.35 oz. weight protluced an average of 1G5.()(> bu., those
of 2.1 oz. weight produced 270.9 bu., and those weighing 4.4 oz. produced
298,23 bu.
As a result of a snuly of the influence of culls and selected seed upon type
and size of progeny it is statetl that "under the conditions of this experiment,
the use of sizeable seed produced a greater proi)ortion of potatoes of desirable
size than the use of culls. The type of potatoes produced from culls used as
seed is measurably smaller in the first generation than those i)roduced from
selected seed tubers. The results of this experiment furnish quantitative
evidence that the use of ' culls ' for seed causes potatoes to ' run out.' "
" Not only is the type of tubers produced from selected seed larger than
from culls, but also the average weight of tubers produced is greater."
A table shows the comjiarison of frequencies and weights of tubers produced
from culls and from selected seed tubers.
Sudan grass, R. E. Karpeh (Oklahoma Sla. Bui. 103 (1915), pp. 3-lJ,. figs.
3). — This bulletin describes metlnHls of production of Sudan grass suitable for
Oklahoma conditions, together with some data on cultural tests. The results of
planting on eleven different dates, between April 15 and July 6. 1914, show early
May. from the sixth to the fourteenth, to be the most favorable time to plant
Sudan grass for hay.
" It will be observed from the data given that the 6-in. rows gave larger yields
than the 21-in.. and the 42-in. rows gave by far the largest yields. The increase
of the 6-in. rows over the 21-in. rows was due to the fact that the crab grass and
other weeds grew up on the 21-in. plat and the rows were not of sufficient width
to permit the use of the cultivator to keep them down, while the G-in. rows were
close enough together to smother out the majority of the weeds. The 6-in. and
21-in. plats did not come on again after the first cutting was made on account of
lack of moisture. The plats of 42-in. rows made two cuttings, which also helps
account for their larger yields."
In testing the projier time to cut Sudan grass for seed production larger yields
were obtained by cutting on July 28 than on July 14, 17, or 22, the largest yield
9.3681°— No. 8—15 4
740 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD.
being 350 lbs. per acre. Wide spacing between rows, namely, 42 in., produced
larger yields of seed than 6-in. spacing.
A table reports analyses of Sudan grass and other forage crops generally
grown In Oklahoma. The uses and value of the Sudan grass crop for soiling
and silage, pasture, catch croj), rotation crop, and forage are briefly noted.
The commercial production of sug-ar-beet seed in Utah, F. S. Harris ( Utah
Hta. Bui. 136 {1!>15}, pp. //7-.58, fiy-H. (!). — In describing the meth(Kls for the
production of sugar-beet seed in Utah the topics covered include getting the
" mother seed," siloing, planting, caring for the crop, harvesting and threshing,
cleaning, yield, and cost. Data from crops grown in 1912, 191.3, and 1914 show
that beets from home-grown seed were higher in sugar content than the beets
from imported seed, although the yield from the imported seed was somewhat
higher. The average weight of see<l producetl by mother beets for the years
1905 to 1913, inclusive, ranged from 263.7 to 722.6 gm. per beet.
In testing different methods of preserving mother beets during the winter in
the rows where they grew it was foinid that covering with manure 6 in. deep
was much more satisfactory than covering with 8 in. of straw or with 8 in. of
straw and 4 in. of soil, or covering by running a plow along the row. In the
latter case none of the beets survived the winter, while from the manure-
covered row 197 beets lived and i)roduced 26 lbs. of seed.
The average seed production at the station for 1912, 1913, and 1914 is given
as 1,190, 1,354, and 1,571 lbs. per acre, respectively, and the estimated cost of
production as .$95 per acre.
Sweet potato growing in the cotton belt, H. C. Thompson ( [;'. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1915, Mar. 9, pp. 8). — Brief notes on cultural methods
and uses are given.
Types and varieties of Maryland tobacco, W. W. Garner and D. E. Brown
(Maryhuid Stu. liul. 188 (191',}. pp. J.i5-152, figs. 4).— This bulletin describes
the characteristics of Maryland types of tobacco, together with some commercial
qualities, including the varieties Maryland Broadleaf, Maryland Xarrowleaf.
Maryland-Connecticut Broadleaf, Maryland-Burley Broadleaf, and Maryland
Mammoth. Instructions for producing and saving the seed under bag and for
the selection of seed plants are given.
Data show the results of variety tests and the proportion of leaf to stalk in
different varieties, conducted in cooperation between the station and this De-
partment. " The results of these tests indicate that the Maryland-Connecticut
and the Maryland-Burley are desirable types for growing on tlie lighter soils,
which produce tobacco of fine quality, while the Mammoth gives promise of
proving at least equal to the best varieties on these light soils and decidedly
superior to all otlier varieties on the heavier, more fertile tobacco soils on which
other varieties produce tobacco of comparatively poor quality." The Maryland-
Burley Broadleaf and Maryland Mammoth jiroduced a considerably lower pro-
portion of stalk than the other three varieties.
The quality of grass and rape seed found in Maryland markets in 1913,
C. P. Smith (Maryland Sta. Bui. 189 {1915), pp. i5-3-i 80). —This bulletin com-
pletes the published results (E. S. R.. 31. p. 438) of 1913 inspection work
amongst the Maryland field seed vendors and also presents the text of the
Maryland seed law of 1914. The seeds covered by the work in this bulletin
are timothy, blue grass, German millet, orchard grass, redtop, and Dwarf
Essex rape.
[Seed inspections], A. Atkinson and B. W. "Whitlock (Montana Sta. Bui.
101 (1914), pp. 165-176. fig. i).— The first annual report of the State Grain
Laboratory gives results of germination and purity determinations for 2.266
samples of seeds. The largest number of varieties of weed seeds, namely, 60,
HORTICULTURE. 741
was fuuud iu 540 .samples of alfalfa; 42 varieties were found in 99 samples of
timothy; 31 iu 58 samples of red clover; aud 31 iu 260 samples of oats, and
smaller numbers in the remaining IS kinds of seed examined.
Seed tests made at the station during 1914, M. T. Munn (Xew York State
Sta. Bid. 30^ {1015). pp. 27).— This bulletin drives results of analyses of 303
official sjimples of seed and 1.155 samples sent in by correspondents in 1914,
and discusses the method of analysis and rocpiirements of the seed law and its
significauce to New York farmers.
Of the ofBcial samples 10.9 i^er cent showed violations of the law, these being
mainly alsike clover samples contaminated in the field with other crop seeds.
However, " the present seed law affords only a partial protection to the pur-
chasers of seed, since it does not require a reasonable freedom from dodder or
other noxious weeds or from inert matter."
Analysis of the correspondents' samples "indicate that the number of kinds
of weed seeds found in ci'op seeds for sale in this State is increasing."
Purity of farm seeds in 1914, F. 11. IIai.l (Netc York State Sta. But. 39Jf
(I'JJS), popular c(l., pp. If, fill. 1). — A popular edition of tlie above.
Agricultural seed, G. P. Burns {Vermont Sta. But. 183 {1914), PP- 269-
294) ■ — This bulletin gives the text of the A'ermont seed inspection law and
shows in tabular form the results of examining 234 official samples and about
100 voluntary samples. Alfalfa, alsike clover, corn, millets, red clover, redtop,
and timothy seed as sold in Vermont was compared with the I'nited States
standard, a large part of the samples other than redtop being equal to or better
than the standard. Eighty-live per cent of the seed other than redtop was of
standard quality as regards purity and 8S per cent as regards viability.
Suppression of weeds among pineapples by arsenite of soda spray, F. G.
Krauss {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 48 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 2.) — This describes meth-
ods and apparatus used iu successfully destroying weeds on pineapple planta-
tions by the use of arsenite of soda spray, the most successful solution being
5 lbs. of white arsenic. 5 lbs. of carbonate of soda boiled in 10 gal. of water,
and additional water to make 100 gal. The total cost of the si^raying is given
as $2.30 per acre.
HORTICULTURE.
[Horticultural investigations in Guam J, J. B. Thompson (Guam Sta. Rpt.
1914^ PP- 0-14, pt^- 2). — Notes are given on the culture and adaptability of
many of the common vegetables under conditions in Guam. Thus far the ordi-
nary commercial varieties of tomatoes have failed to grow. Results during
the past season with the Texas Bell, a strain of the cheri'y tomato, indicate
that this variety will succeed and that a fixed type of tomatoes may be developed
for Guam by selecting and breeding from the largest fruited plants of Texas
Bell.
The pi'opagation of mangoes at the .station (E. S. R.. 31. p. 441) was con-
tinued during the year, and a limited nimiber of inarched plants have been
distributed to planters. It was demonstrated that by using iiroper jjrecautions
to prevent undue evaporation large mango trees may be successfully trans-
planted.
Report of the acting horticulturist, C. J. Hunn {Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914.
pp. 29-35, pis. 2). — In a previous report (E. S. R., 30, p. 841) on the work of
breeding papayas with the view of eliminating male trees, one type was secured
which yielded 94 per cent fruit-bearing trees out of 343 F2 trees. Additional
data show that out of 4.^4 of those F- trees Avhich has fruited 95.37 i)er cent
were fruit bearing, thus indicating that with the continuation of the breeding
742 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
woi'k llic slaniiuate tyiie will be elluiiiKiled. Duriiiji; tlie course of breediuj^
work au elongated fruit has increased in percentage which gives promise of the
nltiniate development of a pure strain of unifomily cylindrical fruits of good
quality. The future breetling work is to be confined to the elongata tyi)e.
Attention was also called in the previous bulletin on i)apayas to authenticated
Instances in wliich male i>apayas had been changed to fruiting trees by cutting
the tops off the male trees. Such an experiment was conductetl at the station
by y. H, Holt during the past summer, in which the tops were removed from
22 sterile stannnate trees selected from different varieties. Two of these trees,
which had been selected from the above-noted type which yielded 95.37 i>er
cent fruit-bearing trees, did become fruit-bearing trees when the top grew out
again. In lieu of more definite knowledge this ])henomenon is attributed to the
preponderant tendency to fruit bearing in the tyi>e from which the two trees
w^ere selected.
Data have been accumulated showing the various types of trees in the mango
and avocado orcliards. The average age and time of bearing of niaugo seedlings
was G years 3 mouths; budded mangoes, 3 years 8 montlis; inarched mangoes, 2
j^ears 10 months; avocado seedlings, 7 years; and budded avocados, 2 years 11
months.
Heavy paper bags have been used with success in protecting ripening fruit
from the attacks of the Mediterranean fruit fly. The individual fruits ripen
more uniformly, but lack the color of those exposed to the sun. Several varie-
ties of the Indian mango have been found to be practically immune to tlie
attacks of the fruit fly.
The work of breeding ornamental hibiscus plants (E. S. li., 30, p. 838) lias
been continued. A number of new varieties has been secured, one of which.
a yellow variety, is described. A description is given of a spineless cactus which
was collected by the station several years ago in Honolulu and which is be-
lieved to be worthy of attention as an ornamental hedge and as a fodder jdant.
The wampee (Clausena lansium), a tree whose edible berries are highly
esteemed by the Chinese, is also described. About a dozen of these trees are
in bearing in Honolulu.
A further report is given on two lots of pineapple seedlings which were se-
cured from a single fruit in each case (E. S. R., 30, p. 838). The plants con-
tinue to show a great variation in height, spread of foliage, color, and other
characters. A number of these plants give promise of developing into superior
plants, and the best of the seedlings are to be grown under field conditions to
determine the character of tlie fruit.
Report of the superintendent of the rubber stlbstation, W. A. Anderson
(Hawaii aS7«. Ri)t. IDlJf. pp. 5J-56). — An experiment was started in 1912 to
determine the feasibility of transmitting high yielding proi>erties of individual
Ceara rubber trees through cuttings. Cuttings of good yielding trees plautetl
in February, 1912. and grown under cultivation with companion crops of broom
corn and roselle were tapped with a single cut in January. 1914. The new
growth on these trees, 1 ft. above the original cutting, averaged lO.S in. in cir-
cumference. They yielded 10 oz. of washed rubber from one tapping of one
cut per ti'ee. This yield compared favorably with the average reported from
6-year-old unselected trees, tapped in 1912. The yield from the different trees
was more uniform than on the plantations as a whole. The results thus far
secured indicate that iiropagation by cuttings will assure more desirable latex-
yielding qualities than propagation by seedlings.
The work on roselle as a companion crop with rubber shows that large yields
can be obtained. To be pi'ofitable. however, the fre.sh fruit should sell for from
3 to 4 cts. a pound, whereas the highest i>rice now paid for drying purposes in
HORTICULTURE, 743
a limltecl market is at the rate of 3h cts. j)er pound. Precautious must be used
apainst cutworms and some means of artificially drying the fruit must be pro-
vide<l. I'nder present conditions tlio fruit can be seeded most economically as
it is i)icked. It has been found i>ossiltle to continue some of the plants for a
second season's crop.
Fertilizer experiments conducted witii a thousand rubber trees, in which
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash were used both alone and in combination,
are reported. The best results, both in yield of latex and growth of trees,
were obtained by using sujierphospliate and potassium sulphate without any
nitrogen. At the same time the results are not sufficiently pronounced to indi-
cate that fertilizers can be used with profit on rubber trees in Nahiku, the
district where the tests were made.
The home garden in the South, II. C. Thompson ([/. <Sr. IJcpt. Apr., Farmcra''
Bui. 6-J7 {lf)l')), pp. 28, figs. 8). — This i)uhlication, which has been j)repared
with special reference for use in the South, gives suggestions as to the location,
lilan, and arrangement of the garden, the soil and its preparation, manures and
fertilizers, the seeds and plants to use, together with brief descriptions of the
methods of handling the more important vegetables. Suggestions are also
given relative to varieties suitable for securing a continuous supply of vege-
tables throughout the year.
Alaska's pomolog'ical resources and outlook, C. C. Geobgeson {Proc. Amer.
Poiiiol. /S'oc. J913. pp. 79-8.2). — A short account relative to the adaptability of
various orchard and small fruits to Alaskan conditions.
The present status of Canadian pomology, W. T. Macoun (Proc Amer.
Pomol. Soc, 191S, pp. 6Jt-19, pi. 1). — An account of the orchard industry in
Canada in which consideration is given to the kinds of fruit grown in the
different districts, fruit breeding, methods of culture and marketing, and gov-
ernment aid to fruit growers. Data are given showing the number of bearing
and nonbearing fruit trees for each Province in 1910, exports of various fruits
fi'om Canada in 1912-13, and lists of the principal varieties of fruits grown,
including a list of fruits of Canadian origin.
Fruit in the North, D. W. Buchanan (Proc. Amer. Pomol. Soc., 1913, pp.
55-58). — A short account of the adaptability of various deciduous fruits to
conditions in Manitoba,
[Report of the] division of horticulture (Washington Sta. Bui. 118 (1914),
pp. 2.'/-26). — The orchard pollination study, which is being conducted at Pull-
man and in several private orchards, indicates that with one or two exceptions
the varieties of apples blossom so nearly at the same date that interpollination
can take place between any of the common commercial apples. The indications
are that while several of the apple varieties may under certain circumstances
be partially or entirely self-sterile, these same varieties may be considered
fairly successful when grown in solid blocks in the thickly planted orch.-ird
sections.
A study of the keeping quality of fruit, especially apples, indicates thus far
that fruit developed on trees that received an excess of water have their
keeping qualities greatly imptiired. The tissue is soft, easily broken, and goes
down quickly in storage. Fruit developed on trees receiving approximately
the correct supply of water for development of medium-sized firm fruit for the
variety have the maximum keeping quality. Fruit developed on trees receiving
less water than that necessary for the development of medium-sized fruit is
inferior in quality and appearance and tends to shrivel before decaying.
"Winter work in orchards, M. P. Somes (Missouri Fruit Sta. Circ. 7 (1914).
pp. 8). — This circular calls attention to work, such as i)runing. spraying for
744 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
scale, woiTuing for borers, etc, tbiit iiiuy be carried on tluriiig the winter period
of idleness.
Does spraying- pay? M. P. Somks (.1/is.soHri Fruit .S7«. Circ. 8 (1914), pp.
3^. — In tiiis ciicnl.ir tlie author presents data taken from experiments made by
the station to show that it pays to spray even single trees. Attention is called
to the fact that si)raying as it is too often done does not pay, and brief general
suggestions are given relative to proper methods of spraying.
[Orchard heating], A. J. Cook (Bien. Rpt. Val. Htate Com. Hort., 6 (1913-14),
p. 8). — In a brief summary dealing with observations of the freeze in the Cali-
fornia citrus region in January, 1913, the author concludes that orchard heating
is indisi)ensable. and that a good heating system with sufficient oil and help
avaihdile on call will ])rotect against the lowest temiiei-ature ever yet known
in the citrus belt.
Apple growing in California, G. P. Weldon (Sacramento: State Com. llort.,
lill.'i, pp. 124, p()s. o<S). — A i)ractical treatise designed to cover the more impor-
tant phases of apple culture with special reference to California conditions.
The introductory chapter gives the statistics of the apple industry in that
State.
"Iowa 403," a new seedling apple, S. A. Beach (loica Sta. Circ. 18 (1914),
pp. 3). — This circular gives the history as far as known and description of one
of the promising seedling apples originated at the station which has been named
" Iowa 403." The apple as here de.scribed is dark red, attractive when well-
colored, and desirable for either cooking or dessert uses. The test thus far
indicates that the tree is a reliable croi)per under adverse climatic condition.s.
The variety is now offered for distribution to nurseries.
The technical description of apples, J. K. Shaw (Massachusett.'s Sta. Bui.
150 (1914), pp. 73-90. pZs'. ^, figs. 3). — In this bulletin the author has compiled
in a definite and systematic manner various methods and terms used in the
systematic and commercial description of apples, both trees and fruit. The
bulletin is intended for the use of students and investigators in connection with
a text-book or reference work on systematic pomology. A number of reference
works are listed.
The varieties of plums derived from native American species, W. F. Wight
(U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 112 (1915), pp. 44). — ^This bulletin comprises a record of
American varieties of plums including hybrid forms. The record as a whole
shows the species to which the variety belongs, its geographic origin, time of
introduction, and the introducer. Plant material has been examined whenever
procurable. References ai*e given to persons, institutions, and localities fur-
nishing material as well as to other sources of information, much of which
was found in The Plums of New York (E. S. R., 27, p. 40).
Plum culture in Ontario, F. M. Clement (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 226
(1914), pp. •3'?. fiff^- 1^)- — This bulletin discusses the present status of the plum
industry in Canada as a whole and the cultural methods of the most successful
growers in Ontario, describes the more impoi'tant commercial varieties, and
offers suggestions relative to future develojtment.
The native persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), W. F. Fletcher (Proc.
Anicr. Poinol. Soc., 1913. pp. 4^-50). — A short account of the native persimmon
with reference to its history, characteristics, distribution, propagation, and
culinary uses.
Studies on native fruits. — I, Grapes, musts, wines, ciders, and vinegars,
J. PuiQ Y Nattino (Min. Indus. [Uruguay], Insp. Xac. Ganaderia y Agr. Bol.
10 (1914), pp. 62, figs. 9). — ^This is the first of a series of studies on the fruits
and fruit products of Uruguay. The present bulletin contains analytical data
HORTICULTURE. 745
showing? the composition of a Iaijj;e luiuiber of varieties of grai)es, with sjjecial
reference to the density of the must and the content of sugar, acid, and ash.
Analyses are also given of wines, vinegars, and ciders derived from the grapes,
together with data showing the average size of fruit of each variety and the
I)roi)ortion of stems, skins, and seeds.
Studies on native fruits. — II, Peaches, pears, and plums, J. I'uig y Nat-
TiNo (Mill. Indus. [UnHnuni], Insp. A'«r. (Jaiiaderia y Agr. Bol. 13 (1914), pp.
77. />/v. S(), fliiH. 10). — In continuation of the above work data are here presented
for different varieties of poaches, pears, and plums relative to their sugar, acid,
protein, and ash content, the average weight of fruit, and the projxirtion of
waste material. Outline drawings are given showing the general shape of many
of the varieties.
A basis for the future classification of the mango, F. W. Popenoe (Proc.
Aiiivr. PoiiioJ. »9ot'., 1913, pp. 41-^7, pix. 2, fig. 1). — In this paper the author
presents suggestions relative to the description and classification of mangoes,
togetlier with a bib!iofj;ra])hy of literature dealing with mangoes.
The handling' of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit, and pineapples, C. W.
Mann (/'o/-/o Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. t^ta. Bui. 7 [1914), pp. 59, figs. 2.^).— During
the shipping season of 1913-14 the losses from decay in cargoes of oranges,
grapefruit, and pineapples shipped from Porto Kico to New York were so severe
that the U. S. Department of Agriculture conducted an investigation in behalf
of Porto Rican growers to determine the causes of this decay. Some data are
presented showing the percentage of decay found in several lots of grapefruit
and oranges, and an account is given of an inspection made in Porto Rico rela-
tive to methods of handling the fruit in groves and packing houses and in
transportation to the steamers, together with recommendations for improving
these practices as well as improving the methods of handling fruit during
transiwrtatiou and in New York. The results of the investigation as a whole
indicate that as with the work in California and Florida (E. S. R., 20, p. 43;
30, p. S41) there is a close relation between the occurrence of decay and the
character of the methods employed in picking, packing, and transporting fruit.
Statistical data covering several years are given showing the growth of the
citrus and pineapple industries in Porto Rico.
[Experiments on the applicability of cold storage to various tropical
fruits], E. V. Wilcox {Haiiuii /S7rt. Rpt. 1914, P- 23). — A brief statement of
progress. The work has been noted more in detail from another source
(E. S. R., 32, p. 439).
Tropical fruits in the Philippines, P. J. Wester (Proc. Amer. Pomol. Soc,
1913, pp. S8-91). — A short account of the more important fruits and the present
status of fruit growing in the Philippines.
[Cacao investigations at River Estate], P. Carmody (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trini-
dad and Tobago, 13 (1914), No. S4. pp. 312-319). — Data are given showing the
comparative yields for a 4-year period of 100 individual cacao trees. The
results, as a whole, indicate an inherent productivity for individul trees. Data
are also given showing the yields on the various cacao manurial plats for
the 4-year period 1910-11 to 1913-14.
Cocoa, C. J. J. VAN Hall (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1914, PP. XVI +
515, figs. 14O). — A handbook on cacao in which the successive chapters discuss
the history of the cocoa industry; geographical distribution and climatic con-
ditions; the chemistry of cacao and cacao soils; the botanical characteristics
of the cacao plant ; varieties of cacao ; the cultivation of cacao ; fermentation,
wa.shing, and drying; diseases and enemies; cacao growing countries; com-
merce ; and notes on the cocoa and chocolate industry.
74() KXI'KJlIAJE.Nl SIAIIOX l'.K( ( >I{1>.
Report of the coffee testing gardens at Bangelan, T. WrRTii (Jaarh. Dcpt.
JjtDiilli.. MJr. Ill llinidcl \ rdcilaiiil. Jiitlii'\ I'.iJ.i. jti). //.J— >7, pis. 3). — A jiroKress
reix>rt on culturiil .iiid selection studies with various kinds of coffee.
Diila secuHMl willi reference to the sterilitj' or self-fertility of coffee lilooms
indicate tliat a certain amount of fruit was set when the blossoms were pro-
tected fronj outsi(U' judlination. Tests are to be conductt^l further to determine
whether the seed from close pollinated fruit is viable. Data are given on the
yields secured in 1011. 1912. and 1013 from seedling ]»lants selectefl from various
mother trees. A test whidi has been conducted for three seasons to determine
whether Kobusta and Quillou coffees can be grown better as single-stem plants
or as nuiltiple-stem plants has thus far shown very little difference in yield.
In some topping exjieriments with these two varieties the trees were headed
back at different heights ranging from (» to 12 ft., and the results indicate that
the higher the trees ai'e toppwl the greater the yield of coffw. For the three
years of tests untopi)ed trees gave somewhat better yields than toppe<l trees. In
a test of tlie viability of coffee seed jrtaced in storage, samples of Robusta coffee
seed which had been stored in dampened powdered charcoal for a period of five
months give a total germination of G7 per cent.
[The influence of fruit flies on the qviality of coffee], E. Y. Wii.cox (Hfuraii
8to. Upi. 191 'i, p. 22). — Analyses were made of samples of coffee from coffee
cherries uninfested with fruit tly, badly infested with fruit fly. and also from
half-ripe cherries taken four or five days before they would be completely ripe.
No chemical differences in the composition were noted in the different samples.
Coffee was prepared for drinking from all the samples by three different meth-
ods and was submitted to several persons for their opinion as to the flavor and
other qualities of the different samples. The various rei>orts agreed that the
sample from the infested fruit was slightly insipid and ix)or in quality, while
that from the fruit not quite ripe was best in quality. The deterioration in
quality in ripe coffee berries is attributed to the fermentiitiou of the whole
cherry which rapidly develops a putrefactive odor.
A further test was made to determine whether infestation with the fruit fly
might cause a loss of weiglit in coffee. It was found that the weight of 1 terries
from infested coffee cherries immediately after pulping was 5 per cent less than
that of berries from uniufestetl fruit. When tlie coff'ee came to a constant
weight and was considered dry, however, the weights of the two lots were the
same. Hence it appears that little or uo loss in the weight of the coffee berry
is caused by infestation by the fruit fly.
The palms cultivated in the open air in the gardens of Italy, O. Roster
(Bill. R. Soc. Toscana Ort., 3. set:, 18 (1913), Aos. 2-^, pp. 36-1,6; J,, pp. 82-93.
fiO. 1 : 0, pp. 101-113, pi. 1; 6. pp. 131-135, pi. 1 : 7. pp. 153-158. pL 1 ; 8, pp.
178-181; 9, pp. 19.'i-200; 10, pp. 218-225, pi. 1; 12, pp. 265-269. pi. 1; 19 {191.)),
Nos. 1, pp. 13-17, pi. 1; 3, pp. 54-61, pi. 1; 5, pp. 110-113; 6. pp. 12.'f-129. pi. 1;
7. pp. 150-155; 8, pp. 169-176; 9, pp. 191-193; 10. pp. 213-22J,, pi. 1; 11. pp.
23!l-2J,.'i; 20 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 12-19; 2, pp. 32-//S ) .— This comprises an enu-
meration of those species of palms which are cultivated in Italy under open
garden conditions. A sunnuary is given of the more important vegetative char-
acters of the different species. Only those species are considered at length which
have been observed growing in more than one locality.
The present status of the different varieties of walnuts, W. W. FiTzr.rRvr.D
(Mo. Bnl. Com. Hort. Cah, 3 (191Jf), No. 12, pp. 1,93-^00, fig. i).— Notes are
given on the varieties of walnuts grown in California with reference to their
general characteristics, bearing h.ibits, commercial value, blight resistance, etc.
The use of commercial fertilizers in growing carnations, H. H. Dokner,
F. W. ^IrNciE. and A. H. Nehbling (HUiioi.s ^7(/. BuL 176 (191.',), pp. 365-386,
FORESTRY. . 747
fids. S; Hill. 116, Ahs. (I'Jl.'i). pii. .J).^Tbt' oxiierinients here reported in detnil
were conducted to deterniine the feasibility of the complete or partial siibsti-
tiitiou of commercial tertilizt>rs for nianuro as a source of plant food for carna-
tions.
In the first oxperiment, exlendinj; over a period of three years, commercial
fertilizers in various proportions and amounts \A-ere applied to different sections
of benches in the greenhouse an<l the effects on the number and quality of the
flowers noted. In the second experiment, extending over two years, the pro-
duction of sections treated with manure was compared with that from sections
treated with commercial fertilizers. A uniform soil was selected for all
.sections.
The results of the work as a whole lead to the conclusion that dried blood
(or ammonium sulphate instead), acid phosphate, and i)Otassium sulphate may
safely be used in the culture of carnations. On the brown silt loam used in
the experiments nitrogenous fertilizers have produced a consistent increase in
production. Nitrogen may be regarded as the limiting element of growth.
There are indications that the addition of acid phosi>hate to a nitrogenous
fertilizer will cause a still further increase in production and an imjirovement
in quality as well. The quality of flowers produced with commercial fertilizers
as measured by various factors is equal to that of those grown with manure.
The time of maximum crop production was indei>endent of the liind of fer-
tilizer used and its time of application. Injury from overfeeding results from
the excessive use of potassium sulphate and dried blood. On the other hand,
large quantities of acid phosphate seem to improve the quantity and quality of
the flowers.
FORESTRY.
Fourth annual report of the state forester to the governor, 1914, F. A.
Elliott (Ann. Rpt. State Forester Orcg., 4 {191J,). pp. 63, figs. 10). — A progress
report on forest administration in Oregon. The introductory chapter briefly
reviews the forest resources of the State. The succeeding chapters deal with
forest taxation, organization of protective work, fire losses, improvement work,
slash disix)sal, federal cooperation under the Weeks Law, compulsory patrol
law. association and state patrols, rec-ommendations for improving protective
work, and financial statements.
Report of the forest branch of the department of lands for the year ending
December 31, 1914 {Brit. Cohimhi-a Rpt. Forest Branch Dept. Lands. 1914, PP-
6.1 pis. 6, figs. 3). — A report on forest administration in British Columbia in
which information is given relative to forest organization, forest revenues,
timber sales and leases, forest reconnoissance, the lumbering Industry, includ-
ing exix)rt and imiwrt statistics, minor forest industries, railway permits, re-
generation and yield studies, land classification, grazing, forest protection, etc.
Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Aus-
tralia for the year 1913-14-, W. Gill (Ann. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Aust.,
1913-14. pp. 11, pis. 7). — A brief progress report on state forest administration
in South Australia, including a financial statement for the year ended June 30,
1914. Data are given showing the area of forest reserves and plantations,
areas inclosed for planting operations, the year's planting and other forest
operations, and revenues and expenditures, including a comparative statement
for the past 37 years.
The utilization of chemical locality factors by forest plants, H. Baukr
(Forstw. CenthL, n. ser.. 36 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. 549-578; 12, pp. 610-S21).— In
this article the author reviews the knowledge relative to the utilization by
plants of residual chemicjil soil nutrients and of supplementary fertilizers, with
748 experime;nt station record.
siKjcial reforence to bis work aud that of Rauiaun, dealing with the variation
in time of nutrient assimilation among forest trees (E. S. R., 26, p. 443; 27, p.
630). Results of recent analytical studies of red alder and elm trees are pre-
sented in tabular form and discussed in connection with previous investigations.
A montane rain-forest. — A contribution to the physiological plant geog-
raphy of Jamaica, F. Shrkvk ((Jarncgu: Inst. WfiKhinfftoti Pub. li)9 {191.'/), pp.
110, pU. 29, flfiH. 18). — In this work the author presents the results of a study
of the general physiological plant geography, as well as investigations on
transpiration and growth in typical rain-forest forms occurring in the Blue
Mountains in Jamaica.
A conspectus of North. American firs (exclusive of Mexico), W. II. I.amb
(Proc. »S'oc. A))icr. Foresters, 9 {19U), No. J,, pp. 52S-.'}38. flfjs. 15). — The pur-
pose of this paper is so to define and illustrate the distinguishing characteristics
of North American firs that the grou]) may be easily distinguished by forest
officers.
A bibliography of reference literature is ai)i>endeii.
Forest planting in Arizona and New Mexico, G. A. Pearson {Proc. Sac.
Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), A^o. 4. PP- -J57-478). — This article embraces the results
at present available from the efforts toward solving the reforestation problem
on the National Forests in the Southwest. The data here presented are based
on general planting operations in the Southwest and intensive experiments at
the Fort Valley Experiment St^ition aud at the Fort Bayard Nursery.
Reforestation of brush fields in northern California, K. H. Boebkeb (For-
estry Quart., IS (1915), No. 1, pp. 15-2.'f). — A descriptive account of reforesta-
tion operations conducted on the Lassen National Forest, northern California,
including information relative to costs of reforestation.
Charcoal as a means of solving .some nursery problems, G. A. Retan
(Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 25-30). — An experiment conducted in
the nursery at the Penn.sylvania State Forest Academy in the use of charcoal
as a dressing for forest seed beils is described. Included in the experiment
was a comparative test of charcoal and commercial fertilizer.
Beds treated with charcoal gave a larger germination percentage than un-
treated beds. A constant observation of the beds seemed to indicate that
where the proportion of charcoal in the bed is large there is less " damping-off."
Thus far no definite results have been secured with reference to the comparative
value of charcoal aud the commercial fertilizer.
Organization of forest fire control forces, C. Du Bois (Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters, 9 (1914), ^^o. 4, PP- 512-521). — A discussion of methods of organizing
and directing fire protective bodies.
Tables for determining profits in forestry, W. D. Stebrett and W. B.
Barrows (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 12-14)- — A table is here given
and discussed which aims to show for quite a wide range of yields and stump-
age prices what will be the net profit and corresponding compound interest
rate on a number of different initial investments. .
A practical system of logging cost accounting, S. B. Detwileb (Forestry
Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 8-11). — A logging cost accounting system is de-
scribed which was used by the author with satisfactoi-y results and is believed
to be adapted to nursery work and other lines of forestry.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the experiment station for plant diseases. 1913, H. C. MiJXLEB et
AL. (Ber. Agr. Chem. Kontroll u. Vers. Stat. Pflanzenkrank, Prov. Sachsen,
1913, pp. 63-73). — This contains brief notes of plant diseases as reported by
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749
correspondents, and of invesiigations at the experiment station for the province
of Saxonj\ referring to diseases of cereal, root, and tulier crops; also of tests
made with funjdcidal applications and apparatus for their employment.
A list of 1913 publications is also given.
Mycological notes, B. G. C. Bolland (Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 (1913), No. 2, pp.
123-1 2t>). — 8ih.h1 wheat soaked in copper sulphate solution of 0.5 to 10 per cent
strength for periods varying from 1 to 30 minutes and germinated showed the
increasingly injurious effects of concentrations greater than 0.5 i)er cent, and
ot exi)osure for longer periods than 10 minutes for the weakest solution and of
5 minutes or even 1 minute for higher concentrations.
A fruit spot on apples originating at Constantinople and examined at
Alexandria was diagnosed as due to Cylindrosporium pomi.
Fungi causing- disease in Surinam, J. Kuijpeb {Rec. Tra/v. Bot. N^erland.,
It {liH.'i), Xo. 1, pp. Jf.'t-i'>3, figs. 9). — Noting briefly Cercospora cojfeicola spot-
ting leaves and aborting grains in Coffea, Lcptosphceria coffeicola in brown
leaf spots on coffea MycosiplKercUa coffcw causing less leaf damage than
ffirmerly in the same plant, and M. eriodendri, described as a new species on
young plants of Eriodendron anfractiiosum. the author also mentions as
saprophytic or more or less parasitic, Spficerotheca pannosa on roses, Pfiyllo-
sticta tlicohrouiw on cacao leaves, P. coffeicola as a secondary fungus in leaf
spots on coffee, Ascocliyta atropa on leaves of Phnseolus mungo, Ccrcospora
personata on leaves of Arachis hypogisa, C. rosicola on roses Imjwrted from
Kuroi)e, and C. riticola on leaves and fruits of grape.
A review of some Philippine plant diseases, C. F. Bakkb {Philippine Agr.
and Forester, 3 (1914), Xo. 7, pp. 157, 16^). — ^The author briefly notes the oc-
currence, distribution, and in some instances the effect produced by fungi
:it tacking a considerable number of cultivated plants in the Philippines.
A new North American Endophyllum, J. C. Arthur and F. D. Fromme
(A&.s. in Science, n. ser., 1,1 (1915), No. 101,8, p. 172).— The authors describe a
species of Endophyllum which is reported as occurring on species of Callirhoe.
Sidalcea, and Althfea in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. This is
believetl to be tlie first North American rust which is assigned to the genus
Endophyllum, as shown by germination tests.
Studies in the genus Entorrhiza, C. Febdinandsen and O. Winge {Danak
Hot. Arl-ir. 2 (191^), Xo. 1. pp. 13, figs. 8). — According to the authors the
genus Entorrhiza has been generally considered a near relative to the Ustilagi-
ueje. although Brefeld (E. S. R., 27, p. 746) has advanced the opinion that it
belongs to the Ascomycetes, the ascus form of which is unknown.
As a result of their studies they have come to tlie conclusion that Entorrhiza
belongs in the neighborhood of the Ustilagineaj and may be consideretl as a
primitive type of this group. All of the species are said to live in the soil and
spread their spores by aid "of the water, while the genuine IJstilaglneae are
adapted to aerial life. Different sjiecies of Entorrhiza have been recognized
which are parasitic on the roots of different species of Juncacese and Cyperaceae.
A bibliography is given.
Effect of temperature on Glomerella, C. W. E^gebton (Ahs. in Science, n.
ser., 1,1 {1915), Xo. 10-',8, p. 17.',). — The author reports on the fii)ecies or strains
of the genus Glomerella which respond differently to different temperatures.
One form, the one found on bean, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Is very sus-
ceptible to high temi)eratures. growth ceasing at about a temperature of 31° C
(87.8° F.). This, It is believed, will explain why this form Is not prevalent
during the hot part of the summer or In warm climates. The different strains
of Glomerella are said to fall into several classes in regard to the temperature
750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
factor. Nearly r»<> (liflercul cultnros hnvo ))oou jjrowu at tem])eratnros ranging
from 14 to 37° C.
Cultures of Uredineae in 1912. 1913. and 1914, J. ('. Artiuk ( Myeolofjia,
7 (1015), No. 2, pp. 61-89; uhx. in Hciencc, n. set:, J,l (191.5), Xo. lOJfS, p. 172).—
In continuance of previous investigations (E. 8. IJ., L'G. p. 645) the author has
reported a large number of trials made, in which about 70 successful infections
were produced, involving about 30 species. About half the successful cultures
confirm previous work with the same species. A large number of the remainder
extended knowledge regarding the species, some showing that what had been
considered valid siiecies may be reduced to synonymy, while a few cultures
demonstrated the full life history of species never before cultured.
Disease in oat seedlings, E. Voces (Deut. Landw. Prcsxc, Jfl (191^), Nok. 6^.
pp. 77.J, 77//. fifju. .?; 65, p. 782). — A study of nematodes in oats, also of a
fungus (Fu-sariu)ii didymum) found in the lower portions of the stem, is said to
show that the former cause comparatively little damage to the crop, but that in
the younger stages the latter may cause considerable injury when its presence
is associated witli bad soil conditions as regards texture, drainage, and balanc-
ing of fertilizers.
A test of Indiana varieties of wheat seed for fungus infection, G. X.
IIoFFER (Proc. Ind. Acad. *S'r/.. 191.i. pp. 97, 98). — ^The author, reporting investi-
gations of 34 varieties of seed wheat, states that 14 wei*e free from fungi. 13
were infected with a Fusarium. 4 showed the presence of a Macrosporium. and
3 contained both these fungi.
Resistance of different varieties of wheat to rust, F. Scurti and A'. Sica
(Ann. R. Stas. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. sei:, 7 (191.',), pp. 33-56).— The
authors, reporting on experiments continued for three years on varieties of
wheat, state that the results thus far tend to confirm the conclusions announced
by Comes (E. S. R.. 30. p. 242) regarding a general relation between decrease of
acidity in tlie cell sap and diminution of x'esistance to disease in plants which
increases under cultivation.
Beet rust, J. Eriksson (Rev. Gen. Dot., 25 his (1914), pp. 247-2-58, figs. 2).—
The author holds that TJromyces hetcr, which causes beet rust (decreasing the
sugar content of the root) may remain latent during the winter in the form of
intracellular mycoplasm. Exclusion of seed originating in districts not known
to be free from this disease is recommended.
Irish potato scab (Oospora scabies) as affected by fertilizers containing
sulphates and chlorids, S. D. Conner (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 131-
137, fiffs. o). — Observations were made regarding the influence of certain fer-
tilizing agents on scab.
It appeared that very little scab lived through the winter in a loamy soil,
while in soils of more open texture, as i>eat or sand, the spores survived. Sul-
I)hur (but not sulphates) apparently has a marked influence in reducing scab,
but chlorids increase the amount of that disease.
Report of pathologist, D. H. Rose (Missouri Fruit Sta. Rpt. 1913-14. pp.
19-32, pis. 2). — A report is given of diseases of fruit trees and other plants,
some of which have been subjected to definite study, while others are merely
reported as having been observed.
Among the apple diseases studied are said to be a pimple canker or measles,
several kinds of fruit six)t, ring rot or blossom-end rot due to SphcFropsis
malorum after frost injury, curly leaf, cankers, bitter rot, etc. The study of
the pimple canker of apples has shown that it is the same as that described in
Arkansas Station Bulletin 112 (E. S. R.. 29. p. 649). While numerous inocula-
tions have been made, using three different organisms obtained in cultures, no
positive results have been secured. Among the fruit sjwts studied are the
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 751
Jonathan spot, a red leutuel spot on sovonil varieties of yellow and {.Teen
apples, and a green sunken spot on the varieties Ben Davis and Shannon.
From the first two sijots a species of AUernaria has been uniformly separated,
while from the third several fungi have been obtained which are to be investi-
gated further. For the control of the bitter rot the author has found four
sprayings with Bordeaux mixture necessary in case of severe infection.
Studies of poach diseases have shown that both the bro^A-n rot and scab
may be controlled by tlie use of self-boiled lime sulphur.
A study of grape diseases has shown the presence of three diseases not pre-
viously reported from the station, a bitter ripe rot due to Melanconium fuli-
tjiiHUin, necrosis or dead arm caused by Cryptosjyorella viticola, and a leaf spot
due to a spec-ies of Pestalozzia.
The report concludes with an account of the cooperative work of the station
with spraying, pruning, fertilization, and cultivation of fruit, principally ap-
[►les, peaches, and strawberries.
Methods for controlling fungus diseases of the apple in New York State,
1). Ri:ddick (Conn. PomoL .s'or. Proc, 22 U91S), pp. .^0-.} 6). —This is a dis-
cussion of apple scab and its control, also brief mention of fruit six)t, and
blotch, bitter rot, rust, canker, collar rot, fire blight. Baldwin spot, and sun
scald.
The cause of bitter pit: Its contributing factors, together with an investi-
gation of susceptibility and immunity in apple varieties, D. McAlpine (Prog.
Rpt. Bitter Pit Invest. [Aiixt.], 2 (1912-13), pp. 22.'t, pis. 62).— In continuation
of a previous report (E. S. R., 31. p. 244). the author discusses the causes of
bitter pit and those factors which contribute to its development. From experi-
mental evidence it Is concluded that temperature and humidity induce bitter
pit. and it was found that if apples are stored at a temperature of from 30 to
32° F. in dry air the development of hitler pit is retarded.
Respiration in apple leaves infected with Gymuosporangium, H. S. Reed
and C. H. Crabill (Ahs. in Science, n. scr., Jft (1H15), No. 1048, p. 180).— The
authors found that diseased leaves nniformly produce more carbon dioxid than
healthy leaves, various factors influencing the proces,s.
Some effects of the brown rot fungus upon the composition of the peach,
L. A. Hawkins (Amer. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 2, pp. 71-81; Ahs. in Science,
n. ser., ^1 (1915), No. lOJfS, p. 179). — ^The results are given of several series
of experiments on the effect of the brown rot fungus on certain carbon com-
pounds in the peach fruit.
In the experiments one-half of the peach was inoculated with a fungus
while the other was kept sterile under the same moisture and temperature
conditions. At the end of two or three weeks the different portions were
analyzed and it was found that in the rotted portion the pentosan conteTit
was practically the same as in the sound half. The acid content was increased ;
the amount of alcohol-insoluble substance which reduces Fehling's solution
when hydrolyzed with dilute hydrochloric acid was decreased; and the total
sugar content was decreased, while the cane sugar practically disappeared.
[A banana disease in Hawaii], E. V. Wilcox (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP-
23, 24). — A brief account is given of a disease of banana that has been under
observation in Hawaii for several years, and which has been confused with
the Panama disease.
An examination of infested leaves, by a pathologist of'the Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Station, showed the presence of a Fusarium. and at the border line
between healthy and diseased material a bacterial organism was found. The
disease has not been reproduced by inoculation, so the cause can not be
definitely assigned. The most obvious symptom of the disease is the death and
752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
decay of the terminal j'oiniK loaves and the production of narrow, yellow,
wrinkled leaves. The bunches of fruit are also much distorted.
Spraying with fungicides has not proved effective for the control of this
disease, but if the diseased plants are cut out and destroyetl by fire as soon as
observed, it is held under control. The disease seems to be confined chiefly to
the Chinese banana.
[Panama disease of banana] (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Hoc, 18 (lOlIf), No. 11,
pp. .'i')0-Ji ').'>). — This is a report, with discussion,' of a special committee on
Panama di.sease discovered in 1U12 and now api)earing in new places on .several
estates in parts of Jamaica. It is s;iid to be si)read by planting suckers from
diseased plants, also probably through dissemination of spores by laborers on
tools, clothing, earth from diseased roots, etc.
The disease is said to be controllable, when found in any given .spot, by the
destruction of all the plants in the Immediate neighborhood, and by drainage of
the flood water therefrom into pits treated with lime. In Jamaica the disease
has seldom reajjpeared after thorough treatment.
[Banana disease], S. F. Ashby {Jour. Janmk-a Agr. Hoc, 18 (1914), No. 11, p.
451). — This is a rei)ort by the government microbiologist on disease(^l l)anana ma-
terial sent for examination from Glengoffe. lioot galls are described as due to a
Heterodera. A bud rot yielded two undetermined bacteria which closely re-
sembled that causing the bud rot of coconut.
The extension of Marsonia rosae in rose culture, Chifflot (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 15!) (1914), No. //. pp. .W6-.3.3S).— Reporting observations on
M, rosw the author states that this fungus, formerly thought to be confined to
the subcuticular portions of the leaves, may, in ca.se of certain rose varieties,
extend itself to deeper cell layers and to any aerial portion of the plant. The
mycelium is thought to be i>erennial and capable of transmission through
grafts.
Removal of all di.seased or fallen leaves and thorough spraying with fungi-
cides is recommended. For this purpose Burgundy or Bordeaux mixture may
be employed at from 0.8 to 1 per cent strength, adding 0.05 per cent of gelatin
previously dissolved in liot water to augment its spreading and adherent
qualities.
Influence of the medium on the development of Lophodermium nervi-
sequum, E. Meb (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 his (1914)^ pp. 511-521). — Having investi-
gated further (E. S. R., 27, p. 854) the factors in the evolution of L. nervi-
sequum on fir, the author states that the conditions of the medium (including
not only weather, etc., but also conditions internal to the host) are very
influential in this connection. The fungus is thought to attack only those
branches whose foliage is not in full vigor.
Improvement of living conditions and emiiloymeut of copper fungicides, it is
thought, may prevent serious damage fi-om this fungus, which is not con-
sidered as necessarily very injurious.
Pyropoljrporus everhartii as a wound parasite, G. N. Hoffer (Proc. Ind.
Acad. Set., 1913, pp. 99-101, figs. 4)- — Reporting observations on P. everhartii,
thought to be of considerable economic importance in Indiana, the author adds
Quercus alba to the list of its hosts as given by Hedgcock (E. S. R., 27, p. 653).
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
The animal enemies of agricultural plants, M. Neveu-Lemaire (In Para-
sitologie des Plantes Agricolcs. Paris: J. Lamarrc <(• Co., 1913. pp. 261-655.
figs. 194)- — 111 this work the author presents a brief discussion by orders of the
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753
more important animal enomios of plants and includes a list of these pests under
the crops attacked, and of their natural enemies.
The pocket gopher. II. K. Yocom (Kaiisd.s Sta. Circ. Jf.i. pp. Jf). — This is a
resumf' of Bulletin 172, jireviously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 254).
Report of the entomologist, D. T. Fullaw.vy {Hawaii Uta. Rpt. 1914, PP-
>i3-50). — On account of the author's detail to work with parasites of the
Mediterranean fruit fly for the territorial goveniment of Hawaii and for the
Philippine government for i)eriods totaling 8 months, but little entomological
investigational work was conducted.
The report consists largely of accounts of insect pests of vegetables, par-
ticularly those affecting cabbage, turnip, radish, lettuce, etc. The three most
Important pests of crm-ifers in Hawaii, the imported cabbage worm, the cabbage
webworm, and the diamond-back moth are considered at some length. The
cabbage i>lant lice (Aphis hrassicw and Myzus pcrsicce) are at times of consider-
able importance, while the serpentine leaf miner, cutworms, and other cater-
pillars of general feeding habits, as well as grasshoppers and thrips. are pests
of minor imiiortance. •
Fifteenth report of the state entomologist of Minnesota, F. L. ^VAS^BURN
(Rpt. Htatc Ent. Minn.. 1.5 (l'.> 1.^-1 -',). pp. XVI J^ 101+100, pU. 16, pga. 26).—
This report consists of papers on T'seful Birds Found in Minnesota (pp. 1-19)
and a Report on Inspection of Minnesota Nurseries and of Imported Nursery
Stock and Ornamentals 1913-14 (pp. 20-51). by F. L. Washburn; Spraying in
Minnesota (pp. 52, 53) and Some Imix)rtant Tree Insects (pp. 54-56). by
A. G. Ruggles; Some New Suggestions in Fly Control (pp. 57-60) and Warble
Flies (pp. 61-<)3). by C. W. Howard; Truck Crop Insects, by W. Moore (pp.
(54-08; Wirewonns. by W. Williamson (pp. 69-72); Preliminary Notes on the
Odouata of Southern Minnesota, by A. D. Whedon (pp. 77-103) ; and a com-
plete index to volumes 1 and 2 of the jwpular publication known as Insect Life.
A .syuoi»sis on the Acridiidie of Minnesota, by M. P. Somes (pp. 7-100),
jH-eviously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 650), is appended.
Entomologist's report, M. P. Somes (Missouri Fruit 8ta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp.
4-19, pis. 2). — This report deals with the occurrence of and work with the
more important enemies of orchard and small fruits for the period from Sep-
tember, 1913. to January, 1915.
The grape tiger moth (Apantcsis urge), apparently unrecorded heretofore
as of economic imi>ortance. was the source of severe loss at several points. The
eggs, which were first observed June 23 on grape twigs and petioles in num-
bers varying from 70 to 280 each, hatched on June 27. The larvie which are
voracious feeders had all pupated by August 26 and adults emerged September
2. Arsenate of lead paste 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of water applied July 2 is said to
have been a satisfactory means of control.
Jahjsiis spiuosus. a small bug belonging to the family Berytldae, which has
never been recorded as of economic importance, is said to have been a serious
enemy of the tomato in all parts of the State and even as far north as Sioux
City. Iowa. The eggs deposited on tomato stems in cages on July 27 hatched
August 1. The nymphs and adults feed upon the juices of the tomato by
puncturing the stem, branchlets, and in .some cases the fruit itself. In southern
Missouri there appear to be three or more broods each year. In addition to
grape it has been observed on oak, hazel brush, sumac, peach, com. alfalfa,
and horse nettle. Though a difficult pest to control by contact insecticides it
was found that by spraying late in the afternooTi and early in the morning
while the bugs were sluggish, good results could be obtained from the use of
either kerosene emulsion or blackleaf 40.
754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tli(' chrysoiiielid beetle Orsoducna utni, another insect nut previously re-
corded .IS a fruit jiest. was found tlirougbout soiitberu Miss<juri in the early
Kpriny enliuij: throuj?h the Ilow; r buds of peach, cherry. a])ple, and pear to feed
upon the stamens.
Twelfth annual report of the state entomologist of Montana, II. A.
CooLKY (Montana Sla. Hal. 102 {WUi). i>i>- J91-208. fit/. /).— The author pre-
sents brief notes on the occurrence of the inoic iinportanl insect i)ests during
1914.
[Desti-uctive insects in 1913J (lid. Ayr. and Fi-Hliciian [London'^, Ann. Rpt.
//o/7. liidnch, I'JI.i-I.'i. ijjj. '>'>-77). — Tlie occurrence of and worlc with the large
larch sawtly ( f.m/annentatitx erlchftonii) , the small ermine moths (Ilypo-
nonientu spp. ), and diseases of bees are discussed at some length.
Entomological notes {Vijitnis Jour. \o. S-l (/.9i.'/). pp. SOoSOl). — ^The notes
here presented relate to injury to the grape by JEolothrip>^ vitis; the steps to
be taken in the destruction of Cccidomyia ceratonice* which, causes stunted
fructification of the carob, pepi)er, and caper; and the damage done by the
cotton bolhvorm,*the loss in some cases amounting to 50 j)er cent of the yield.
A. vitis causes a characteristic scar or spot ui)on the grai>e and also produces
a curling of the tender shoots and a stunted development of the growth of
twigs, stems, and leaves.
Insect pests of some leguminous plants, A. Rutherford (Trop. Apr.
[Ceylon], 43 (1914), No. ^, pp. 319-323). — This article consists of miscellane-
ous notes on the insect enemies of leguminous plants in Ceylon.
Pests and diseases of the coconut palm, W. W. Froggatt (Dept. Agr. X. S.
Wales, >S('i. Bui. 2. 3. cd., rev. and cnl. (1914), pp- 63. fign. 4^). — ^A revised and
enlarged edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 60).
The transmission of swamp fever, .1. W. Scott (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. 180-188). — This is in continuation of the work b.v Swingle, previously notetl
(E. S. R., 30. p. 687). The work of the year was devoted to a study of the
.ogents that might be concerned in the external transmission of the infection.
By elimination it w^as concluded that the agent or agents must be bloodsucking
and that only certain mosquitoes and biting flies have the broad geographical
distribution characteristic of swamp fever. For the pui'pose of testing these
insects a screened cage of 10-mesh wire. 22 ft. long by 20 ft. wide, was con-
structed.
The experiments, which are describetl in detail, have led to the conclusion
that swamp fever can be, and under natural conditions probably is. trans-
mitted by biting insects. In the investigation conducted the infection was trans-
mitted either by the stable fly (Stonioj-ys calcitrans) or by certain mosquitoes,
or both, the author being of the opinion that the stable fly was the agent re-
sponsible.
The control of chicken mites and lice, R. M. Siikrwood ( loica .Sf/o. Circ. 19
(1914). pp. 2). — A brief description is given of these common fowl parasites
and means for their control.
Cyanid of potassium in trees, H. A. Surface (Science, n. -scr., 40 (1914),
No. 1041. pp. 8-'>2, 853). — Replying to an article by Sanford relating to the
subject, pi-eviously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 152). the author calls attention to
observations of the use of cyanid of potassium, chlorate of potash, and sulphate
of iron. Hundreds of trees treated by an agent of a company engaged in the
btisiness upon examination showed no infestation by the San Jose scale, while
on others the scale had not been injuriously affected. A large number of the
trees are said to have been killed by the treatment.
The author concludes that while some chemicals may be taken up in the
trees, and may even destroy some insects, it is evident that they may be in-
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGV— ENTOMOLOGY. 755
jurious to the trees and should he applied with great care and only after con-
siderable experimentation.
How to collect and preserve insects, F. E. Lurz (Atiier. .U//,s\ Xat. Ilixt.
Guide Lc((flct J!) (/.''/'/). pp. 21. pn-H. hi). — This paiier furnishes information for
those interested in the collection and preservation of insects.
Insects injurious to forests and forest products. — Biology of the termites
of the eastern United States, with pi-eveutive and remedial measures, T. E.
Snyukb (U. ii. Dvpt. Ayr., Bur. Ent. Bui. il-i, pt. 2 (hno), pp. V-\-13-85, pin,
15, figs. 11). — This account is based largely upon investigations conducted by
the author during 1910 and 1911 as to the character and extent of damage to
teleiJhoue and telegraph poles and mine props by wood-boring insects as de-
scribed in Part 1 (E. S. R., 25, p. 51), together with additional experiments
conducted during the past three years.
Termites, commonly known as white ants, are among the most destructive
insects of North America to both crude and finishe<l forest products. The
species considered in this pai)er are Leucotenncs flavipcs and L. virginicus,
the former widely distributed over the United States, while the recorded dis-
tribution of the latter is more limited.
The subject is dealt with under the headings of history, biological experiments,
communal organization, the different castes — polyniorj)hism, the life cycle,
cannibalism, situation of the different forms in the nest, the swarm or so-called
nuptial tiight, the establishment of new colonies, the royal pair and other
reproductive fornis, dates of the swarming of I.eucotermes, association with
ants, termitophilous insects, parasites, summary and conclusions based on the
results of the experiments, the damage to forest products, preventives, remedies,
and "innnune" woods, and method of obtaining i)hotographs for the illustra-
tions.
A bibliography is included.
" Thrips " in orchards. — A warning to fruit growers, W. B. Gurney (Agr.
Oil-. X. >S. Wales, 2o {V.)U), No. 8, pp. 685-687).— In 1913 thrips destroyed a
large percentage of the apple crop, and also attacked pear and other blossoms,
causing very heavy loss to many growers. This outbreak is thought to have
been the worst to take place for many years. The early flowering forms are
said to escape very much damage, the late blossoming apples being those chiefly
injured. ThripH tubaci is thought to be the siiecies concerned.
Diaspis pentagona and Prospaltella berlesei in the Province of Venice at
the end of 1913, A. Bkrlese (Redia, 9 {l'J13), No. 2, pp. 235-283, figs. 20).—
This pai)er reviews at some length the progress made up to the end of 1913
in the control of the mulberry or West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis penta-
gona) by P. berlesei. A previous account of the benefits resulting from the
work of this parasite has been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 854).
Aphids on grain and cantaloups, C. AV. Wood worth (California St a. Circ.
125 {1915), pp. It, fig. 1). — A popular account of the oat and cotton aphids
(Aphis avemc and A. gossypii).
Two clover aphids, Edith M. Patch (U. S. Depl. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
3 (1915), No. 5, pp. Jt31-Jf33, figs. 3).— This paper discusses the long-beaked
clover aphid (Aphis brevis) and the short-beaked clover aphid (A. bakeri),
which have been rather generally confused in collections under the latter name.
The range of both species extends nearly all, if not quite, across the continent.
A. brevis leaves the hawthorn, the leaves of which it causes to curl, during
June and early July and returns late in the season before producing the sexual
generation. Fall migrants were taken on cultivated plum (Prunus spp.) by the
author, but no spring collections have as yet been made from that host. Ap-
936S1°— No. 8—15 5
756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
parontly the same siiecie.s was collected in June and July fnjui the twigs and
terminal loaf curls of the Japan quince iCydonia japonica). In transfer tests
during 1!)12 .1. hrcvin was found to accept both alsilie and other clover (Tri-
foUuiii spp.). Migrants placed on alsike and white clover produced nymphs that
fed with apparent satisfaction on the test plants. Sweet pea iLathyruH odora-
tiis) vines were found to be infested by this species in August.
A. baJcerl was talien from Trifolium pratense at Orono, Me., about the middle
of August. It is found upon shepherd' s-purse (Capsella hurm-pastnrifi) in the
fall and early spring, but whether there is a migration between shepherd's-purse
and clover has not been determined. Specimens from hawthorn in Oregon were
examined, and it is reported to occur on apple (Malun .spp.) in Colorado. The
author made a single collection of a fall migrant on hawthorn at Orono on Octo-
ber 1. 1014.
Our common butterflies, F. E. I.utz (Aiiia: Mus. Xnt. HM. (Juide Lenflct AS
{IHt'f), pp. 25, jigs. JfO). — A popular account.
Some notes on the life history and habits of Lauron vinosa, T. H. Jones
(Insccutor liiscitiw Menstruus, 2 (1914), No. 7, pp. lOS-llJ).— The larva of
this lepidopteran is said to cause the death of Heliotropium indicum, which
occurs as a weed in and about the sugar-cane fields at Rio Piedras, P. R.
The Hessian fly, F. M. Webster {U. S. Dept. Afft:, Fanners' Bui. 640 {1915),
pp. 20. figs. 17). — This is a revision of Circular 70 of the Bureau of Entomology,
previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. KW).
Life history of the Mediterranean fi-uit fly from the standpoint of parasite
introduction, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton (t7. -S'. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 3 {1915), No. 5, pp. 363-374, />'«• 2).— The authors first describe meth-
ods for rearing fruit flies which developed during the course of their work.
During warm weather nearly all puparia ai*e formed in from one to two hours.
The minimum length of the pupal stage is 6 days when the mean temperature
ranges from about 76 to 79° F., but even during the warmest weather in Hono-
lulu the larger proportion of any lot of pup;e required from 9 to 11 days before
yielding adults. The period may be increased to at least 19 days when the daily
mean drops to about 69 to 71°. The authors have found that the fly can pass
from egg to adult if kept in the dark in cold storage at 56 to 57°. and that at
this temperature practically all pupte yield adults from 37 to 41 days after
pupation. " Pupse placed in cold storage in the light at a temjierature varying
between 58 and 62° were apparently unaffected by the cold, except that the
length of the stage was increased to from 29 to 31 days for pupje which were
about three hours old when placed in cold storage. In carrying pupae from place
to place for rearing purposes a temperature of less than 56 to 60° is not advised,
as great mortality occurs. Thus, from about 300 pupse 1 day old placed in cold
storage at about 50° on June 2 and removed to a normal summer temperature at
Honolulu on July 22, only S adults emerged dui'ing the i>eriod from July 24
to 26."
Well-fed ^Mediterranean fruit flies were kept alive in jars when fed on
sweetened fruit juices for more than 5 months, although 50 per cent usually dip
within two mouths after emergence. Oviix)sition was found to take place in
Hawaii as early as five days after emergence during very warm weather, but not
for about 10 days when the temperature ranged between 68 and 72°. Records
kept of females showed that during the first 18 weeks of the life of one female
more than 499 eggs were deposited, at the end of which time she was in a thrifty
condition. Two other females during the same period deix)sited 416 and 336
eggs, respectively, while a fourth female living but 80 days deposited 312 eggs.
The authors point out differences in habits between the adult Meiliterrauean fruit
fly and the adult melon fly {Bactrocera cucurhita), the latter being far more
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY' ENTOMOLOGY. 757
hardy and int^re iiTeguIar in habits of ()viiK)silion. Jh'fails ivlatinj; to the obser-
vations re])()rted are jtrosented in tabular form.
Keconnoissance of fruit fly parasites, W. M. Giffard {Ilawuii. Forester
and Ayr., 11 (I'Jl.'i). \o. 11. p/>. .Il'f-,i37). — Investij?ations made in tlie I\ona
district on the island of Hawaii during October by the author and E. A. Bacli,
of the Bureau of Entomoioj:y of this Department, show that tlie braoonid ]iai"a-
sites Oi)iiis huniUi.1 introduced from Soutli Africa and DidcJiasind fri/diti from
Australia by Silvestri have be<:'ome established and are increasinj? in nmubei's.
It was found that the infestation of coffee berries by the fruit fly in this dis-
trict durinj; the year was at least 'A> per cent less than in 1913.
Sheep maggot flies, W. W. Frocgatt {Aijr. Gaz. y. H. Wales, 25 (191Jf), No.
!), pp. 1/56-758. pi. 1). — This is a description of the more common sheep maggot
flies, accompanied by a colored plate, with the eight si>ecies described.
The parasite of the sheep maggot fly (Nasonia brevicomis). W. W. Frog-
GATT (A (jr. Qaz. y. -S. Wales, 25 (191.',), Xo. 9, pp. 759-1 6 J,). —Thin chalcidid.
originally described from Illinois in 1009 (Vl S. K., 23. p. IGl). where it was
reared from pupne of dift'erent species of Dijitera and since recorded from Chile,
is reported by the author to have been discovered in Now South Wales and
Queensland, and to be a common parasite of the imparia of the blow flies, there
known as ''sheei)-maggot flies."
In breetliug exi)eriments in which all kinds of blow flies and maggots were
used it was found that the parasite showed a preference for the smooth, thin-
skinned pupifi of CaUiphora rillosa, C. oceaniw, and C. erythroccphala, and
infested the stoutly-spined pupse of C. rufifacies only when the others were
unobtainable. The very noticeable decrease within a few years of the common
yellow blow flies and Ophi/ra nigra in the Northwest during the summer months
leads the author to think that these parasites first attacked the pupte of those
blow flies with smooth pupse and have only recently turned their attention to
the harder spiny pupte of the " hairy maggot " of C. rufifacies.
Ten generations of this parasite are said to have been produced in the course
of six months from a few hundred of parasitized pupie originally collected at
Brewarrina. The eggs hatch in about three days' time, seven days are required
for the development of the larvie, and about five days are passed in the pupal
stage.
The eradication of the sheep tick, !>. D. Swingle (Wyonihig Slta. Bui. 105
(1915), pp. 27-.'i7). — This is a report of experiments with a number of dips for
controlling the sheep tick, a life-history study of which has been previously noted
(E. S. R.. 29, p. 756). It appears that one dipping can not invariably be de-
pended upon to eradicate the tick, while two dippings, with an interval of 24
days during warm weather and 26 days in the spring or fall, either with coal-
tar products or with Cooper's Powder will absolutely destroy them. Early fall
appears to be the best time for the dipping.
List of Tachinidce from the Province of Quebec, J. D. Tothill (Ottawa
Nat.. 28 (1914), No. 9. pp. ll.i-1 16). —Forty -nine species of this family of dip-
terous parasites are listed as occurring in the Province of Quebec.
[The hen flea (Sarcopsylla gallinacea)], E. V. Wilcox (Hawaii Sta. Rpt.
1914, P- ^4)- — This pest made its appearance in Honolulu during the year and
is said to be spreading rapidly. In a test of several insecticides it was found
that a single application of kerosene killed about 75 per cent of the fleas. All
of the fleas were killed by an application of carbolated vaselin (2 per cent
carbolic acid) and by a 3 per cent solution of carbolic acid in glycerin and
water. Zenoleum in a 3 per cent solution was about as effective as kerosene.
The trouble is said to be so serious that ix>ultry raisers should thoroughly spray
758 EXPERIMENT STATION KEUOKD.
infested yards, and since rats may also carry tliese Heas an atteuipi sliould be
made to eradicate them.
List of generic names and their type species in the coleopterous super-
family Scolytoidea, A. I). Hopkins (I'roc. U. »S'. Sat. Mas., Jf8 (I'JlJf), pp. 115-
l.M)). — 'I'liis is tli(! second contrihiiUnn toward a nionojjraph of the scolytoid
beetles.
An alphabetical list is given of the generic names, including the author, the
original reference, the type species, the author of the species, and if not mono-
basic the authority for the designation and tli<; locality or counti-y from which
the type is described. No attempt is made to indicate the synonyms and no
distinction is made between generic and subgeneric names, but the generic and
subgeneric names in tlie superfamily that have been published to December 2,
1912, liave been included. An ali>habetical list is given of tlie names of tyi)e
species, including the nanu's of tlie authors, the names of the genera of which
the species were originally described, and the names of the genera of which
they are the type.
Classification of the Cryphalinae with descriptions of new genera and
species, A. D. Hopkins (C/. S. Dept. Agr. Itpt. l)i) (1915), pp. 15, pU. k, fi9- l)-~
This is the fourtli contribution toward a monograph of the scolytoid beetles, of
which the first and third have been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 557; 32, p.
658) and the second is noted above. The subfamily Cryphalinje of the family
Ipidse includes a group of ambrosia beetles, also known as pin-hole borers
and timber beetles, which are exceedingly detrimental to crude forest products,
wine and beer casks, and other similar products; a sjjecies destructive to the
tea plant in Ceylon; and many seed-infesting insects, especially those of the
date palm. Numerous new .species are described and genera erected.
Xyleborus compactus, a borer of tea and coffee, A. Ruthebfobd {Trop. Agr.
[Ceylon], 42 (1914), No. 2, pp. 131, 132).— This is a report of studies of a borer,
widely distributed in Ceylon, which resembles the shot-hole borer of tea (X.
fornlcatun), but woi'ks in a different way. It is reported to attack both coffee
and tea plants, as high as On per cent of the plants in a tea nursery at Watte-
gama having been injure<l.
Plants other than tea from which Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer
of tea) has been taken, A. Ruthkrford (Tt'op. Ayr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914)' No. ^,
pp. 307-309). — An aiuiotatetl list of plants other than tea that are known to
have been attacked by this beetle.
The Hymenoptera of the Georgetown Museum, III, IV, and V, P. Camebon
i Thill eh ri, Brit, (lukina, 3. ser., 2 (1912), Nos. 1, pp. 201-231; 2, pp. 413-440;
3 (1913), Nt). 1. pp. 105-137).— Vint 3 of this paper ( E. S. R.. 20. p. 353) deals
with the marabuntas or wasps, 2S new species of social and 42 of solitary wasps
being described for the first time. Part 4 deals with the fossorial Hymenoptera
and part 5 presents descriptions of species belonging to the families Chalcididse,
Perilampidte, EurytomidiB, Encyrtidse, Proctotrypidtie, etc.
The mason bees, J. H. Fabre (Xeic York: Dodd, Mead d- Co., 1914^ pp-
yni-{-315). — This is a translation of the essays on Chalicodoina spp. from the
author's Souvenirs entoinologiques.
Apiary work, J. B. Thompson (Gu<int Sta. Rpt. 1914. PP- 16- 17). — This is
a brief statement of the progi'ess of apiculture in Guam. It is stated that since
the inauguration of the apiary work at the station not less than 12 parties have
obtained for their own use improved movable frame hives and are now handling
bees on a more or less extensive scale under greatly improved conditions, while
the governor of the Island has added a course on practical bee keeping to the
work of common schools.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 759
Becent experience and progress in bee keeping in Germany, F. Gerstuni;
(Tntcnuit. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant DiscaHix, 5 (1914),
No. 6. pp. 716-721). — This is a more detaileil rei'ort than that previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 750).
The moi-phology, biology, and economic importance of Nosema bombi n.
sp., parasitic in various bumblebees (Bombus spp.), H. B. Fantham and
Annie Pokter (Ann. Trop. lied, and I'm:. S {19 1/,), X<>. S, pp. 623-638, pi. 1).—
''N. homhi n. sp. is piirasitlc in the aliinentary canal and Mal]tiRhian tubules of
various species of humble (or bumble) bees, BonihiiH a</ronini. B. hortorum,
B. laticillclns. B. laitidnrius, B. f<ylvarum, and B. terrestris being affected. It
may also pass naturally to the hive bee. Aphis melliflca and to .1. florca. It is
pathogenic to all the above hosts. The morphology of A^ homhi resembles that
of JV. apis in its general outlines. . . .
" The mode of infection is contaminative by means of infected food and drink.
Larvfe can become infected from the foo<l soiled by the parental excrement in
which they hatch out. N. homhi can pass from one species of hurablebee to
another without change of mori)hology or virulence. When it reaches hive
bees its facies is preserved, but its pathogenic action is accelerated. . . . The
dearth of hum])leb(>es due to the action of Y. homhi has resulted in less red
clover seed in certain districts. The possibility of the contraction of micro-
sporidiosis of bumblebees by hive bees is also not without significanee.
"Preventive measures from the economic standpoint take two main fonus:
(a) Destruction by burning of all dead bumblebees found and of the nests of
moribund bees when they are detected, (b) Prevention of the thoughtless
destruction of healthy nests, more especially by children. The destruction of
the diseased and i)reservation of the healthy bumblebees are both in the in-
terests of agriculturists."
Some observations on the life history and bionomics of the knapweed
gall fly (Urophora solstitialis), J. T. Wadsworth {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {191Jf),
No. 2, pp. Iff2-169, pis. 2, fig. 1). — A discussion of the life histoiy and bionomics
of the trypetid gall fly U. solstitialis in connection with the literature relating
to it.
The anatomy and life history of Agchylostoma duodenale, II, A. Looss
{Rcc. Eijiipt Govt. School Med. Cairo, 1911, pp. 163-613, pis. 9; rev. in Jour.
Econ. Biol., 7 {1912), No. 1, p. 27; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps. 19 {1912), No. 1,
pp. .^2-^5. figs. 22). — Following a brief introduction the author gives a general
account of the comparative anatomy, classification, and development of nema-
todes, with special consideration of those points which have led earlier authors
into erroi'. This is followed by a detailed account of the development, in which
the egg, its shell, contents, and stage at which the eggs are laid, are dealt with,
also the eggs of other nematodes, which have been, or might be mistaken for
the eggs of the species treated of. The consideration of fertilized and unfer-
tilized eggs, the embryonic development, the hatching of the embryos, etc.,
form a second section, and separate sections are devoted to the consideration
of the conditions necessary for the development of the eggs and larvee; the
biology of the mature larvpe; modes of infection; the migration of the larvae;
the symptoms produced by the migration of the larvae in man; and the com-
parative frequency and practical significance of the two modes of infection, i. e.,
oral and dermnl.
An extensive bibliography, index to authors quoted, and a list of the genera
and species referred to are included.
760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Second Congress of Alimentation, Liege, October 1—4, 1911 (2. Cong.
Alitnoit. Lir(/c, I'.ltJ, pt. 1, pp. .]'.>.]). — In (his roiiDi't of tlu' scHi-ond food congress,
lield at Lic'ge. October 1-A, 1011, are included a nunil)er of pai)ers presented
to the congress which relate to various subjects under food and nutrition, such
as milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fatty foods, cereal foods,
beverages, condiments, physiology, etc. The following may be mentioned:
f'hanges Undergone by Canned Meats, by G. Mayer; Quantitative Analysis of
Cereals as an Index of their Bread-making Value, by R. Ledent ; Pastry and
Hygiene, by J. B. E. Haeffele; Composition and Uses of Artificial Honey,
by (J. Konnberg; The Influence of Several Different Foods upon the Digestion
of Each, and upon the Extent of their Utilization, by E. Zunz; Effect of
Cooking on the Digestion of Foods, by E. Zunz; and Drie<l Milk as Food for
Infants, by I*eers de Nieuwburg.
Bibliography of Belgian publications on nutrition and hygiene, A. J. J.
N'ANDiTVELUE and II. W. J. VAN Bekesteyn (Ycrslag. en Mcdcd. K. Vlaam. Acad.
Taal en LetterJc, 1913, pp. 691-1 .'iG) . — A number of references are given which
are listed both l)y authors and stibjects.
Physiological bibliography ( Bibliographia Phy.'iiol., 3. ftcr., 9 (1913), Xo. 2,
pp. 233-399). — A number of references to English, French. German, and Italian
work on general jihysiological problems, including respiration, digestion, and
nutrition, are given.
The nutritive value of ossein and its use in the diet, E. Mauris (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914). No. 8, pp. 450-.'t')2) .—The author suggests
the use of dried ossein, in powdered form, of which he has used daily as much
as 75 gm. added to bouillon. It is stated that the ossein is readily as.similated.
Meat poisoning and the isolation and nomenclature of meat poisoning
bacteria, W. Pfeileb and F. Engelhaiu)t (Mitt. Kaiser Willielnis Inst. Landw.
liromherp, 6 {l91Jf), No. Jf, pp. 2Jffi-260). — In an investigation of several cases
of meat poisoning, attributed to bacteria of the paratyphoid and Gaertner
types, a bacteriological study was made of these organisms.
The food value and toxicity of fungi, U. Selan (Rivista [ConegUa7io], 5.
aer., 20 (1914), Nos. 21, pp. 496-500; 22, pp. 515-518).— F 006. values and proxi-
mate analyses are given. Practical methods for distinguishing between edible
and poisonous varieties and remedial measures for fungi ix)isoning are dis-
cussed.
Some Colorado mushrooms. P.. O. Ix)Ngyear (Colorado 8ta. Bui. 201 (1914),
pp. 34. pi- 1, figs. 21). — Botanical and general descriptions are given of both
edible and poisonous species of fungi. Popular misconceptions regarding mush-
rooms and toadstools are discussed and the author recommends the recogni-
tion of these plants by their botanical characters rather than by some general
or uncertain rule. Directions are given for cooking and preparing mushrooms
for the table.
Barley (Food and Drugs, n. ser.. 2 (1914), -Vo. //. pp. 196-201. figs. 2).—
General data are given regarding the cultivation, chemical composition, nutri-
tive value, and uses of barley.
Milling and baking studies, A. Atkinson and B. W. Whitlock (Montana
Sta. Bui. 101 (1914). PP- 116-193. figs. 23).— In the first annual report of the
State Grain Laboratory of Montana the equipment is described briefly and the
results are reported of chemical analyses and milling and baking tests carried
out with 14 varieties of wheat, including durum and both hard and soft winter
and spring wheats. The factors determined in the baking tests were the
FOODS — HUMAN NUTBITlON. 761
l>erceutage of absorption and the weight, volume, color, and texture of the
loaf. It was found that the highest protein and gluten content do not neces-
sarily give the best loaf. Red Russian and Minnesota 188 gave the best
general results.
Baking tests of patent, straight, and clear flours from spring and winter
wheats showed the highest grade in voluino. color, and texture of the loaf
from spring patent flour.
The use of sugar in bread making, A. Herzfeld (Deut. Ziicka-indns., 89
{IDlJt). No. .'{8, pp. 960, 961). — Bread prepared with the addition of molasses
and other sirups, according to the author, proved very satisfactory. The taste
was good and the crumb retained its moist condition. The use of sugar in this
form is recommondetl as a means of increasing its consumption.
Uses of cassava, H. Caracciolo (Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, l.i
(191Ji), No. S3, pp. 278, 279). — Notes are given on the utilization of cassava in
the home.
The manufacture of cassava farine, L. A. Bbunton [Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Trini-
dad and Tobago, 13 (Wl-i), No. 83, pp. 277, 278).— The technique employeil in
cleaning, grading, draining, sifting, and drying the product is described.
The composition of Hawaiian fruits and nuts, Axice R. Thompson (Hodcaii
Sta. Rpt. 191//, pp. 62-73). — To secure information regarding their chemical
composition, analyses were made of normal and fully ripe samples of a large
number of fruits and nuts commonly occurring in Hawaii. Among the tropical
fruits included were the mango, avocado, banana, breadfruit, Jack fruit,
papaya, and guava.
A bunch of Chinese bananas was i)icked while the fruit was very green and
allowed to ripen in the laboratory. Analyses of the fruit were made when
very green, when slightly yellow, and when entirely ripe. Papayas were
analyzed on the day they were picked from the tree and samples of the fruit
were examined in several stages of ripeness, ranging from fmiit which was
immature and undersized to that fully ripe.
During the rii>ening process of the banana it was found that the total solids
decrease<l slightly. " The insoluble .solids are almost as high as the total solids
in the green banana, but decrease very rapidly on ripening, and in the ripe
fruit amount to less than 3 per cent. The ash is high throughout and does not
change appreciably. The acid content is but a few tenths of 1 per cent and
appears to reach its maximum when the fruit is half ripe, after which it.
decrease.s. The protein is fairly high and remains constant." During the
ripening of the banana the starch was found to be transformed into sugar.
" When green, the starch is exceedingly high, amounting to about 20 per
cent, while the sucrose and reducing sugars amount to a few tenths of a per
cent. At the half-ripe stage the sugars have increased several per cent and in
about the same proportion that the starch has decreased. In the fully ripened
stage the sugars have increased greatly and the starch has almost disappeared.
The hydrolyzable carbohydrates, other than starch or sucrose, are small in
amounts."
In the case of the papaya the total solids were found to be low throughout
the riijening process and incx'eased as the fruit ripened. " The insoluble solids
are about 3 per cent in the green fruit and decrease to about 1 per cent in the
ripe fruit. The ash, acid, and protein occur in small quantities and are quite
constant. The fruit contains not more than a trace of sucrose. The reducing
sugars in the green fruit, however, amount to over 2 per cent, but increase
rapidly as the fruit increases in size and approaches ripeness. The hydro-
Ivzable carbohydrates are almost nil, and fat. fiber, and undetermined matter
762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
occur only in small amounts. It is logical to conclude, therefore, that, as
the fruit when green has no store of carbohydrates ujion which to <lraw, it must
obtain its sugars by translocation from the trunk of the trees.
Evaporated apples, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Ret. Dept. Caivada Bui. 293
(1914), pp. 25). — An examination of 184 .samples of evaporated apples, pur-
chased in Canada, for moisture, quality, soundness, and cleanliness is rei)orted.
Of these, 147 samples were regarded .siitisfactory us containing not more than
27 per cent of water and being fairly sound and clean. Full analytical data
are given, together wilh definitions and recommendations for standards.
Iron in tomatoes, C. A. Brautlecht and G. Crawford {Jour. Indus. an4
Engin. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 12. pp. 1001, 1002).— The authors report analyses
of tomatoes for water, ash, and iron. The iron content of the tomatoes, calcu-
lated from the iron in the asli, averaged 0.02.3 per cent.
The influence of glucose on the cooking temperatures of candy sirups. Amy
Daniels and Martha A. Troxell (Jour. Home Eton., 6 (1914), No. 5, pp.
Jf57-.i60). — lOxperimental data reported led to the conclusion that the tempera-
tures usually given for c.indy cookery must be revi.sed, as they are generally
intended for candies in which cane sugar is the principal constituent. When
glucose is used in significant quantity lower temperatures give the desired
results. A table is given .showing temperatures for typical candies in which
glucose is used.
The influence of glucose on the cooking temperatures of candy sirups. Amy
Daniels (Jour. Howe Econ., 6 (1914). ^'o- ■'>■ PP- 4S2-4H4. p(j. i).— Methods of
determining the temperature of cane sugar alone and cane sugar with glucose
are given. See also the above.
Strained honey, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Can-ada Bui. 289 (1914),
pp. 27). — Definitions of honey are given and the results reix)rted of the analysis
of 104 samples purchased chiefly as strained honey. One hundred fifty-nine of
these samjiles met the requirements of existing standards.
Olive oil and salad oil, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 294
(1914)- PP- I-')). — This bulletin is a report of the analysis of 114 samples of
edible oil sold as salad oil or olive oil, of which S.5 were found to be genuine
olive oil and 29 to con.sist entirely or in part of cottonseed oil.
The rancidity of olive oil and the oxidation of oleic acid in the presence
of solar light, F. Canzoneri and G. Bianchini (Ann. CJiim. Appl. [Rome], 1
(1914), No. 1-2, pp. 24-32). — This paper presents analytical data bearing on the
chemical constitution of fatty acids.
Coffee and coffee substitutes, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada
Bui. 290 (1914), pp. 37). — The results are given of the inspection and analysis
of 3.39 .samples purchased as cofTee or colTee substitutes. Of these, 199 samjiles
were found to be genuine. The remainder consisted entirely or in part of
chicory and roasted cereals.
Egg albumin in baking powder, H. L. Jackson (Jour. Indus, and Euffin.
Chem., 6 (1914), No. 12, pp. 998-1001). — ^This paper summarizes the results of
three series of comparative baking tests in which baking powders with and
without egg albumin were used. This work, in the opinion of the author,
does not show any usefulness of egg albumin in baking powder when bakings
are carried out under normal conditions, " and esi)ecially in the very small
quantity usually present, i. e., from 0.1 to 0.2 of 1 per cent. When the tempera-
ture of the oven Is too low for baking biscuits properly, egg albumin seems to
aid in producing a better biscuit. When the dough is allowed to stand several
hours before baking a much better biscuit is produced by the powder to which
egg albumin has been added."
FOODS HUMAX N I TRITIOX. 763
[Food and drug analysis], edited aiul t'oiiii>ile<l by R. E. Stallings (Mo.
Bui. Ga. Dc/it. Agr., I [19H'[, No. 7. pp. 28). — Tliis report contains the resnlts
of the analysis of a larfre number of niiscellaneons food samples and drugs.
[Preliminary report of daily and food commissioner], J. FousT (Pcnri.
Dcpt. Agr., Mo. Bill. Dairj/ ami Food Dir., 12 [lOU), Xo. 5-6, pp. 133).— The
work carried on under the state food and drug laws during the year ended
December 31. 1913, is briefly reviewed and some general data regarding food
inspection and analysis are given.
[Food inspection and analysis], J. ForsT i:t at.. {Pcnn. Dcpt. Agr. Bill. 2-'/7
(IfU.'/). pp. 82). — This bulletin contains hints regarding the care of eggs on the
farm, reports of licenses issued for the sale of oleomargarine, the results of an
examination of a large number of miscellaneous food products, and a statement
of the prosecutions brought under the state food and drug law.
[Food and drug- inspection and analysis], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson
(Xorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 {191 h). No. 15, pp. 2^9-264).— The bulk of this
bulletin consists of a further report, by T. Sanderson, on the study of the varia-
tion of the weight of a 50-lb. sack of flour during storage (E. S. R.. .SO, p. 667),
from which the following conclusions ai'e drawn :
"The flour with about 11 per cent moistui'e will vary less in weight than if
the moisture be more or less. . . .
"The normal moisture content of flour in this climate seems to be about 11
per cent. . . . The normal moisture content of wheat in this climate seems to
be about 13 per cent. . . .
" Flour made from wheat with normal moisture 13 per cent with not to ex-
ceed 2 per cent added moisture in tempering will produce a flour with moisture
content of about 11 per cent that will not vary in storage more than 2 per cent,
and the variation is as liable to be above as below the original weight, owing to
.itmospheric conditions. . . .
" Ordinarily wheat with moisture content of between 14 and 15 per cent
moisture is in prime condition to mill."
General and analytical data are also given regarding a number of food
products and drugs.
Housewives retail market prices, edited by P. Q. For (Rouscirives Retail
Market Prices; 1 (WIJ/), Nos. 1-JfO, pp. [S] each; .',1, pp. [/O]).— This summary
of data regarding retail market prices is published under the direction of Mrs.
J. Heath, n;ttional president of the Housewives League.
The commercial food container, Mary Di'dderidge (noiiscirirc.<i League Mag.,
J/ il91.'i). No. 4- PP- 11-lh fiv-^- S). — Data are given in this article regarding the
loss of weight b.v absorption from foods in paper, wood, or wood pulp containers.
The weight of the material absorbed by the dish varied from about 6 gm. to
as high as approximately 52 gm. The greatest absorption was noted in the
wood pulp container and the smallest in the wood container.
Nickel cooking' utensils, I\I. YuK (Zischr. Untcrsnch. Nahr. u. Genusftmth,
28 {191/,), No. 2. pp. 103. lO-i; ahs. in Chem. Zcnthl., 1914. II, No. 13, p. 844).—
The solubility of different kinds of nickel was tested by exposing 16.800 sQ. mm.
of surface to the action of 700 cc. of 5 per cent acetic acid for 2* hours. The
amount of dissolved nickel varied from 16 to 65 mg. Rolled nickel was less
soluble than the cast, electrolytic, or drawn nickel.
Chinese-Japanese cook book, Sara Bosse and Onoto Watanna {Chicago:
Rami, MrXaJljf d- Co., VJl). pp. 120). — Recipes are given for the preparation of a
number of Chinese and Japane.se dishes.
The vitamins and subjective factors in eating, W. Sternberg {Arch. Fer-
dauimgaknni],-.. 20 {1914), -^^"- 2, pp. 200-209; ahs. in Jour. Amei: Med. Assoc,
62 {1914). No. 21, p. 1696). — The author emphasizes the importance to the diet
764 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
of the flavors of foods and believes that much of what is being called vitamius
is included, in flavor. In his opinion the senses of smell and. taste are more
sensitive to chemical changes than are chemical tests. Warmed-over dishes
are less appetizing than fresh dishes because they have undergone some
chemical change. Loss of appetite, nausea, and some dietary deficiency disease
may result from the lack of relish of food, and the author emphasizes the
importance of the pre])aration of food which will appeal to the senses of sight,
smell, and taste.
Flavors and vitamins (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 63 {191^t), No. 26, p. 2296). —
The investigations of a number of authors are here summarized, all of which
emi)hasize the importance in the diet of flavors, spices, and the preparation of
food in such a way that it will appeal to the esthetic sense.
The influence of a diet poor in calcium upon the composition of growing
bones, S. Weiser (Biochcni. Ztsrhr.. GO (1DJ4). Xo. 1-3. pp. 95-11.',, flrjs. 3).—
Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., .32, p. 4G5).
Contribution to the metabolism of lecithin and cholesterin with reference
to the presence in the urine of trimethylamin, A. Patt.\ (Arch. Farmacol.
Spcr. e Sci. Aff., 18 (191 J,), Nos. 7, pp. 2S-',-288; 8, pp. 289-298) .—From a series
of experiments with various laboratoi'y animals (dogs and. rabbits), the results
of which are presented here in detail, the author draws the general conclusion
that the presence of trimethylamin in the urine is not, as generally believed, an
indication of the metabolism of lecithin, either that obtained from the food or
from the decomposition of body fat.
Metabolism of creatin and creatinin under normal conditions and as the
result of suppressing the hepatic circulation, V. Scaffidi (Arc}i. Hal. Biol.,
61 (191It), No. 2, pp. 153-168). — The experimental ingestion of creatin and
creatinin by laboratory animals (dog and duck) gave evidence that the liver
is not a necessary organ for the metabolism of creatin and creatinin.
The presence of creatinin in the muscles and the behavior of creatin during
fatigue, V. Scaffidi (Arch. Ital. Biol., 61 (191J,), No. 2, pp. 168-116).— E.x\^QVl-
ments with laboratoi'y animals (frogs and dogs) are reported from which the
author draws the following conclusions:
In the muscle of the animals studied, and probably in muscular tissue in gen-
eral, pre-formed creatinin does not exist. Creatinin is not found in the muscles
of the frog as a result of fatigue. It is probable that creatinin is destroyed as
fast as formed in muscular tissue. As the result of muscular fatigue creatin
undergoes no marked modifications. It is difficult to determine to what extent
creatin is consumed and rebuilt from the protein decomposition products in the
individual muscle.
Gastro-intestinal studies. — IV, Direct evidence of the secretion of a gas-
tric juice of constant acid concentration by the human subject, M. E. Reh-
Fuss and P. B. Hawk (Jonr. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 (191.'f). No. 2/f, pp. 20S8-
2092, figs. 7). — The results of experiments with both normal and pathological
individuals indicated the secretion by the human stomach of a gastric juice
which has a constant acidity.
The elimination of water under different conditions of normal respiration,
A. Azzi (Arch. Ital. Biol., 61 (191J,), No. 2. pp. 203-216. figs. 6).— By means of
experiments with a respiration apparatus the relation existing between the
elimination of water in expired air and feetling and bathing was studied. In
part the following conclusions were drawn:
The kind of food has no influence upon the quantity of water in expired air.
The ingestion of food, however, has a variable effect. The quantity of water
eliminated in expired air increases or decreases according as a sensation of
heat or cold is experienced after ingestion of food. The water content of the
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 765
expired air wus iucreasetl by a warm bath and decreased by a cold bath. These
experlnjents tend to show that the quantity of water in expired air is regulated
by the vaso-motor nerve system.
Energy metabolism under conditions of muscular activity. — I, Walking
experiments on a horizontal plane, E. Bkkzina and 11. Reiciiel (Biochem.
Zt.schr., 63 (19l4), No. 2-^i, pp. 170-lS.i, flys. .7).— Results are reported of ex-
periments in which was studied the effect upon the total enerjry metabolism of
varying the load carried and the rate of walliinp on a horizontal plane. A
mathematical discussion of the results is also given and mathematical exi)res-
sious formulated which express the relationship between the rate of walking
and the weight of the load upon metabolism.
Energ-y metabolism during marching. — II, Walking experiment with an
inclined plane, E. Brezina and W. Kolmeb {Biochem. Zischr., 65 {1914), ^o.
1-2, pp. jn-.l'f. fig. 1). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 2C. p. 872), the
authors report the results of a large number of treadmill experiments in which
the respiratory observations were made by means of a modified respiration
apiniratus. By varying the angle of inclination and the actual amount of work
done, an attempt was made to determine the relationship between total work, in
terms of calories, and the respiratory quotient. A gradual increase in the
respiratory quotient was found to coincide with the increase in calories.
Energy metabolism in marching. — III, The laws of walking up an inclined
plane, PI Buezina and H. Reichel {Biochem. Ztschr., 65 {1914), No. 1-2. pp.
S5-70, figs. 8). — From the experimental data pi'esented in the above article, a
mathematical expression is derive<l for determining the total work done per
meter of distance covered and jier kilogram of body weight.
Studies of the blood after muscular work, O. Cohnheim {Zenthl. Physiol.,
28 {1914), No. 12, p. 7.^7). — After hill climbing and cycling the hemoglobin con-
tent of the blood decreased while the serum concentration increased. Perspira-
tion alone without muscular work led to a higher hemoglobin and serum con-
centration.
On the action of temperature and humidity on the organism, F. S. Lee
and E. L. Scott {Proc. Soc. E.rpt. Biol, mid Med.. 12 {1914t. Xo. 1. pp. 10-12).—
Experiments are reported in which laboratory animals (cats) were confined in
a chamber and suiiplied with moving air at vai'ious temperatures and conditions
of humidity.
" Under the influence of the high temperature and the high humidity the total
amount of work which the muscles are capable of doing before exhaustion sets
in is markedly diminished ; and the total period of working power is shortened,
except in the case of the diaphragm.
. " The observations show that the bo<lily temperature of the animals rises in
the atmosphere of high temperature and high humidity."
The qualitative relation between temperature and standard metabolism
in animals, A. Krogh ilniernai. Zischr. Phijs. Chciii. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 5-6,
pp. 491-508, figs. 5). — Experiments were carried out with laboratory animals
(frogs and dogs) Jn which the oxygen consumption was used as an index of
metabolism. Experimental technique and apparatus used ai'e described in de-
tail and extended experimental data are reported, which may be briefly sum-
marized, in part, as follows:
In studying the effec-t of tenii>erature ujwn metabolism a distinction must
be made between the influence upon the central nervous system and the influ-
ence upon the reaction velocity of the metabolic processes in the tissues them-
selves. According to the author, when animals are studied imder standard
conditions — all nervous influences being abolished — the influence of temperature
766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
on the metJibolisiii nf .in .iiiiinal is regular and <-(;ii.staiil and can ha exi)ressed
in a definite furve.
A micro-respiration apparatus correction, A. Kkogii ( Bioclieni. Ztschr., 66
{191.'/), No. 6, p. 512). — Fornuilas and values jjiven in a previous article (E. S.
R., 32, p. 67) are corrected.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Pattern development in mammals and birds, G. M. Allfn {Amcr. Xat.,
4H (1914), Nos. 511. pp. SH5-412; 512, pp. J,Gt-m; 57.3, pp. 550-566. figs. 62).—
The author summarizes the principal ix)iuts of this paper as follows:
" In mammals and birds that normally are completely pigmented there are
certain definite iwints of the body from which as centers the tendency to de-
velop pifrnient in the epidermal struotui'es may become less and less. Outward
from each of these centers pijinient formation spreads to include very definite
areas which in wholly pigmented animals overlaj) slightly at their borders or
are at least contiguous.
"A reduction in the area covered by any of the^e primary' patches results in
a white mark at the line of junction of two contiguous color patches, where no
pigment is produced. These white marks between the primary patches are
spoken of as primary breaks.
" Through a study of the breaks in jiied individuals of domesticated species
of mammals and birds the boundaries of the primary patches have been deter-
mined. These are homologous in the two groups and subject to a certain
amount of variation in different types. They are: A median crown patch, un-
paired, and five paired patches on the opposite sides of the body, which are
named from the general areas they cover, the ear, neck, shoulder, side, and
rump patches. Their limits are more precisely defined under the different
species treated.
" These patches are physiologically independent of each other and may be
differently colored in the same individual.
" Pied patterns among many wild species have been brought about through
the areal reduction of these pigment patches in a definite way. so that the
white markings resulting as breaks between the reduced patches have become
fixed and form a permanent part of the normal pattern.
" In several wild species this development of white markings is shown to be
even now taking place, but the amount of pigment reduction is still fluctuating
so that the white markings vary much in extent with different individuals.
" Tlie development of such white markings takes place probably by little and
little, so that the departure from type is not so great as to arouse antagonism
against the varying individual on the part of others of its species. Also, the
gradualness of the change allows the species to become accommodated to any
disadvantage that miifht concomitantly arise.
"The converse of this centripetal style of pigmentation is present in many
species, and results in pigmentation (commonly black) at the extremities or
along lines where primary breaks occur in the centripetal fot-m, namely, at the
tip of the nose, ears, tip of the tail, or the toes: possibly the black dorsal stripe
is due also to centrifugal pigmentation. Patterns may develop, as in certain
antelopes, by a white break between patches of the two types."
Fitting logarithmic curves by the method of moments, J. R. Miner (U. S.
Dcpt. .if/r.. Jour. Agr. Research, S (1915). No. 5, pp. Jfll--'i2.3). — In this paper.
which includes an introductory statement by R. Pearl on the u.se of logarithmic
curves in biological and agricultural investigations, the author attempts to im-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 767
ifrove Oil the preseiit method of littins^ loKarithink' curves bj- the least-squares
method, by brin,i,'in,i; this class of curves into the f,'eneral system of curve fitting;
worked out by I'earson and known as the " method of moments." The method
is worketl out on the assuniption that "if we equate the area and moments of a
theoretical curve to the area and moments of a series of observations we shall
fiet a reasonable tit of the curve to the observations."
A bibliography of 23 references is included.
[Animal husbandry], L. B. Barbeb and J. B. Thompson (Guam 8ta. Rpt.
JOI4, pp. 7, 8, 18-22, 25-27, pU. .3).— It is stated that the mating of a pen of
single-comb Brown Leghorn hens with a native black-fleshed cock resulted in
nine ]uillels which had dai'k green legs and black flesh, resembling in these;
features the male parent, and the remaining nine had dark green legs resem-
bling the male parent, with white skin and flesh of a normal color resembling
more closelj' that of the Brown Leghorn. From 2o cockerels out of the same
breeding pen all had white skin and flesh resembling that of the Brown Leg-
horn, 20 had white legs, one had one white leg and one of a dark greenish hue,
and the remaining two resembled each other in having one white leg with a
black patch on the other leg. In this work a strong tendency is shown for the
color characteristics to be tran.smitted by the jia rents to the progeny of the op-
posite sex.
In horse breeding experiments it has been demonstrated that foals from
native mares and an imported stallion inherit size and (piality from their
superior sire, while they seem to retain in a full measure the hardiness and
vitality of their native dams. Successful crossbreeding experiments with na-
tive hogs and imported Berkshires are reported.
It is stated that goats of an inferior and degenerate type which were proba-
bly introduced from Mexico are now bred on the Island. These have been
occasionally crossed with a milch type, and tlie superiority of this cross over
the native animal is well marked. It is stated that goats are reasonably
hardy and free from disease in Guam, and a number of conditions exist which
would indicate the adaptability of the milch goat, both in relation to the coun-
try and to the people.
The station flock of Plymouth Rocks and Brown Leghorns shows a tendency
toward loss of vigor thought to result from inbreeding. Hens obtained from
crossing either of the introduced brewls on the native fowl are reported to be
belter layers than the latter and with the hardiness of that parent not greatly
reduced. In experiments with Brown Leghorn chickens, ordinary natives,
native black meat fowls, and a cross between the latter and the Brown Leg
horn, it was found that other things being equal all are equally susceptible to
chicken pox.
Inoculation of ensiled roots with germ culture, Zscheye (Ztschr. Ver. Deut.
Ziickerindus., No. 703 (WI4), II, pp. 668-671). — Successful experiments are re-
ported in inoculating ensiled roots with a lactic acid bacteria culture, resulting
in a lowering of the injurious acids, acetic and butyric, as well as the am-
monium nitrogen, the femientation product of the protein material. The
optinumi temperature for growth of these bacteria appears to be about 35° C.
The inoculated silage was of a clear color, with a clean sour smell, and in no
case showed indications of spoiling, while the uninoculated silage was darker
in color, showed indications of molding, and a decayed smell. In the inocu-
lated silage there was a 24 per cent loss in the silage mass, in the uninoculated,
32 per cent.
Feeding of sugar-containing feed materials, Zuntz {Ztschr. Vcr. Deut.
ZuckeriiKjKs.. Xo. 701 (1914). II, pp. //S5--}9S). — These were respiration exiieri-
ments with ruminants, in which straw, molasses, turf molasses, and sugar
768
EXl'EKIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Iieets were fed in different proportions and the energy balance estimated. Afco
a comparison was nrade of the energy value of dried turnip tops and of ensiled
lurnip tops in whieli had been introduced a lactic acid culture, in which a
greater amount of coail)ustible gases developed in the body of the animals fed
the ensiled i)roduct than the dried, the i)rotein retention was greater with the
<lried product than with the ensiled, but the fat outake was greater with the
ensiled product. The practical results of these experiments are summarized
as follows:
The carbohydrates of molasses have a higher nutritive value for horses and
swine than for ruminants, being highly usable by them. The degree of fer-
mentation of the molasses is such tliat one should not feed much protein-rich
feed, but such as is fed should be supplemented with a roughage feed. The
organic acids of the feeds have a heat value. Reduction of the stomach
fernientatiou with the feeding of acid or ensiled materials is doubtful.
New inquiries concerning' the feeding of sugar-containing feed stuffs,
ZuNTz (/Jsclir. Vcr. Deut. Zuvkerindus., No. 70S (1914), II, pp. 643-668). — In
this article the author reviews the work presented in the above experiments,
showing wherein sugar-containing feeds, such as molasses and sugar beets,
are au insufficient feed in themselves, giving rise to fermentation within the
body and necessitating supplementing with straw, hay. and other roughage.
Calf- and pig-feeding experiments with, whole milk and corrected skim
milk, O. WiXLMANN (Landir. Jahrb., J,6 (IDUi), Xo. .',. pp. Jf'J0-(j26). — In these
experiments one calf and eight pigs ranging in age from four to twelve weeks
w^ere fed at different times on whole milk, skim milk to which diafarin (a
malt extract preparation) had been added, skim milk to which a meal starch
had been added, and homogenized milk. The coefficients of digestibility for
the various rations were as follows:
Coefficients of digeHtihility with niUk.s and nirioit.'< supplements.
Kind of
animal.
Kind of ration.
Dry
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitro-
gen-free Ash.
extract.
Energy.
Pigs
Whole milk
Per cent.
95.00
81.76
95.47
Per cent.
95.70
75.38
94.35
Per cent.
95.84
Per cent. Per cent.
97.35 80.03
Per cent.
94.92
Calf
Diafarin + skim milk
78.33
Pigs
Plafarin+skim milk
88.57
97.56
98.44 76.40
98.17 89.74
95.71
Pigs
Diafarin+2.5 per cent fat skim
milk
97.49 1 97.34
96.60 95.21
97. 27 97. 75
97.08
Pigs
Pigs
Meal starch+skim milk
Homogenized milk
98.39 1 82.63
97.41 1 96.97 i 89.11
96.23
97.12
1
The daily increase in weight ranged between 2.5 and 3.1 kg. per 100 kg. live
weight, the daily gain increasing with advancing age. There was required per
kilogram of gain fi'om 1.2 to 1.8 kg. of milk dry matter. 1.1 to 1.7 kg. digestible
organic matter, 52 to 70 gm. digestible ash, 259 to 439 gm. digestible protein.
1.1 to 1.9 kg. starch value, and 5,000 to 9,000 available calories.
Steer feeding experiments {Jahresber. Kaiser Wilhehns Inst. Landw. Brom-
bcn/, 1913, pp. 18, 19). — Two lots of 17 head of steers each were fetl daily
during 5* months, 1.7 kg. digestible protein and 12 kg. starch value per 1.000
kg. live weight. Both lots were fed hay. potatoes, beets, barley meal, rape
seed, rye bran, and cotton-seed meal, but lot 1 received the potatoes, beets, and
rye bran in the morning ration and the remainder at night, while lot 2 received
the entire feed both morning and night.
Lot 1 made an average daily gain of 0.091 kg. per head, and lot 2, 0.735 kg.
On continuing this experiment for another 4 weeks, except that the steers re-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 769
ceived Ki kg. stareli value per l.OUU kg. live vveight. U)t 1 made uu average
daily gaiu of O.TGT kg. per head, and lot 2, 0.777 kg.
Alfalfa silag-e for fattening steers, G. H. True, F. W. Woll, and V. F.
DoLciNi {California Sta. Virc. 12-'f (1915), pp. 4)- — With a view to determining
the feeding value of silage made from first cutting alfalfa composed of at least
half foxtail and weeds. 107 3- and 4-year-old native range steers weighing
approximately 970 lbs. each were fed -10 days a daily ration of 10.0 lbs. alfalfa
hay, L'0.2 lbs. silage, and 8.4 lbs. rolled barley. They made an average dally
gaiu of 1.53 lbs. per head, requiring per pound of gain 0.0 lbs. hay, 13.1 lbs.
silage, and 5.4 lbs. barley.
The alfalfa was put into the silo about .May 1 and feeding was begun in
July. " The silage as fed out was well made, of a dark brown color, and of
slightly acidulated, aromatic flavor. That in the l®wer part of the silo was
more moist than that in the upper part and was apparently relished best b.v
the .steers. While most of the silage was not taken with i);irticular relish, It
was always eaten up clean, with the exception of a few days during the middle
of July when a laj-er of partially spoiled silage was reached, at a point where
the filling of the silo had been interrupted for a couple of days. The foxtail
heads, which would have caused great trouble in feeding the alfalfa as hay,
were eaten before having a chance to dry out."
The chemical composition of the alfalfa silage was found to be moisture 70.
protein 3.4, fat 0.34. nitrogen-free extract 11.72, fiber 5.50. and ash 2.9S per cent,
with 0.4 per cent of volatile acids and 0.91 per cent of fixed acids.
An examination of the carcasses after .slaughter showed accumulations of
foxtail in the mouths of practically all the steers, which emphasizes the neces-
sity for cutting the alfalfa for silage before the foxtail beards become hard.
Prickly-pear experiments, E. W. Horn (Dept. Agr. Bomhay Bui. 58 {1913),
pp. II. pis. 10). — Six bullocks in exceptionally poor condition were fed the
common variety of prickly pear found in Bombay, from which the spines had
been removed by burning and which had been cut into small pieces. About
0 lbs. of cotton seed per 100 lbs. of pear was included in the ration to make
it sufficiently nutritious. Four of the bullocks took to the pear readily, while
some ditficulty was experienced with the remainder.
The pear feeding appeared to atfect the excrement, making the feces of a
slatish color and rather liquid, though at no time was there a tendency to
scour. The urine was somewhat excessive in quantity but appeared quite
normal in quality. The bullocks after a short time steadily gained in weight
until a maximum was reachetl, after which the weiglits were i)ractically con-
stant. The average quantity of pear consumed was 32 lbs. per head i^er day,
or about 72 lbs. per 1,(X)0 lbs. live weight, varying as the pear contained more
or less moisture. Assuming the coefficient of digestibility to be 66 per cent
it is estimated that this allowance gave a maintenance ration, being only
deficient 0.58 lb. of carbohydrate according to Haecker's standard. It i.s
stated that as the weights of the animals increased their appearance improved,
their coats becoming smooth and glossy, their eyes bright, and their health and
general appearance excellent.
Very little water was needed by the bullocks while on the pear feed, although
with the addition of 2 oz. of salt they drank a normal quantity.
Feeding tests with cows and buffaloes in milk were inconclusive. The com-
position of the pear during the dry season is given as follows : Moisture 79.32
l)er cent, protein 0.68, fat 0.78, carbohydrates 11.61, fiber 2.48, and ash 5.13;
during the wet season, 92.65, 0.31, 0.22. 4.37. 0.85, and 1.6, respectively.
It is concluded, that the pear may be used as an efficient and economical feed
for cattle during periods of drought and feed shortage.
770
EXPEKIMEXT STATIOX KKCOKD.
Feeding experiments with ensiled and dried beet pulp, O. Moseu y MoiKtlsh.
Laiidw., 7 {lUUi), A'o. 7, pp. Jo.i-ir,^). — Oxen fed fur from 174 to 200 days on
beet pulp, dried and ensiled, together with hay and grain, showed a daily gain
of 1.04 kg. per head on the ensiled product, 0.S3 lb. gain where the ensiled and
ilriod material was fed half and half, and 0.76 lb. gain on the dried product.
I Digestibility of Wyoming-grown hays], F. II. IIki'Nke ( Wyoming ,S7«. Ritt.
I'JI-'i. p. J.'/7).—\ii experimeuls to determine the digestibility of pure native hays
the following coeflicients were obtained with sheeji:
Dit/cslioii rocffickiils of \Viioiniii(i-<iroiru Ikij/.s fed to ■■shceii.
Kind of hay.
Dry
matter.
Organic
matter.
Protein.
Ether
extract.
Nitro-
gen-free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Juncus balticus
Do
Bromus inermis
A gropyron pseudorepens
Poa nevadensls
A . occidentale
Eleocharis palustris
Carex utriculata
C. nebraskensis
Per ct.
07. 45
6t). 4,S
6.3. 41
61.55
6.3.03
68.51
62.13
61.12
Per ct.
OS. 55
67.95
65.06
69.25
63.79
65.31
70.99
67.63
63.16
Per ct.
72.33
74.98
74. 66
76.08
62.20
74.15
64.06
63.48
59.69
Per ct.
49.39
49.51
52.56
56.41
42.73
52.92
50.26
52.55
32.40
Perct.
66.12
56.66
64.87
71.10
59. 75
62.43
69.95
65. hO
63.28
Per ct.
72.29
70.06
61.86
64.62
70.98
67.99
75.84
72.84
66.57
Uses of screenings, J. R. Dymonu (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Ayr. and Eapt. Union.
35 {1913), pp. G.'f-fiC)). — It is stated that screenings are used in large quantities
for the winter feeding of sheep, the sheep being taken from the range and fed
for about 30 days. At first they are given only hay, then a small quantity
(4 lb. per day) of light, chaffy screenings is added. Gradually the quantity is
increased until in about a week or 10 days, the sheep have access to the '" self
feeders" from which they eat all the screenings they care for (about 2 lbs.
per day). At the same time the proportion of chaff in the screenings is de-
creased and the proportion of grain increased. Gradually the screenings are
replaced with corn.
On the screenings the sheep usually gain from 12 to 15 Ib.s. during the first
oO days, after that less rapidly. It is stated that 50,000 sheep will eat about 2
cars of screenings and a car of corn per day. Seed-house screenings and
screenings containing a large proportion of broken flax are avoided.
Another use that is made of elevator screenings is in the manufacture of
mixed feeds, chiefly molasses feeds.
Report of the wool specialist, J. A. Hill ( Wyoniiny tita. Rpt. IdUf. pp.
162-165). — It is reported that "the results of an experiment in which 20
wethers were exchanged, ten natives of Ohio to Wyoming and ten natives of
Wyoming to Ohio, show that a given sheep is likely to produce at least as
much wool per year in Wyoming as in Ohio.
" The results of a 3-year experiment in which 30 Rambouillet wethers were
divided into three lots of ten each and fed so as to test the effect on the wool
production of the feeding without change for a year, respectively, of a wide,
medium, and narrow ration, showed that the narrow ration tended to give
greater wool production than either the medium or the wide." The rations
were made up as follows for a lot of ten sheep : Wide, native hay 36 lbs. ;
medium, native hay 30 lbs., and oil cake 3 lbs. : narrow, native hay 20 lbs. and
oil cake S lbs.
It was found from flber tests made of the several samples that " the wide-
medium-narrow ration experiment shows no decided advantage in strength of
wool grown during the feeding of any one of the three rations. The Wyoming-
ANIMAL PKODLCTION. 771
Ohio f-xchiin^ie cxiieriuifiU shows uo appMiviit udvautuKe iu streugth for wool
grown iu either State."
The policy in respect to the sheep industry, T. K. Ahkell (Agr. Gaz. Canada,
1 {I'Jl-'i). \<>. 7. pp. 5-'f6-o-'i!K fii/.i. .i). — II is stated that the methods of assisting
sheep raisers used by the live-stock branch of the Canadian Department of
Agriculture are "(1) the loaning of pure-bred sires to associations of farmers
living in districts where it is difficult to obtain first-class animals or where their
financial status is such that they can not afford to pay the necessary purchase
price. (2) provision of the services of exi)ert wool graders to classify and prepare
in a marketable condition the wool of mutual organizations of sheep raisers, (li)
prosecution of instructional and practical demonstrations by experts of the
branch in the various phases of sheep husbandry, with siiecial stress upon the
most elTective methods of caring for wool, which are supplemented by an exhibit
containing samples of many types of wool raised in this and other countries,
together with their products of manufacture."
A table is given showing the correlation of American, British, and Canadian
grades of wool and their distinctive terms. There is also included a complete
classification of Canadian wool.
The Maryland hog' (Mari/Jand »Sf«. Bui. 185 (lOlJf), pp. 58. p'yu. 27).— This
includes a discussion by C. L. Oppermau of the status of the swine industry in
Maryland, and of methoils of housing, feeding, care, and management of hogs
and the curing of pork, and a description of the various types and breeds by
R. H. Iluffner.
Fattening and improving the hog, N. P. Escobar (Estac. Ayr. Expt. Viuda4
Juarez, Chihuahua, Bol. .'iS {1913), pp. 41, pis. 7).— This is a general bulletin
treating of the different breeds of hogs and their adaptability to Mexican con-
ditions, together with a discussion of methods of fattening and of butchering.
Stallion enrollment. — II, Stallion ser^dce liens and sale of bred mares,
D. O. Thompson {Indiana Sta. Circ. 1,5 {191),), pp. -'/, fig. 1). — This circular
gives the text of the sections of the Indiana stallion enrollment law relating to
stallion service liens and the sale of mares and foals, with a brief discussion
of them.
Stallion enrollment.— Ill, Report of stallion enrollment work to date of
October 31, 1914, with lists of stallions and jacks enrolled and a brief study
of some phases of the stallion and jack situation in Indiana, D. O. Thompson
{Indiana Sta. Circ. .',6 {1914), PP- ■^■J''*' /'.'/•«• J9). — This circular gives the text
of the Indiana law relating to the enrollment of stallions and jacks kept for
public service; a rerwrt on work under the law; and lists showing the distribu-
tion of stallions and jacks by counties.
Stallion enrollment. — III, Renewals for 1915, D. O. Thompson {Indiana
iSta. Circ. Ifi {1914), pp. 4). — This circular explains the methods for veterinary
examination of public service stallions and the renewal of enrollment.
Which stallion and why? {Kansas Sta. Circ. 42, pp. 4)- — This circular is in-
tended .MS a stimulus to the raising of better horses in Kansas. It discusses the
importance of the use of a sui>erior stallion during the breeding season and gives
a list of registered stallions.
Relation of simultaneous ovulation to the production of double-yolked
eggs. Maynh': R. Curtis {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, ,3 {1915), No. 5,
pp. 375-385, pis. 7). — This is a continuation of work previously notetl (PI S. R.,
.*>1. p. 170). The author summarizes her observations as follows :
"Double-yolked eggs with normal separate yolks may have all the egg envelopes
common to the two yolks, or they may have some separate and some common
envelopes. They may be classified with reasonable accuracy into three groups:
936S1°— No. 8—15 6
772 expp:kiment station kecokd.
(1) Double-yolked eggs having the entire set of egg envelopes common ta the
two yolks; (2) double-yolked eggs having separate chalaziferous layers but all
or part of the thick albvimin couimou to the two yolks; (3) double-yolke<l eggs
in which the yolks have entirely separate thick albumin envelopes but a common
egg meujbrane and shell.
"Of the eggs studied 10.03 per cent belonged to type 1, 70.99 per cent to type
2, and 12.98 per cent to type 3. A large series of double-yolked eggs show all
gradations within and between these groups. The mo.st probable interpretation
of this phenomenon is that the two components unite at any level of the oviduct
from the funnel mouth to the isthmus ring. The conclusion that the union of
the component eggs occurs indiscriminately at all levels of the oviduct is strongly
sui)ported by the fact that the percentage of eggs of each type is closely pro-
portional to the percentage of the i)orti()n of the duct in which the union of two
eggs would give double-yolked eggs of that type.
" In 3G.44 i)er cent of the double-yolked eggs the ovulations which furnished
the two yolks must have been separated by an abnormally short interval, since
a normal egg had been laid on the preceding day. An examination of the egg
structure, however, shows that the two yolks have passed the entire length of
the duct together in only 16.28 per cent of the cases in wliich the ovulations are
known to have been usually rapid. While a heightened rate of fecundity may
I'esult in the production of an egg of any of the three types. G8.75 i>er cent of the
eggs of type 3 are single eggs. It seems probalde that many of them have re-
sulted from the delay of the first egg in the oviduct. The ovary of each pullet
which had just laid a double-yolked egg as her first egg contained two normal
separate follicles which had separate blood supplies. In these cases, however,
the doubling of the egg had occurred near the end of the .albumin-secreting
region.
" In a case in which there was evidence from the structure of the egg that
the two yolks had passed the entire length of the oviduct together the two fol-
licles were aLso quite distinct, with separate blood supplies. This, together
with the fact that in only a small percentage of double-yolked eggs is there
any evidence of simultaneous ovulation, indicates that the fusion of follicles
and a resulting common blood supply is by no means the usual cause for the
production of a double-yolked egg. A simi)le normal follicle furnished the yolk
with two germ disks; hence, the fusion of the oocytes (if this was the origin
of the two germ disks) must have occurred before the formation of the
follicle."
From these observations it is concluded "(1) that double-yolked eggs some-
times represent a heightened rate of fecinidity and .sometimes an abnormally
low i)hysiological tone of the oviduct, (2) that even in cases in which the rate
of fecundity is high the ovulations are not always simultaneous. (3) from the
above it is ai)parent that the production of a double-yolked egg can seldom be
explained as a result of simultaneous ovulations, and (4) in cases in which
we have the best of reasons for suspecting simultaneous ovulations the two fol-
licles may be quite distinct.
" It seems quite possible that a heightened rate of fecundity may result in
every conceivable shortening of the i>eriod between ovulations consistent with
the daily rhythm in the general phy.siological activities of the bird. Whether
it results in the formation of a double-yolked egg is no doubt determined by the
actual length of the i)eriod .and the following response of the oviduct."
Crooked breast in fowls, C. D. Stewart (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roij. Agr. Col.
Cirenccnter. Xo. Jt-5 {1912-1 J), pp. 97, 98). — Investigations on this subject
were made w-ith the object of testing the effect of inbreeding.
DAIRY FAHMIXii — DAIRYING. 773
It is concluded that " heredity swiiis ruled out as a cause of crooked breast,
for all the chickens apiK'ared perft'ctly normal when 10 weeks old, even though
they were bred from stock selecte<l with crooked breasts for three consecutive*
seasons." The results indicate that " perchinc is the chief, and pnHbably the
sole cause of crooked breast, and it seems to matter little whether the perches
are round or square, larsre or small."
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
The production and consumption of dairy products, E. Merritt ( U. 8.
Dcpt. Agr. Bui. Ill {lUt.J), pii. l!h. — This bulletin outlines the changes in the
geographic distribution of the dairy industry since 1S70 and gives information
concerning the consumption of dairy products on farms and in cities.
Census data are pre.sented which show that the number of dairy cows in-
creased from 0.(KK),000 in INTO to nearly 21.0(X),(HX) in 1910. The total butter
production increased from r)14.00(>,(XH) lbs. in 1870 to 1.620,000,000 lbs. in 1910;
chee.se production from l(;:l.(»(i<).(KM) to :^.21 ,000.000 lbs. When geographic divi-
sions are considered individually the increase for those east of the Mississippi
Kiver has not been so rapid as the increase for those west of that river, due pri-
nnirily to the undeveloped condition of the West prior to 1870.
The number of cows per 1.000 population was 224.3 in 1910 and 225.5 in 1900 :
the average production of butter per capita was 17.6 lbs., which was a decrease
of 2 lbs. as compared with the production in 1900; the average production of
cheese per capita was 3.5 lbs., which was 0.4 lb. less than the production in
1900. In butter production the greatest per capita output is in the North Cen-
tral divisions followed by the Pacific division. The greatest per capita cheese
production is in the P^ast North Central division followed by the Middle At-
lantic and Pacific divisions.
From replies to inquiries sent out to cro]) correspondents, it is estimated
that the avei'age person in a farm household consumes about J qt. of milk
per day. or a total yearly consumption of nearly 8,000,000,000 qts. for all farms
reporting dairy cows. The daily butter consumption is At lb. per person,
and the total yearly consumption of farm families nearly 900.000,0(X) lbs.
The average number of quarts of milk required to make a pound of butter is
estimated to be 9.0. varying from 8.1 to 10.7.
From replies furnished by boards of health it is estimated that the average
Iier capita milk consumption in cities of 2,5(X) inhabitants or over is 112 qts. i>er
year, and was slightly higher in cities of 25.000 inhabitants or over than in
smaller cities. There was apparently less variation in milk consumption by
months in the large cities than in the smaller ones. The fluctuations were
generally less than 10 per cent.
International Union of Municipal Dairies (Mollc. Ztg. [HikleshGim], 28
(lUl.'i). Xo. Ji9. pp. O'/l, 9.'t2). — An account of the first general meeting of the
recently founded International Union of ^Municipal Dairies held in conjunction
with the Sixth International Dairy Congress at Berne, June. 1914. Stockholm
was selected by the meeting as the headquarters of the Union, which has for
its object the general advancement of municipal dairying and the advising of its
members as to methods of improving their business.
Value of vetch hay for milk and beef production, T. AVibberley (Jour. Bd.
Agr. [London'], 21 {191-',), No. 8. pp. 101. 70S).— It is reported that for winter
milk production, a daily i-ation consisting of 14 lbs. oat and vetch hay. 14
lbs. meadow hay. and from 70 to 84 lbs. gi.ant rai)e or hardy greens was
equal to 21 lbs. meadow hay. 56 lbs. roots. 3 lbs. corn meal, and 3 lbs. de-
774 EXPEKIMEXT STATION RECORD.
c-orticated cottou cake. MctlHHl.-; of lariii^' Un- the oat aud vetch hay are
described.
Palmnut kernel cake, J. A. Murkay {Jour. lid. Aijr. ILondon], 21 (1914),
No. 8, pp. 697-701}. — Metliod.s of iiiauufacturing this product are described aud
its composltiou aud utility value for feetling purposes discussed. It is said
that for feeding railch cows, palmuut kernel cake is a very good substitute
for liuseed cake. Cows may receive up to 5 lbs. per bead per day.
Prolificacy of [the Guernsey] breed {Guernsey Breeders'' Jour., n. aer., 7
{1015), No. 2, p. 17). — It is stated that of over 3.5<X> j-early official records that
have been made by cows of the (iuernsey breed, 30.G per cent were made by
heifers with their first calves, the average production being 8.G41.91 lbs. of
milk and 432.28 lbs. of milk fat, with an average percentage of fat of over 5.
It was found that 310 cows had produced over .aGU lbs. of milk fat, and 63
over 700 lbs. The greater proi>ortion of these records were made after the
cows had carried their calves four or five mouths, which fact is brought for-
ward to refute any claims made against the breed regarding the fecundity of
the high producers.
Comparative investigations into the performance of the breeds of cattle
kept in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, H. Ebbinghaus (Deut. Lundic.
Tierzucht, 17 {1913), Nos. JfO, pp. //7J-//76'; ///, pp. J,90-J,93; ahs. in Internat. Innt.
Agr. [Rome], J/o. Bui. Ayr. Intel, and Plant Discafics, 5 {191Jf), No. 1, pp.
99-101). — In comparing the ►Simmental with the Lowland breeds of cattle it
was found that with the former the live weight and gain in weight at the
same age are the greater, that the yearly yield of milk is lower than in the
Black- and Red-spotted Lowland cattle, but higher than in the Harz and cross-
bred animals, that the fat content and the quantity of fat produced are greater
than in the other breeds, and that the food consumption if expressed in Kell-
ner's starch-values is essentially the same as in the other breeds. The relative
milk yield is lower, but the milk-fat yield and increase of live weight are
greater than in the other breeds.
Profitable and unprofitable cows, G. E. AVolcott {Maryland Sta. Bui. 187
{1914), pp. 115-13Jf. figs. 10). — From records kept for the past three yeiirs of
three Maryland cow-testing associations comprising more than 1.100 cows it is
found that " the first year's records show that there was a wide variation in
production between the individuals of the herd ; some made large yields,
while others were kept at a loss or barely paid for their feed. The records
for the second year prove that by disposing of low producing cows, the average
production of the herd was increased. In a number of herds iucrease<l pro-
duction was brought about by feeding the individuals of the herd according to
their ability to produce milk and fat. This was the case in herds where no
abnormally low proilucers were found.
" The high producing cows were the most profitable. . . .
" When the production of the individuals in the herd was known, the mem-
bers of the associations were able to save the heifer calves fi*om the best
cows. One year's record work is not sufficient. When the herd has reached
a high average of production constant selection is necessary to maintain this
average.
" The association in Harford County .'shows a higher average production of
butter fat than the other associations. This is due to the fact that several large
herds of pure-bre<l cattle have been kept in the county for many years, and
the ]iure-bred bulls from those herds have been used freely."
Testing and handling of milk and cream. R. McCann {Colorado Sta. Bui.
202 {191.'/). pp. 3-31. figs. .?7).— This bulletin describes the methods and equip-
ment used in the testing of milk aud cream, and other matters relating to the
DAIRY FARMINC- — DAIRYING. 775
rare an<l hMndlinp of (.-ream. The i>roce«lure under the State laws relative tn
licenses, examinations, and inspections is als) explained.
The encouragement of clean milk production, L. li. Cook (Mdfts-. Bd. A(/r.
Circ. ,"W (HUo), pp. 9). — The author contends that the pnKluotion of clean milk
may be most readily encouraged by obtaining for the milk ]»roducer a reasonable
margin of profit. It is shown that the average price paid for milk has not kept
pace with the inci'easing cost of feeding stuffs. The grading of milk and the
paying of jirices according to grade would be an inducement along this line.
Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization, S. II. Aykks and W. T.
Johnson. Jr. {U. ,s'. Dcpt. Afn:. Jour. At/r. Research, 3 (ID 15). No. .5, /)/). J/Ol-
410, fig. 1). — The authors summarize the results of their studies, which are a
continuation of work previously notetl (E. S. K.. 20. p. 78). as follows:
"The thermal death point of 174 cultures of colon bacilli isolated from cow
feces, milk and cream, human feces, flies, and cheese showed considerable varia-
tion when the cultures were heate<l in milk for 30 minutes under conditions
similar to pasteurization. At 60° C. (140° F.), the lowest pasteurizing tem-
perature. 05 cultures, or 54.59 per cent, survived; at 62.8°, the usual tempera-
ture for pasteurizing. 12, or 6. SO per cent, survived. One culture was not
destroyed at 65.6° on the first heating, but in repeated experiments it was
always destroyed. There is a marked difference in the effect of heating at 60°
and at 62.8°. Although there is only a difference of 2.8°. 87.3 per cent of the
cultures which survived at 60° were destroyed at 62.8°.
" Considerable variation wns found in the thermal death point of the colon
bacilli which survivecl 62.8°. When the 12 cultures which survived were heate<l
again at the same temiierature. it was found that many did not survive and in
each repealed heating different results were obtained. It seems evident that
62.8° maintained for 30 minutes is a critical temperature for colon bacilli.
Among the 174 cultures studied all were found to have a low majority thermal
death point, but were able to survive pasteurizing temperatures on account of
the survival of a few cells.
" The colon test as an index of the efficiency of the process of pasteurization
is complicated by the ability of certain strains to survive a temperature of 62.8°
for 30 minutes and to develop rapidly when the pasteurized milk is held under
temperature conditions which might be met during storage and delivery. Tlie
presence of a large number of colon bacilli immediately after the heating process
may indicate improper treatment of the milk. If milk is pasteurized at a tem-
])erature of 65.6° or above for 30 minutes, we should not expect, from our
results, that any colon bacilli would survive. Consequently under such condi-
tions the colon test for the efliciency of pasteurization may be of value. It
must be remembered, however, that a study of more cultures may reveal strains
of colon bacilli that are able to survive this and even higher temperatures."
A bibliography of cited literature is api)ended.
A bacteriological study of blue milk, B. W. Hammer {Iowa Stn. Research
Bui. 15 (J9J4), pp. 467-.'t8J. figs. 7). — This is an account of a bacteriological
study made of a sample of blue milk coming from a small Iowa farm, but which
is thought to have become infected in the home of a customer.
Careful study of the organism involved proved it to be Bacillus cyanogenes.
The organism isolated was examinetl morphologically, culturally, and biochemi-
cally. In its action on milk the organism was found to " produce a color in
raw milk, in pasteurized milk, and in .sterilize<l milk, although the color pro-
duced was markedly influenced by the previous treatment of the milk.
" Raw milk invariably developed a color sooner than j)asteurized or sterilized
milk and the color was also a brighter blue as a rule, being in some cases a sky
77G EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD.
liliK'. I'astcurlzod milk iiiofulated witli the orK<iiii!*ni d('Vol«>jie(l a more intense
folor than slerilized milk, and in some Ciises (apitarently inflnenced largely by
tlie oi-f^anisms snrvivinj; iKislcnrization) the color developed approximated that
deveUtped in raw nulk. It was noticed that pasteurized milk which curdled
quite rapidly, due to the production of a<U\, j;ave a j^ood color development as
a rule. In .sterilized lidlk the color production was poor and is best desc-ribed
as a bluish gray rather than as a blue. In milk to which ;;lucose was added
before sterilization the color produced was more intense than in ordinary
milk."
An increase in the intensity of the color was accompanied by an increase in
acidity. The addition of liavtcrium lactis acUU to milk cultures of the blue milk
or;;anism (either freshly inoculated or a number of days old | resuUed in a great
increase in the intensity of the color.
" In no case was it possible to produce a blue color in milk held at 37° C.
[08.0° F.], no matter what the previous treatment of the milk had been. The
same temperature influence was found to hold for the various bouillons and it
.seems that the higher temperatures are unfavorable to the production of color.
No attempt was made to determine the lowest temperature which would pre-
vent the forniation of color. 1)ut both room temperature and 20° allowed the
rapid production of color."
I'asteurlzation as well as sterilization favored the production of color uni-
forml.\ throughout the sample, while in raw milk the color was in the main
I»resent only at the surface. Color production was found to occur in skim milk,
in whole milk, and in cream, and in all cases the color production was greatest
at and near the surface in the raw material. Attempts to ]>roduce a blue color
in pieces of old cheese by the inoculation of the organism from agar slopes
were unsuccessful.
A historical sketch of investigations of this organism is given, together with
a bibliography of 12 references.
Tlie use of Bacillus bulgaricus in starters for miaking Swiss or Emmental
cheese, C. F. I)o.\ne and H E. Eldredge ilL ,S'. Dept. A<jr. Bui. L'fS (IfHo). pp.
16, pi. 1, fig. 1).- — This bulletin reports experimental work showing how to con-
trol undesirable fermentations and thus to jirovide a remedy for the most serious
troubles which occur in making Swiss or Emmental cheese.
Many cultures of B. hnlgaricufi obtained from different sources were u.sed
and found to vary widely in their ability to suppress gas-forming bacteria, some
I)roving efficient when the starter was less than 2 iier cent of the total amount
<tf milk used, whereas other cultures were not efficient with less than 4 i»er
cent. Ordinary lactic acid cultures were not successful in i)reventing gas
formation. Experiments with B. huhjaricus starters in a conmiercial factory
demonstrated that the maker of Swiss cheese can control the fermentations
with some cultures of this organism ; that a good quality of Swiss cheese can
be made in winter as well as in summer ; and that it is probably practicable to
make cheese once a day instead of twice a day. as has been necessary in the
past.
Methods are described for preparing and keepiujr cultures, and a new tyi)e of
starter-can for carrying starter is illustrated and described. This starter-can
may be used for other dairy purixises with whey starters.
Influence of the flora of the cheese I'ind on the proteolysis and fat-splitting
in the inner portion of the cheese, O. Gratz and I. Szanyi (KUcrJci. Knzleni..
ft (1914). No. 5. pp. 801-83.'/, figs. 16). — From analyses of different portions of
the cheese it was concluded that the flora of the outer portion do not participate
In the proteolysis and fat-sjilitting of the inner iiortion.
EXPERIMENT i^TATIOX HECORD. 777
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Synopsis of parasitology of man and the domestic animals. 1,. CJedoixst
(Si/nopsi.s dv PiirasUohKjiv dc Vllonnnc cf dcs Auiiiiaiix Domvtitiquis. lAcrre:
Jos. Van In d Co., 1011, pp. XX +332, figs. 327).— The first part of this work
deals with the vegetable parasites (pp. 1-21)). The animal parasites are taken
np under the headings of Protozoa (pp. o(V04), worms (pp. C5-1.30), and
arthropods (pp. 140-252). Brief descriptions are given of the genera and higher
groups of wliich the parasitic species are listed. Host lists of parasites are
given for man, horse, ass, mule, cattle, carabao {Buffclns indicus), zebu {liihoa
■iiidicufi), elephants {IJIcplias indieus and E. africanus), camels (Vnmrlun
htictridiius and 0. dromcd<iriu.'<), reindeer {Tarandtis ranpifcr), sheep, goat,
swine, dog, cat, guinea pig, rabbit, chicken, turkey, guinea fowls (Nnmidn
niclcngilx and X. ptUorhgncha), pheasant, pigeon, peacock, duck {Anas boschas
domcsiica), goose {Anser cinerciis domcsticus), swan, and ostrich.
A complete index is included.
Handbook of veterinary obstetrics, L, Fbanck (Handhuch der tierdrzUichcn
Gehurtshilfc. Berlin: Paul Parcy, lOlJt, 5. rev. and enl. ed., pp. X+740, figs.
33.')). — This work deals with anatomy, physiology, and pathology- as relate<l to
gestation and parturition, diseases that follow, diseases and abnormalities of
the young, etc.
Regulations governing' the meat inspection of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Order 211 (lOl-i),
pp. 97). — The regulations here promulgated became effective November 1. 1914,
with the exception of regulation 27, relating to the inspection of imported
meats, which became effective January 1, 1915.
Tbe new regulatious codify the many amendments and rulings made since
the adoption of the old regulations on April 1, 1908, and also add to the require-
ments a number of features suggested by eight years' experience in meat in-
spection and conforming with recent scientific discoveries. The more important
clianges made relate to the condemning of diseased animals prior to slaiighter,
withdrawal of inspection from inspected establishments that violate the regula-
lions, the permission of the sale of second-class sterilized meat on a plan some-
what similar to that followed by the German and Austrian Governments, more
stringent regulations governing the inspection of carcasses of hogs suspected
of hog cholera, the safeguarding of inspection marks, prohibition of raw pork
in certain food products, a redraft of sanitary regulations, and regulations
regarding imported meat.
Guide for meat inspectors, R. Ostertao, trans, by E. V. Wilcox (New York:
M'iUiam R. Jenkins Co., 191.',. pp. 7+258. figs. 7.58).— -The first English edition,
tran.slated from the twelfth edition of the author's Leitfadeu fiir Fleisch-
beschauer.
In an introduction the author discusses briefly the nature and purpose of
;inte-morten and post-mortem inspection. The several chapters of the work
take up the sub.iect as follows: Name and normal character of organs and parts
of animals, including the determination of the species from sample parts (pp.
?r-5] ) ; functions of the animal body with special refei'ence to the blood and
lymph circulation and to the chief evidences of health in living animals (pp.
52-60) ; ante-mortem inspection, including the means of identifying animals
(pp. 61-76) ; methods of slaughtei'ing, cuts of meat, live and dressed weight,
post-mortem changes in meat, and the recognition of tlie age and sex of
slaughtered animals (pp. 77-92); routine of meat inspection (pp. 93-101):
nature and characteristics of the diseases and defective conditions of most
778 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
importiinco in iue:it iu.si)ecUuii (pp. 102-1'.).".); preservation uf uieal— tanlviuf:
of condemned meut (pp. 19G, 197) ; legal regulation of meat inspection in the
T'nitecl States 0>1>- 108-240) ; and educational requirements for inspectors (pp.
241-254). All material not applicable to American conditions has been omitted.
Some 80 pages relating to German laws, regulations, and diseases which do not
occur in the I'nitod States have thus been replaced with American laws, regula-
tions, and ediicalional nMpiircnients for insjiectors, and matter relating to dis-
eases not discussed by the author. The most recent regulations of this Depart-
ment governing meat insi)ection are noted al>ove.
Handbook of meat inspection, It. von Ostkutag (JI and b tick drr FlciHih-
heiichuu. atuttgart: Ferdinand Enlce, 6. rev. and enl. cd., vol. 2, pt.i. 1 {1910),
pp. T//+//7.2, figs. 120; 2 {1913), pp. XVl-\-890, pis. 3, figs. 258).— The sixth
revised and enlarged edition of this work (E. S. R., IG, p. 06),
Stock poisoning- plants of California, II. M. Hall and II. S. Yatj:.s {Cali-
foniia »s7(/. liitl. 2.'i!l {191.',). yp. 219-2'/7, fiu-s. 7). — Among the more important
])oisonous plants here dealt with are the water hemlock (Cicuta sp.), death
camas {Ziigadc^ius rcncwo.sf/.s). larkspurs ( Dclphiniiirn spp.). milkweeds ( As-
clepias spp.). lupines {Lupinii.^ spP-). 5<J(-**^' weeds (Astrai/aJus- spi).), etc. A
bibliograi)hy is appended.
Some observations on arsenical dipping fluids, I^. Cohkx (Agr. (Saz. N. 8.
Walci^, 25 {1914), No. Jl, pp. 937-9Ji.'i). — This pajier discusses the iiveparation of
standard dip fluid and the maintenance of standard strength.
[First biennial report of the office of state veterinarian], \V. II. Lytlk
(Bicn. Rpt. Greg. Lice Hiock ^<niit. lid.. I {1913-1',). pp. l',-.',l). — This report
deals with milk and meat hygiene; diagnostic serums; curative and r-reventive
vaccines; and the various infectious disea.ses which occurred in Oregon during
the year Rabbit eradication is also briefly discussed.
Report of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts for the years
1912 and 1913 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. InMr. Irchnid, Rpt. Diseases Anim.. 1912,
pp. 55; 1913, pp. 63, pi. 1). — The.se annual reports (E. S. R.. 27, p. 781) deal
with the occurrence of the infectious diseases of domestic animals scheduled
under the diseases of animals acts in Ireland. Much statistical data relating
thereto are ai>i)ended to the reix>rts.
Determination of the protein content of the serum of domesticated ani-
mals by refractometry, G. Csoxka {Kozhni. O.'^szeliasonl. I'Aet cs Kortnn
Korebol, 10 {1913), No. 7S, pp. 257-292, figs. 2; al)S. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl.
Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 46. p. 820). — The refraction coefficient of the blood
.'-•eruni of sound animals is very variable, but between 1.345 and 1.35185. An
abnormal increase in the refraction occurs when the animals receive too little
water or lose much water, as in the dysentery noted in intestinal forms of hog
cholera. An abnormally low coefficient is noted in cardiac and renal insuffi-
ciency, in anemic and cachectic conditions, especially in distomatosis of sheep.
The refraction is a sensitive method for detecting hydramuia. In heart dis-
eases it is possible by the method to note the variation in the utilization of feed-
.stuffs by the circulating blood and also to determine the variation in velocity of
the circulation. The cryoscopic method is jireferable for determining the degree
of renal insufficiency.
Anthrax or charbon. — Points of popular interest, H. Morris (Louisiana
8tas. Bui. 152 {1915), pp. 3-11. figs. 3). — This bulletin answers in brief form
questions regarding the nature and control of anthrax.
Foot-and-mouth disease {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1915). No. 10. pp.
873-S77. pis. 2). — A brief sununarized account.
Dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, W. J. Hartman (Breeder's Gaz., 67
{1915). No. 7. pp. 331, 832. figs. 9). — It is pointed out that while the disease
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 779
may nut be fatal in lonun unities wliere corn silape. roots, and other soft twds
can be fed. this is not true in tlie western States wliere cattle subsist on dry,
hard feed throuf;;h the winter. The author states that more than 30 of some
IKK) infected cattle died of the disease in the stockyards at Glendive, Mont., dur-
ing the tirst 30 days' prosiress of the disease in November. In sheep and hogs,
of which more than 200 of the former and about 30 of the latter were infected
at Glendive, tlie disease was imich more severe than in cattle.
A study of the specific reactions for the diagnosis of glanders, V. A. Moore
and C. P. Fitch (Rpi. X. Y. State Vet. Vol.. 191t-12. pp. .7/-6".0).— Because of
the discrepancy sometimes observed in the diagnostic tests it seemed necessary
to make a careful investigation of the different methods and to determine so
far as ])ossible their relative value. The work was carried on with the coonera-
tion of the New York State Department of Agriculture.
The discrepancies which are reported from different laboratories with the
agglutination test for glanders are believed to be usually due to the test fluid
used in one or the other laboratory. Thus it is that cultures isolated from dif-
ferent sources show a marked difference in their agglutinating properties, and,
furthennore, some cultures that agglutinate satisfactorily later lose their
agglutinating properties. There are also cultures of Bacillus mnllei which will
agglutinate with the serum from healthy horses. No advantage could be noted
in using a test tiuid ]ire]*>"ii'c<l from several strains of B. mallei.
" The discrepancies which occur between the results of the sera and mallein
tests can often be explained on the ground that the sera were taken from horses
previously tested with mallein or treated with vaccine. Miessner [E. S. R., 20,
p. 385] calls particular attention to the fact that when the agglutination test
is used in the control of glanders the use of mallein should be prohibited. Our
experience shows that the indiscriminate use of vaccines has an equally dele-
terious effect upon the accuracy of the sera tests."
In all probability different tests depend upon the presence of different specific
antibodies or products given off by the tissues as the result of the stimulation
of the tis.sues by the glanders organism. The bodies upon which the serum reac-
tions depend do not appear to occur in the blood at the same time.
The complement fixation test " does not possess, because of the greater chance
for error owing to its complications, any advantage over the agglutination test
in diagnosing occult glanders." The ophthalmic mallein test has a definite
value in the diagnosis of occult glanders and it can be used at times when the
subcutaneous method is precluded. The subcutaneous method under suitable
conditions is quite as accurate as the ophthalmic mallein test.
"As with the sera test, mallein can not be relied upon in the diagno.sis of
glanders in animals that have previously been injected with vaccine. In prac-
tice the use of mallein has this advantage, that it is a field method and the
conditions governing the test and the interpretation of the reaction are left to
the practitioner who is familiar with the case. Further, the elements of error
are in proiwrtion to the complications of the method. In confirmation of the
results of positive reactions by means of jwst-mortem examinations it is very
important not to mistake lesions caused by parasites for those of glanders. Olt
has pointed out that parasitic lesions often occur in the lungs and liver which
are easily mistaken for glanders nodules. The diagnosis can be made from a
microscopic examination of the properl.v stained sections. In case of lesions
due to parasites there is a varying degree of eosinophilia which is absent in
glanders. In our experience we have found lesions of a parasitic nature in the
lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic glands that resembled glanders macro-
scopically and which in several cases were supposed to be true glanders
lesions."
780 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
The insect carrier and the reservoir of the virus of oriental sore. — Hypothe-
sis and preliminary experiments, E. Sergknt, G. I^emaiek, and G. Senkvftf
(Bui. 8oc. Path. Exot., 7 {lilUi), No. 7, pp. 577-570; abs. in Rev. Appl. Eat., 2
(1914), Ser. B, No. 12, pp. I'M, 200).— 'Hic authors have found that Phlehotomus
tninutus africanus not only feeds upon the jrecko {TarcntoJa mnuriianicti) but
also bites man. From 19.7 per cent of the geckos examined they have been able
to i>rei)are pure cultures of a I.ei>tomonas which resembles that obtained from
cultures of oriental sore (Biskra boil, tropical ulcer), lieferences are given to
the literatui-e on the subject.
New serum and liver substances as levuloses in trypanosom.iasis, K.
SciiERN (Jour. Med. Rcfteanli, ,W (I'.H.'f). No. 3, pp. 5,^3-5J,0). — Previously noted
from another soiu'ce (K. S. II. , .'{O. [). ysi).
The value of physical examination and clinical diagnosis in the control of
tuberculosis in cattle, V. A. Mookk {Rpt. N. Y. Hlate It/. Vol., l'Jll-12. pp.
169-17')). — The author concludes that a physic:il examination will enable a
skilknl examiner to detect advanced cases of tuberculosis in cattle and the
presence of lesions in less advanced cases so that the suspected animals can be
removed. If properly carried out, it will also detect from SO to 90 per cent of
the animals which are actually spreading the virus and a large percentage of
those about to become spreaders but which have not elimin;ited the specific
bacteria. It wnll not, however, detect more than from 1 to 5 per cent of the
Infected animals at any one time, and can not be relied uix»n to detect all
infected cattle. For this reason its value is verj^ largely restricted to the intra-
herd control of the disease, while in interherd control tuberculin is the only
dingnostic agent we have.
The intrapalpebral and intradermic palpebral tuberculin tests, G. iloussu
{Rec. M6d. V6t., 91 (1914), A'o. 13, pp. 425-434, figs. 5; abs. in Jour. Compar.
Path, and TJicr., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 265, 266). — The objections which may be
raised to the nse of the subcutaneous tuberculin test are discussed at some
length. From the practitioTier's standjioint are mentioned the amount of trouble
involved in taking the temper;) tures; the possibility of noting temperatures in-
correctly; the difficulty of interpreting irreguhir results: the necessity of keep-
ing the animals indoors, which is in itself sometimes su.fficient to cause a rise
of temperature; the impossibility of applying the te.st to animals in a febrile
condition; and the necessity of carrying out the test at certain hours at the
risk of making serious errors. These are not objections to the method itself,
but are due to conditions under which the test is carried out.
On the side of the owners of cattle the following objections may prevail :
(1) A reduction in the milk yield; (2) danger of specific mastitis; and (3)
danger of aggravating the general condition of the diseased animals. In view
of these objections the local tests, intradermic and intrapaljiebral. are con-
sidered more useful, more practical, and more economic from the owner's ixiint
of view and more remunerative than the subcutaneous method from the jirac-
titioner's point of view.
There is no difl3culty in applying the test. pro\ided a suitable syringe is used;
" this should have a capacity of 1 cc. The needle should be about 1^ cm. in
length and 7 mm. in diameter. The barrel of the syringe should be graduated
into tenths, and the piston rod should have a traveling stop on it. It is
advised that 0.1 cc. of ordinary tuberculin should be used, special tuberculin of
any kind not being requireil.
"When the test has been proi)erly carried out ;i little swelling should be
formed in the subepidermic tissue, about the size of a large lentil, where the
tuberculin is injected. Reactions are said to make their api>earance more
rapidly and more clearly the more recent and the more limited the lesions.
VRTEHIXARV MEDICINE. 781
After 36 to 48 hours the eyelid beciniies swollen, eileiiiatous, and slightly tense,
and the eye ain>eiU's sunken. The tissues lose their supjileness, the skin is
rigid and sometimes reddish and moderately sensitive. There may be slight
lachrymation. Even a moderate reaction is rendered quite obvious by com-
parison with tlio opposite eye.
" When the ])alpebral and caudal tests are carried out simultaneously they
agree exactly, and should one of the tests have heen improperly carried out the
other gives a positive result. An important practical point is that tlie tests are
complementary, or they correct each otlier. For those wlio lind-tlie intradermic
paljjebral test too delicate a manipulation, a sulx-utaneous injection of J to
i cc. or more, of tul)erculin may be made into the upi)er or lower eyelid, this
yielding a local reaction as characteristic as the intraderm.il test. The author
li;is carried out tests upon about (>0 animals, using different doses of tuberculin,
and he has found that as good I'esults can be obtained witli i cc. as with 4 cc.
If, however, the larger dose be used, the test approximates to the subcutaneous
method in th:it it is likely to produce a temperature reaction with the accom-
panying disadvantages. The method of testing is held to be free from all the
objections that have been raised above against tlie subcutaneous method."
The author's practice is to make an injection into both eyelids.
Avian tuberculosis, F. S. Jones (Rpt. X. Y. Htate Vet. Vol., 1911-12, pp.
tSO-lG-'f, pis: .')). — A review of the literature with a history of ;i recent outbreak
in New York State. The autopsical findings with a White Leghorn pullet are
given in detail with rejiroductions of photographs of the affected organs.
Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, li. 11. Dykstra (Kansas Sta. Circ Jfl, pp. 3). —
A popular account.
Brisket disease (dropsy of high altitudes), G. H. Glover and I. E. Nkwsom
(C'llonitlo Sta. Hid. 20.'f (1915). pp. 2'/. figs. 5). — This is a preliminary repoi't
of studies of a disease which occurs in cattle at high altitudes in Colorado, the
princi])al syni])tonis of which are swelling of the brisket and the loose tissues
under the jaw. usually diarrhea, and a moist cough, with gradual emaciation
and death. The disease which is chronic in character is fatal in practically all
cases. On autoi)sy the most marked symptoms are general dropsy, enlarged and
hard liver, and dilated heart.
Reports are presented of 31 ca.ses un<ler observation. Six cases which were
shipped to a lower altitude fabrtut TkOOO ft.) all recovered without other treat-
ment, although it is believed that they would have died had they not been
shipped.
" It appears to be caused by an exhaustion of the heart muscle associateil
with a varying degree of dilatation and hypertrophy and this being brought
about by exertion before acclimatization at high altitudes, or in the case of
calves, inherited cardiac weakness. Medical treatment has so far proved of
little avail, but where possible shipi)ing the affected animals to a lower altitude
is recommended. Preventive measures include the use of hulls that have been
raised at altitudes of S.OOO ft. or more, with a view to building u]) ;i hardier
strain of cattle, also the furtailment of indiscriminate shipping of low altitude
cattle to high altitudes."
[A disease of cattle reported in Guam which resembles Texas fever], .1. B.
Thompson (Guam Sta. R, .. 191^, pp. 22-23. figs. 3). — This is a report of fur-
ther studies (E. S. R.. 31. p. 482) of a disease of cattle reported in Guam.
It is stated that all the imported cattle have again been subject to attacks of
fever at various times during the year. Several affected animals succumbed to
the disease. Tlie iirincipal symptoms observed in a cow which succumbed
March 8 were extreme emaciation, a dejtraved appetite, and a more or less inter-
782 EXPEBIMEXT STATION RECORD.
mittent fever. A ijosl-mortem examination nhowed lesions indicative of Texas
fever. Temperature charts of tliree animals are jtresented.
"The iiinuunizatiou of susceptiblo cattle from the T'nited States by the
method of toTitrolliiiK' tick infestation has not proved complete or reliable, but
results in wliat apiiears to be a chronic form of the disease. In the Introduction
of cattle into Guam the j^reat importance of securing; immune stock is plainly
recosnized."
Diseases of swine, S. S. IU;cklkv i MaryUuid tita. JUul. 185 {lUlJf), pp. 59-
g7). — j^ brief summarized account is given of the diseases of swine most com-
monly mot with in Maryland.
Hog cholera, T>. L. T>EWis, W. P. Shxjleb, O. H. McElroy, and L. B. Ritteb
(Oklithotna ,Sta. Bill. lOIf (lOJJf), pp. 30, flg.'i. 10). — Following a general statement
relative to hog cholera in Oklahoma and a description of the disease and its
distribution, the findings on post-mortem, and methods of producing and using
antihog-cholera serum, some experimental data collecte<l during routine work
in this branch are reported.
Examinations of the blood showetl that in unc()mj)licated cases of hog cholera
there is a general tendency toward a reduction of red and white blood cells
and in the amount of hemoglobin. In one case the erythrocytes were reduced
from 5,T40.(XX) to 2,000,000 per cubic millimeter in 12 days as a result of
inoculating virus and a reduction of the leucocytes from 25,000 to 7,000 per
cubic millimeter. In some observations on the changes produced in the blood
by hyperimmunizing with the slow or subcutaneous method and successive
bleedings from the tail at intervals of from 8 to 12 days, it was found that the
" introduction of the virus appears to lessen very materially the red cell
count, but does not affect the leucocytic count to the same extent. The amount
of blood taken at each bleeding was approxirnately 750 cc. (6 cc. per pound of
weight)." Neither the leucocytes nor the percentage of hemoglobin ai)pears to
be affected to a marked degree by the process. In studying the effect of the
intravenous method of inoculation the data show " that there is a reaction in
from one to four days after immunizing, the temperature rising from 1 to 5° F.
There does not appear to be any marked effect on the percentage of hemoglobin.
The white blood corpuscles are increased in each case after the injection of the
blood, and as a rule a slight rise in the number of red cells will be noted."
Quinin hydrochlorate was studied as regards its influence on the course of
hog cholera. " So far as the four cases studied are concerned, quinin in the
amounts given failed to influence the course of the disease, but did api^ear to
have some effect on the period of incubation. The blood count in these cases
was variable, but the general tendency of all the hogs was to show a lower
count toward the termination of the disease. Temperatures were variable
and did not show any effect of the administration of .the quinin s<ilution.
Quinin hydrochlorate was administered hypodermically in 14.3-grain doses.
All of the pigs were killed as their physical condition indicated that death
would occur within a short time." A few cases showing the effect of intra-
venous injections of cold physiological salt solution •and a large amount of
vaccine in one case are also reported upon.
" Experiments were conducteti in connection with the hog cholera serum
work to determine the time after hyperimmunizing before the blood from the
hyijered or treated hog ceases to be virulent to normal hogs. The test was
planned so that checks could be had on the virulence of blood used for hypering
and to keep the test pigs in pens free from any outside infection. . . . The
result of one of the tests shows that blood drawn 24 hours after hypering does
not contain virulent material; also that the blood drawn after four or five
days is not sufficiently potent as a vaccine to be relied upon to protect a hog
VETERIXARV MEDICINE. 783
when given in the usual :imuuul Mjj;ains( a fatal dose of virus administered
later/' In other experiments it was i)lanned to use the blood from a piu which
had been hyperimmunized for two days in tlie Siime manner as a vaccine was
used. "The pig was hyperimmunized by giving 5 cc. of virus per pound of
weight; weight of pig about GO lbs. The l)lood was Injected intravenously, and
42 hours later the pig was killed and the blood secured was treated as vac-
cine; that is. it was defibrinated and had 0.5 per cent carbolic acid added as a
preservative." This blood tested on four Jiealthy pigs showed no ill effects even
tliough they were given 1 cc. of fresh hog cholera virus nearly a montli later.
In giving virus intravenously it was found best to cool it to near the freezing
point. This causes in some cases a rise in body temperature and in others a
reduction.
Analyses made of the urine of hogs during the course of innnunization by
the intravenous route indicated very little variation from the normal composi-
tion. In one instance albumin was noticed and indican was found in several
cases.
Serum as a factor in inter-herd control of hog cholera in New York, It. II.
Birch {Rpt. X. Y. State Vet. Col, 1911-12, pi>. 131-139).— A brief discussion of
the serum and serum simultaneous method of treatment, the factors instru-
mental in spreading hog cholera in the State, especially the feeding of garbage,
and the desirability of permanent immunity in hogs.
It is pointed out that " serum treatment is a valuable aid to sanitation, but
is not a substitute for it. Conditions in New York suggest that the sooner
active measures are taken to suppress hog cholera the cheaper and more
effective these measures will be." " Correct diagnosis is important. Especially
njust the disease be differentiated from food poisoning."
Notes of the hog cholera conference at Purdue University, December 18,
1913, C. II. Clink (Indiana Sta. Clrc. //S {19ir)), pp. 27. fig. 1).—A detailed
account of the meeting, including the questions asked and the answers given.
Report of veterinarian, C. A. Cary (Alabama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 17,
18).— In the work carried on during 1914, particular attention Avas given to the
kidney worm (Stei)}iannrus dentattis). It was found in the kidneys, kidney fat,
and lumbar muscles in every hog that was examined which had paraplegia. It
is stated that at present no remedy can be given that will eliminate these worms
from the aft'ecteti parts.
New pig disease in Ireland, W. Frost ( U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No.
19 (191~)), p. 333). — A disease of swine known locally as " purple fever" which
recently apiieared in ^Nliiyo and Sligo Counties, Ireland, is thought to be a form
of swiiie erysii)e]as.
Canine medicine and surgery, C. G. Saunders (Chicago: Amcr. Jour. Vet.
Med., 1915, pp. 249, figs. 8). — A work intended mainly for the use of senior
students and practitioners of veterinary medicine. It presumes a knowledge
of pathology, histology, and anatomy, and aims to deal only with the clinical
aspect of the various diseases. The first part (pp. 7-170) deals with diseases;
the second part (pp. 180-242) with surgical operations.
Infectious coryza of fowls, G. Vallili.o (Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit.
e Ig., 37 (1914), ^'0. 3, pp. 93-111, figs. 2; ahs. in Vet. Ree., 21 (1914), No. 1363,
pp. 121, 122). — This disease of fowls has prevailed for a number of years in
the Lago di Lecco district of Itsily. It takes the form of a catarrhal infection
of the upper air passages, and in consequence of its high mortality, especially
among the younger birds, causes considerable loss to poultry breeders. The
disease is said to be caused by a short ovoid bipolar bacillus which is often
united in chains of two or three together. To all appearances it is a variety
of Bacillus avisepticus. As a rule the disease ends with death after a duration
784 EXPERIMENT STAI lOX liKCOKD.
uf frum six weeks to three inuiiths. Only adult, stroiit^, ami well-uourisbeil birds
recover without serious injury.
Coccidiosis in poultry and game birds, II. B. Fantuam {Jour. Bd. Agr.
l/jjiidon], 21 (JDlo), Xo. 10, pp. HH!>-H'J'J. figs. 2). — A summarized account, in-
cluding preventive measures.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering geology, II. Ries and T. L. Watson (Netc York: J. Wiley <t
,Sons, JDlJf, pp. XXyi+672, plv. lOJf, figs. 225). — In an exposition of the funda-
mental principles of geology the authors have attempted primarily to emphasize
the practical application of the topics treated to engineering work. The book
begins with an extensive discussion of petrographic subjects, such as the
])roperties of common rock-forming minerals and the general character, mode of
occurrence, origin, structural features, and metamon)bism of rocks. Con-
siderable space is devoted to rock weathering, soil formation, and the occur-
rence, distribution, and movement of surface and underground waters. Other
subjects more closely related to structural engineering which are taken up in
more or less detail are landslides: wave action and shore currents; lakes;
glacial deposits; building stone; limes, cement, and plaster; clay and clay
I>roducts; coal; petroleum, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons; road founda-
tions and materials; and ore deposits.
The principles of irrigation practice, J. A. WroxsoE {Xew York: The ilae-
tiiillan Co., 191Jf, pp. A'AT'/-|-//.'*6', figs. 179). — This popular treatise represents
an attempt to develop the principles underlying the correct use of water in
irrigation for the use of farmers. It contains the following chapters : The
meaning of irrigation ; soil moisture ; the soil as water reservoir ; saving water
by cultivation ; soil changes due to irrigation water ; conditions determining the
use of soil moisture by plants ; the water-cost of dry matter ; crop development
under irrigation ; the time of irrigation ; the method of irrigation ; crop com-
position; the use of the i-ainfall ; irrigation of cereals; alfalfa and other
forage crops and pastures; sugar beets, potatoes, and miscellaneous ci'ops;
fruit trees, other trees, and shrubs; the duty, measurement, and division of
water; overirrigation and alkali; irrigation in humid climates; Iri'igation
tools and devices; the history of irrigation; and permanent agriculture under
irrigation
Underground water resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, L. W. Ste-
phenson, J. O. Veatch, and R. B. Dole {U. 8. Gcol. Surrcg, Water-Supply
Paper 3/fl (1915), pp. 539, pis. 21, figs. 4). — This reixni: embodies the results
of studies of the geology and underground water resources of the Coastal Plain
of Georgia, the latter being discussed for each county in the area, including
various analyses.
Geology and water resources of Tularosa basin. New Mexico, and adjacent
areas, O. E. Meinzer and R. F. Hare (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Supply Paper
3fi3 {1915), pp. 317, pis. 19, figs. 51). — This report, prepared in cooperation with
the New ^Mexico Experiment Station, deals with the physiography, geolog.v, and
water resources of an area of approximately 6.0<X) square miles in Xew Mexico,
and also takes up in some detail such related subjects as quality of water, irri-
gation, and soil and native vegetatiou in relation to water supplies.
In the valley fill it is stated that supjilies sufficient in quantity for domestic
use and for stock can be obtained practically everywhere. In the waters of the
valley fill of the northern area there is no sodium carbonate but there are gen-
erally large amounts of sodium chlorid and also important amounts of sodium
RUKAL ENGINEERING. 785
sulphate aud uiayiiesiuiu suliihate, llius euipliasiziug tlie necessity for oauliou
ill the use of these waters for irrigation to prevent accumulations of allsali.
In the Cretaceous area many wells have been sunJv, both deep and shallow,
from nearly all of which sufficient water for domestic use aud stock supply is
obtained. " The water from most of the springs and wells of moderate depth is
hard but of good quality for irrigation and fairly satisfactory for drinking aud
household use, but the water from the wells in certain localities, notably the im-
meiliate vicinity of Carrizozo. is too highly mineralized for drinking or house-
hold use and of doubtful character for irrigation."
In the Carboniferous rocks and underlying sediments of the northern i)lateau
section of the basin, the agricultural problem is to obtain water for domestic
use aud live stock. " Some of the waters, especially those from shallow sources,
are fairly satisfactory for domestic use aud for drinking, but many are either
undesirable or wholly unfit for these uses. . . .
" Tlie soils that are more or less suitable for agriculture can be grouped as
the re<l adobe soils, the gypseous soils, the more ordinary loam soils. . . . and
the sandy soils. The soils that produce more or less desert vegetation but are
practically worthies for agriculture can be grouped as the graA-elly and bowldery
deposits, the quartz sands of the dune areas, the gyiJSum sands, the alkali clays.
and the waste in the crevices of the lava beds."
Analyses of samples of the soils of the area made at the station showed tbem
to be generally deficient in nitrogen. It is stated that the phosphoric acid con-
•tent compares fairly well with, that usually found in soils of average fertility.
The potash content was variable but was on the whole small as compared with
the content of soda aud other soluble salts. It is stated that the soils are in
poor tilth and neetl deep cultivation and green manuring.
Analyses further showed large amounts of sulphates and calcium and only
very small amounts of carbonates or bicarbonates. In a few cases an excess
of chlorin over sodium was found, indicating the presence of either magnesium
chlorid or calcium chlorid. It was also found that the average amounts of
alkali within the capillary limits increased gradually witli decreasing depth of
ground water. " Wherever the water table is within about 12 ft. of the surface
the soil is liable to contain harmful amounts of alkali, and the nearer the sur-
fa<-e the ground water stands the greater is the d;inger from alkali. In all of
the samples taken in localities where the depth to water is less than 10 ft. the
alkali content was greater in the first foot of soil than farther down. . . .
Sodium chlorid and other alkalis are distributed in appreciable quantities over
much of that part of the interior gyp.seous plain where the water table is at
l)reseut too low to have any influence on surface conditions."
The distribution of zones of vegetation was found to be influence<l by the
amounts of rainfall and flood waters and by the depths to ground water. It Is
stated that only about one acre in 1,000 is under irrigation in the basin. Surface
waters have been used to considerable extent with more or less success and the
areas pros])ectively available for irrigation with well waters are outlined as
follows: The shallow-water tracts in the Cretaceous area north of Three Rivers,
including land adjacent to Nogal Arroyo and near Carrizozo and Oscuro and the
surrounding country; the shallow-water tracts in the valleys of the Sierra
Blanca and Sacramento Mountains and adjacent foothills, especially in the
valley of Three Rivers; a belt on the east side of the basin extending from the
lower part of the younger lava befl to some distance south and southwest of
Dog Canyon, limited on the north, east, and south by the depth to water and on
the west by the alkali and gypsum in the soil : and a narrow belt on the west
side of the basin extending from the vicinity of Mound Springs to the meadow
786 EXPERIMENT .STATIOX KECORD.
.south of the white sands, liniitetl oii the uoilh, west, aud south hy the depth to
water and on the east by the alkali and gypsum in the soil.
It is .stated that most of the pumpinj? plants thus far installed in the basiu
are oi)erated by windmills, gasoline cnjjines, or electric motors, but that liorse-
powers and steam enjrlnes are also in u.se.
"Because of the limit.itions in rejiard to both qnanliiy and quality of the
underground supply and because of the cost of jtumjiing, it is doubtful whether
heavy irrigation, such as is commonly practiced in the Kio Grande Valley and
other irrigation districts, will be feasible, except very locally, in Tularosa
Basin ; but the sparing use of well water to supijlement rainfall and flood
waters contains more promise and .should be given a thorough trial." It is
stated that a small amount of well water properly applied as supplemental
irrigation with careful melhotls of farming will add greatly to the yield of
certiiin crops, i)artifularly for;ige and other field crop.s, vegetables, and fruit.
The use of surface water free from bacteria as drinking water, Haupt
il'harm. Zvntralhalle, 55 {VJUi), No. JfO, pp. 861-806).— Tha author describes
briefly experiments which, in his oi:»inion, demonstrate the feasibility of using
definite quantities of calciiun hyjiochlorite in the sterilization of surface water
for drinking purposes in emergency cases and at the same time using alum for
the precipitation of suspended matter and colloidal matter in solution. The
taste may be more or loss removed by filtration through iron filings.
The chemical disinfection of water, E. B. Phiclps (Piih. Hcaltli lipts. \U. ,s'.],
h'cprint 225 {191Jf), pp. 8. figs. 3). — This paper describes methods and simple
apparatus for applying the hypochlorite process in the purification of small
community and private water suiiiilies.
Bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite, it is stated, should be bought on
specification to contain not less than 33 per cent available chlorin. The Ameri-
can product is considered less likely to give troublesome odors to the water
than the imported product. The minimum quantity of solution which can be
properly controlled and measured is said to be about 15 gal. per hour. For
small plants hand mixing is said to be satisfactory. The solution in the mixing
tank is allowed to stand four hours or longer and may then be drawn off into
the .solution tanks, where it is diluted to the proper strength. A set of (3 or
7 vinegar barrels properly connected v^^ith galvanized iron jiiping and well
painted on the outside witli asphaltum or some good mineral paint makes a
satisfactory temporary plant. Small plants are said to be most easily run on
the constant strength basis.
"On the basis of 33 per cent bleaching powder (which allows for los.ses in
extraction) 25 lbs. per million gallons of water will give one part per million
of available chlorin. Clear, colorless ground water, free from iron, or the
clear water of large lakes requires, as a rule, from 0.1 to 0.3 parts of chlorin
or 2,5 to 7.5 lbs. of bleaching powder per million gallons, Mountain streams
and upland water free from color aud turbidity and without storage in ponds
require from 0.2 to 0.5 parts. Colored river waters, swamp waters, and highly
polluted surface waters may require as much as one part or more,"
Profile surveys in Willamette Biver Basin, Oregon {U. S. Qeol. Survey,
Water-Supplij Paper 3-YJ {lOUi). pp. 8, ;j/-v. 16). — This report, prepared under
the direction of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features of the Willa-
mette River Basin and gives plans .-md profiles of streams therein.
Profile surveys in Wenatchee River Basin, Washington ( V. S. GeoJ. Sur-
rey. Watcr-Suppli) Paper ,}68 {lOL'f)- PP- 7. pU. 8). — This report, prepared under
the direction of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features of the Wenat-
chee River Basin and gives a i)lan and profile of Wenatchee Lake, Wenatchee
River, and certain tributaries.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 787
Land drainage in Maryland. J. K. IlAswr.r.L (Maryland l^ta. Bui. ISG {1914),
pp. 69-ll:i, fi<;-s. !>). — This bulletin is baseil upon the work of the Drainage
Investigations of this Ofiice in the State of Maryland. Its purpose "is to show
briefly what properly constructed drainage improvements have accomplished
and will accomplish in developing farm lands in the State, and to offer sugges-
tions that may assist in the proper application of drainage in all parts of
Maryland."
There are 517 square mih's of swamp and marsh land in the State, the
greater part of which occurs in the 2.(i."iO square miles of coastal plain. Under
" bcnetits of drainage" the results obtained in different localities in the State
are briefly reported. The author also takes up briefly land drainage for mos-
quito control.
In an appendix is given the text of the Maryland drainage law.
Concrete in drainage and irrigation, P. T. Libberton (Trans. Amer. Soc.
Agr. Engin., 7 (1913), pp. 135-l.'i5, figs. 6). — The author discusses the use of
concrete in irrigation and drainage structures and points out that its successful
use iu these depends largely on the proper selection, proportioning, and mixing
of materials.
Progress report on cause of disintegration of cements by alkalis, K. Steik
(Wijdiiiing Std. Rpt. 1914. PP- ^-'/<'^-/''^'. figs. 11). — In the course of this work the
following comiwunds have been isolated: (1) Calcium sulphate, (2) calcium
hydroxid, (3) calcium carbonate, and (4) one silicate of which the composition
has not yet been determined.
" The calcium sulphate hydrated salt was found to be a reaction product
between cement and the sulphates of magnesium and sodium. This salt was
found deposited in crystalline form from solutions of varying strength, from 1
per cent to 10 per cent. The crystals were iu all cases found on the surface
of the blocks of cement, deposited either as single crystals or as groups of
crystals X'adiating from a center. ... In some cases the sulphate of calcium
was deposited in amorphous form. This was more noticeable in cements low
in lime content. The microscopic examination of the cements which had a
great abundance of crystals on the surface did not show their presence inside
the cement blocks. The same was found to be true in case of the other com-
pounds mentioned. . . .
" The calcium hydroxid was obtained from cement immei'sed in solutions of
chlorids of magnesium and sodium, also from solutions containing both these
chlorids. Also this compound was deposited on the surface in ci'ystals about
i in. wide and about 1.64 in. thick. . . .
" The calcium carbonate was obtained iu amorphous form only from cements
iu solutions of sodium carbonate."
Further studies were made of the effect of alkali salt solutions on the strength
of cements. It was found that high silicia cement when immersed in a 5 per
cent solution of equal parts of sodium carbonate, sodium chlorid, and sodium
sulphate was reduced in tensile strength 3.5 per cent after 12 months and 14.2
per cent after 20 months and was increased in compressive strength 10 per cent
after 12 months and 1G.3 i>er cent after 2G months.
The tensile strength of neat Portland cement when immersed in a 5 per cent
solution of sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid. and magnesium
sulphate was increased 101.3 per cent after 12 months and decreased 13.3 per
cent after 26 months and the compressive strength was increased 46 per cent
after 12 months and decreased 25.7 per cent after 2G months. In a similar set
of tests increases in strength were observed in all cases.
93681°— No. S— 15 7
788 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The tensile strength of a mixture of 1 part cement and 3 parts sand im-
mersed in sodium carljoiiate, sodium sul])liate, and sodium chlorid was decreased
0.7 per cent after 12 months and 2.7 per cent after 26 mouths and the com-
pressive strength was increased GO.l per cent after 12 months and decreased
17.2 per cent after 2G montlis. A similar mixture immersed in a solution of
sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and magnesium sulphate
was considerably reduced in strength after 12 months and could be crushed
between the fingers after ^6 months.
A mixture of 1 part cement to 1 part sand immersed in a solution of sodium
carbonate, sodium chlorid, and sodium sulphate increased in strength in all
cases except in tensile strength after 2G months. The same mixture immersed
in a solution of sodium clilorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and mag-
nesium sulphate exiierienced a decrease in strength in all cases except in tensile
strengtli after 12 mouths.
Permeability tests on gravel concrete {Engin. Rcc, 70 {1914), No. 13, pp.
355, 356; aJ)s. in Indus. Engin. and Engin. Digest, 14 {1914), No. 10, p. 411). —
In tests made at the University of Wisconsin to determine the permeability of
concrete to water it was found that tlie proportions of mixture, time of mixing,
socpience of placing materials in the mixer, and method of curing are vital
factors w^hen an impervious concrete is required. It was also found that
permeability of lean concrete in a direction normal to the pouring is greater
than in the direction of pouring.
Wooden gang mold for concrete posts, F. W. Ives {Farm. Engin., 2 {1914),
No. 5, p. 85, figs. 5). — ^The construction and use of this mold is described and
illustrated.
Recent road improvements in Hawaii, M. J. Adams {Engin. Rec, 10 {1914),
No. 13, pp. 342^34 'h flU'^- 5)- — This article describes road construction in territory
where rainfall is excessive and where the soil is from G to S ft. in depth, over-
lying lava rock. After one and one-half years of service the puddled macadam
surface was covered with a bituminous carpet, using two grades of asphalt
and two grades of asphaltic oil. The design of culverts and bridges and the
necessary road construction equipment are also described.
Hai-per's gasoline engine book, A. H. Vebrill {New York: Harper & Bros.,
1914, pp. XX+292, figs. 226; rev. in Engin. News, 12 {1914), No. 21, pp. IO45,
1046). — This book is intended for mechanics, farmers, and automobilists. It is
written in popular form and takes up in tuni the construction of the engine, its
use at home and elsewhere, and its oi^eration and maintenance.
Tests of substitutes for gasoline, J. A. Moykb {Power, 40 {1914), No. 16, pp.
569-572, figs. 4)- — Comparative tests of kerosene, alcohol, motor spirit, and
mixtures of kerosene and gasoline as substitutes for gasoline in a farm gas
engine are reported, the primary object being to determine the maximum power
and fuel consumption for each of the fuels used with and vrithout water
injection.
The tests showed that the maximum horsepower of the engine is considerably
increased, especially with kerosene as fuel, but that the fuel consumption per
horsepower-hour is considerably greater with water injection. For purposes
of comparison similar tests were made with gasoline without water injection,
■which shov\ ed that the fuel cost per brake horsepower-hour was greater in all
cases than with the other fuels. Tests with the so-called air injection devices
showed that the economy of tlie engine is considerably improved when air is
injected into the manifold.
The cause of the so-called preignition in kerosene engines, which is dis-
tinguished by sharp pounding at the connecting rod, is said to be probably not
RURAL ENGINEERING. 789
preignition at all, but is thought to be due to a '•cracking" of the heavier
portion of the kerosene.
Motor plowing competition of the North Kent Agricultural Association
(Iinpl. and Mach. Kcr., 39 {1913), No. 7/67,, ;jp. 10H9-1092; ahx. in Intcnuit. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {19W, No. 6, pp. 800,
801). — Results of a motor plowing comi>etition in which four machines com-
peted are reported. Three, four, and six furrow plows were used.
The portions of land assigned to each machine wei-e substantially of identical
character. The depth of the plowing was in all cases approximately 7 in. and
the quality of the work was fair. Considering all the usual factors a 20-horse-
power motor and a 3-furrow plow made the highest scores.
Standardization of faiTO. wagons, E. E. Parsonage {Trans. Amcr. Sac. Agr.
Emjin., 7 {1913), pp. 120-130). — The author points out the inefficiency of the
present system of manufacturing and selling of farm wagons to farmers from
the standpoint of their construction, and makes recommendations as to methods
for bringing about standardization of wagon equipment. These are based on
the standardizing and simplifying of the sizes of wagons and wheel heights
and the standardizing of the track of wagons and the tire widths and thick-
nesses.
A cheap and effective homemade plank drag, F. G. Keauss {liaivaii Sta.
Press Bui. ^9 {1915), pp. Ji, figs. 2). — This bulletin illustrates, describes the
construction of, and gives a bill of materials for, a plank drag to be used on
Hawaiian soils.
It is stated that the plank drag is most valuable when the soil breaks up
"cloddy" and harrowing fails to pulverize it. "Unless the land is too moist,
the plank drag should follow the harrow immediately. ... In going over the
ground with the drag a half lap should always be taken, and if necessary, the
ground should be cross dragged. The drier and harder the clods the greater
should be the weight applied. . . . Care should be taken not to add too much
weight when the soil is moist since in so doing the soil may become compacted
to an extent far greater than any beneficial results that might othei-wise have
accrued."
Imports and exports of agricultural machines and implements into and
out of Germany in 1913 {Maschinen Ztg., 12 {191Jf), No. Jf, p. ^5; ahs. in Inter-
nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No.
6, p. 806). — Tabular data are given showing the exports to have been greatly in
the majority excepting in the case of mowers and reapers, of which about
eight times as many were imported as exported.
The manufacture of agricultural machines and implements in Russia in
1911 {Landw. Masch. u. Gcrdte, IJf {1911f), No. 13, pp. 15-22, 40; abs. in Inter-
nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No.
6, pp. 803-805). — It is stated that this industry in Russia has developed of late
years to such an extent that in 1911 it was in a position to place on the home
market £6.502,400 (i?31.64.3.920.G0) worth of machinery and implements. About
820 factories built agricultural machinery, of which 66.5 were situated in Euro-
pean Russia, 110 in Poland, 37 in the Caucasus, and S in Siberia. The total
output amounted in 1911 to f.5.320.017, which was distributed among the va-
rious groups of machinery as follows: Tillage implements £9.54,530. sowing
machines £804,500, harvesting machines £1,312,321, threshing machines £713,360,
cleaning and grading machines £239,796. machines for preparing fodder £146.225,
gins and transmissions £298,053, power motors £324,062, and other machines
and implements and duplicate parts £527,170.
790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tlie consumption of afiricultural niuchinery is said to have risen during the
last 30 to 35 years from £S35,840 to £12,581.870.
Methods and benefits of grading and cleaning grain, II. E. Houton (Trans.
Auki: »S'of. A{j>'. I'jnyin., 7 (I'Jl.i), pp. J/l-aO, fujs. Jf). — Attention is called to the
loss to farmers due to weeds, and methods of grading and cleaning grain are
described with tests.
It is shown that the cleaning machine removes the chaff, dirt, and light
part of the seed, the blast machine sorts the grain according to weight, and
both machines remove some of the w^eed seed. To remove all the weed seed the
so-called trieur, which consists simply of a metal cylinder lined with cells of
various depths and diameters, is necessary. The trieur separates pieces of
broken grain and w-eed seed corresponding to the insert in use in the machine,
separates grain berries according to size, and separates one grain from another.
Other machines for grading and cleaning grain described are the grain
<'eatrifugal, the snail separator, the oscillating table, the revolving cylindrical
sieve, and the endless belt.
It is pointed out in conclusion that in order to secure the best seed grain
the grain should be subjected to a painstaking examination with sieve, scale,
and microscope.
The explosibility of grain dusts, D. J. Price and II. II. Brown (*Sct. Amer.
Sup., 78 {19 J. 'f), No. 2031, p. 308). — The results of a cooperative study of the
explosibility of grain dusts and of methods pertaining to the prevention of
such explosions are reported. The following causes have been assigned to
rnany of the explosions in milling plants in this country and abroad: (1) Use
of open lights or naked flames, such as lamps, torches, gas jets, lanterns,
candles, matches, etc., (2) property fires, (3) introduction of foreign material
in grinding machines, (4) electric sparks from motors, fuses, switches, and
lighting systems, and (5) static electricity produced by friction of pulleys and
belts, grinding machines, etc. The investigation has indicated that a large
number of the recent ex]>losions and fires have been caused by the introduction
of foreign material into grinding machines.
Disposal of tannery waste, A. Roth (Jour. Amer. Leather Clicm. Assoc, 9
{1914), No. 12, pp. 512-522).— The results of tests of different methods and
equipment for the disposal of tannery wastes are reported.
A continuous-flow tank for sedimentation is said to give the best results.
It should be batlled at the inlet and outlet and should have ample sedimentation
and sludge capacity and good sludge-removing facilities. Sedimentation by the
aid of a chemical coagulant was found to be uneconomical in such systems. The
sludge was best disposed of by drying on sand beds and using as a fertilizer.
The low average rate for the irrigation of tannery sewage is said to limit the
use of sewage farming as a means of final disposal to very small tanneries or
to tanneries where a large acreage of land is available. Intermittent sand
filtration was found to be the best method of final disposal.
The design of permanent farm buildings, E. S. Fowler (Trans. Amer. Soc.
Agr. Engin., 7 (1913), pp. 106-117. figs. 4). — The author draws attention to the
economic importance of permanent farm buildings and describes and illusi-
trates the design of an all-concrete barn, which includes horse and cow stalls
and a haymow.
Brief instructions for building a pit silo, C. Larsen (SoittJi Dakota Sta.
Bui. 154 (1914), pp. 83-96, figs. 4). — This is a popular bulletin describing the
construction and use of the pit silo and methods for hoisting the silage out of
the pit. In four experimental pit silos no trouble was encountered from poison-
ous gases. Analyses of the silage from these and the college farm are reported.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
791
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farm costs on the Colorado Agricultural College farm, A. Keysfr (Colorado
Sta. Bui. 20.i (im.'i), pp. .i-.')l!, /iij. 1). — Tliis report outlines the system of cost
accounting estal)lished for tlio college farm, and reports data as to the cost of
farm machinery and of man and horse labor for a series of years in growing
and harvesting various crops, and of the drayage, livery, carpenter worlc, and
miscellaneous services rendered to the different departments by the college farm
force !is a service bureau.
Land tenure, O. R. Johnson and AV. E. Foard {Missouri Sta. Bui. 121 (1014),
pp. 59-110, figs. 10). — This report presents the results of a farm management
survey in four townships of John-sou County. Mo., from the staiidijoint of land
tenure.
Some of the striking points noticed were that in this locality the tenant grew
more grain crops and sells a larger proportion of those grown than did the
owner. He kept one animal unit for every 5* acres of ground, while the owner
had one animal unit for every 3J acres. The tenant farmed more land with a
given labor equipment. He got lower yields from grain crops and about the
same from hay crops. His labor income was .^.'jOI. as against $440 for the part
owner and $.''>14 for the owner, and his family living expenses were $354, as
compared with .$413 for the owner. With the same capital the tenant made the
largest labor income, the part owner ranked next, and the owner made the
smallest labor income. The tenant usually put in more hours labor than did the
owner and obtained a larger labor income for the same amount of work units.
The data show that 43.5 per cent of the tenants remained on the same farm
two years or less. Nearly SO per cent of the tenants moved in less than five
years. Tenants living on the same farm from six to ten years made the largest
labor income.
Farm owners with more than a rural school education made nearly $G0O more'
than those who stop with the rural school. The man with a higher education
apparently remained a tenant only from one-half to one- fourth as long before
becoming an owner as did those who stopped with the rural school.
[Insanity among- farm people] (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.], Insane and
Fechlc-Mindcd lusts. 1910, pp. 1-119, figs. 10). — ^This report contains statistical
data showing by States and geographic divisions the number of insane in hos-
pitals and the number admitted in 1010. The following table shows admissions
in 1910 by sex and geographic divisions :
Nuinhcr of insane admitted to hospitals in 1010 per 100,000 population.
Geogi-apb.ic divisions.
Urban community.
Rural community.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
111.1
90.5
gti.l
S3. 1
110.4
S2.8
5fi.9
124.2
9.5.2
101.8
82.3
72.7
66.1
82.4
52. 5
55.1
67.3
62.8
92.7
49.9
56.9
55.0
35.2
35.2
28.1
44.0
53.4
91.1
Micldlo Atlantic
40.8
49 6
Wp,4- North Central
43.6
Sout h A llantic
31.5
F.I.St South Central
31.0
West South Central
23.1
16.9
Pacific
32.4
Total
91..3
77.5
45.2
37.3
792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The report also shows tlint the rate per 100.000 population from urban com-
munities was 73.7 for native whites, ajrainst 122.1* for foreign born au'l 7S for
negroes. The corresponding rate for rural communities was 40 for native
whites. 78.4 for foreign born, and 20.9 for negroes. The higher rate for foreign
born is partially due to the large proportion of the total foreign born population
being in the mature age groups.
The rer)ort indicates that 21 per cent of the insane admitted in 1910 from
urban communities had general paralysis or alcoholic psychosis, whereas a
similar percentage for those from rural communities was 10.4.
This report also contains a summary of the laws relating to insanity.
Institutions for insurance ag'ainst sickness and accidents in rural districts
{Pubs. Sec. Suisse Paysans, No. Jf7 {UlUt), pp. 17/+y.'/i).— This report de-
scribes the Swiss institutions for insurance against sickness and accidents, and
the principal kinds of sickness and accidents connected with agriculture as
compared with other professions. A model constitution for insurance organiza-
tions is included, together with a number of statistical tables showing the
frequency of accidents or sickness for various causes by ages and sex.
Farmers must be cooperators, C. O. Drayton (Greenville, III.: The Equitij
Union Puhlishing Co., 191 Jf, 3. ed., pp. 188, fifjs. 16). — ^This book consists of a
large number of articles relating to the principles imderlying farmers' equity
unions and contains a copy of the national constitution and by-laws for a local
equity exchange.
Cooperative org'anization business methods, W. H. Kerb and G. A. Xahstoll
{U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 118 {1915), pp. 24)- — Suggestions are offered as to the
business methods of cooperative organizations.
According to the authors, among the essential requirements for a system of
accounting records for a cooperative marketing organization are a complete set
of financial records showing the business transactions and the results obtained
and a record of each member's transactions with the organization. They
should be capable of taking care of a maximum amount of business during the
shipping season and of returning to the members the proceeds from their
products within a reasonable time ; should show clear pooling records when
kept, so that any discrimination can be indicated quickly. There should also be
auxiliary records which will give statistics and useful information for the con-
duct of the business. Since no two cooperative organizations are exactly alike,
it is necessary that a system be devised to fit the business for which it is
intended.
Every cooperative organization should have an accountant who is thoroughly
familiar with the business. Every organization should keep minutes in proper
form of all stockholders' or members' and directors' meetings.
The extent of depreciation should be estimated as closely as possible and pro-
vided for, and cooperaitve organizations should make arrangements to set aside
specific amounts, or a percentage of profits, for the increase of working capital.
The organization should have both an internal and external audit. Auditing
circles can be effectively formed where several cooperative organizations are in
the same territory.
A bibliography is appended.
[Among' the egg" and poultry societies of Eng-land] (Co-operation Agr.
[London], 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 25-30, figs. 6). — These pages contain a brief de-
scription of the methods of carrying on the sale and distribution of eggs and
poultry by a number of local organizations.
Report of the Agricultural Organization Society, 1914 (Rpt. Agr. Organ.
Soc. [London], lOl-'f, pp. IX +129). — This report outlines the aims of this society.
I
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 793
discusses the priucipal lines of woric carried ou and the results obtained, and
gives a brief histoi-y of the branch organizations.
[Marketing' of agricultural products in Queensland] (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr.
ana Stock [Qucemluml], 1913-14, pp. 13-10, 25-30, pis. 5). — This section calls
attention to the various problems connected with the marketing of meat, fruit,
and dairy products, and with the development of agricultural production In
Queensland.
First annual report of the bureau of farm development, 1914 {Wfi.shing-
ion Sta. Bill. 120 (.1915), pp. 36, fhjs. 6), — This report sets forth, by counties,
the results of the work for the calendar year 1914. The principal lines of ex-
tension work taken up were the control of blow soils and weeds, introduction
of forage crops, successful methods of summer fallow tillage, the building up
of the hog and dairy industries, the control of orchard pests, and the reclama-
tion of tide flat lauds. There were also a number of farm management demon-
strations and boys' and girls' clubs formed. The text of the act establishing
the bureau (E. S. K., 28. p. 900) is apiiended.
First annual report, department of dry land demonstration and experi-
ment, 1914 (Washington 8ta. Bui. 119 (1915), pp. i6).— This report sets forth
the efforts to improve the agricultural practices in the " dry belt " of Washing-
ton. It contains a brief survey of the climatic conditions and agricultural prac-
tices and outlines the methods to be used in improving the agricultural condi-
tions in this area. A number of field tests are to be made to determine the best
methods of plowing and cultivation and the best crops to be grown. An attempt
will be made to distribute trees for windbreaks, to introduce pure live stock, to
improve the social and living conditions, to introduce silos, to examine soils,
and to collect data regarding rainfall. (See also a previous note, E. S. R.,
30, p. 497.)
Report of Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 (MissouH Bd. Agr. Mo.
Bill., 12 (1914), No. 4, pp. 138, figs. 34). — This report contains a series of ad-
dresses concerning the farmer and his family, the country schools, the country
church, and other ])hases of the rural life movement.
The enonomic org'anizatiou of England, W. J. Ashley (London: Longmans,
Green, and Co., 1914, pp- VIIT-{-213). — This book contains a series of eight lec-
tures, among which are the English agrarian system, with the manor as start-
ing point; the beginnings of modern farming; the break-up of the manor; and
agricultural estates and English self-government.
AGRICTJLTUEAL EDUCATION.
Important features in rural school improvement, W. T. PIodges (U. S.
Bur. Ed. Bui. 599 (1914), pp. 55). — This bulletin contains extracts and sum-
maries of reports of rural superintendents of schools as to plans for improving
the schools under their sui>ei'\'ision by means of better administration, courses
of study, methods of teaching, buildings and grounds, and closer cooperation
of home and school. A study of the reports fi'om which these abstracts am
taken reveals that " there is a feeling that the country child will be best edu-
cated for whatever life he may lead, whether in the city or in the country, if
taught in terms of country life," and that practical subjects, such as agriculture,
cooking, sewing, etc., add vitality and interest to the courses of study.
Vocational education and the State, E. Davenport (School and Home Ed.,
34 (1914), Xo. 4y PP- 131-133). — In this discussion of the separate system of
vocational schools, the author outlines as some of the disadvantages the result-
ing stratification of society, the need of new and si>ecial teachers, and the In-
794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
creased financial outlay. He believes that the proper goal in secondary educa-
tion is the cosmopolitan high school supported by a community and subsidized
both by the State and the Federal Government.
Menominee County Agricultural School and wliat it does, J. F. Wojta
(Mich. Fanners' Imls., hist. Bui. 20 (1014), pp. 321-328, figs. 3).— The author
outliuos the provisions of the Act of 1007 and amendments thereto under which
county scliools of agriculture may be established in Michigan, and gives an
account of the work of the Menominee County Agricultural School.
[Agricultural education in Canada] (Agr. Oaz. Canada, 1 (1914), ^'o. 7, pp.
5VJ-r,,i2, 52.',-529, 551-558. 563, 5HD, 570, 503, figs. //).— These pages include
statements of the benefactions for agriculture in Canada and of the Federal ap-
propriations; a detailed account of the buildings and equipment, instruction,
etc., of Macdonald College, by F. C. Harrison ; notes on school gardens in Nova
Scotia and Quebec ; and an article entitled Consolidation Favorable to Agricul-
tural Education, by S. B. McCready.
Annual report of the education branch of the distribution of grants for
agricultural education and research in the year 1913-14 Hid. Agr. and
Fisheries [London], Ann. Rpt. Ed. Branch, 1913-14, pp. Y III +149, pi. i).— The
form of this report has been recast in this issue, and in addition to a summary
of the progress of the year chapters are devoted to descriptive notes on agri-
cultural education and extension work in each of the 11 educational provinces
of England and Wales, notes on agricultural research institutions, investiga-
tions aided by special research grants and miscellaneous grants, grants from
the Development Fund paid through the board, and publications. Eight ap-
pendixes contain tabulated infonnation concerning grants awarded for agri-
cultural education and research in 191^-14, research scholarships in agi'icul-
tural science, organization lists, other statistics, etc.
Agricultural education and research (Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., 2 (191.3), pp.
XXII-XXXII) .—This is a report of progi-ess for the year 1913 in the agri-
cultural education and research work under the control of the board of agri-
culture of Scotland.
Present state of agricultural education in Gei-many, K. voN Rumkeb (Inter-
vat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), -^o-
5, pp. 578-597). — The author gives an account of the present status of agricul-
tural education in Prussia, including statistical data on attendance, results of
examinations, and expenses of the institutions of various grades and of other
types of agricultural instruction, together with a discussion of this data, and
a table of similar information for the various other States of Germany.
The anniversary of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle,
O. Ennker (Dent. Landw. Tierzucht, 18 (1914), No. 24, pp. 282-284. figs. 3).—
Notes on the development of the Agricultural Institute of the University of
Halle, established 50 years ago, and a description of its equipment are given.
The inauguration of the Eoyal National Higher Forestry Institute (Alpe
[Italy], 2. ser., 1 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 3-27, pi. 1). — This account of the inaugura-
tion of this institute, at Florence, Italy, contains in addition to several ad-
dresses an outline of its functions and a description of the 2-year course. Tho
institute takes the place of the Royal Forestry Institute at Vallombrosa, which
has been discontinued.
Danish elementary rural schools with some reference to seminaries for the
training of rural teachers, H. W. Foght (TJ. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 598 (1914), PP-
45, i)ls. 5. figs. 4). — This bulletin gives a detailed description of the elementary
rural schools of Denmark, including their organization, management, course of
study, architecture, school gardens, playgrounds, and maintenance; the otBce
MISCELLANEOUS. 795
and tenure, training, salaries, and old-age pensions of rural teachers; and a
brief summary of the author's impressions, with some applications to American
life.
Agriculture in elementary schools, J. P. McLknnan (Ed. CI a::;, and Teachers'
Aid, IdlJf, June 29, Sup., pp. 19, pgs. 6). — The author outlines worli in agricul-
ture for elementary schools in Victoria, Australia, including theoretical instruc-
tion and laboratory and i)lat ex]ieriments in soils, plants, crops, and forestry.
Appendixes relate to work suitable for daii-ying, fruit growing, wheat growing,
and irrigation districts, raising trees from seed at state .schools, and the vege-
table garden.
[Reading courses in agriculture and home ecouomics] (Cornell Reading
Courses, 2 (191S), Xos. J,0, pp. l.',5-156, figs. 6; J,2, pp. 157-18J,, figs. 6; J,!,, pp.
185-200, figs. 10; JfG, pp. 201-219. figs. 7; J,8, pp. 221-2J,0, figs. 11; 3 (1913), Nos
50, pp. 1-28, figs. 18; 52, pp. 29-J,-',, figs. 8; 53, pp. 73-8J,. figs. 2; 3 (191Jf), Nos.
57, pp. 105-1.',G. fig. 1; 59, pp. 11,9-187, figs. 27; GO, pp. 117-131, pis. /,, fig. 1; 61,
pp. 189-204, pi. 1, figs. 21; 62, pp. 133-161,, figs. 4; 63, pp. 205-212, figs. 3; 64,
pp. 165-212, figs. 33; 65, pp. 213-254, figs. 30; 66, pp. 213-228, figs. 8; 67, pp.
257-264, figs. 3; 68, pp. 229-248, figs. 13; 69, pp. 265-284, figs. 6; 70, pp. 249-271,
figs. 11; 71, pp. 285-295, figs. 9; 72, pp. 273-291, figs, i/,).— These bulletins offer
instruction in the following subjects : County, town, and village forests ; tilth
and tillage of the soil; methods of breeding oats; feeding and care of the
horse; culture of the cherry; nature, effects, and maintenance of humus in the
soil; culture of the blackberry; the Christmas festiA'al ; a syllabus of lessons
for extension schools in home economics; sewage disposal for country homes;
farm butter making; attic dust and treasures; methods of determining the
value of timber in the farm woodlot ; the young woman on the farm ; the rural
school and the community; farmhouse amusements for girls and boys; meadows
in New York ; canning clubs in New York State — organization, principles, and
methods of canning, and canning equipment; improving the potato crop by
selection; soil moisture and crop production; and culture of the grai>e.
Finding time for agriculture, G. M. Wilson (Iowa Agr., 15 (1914), No. 4,
pp. 242-244).— In this article the author illu.strates, taking arithmetic and
spelling as examples, how time may be .saved for instruction in agriculture,
home economics, and manual training, by omitting useless or obsolete material
in other subjects.
Methods of instruction in soils in the high-school curriculum, H. Bode
(Eiihn Arch., 5 (1914), pp. 4'--^-450). — ^The author discusses methods of instruc-
tion in soils as a fundamental pnncii)le in (1) soil cultivation and plant food
and (2) land valuation in the higher agricultural education institutions of
Germany, and suggests an outline of subject matter for the winter and summer
semesters.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1914 (U. S. Dept. Agr.
Rpts. 1914, PP- V-\-359). — This contains the reports of the Secretary and heads
of bureaus and other administrative officers. The various reports are also
issued as separates.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1914 (Ala-
hama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 38). — This contains the organization list, a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and reports of the
director and heads of departments on the work and publications of the station
during the year. The report of the veterinarian is abstracted on page 783 of
this issue.
796 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914
{Delaware .S7«. Bui. 101 {191.5), pp. I.'j). — ^This contains the organization list
find the rerxnt of tho dirwtor on tlie work nnd jiulilifation.s of the station. It
includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.
Annual Beport of Guam Station, 1914 {Gunin Hta. Rpt. l'Jl.'i, pp. 27, pis. 5,
figs, fi).— This contains a suiiiiiiary of investi.i|:itions by the special agent in
ch.'irge. for the ujost part iilistrMcted els(nvhore in this IsSue.
Annual report of Hawaii Station, 1914 {Hauaii 8ta. Rpt. lOl.'t, pp. 13, pis.
3). — This contains the organization list, a summaiy by the special agent in
charge as to the investigations of the year, and reports of the chemist, acting
horticulturist, agronomist, entomologist, and superintendents of the substations.
The experimental work recorded in these reports is for the most part abstracted
elsewhere in this issue, as is also a special article on The Composition of
II;iw:iiiun Fruits and Nuts (p. 7G1).
Biennial Beport of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1913—14
{Missouri Fruit Sta. Rpt. 191,3-lJf, pp. 32, pis. 6). — This contains the organiza-
tion list, a brief report of the director for the biennium ended December 31,
1914, and reports of the entomologist and pathologist abstracted elsewhere in
this issue.
Director's report for 1914, W. II. Jordan {New York State Sta. Bui. 303
(lOl-'f), pp. 6.i7-Gol). — This contains the organization list and a review of the
work and publications of the station during the year.
Thirty-third Annual Beport of Ohio Station, 1914 {Ohio Sta. Bui. 218
{lOlJf), pp. XXV, pi. 1). — This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, and a report of the director sum-
marizing the work and publications of the station during the year.
Twenty-fourth Annual Beport of Washing'ton Station, 1914 {Washington
Sta. Bui. 118 {1914), pp. 45, fiffs. 13). — This contains the organization list, a
report of the work and publications of the station during the year, and a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. The experimental
work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhei'e in this issue.
Beport of West Virg'inia Station, 1913 and 1914 {West Virginia Sta. Rpt.
1913-14, pp. ■^7, pis. 6. fig. 1). — This contains the organization list; a report of
the director on the work, publications, and needs of the station ; and a financial
statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1913, and June 30, 1914.
Twenty-fourth Annual Beport of Wyoming- Station, 1914 {Wyoming Sta.
Rpt. 1914, pp. 119-194, fiffs. 11). — This contains the organization list; a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 ; reports of the director and
heads of departments, the experimental work recorded being for the most part
abstracted elsewhere in this issue; meteorological observations noted on page
717 of this issue; an article entitled The Transmission of Swamp Fever, by
J W. Scott, abstracted on page 754 of this issue ; and a reprint of a press bulletin
on Plant Enemies.
Appropriations asked for the main station and substations, biennium
1915-16, 1916-17 {Terns Sta. Circ. 5, n. ser. {1915), pp. 32, figs. 3).— Esti-
mates for state appropriations are presented and discussed in detail.
Press Bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 278 {1914), pp. 407. .)08).— Reprints of press
bulletins on the ox-warble fly and dipping tick-infested sheep.
Preparation of articles for the Journal of Agricultural Besearch {Wash-
ington: U. S. Dept. Agr., 1914. pp. 8). — ^This outlines the general procedure
followed in the selection of manuscripts for the Journal, and the rules for
their preparation.
NOTES
Florida Station. — A state plant act was signed by the governor April 30. It
carries an appi'opriation of $195,000 for the ensuing biennium, of whicli
.$12.5,000 is to be used for citrus canker eradication. Tlie state board of con-
trol having charge of the institutions for higher education in Florida has been
designated as the plant board to carry out the provisions of the act. It is
proposed to organize the work under departments of citrus canker eradication,
plant pathology, insect jiests, and nursery inspection. The board is given,
authority to cooperate with this Department, the State Department of Agri-
culture, the station, and other agricultural agencies.
Idaho "University and Station. — Plans for a building to house the department
of farm engineering has been approved, and the building v/ill be erected dur-
ing the summer. Extensive improvements to Morrill Hall will also be made
to increase the facilities of the departments of farm crops and horticulture.
The new work of the station includes animal nutrition investigations and ex-
periments with silage from crops not as yet commonly grown in the North-
west for silage purposes. Both projects are to be carried on cooperatively by
the departments of animal husbandry and chemistry.
E. P. Taylor has resigned as field horticulturist to engage in private work
in Utah. G. J. Downing, assistant horticulturist, has been detailed to take
active charge of the project formerly in his charge on the determination of
the water requirements of apple crops and the effect of varying amounts of
irrigation water on the keeping properties of apples. T. H. Parks has resigned
as field entomologist to engage in private work. H. P. Fishburn, assistant
professor of agricultural chemistry, has been granted a years leave of absence
for graduate work at the University of Chicago. Frank Lafrenz of the class
of 1915 will become superintendent of the Sandpoint substation in June.
Minnesota University. — Twenty-six courses in agriculture and home economics
are announced for the summer session of the college of agriculture.
Missouri University and Station. — The department of farm management will
conduct a farm survey in several parts of the State during the coming summer.
R. IT. Besse has resigned as assistant to the state leader of farm advisers
to become state leader of county agents for Wyoming. T. J. Talbert, exten-
sion entomologist at the Kansas College, has been appointed extension assistant
professor of entomology. Miss Carrie L. Pencost, extension instructor in home
economics, and A. H. Hollinger, now assistant in entomology, deputy inspector
of nurseries.
Montana College and Station. — Leo Faust has been appointed to the state
board of education vice O. W. McConnell. C. N. Arnett, professor of animal
husbandry in the Iowa College, has been appointed head of the animal hus-
bandry department beginning soon after .Tune 1.
New Jersey College and Station. — Irving L. Owen, associate agronomist in the
fetation and manager of the college farm, has resigned to become county farm
demonstrator for Middlesex County and has been succeeded by Charles S.
Van Nuis. Miss Marion T. Pleasants, laboratory assistant in bot.lny. and
797
798 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
Willis II. Poar.son, assistant cLieuiist, have resigned. Miss Fannie F. Cooper
Las been appointed assistant in extension worls in home economics, and W.
Itaymnnd Stone orchard foreman.
North Carolina Station. — C. W. Mitchell, of Anlander, has succeeded K. W.
Barnes as a nicuilior of the ;iovorning board of the station.
North Dakota College and Station. — The recent legislature passed an act which
provides for a board of regents to have charge of all of the higher institutions
of learning in the State, including the normal schools, liecent appointees
to the board of trustees of the college and station include "Walter Reed of
Ameuia, F. Kindred of Hillsboro, and August Hanson of Fargo.
Ohio State University and Station. — ^Arrangements have now been completed
with eight other colleges of the State for the five-year combination arts-agri-
cultural course (PI S. li., 30, p. 397), and several other institutions have the
plan under consideration.
A bill is pending in the legislature for the establishment of a branch experi-
ment station on the university fanu with the dean of the college of agriculture
as associate director. The bill provides for experimental work in connection
with the courses given by the different departments, duplication of the station
work at Wooster being avoided. The expenses of the substation would be
defrayed from the university fund.?.
Dean H. C. Price of the college of agriculture has resigned, effective July 1.
George Livingston, assistant professor of agronomy since 1911. has I'esigned
to become specialist in grain marketing in the Office of Markets of this
Department.
Oklahoma Station. — Recent appointments include A. G. Weigel, assistant
chemist at the Massachusetts Station as assistant chemist, effective March 1,
and D. Glen Morgan as assistant chemist in the feed and fertilizer division.
Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — J. W. Park, assistant in animal
nutrition since 1912, has resigned to accept a position with the Office of Markets
of this Department.
Virginia Station. — Dr. IT. S. Reed, plant pathologist and bacteriologist since
1908, has resigned to accept a similar position at the Citrus Station at River-
side, Cal., and has been succeeded by Dr. F. D. Fromme, assistant botanist at
the Indiana Station.
Virginia Truck Station. — II. H. Zimmerly, instructor in horticulture in the
Pennsylvania College, has been appointed assistant horticulturist beginning
June 1. J. A. McClintock has been appointed assistant plant pathologist
beginning June 15.
Seventh Graduate School of Agrieultiire. — The next session of the Graduiite
School of Agriculture, imder the auspices of the xissociation of the American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, will be held at the Massachu-
setts Agriculturiil College, Amherst, Mass., in July, 1916. The headquarters
of the school will be in the large agricultural building which is now being
erected on the campus.
Agricultural Education at The Southern Conference for Education and Indus-
try.— The Southern Conference for Education and Industry, organized by the
merging of the forces represented by the Southern Educational Association and
The Conference for Education in the South, held a 4-day meeting at Chatta-
nooga, Teun., beginning April 27.
The departments and special eoufei'ences of the preceding organizations were
organized into a small number of working bodies, such as committees of the
Southern Educational Council, and community, agricultural education, grain
growers', and live stock, fruit growers', bee culture, marketing, artisans', college,
teachers', country church, and teacher training conferences.
NOTES. 799
At a joint conference of the college representatives, superintendents, and
tciichers, home work with school ci'edit was discussed. The leader of this joint
conference, J. F. Marsh, of West Vlrginin. submitted a general home-project plan
aiming to give outside activities sullicient cultural value to warrant school
credit and thus bring about a closer I'olation between the home and the school.
The plan set forth methods for using the home, the garden, the farm, the shop,
and the factory as laboratories, thus making the school a factor in community
progress.
The Southern Educational Council considered (1) whnt the school is, and
(2) what it shall undertake. Under these general propositions one of the topics
considered was what should be the relation of the country teacher to the home
and extension work in agriculture and home making. Among the topics con-
sidered by the teachers' conference m:iy be mentioned a plan for making the
club an integral part of the work of both town and country schools, including
(1) a boys' corn club, (2) a girls' gardening club, (3) an arts and crafts club,
with related exercises in reading, writing, drawing, etc.
The theme for discussion at the college conference was The lieadjustment of
Ideals, Courses, and Methods to Develop Leaders. In discussing The Relation
of the College Curriculum to Human Life and Work, Dr. A. C. True, of this
Office, said among other things :
" In a general way agriculture, mechanic arts, commerce, and the household
arts are the general terms under which the industries may be grouped. In the
elementary school the child can easily be brought into contact with materials
and principles dealt with in the industrial world through simple objective in-
struction in nature study, elementary agriculture, wood and metal working,
cooking, sewing, playing at store-keeping, etc. In the secondary school he can
go further in the technique and principles of the more fundamental arts. In
the college he should leam something of the great diversity of the industries, the
opportunities they offer for the application of scientific principles and for
original research, their relations to each other and to the professions and fine
arts, and the economic, sociological, ethical, governmenral and other factors
involved in their proper development, or in general their true place and func-
tions in the body politic.
" In such studies agriculture, the most fundamental of the arts and much
more comprehensive la its range of activities and relations than most people
think, may well have a prominent place. The narrow way in which most college
men, including those brought up on farms, think and speak about agriculture
is to me very interesting and deplorable. It seems to mean to them merely the
raising of a few crops, e. g., corn, hay or beans, or a few animals, e. g., pigs or
cows. They seem never to have considered the wide range of even American
agriculture, the many sciences to which it is closely related, the great economic,
governmental, and sociological interests involved in the development of our
agriculture and our rural communities. Or if they have incidentally thought of
some of these things they have little appreciation of their real importance and
significauce. And this nai-rowness of outlook of college men pertains also to
other industries."
Necrology.— Elisha Wilson Morse, editor of the sections of animal production
and dairying of Experiment Station Record from 1908-1013, and subsequently
engaged in editorial work in the Dairy Division of this Department, died at
Washington, D. C, April IS. Professor Morse was born at Brockton, Mass.,
Axjril 20, 1S66, and attended the Massachusetts Agricultural College for a
short time. He was graduated from the Bussey Institution of Harvard Uni-
versity in 1S97, and remained there until 1908 as instructor in natural history.
800 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
leaching a wide range of subjects but especially animal husbandry and
dairying.
In his various activities he acquired an unusual acquaintance with the
literature of these subjects, particularly as regards animal nutrition and
genetics and the history of domestic animals. He gave a course of lectures
at the fourth and fifth Graduate Schools of Agriculture, and his preliminary
studies as to the ancestry of domesticated cattle, in which he had become
a recognized authority, were published in the report of the Bureau of Animal
Industry for 1910 (E. S. R., 27, p. 172).
Henry E. Van Deman, well known for his writings and other activities in
pomology, died at Washington, D. C, April 28. Professor Van Deman was
the first professor of horticulture at the Kansas College and the first head of
the division of pomology of this Department. He resigned in 1S93 to take up
horticultural, editorial, and other work and has been a contributor to many
periodicals and has served as a judge of exhibitions of fruit in nearly every
State.
The death in the European War on ]S'ovember 3, 1914, is reported of Otto
Maurei", associated about 1911 with the bacteriological studies on eggs at the
Kansas Station. He was educated in Germany and the University of Wisconsin
and was 26 years of age.
Charles H. Martin, who had been working in collaboration with the Roth-
amsted Experimental Station on soil protozoa, and had published several
contributions on the subject and on the cecal parasites of fowls, was killed
iu the European War May 3.
Miscellaneous. — The Ohio Agricultural Commission was abolished by the recent
legislature, being succeeded by a state board of agriculture of 10 members
appointed by the governor to serve without compensation and with an executive
secretary. All of the powers of the commission will devolve upon the board
except the control of the Ohio Station, for which a separate body is provided,
and the agricultural extension work, including farmers' institutes, which is
placed in the charge of the Ohio State University.
Breeder's Gazette notes that W. G. Scholtz has been appointetl director of
farm markets in Idaho under a new law effective May 8. His duty will be
to cooperate with producers and consumers in plans of distribution, to investi-
gate alleged frauds in the sale of real estate to homeseekers, regulate adver-
tising pertaining to colonization, maintain a farm labor employment bureau
and lists of farm property for sale for the use of prospective buyers, and
otherwise improve farm life conditions.
\
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF Tins PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
■WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, Per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, SI
/
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Asmtant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and FertiUzersj^; ^^; ^J^lunger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology -j-^y' ^' g^yo '
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition] H. L. Lang.
IC. F. Walton.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Diiiry Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
Veterinary MedicinejJJ •^^; ^et^zeI^' LIBRARY
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. NEW VOJ<it
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. ki>t*v.i
Agricultural Education— C. H. Lane. »v« AMCAL
Indexes— M. D. Moore. ^AKi)jfci«.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 9.
Page.
Recent work in agricultural science 801
Notes , 900
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY.
Yearbook of chemistry, edited by Meyer 801
The hydrogen ion concentration, Michaelis 801
The glycerids of fats and oils, IV-VIII, Bomer et al 801
Linseed mucilage, Neville 802
The amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in flaxseed, Van Kampen 802
Studies on enzym action, XII, Falk and Sugiura 803
The thermoregeneration of sucrase, Bertrand and Rosenblatt 803
Relationship between the protein substances of yeast and sucrase, Thomas 803
Soy bean urease. — Effect of dilution, acids, alkalis, and alcohol, Marshall, Jr. 803
The mode of action of urease. Van Slyko, Zacharias, and Cullen 804
Preparation of "neutral" ammoniumcitrate, Eastman and Hildebrand 804
Cause of en-or in precipitation of ammonium-magnesium phosphate, Quartaroli. 804
Determination of phosphorus in fertiUzers and feeds, Dusserro and Chavan 805
The estimation of phosphates in soil extracts, Prescott 805
Determination of carbon in soils and soil extracts, Ames and Gaither 805
Improvement in electrical method of determining salt in soil. Beam and Freak. . 806
A modified Kjeldahl flask for determining soil nitrogen, Noyes 807
Methods for the examination of water, Emnurling 807
Hypotlietical combinations in water anal>si.s, Dole 807
Methods of estimating carbohydrates. — 11, Starch, DaA-is and Daish 807
The chlorin number a new constant for fat, Zlataroff 808
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Quantitative estimation of the salt-soluble proteins in wlieat flour, Olson 808
An investigation of tho presence of furfurol in cider vinegar, Anderson 808
Analysis of maple products. — IIF, Range of variation in sirups, Snell and Scott. . 808
The reductase (fermenlalion rtnluctase) tx-st. Dons 809
Manufacture and use of unfennented grape juice, Uusmann 809
Some abnormal factors of so-called farmers' cider vinegars, Diggs 809
Hop investigations 809
METEOROLOGY.
■Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1914 810
Monthly Weather Review 810
Wliy some winters are warm and others cold in east United States, Humphreys. . 811
Predicting minimum temperatures for frost protection. Smith 811
Climate and meteorology of Australia, Hunt 811
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Soil erosion in the South, Davis 811
Analysis of Florida muck soils. Rose 811
Geography of the soils of Georgia, Merrill 811
Composition of the soils of the different glacial drift sheets, Alway 812
Soil survey of Orange County, New York, Crabb and Morrison 812
Soil analysis 812
The distribution of swamp land in the Kingdom of Bavaria 812
Studies of an acid soil in Assam, Meggitt 812
The colloid chemistry of humus, Oden 813
Soil colloids and the soil solution, Cameron 813
Soil water in relation to plant growth, Colebatch 813
Effects of variations in moisture content on soil and wheat, Harris 814
The evaporation of water from soil, Keen 815
Partial sterilization of soil by volatile and nonvolatile antiseptics, Buddin 816
Increased nitrate content of a soil subjected to temporary dr>ing, Buddin 817
Ammonification studies with soil fungi, McLean and Wilson 817
A contribution on tlie nitrogen problem, Scheerlinck 818
Soil bacteriological investigations 818
[Soil inoculation] 818
The results of some experiments with farmyard manure. Berry 818
Results of two years' work on London Soil E.xperiment Field, Roberts 819
Peat moors with special reference to the air-nitrogen question, Benetsch 820
The utilization of peat in Italy, Rossi 820
German and other sources of potash supply, Macdowell 820
Investigation of sources of potash in Texas, Phillips 820
Potash from kelp, Cameron 821
Radium as a fertilizer, Hopkins and Sachs 821
Fertihzer inspection 822
AGRICULTUR.\L BOTANY.
Plant breeding, Bailey and (Gilbert ". . . . 822
(Enothira graiulijlora of the herbarium of Lamarck, De Vries 822
Experimental variations in Tricholoma midiivi, Matruchot 822
The presence of Orobanchc minor on Pdargonium zonalc, Scheerlinck 822
Parasitic specialization, Heske 822
Chondriosomes in fungi, Janssens 822
Morphology of the barley grain, Mann and Harlan 823
Direct absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates by green plants, Knudson. 823
The chloropliyll compounds of the peach leaf. Reed and Stahl 823
Studies on lycopin and its relations with chlorophyll, Lubiiucnko 824
Absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus, True and Bartlett. 824
Absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus, True and Bartlett. 824
The process of anthocyanin pigment formation. Combes 824
Relation of transpiration to the composition of white pine seedlings. Bums 824
Function of water reserves, du Sablon 825
The translocation of materials in aging leaves. Swart 825
Anatomical structure of roots under abnormal tension, Jaccard 825
Effects of compression on root structure, MolUard 825
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
Deformation of heath on the seashore, Devaux 825
Monstrosities of germination in cauliflower and cabbage, Dubard and Urbain. . 825
Injury to vegetation by coal tar and other vapors, Ewert 826
Studies on smoke injury to vegetation in Ratibor-Plania, Otto 826
The pathological action of tar on plants, von Gabnay 826
The vegetation of south Florida, Ilarshberger 826
FIELD CROPS.
Forage plants and their culture, Piper 827
[Report of] department of agi'onomy 827
The physical characteristics of soils and their grain-producing power, Stempel. . 827
Fertilizers and the production of cereals, Palladius 827
The small grains in Tennessee, Mooers 827
Turf, Hutchinson 828
Grading and baling Philippine fibers, Edwards 828
Description of the standard grades of abacd (Manila hemp), Saleeby 828
The rejuvenation of depleted abacd fields, Nickles * 828
Alfalfa farming in America, Wing .• 828
Alfalfa culture, Jennings, Burley, and F'airfield 828
Alfalfa, Clarke 828
Fertilizer experiments with beans in the valley of Mexico, Calvino 828
Bur clover seed; means of hastening their germination, Duggar and Tisdale. . . 829
Anatomical coefficients of maize, its height and nitrogen content, Moskvichev. 829
Effect of the submersion of corn, Marchettano 829
Fertilizer experiments with maize, Calvino 829
The modern cultivation of corn, Dominguez 829
Cotton cultivation in the West Indies, Nowell and Ballou 829
[Cotton experiments], Macdonald 829
Preliminary work with hybrids of cotton, Herrmann 829
Influence of some chemical reagents on sprouting of potato tubers, Nicklisch. . 829
Group classification aJid varietal descriptions of American potatoes, Stuart. . . . 830
Improvement of the seed potato, Martinet 830
Utilization of potatoes in Europe, Skinner 830
On the pollination and crossing of rice, Ikeno 830
The correlatiA^e relations of the internodes of a stalk, Plahn-Appiani 830
[Soy beans], Gill 830
Spacing experiments in sugar beet cultivation in Hungary in 1913, von Jancso. . 830
Drilling fertilizer experiments with sugar beets in Hungary in 1913, Gydrfds. . 830
[Seedling canes and manurial experiments], d'Albuquerque and Bovell 831
[Fertilizer on sugar cane], Easterby 831
Experiments and ol^servations on Helianthv^ annuus, Satsyperov 831
Sweet clover, Cunningham 831
Sweet clover, Cook 831
Deli tobacco, a mixture of races, based on differences in leaf-breadth. Honing. 831
Experiments on the manuring of turnips in 1909, 1910, and 1911, Wyllie 832
Correlation and variability relations in wheat, Oetken 832
The flowering and pollination of some forms of spring wheat, Shitkowa 832
Spacing, depth of seeding, and tillering in spring wheat, Rabomnova 832
Wheat production in Georgia, Fain and Vanatter 833
Washington wheats, Schafer and Gaines 833
Nitrogen content of the wheats of southeastern Russia, Tuliakov 833
A new sterilization stopper and method of storing seeds, Plaut 833
Seed inspection 833
Forty years of seed control work, Heinrich 833
Thirty-sixth report of Swiss Seed Control and Experiment Station, Stebler 833
Weeds of barley fields in the forest area of European Russia, Malteev 833
HORTICULTURE.
How to send living plant material to America, Fairchild 833
The use of hotbeds and cold frames on the farm, Dacy 834
The farmer's vegetable garden, Werner 834
Inheritance and selection by vegetative propagation of garlic, Vogler 834
Orchard and garden spraying. Crane 834
Spraying calendar for 1915, Melander and George 834
[Report on the] section of fruit breeding 834
rV CONTENTS.
Page.
Pruning, Morris 835
Effect ol" various dressings on pruning wounds of fruit trees, Howe 835
Pruning wounds need no protection, Hall 835
Soils of Massacluisctts and Connecticut for apples and peaches. Wilder 835
Eliminating unproCitablc trees from the apple orchard, Fletcher 836
Further experiments in dusting and spraying apples, Reddick and Crosby. . . . 836
Dusting tlie apple orchard, Reddick 837
Inifluencc of the axillary shoot on the peach, Manaresi and Draghetti 837
Native American species of Prunus, Wight 837
Pruning stone fruits, Whipple 837
Ampelographical studies, Marques de Carvalho 838
Olive culture and production of olive oil in Austria, Slaus-Kantschieder 838
The loquat, Condit 838
Mamirial experiments on cacao, 1913-14, De Verteuil 838
The composition of the coffee V)erry and its relation to manuring, Anstead 838
Thenewgenus,Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges. Swingle. 838
Windbreaks, hedges, and ornamentals for eastern Oregon, Allen 839
Flower gardens. — A selected list of books 839
The care of house plants 839
Geraniums 839
FORESTRY.
[Report of] forestry investigations, Cheyney 839
Forest conditionsof Mississippi 840
Possibilities of municipal forestry in New York, Brown ' 840
The height growth of trees, Bernbeck 840
Growth studies in forest trees. — II, Pinus strobus, Brown 840
Forest fires; their prevention and control, Lundberg 840
Forest valuation, Chapman 840
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Lumber, lath, and shingles, Lewis et al 841
Tests of wood preservatives, Wei.ss and Teesdale 841
DISEASES OP PLANTS.
Annual report of botanical experiment station at Proskau for 1913, Ewert 841
Observations on diseases in nursery and orchard, Schindler 842
Recent studies at the Agricultural Botanical Institute at Munich, Hiltncr 842
Second contribution to the mycological flora of Tunis, Maire 842
New species of CoUetotrichum and Phoma, O'Gara 842
The control of root knot, Bessey and Byars 842
The conidial form of Ophiobolus herpotrichus, Voges 843
Control of stem rust of rye, Miiller and Molz 843
Leaf spot of beans, Appel 843
Eggplant rots. Wolf 843
Further studies on the spread and control of hop mildew, Blodgett 843
Stem rot of sweet potato. Barter and Field 844
Black rot, shed burn, and stem rot of tobacco, Johnson 844
The yellow blight of the tomato, George 844
Fire blight, Cardiff 844
Life history of a new species of Sphserella, Higgins 844
Roncet of grape, Bernatsky 844
[Two fungus parasites of conifers in Scotland], Somerville 844
Withortip of iir in Sweden, Lagerberg 844
The mode of infection of larch canker and means of preventing it, Hiley 844
A disease of pine shoots 845
A leaf cast of pines in Sweden, Lagerberg 845
A disease of oaks in Westphalia, Hey 845
A timber rot accompanying Hymenochxte rubiginosa, Brown 845
Studies in dry rot, V, Wehmer 845
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Handbook of medical entomologj'-, Riley and Johannsen 846
Entomology, or the study of insects, and its importance. Tucker 846
Habits and instincts of insects, Renter 846
Cyanid of potassium in trees 846
CONTENTS. V
Page.
[Report of] department of entomolos:}', Withycombe 846
Report on injurious insects in Finland, 1911 and 1912, Renter 847
Report of the imperial pathological entomologist, Howlett 847
[Annual report of the government entomologist of Uganda], Gowdey 847
Proceedings of the German Association, edited by Escherich and Schwangart. . 847
Insect enemies of the beet root in the south of France, Picard 848
Insect enemies of locusts in Ruasia. — I, Coleopterous enemies, Portchinsky... 848
The pea thrips, Gaumont and Vuillet 848
Maine aphids of the rose family. Patch 848
The woolly apple aphis. Baker 848
The host plants and habits of Aphis nimicis, Davidson 849
Preliminary notes on damage to apples by capsid bugs. Fryer 849
Life history and habits of pear thrips in California, Foster and Jones 850
The San Jos6 scale and its control, Quaintance 850
The San Jos6 scale insect (^Aspidiotus peniioiosus) , Melander 850
Monograi)h of tlie bombycme moths of North America, II and III, Packard. . . 850
A new phycitid injurious to pine, Dyar 850
Caterpillars attacking oaks, with account of spraying with lead chromate,Deakin . 850
Control of the gipsy moth, O'Kane 850
Causes and symptoms of flacherie and polyhedral disease, Fischer 851
Biological notes on the larva of Tipula oleracea in the spring of 1914, D^soil. . . 851
Ceratopogoninse sucking the blood of other insects, Knab 851
A new tachinid parasite of Diapheromera femorata, Walton 851
Lucilia scricata attacking a live calf, Hudson 851
Two new species of Strepsiptera parasitic on cane insects, Pierce 851
Effect of turpentine and paraffin on germination of turnip seed, Corbett 851
Alfalfa attacked by the clover-root curculio, Webster 851
The cotton boll w«evil in Cuba, Wolcott 852
A braconid parasite on the pine weevil, llylohius abietis, Munro 852
Revision of North American species of Habrobracon, Cushman 852
Descriptions of new chalcid flies, Girault 852
Some notes on Xylebonis fomicatus (shot-hole borer), Rutherford 852
Descriptions of two parasitic Hymenoptera, Rohwer 852
Third annual report of state bee inspector of Iowa for 1914, Pellett 852
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Fricks 853
Mites of the genus Tarsonemus causing disease on Gramineae, Corbett 853
A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae, La Rue 853
POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Lectures on food chemistry, compiled by Kerp 854
A study of foods, Wardall and White 854
The food industry, edited by von Buchka 854
New food preparations, Wagner 854
The egg from the point of \ievr of nutrition, Delaye 854
[Examination of shellfish] 854
Notes on flour, Thomson 855
Bulbs of very doubtful value as food. Murphy 855
Comparative cooking qualities of some Oregon apples, Milam and Gardner 855
Honey and its uses in the home. Hunt and Atwater 855
Ice cream 856
Mat6 tea, Brieger 856
Drugs 856
Miscellaneous food materials 856
Value and purpose of animal experimentation in meat examination, Miiller. . . 856
The bacteriology of paper dishes, Dudderidge 856
A study of fruit jar caps, Stapp 856
Experiments in cheap catering. Sellers 856
A shop-girls' restaurant. Sellers 857
Food for polar explorers 857
The diet of working men and the principles of nutrition, Hirschfeld 857
What are the proximate principles in nutrition? Hough 857
The use of boiled milk in infant feeding, Dennett 857
Tri-calcium phosphate as a bone former for nursing infants, Schloss and Frank . 857
Etiology of beri-beri with reference to phosphorus metabolism, Schaumann. . . 858
Etiology of beri-beri, II, Schaumann 858
Review of literature of phosphorus in metabolism, Forbes and Keith 858
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Value of the calcium balance as an index of calcium metabolism, Schoorl 858
Influence of melting point of fats on rate of leaving the stomach, von Fejer 858
Contributions to the physiology of the stomach. — XXI, Carlson 858
The ferments of the pancreas, III, Melknby and Woolley 858
The ferments of the pancreas, IV, Mellauby and Woolley 859
Influence of sugar injections on heat regulation, Freund and Schlagintweitt. . . 859
The influence of salts on respiratory metabolism. Milder 860
Metabolism under decreased partial pressure of oxygen breathed, Bache 860
The kinetic system, Crile 860
Respiration incubator for study of energy metabolism of infants, Murlin 860
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Live stock genetics 860
I Bibliography on animal breeding] 860
'repotency, Wentworth 861
Variability of cattle, Reimers 861
Effect of lead on germ cells of male rabbit and fowl, Cole and Bachhuber 861
The ovarian factor in recurrence of estrus cycle, Marshall and Runciman 861
Studies in the blood relationship of animals. III, Thompson 861
Studies in the blood relationship of animals, IV, Briggs 861
Weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, Richter and Baurer 862
Texas feeding stuffs; their composition and utilization, Fraps 862
Sugar as a feed stuff, Lehmann 862
[Fish as a cattle food] 862
The use of fish as cattle food, Wood 862
The question of the digestibility of turf, Goy 862
[Analyses of feed stuffs]. Rose 862
Commercial feeds, Pickel 862
[Report of] department of animal husbandry 862
Efficiency for growth of nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn. Hart et al 863
Steer- feeding experiments, Tomhave and Hickman 864
Cotton-seed meal for feeding beef cattle. Ward 865
Jersey-Angus cattle, Kuhlman 865
Shorthorn cattle in Missouri, Cowan 865
The present status of the cattle industry in Canada, Arkell 865
Cattle raising in the Belgian Kongo, Kolbe 865
The value of castration of Deccan bullocks. Knight 865
The breeds of sheep of the central Pyrenees, Girard 866
Corriedale sheep in United States 866
The sheep-killing dog, Mc\Miorter 866
The age of goats according to their teeth, Scheunpflug 866
The digestibility of maize consumed by swine, Guernsey and Evvard 866
[Swine-feeding experiments], Popp and Felling 867
The swine-raising industry in Canada, Spencer 867
Swine, Day 868
The breeds of horses in Norway, Wriedt 868
[Report of] poultry section 868
[Report of] poultry husbandry department 868
Experiments on egg laying in different breeds of poultry 868
Winter egg production, Whitaker 869
How to care for the little chick, Andrews 869
Experimental studies of hvbridization among ducka and pheasants, Phillips. . 869
Hints on goose culture, W*nitaker 869
Factors affecting weight, composition, and hatchability of hen eggs, Atwood . . 869
Relation of chemical composition of eggs to \atality of the chick. Cross 869
An abnormal hen's egg, Chidester 870
The interior quality of market eggs, Benjamin 870
The community egg circle, Bassett and Kerr 870
Sodium silicate as an egg preservative 870
Fur farming in Canada, Jones et al 870
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Dairy farming, Reed 870
Dairying in Switzerland, Wright 870
On the importance of meadows and pastures for the dairy establishment, Laxa . . 870
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Efficiency for milk of nitrogen of alfalfa and corn, Hart and Humphrey 871
Feeding experiment with niilrh cows, or the value of beer yeast, Ilennor 871
Effect of repeated injections of pituitrine on milk secretion, Simpson and Hill. . 871
A Danish cow testing association, Dunne 871
Rules and regulations go\erning the operation of the Babcock test 871
Coming standards of market milk, Nol)le 871
The bacteriological control of public milk supplies, Frost 871
Bacteriological inquiry on sterile milk sold in Brussels, Kufferath 872
Streptococcus lacticus and the acid formed in milk and cream, lleinemann 872
Milk poisoning due to a t>-pe of Staphi/Iococcus alhits in a healthy cow, Barber. 872
Premature curdling of milk during a thunderstorm, Wernicke 873
Clarification of milk, Wright 873
Cows' milk for infants in Saxony, Thompson 873
Goat's milk and its uses 873
Making whey butter at Cheddar cheese factories, Sammis 873
Ice cream standards, Barney 873
Effects of condensing and drying processes in preservation of milk, Delepine. . 873
Experiments relating to the creamery and dairy, Burr 874
Rei)ort [of] marketing conference held in Chicago, October 29, 1914 874
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Farm animals in health and disease, Machens 874
Collected papers of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 874
Biology of the blood cells with a glossary of hematological terms, Gruner 874
Comments on Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, Motter and Wilbert 875
Biological products 875
The formation of antibodies in rats fed on pure vegetable proteins, Hektoen. . . 875
Serodiagnosis of pregnancy, Abderhalden and Fodor 875
Diagnosis of pregnancy in horses, cows, and goats hj^ dialysis, Rehbock 875
Use of Abderhalden's test for diagnosing pregnancy in animals, Schattke 875
Experience with the Abderhalden serum test for pregnancy, Rosenbloom 875
Specificity of placental proteins in skin reactions, Falls and Bartlett 875
Protective value of aqueous extract (Hiss) of leucocytes, Youland, Jr 876
Intraspinal injections of serums wdth and without preservatives, Auer 876'
Presence of agglutinins for Micrococcus melitensis in serum, Kennedy 876
Revised regulations for diseases affecting live stock in Georgia, 1912, Bahnsen. 876
Foot-and-mouth disease, Proescher 876
Foot-and-mouth disease and the number of live stock 877
Foot-and-mouth disease, Melvin and Mohler 877
[Foot-and-mouth disease in] the National Dairy Show cattle, Spann 877
Tick paralysis, Todd _ 877
Is detection of tubercle bacilli in the blood of value in diagnosis? Baetge 878
Determination of tubercle bacilU in the urine, Gautier 878
Tuberculous infection in children, Eastwood and Griffith 878
Distribution of tuljerculous infection in children, Griffith 878
Analysis of the reaction to tuberculin, Klemperer 879
An aid to prognosis in pulmonary tuberculosis, Metzger and Watson 879
Curative tests against tuberculosis, Velasko 880
The destruction of the vitality of Cysticercus bovis by freezing. Ransom 880
Division of veterinary science, Reynolds 880
The standardization of antihog-cholera eerum, Haslam and Franklin 880
A contrilnition to the slioat tyi^hoid (Ferkeltyjihus) problem, Weidlich 881
The present state of knowledge of swine fever. Greenwood, Jr 881
Sacks as earners of swine fever, Tutt 881
Report on investigation of infectious anemia of the horse 881
The use of artificial sera for strangles in horses, Sustmann 882
The pathology of pseudotuberculosis of rodents, Messerschmidt and Keller 882
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation development in Montana, Harding 882
Drilling 30-inch wells for irrigation. Park 882
Solving the silt problem, Hill 882
Water for irrigation and stock, Briinnich 883
Economical duty of pumps. Carter 883
Keclaiming overflowed landd along Big Black River, Miesissippi, Jones et aL . . 883
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Reclamation of the swamp and ovorflowcd lands of North Carolina, Pratt 884
Preventing erosion in Piedmont drainage districts 884
Topographic Burveys for drainage difitricts, Iknvman 884
Cost of excavating drainage ditches with Bteam and electric machines 884
tSul)Soiling demonstration witli explosives, Turner 884
Location and construction of liighways in mountain country, Harris 884
Bituminous macadam roads in Rhode Island, Patterson 884
Standard email culverts recommended Vjy the Illinois Highway Commission. . . 884
Steel l)ridge standards of the Iowa Higlnvay Commission, Kelley 884
Experiments on road dust prevention, Thain 884
Ontario liiglnvay laws : 885
Notes on the tests of some large reinforced concrete pipe, Schlick 885
Farm surveying. Smith 885
Alcohol as fuel, Jenkins 885
Electricity in rural districts, AMiite 885
Small motor applications for farm work, Rohrer 885
Farm experience with the tractor, Yerkes and Mowry 886
An efficient alfalfa ditcher, Lampson and Hunter 888
The trade in agricultural machines in France, Coupan 888
How to erect small concrete farm buildings 888
The wooden hoop eilo, Zinn 888
The shower-hath system of sheep dipping 888
A house for sixty hens, J'rudden 888
Air-cooled apple storage houses, Hutt 888
[Construction of creameries and cheese factories], Farriugton and Beukendorf.. 889
The disposal of creamery sewage, Farrington and Davis, Jr 889
Design of two residential sewage treatment plants, Greeley 890
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Needs of American farm women] 890
Economic history of the United States, Bogart 891
York State rural problems, II, Bailey 891
[Problems of production in agriculture]. Hall. 891
Ownership, teniu'e, and taxation of land, Whittaker 891
Land revenue, administration, and tenures in British India, Noyce 891
Cooperation in agriculture, marketing, and rural credit, Austin and "Wehrwein. . 892
Rural credits, Henick and Ingalls 892
How farmers may improve their personal credit, Thompson 892
Cotton crop mortgage credit, Bennett 892
Farm credit in \\ isconsin, Hibbard and Robotka 892
The Jewish Agiicultural and Industrial Aid Society 893
[Societies for agricultural production and distribution] 893
[Organization of creameries and cheese factories], Farrington and Benkendorf . . 893
Farm records and accounts, Currier 893
The agricultural outlook ■ 893
Thirty-second annual report of chamber of commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. , 1914 . 894
Report of the Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada 894
Llonogi'aphs relating to conditions in rural parishes of Portugal 894
Agiiculture in Egj'pt] 894
Agiiculture in Madagascar] 894
Agriculture in Java and Madura] 894
Agriculture in Japan] ; 894
Expenditure for living in urban and country districts in Australia], Knibbs. . 894
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Progress of agricultural education in 1912-13, Jenks and Lane 895
[Contributions to the history of the New York State College of Agriculture] 895
Record of the alumni of the Kansas State Agricultural College 895
Preliminary outline of courses in agriculture for North Carolina, Hodson 895
Division of agricultiu^l extension, Wilson 895
The Oka Agricultural Institute, Liguori 895
Report of the schools' division of the experimental union, McCready 896
School gardens 896
The third continuation course in forestry at Heidelberg 896
The General Education Board, 1902-1914 896
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Agricultural teaching _ 896
Use of land by hi^li schools teaching^ agriculture, Stimson 896
Use of land in agricultural teaching in elementary schools, Ivins 896
Agricultural education for teachers, Bricker 897
Courses in agriculture for the secondary schools of Texas, Doughty et al 897
Course of study in agriculture and domestic science for rural schools 897
[Agriculture and home economics in schools of New Hampshire], Wliitcher. . . 897
Helps for domestic science work in seventh and eighth grades 897
Fundamentals of physics, chemistrj', and Vjacteriology in agriculture, Miller. . 898
Principles and practice of plant propagation, Howard 898
Program of County Organization Day for boys' corn club, Duncan and Kerlin. . 898
Elementary flora of the Northwest, Frye and Rigg 898
The story of a kernel of corn, Nolan 898
An industrial study of cotton in the eighth grade, Gist 898
Seed collections, Comstock 898
Rope and its uses. Burger 898
Preparation of teachers for nature study and civic biology, Hodge 898
Birds and nature study, Trafton 898
Directions for field studies in agricultural nature-study, Trafton 898
Suggestions for winter nature-study, Reynolds and Trafton 899
Indian school gardens in eastern Oklahoma, Brown 899
School gardening in Portland, Oregon, Joyce 899
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-second Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1914 899
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1914 899
Report of Oregon Station, 1913-14, Withycombe 899
Report of Eastern Oregon Branch Experiment Station, 1913-14, Withycombe. . 899
Annual report on work under the local experiment law in 1914, Duggar 899
List of bulletins 899
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Alabama College Station: Page-
Circ. 29, Sept., 1914 829
Circ. 30, Dec, 1914 898
Circ. 31, Feb., 1915 899
California Station:
Bill . 250, Mar . , 1915 838
Circ. 87 (reprint) 828
Illinois Station:
Bui. 177, Jan., 1915 821
Kansas Station:
Circ. 44 831
Circ. 45, Jan., 1915 870
Kentucky Station:
Results of Two Years' Work on
London Soil Experiment
Field... 819
Louisiana Stations:
Crop Pest Notice 3, Feb., 1915. 846
Maine Station:
Bui. 233, Nov., 1914 848
Off. Insp. 61 856
Off. Insp. 62, Oct., 1914 822
Off. Insp. 63, Nov., 1914 856
Off. Insp. 64, Dec, 1914 833
Off. Insp. 65, Dec. 1914 856
Off. Insp. 66, Jan., 1915 854
Minnesota Station:
Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1914. 812,
834, 839, 868, 870, 880, 895, 899
Montana Station:
Bui. 103, Jan., 1915 882
Circ. 43, Feb., 1915 893
New Jersey Stations:
Bui. 270, June 1, 1914 817
New York Cornell Station:
Bui. 351, Sept., 1914 812
Bui. 352, Sept., 1914 814
Bui. 353, Nov., 1914 870
Bui. 354, Jan., 1915 836
Twenty-seventh An. Rpt.
1914 899
New York State Stations:
Bui. 395, Feb., 1915 843
Bui. 396, Feb., 1915 835
North Carolina Station:
Bui. 228, Aug., 1914 888
North Dakota Station:
Circ. 5, Feb., 1915 834
Ohio Station:
Bui. 5, tech. ser., Mar., 1914. . 858
Oregon Station:
Bui. 124, Feb., 1915 855
Bui. 125, Feb., 1915 839
Rpt. 1913-14 809,
812, 818, 827, 846, 862, 868, 899
Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta. 1913-14. 899
z
Stations in the United States — Continued.
Pennsylvania Station: Page.
Bui. 133, Nov., 1914 864
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 112, Jan., 1915 827
Texas Station:
Bui. 170, Nov., 1914 862
Washington Station:
Bui. 121, Feb., 1915 833
Popular Bui. 76, Dec, 1914... 869
Popular Bui. 77, Jan., 1915. . . 834
Popular Bui. 78, Jan., 1915. . . 850
Popular Bui. 79, Feb., 1915. . . 835
Popular Bui. 80, Feb,. 1915.. . 844
Popular Bui. 81, Feb., 1915... 888
Popular Bui. 82, Mar., 1915. . . 844
Popular Bui. 83, Mar., 1915. . . 869
West Virginia Station:
Circ. 8, June, 1914 888
Circ. 9, June, 1914 869
Circ. 10,, May, 1914 899
Circ. 11, July, 1914 869
Circ. 12, Aug,. 1914 834
Circ. 13, Feb., 1915 834
Circ. 14, Mar., 1915 831
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 244, Mar., 1915 889, 893
Bui. 245, Feb., 1915 889
Bui. 246, Jan., 1915 873
Bui. 247, Jan., 1915 892
Research Bui. 32, June, 1914 . . 844
Research Bui . 33, June, 1914 . 863, 871
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bui. 140, Soils of Massachusetts
and Connecticut with Especial
Referenc9 to Apples and Peaches,
H.J. Wilder 835
Bui. 145, Tests of Wood Preserv-a-
tives, H. F. Weiss and C. H.
Teesdale 841
Bui. 173, The Life History and
Habits of the Pear Thnps in
California, S. W. Foster and P. R.
Jones 850
Bui. 174, Farm Experience with
the Tractor, A. P. Yerkes and
H. H.Mowr^' 886
Bui. 176, Group Clasaificationa
and Varietal Descriptions of
Some American Potatoes, W.
Stuart 830
Bui. 179, Native American Species
of Prunus, W . F. Wight 837
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
XI
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Coiitd.
Page.
Bui. 180, Soil Erosion in the South,
R. O. E. Davis 811
Bui. 181, A Report on the Methods
and Cost of Rechiiininji; Over-
flowed Lands Along the Big
Black River, Miss., L. A. Jones,
W.J. Schlick, and C. E. Ramser. 883
Bui. 183, Morphology of the Barley
Grain with Reference to its
Enzym-secreting Areas, A. Mann
and H. V. Harlan 823
Farmers' Bui. 644, Manufacture
and Use of Unfermented Grape
Juice, G. C. Husmann 809
Farmers' Bui. 648, The Control of
Root-knot, E. A. Bessey and
L. P. Byars 842
Farmers' Bui. 649, Alfalfa Attacked
by the Clover-root Curculio, F.
M. Webster 851
Farmers' Bui. 650, The San Jos^
Scale and its Control, A; L.
Quaintance 850
Farmers' Bui. 651, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 877, 893
Farmers' Bui. 652, The Sheep-
killing Dog, V. O. McWhorter. . 862
Farmers' Bui. 653, Honey and its
Uses in the Home, Caroline L.
Hunt and Helen W. Atwater 855
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.
Paec.
Farmers' Bui. 654, How Farmers
May Improve Their Personal
Credit, C. W. Thompson 892
Farmers' Bui. 655, Cottonseed Meal
for Feeding Beef Cattle, W. F.
Ward 865
Farmers' Bui. 656, The Community
Egg Circle, C. E. Baseett and
W.H.Kerr 870
Rpt. 100, Potash from Kelp, F. K.
Cameron 821
Rpt. 101, The Woolly Apple Aphis,
A. C. Baker 848
Rpt. 103, Social and Labor Needs
of Farm Women 890
Rpt. 104, Domestic Needs of Farm
Women 890
Rpt. 105, Educational Needs of
Farm Women 890
Rpt. 106, Economic Needs of Farm
Women 890
Bureau of Plant Industry:
How to Send liiving Plant
Material to America, D.
Fairchild 833
W^eather Bureau:
Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42, Nos.
11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1914.. 810, 811
Rpt. 1914 810
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUIiLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
V
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXII. Abstract Number. No. 9.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Yearbook of chemistry, edited by R. Metcr (Jahrb. Chem., 23 (1913), pp.
Z//+6//2).— A retrospect of the more important progress made in the realm of
pure and applied chemistry during 1913, including among others sections on
Physical Chemistry, by II. Freundlich ; Inorganic Chemistry, by K. A. Hof-
mann; Organic Chemistry, by E. Hjelt; Physiological Chemistry, by P. Rona;
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, by H. Beckurts ; Chemistry of Foods and Condi-
ments, by H. Beckurts; Agricultural Chemistry, by A. Morgeu and C. Beger;
Technology of Sugars, by A. Herzfeld and K. Zabliusky ; Tlie Fermentation
Industry and Starch Manufacture, by M. Delbriick and O. Mohr; Fats, Waxes,
and Mineral Oils, by D. Holde; and Tanning, by M. Nierenstein.
The hydrogen ion concentration, L. Michaelis (Die Wasscrstofflonen-
Konzentration. Berlin: Julius Springer, 19U, pp. XIIl+210, figs, .^i).— This
deals with the significance of the hydrogen ion concentration for biology and
sets forth in detail the methods of measuring it. It is divided into three parts,
namely, theoretical significance of tlie hydrogen figure, the hydrogen figure of
various fluids in the living organism, and the measuring of the hydrogen
figure.
The volume is the first of a series of monographs intended to cover the field
of plant and animal physiology. It is issued by M. Gildemeister, E. Godlewski.
C. Neuberg, F. Czapek, and J. Parnas, and edited by the two last named.
Contribution to our knowledge of the glycerids of fats and oils. — IV-VIII,
A. BoMEB ET AL. {ZtscJir. TJntcrsucli. Nahr. u. Gcnussintl., 25 (1013), No. 6, pp.
321-S86, figs. 2; 26 (1913), No. 10, pp. 569-61S, figs. 10; 21 {19L'f), No. 1-3, pp.
153-172, figs. 2). — By repeated fractional solution in ether, pure glycerids of
saturated fatty acids were obtained from lard. Tristearln, present in beef and
mutton fat, was absent in lard. The insoluble glycerid of lard is not hepta-
decyldistearin as believed by Kreis and Hafner (E. S. R., 16, p. 332) but is a
palmityldi.stearin. It differs in its melting point and crystalline structure from
the palmityldistearin noted in mutton tallow, and in all probability exists in
the two as the a and /3 forms.
Lard also contains a dipalmitylstearin but whether this is identical or iso-
meric with a stearyldipalniitin present in mutton tallow could not be estab-
lished. The melting point of .stearyldii)almitin and a-iialniityldistearin was not
affected by melting the crystals. In the lards examined the amount of stearyl-
dipalniitin was about 2 per cent and of a-palmityldistearin about 3 per cent
801
802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In the preparation of a-dist<!arin from a-dlchlorhydrin and potassium stearate
a large amount of trlstoarin was produced at the same time. The melting jjolnt
of the a-dlstearln was 77.8° C. (corrected, 78.5°), but a double melting point
could not be noted.
In the synthetic preparation of /3-palmityldistearin from a-distearin and
palmitic acid appreciable amounts of tristearin were formed and a])parently
also some stearyldiiialmitin. Synthetic /3-palmityldistearin melted in the neigh-
borhood of 63°, and in this regard and in its crj-stallization from ether and the
form of its crystals it resembled the palmityldistearin from mutton tallow.
The cojni)ound present in mutton tallow is probably the /3 combination.
The Polenske number is deemed suitable only for determining the grosser
adulteration of lard with beef or mutton tallow. The quality of the reaction
is not increased by previously crystallizing the fat from .solvents. In many
cases as much as 20 per cent of tallow can not be noted with it in lard, and the
authors' method, which depc^ids on the difference in the melting point of gly-
cerids and the fatty acids of lard and tallow (beef, mutton, and press) is pre-
ferred. This method is described with much detail. Leys' (E. S. R., 19, p. 611)
and Emery's (E. S. R., 20, p. 11) methods did not furnish satisfactory results.
The authors believe that in order to obtain satisfactory results the saturated,
fatty acids must be prepared in a more or le.ss pure state, or, to say the least,
more definite characteristics of the respective glycerids must be determined.
The authors' method has been studied with mixtures of lard, beef tallow, and
plant oils (coconut, peanut, sesame, and cotton-seed oils), hardened oils (E. S.
R., 28, p. 616), mixtures of hardened oils and lard, so-called abnormal lards,
mixtures of butter and lard, and lard and goose fat. The so-called abnormal
lards were from animals fed on corn, coconut cake, cotton-seed meal, and
sesame-seed meal. In none of the fats of these animals were there any signs
present such as indicated by the new melting point difference method of the
difficultly soluble glycerids and their fatty acids which might make it appear
as though beef tallow were added.
Linseed mucilage, A. Nkville (Jour. Ayr. 8cl. [England], 5 {1913), No. 2,
pp. 113-128). — The vegetable mucilages have been only sparingly studied. These
experiments show that linseed mucilage is a substance of carbohydrate nature,
having all the characteristics of hydrated cellulose, and that the term " muco-
cellulose " given to it by Cross and Bevan is well chosen. On hydrolysis it yields
both hexose and pentose sugars and practically nothing else. It is considered very
doubtful whether the other products obtained in hydrolyzing an average sample
are decomposition products, or, at any rate, direct decomposition products of
pure mucilage. The exi>erimental results draw attention once more to the use
of the term " soluble carbohydrates " in connection with feeding stuffs. In
the usual routine analysis of feeds many different compounds are grouped
under this heading and are necessarily assigned one feeding value.
The amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in flaxseed, G. R. Van Kampen
(Landw. Vers. Stat., S3 {1914), ^'o. 5-6, pp. Jt71--',76).—The sugar content of
flaxseed and linseed cake was determined. The amounts found in the seeds
varied from 2 to 2.5 per cent and the cake coming therefrom contained about
3 to 4 per cent. The sugar may come from either the glucosids or mucilage
present in the seed but only glucose could be detected. Sugar could be detected
in the flaxseed coat with copper sulphate and potassium hydroxid. On heating
a section of the seed a precipitation of cuprous oxid was very noticeable. The
deposition of copper oxid was found to be of less degree in the parenchymatous
and sclerenchymatous cells and absent in the innermost parts of the endosperm
and the cotyletlon. From the fact that the greater part of the sugar is found
in the seed coat and is lost through germination, it is concluded that it does
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 803
iiot serve as a resei'vo mnteriiil. The irsultH also have a direct practical
bearlnj; in deterniiiiiiij; \vlietlier a molasses feed with a liaseed base has added
sugar or not.
A reaction for j)rotein was jjiven in the cotyledons, and it was very definite in
the aleurone grains.
Studies on enzym action. — XII, The esterase and lipase of castor beans,
K. G. Falk and K. Si'ciura (Jour. Ainvr. Clinn. ,S'oo., 37 {1915}, No. 1, pp.
217-230). — The results regarding extraction, describe<l in the paper previously
reported (E. S. II., 31, p. 711), were coulirnied with a new castor bean
preparation.
" The action of the castor beau preparation on triacetiu in the presence of
some neutral salts is described. The activity of the preparation was tested
after drying and heating under different conditions. An esterase preparation,
active toward ethyl butyrate, was separated by extraction with water, and ils
properties studied in solution and in the solid form. Its probable identity with
glj'cero-phosphatase was suggested. A lipase preparation, active toward tri-
acetin, was separated by extraction with 1.5 normal sodium chlorid solution,
and its properties studied. The forms of combination of the nitrogen in the
preparations are determined. The pi'obable protein nature of the esterase and
lipase is discussed."
The thermoregeneration of sucrase, G. Bebtband and M. Rosenblatt ( Compt.
Rend. Amd. Sci. [Paris], 158 (Wilt), No. 20, pp. lJf55-l/f5S; abs. in Jour. Chem.
Soc. [London], 106 U9U), No. 621, I, pp. OO'J, 910).— This is a study of the
hydrolyzing properties of invertase, prepared from yeast by different processes,
after exposure to varying temperatures.
A maceration of dried yeast heated at 70 or 80° C. for one minute loses all
its hydrolyzing power, whereas if heated at 90 or 100° for one minute it regains
a large part of its hydrolyzing power. "A sample of fresh baker's yeast, ground
with sand and water, does not show this regeneration of hydrolyzing power at
the higher temperature. Successive treatment of this yeast with alcohol and
ether yields a powder which shows no sign of regeneration, whereas two suc-
cessive treatments with acetone, followed by rapid filtration and dehydration,
give an invertase which exhibits the above phenomenon of thermoregeneration.
A samjjle of the yeast which has undergone autolysis for from one to two
days or even four days, when putrefaction has set in, yields, by subsequent
maceration with water, a solution of invertase which shows very marked
regeneration when heated to 90 or 100° for one minute, whilst being almost
inactive after heating to 70 or 80° for the same time."
The relationship between the protein substances of yeast and sucrase,
P. Thomas (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sai. [Paru], 158 (1914), No. 22, pp. 1597-1600;
abs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 106 (191Jf), No. 621, I, p. 909).— Cevevisin,
obtained from yeast after contact with water, was found to hydrolyze sucrose.
This hydrolyzing power increased with the fineness of the powder and the
temperature used in maceration. Similar phenomena were not noted with the
proteins obtained in a coagulated condition from yeast, and Invertase therefore
is apparently formed from cerevlsln through the agency of water. The hydro-
lyzing iKjwers of cerevlsln were greater with autolyzed than with fresh yeast.
This is of Interest In connection with Bertrand and Rosenblatt's work on the
thermoregeneration of lutervase, noted above.
On soy bean urease. — The effect of dilution, acids, alkalis, and ethyl
alcohol, E. K. Marsuall, Jr. (Jour. Biol. Chem., 17 (191 ff). No. 3, pp. 351-
361). — By this work it is shown that the hydrolysis of urea by urease is prac-
tically proportional to the enzym concentration. The velocity increases with
dilution to a maximum, and with further dilution decreases slightly. " The
804 EXPERIME-\'T STATION KECORD.
velocity of the hydrolysis Is liulepeudent of the hydrogen or hydroxyl ion con-
centration within rather narrow limits. Hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxld
in sufficient amounts inhibits the action of the enzym and also destroys it.
Ethyl alcohol exercises only a moderate inhibitory effect, and its destructive
action is apparently very sliglit."
The mode of action of urease, D. D. Van Slyke, G. Zachabias, and G. E.
CuLLEN {Abs. in Proc. Soc. Expt. lUol. and Med., 11 (I'JUt), JVo. 5, p. 155). —
The all^allnity of the ammonium carbonate generated during the process ac-
counts for the retardation of urease activity.
" When the solution is liept neutral by a proper phosphate mixture the prod-
ucts have no effect on the velocity of the reaction. Elimination of the effect
of the products maizes urease a particularly favorable enzym with which to
study the reaction between enzym and substrat. The results indicate that the
action consists of two successive reactions; combination of enzym and sub-
strat in definite proportions; and decomposition of the compound, the urea
being thrown off as ammoniuju carbonate ; each of the two reactions consuming
a definite portion of the total time. Formulation of these relations leads to
the equation t= — lo"-^+4-- ^ repre.senting the time required for the decom-
c '^ a—x ' a
position of x amount of the initial substrat amount, « ; c is a constant repre-
senting the velocity of combination of enzym and substrat, d representing the
velocity of decomposition of the complex. The values of c and d can be de-
termined independently, and one can thereby determine whether changes in
conditions affect the combination reaction or that of decomposiiion. Neutral
salts retai'd the combination. Alkaline reaction hastens it, but retards the de-
composition. Slightly acid reaction greatly retards the combination, affecting
the other reaction but little. The independent variation of the two phases of
the process of enzym action explains some previously obscure facts in regard
to the effect of allialis, acids, and other substances on enzym action."
The preparation of " neutral " ammonium citrate, E. D. Eastman and J. H.
HiLDEBRAND {JouT. ludus. mid Engiii. Chem., 6 {1914), A'O- 7, pp. 577-580, figs.
3). — Following a discussion of methods previously proposed by others for pre-
paring neutral ammonium citrate (PI S. R., 29, pp. 203, 718), it is announced
that with the aid of the hydrogen electrode '^ an indicator method has been
developed for the preparation of triammonium citrate. The hydrogen ion con-
centration given by a solution of this salt having a specific gravity of 1.09 is
lO"'*. " This concentration is obtained in the preparation of the citrate by
the use of an easily prepared color standard, made by mixing HCl and
Na2-HP04 solution. The results of a simultaneous determination of the 'neu-
tral point ' with the electrode and conductivity methods are shown graphically,
and there are given results of several trials of the formula suggested."
The difficulties of the fertilizer chemist in determining the available phos-
phoric acid do not seem to be due entirely to the lack of uniformity of am-
monium citrate solution used. " It may be impossible to distinguish shari>ly
between 'reverted' and 'available' phosphate by means of neutral am-
monium citrate solution."
Cause of error in the precipitation of ammonium-magnesium phosphate
in the presence of ammonium citrate, A. Quartaroli {Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah,
JfG {1913), No. 5, pp. 322-328). — It is believed by some that ammoniuni-jn.'ig-
nesium phosphate is not entirely insoluble in a strong solution of ammonia, and
that danger also exists of the i)recipitation of magnesium oxyeitrate. In these
investigations it is shown that when either ferric chlorid or aluminic chlorid
".Tour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 35 (1913), Nos. 7, pp. 847-871, figs. 15; 10, p. 1538.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 805
is present the precipitation of anmioniuiii-nuinnosiiini ]tliosphate is suuiewliat
inhibited.
Investigations on the determination of phosphorus in fertilizers and
feeding stuffs, C. Dusserbe and P. Ciiavan {Mitt. Lcbcnsm. Uniersuch. u.
llyg., Schwciz. (l.smUitnamt.. ^ {1013), No. //, /)/;. 261-267; abs. in Clicm. Ztg.,
37 {1913). Ko. S7. p. S77).— It is statotl that tlio romborton method (E. S. R.. 0.
p. SG5), when slightly modified, yields results which are comparable with the
method usually used, and is ra[)id, inexpensive to conduct, and has other great
advantages. As a result of determining the phosphorus content of meadow hay
from various lots harvested in different years, it is said that of each 100 parts
of phosphorus from 4 to 9 parts are present as phosphatids, 55 to 74 parts in
inorganic combination and as phytin, and 21 to 40 parts as nucleoproteins.
By fertilizing with phosphorus the yield and i)hosphorus content of the plant
ere increasetl, especially that inorganically combined and the phytin fraction.
For determining phosphorus in organic substances (hay extracts) Neumann's
method is recommended, but it yielded higher results than the ashing method.
The estimation of phosphates in soil extracts, J. A. Pbescott {Jour. Agr.
Sci. [England], 6 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 111-120). — A series of experiments made
with the object of determining the best conditions under which the Pemberton
procedure may be used. The method fiually adopted, inclusive of reagents, is
as follows : Reagents — concentrated ammonium nitrate, 500 gm. of ammonium
nitrate, in 1 liter of water; ammonium mo-lybdate solution, 150 gm. ammonium
molj-bdate dissolved in 1,000 cc. of water and poured into 1,000 cc. of nitric
acid (specific gravity 1.2) ; 2 per cent sodium nitrate.
"A measured volume of soil extract containing 5 to 10 mg. P:Os is evaporated
to dryness on a gently heated sand bath and the residue ignited at a dull red
heat for 15 minutes, as in Neubauer's method. The residue is taken up with
50 cc. of 10 per cent sulphuric acid and digested for half an hour on a sand
bath. The extract is diluted if necessary, filtered, and the residue washed with
hot water; filtrate and washings amounted to 110 cc. This procedure is found
to extract all the phosphate, when the amount of the original solution is not
more than 100 cc. in the case of an HCl extract. For soil extracts containing
much silica it is necessary to heat the residue from the evaporation for two
hours at 120° to 160°, the silica interfering otherwise with the subsequent
manipulations.
" To the solution prepared as above, 25 cc. of the concentrated ammonium
nitrate is added and the mixture brought to 55°. Twenty-five cc. of the am-
monium molybdate, previously brought to the same temperature, is then added
and the mixture stirred, allowed to cool, and filtered after standing two hours.
The supernatant liquid is decanted through a filter paper and the precipitate
washe<i by decantation several times with a 2 per cent sodium nitrate solution ;
this solution prevents the deflocculation of the precipitate, which usually hap-
pens when distilled water is used alone. The washing is continued till the
washings are no longer acid. The filter is then washed into the beaker with
water and the precipitate dissolved in standard alkali and titrated back.
For the precipitation it is found convenient to use a water bath kept at 55°,
in which the beakers containing the solution are placed till they have acquired
.the temperature of the bath. The factor recommended for tenth-normal alkali
is: 1 cc. =0.0003004 gm. P^Os."
Determination of carbon in soils and soil extracts, J. W. Ames and E. W.
Gaither {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 6 {1914), ^o. 7, pp. 561-564, fig. 1). —
It is pointed out that the methods of estimating total carbon in soils by
oxidation with a mixture of chromic and sulphuric acids have been tested
94863°— No. Q—15 2
806 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOHD.
by Warrinpton and Poak" and l».v Cameron and Rreazpale (E. S. R., 15 j). 744)
with varying results. As detorniinations of carbon were needed in 1 i)er cent
Lydrocbloric acid and 4 per cent ammonia extracts of soils and the employment
of neither the Parr calorimeter nor the combustion furnace was feasible, a
thorough test of the chromic and sulphuric acid method was made and the
results compared with those given by combustion with copper oxid in a furnace.
In addition to this, combustions were made with alkaline permanganate solu-
tion witli a concentrated chromic acid solution and continued boiling.
The soils gave figures which compare well with those yielded by ignition
methods. Dilute mixtures of chromic acid and alkaline permanganate gave low
results. The work seems to give conclusive proof that the concentrated
chromic and sulphuric acid treatment completely decomposes organic and in-
organic carbon present in soils and overcomes the objection raised by Cameron
and Breazeale and Hall and Miller.^
" If boiled for 30 minutes, a mixture of 3.3 gm. of chromic acid in 10 cc.
of water to 50 cc. of sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) will oxidize all of the organic
carbon and liberate all carbon dioxid chemically or mechanically held in soils,
provided the soil is ground to pass GO-mesh sieve and from 1 to 3 gm. of soil
used for each GO cc. of mixture. The Brown and Escombe titration method of
determining carbon dioxid, and the modified Amos absorption tower for the
same, are applicable to either wet or dry combustion forms of apparatus, and
can be relied upon to' give rapid and accurate results with considerable economy
of time and space. Carbon may be accurately determined in 1 per cent hydro-
chloric acid extracts and 4 per cent ammonium hydroxid humus solutions
without concentrating below 50 cc. by using the above chromic and sulphuric
acid mixture. The apparatus described is applicable to the determination of
carbon dioxid in any form, and a number of other gas determinations, depend-
ing on absorption in acid or alkalis, oxidation, or reduction processes. By
using the apparatus shown, and following the method as outlined, one analyst
can run six determinations at one time, and complete a set an hour when doing
routine work."
An improvement in the electrical method of determining salt in soil, W.
Beam and G. A. Freak {Cairo Set. Jour., 8 (1914), No. 93. pp. 130-133, pi. 1).—
In operating under field conditions with the electrical conductivity method it
was found desirable to eliminate as far as possible the influence of calcium
sulphate contained in the soil. This may be readily and satisfactorily done
by employing, in place of water, diluted alcohol (40 per cent by volume) for
the extraction of the salt, and by comparing with a table of resistance in the
Fame solvent.
" Further, it is possible to extend the method to the determination of the
proportion of calcium sulphate, since it is only necessary to make another ex-
traction, with water, on a fresh sample, and from its conductivity and that of
the salt known to be present, to determine the proportion of calcium sulphate
by a simple calculation. An attached chart shows the curves of resistances of
sodium chlorid in water, calcium sulphate in water, and sodium chlorid in
alcohol of 40 per cent. The greater proiwrtion of salt in most Nile soils is
made up of sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate, but the resistances of these
two are so nearly alike that for all practical purposes the one curve suffices.
"The method was tested on solutions of known composition, as follows: A
water solution containing 0.03 per cent gyp.sum and 0.037 per cent sodium chlorid
was found to have a resistance of 210 ohms as against a calculated resistance
of 220 ohms. A water solution containing 0.015 per cent of gypsum and 0.018
"Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 37 (1880), pp. 617-625.
"Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 80 (1906), pt. 1, pp. 595-597, fig. 1.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 807
per cent of sodium chlorid wns found to have a resistiince of 410 ohms as
against a calculated resistance of 420 ohms."
A modified Kjeldahl flask for determining' soil nitrogen, H. A. Xoyes
(Jour. Aiiicr. Clicin. Soc, 36 {1914), Xo. 12, pp. 25.',1, 25.',2, fig. i).— This modified
flask is said to do away with the bumpinj; and consequently makes a transfer
unnecessaiy. The flask has the same proportions as the oixlinary Kjeldahl
bottles, but has a more pointed l)ottom.
Methods for the chemical, biological, and bacteriological examination of
water, O. Emmkrling (Prakdhum dcr Chcmischcn, Biologlschen nnd Bak-
teriologischen Wasseruntersuchuug. Berlin: Bonitraeger Bros., 191^, pp. VII-{-
200, figs. 171). — ^This work deals with the analysis of drinking water and other
waters. In the chapter on the examination of mineral water the determination
of radio-activity is included. The biological portion considers the examination
of sediments (livinLC and dead matter), while the bacteriological section gives
general and special methods for detecting Bacillus coli, B. aiithracis, B.
ti/phosus, and the cholera vibrio. The interpretation of results of water analyses
is also include<1.
Hypothetical combinations in water analysis, R. B. Dole (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chcm., 6 (lOl-i), Xo. 9. pp. 710-714). — This paper discusses the
present confusing condition in regard to the reporting of results of water
analysis. It shows the advantages of reporting the results in ionic form.
Methods of estimating carbohydrates. — II, The estimation of starch in
plant material. W. A. Davis and A. J. Daisii (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6
(1914), Xo. 2, pp. 152-168, figs. 1). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 32,
p. 112), the authors conclude that "the Sachsse method'' of estimating starch
is unreliable in the case of plant material ; not only does the presence of
pentosans falsify the results, as pentoses are formed during the hydrolysis,
but actual destruction of dextrose occurs during the prolonged treatment with
dilute acid. O'Sullivan's method gives low results, owing to the loss of dex-
trin which occurs during the purification of the solution after the conversion
by diasta.se."'
"To estimate starch, the dry material (free from sugars and, if necessary,
previously extracted with water to remove gums, amylans, etc.) is gelatinized
with 200 cc. of water in a beaker flash heated for one-half hour in a water bath
at 100° C. The solution is cooled to 38", 0.1 gm. taka-diastase added, together
with 2 cc. of toluene, and the mixture left 24 hours in order that the conversion
may take place; it is then heated in a boiling water bath to destroy the diastase
and the clear solution above the residual leaf material is filtered through a
fluted filter paper into a 500-cc. measuring flask; the leaf residue is thoroughly
washed several times by decantation, the washings being passed through the
filter paper until the volume of liquid in the flask amounts to aiwut 475 cc.
The necessaiy quantity of basic lead acetate is then adde<l to precipitate the
tannins, etc., present in the solution; the amount required varies considerably
with different leaves, generally ranging from 5 to 25 cc. A large excess of lead
should be avoided and tests should be made after each small addition of lead
acetate in order to ascertain when the precipitation is complete. When this is
the case, the solution is made up to 500 cc. at 15° and filtered; 100 cc. of the
filtrate is placed in a 110-cc. measuring flask, the slight excess of lead precipi-
tated by adding solid sodium carbonate and the volume adjusted to 110 cc. at
15°. Fifty cc. of the filtrate from the lead carbonate is used for the reduction
and another portion polarized in a 400-mm. tube.
The method of calculation is explained.
•Sitzber. Naturf. Gesell. Leipzig, 5-7 (1877), pp. 30-^37.
808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The chlorin number, a new constant for fat, A. Zlatauoff ( Ztschr. Unter-
8twh. Nahr. u. Oentis.nntl., 26 (I'JIS), No. 7, pp. 348. 3^9).— The cumbersome
procedure necessary for determining either the iodiu or bromin numbers of fats
led the author to study the value of chlorin as a fat constant. After studying
a number of chlorin compounds and halogen transmitters, phenyliodid-chlorid,
which can be easily and rapidly prepared, was chosen. The procedure used for
determining the chlorin number was then as follows:
Weigh off 0.25 gm. of triolein (this was used in the test) in a Sendtner flasls
such as is used for determining the iixlin number; mix with GO cc. of carbon
tetrachlorid, previously saturated at room temperature with phenyliodid chlorid
prepared by WiUgerodt's method," and allow the mixture to stand for four
hours. In another Sendtner flask place 60 cc. of the phenyliodid-chlorid solu-
tion, and allow this also to stand for four hours. At the end of this time add
40 cc. of a titrated silver nitrate solution (1 cc.=0.0102 gm. silver) to each flask
and shake. Then add a few drops of iron alum solution and determine the
excess of silver nitrate with ammonium sulphocyanid solution (1 cc.==0.54
cc. silver-nitrate solution or 0.0515 gm. of silver). The difference between the
two titrations represents the chlorin fixed by the fat.
For triolein the values fluctuated between 273 and '600.
The quantitative estimation of the salt-soluble proteins in wheat flour,
G. A. Olson (Jour. Indus, and Engln. Cliem., 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 211-215).—
Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 208) and with a view to finding a
correct method for the estimation of edestin and leucosin proteins in flour, it
was found that a 1 per cent solution of sodium chlorid extracts gliadiu to the
extent of approximately 29 per cent of the total proteins present, while a 10
per cent solution extracts it to the extent of only 5 i)er cent.
A method is described whereby the edestin and leucosin nitrogen determina-
tion can be made in flour and its products, a correction being applied for the
gliadin extracted.
" The amount of nitrogen bodies extracted with salt solutions and directly
coagulated by heat varies with the concentration of the solvent. The 10 per
cent concentration gives higher results than were found possible with a 1 i>er
cent salt solution."
An investig'ation of the presence of furfurol in cider vinegar, Agnes A.
Anderson (Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 214, 215). — Pure
cider vinegar may contain furfurol as a natural constituent ; therefore its pres-
ence can not be taken as indicating that either wood acetic acid or caramel has
been added. Cider vinegars may give a test for caramel by the Ronuet method
without containing furfurol or added caramel ; hence the method is not reliable.
The analysis of maple products.- — III, The range of variation of analytical
values in g-enuine maple sirups, J. F. Snell and J. M. Scott (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chcm.. 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 216-222). — Continuing the work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R.. 31, p. 611), the author reports the results of examining
126 samples of genuine Canadian maple sirup. The range of conductivity
value, in these sirups is determined for 20° and 25° C, and the range of the
various analytical values in genuine maple sirups is compared with reference
to the.se results and to those of Bryan (E. S. R., 24, p. 266), Jones (E. S. R.,
17, p. 1038), and McGill (E. S. R., 26, p. 661).
" The values of narrowest range are the conductivity value, the alkalinity of
the soluble ash. the weight of the total ash. and the Winton lead number. A
scheme of rapid analysis is proposed, embracing determinations of the afore-
said values and of the Canadian lead number."
•Jour, rrakt. Chem., 33 (1886), No. 1-2, pp. 154-160.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 809
The reductase (fermentation reductase) test, R. Dons (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.],
2. Abt.. JfO (IHIJ,), A'o. IS, pp. i:i2-lM; nU. in licrUn. Tirrdrztl. Wrhnschr.,
30 (J9J.'/), No. 22, p. 3S8). — The author eoncludos that the reductase test can not
serve as a substitute for the counting (plat in?;) of micro-organisms. In the
decolorization of the dye the organisms grown at 38° C. were very active, and
the results varied with pure cultures according to whether raw, pasteurized, or
sterilized milks were tested. He believes that the micrococci and streptococci
which form lactic acid probably decide the outcome of the reductase test.
Bacteria of the coli aerogenes group reduced methylene blue as i-apidly as true
lactic acid bacteria, but more slowly in milk which had been pasteurized and
sterilized. The test, however, will not decide how many bacteria are present.
Bacteria which do not grow at 3S°, or do so only sparingly, reduce methylene
blue only when they are present in large numbers. An addition of human or
horse feces to ordinary milk did not (even in large amounts) influence the
reductase test when the milk had stood for two hours after adding the excre-
ment.
Milk which had been heated for a long time at 100° or for a short time at
135° was capable of reducing methylene blue. JMilk heated 10 minutes at 08 to
70° still produced the reductase test as in raw milk. The presence of a small
amount of methylene blue in milk will check the development of bacteria, and
the use of the reductase test in conjunction with the fermentation test was not
tested by the author because it seemed to be of no value from a hygienic stand-
point.
Manufacture and use of unfermented grape juice, G. C. Husmann ( U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 6U (1915), pp. 16, figs. /.'/). — "It is the purpose of
this publication to state briefly the way in which unfermented grape juice is
made and px'eserved, both for commei'cial and .domestic use, as well as the funda-
mental i)rocesses and principles involved, and to offer practical suggestions."
The subject is dealt with under the following headings : Composition of the
grape; analyses of grape must; causes of fermentation; methods of preventing
fermentation; flavor and quality of grape juice; home manufacture of grape
juice ; valuable appliances for home use ; commercial methods of making must ;
and the use and food value of unfermented grape juice. A few thoroughly
tested recipes prepared with unfennented grape juice are included.
Some abnormal factors of so-called farmers' cider vinegars, J. C. Diggs
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Clicm.. 6 (lOlJf), ^'o. 3, pp. 215, 216). — This gives the
results of examining 18 samples of cider vinegar which were entered in an
apple product exhibit of an apple show held in Indiana.
" The results of these analyses show the uncertainty of unscientific methods
In the manufacture of vinegar. Pernicious practices exist among farmers who
put vinegar on the market. Fraudulent vinegars are often sold as farmers'
cider vinegars."
Hop investigations {Oregon 8ta. Rpt. 191S-H, pp. 17, 18). — From a study
made of the chemical changes of hops due to treatment with sulphur dioxid
fumes the following conclusions are drawn:
" There is nothing to indicate that sulphuring in the bleaching process affects
the bitter resins. The resin of the ' sulphured ' hop contains no sulphur. The
sulphur dioxid does not combine with the essential oil of the hop. The
* unsulphured ' hop contains .sulphur in the sulphate form, but no sulphur which
is volatile by the ordinary steam distillation. Different samples of ' sulphured'
hops contain different amounts of sulphur, both total and volatile with steam.
There seems to be no definite proportion between the volatile sulphur and the
total sulphur. The amount of sulphur present in the unsulphured Oregon hop
is practically constant. The analytical methods which have been in use for the
810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(sstiniation of the uincuut of 'sulphuring' are unreliable. Methods for deter-
mining quantitatively the different forms in which sulphur is found in the
' sulphured ' hop have been worked out." See also work previously noted
(E. S. R., 29, p. 534; 30, p. 115).
METEOROLOGY.
Eeport of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1914 {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Rpt. 1914, pp. 256, pis. J/). — This contains an administrative
report on work during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and includes also
tables giving a general summary of the weather conditions in the United
Stales by months during the year 1913, an annual summary of climatological
data at the Canadian stations for 1913, a list of observing stations and changes
therein during 1913, sunshine in 1913, details of excessive precipitation in 1913,
monthly and annual meteorological summaries for 1913, monthly and annual
amounts of precipitation in 1913, and monthly and seasonal snowfall in 1913-14.
The administrative report notes, among other things, the inauguration during
1914 of a new special service for reporting the daily weather conditions over the
principal range region of the West as affecting the live stock interests; the
extension of snow surveys at high altitudes in some of the western States with
reference to water supply, and of the use of a new form of snow scale or stake
for this puri)0se; the extension of observations to secure better data for fore-
casting frosts in the citrus districts and in the orchards of the Northwest; and
the improvement of the flood warning service.
Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), ^'os, 11, pp. 611-
646, pis. 8; 12, pp. 647-702, pis. 43). — In addition to weather forecasts and
river and flood observations for November and December, 1914, lists of addi-
tions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on meteorology and
seismology, the weather of the month, a condensed climatological summary,
and climatological tables and charts, the numbers contain these articles:
No. 11. — Remarks on the Nature of Cyclones and Anticyclones, by J. Hann ;
Halos and Precipitation at Wauseon, Ohio, by J. M. Kirk; Light Pillars, by
Pernter and Exner; Halos, by C. S. Hastings; Systematic Explorations of the
Upper Air with Estimates of Cost, by M. W. Harrington; Extracts from the
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ; The American
Meteor Society, by C. P. Olivier ; The Di'exel Aerological Station ; A Method for
Classifying Winters, by A. Angot; Washington and Paris Winters, by C. Abbe,
jr. ; A Method for Classifying Summers, by A. Angot ; Drought at New York
City, by C. D. Reed ; Notes on Ice and Mercury ; and Meteorological Observa-
tions in Germany.
No. 12. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Washington, D. C, During October,
November, and December, 1914, by H. H. Kimball; Photometric Measurements of
Daylight Illumination on A Horizontal Surface at Mount Weather, Va., by H. H.
Kimball; Heat from the Stars; E. Kron on the Extinction of Light in the Ter-
restrial Atmosphere in the Region of the Ultraviolet, by W. Schmidt: Present
Status of Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Diurnal Changes in Temperature.
Pressure, and Wind, by J. M. Pernter ; Thunder, by W. Schmidt ; The Place of
Forestry Among Natural Sciences, by H. S. Graves; Why Some Winters are
Warm and Others Cold in the Eastern United States, by W. J. Humphreys
(see p. 811) ; Do Clouds Yield Snow Easier than' Rain? by D. F. Manning;
Foreign Distribution of the Monthly Weather Revieio during 1914 and 1915,
by C. F. Marvin; Floods in New England Rivers, by A. J. Henry; and Seis-
mology, by W. J. Humphreys. This number also contains a new section on
seismology containing seismological reixtrts for October, November, and
December,
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 811
Why some winters are warm and others cold in the eastern United States,
W. J. IIUMiMiKiCYS (Mo. Wcutlicr Rev., J,> {IDUf), Xo. 12, pp. 6'72-(;7V7).— Auioug
the general facts and conclusions of this iiaper are the following:
"(1) Some winters in the eastern United States are unusually mild and
others exceptionally cold. (2) During mild winters this part of the country
temporarily has a marine climate, during cold ones a continental climate. (3)
The type of winter climate, marine or continental, in this section is largely
determined by the presence or absence of the Bermuda 'high.' (4) Persistence,
during winter, of the Bermuda ' high ' gives to the eastern United States a
marine and, therefore, for it, an unusually mild climate. Continued absence
of this 'high' during winter, allows a continental climate and, therefore,
exceptionally low temperatures, to extend quite to the Atlantic coast. (5) The
cause of the Bermuda ' high ' seems to be a cold-water surface, a minimum sur-
face temperature, along the belt of highs. (6) This low surface temperature
in the region of the Bermudas may depend upon the temperature and strength
of the Labrador current."
Predicting minimum temperatures for frost protection, J. W. Smith (Ohio
Nat., 15 (1915), No. 3. pp. Jt05-40S, fig. 1). — This article explains a method by
which the fruit grower can closely estimate the probable minimum temperature
at critical periods. The method is based upon the average afternoon median
temperature. Explicit rules to follow in the use of the method under different
conditions are given.
Climate and meteorology of Australia, H. A. Hunt (Off- Yearbook Aust.,
7 (1901-1913). pp. 59-S5, figs. 9).— As in previous years (E. S. R., 30, p. 511)
the more important meteorological and climatic features of Australia are de-
scribed, and detailed data for temperature, pressui'e, precipitation, evaporation,
and other phenomena for 1912 and preceding years are tabulated.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Soil erosion in the South, R. O. E. Davis (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 180 (1915),
pp. 23, pis. 9, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the conditions affecting soil
erosion as observed in a field study through the States of Virginia, Tennessee,
Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.
It is stated that owing to climatic, economic, and soil conditions, and the type
of agriculture practiced, the South is especially susceptible to excessive erosion.
" Methods of prevention should be practiced wherever hilly land is used for
crops. Terracing is the best and most efficacious method, but should be supple-
mented by deep plowing and the incorporation of organic matter when permissi-
ble. The agricultural problem involves the adoption of proper crop rotation in
connection with preventive methods best suited to soil conditions and crop pro-
duction. The reclamation of eroded land is possible, but requires careful atten-
tion and patience. The use of such land for forestry is commonly advisable.
Nature effects reclamation, but the process is slow and tedious."
See a previous note by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 316).
Analysis of Florida muck soils, R. E. Rose (Ann. Rpt. State Chem. Fla., 1914,
pp. 21i-33). — The results of analyses of saw grass muck soils of the St. John's
Valley, in St. Lucie County, are discussed with observations on the fertility of
Everglade soils In general.
Geography of the soils of Georgia, F. A. Merrill (Ga. State Normal Sehool
Bui., pp. 13, figs. 3). — This buUetin discusses the geographical distribution of
the soil-forming rocks of the State of Georgia.
In the Appalachian highlands argillaceous and calcareous shales and lime-
stones abound, the former producing red and brown loams and the latter a gray
812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
gravelly soil. In the I'io<lnii)nt I'liiin the rork foruiatiou is crystallino, consist-
ing mainly of pranites. pnoisse.'^, and schists, from which are protluced soils
consisting mainly of gray sands of a gravelly nature, intersperseil with many
beds of red clay. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain the nx-ks are mainly cretaceous
formations and later sediments, and consist of unconsolidated clays, sands, and
marls.
Composition of the soils of the different glacial drift sheets, F. J. Alway
(Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 191/f, pp. Jf8, 49). — It is stated that physical and chemical
analyses of samples of virgin soils from ten of the most southerly counties of
Minnesota so far indicate that the phosjjhorus and postasslum contents and the
physical properties affecting the supply of moisture do not exhibit radical
differences. As regards lime content, the soils of the eastern counties are
sharply distinguished from those of the western counties, as the former " carry
a vei*y small amount of lime throughout the first 3 ft., while the latter, with
certain exceptions, carry very large amounts in the third foot, considerable in
the second foot, and some of them large amounts even in the first foot."
Soil survey of Orange County, New York, G. A. Cbabb and T. M. Mobbison
{New York Cornell Sta. BuJ. 351 {191.',), pp. 7.',7-800, fig. 1, map i).— This sur-
vey, made in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this Department, deals
with the soils of an area of 533,760 acres in southeastern New York, the topog-
raphy of which ranges from nearly flat or rolling to mountainous. The entire
county has been glaciated. The drainage is through the Hudson and Delaware
Rivers.
The soils of the county are divided with reference to manner of formation
into glacial residual, reworked glacial, recent alluvial, cumulose, and cumulo-
alluvial .soils. Forty types are mapped, of which the Dutchess silt loam and
stony loam are the most extensive and most used for general farming and dairy-
ing. Muck is said to be the most valuable land in the county. Many of the
soils, especially the muck and other bottom soils, neetl drainage.
The adaptation of soils to crops is recognized to some extent, but little effort
is made to develop systematic crop rotations.
Soil analysis {Oregon 8ta. Rpt. 1913-14, p. 19). — Analyses of samples of
different types of soil occurring in the Hood River Valley revealed a marked
nitrogen deficiency in many cases and occasional deficiencies in potash and lime.
The distribution of swamp land in the Kingdom of Bavaria {Uhersicht
iiher die VerteUung der Moore iin Konigreich Bayern. Munich: C. Gerber, 1913,
pp. 11, pi. 1). — Data and a map are given showing that the total swamp land
surface, including upland and lowland swamps, amounts to about 510,829 acres,
of which about 95,687 acres are under cultivation.
Studies of an acid soil in Assam, A. A. Meggitt {Mem. Dept. Agr. India,
Chem. Ser., 3 {19U), No. 9, pp. 235-269, pis. 7; abs. in Jour. Chcm. Sac. [Lon-
don], 106 {1914), No. 626, I, p. 1212). — In field experiments with oats on an
acid alluvial light loam soil doficieut in calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid,
on which crops had repeatedly failed to survive the seedling stage, it was found
that the application of lime made it possible to grow crops on the soil and that
the lime was particularly effective if use<l in sufficient amounts to make the
surface soil neutral or slightly alkaline.
Since applications of sodium, potassium, and magnesium carbonates also had
more or less the sjime favorable influence on crop growth as liming, the author
suggests that the beneficial effect may be attributable in part at least to neu-
tralizing of soil acidity or the supplying of lacking basic constituents in the
soil.
Since laboratory examinations " had already disclosed positively the presence
of an acid organic compound, definitely toxic to jowar [Atulropogon sorffhutn]
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 813
seedling riant « JQ extremely dilute culture s^olution (30 parts per million), the
toxicity of wliich was partly or wliolly negatived by tlie addition of a complete
nutrient solution containing nitric nitrogen, or by the addition of lime to neu-
trality," it was thought to be reasonably clear that the soil's infertility was due
in no small })art to the presence of toxic organic compounds which accumulate
in acid soils deficient in basic constituents. This conclusion was further con-
firme<l by the fact that the application of superphosphate was followed by
beneficial effects on crop growth similar to those observe<l in the case of
liming, and that the toxicity to sorghum seedlings observed in water cultures
with extracts of the soil was diminished by the addition of phosphate, although
it is recognized that the results witli the superphosphate may have been due
in part to the fact that it supplied a deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil.
The colloid chemistry of humus, S. Odkn (KoUoid ZtscJir., IJf (1914), No. S,
pp. 123-130; (lbs. in Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 27 (lOl.'f), No. 88-89, Referatmteil,
pp. 613, Gl.'i). — Studies of the humus of sphagnimi peat in which the principles
of colloid chemistry were used in an attempt to isolate the individual constit-
uents of humus are reported.
Three substances, two of which were colloidal and one noucolloidal, were
obtained from the water extract of the peat. Also substances exhibiting dis-
tinctly colloidal properties were obtained from the ammonia extract. Tests of
some of these as regards electrical conductivity indicated the presence of active
acids which are thought to be the main constituents of humus acids. Further
tests of the electrical conductivity of a solution of pui-e humus in very dilute
ammonia verified these results. The author considers this to be conclusive
evidence as to the existence of humus acids.
A note referring to similar work by Ehrenberg and Bahr is appended.
Soil colloids and the soil solution, F. K. Cameron (Jour. Phys. Chem., 19
(1915), No. 1, pp. 1-13). — The author comments on the loose use of the term
colloid as applied to soil chemistry, reviews the arguments of others advanced
to demonstrate the existence of colloids In soils, and attacks the popular
theories regarding the supposed relations between soil phenomena and soil
colloids on the grounds that they have no definite experimental basis.
He points out that many of tlie soil phenomena attributed to soil colloids can
be accounted for by the mere fact that the soil particles present a large surface
for absorbent action. He is of the opinion, however, that soil chemistry can
be considered a branch of colloid chemistry provided a colloid is defined as a
phase sufficiently divided where surface phenomena are predominant.
" The relation of the gas-liquid surface tension to the solid-liquid surface
tension is a most important problem requiring investigation for a clear purview
of the functions of soil colloids. It is a necessary consequence of the colloid
constitution of the soil that very small changes in the concentration of the soil
solution correspond to relatively large changes in the composition of the solid
phases resi)eeting those constituents derived from the minerals of the soil."
Soil water in relation to plant growth, W. J. Colebatch (Jour. Dept. Agr.
So. Aust., 18 (1914), No. 4, pp. 363-374). — The author discusses the functions
of soil moisture, with particular reference to plant growth in excessively wet
soils.
Experiments on the effect of varying water and food supplies on the water
requirements of oats showed that plants do better in dry seasons when the
food supply is plentiful and that in dry years a portion of the manure is lost
to the crop. Further experiments with oats on the influence of water supply
on the effectiveness of phosphates bore out the conclusion that the water
supply exerts an important influence on the effectiveness of fertilizers.
814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The author further discusses gravitational water and soil drainaj;e, reviewing
the worlc of otliers bearlu}^ on the subject and i)ointlng out particularly the
importance of soil drainage in regulating the soil moisture content, soil aera-
tion, soil leniperature, and tlie physical condition of tlie soil.
Effects of variations in moisture content on certain properties of a soil
and on the growth of wheat, F. S. IIabbis (New York Cornell 8ta. Bui. 352
(191 Jf), pp. 805-868, fig. i).— The worlc of others relating to the subject is
briefly reviewed and greenhouse vnd laboratory experiments with wheat plants
grown in pots containing clay loam soil subjected to different moisture and
fertilizer treatments, and studies of certain properties of cropped and uncropped
soils standing for long periods under these conditions are reported.
It was found that the cropped soil was more compact than the uncropped
and the volume of the soil decreased as the moisture content increased. Fer-
tilized soils with crops were more compact than unfertilized soils. Floccula-
tion was greater in cropped than in uncropped soils and was greater with a
medium degree of soil moisture than with a very large or very small degree,
the least flocculation occurring in the very wet soil. Flocculation was in-
creased by fertilizers, especially those containing little sodium nitrate. The
nitrate content was always greater in uncropped than in cropped soil and in
soils to which nitrate fertilizers had been added, and was greater with 30 per
cent moisture than in a drier or a wetter soil. Soil constantly saturated
with moisture contained practically no nitrates. The nitrite content of the
soils was always low but was higher in the uncropped soil than in the cropped,
and was higher where high nitrogen fertilizers had been added. The ammonia
content, while never great, was always higher in cropped than in uncropped
soils, was highest where a high nitrogen fertilizer was used, and was not much
affected by the soil moisture. The ratio of soluble salts to nitrates was always
higher in cropped than in uncropped soil.
While not definitely determined, the number of bacteria in the soil was
usually greater with 15 than with 30 per cent moisture and was slightly greater
in unfertilized than in fertilized soil. The easily soluble phosphoric acid was
always higher in the nnci-opped than in the cropped soil, higher in the fer-
tilized than in the unfertilized soil, and varied irregularily with the soil
moisture.
Wheat matured sixteen days earlier with 20 per cent moisture than with
either 11 or 45 per cent and a well-balanced fertilizer caused an earlier maturity
than one with high nitrogen or no fertilizer. Tillering was promoted by high
moisture and by fertilizers. Plants were able to stand excessive moisture
better when young than when older and mildew attacks were severest on
plants growing with high moisture and a high nitrogen fertilizer.
" The number of nodes per culm was least with a medium, and most with
the very high, soil moisture. The length of culms and of heads increased with
the moisture up to 37i per cent, after which both decreased. The heads were
proportionately longer in the dry than in the wet soil. The quantity of moisture
during the early growth, more than at any other time, determined the head as
well as the culm length. Fertilizers increased the number of nodes i>er culm,
as well as the length of culm and of head." The number of kernels of wheat
per pot and the quantity of straw increased with the fertilizei's, and with the
soil moisture up to 37^ per cent, above which it decreased. The number of
kernels per head was gi-eatest on the soil with a medium amount of moisture
but the weight of 100 kernels was greatest on the very dry soil and least on
the very wet. There was proportionately more grain than straw when the
soil moisture was low during the early stages. Proportionately more of the
dry matter in wheat had been produced by the boot stage in the dry soil than
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 815
in the wet, after which the weight of roots which could be washed out de-
creased to maturity. The greatest transpiration was in the plants producing
the most dry matter. In relation to dry matter produced, water was trans-
pired most economically with a medium degree of soil moisture but was
used most economically in the production of grain when the soil was kept
comparatively dry up to the boot stage and then kept wet until maturity.
The total dry matter in the plant as a whole, however, was produced most
economically when the soil was kept wet until the five-leaf stage and drier
from then until maturity.
The percentage of nitrogen in both grain and straw was highest on the
driest soil and gradually decreased as the moisture increased up to 37* per
cent, but as the soil approached siituratiou the percentage of nitrogen in the
grain slightly increased. Tlie condition that gave the highest percentage of
nitrogen both in the grain and straw was where the moisture was low up to
the boot stage and high from that stage to maturity. The lowest nitrogen
was found where the moisture was high during all periodw. The high nitrogen
fertilizer always increased the nitrogen content of the crop. While the
percentage of nitrogen was not so great in the crop produced with complete
fertilizer as with no fertilizer, the total weight of nitrogen was much greater,
due to the larger crop. The decrease in the percentage of nitrogen from the
boot stage to maturity was greater in the crops on the wet soil than in those
on the dry soil.
The percentage of crude ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphoric
acid was lower in wheat stx-aw grown with high moisture than in that grown
with low moisture.
" These experiments bring out clearly the facts that the moisture relations
of plants are greatly affected by the fertility of the soil, and that the effect of
a fertilizer is dependent on the amount of soil moisture. They emphasize also
the fact that fertilizer experiments, in order to be of value, must be made under
widely varying moisture conditions, and that exi)eriments with the use of
moisture by plants, in order to be conclusive, must Include a number of fer-
tility conditions."
A list of references to related literature is appended.
The evaporation of water from soil, B. A. Keen {Jour. Agr. Set. [England/],
6 (1914), iVo. 4, pp. Jt5G-Jfl5, figs. 8). — Studies on water evaporation from the
fine sand and clay soil fractions, from china clay, and from soils, with particu-
lar reference to the factors governing evaporation in soils, are reported and
the apparatus and methods used described.
It was found that the evaporation of water from the soil fractions, from
china clay, and from ignited soil is a phenomenon readily explainable by the
known laws of evaporation and diffusion. In the soils, on the other hand, the
evaporation was more complex, indicating the presence of a factor which causes
a more intimate relation between the soil and the soil water. The removal of
the soluble humus from the soil by means of 2 per cent caustic soda did not
appreciably affect the evaporation, and ignition of the fine sand and silt made
no appreciable difference in the evaporation from these fractious, thus largely
eliminating any possible etfect of the insoluble organic matter. Destruction of
the colloidal ])roperties of the clay fraction completely altered the evapora-
tion curve, which became identical with that given by sand or silt.
It is concluded, therefore, " that the colloidal i)roperties of the clay fraction
are in part, if not mainly, responsible for the characteristic shape of the evapo-
ration curve from soil."
In a mathematical study of the rate of evaporation from soil (the first differ-
ential of the experimental curves) two factors were distinguished which oper-
816 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD.
ated over practically the whole range of water content dealt with iu the experi-
ments, one expressing the effect of the gradually diminishing water surface on
evajmration and the other giving an empirical measure of the influence of the
vapor pressure of the moist soil. The following equation for rate of evapora-
tion from soil was developed :
^^=^/^+lV2.303 \o{r,„{w+K)-]ogeK], where ^=rate of evaporation.
i(;=pereentage of water present by weight.
s=specitic gravity of the soil.
A and A'=constants.
Partial sterilization of soil by volatile and nonvolatile antiseptics, W.
BunmN {Jour. Agr. Sci. [IJtigland], 6 (191J,). No. J,, pp. J,n-J,5L fiys. 4).—
Supplementing previous experiments by Russell and IIutchins<^)n and others
(E. S. R., 31, p. 27) further tests were made by the Russell and Hutchinson
method on two soils, one high and the other low in nitrates, to compare a
wider range of substances including benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, pentane,
hexane, heptane, chloroform, ether, acetone, formaldehyde, alcohols, phenol,
cresol. hydroquinone, pyridin, calcium sulphid, sulphur, sulphur dioxid, .sodium
fluorid, and .sodium chlorid. The object of these tests was to determine whether
the phenomena observed in the earlier experiments in the case of toluene and
a few other substances are generally true of antiseptics, including (1) those
which are completely volatile and disappear entirely from the soil when their
work is done and (2) those which remain in the soil for a considerable time
or else leave decomposition products and so exert a prolonged action upon the
bacterial flora of the soil and upon the plant.
It was found that the characteristics of true partial sterilization are com-
mon to a large number of antiseptics, and consist in an initial decrease in
bacterial numbers followed by a large sustained increase, the killing of pro-
tozoa and nitrifying organisms, an initial increase in ammonia followed by a
considerable increase in the rate of ammonia production, and no change in
the results obtained following an increase in the dose in any pai'ticular chemi-
cal when once true partial sterilization has taken place. True partial steriliza-
tion w^as obtained only with the easily volatile or removable antiseptics, the
dose of the more important of these necessary for this purpose being as fol-
lows: Benzene, below 0.15 per cent by weight of dry soil; toluene, 0.09; cyclo-
hexane, 0.17 ; pentane, 0.7 ; hexane, 0.17 ; heptane. 0.1 ; chloroform, below 0.24 ;
ether, below 1.5 ; and acetone, 5.8.
" Substances not completely removable from the .soil have some lasting influ-
ence on the flora. With the weaker doses two or three special species of bac-
teria characteristic of the chemical used multiply temporarily to an enormous
extent, but the organisms do not produce ammonia, consequently there is no
gain in ammonia and nitrate as the result of their action. The higher doses
permanently suppress all microbiological action in the soil.
" It appears to be a general rule that a simple flora can attain extraordinarily
high numbers, while a complex flora, such as prevails after normal partial
sterilization, does not attain to higher numbers than the comparatively low
level of about five times those in the untreated.
" It is possible to trace a certain relationship between the action of all the
substances used. The intensity of the effects shades off gradually from that of
the powerful nonvolatile antiseptics through cresol and formaldehyde to the
more and less potent volatile anti.septics respectively, till finally the action of
merely spreading out the soil iu a thin layer is reached [see abstract below]."
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 817
The author concludes that " volatile antiseptics are undoubtedly effective in
increasing the productive capacity of a soil under laboratory and ix>t culture
house conditions, but are unsuitable for application on tlie larger scale. An
ethcient soli<l substance would be very convenient in use and probably nuuh
cheaper than methods of partial sterilization by heat." The exiieriments thus
far made " have not revealed any suitable new nonvolatile substance. They
have, however, onii)hasizod the value and explained the action of phenol and
cresol and have emphasized, altliough they have not explained, the action of
formaldehyde" in causing an initial increase in ammonia but an irregular inhi-
bition of nitrification.
Note on the increased nitrate content of a soil subjected to temporary
drying in the laboratory, W. Buddin (Jour. Agr. Sci. [Enr/laud], 6 {191 Jf),
Ao. If, pp. J^52-.'i'yr)) . — In the course of the experiments noteil jibove it was found
that the untreated soils, spread out at the same time the treated soils were
spread to evaporate the antiseptics, contained after a period of incubation con-
siderably more nitrate than similar soils whicli had been kept permanently
moist. The soils originally contained only a little more ammonia and nitrate
than the moist soil and when dried contained less rather than more bacteria.
This increased amount of nitrate " appears to be due not to absorption from
the atmosphere but to tlie formation of more nitrate from the residues in the
soil in spite of the fact that the numbers of bacteria are not increased."
These results are considered important in that they show the necessity of
spreading the untreated soil side by side with the treated to avoid error in all
work with volatile antiseptics.
Ammonification studies with soil fungi, H. C. McLean and G. W. Wilson
CSew Jersey Stas. Bui. 270 {191 Jf), pp. 3-39, fig. 1). — Ammonification studies
using dried blood and cotton-seed meal with an acid gravelly loam and a neu-
tral red shale as media are reported, the main purpose being to determine the
ammonifying efficiency of the fungi present in the soil. Preliminary experi-
ments on the effect of acid phosphate and acid phosphate and lime on ammonia
accumulation in soils and on the effect of acid phosphate on the ammonification
of dried blood by bacteria indicated that fungi rather than bacteria were
responsible for the large accumulations of ammonia in soils containing acid
phosijhate and organic nitrogen in the form of dried blood.
In a series of ammonification exiieriments with pure cultures of fungi, it was
found that of the fungi studied, including members of the Aspergillacese.
Mucoracese, Dematiace:e, and Mouiliaceje. nil had the power of ammonifying
both cotton-seed meal and dried blood. Fungi belonging to the Moniliacete were
the most active ammonifiers.
" The indivi<lual members of this group showing the highest ammonifying
efficiency were Trichodcnna koeniiigi strain v. 2 and 7'. koeningi strain v. 3. The
latter fungus gave the maximum ammonia accumulation in the soil of any
fungus studied, from both cotton-seed meal and dried blood. The highest
ammonia accumulation was from the dried blood. The Aspergillaceae contained
the siiecies showing the least ammonifying power. . . .
" Where dried blood was used as a source of nitrogen, acid phosphate was
found to increase the ammonia accumulation in the soils with IS out of the
26 pure cultures of fungi studied. On the other hand, where cotton-seed meal
was added as a source of nitrogen, ammonia accumulation was increased only
in the case of 8 out of the 25 cultures used in the test. . . .
"All of the fungi with the exception of four, viz, Zygorrhynchus vuilleminii,
Rhizopiis nigrwans, Monilia sitopliila, and Altteor hiemalis, were able to ammo-
nify dried blood more readily than cotton-seed meal. The results of these
experiments make it appear that the ammonification of the soil organic matter,
by fungi, depends not only upon the chemical and physical composition of the
818 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.
jsoil, but also upon tho quality of the organic matter present, as well as on the
presence of soluble j)hosphates."
A contribution on the nitrogen problem, II. Schekblinck ( Handel. Vlaamsch
Natutir en Gencesk. Cong., 11 (1913), pp. 192, 193).— A study carried out with
a diplococcus, abundant in certain soils and water therefrom, is held to show
that during the i>rocess of fermentation organic nitrogen takes part in the for-
mation of ammonia.
Soil bacteriological investigations (Oregon Stn. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 18. 19). —
It has been found that lime seems to increase the ammonifying and nitrifying
efficiency of the soils of western Oregon in a marked manner. The effec-t is
less noticeable on eastern Oregon soils.
[Soil inoculation] (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 19, 20).— Direct benefit
was derived in 69 per cent of the cases in which cultures of bacteria, sent out
by the station in 1912 for the inoculation of legumes, were used.
The results of some experiments with farmyard manure, R. A. Berry
(West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 65 (1914), PP- 111-251, figs. 4).— Experiments
extending over a number of years on the storage of manure under cover and
in the field, on the storage of different kinds of fresh manure in heaps in the
field, on the treatment of manure during storage, and on times and methods of
applications of manure, and comparing fresh v. rotted manure and large v. small
applications of manure are reported.
When stored for four months in well trodden heaps the indoor manure lost
17.5 per cent in weight and the outdoor manure 20.6 per cent, with an average
annual rainfall of 39.32 in. The indoor manure lost 20.4 per cent of its nitrogen
and practically none of its phosphoric acid and iwtash. while the outdoor lost
28.4 per cent of its nitrogen. 21.1 of its phosphoric acid, and 28.3 of its potash.
The rotted manures were in each case poorer in total and available nitrogen
than the fresh, the losses in this respect being greater in the outdoor than in
the indoor manure. The greatest loss was in ammoniacal nitrogen, amounting
to from 70 to 80 per cent of that of the fresh manure, 18 per cent of the total
nitrogen of which was in ammoniacal form. There was a slight increase of
amid and of insoluble nitrogen in the rotted manure. There was no loss of
phosphoric acid and potash where there was no drainage. The average increase
of crop (potatoes and turnips) in favor of manure stored under cover was 7
per cent.
The average loss in weight of horse manure with peat moss and with straw
litter, cow manure, steer manure, and pig manure stored in the open for four
months (December to March) was 22.3 per cent. With the moss litter the loss
from horse manure was much less than with straw (12.6 and 14.9 per cent,
respectively). The two fresh manures richest in nitrogen, namely, those from
fattening steei's and from horses (with peat moss litter), were left poorer in
this constituent after rotting, while the fresh manures relatively poor in nitro-
gen, namely, those from cows, pigs, and horses (with straw litter) in the order
named were left slightly richer in total nitrogen after rotting. In the rotted
manure on the average 4 per cent of the total nitrogen was ammoniacal and 82
per cent insoluble as compared with 15 and 72 per cent, respectively, in the fresh
manure. Forty-four per cent of the phosphoric acid and 71 per cent of the
potash in the rotted manure was soluble in water as compared with 53 and 76
per cent, respectively, in the fresh. "The average loss of manurial constitu-
ents in the five manures during rotting was: Total nitrogen, 29.6 per cent;
total phosphoric acid, 12.2 per cent: total potash, 33.5 per cent." Rotting in
every case lowered the fertilizing value of the manure as measured by its power
of supplying available fertilizing constituents. This was borne out by experi-
ments with potatoes and turnips.
SOILS FERTILIZEES. 819
"Of the substances added to the nmmire to fix ammonia, gypsum and sodimn
acid sulphate were the most efhcieut. but superphosphate of lime, kaiuit, and
carbonate of lime increased the loss of nitrogen. Of the antiseptics added to
check fermentation, chloroform acted best, followed by bleaching powder and
formalin. The reduction in the loss of nitrogen, where such occurred, was,
however, not sufficient in any case to repay the cost of the substance used.
The most effective method of preserving the manure from losses of nitrogen
was to trample the manure and to cover it with a 3-in. layer of soil."
Fresh and rotted manure was applied broadcast and in drills in autumn and
spring on two rotations, (1) potatoes, wheat, grass, and oats, and (2) turnips,
barley, grass, and oats, with the result that fresh manure applied in drills in
the spring gave unifonnly the best results both with the root crops and for the
whole rotation. "About 9 per cent of the increase for root crops of the drilled
manures was due to the method of applying the manure in drills over that of
broadcasting. In the case of the autumn application of manure, when the
manure was applied to turnips, there was a 5 per cent increase in favor of
plowing in the manure at once compared with leaving the manure on the surface
some time before plowing it in. When the manure was appliofl to potatoes
there was not much to choose between the two practices." In the potato rotation
about 50 per cent of the total increase due to the manure was accounted for in
the first crop (ix»tatoes) and the manurial residue was not exhausted at the
end of the rotation. In the case of the turnip rotation 65 per cent of the total
increase was accounted for in the first crop (turnips) and the manurial residue
was practically exhausted by the second crop. " Farmyard manure yields, when
applied in drills in spring to potatoes, about 60 per cent, and to turnips about
80 per cent, of its total manurial value for the rotation, compared to a yield of
about 40 ijer cent with potatoes and about 50 per cent with turnips when the
manure is applied broadcast in the autumn. Small dressings of manure, of about
10 tons, produce proportionately a better return with the first crop than large
dressings of about 20 tons, but the latter leaves proportionately a larger i-esidue
than the former."
From comparative tests of fresh v. rotted manure applied at rates of 20 tons
per acre in drills in the spring it was concluded that the relative efficiency of
the manures depends largely upon the amount of available nitrogen which they
are capable of yielding to the crop, although, as a rule, short rotted manure
produces better results on light soils than long fresh manure. Large applica-
tions (20 tons per acre) of manure to potatoes left a manurial residue in the
soil which produced a notable increase on the fourth crop following the applica-
tion of the manure. With turnips the residual effect was hardly visible after
the second crop. Small applications (10 tons per acre) produced no effect after
the second crop. The addition of superphosphate, potassium sulphate, and
ammonium sulphate to the manure did not affect this result, showing that the
artificial fertilizers were exhausted by the crop to which they were applied.
The article gives numerous analyses of different kinds of manure, especially
a series of analyses of cow manure from 12 typical dairy farms which
showed total nitrogen, 0.237 to 0.462, average 0.346 per cent; ammoniacal
nitrogen, 0.024 to 0.129, average 0.064 per cent; phosphoric acid, 0.170 to 0.428,
average 0.266 per cent; and potash, 0.263 to 0.497, average 0.3S1 per cent.
Results of two years' work on London Soil Experiment Field, G. Roberts
(Kentucky Sta. [Circ], pp. 3). — (Comparative tests of different fertilizers on a
rotation of corn, wheat, and cowpeas on a fine sandy loam, especially deficient
in nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and calcium carbonate, but containing a fair pro-
portion of potash, showed that the most profitable method of improving such a
820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
soil is to use phosphate, limestone, and manure in connection with a crop
rotation similar to that followed in the exporiniciits rejMirttHl.
The economic importance of peat moors and water powers, with, special
reference to the air-nitrogen question, A. Benetsch (Die volksvoirtschaftliche
licdciituuff Ucr Torfiiioorc und Wati-scvlcrdfte unter hcsonderer Bchicksiclitigung
der Luftsticksioff-Frage. Berlin: F. Siemenroth, 1914, PP- V+229, pis. 7, figs.
11; abs. in Ztschr. Mnorkultur u. Torfvctnoert., 12 {1914), No. 5-S, p. 214). —
This book is divided into a general introduction and three parts, dealing, among
other things, with (1) the economic importance of peat and peat moors from
both industrial and agricultural viewpoints, containing a discussion of the
manufacture of illuminating gas and ammonia from peat by the Mond-Frank-
Caro processes as well as the use of moor soils for agricultural purposes; (2)
the development and use of water power, especially for the production of
electric power; and (3) the electrical production of nitrogen compounds from
the free nitrogen of the air, dealing also with the question of the production
of nitrogenous and other fertilizers and discussing particularly the calcium
cyanamid and nitrate industry as developed in different countries.
The author holds that the nitrogen question has been satisfactorily solved
by the electrical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
A bibliography of 212 references to the literature of the subject as well as
a list of German patents relating to the electrical fixation of nitrogen are
given.
The utilization of peat in Italy, U. Rossi {Bol. Quind. f^oc. Agr. Ital., 19
(1914), No. 10, pp. 356^61; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp. 1005, 'l006; Mitt. Ver. Ford.
MoorkuUur Dcut. Reiche, 32 (1914), ^o. 20, pp. 373, 376).— It is stated that
there are a large number of workable peat beds in Italy, and that some attempt
has been made at different times with little commercial success to utilize the
peat for fuel and other purposes and to use the peat land for agriculture.
The most Important industrial development with reference to the utilization
of peat is, however, the establishment of plants at Orentano and Codigoro for
the manufacture of illuminating gas and ammonia by the Mond process. It is
stated that these plants are able to manufacture ammonia at somewhat less
than half the market price of this product.
German and other sources of potash supply, C. H. Macdowell (Bui. Anier.
Inst. Mining Engin., No. 98 (1915), pp. 103-114; Chem. Engin., 21 (1915), No.
2, pp. 45-50). — The German deposits and mining methods are described, with
data on cost, commercial conditions, and consumption. Other possible sources
are also briefly discus.sed.
Among the latter are the deposits near Kalusz in Galicia. Austria, and the
recently discovered deposits in Spain, which seem to be of commercial im-
portance; deposits of nitrate of potash in Peru; the potash .salts which may be
obtained from sugar-beet waste, from wool scouring, and as a by-product in
the manufacture of cement; the potash obtainable from kelp, alunite. feldspar,
leucite, and from brines obtained from alkali lakes and ponds and from borings
in Texas. As far as the United States is concerned, it Is stated that " up to now
Searles Lake is the only nearby producer on the map."
Further exploration and investigation of methods of utilizing the sources of
potash named is urged.
Investigation of sources of potash in Texas, "W. B. Phillips (Bill. Amer.
Inst. Mining Engin., No. 98 (1915), pp. 115-127, figs. 3).— This article deals
particularly with the potash brines obtained at Spur, Tex. (E. S. R., 28, p.
522), and with the occurrences of small amounts of potassium and sodium
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 821
nitrate in sandstones and other rocks and of small amounts of nitrates derived
from bat guano in caves.
The conclusion is that the only hopeful outlook for the existence of workable
beds of potash salts in Texas is in the brines as found at Spur and in the
almost wholly unknown region southeast of and bordering New Mexico.
Potash from kelp, F. K. (^amkkon iJL .S'. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 100 (1915), pp.
122, plff. 40, figs. 2, maps 3.'f). — This consists of a series of reports, accompanied
by detailed maps of the kelp groves of the Pacific coast and islands of the
United States and Lower California, on the following subjects: Pacific Kelp
Beds as a Source of Potassium Salts, by F. K. Cameron ; The Kelp Beds from
Lower California to Puget Sound, by W. C. Crandall; The Kelp Beds of Puget
Sound, by G. B. Ripg; Tlie Kelp Beds of Southeast Alaska, by T. C. Frye; and
The Kelp Beds of Western Alaska, by G. B, Rigg. These reports and maps are
the result of careful surveys of all of the commercially available kelp beds
from Cedros Lsland to Cape Flattery, about half the beds available in south-
east Alaska, and the major i)art of the beds on the southern slopes of the
Alaska Peninsula.
On the basis of a large number of analyses which show that the Pacific coast
kelps, in a dry state, contain about 16 per cent of potash, corresponding to
about 25 percent of potassium chlorid, it is estimated that the 390 square miles
of kelp beds already mapped on the Pacific coast are capable of producing
annually 59,300,000 tons of fresh kelp, equivalent to 2,266,000 tons of potassium
chlorid.
" What it would cost to obtain the pure potassium chlorid from kelj) can not
be stated, as sufficient experience is not yet accumulated to justify exact esti-
mates. It should be easier to extract the iwtassium chlorid from kelp than
from the Stassfurt salts. But the cost of harvesting the kelp as well as the
subsequent manipulation is, at the present time, s-peculative. It is easy to show
by 'paper calculations' enormous profits in obtaining pure potassium chlorid,
iodin, and possibly other products from the kelp. Since, however, the dried
kelp will average more than 25 per cent potassium chlorid, since the organic
matter decomposes very readily, and there is present nitrogenous matter equiva-
lent to about 2 per cent nitrogen and some phosphate, it seems i)robable that
kelp in the dried state, either alone or in mixture with other materials, such
as fish scrap and standard phosphate carriers, is the form in which it is most
likely to find at first a market as a fertilizer.
" It is also impracticable to give any close estimate of the value of the
possible kelp harvest. Assuming that all the potassium chlorid were extractetl
and marketed as such, the value at present prices would be approximately
$90,000,000. whereas if the crop were all re^luced to driod kelp and sold at
current figures for both potash and nitrogen content, the value would be in
excess of $150,000,000."
The general conclusion from the investigations already made is "that the
commercial production of potash salts from American sources and in quantities
sufficient to meet the growing needs of the Nation is quite practicable."
Radium as a fertilizer, C. G. Hopkins and W. H. Sachs (Illinois 8ta. Bui.
177 (1915). pp. SS9-'i01). — Experiments by others on this subject are reviewed,
and field experiments with corn and soy beans in which tlie radium fertilizer
was used at rates furnishing 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg. per acre are reported.
The soy beans followed the corn on the same land without additional appli-
cation of the radium fertilizer. Of six trustworthy average results with corn,
three were for and three against radium. Of eighteen averages with soy beans,
nine were for and nine against radium. In all cases the average variation
94863°— No. 9—15 3
822 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
from the check was so slight and so evenly distributed for and against " as to
lead only to the conclusion that radium applied at a cost of $1, $10, or $100
per acre produced no effect upon the crop yields either the first or second
season."
Attention is called to the fact that even if the radium fertilizer were to in-
crease the crop yields " the effect would be that of a stimulant and the increase
would be secured at the expense of the soil. Thus the soil would not be enriched
in fertility, but actually impoverished by such treatment."
Fertilizer inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 62 (1914), pp. lOS-lJ/O). — Analyses
of samples of fertilizers collected under- the direction of the Commissioner of
Agriculture of Maine during 1914 are reported with a summary of the require-
ments of the state fertilizer law. Notes are also given on the valuation of
fertilizers, the question of the potash content of fertilizers for 1915 in view
of the present shortage of potash, the use of farm manure, and certain special
results of the fertilizer inspection, including a statement by A. M. G. Soule.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Plant breeding, L. H. Bailey and A. W. GrLBEET (New York: The Mactnillan
Co., 1915, rev. ed., pp. XVIII+J^1J^, figs. ii5).— This is a revision of the work
by Bailey, the fourth edition of which has been noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1144).
The work of revision has been largely done by the junior author and consider-
able new material has been added, bringing the subject up to date. Appendixes
are given defining the terms used, with a bibliography of important con-
tributions to plant breeding that appeared between 190.5 and 1912. and laboratory
exercises to be used in conjunction with teaching plant breeding.
(Enothera grandiflora of the herbarium of Lamarck, H. de Vbies (Rev.
06n. Bot., 25 bis {191^), pp. 151-166, fig. 1). — The author concludes an account
and discussion of his comparative study of preserved and of natural specimens
made in 1S95 and repeated in 1913, with the statement that since the time of
Lamarck this species has been growing on the dunes near Liverpool in the same
form as at the present, and that the original specimen described by Lamarck
as (E. grandiflora (the name having been changed by Seringe about 1828)
agrees with the form now generally known as CE. lainarclciana.
Experimental variations in Tricholoma nudum, L. Matruchot (Rev. Gin.
Bot., 25 his (1914), pp. 503-509. pi. l).—lt is stated that T. nudum, cultivated
in darkness with normal humidity at 11° C. (51.8° F.), grows as vigorously
as under natural conditions, but that it loses progressively certain of its char-
acters, such as the violet pigment characteristic of the species and the gill
sinus characteristic of the genus. These changes were noted in the specimens
without exception, while the odor and other characters were not sensibly
altered.
The presence of Orobanche minor on Pelargonium zonale, H. Scheerlinck
(Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en Geneesk. Cong.. 17 (1913), pp. 194. 195). — Having
found O. minor on P. zonale (it having strayed, supposedly, from clover grow-
ing near) to present certain anomalies as regards color and structure, the
author grew this parasite on Geranium rohertianum and obtained somewhat
similar peculiarities.
Parasitic specialization, F. Heske (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdic, 46 (1914), ^o.
5, pp. 281-289). — ^This is mainly a theoretical discussion of some recent con-
clusions by several authors regarding the chemical relations between the hosts
and the fungi, with their collaborating enzyms.
Chondriosomes in fungi, F. A. Janssens (Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en
Geneesk. Cong., 17 (1913), pp. 14I-I48, fig. 1). — Giving some results of obser-
AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 823
vatious made on the forms, arrangements, distribution, etc., of chondriosome
elements alleged to exist in yeasts and in fungi studied in early stages of
development, the autlior states that choudriosomes are abundant in fungi and
are characterized by much the same appearance and peculiarities as in animals
and higher plants.
Morphology of the barley grain with reference to its enzym-secreting
areas, A. Mann and H. V. Haklan (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 183 {1915), pp. 32,
pis. 8, figs. 7). — A special study has been made of the barley gra^i with a view
to improving its quality. The authors give a report on the morphology of the
grain, having investigated it both at rest and in germination.
It is claimed that the integuments of the ripe barley, with the exception of
the investing membrane of the uucellus, are only protective. The membrane
surrounding the nucellus develops into a semipermeable membrane, which has
remarkable selective powers. In the development of the barley grain the endo-
sperm is said to develop earlier and more rapidly than the embryo. At maturity
the starch is less dense about the periphery of the endosperm than In the
center, and the epithelial layer is not functional until near maturity. The con-
version of the endosperm is effected by enzyms secreted by the epithelial layer
of the scutellum. The conversion proceeds from the proximal end toward the
distal end, working more rapidly through the layers immediately beneath the
aleurone layer. Cytase and diastase, it Is claimed, must both proceed from the
scutellum, and the proteolytic ferments most probably owe their origin to the
same organ. Small-berried barleys were found to have a greater diastatic
power, due to the secreting area being proportionately larger. The efficiency
of conversion is said to depend upon the shape and composition of the grain
and upon the relative quantity of diastase secreted.
The ideal barley grain, it is claimed, should be broadly oval with a scutellum
extending well over the edges of the adjacent endosiDerm. If large yield of
malt is desired, the size of the grain should be large. If diastase is the main
consideration, the size of the grain should be smaller.
Direct absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates by green plants, L.
Knudson (Abs. in Science, n. ser., J/l {1915), No. 10^8, p. ISO). — Confirming the
work of Molliard and others (E. S. R., 21, p. 126), the author has found that
a variety of plants are able to absorb and assimilate various sugars, including
lactose. Lactose was found utilized by vetch, radish, and onion, but not by
timothy. For maize the sugars in order of preference by the plant are glucose,
levulose, cane sugar, and maltose, while for vetch they are cane sugar, glucose,
maltose, and lactose. Experiments on the influence of concentration of sugar,
and also of the influence of sugars in enzym production, are said to be In
progress.
A preliminary study of the chlorophyll compounds of the peach leaf, H. S.
Reed and H. S. Stahl {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. lOIfS, p. 180). —
Investigations were undertaken with special reference to the chlorophyll con-
tent of peach leaves, the trees producing which were affected by the disease
yellows. The chlorophyll compounds were extracted and separated by the use
of inactive solvents.
The diseased leaves were found to differ from healthy ones both in the qual-
ity and quantity of the chlorophyll derivatives extracted. Among the deriva-
tives found in healthy peach leaves were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll ft, phyto-
rhodin, chlorophyllin, phteophytin, phjephorbid, ' methyl-phaeophorbid, methyl-
chlorophyllid, phytochlorin, carotin, and xanthophyll. As the disease advance<I
there was found to be a decrease in the quantity of chlorophyll and chlorophyll
derivatives. The diminution of the green series was gi'eater than that of the
yellow-brown series.
824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Studies on lycopin and its relations with chlorophyll, W. Lubimenko
{Rev. Q6n. Bot., 25 his (lOUf), pp. J,7 5-^93). —The author has followed up work
previously done, partly in association with Monteverde {B. S. K.. 31, pp. 128,
020), investigating herein more particularly the relations of lycopin within
plants.
The results of the investigation, the author states, showed a striking coinci-
dence between the physiological conditions favoring the formation of lycopin
and lycopinoi^s and those which favor the decomposition of chlorophyll. He
regards them as products of a particular chlorophyll oxidation, occasioned, prob-
ably by the activity of enzyms.
The absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus in dilute
simple solutions of nutrient salts, R. H. True and H. H. Babtlett (Abs. in
,'ick'nce, n. ser., J,l (1915), No. lOJjS, pp. 180, 181). — ^A study was made, by
means of water cultures, of the behavior of seedlings of L. albus toward dis-
tilled water and simple solutions of salts containing ions regarded as essential
to the normal nutrition of the higher green plants. The plants were kept in
darkness and the absorption of ions from the solution measured in terms of
electrical conductivity.
The plants were found to give up their salts to distilled water at a variable
rate until death resulted from exhaustion. Solutions of potassium phosphate
and potassium chlorid acted essentially like distilled water. In potassium sul-
phate and potassium nitrate a slight absorption phase was observed in the
most favorable concentrations; otherwise the results differed little from those
seen in phosphate and chlorid solutions. Sodium chlorid v.-a.s found to affect
permeability and growth essentially the same as potassium nitrate and potas-
sium sulphate. In the most favorable concentrations of magnesium nitrate
and magnesium sulphate there was a slight but clearly developed absorption
phase, resulting in a net gain of electrolytes to the plant. A net loss took
place in the more dilute solutions and. in the greater concentrations toxic action
developed. In calcium nitrate and calcium sulphate solutions all concentra-
tions studied supported active absorption of electrolytes, and apparently en-
abled the plants not only to retain the salts already present but also to make
net gains from the solutions.
The absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus in dilute
solutions containing mixtures of nutrient salts, R. H. True and H. H. Babt-
lett (Abs. in Science, n. ser., J^l {1915), No. IO48, p. 181). — ^Under conditions
similar to those described above the authors grew seedlings of L. albus in
graded solutions of pairs of nutrient salts. The results obtained showed that
the gain or loss of the electrolytes by the plants was influenced by the antago-
nistic action of ions.
The process of anthocyanin pigment formation, R. Combes {Rev. G6n. Bot.,
25 bis {1914), pp. W-i 02). —Summing up results of recent studies (E. S. R.,
31, p. 128), the author states that pigmentation is a continuous process. In
some cases red is formed from the first ; in others the original product is yel-
low, and it may persist, or it may disappear wholly or partly with the produc-
tion (from its own body or otherwise) of the red pigment. The greater part
of the anthocyanin is thus formed in place, a small ])ortion resulting from the
transformation of yellow into red pigment.
Relation of transpiration to the composition of white pine seedlings, G. P.
Burns (.4.6s. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. lOJfS, p. 181). — In continuation
of work previously reported (E. S. R.. 30, p. 726) the author repeated experi-
ments there described and in addition noted the effect of transpiration as in-
lluenced by one and two covers of cheese cloth. The seeds were sown in May
and the first analysis made of seedlings gathered August 11.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 825
The analysis showed that there was an increase in the percentage of protein
and soluble ash through no shade, half shade, to full shade, the highest per-
centage of ash occurring in the full shade bed whore the rate of transportation
was very low. The effect of the cheese cloth screens was intermediate between
no shade and half shade.
Function of water reserves, L. du Sablon (Rev. Gen. liot., 25 bis (1914),
pp. 459-473, figs. 4)- — ^An examination of the aquiferous cells and tissues of
several plants is said to show that such cells possess a nucleus and a proto-
plasmic layer in a living state, dead cells taking little part in the storing of
water on account of the too great permeability of the walls. This property,
however, fits them for taking up or getting rid of water where this is advan-
tageous. Several classes of aquiferous cells are discussed in regard to their
special adaptations, some such cells also aiding, supposedly, in the regulation
of transpiration.
The translocation of materials in aging- leaves, N. Swart (Die Staff wan-
derung in ablebenden Blattem. Jena: O. Fischer, 1914, PP- 118, pis. 5). — ^Thls
is a study of the transfer and transformation of materials, of color changes,
and of the relations of these to leaf fall.
It is stated that during the process of leaf coloration a transfer of materials
from leaf to stem occurs, also that during this i)eriod both plasma and nucleus
remain intact in the leaf cells. It is held that death of leaves in a climate
characterized either by ijeriodicity or uniformity is regulated chiefly by factors
which are apparently internal to the plant itself and which generally show a
relation to the age of the plant.
Anatomical structure of roots under abnormal tension, P. Jaccard (Rev.
G^n. Bat., 25 his (1914), PP- 359-312, figs. 7).— The author reports that in the
species studied (elm, beech, ash, etc.), roots developing imder unusual ten-
sions are characterized by a greater development of the conducting system, by
alterations in tissue structure and lignification. by changes in the proportion
of woody parenchyma and medullary rays, and by an altered diameter, usually
of woody elements, also their more regular arrangement and their longer per-
sistence in the living state. It is thought that these may be correlatives of a
more general and fundamental reaction to the conditions brought about by
tension.
Effects of compression on root structure, M. Molliard (Rev. G4n. Hot., 25
bis (1914), PP- 529-538, pis. 2, figs. 7). — ^The internal changes produced in
small roots by their growth under compression between the laminne of schistose
rock in subsoil, are described, those noted in Carlina corymhosa and (Enanthe
crocata being taken as fairly typical.
Cells developing under pressure are of inferior size. Living elements usually
undergo relatively slight deformation, dead cells being much flattened. The
elements of wood and bast develop generally parallel to the compression plane,
the vessels also being much flattened. The secretory ducts do not differentiate
normally, as the fibrous elements are partly or totally suppressed. Hyperplasia
is noted at the extremities of the major transverse axis of the root.
Deformation of heath on the seashore, H. Devaux (Rev. G^n. Hot., 25 bis
(1914), PP- 133-I49, figs. 5). — This contribution on the causes of bushiness deals
with the phenomena studied in case of Erica vagans on the seashore, analyzing
the direct and indirect effects of wind on growing portions and the responses of
the plant as regards production, thinning, bending, and death of the shoots.
Monstrosities of germination in cauliflower and Savoy cabbage, M. Dubabd
and A. Ubbain (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 bis (1914), pp. 203-216, figs. 6).— The authors
have followed up work previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 629) by removing
826 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.
one or both cotyledons of crucilerous fceedling.s 10 days old. The resulting anoru-
alies of development, external and internal, are described.
Injury to vegetation by coal tar and other vapors and protection there-
from, R. EwKHT (Ztschr. Pflanzenkranlc, 2Jt (,lDVt), Nos. 3, pp. 257-273; 6, pp.
S21-3JiO, fiys. l.'f). — The author gives a detailed account of the injury to vege-
tation due to the deposit and absorption of air-borne products from chemical
works of various kinds at several points in Germany, with lists of plants found
to be susceptible or resistant to these substances.
These effects, although not entirely uniform, are said to be easily distinguished
by both external and internal indications from injury by smoke-borne products.
A peculiar lacquered appearance was produced on the upper surface of the
leaves of a number of economic plants, also frequently a rolling and crinkling
of the laminae. Some showed discoloration over part or all of the surface,
accompanied by the formation of a superficial cork layer. Fruit trees showed
a decrease of product, and vegetables from this neighborhood (usually within
1,000 meters) quickly lost their turgor and fresh appearance when gathered
for market. The production of these effects varied somewhat with the wind
and precipitation or differences in the materials discharged.
Experiments under controlled conditions during three years, and in part
already confirmed by those of 1914, gave generally similar results which are
detailed. It appears that the degree of injury depends not alone upon the
amount of materials present in the atmosphere but also upon heat or insola-
tion and dryness. The lacquered appearance followed exposure after one or
two days, and it was here also confined to the upper leaf surface. Spraying
with water before exposure to the emanations did not protect the plants from
injury. Blooms of fruit trees were injured by the presence of the products.
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture of 0.5 per cent strength appeared more harm-
ful than otherwise, a result contrasted with that previously noted under other
conditions (E. S. R., 28, p. 2-17). The glossy appearance of the upper leaf sur-
face seems to be at least partly due to the drying out, thinning, and flattening
of the epidermal cells. In some cases a superficial cork layer was formed.
The precise chemical and physical action of these emanations is not yet
settled. Interference with the protective functions of the epidermis is a probable
element, as plants sufter more in dry and sunny weather, with a degree of re-
covery in shade and moisture which appears, however, to be greater than it
really proves to be in the end.
Studies on smoke injury to vegetation in Ratibor-Plania, R. Otto (Ber. K.
Lehranst. Ohst u. Gartenhau rroskau, 1913, pp. 116-118).— This is a brief
discussion of the studies noted above.
The pathological action of tar on plants, F. von Gabnay (Centbl. Gesam.
Forstio., 39 {1913), No. 11, pp. Jf97-504). — The author gives a brief account of
injury to ti'ees by tar used on the trunks ns protection against the ascent of
caterpillars. It is said to have involved not only the cambium but also the
sap wood, extending also beyond the edges of the tarred area. This injury is
ascribed largely to the exclusion of air, but partly also (as in case of injury
to roots of trees standing near streets paved with wood blocks) to the action of
salts and acids. Reports and views of other observers are also discussed.
The vegetation of south Florida, J. W. Harshbekger (Trans. Wagner Free
Dist. ScL Phila., 7 {19U), pt. 3, pp. 189, pis. 11, figs. 2).— This is a monograph
on the vegetation of Florida south of 27° 30' N. (exclusive of the Keys), dealing
with the geography, physiography, geology, and phytogeography of this region,
giving lists of plants as found in the various associations or formations, and
concluding with a floristic and ecologic analysis of the region and a discussion
of the evolution of each of the formations noted.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 827
FIELD CROPS.
Forag-e plants and their culture, C. V. Pipicr (New York: The Macmillan
'Co., 1914, PP- XXl-\-618, pis. cS. figs. 6^).— This book, one of the Rural Text-
Book Series, treats of llie diflerent species^ of plants that have been or may be
grown in different parts of the United States. It Includes chapters treating of
the general subjects of preservation of forage, choice of forage crops, seeds and
seeding, and meadows and pastures, and on the special subjects of the species of
grasses, legumes, root crops, and miscellaneous herbs used as forage.
[Report of] department of agronomy (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 24-
26). — Trials of vetches have shown that smooth vetch (Vicia sativa) is superior
to others for western Oregon. In corn breeding Minnesota 13 for silage and
forage and Minnesota 23 for grain have, by selection, been made to meet Oregon
conditions, yields ranging from 7.4 to 22.1 tons of silage and from 34 to 85 bu.
of grain per acre, respectively, having been secured. Variety tests of soy beans,
potatoes, wheat, oats, and barley are noted, as in the production of a superior
quality of kale seed secured by selection. Thousand-headed kale is noted as
being superior to marrow cabbage.
Extensive irrigation experiments covering six years are noted. "A careful
study of the effect of irrigation on the soil itself shows that with careful
handling as to crop rotation, cultivation, and judicious use of water the quality
of the soil may steadily be improved, but with careless handling the quality may
be greatly injured.
" Using one dollar, which the data show is the maximum total annual cost for
each acre inch, corn has given an average profit of 50 cts. an acre inch, kale
75 cts., beets $1.18, alfalfa $1.75, beans $2.86, clover $2.87, carrots $3.74, and
potatoes $7.63 for each acre inch of water applied. The mean profit for each
acre inch as an average of all crops and including nearly 150 trials has been
$2.33. The average increase in yield by crops has been 54 per cent and the
average depth of irrigation for each season 4.8 in."
Unsuccessful attempts at rice gi'owing are noted.
The relation between the physical characteristics of soils and their grain-
producing power, G. Stempel (Landiv. Jahrh., 46 (1914), No. S, pp. 367-401,
figs. 6). — ^After reviewing the literature on this subject, the author gives in
tabular form results of the production of oats, barley, and rye on many kinds of
soil in Bohemia that have been analyzed. These figures were compiled from the
report of the experiment station at Tabor.
Fertilizers and the production of cereals, Palladius (Prog. Agr. y Pecuario,
20 (1914), Nos. 878, pp. 452-456; 879, pp. 472-474; 880, pp. 487-490; 881, pp.
503-506; 882, pp. 519-521, figs. S).— In this article the author points out the
relation of yields of cereals to the consumption of potash in the chief grain-
producing countries of Europe, and gives results of tests carried on at various
centers in Spain that show increased yields following the use of fertilizers, and
especially the addition of potash to nitrogenous and phosphatic fertihzers for
wheat, barley, oats, and rye.
The small grains in Tennessee, C. A. Mooers (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 112
(1915), pp. 9-30, figs. 9). — This bulletin gives results of variety tests of wheat,
barley, and oats covering a period of several years.
It is noted that the best varieties of wheat for Tennessee conditions were
Kansas Mortgage Lifter and Fulcaster. In studying methods of selection for
improvement it is shown "that the Poole [variety of] wheat could be separated
into strains or varieties which had different yielding capacities. The continued
selection of the largest and best heads resulted in a variety which yielded
highest and was markedly different in general appearance from the variety
828 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
obtained bj' selection of tlie most Inferior lieads. . . . Tlie results with the
Fulcaster variety show that no difference in yield was obtained by either method
of seed selection. . . . Also efforts to separate out strains by Individual plant
selections Avere without result. In short, the Fulcaster variety used in these
experiments must have been a pure strain which was not capable of being
changed by any of the methods used."
Winter barley is noted as being a useful crop for Tennessee, the varieties
Tennessee and Union being the best yielders. Better yields were obtained with
seeding the latter half of September. Red clover is noted as being successfully
sown with early-seeded winter barley and winter oats. Spring barley has
proved inferior to sjiring oats, but may be used as a nurse crop. Better yields
of winter oats were obtained from September seedings than from later seedings.
Spring oats were successfully sown with Kentucky blue grass in the fall as a
protection for the young grass, as they winter-killed and were out of the way
for the full development of the grass in the spring.
Turf, C. M. Hutchinson (Agr. Jour. India, 9 (1914), No. I,, pp. 366-383,
pi. 1). — ^This article describes various treatments of lawns, both manurial and
cultural. Cynodon dactylon seems to have been the most successful grass as a
turf former. The successful application of sand at the rate of 150 lbs. to 100
sq. ft. of lawn, on soils that were inclined to bake or crack dui'ing dry weather,
is noted.
Grading' and baling Philippine fibers, H. T. Edwards (Philippine Ayr. Rev.
[English Ed.], 7 {WIJ,), No. 10-12, pp. 381-^90, figs. 5).— This article describes
the official standard grades, gives methods of determining them, and describes
the baling and labeling of fibers as required in the fiber industry of the
Philippines.
Description of the standard grades of abaca (Manila hemp), M. M. Saleeby
(Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (1914), No. 10-12, pp. 402-410).— Thiii
article gives specific descriptions of each grade of the newly established standard
for abaci! for the Philippines. These descriptions are based upon color, clean-
ing, texture, and length, and include brown, seconds, current, midway, good
current, superior current, prime, and extra prime.
The rejuvenation of depleted abaca fields, F. P. Nickles (Philippine Agr.
Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (1914), No. 10-12, pp. 411-419, pis. 2).— This article
describes improved methods of cultivating abacit that have been successfully
tried at the La Carlota station and by some growers. These methods consist
chiefl.v of clean cultivation and the use of cowpeas as a cover and gi'een-
manure crop.
Alfalfa farming in America, J. E. Wing (Chicago: Sanders Publishing Co..
1912, pp. 528, pis. 20, figs. 5). — A treatise on the production and uses of alfalfa
with special reference to the United States.
Alfalfa culture, P. J. Jennings, R. J. Burley, and W. H. Fairfield (Dept.
Int. Canada, Irrig. Ser. Bui. 2 (1914), pp. 26. pis. 2, figs. S). — This bulletin gives
the results of successful attempts to grow alfalfa, especially under irrigation,
in Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Alfalfa, W. T. Clarke (California Sta. Cire. 87, Reprint, pp. 6K— The article
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 32) has been rewritten.
Fertilizer experiments with beans in the valley of Mexico, M. Calvino
(Bol. Soc. Agr. Me.ricana, 38 (1914), ^"o. 42, pp. 824-827. fig. i).— This article
describes a fertilizer experiment with beans in which the addition of 80 kg.
per hectare (71.2 lbs. per acre) of sulphate of ammonia to a fertilizer consist-
ing of sulphate of iron 100 kg., double superphosphate SO kg., sulphate of potash
SO kg., and gypsum 260 kg., per hectare, produced an increase of 356 kg., and
a total yield of l.SSO kg., of beans per hectare.
FIELD CROPS. 829
Bur clover seed; means of hastening their germination, J. F. Duggar
and H. B. Tisdale {Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 29 (191J,), pp. 113-116).— This
describes several methods of soaking aud scalding seed burs of bur clover to
hasten germination.
Tlie most successful method was found to be that of soaking for four hours
in water at room temperature and then scalding for one minute in boiling water
(212° F.). In nine days 76 per cent of burs germinated by this method as
against S per cent witli neither soaking nor scalding. Directions for soaking
large amounts of seed are included.
On the relation of the anatomical coefficients of maize to its heights and
the nitrogen content of the kernel, S. Moskviciikv {Zhur. Opytn. Afjron.
{Russ. Jour. Ed'pt. Landic), lo {1914). ^^o. 4, PV- 266-281). — In an examination
of tive varieties of maize, the data obtained in measuring the stoma of the
upper and the fifth leaf (15 samples from each variety), the height of the
plants, and the nitrogen content led to the conclusion that with an increase
of cell size the height increased and the nitrogen content sank.
Effect of the submersion of corn, E. Marchettano {Coltivatore, 60 (1914),
No. 32, pp. 433-435, fign. 2). — This notes the abnormal development of the male
and the female parts of maize as results, apparently, of planting in the sub-
merged allu\ial soils of Lower Friuli, where soil may be covered with water
to a depth of from 15 to 20 cm. (5.G to 8 in.) for several days.
Fertilizer experiments with maize, M. Calvino {Bol. Cdmara Affr. Nac.
Leon, 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 4-8)- — This article describes experiments and give.s
results showing the value of bone meal, sulphate of potash, gypsum, sulphate
of ammonia, and double superphosphate as fertilizers for maize in Mexico. It
is noted that the increase in yields has returned from 200.65 to 321.55 per cent
interest on the cost of the fertilizers in six months in these experiments.
The modern cultivation of corn, Z. Dominguez {San Antonio, Tex.: Do-
minguez Corn liouU I'nhlishinff Co. [1914]. PP- 351, pis. 4. flgs. 249). — ^An
English edition of the Mexican book entitled Agricultura, already noted (E. S.
R., 32, p. 131).
Cotton cultivation in the West Indies, W. Nowell and H. A. Baxlou {Imp.
Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 14 {1914), PP- 118, pi. 1, figs. .35).— Cultural
methods are described.
[Cotton experiments], G. G. Macdonald {Rpts. Finance, Adnmi., and Condi-
tion Sudan, 1913, -vol. 2, pp. 143-151). — This report gives results of variety tests
which show some American varieties to surpass the ordinary Egyptian varieties
at the Tokar experimental farm. Spacing tests showed 70 by SO cm. (27.G by
31.5 in.) to be the most favorable spacing for the Assili type and 00 by 100 cm.
for the Affifi type. Pruning plants by topping those that showed a tendency to
produce wood was found to increase the yield considerably.
Preliminary work with hybrids of cotton, J. Herrmann {Bol. Agr. [Sao
Paulo], 15. ser., No. 6-7 {1914), pp. 559-578, figs. 8).— This discusses prelimi-
nary work and gives data in hybridizing Upland and Caravonica varieties of
cotton at the Eliza station.
The influence of some chemical reagents on the sprouting of potato tubers,
E. NiCKLiscH {TJntersuchungen iiber den Einflusseiniger ehemischer Agentien
auf die Keimfdhigkeit der Kartoffelknolle. Inaug. Diss. Univ. Erlangen, 1912,
pp. 51). — This describes experiments and gives the results of the use of sul-
phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium chlorid, copper sulphate, carbon monoxid.
and carbon dioxid.
Tubers were immersed in solutions of these chemicals of concentrations of
0.5, 1, 2. 3. and 4 per cent for periods of 6. 12. 24. and 48 hours On the basis
of his observation of the vegetative conditions of the tubers, the author con-
830 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
eluded that the strong solutions of sulphuric acid and of copper sulphate sup-
pressed sprouting for the longer periods, and growth was almost entirely pre-
vented in the hydrochloric acid series. The wealier concentrations of sul-
phuric acid and hydrochloric acid somewhat retarded sprouting and later de-
velopment of the sprouts. Carbon dioxid seemed to delay sprouting, but it was
hastened by the action of sodium chlorid and carbon monoxid.
Group classification and varietal descriptions of some American potatoes,
W. Stuart {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bill. 116 {101.')), pp. 56, pis. 19).— In order to
aid the student and grower of potatoes, the author has in this bulletin classi-
fied Imown varieties into eleven groups, each named from the most typical
well-known variety in the group. A key, describing the tubers, sprouts, and
flowers of each group is presented, followed by detailed group descriptions
and a list of varieties belongin'^ thereto. Varietal descriptions of varieties,
arranged alphabetically, occupy the bulk of the bulletin.
Improvement of the seed potato, G. ^Martinet (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 15 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 2^2-253, figs. 10). — This article notes variations due to apparent
grafting of undergi'ound stocks and to selections.
Utilization of potatoes in Europe, R. P. Skinner ( U. 8. Dept. Com., Spec.
Cons. Rpts., No. 64 (1914), pp. 8-15, 18, 19, 33-^^).— These pages contain data
compiled from reports of consular officers in European countries, especially
Germany, showing the development of the potato industry and the value, costs,
and uses of products manufactured from potatoes, starch, alcohol, and dried
potatoes. Reference is made to the opportunities of American farmers in manu-
facturing potato products.
On the pollination and crossing' of rice, S. Ikeno {Ztschr. PflanzenzUcht., 2
(1914), No. 4» PP- 495-503, figs. 2). — This article discusses the method of open-
ing of the rice flower, and notes observations confirming the work of earlier in-
vestigators that rice seldom, if ever, cross- poll inizes in nature. The results of
reciprocal crosses between a variety of common rice and one of a glutinous
type show the colors and endosi^erm characters to mendelize in the F- gen-
eration.
The correlative relations of the internodes of a stalk to itself and the
determination of the stalk structure as a guide in selection of nonlodging
cereals, demonstrated with rye, H. Peahn-Appiani (Ztschr. Pflanzenziicht., 2
(1914), No. 4, pp. 461-494, figs. 2).— This article gives the results of tests of
bending and breaking stresses of rye straw in full lengths and in internode by
internode lengths.
[Soy beans], N. Gill (Ann. Rpt. Kumaun Govt. Gardens, 1913-14. pp. 2-4). —
This article gives the results of tests with several varieties of soy beans on
soils, the chemical and physical analyses of which are given. The data show
yields, oil percentage, moisture, ash content, and weight of 100 seeds.
Spacing experiments in sugar beet cultivation in Hungary in 1913, B.
VON Jancso (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuclcerindus. u. Liindic, 43 (1914), ^o. 5,
pp. 685-694). — Reports from 16 centers at which beets were spaced 8 and 10
in. apart in rows spaced from 14 to IS in. apart showed the most favorable
results by spacing 8 by 14 in., as compared with 10 by 14 in. the preceding
season (E. S. R., 31, p. 334). It is noted, however, that 8 by 16 in. and
10 by 14 in. gave nearly as good results as the 8 by 14 in. It is stated that
this was a very favoi'able season for the development of the sugar beet in
Hungary.
Drilling fertilize^ experiments with sugar beets in Hungary in 1913, J.
GyArfAs (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Ziickerindus. u. Landw., 43 (1914), No. 5, pp.
675-68/,).— This continued previous work (E. S. R., 30. p. 529; 32, p. 230) and
with similar results. The effect of drilling superphosphate and nitrate of soda,
FIELD CROPS. 831
fombined and singly, was to increase germination of beet seeds and basten
early development. The superphosphate seemed to improve the root development
and the nitrate the loaf development.
[Seedling canes and manurial experiments], J. P. c 'Albuquerque and J. R.
BovKLL (Barbados Dcpt. Agr., Rpt. Sugar-Cane Expts. 1912-191.'f, pp. Jf-82). —
This reix)rts the progress of work In manurial experiments and variety tests
with seedling canes, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, pp. 340, 835).
It is noted " that all the plats that received sulphate of ammonia gave an
increase over the no-nitrogen plats, and that the most favorable result of the
application of nitrogen in any form was obtained on the plat that received
60 lbs. of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia, 15 lbs. in January and 45 lbs.
in June. The plats receiving nitrogen as dried blood, to the extent of 40
or 60 lbs. nitrogen, with one anomalous exception showed an increase on the
no-nitrogen plat, but not so great as in the best sulphate of ammonia plats.
The results of tlie nitrate of soda plat must be rejected as unreliable. The
results of the phosphate series show that all the plats that received phosphate
either in the form of superphosphate or basic slag, gave smaller yields than
the no-phosphate plats. With two exceptions all the potash plats show an
increase on no-ix)tash and the best result of the series was given by the plat
that received SO lbs. of potash as sulphate of potash (about 160 lbs. sulphate
of potash) applied all in January."
Results of productivity tests of artificial hybrids, natural hybrids, self-
fertilized seedlings, seedlings obtained from selected seeds, and varieties
of ratoon plantings carried out at many centers on both black and red soils,
are given in tabular form. It is noted that variety B. 6450 has as usual
given satisfactory results in comparison with, the standard White Transparent.
The average yield of tliis variety over the standard, both plants and ratoons
on black and red soils, is given as 6.5 tons of canes per acre for the season
1912-1914.
[Fertilizers on sugar cane], H. T. Easteeby (Ann. Rpt. Bur. ^ugar Expt.
8tas. [Qiieotslaud], JOi^. pp. 30, 31). — Experiments with different forms of
nitrogenous manures, including dried blood, sulphate of ammonia, nitrolime,
nitrate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda, applied to sugar-cane plant crop at the
rate of 100 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, gave 8.5, 7.9, 7.8, 7.4, and 7.3 tons of sugar
per acre, respectively.
Experiments and observations on Helianthus annuus, F. A. Satsyperov
(Trudy Biuro Prlld. Bot. (Bui. Angew. Bot.), 7 (19U), No. 9, pp. 5^3-600,
figs. 2). — This discusses work with the sunflower of Russia carried on during
1912, 1913, and 1914 at the experiment station in the Government of Voronezh.
Notes cover the development of the stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and
abnormalities. Some work is described in the inheritance of the characters
of armored layer of cells beneath the subepidermal tissue, black-violet pigment
in the subepidermal tissue, and the pigment in the epidermis which gives the
seeds a striped appearance.
Sweet clover, C. C. Cunningham (Kansas 8ta. Circ. J^Jf, pp. 10, figs. 3). — ^This
gives cultural methods and uses.
Sweet clover, I. S. Cook (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 14 (1915), pp. 7, figs. 5). —
This gives cultural methods and uses of this plant under West Virginia con-
ditions.
Deli tobacco, a mixture of races, based on differences in leaf -breadth, J. A.
Honing (Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 8 (1914), No. 6, pp. 155-174).— This
article gives measurements of tobacco leaves from the harvest of 1913 and 1914
from differently bred lines of Deli tobacco and discusses the results.
832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Report on experiments on the manuring of turnips in 1909, 1910, and
1911, J. WiXLiE {West of iic(jt. Agr. Vol. Bui. GO (1'J12), pp. 17-39).— This
reports results in testing commercial fertilizers for turnips in the central and
southwestern counties of Scotland. The following conclusions are given :
" Where farmyard manure is not applied, the use of both potassic and
nitrogenous manures for turnips is to be recommended, but of the two the
foi-mer are more essential and more likely to yield high money returns. Kalnit
and potash manure salts are about equally efficacious. . . .
"The relative efficacy of i and 1 cwt. nitrate of soda as a top-dressing, along
with I cwt. sulphate of aunnonia in the drills, varies very much, and the
chances are slightly in favor of the i cwt. dressing proving the more economical.
Contrary to popular opinion, i cwt. nitrate of soda in the drills gives, in the
majority of cases, a better result than i cwt. top-<lressed, the chances being
about 3 : 2 in favor of the drill application. Also, * cwt. nitrate of lime in the
drills gives, in the majority of cases, a better result than a similar amount
top-dressed.
"As a top-dressing for turnips, nitrate of lime is at least equal, and in many
cases the superior, of nitrate of soda. For drill application, nitrolime is, on
the average, about equally efficacious to sulphate of ammonia [and nitrate of
lime].
" The best nitrogenous dressing for turnips varies very much according to
local conditions."
Correlation and variability relations in a constant square-head variety of
wheat, W. Oetken (Ztschr. PflanzenzueM., 2 (1914), No. 4, pp. U5-it60, figs.
2). — To study these relations in practical breeding, the author considered the
characters, length of stalk, stooling, thickness of spike, and 1,000-keniel weight
as they appeared in the first generation from selections of extremes of these
characters. From the data obtained, he was forced to admit his inability to
formulate any general ratios of correlations or variabilities.
The flowering and pollination of some forms of spring wheat, T. Shitkowa
(Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 3, pp. 155-
iSO). — The results of the study, during 1912 and 1913, of varieties of wheat
representing the forms Lutescens, Erythrospermum, Hordeiform. and Gnecum
in i-egard to the opening of the flowers and anthers, show a wide variation in
different seasons, due, apparently, to climatic conditions, and also in the time
of day of the same variety, often causing failure in pollination. The author
concludes, therefore, that the different forms of the same agricultural plant
behave very differently in regard to their flowering and pollination and that
nny one kind must be handled with extreme care.
Spacing, depth of seeding, and tillering in spring wheat, O. D. Rabomnova
{Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 5, pp. 371-
Sg^), — Two varieties of spring wheat, Triticum wilgare erythrospermum and
T. diirum hordeifome, were spaced to have 12.5, 2.5, .50, 100. and 200 sq. cm.
per plant (1 sq. cm.=0.155 sq. in.). Yields per plant were found to be largest
when grown in the largest space, but the quality of the grain was considered
inferior. Per surface unit, however, the reverse was observed. The best spacing
for T. durum seemed to be 100 sq. cm. and for T. Tulgare 12.5 sq. cm.
In studying the influence of depth seed was planted 2 (0.787 in.), 4. 6. 8,
and 10 cm. The best germination was secured at the most shallow depth.
Tillering was found to begin later with the deeper plantings, but the growth
period was shorter so that all heads matured uniformly. No difference in
yield was observed at the different depths, but the shallow-planted seeds pro-
duced grain of greater 1.000-kernel weight. At the 2-cm. depth the tillering
nodes were formed at the seed, while at greater depths these nodes were formed
HORTICULTURE. 833
above the seed and near tbe surface of the soil. The seeds planted 10 cm. deep
are noted as having three tillers.
Wheat production in Georgia, J. R. Fain and P. O. Vanattkr (Ga. State
Col. Agr. Circ. 6 (lOl.'f), pp. -}). — This circular notes the production of wheat
in Georgia. The results of tests from 1909 to 1914 show yields ranging from
18.33 to 32.91 bu. per acre with an average of about 25 bu.
Washington wheats, E. G. Schafeb and E. F. Gainks (Washington Sta. Bui.
121 (1915), pp. S-16, figs. 2). — ^This bulletin describes fifteen varieties of wheat
grown in Washington, and gives yields of field and nursery tests of numerous
varieties for the years 1911. 1912, and 1914. Tables show the percentage of
tlour produced and of wet gluten, dry gluten, and nitrogen contained in the
wheats studied.
The best varietj- in the test as to both yield and quality is noted as being
Hybrid 12S, a cross between Jones Winter Fife and Little Club. The average
yield for this variety for the three yeai-s mentioned was 43.8 bu. per acre.
Nitrogen content of the wheats of southeastern Russia, N. Tulaikov
(luzh. Russ. Sclsk. Khoz. Gaz., No. 9 (1913), p. 6; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agrmt.
(Russ. Jour. Expt. Lanclw.), 14 (1913), No. 4, p. 401). — This article gives results
of experiments that indicate the influence of the concentration of the soil solu-
tions as affecting the nitrogen content of wheat. It is stated that by increasing
the soluble salts, but not changing the moisture content in the soil in which
the wheat was grown, the nitrogen content of the grain was increased con-
siderably.
A new sterilization stopper and method of storing seeds by the use of
wire gauze and cotton, M. Plaut (Ber. Dent. Dot. OeselL, 32 (1914), 'No. 7,
pp. 466-471, figs. 3). — A method is described for covering glass bottles or other
containers with a layer of cotton under wire gauze to allow for aeration in
storing seeds.
Seed inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp., 64 (1914), pp. 153-164).— The chief
requirements of the Maine seed-inspection law are given, methods for testing
seeds at home are described, and results of seed inspection for 1914 are given
in tabular form showing nearly 1,300 samples as being practically up to the
guaranty of purity.
Forty years of seed-control work, M. Heinrich (Landio. Vet's. Stat., 85
(1914), No. 3-4, pp. 269-357, pi. i).— This article reviews the work of the seed-
control station of Rostock, giving tabulated data and discussions of important
species handled since 1874, when 116 seed samples were examined. The number
in 1913 reached 3,028.
Thirty-sixth report of the Swiss Seed Control and Experiment Station at
Zurich, F. G. Steblee (Txindw. Jahrb. Schwciz, 28 (1914), ^^o. 2, pp. JS7-209).—
This gives the results of seed examinations of 12,702 samples from 199 kinds,
and briefly reviews the exiierimental work with field crops.
Weeds of barley iields in the forest area of European Russia, A. I. Maltskv
(Trudy Bfiiro Prikl. Bot. (Bui. Angcw. Bot.), 6 (1913), No. 12, pp. 825-962).—
This discusses the immense damages to the barley industry caused by weed
seeds, and lists and describes the different weeds of several Governments of
European Russia, giving results of analyses of samples that show the per-
centage of weed seeds by weight and by number.
HORTICULTURE. \
How to send living plant material to America, D. Fairchild ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.. How to Send Living Plant Material to America [1914],
pp. S, pis. 6). — This circular contains directions with illustrations of the proper
834 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
methods of preparing seeds, cuttings or scions, and rooted plants for sliipment
to America witti tlie view of avoiding tlie dangers of introducing diseases and
to insure arrival of the material in a vigorous growing condition.
The use of hotbeds and cold frames on the farm, A. L. Dacy (Weist Vir-
ginia Sta. Circ. 13 {J915), pp. 16, fiys. J/). — The author points out the advan-
tages of hotbeds and cold frames, and gives directions for their construction
and management.
The farmer's vegetable garden, H. O. Weeneb (North Dakota Hta. Circ. 5
(1915), pp. IS, figs. Jf). — A popular treatise on vegetable gardening with special
reference to the production of a home supply. In addition to general cultural
directions brief notes are given on the culture of the more common vegetables,
Including information on storing and canning.
The results of variety tests of early, midseasou, and late cabbage during 1914,
together with a planting table for North Dakota conditions, and a short bibli-
ography of literature on vegetables are appended.
Inheritance and selection by vegetative propagation of garlic (Allium
sativum), P. Voglee (Julirh. St. Gall. Xatitrw. GeaelL, .53 (1913), pp. 102-1J,6,
figs. 9). — The principal results of this investigation have been noted from an-
other source (E, S. R., 30, p. 738). In addition, the author here concludes that
selection within a strain based on plus or minus variants is of no value. Modi-
fied chai-acters are not inherited through vegetative propagation.
Orchard and garden spraying, H. L. Cbane (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 12
(1914), pp. -}). — ^This comprises a spray calendar for the treatment of the more
common insect pests and diseases of fruits and vegetables, together with In-
structions for preparing solutions.
Spraying calendar for 1915, A. L. Melander and D. C. Geoeoe (Washington
Sta. Popular Bui. 77 (1915), folio). — This calendar contains concise descriptions
of the pests and diseases of various orchard fruits, together with instructions
for their treatment. Information is also given relative to the preparation of
different solutions.
[Report on the] section of fruit breeding {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP-
37-40). — In the section of fruit breeding special emphasis was given during
the season to the study of inheritance in clonal varieties. The results thus far
secured, here briefly stated, show that the inheritance of characters in the Fi
generation in clonal varieties of plums is not constant, as is ordinarily expected
in Mendelian phenomena. The results to date of the sterility investigations
with strawberries and plums show that the nuclei of mature pollen in both the
plum and strawberry are abnormal, degenerated, and disorganized In many of
the sterile or partially sterile varieties. Careful study is being made of the
plum hybrids at the fruit breeding farm. These include crosses between several
species such as Priimis trifiora X P. americana, P. hesscyi X P. americana, the
apricot X sand cherry, P. simonii X P. trifiora. As thus far observed some of
the hybrids between P. americana and P. trifiora appear to be self-sterile.
A special study has been made of the general question of hardiness in fruits.
The percentage of winterkilling in strawberries, based on observations of several
hundred different crosses during the pi'evious winter, varied from a perfect
stand to as high as 60 per cent. Most of the varieties stood the winter well, but
there was a marked difference in the percentage of killing under practically
similar field conditions. Some of the crosses between P. americana and P.
trifiora have proved hardy, and ceratiu of the crosses between the Burbank and
Wolf and the Abundance and Wolf have provetl sufficiently hardy to suffer
no injury from winters such as 1911-12. The results of the hardiness tests of
these hybrids show in general that when a semihardy variety is crossed
with a hardy variety the progeny inherit resistance to cold in different de-
HORTICULTURE. 835
grees. A list is given of new plums, grapes, raspberries, and strawberries that
have been produced in connection with the worlj of breeding hardy fruits and
have been sent to the trial stations for testing.
Pruning-, O. M. Mokkis (Washingtfm 8ta. Popular Bid. 19 {1915), pp. 32,
flg&. 42). — In part 1 of this bulletin the author gives directions for pruning
various fruit trees, the subject matter being based upon a study of pruning
practices employed by the successful fruit growers of the State. Part 2 dis-
cusses the fundamental ])rincii)les involved in the more common pruning prac-
tices, consideration being given to the influence of pruning on growth, heavy
pruning of the top, pruning the roots, pruning trees to shape the top, variety
types, pruning to induce fruit production, season of pruning, treatment of
wounds, ties, and props.
Effect of various dressings on pruning -wounds of fruit trees, G. H. Howe
(A'eto York State Sta. Bui. 396 {1915), pp. S5-.94).— Experiments were started
at the station in 1911 and conducted for four years to determine whether any
coverings are necessary for wounds of trees, as well as the effect on the trees
of various substances used in treating wounds. The trees used in the experi-
ments were apples and peaches and the substances used as coverings were
white lead, white zinc, yellow ocher, coal tar, shellac, and avenarius carbo-
lineum. The dressings were applied when the pruning was done at different
seasons of the year and upon wounds of various ages.
From the results of this experiment as a whole it is concluded that the
dressings commonly applied to pruning wounds retard rather than accelerate
the healing of the wounds. The effects are the same whether the dres.sings are
applietl when the wounds are made or some weeks later when the cut surface
has dried out. The effects of the dressings used are so injurious to peach
wood that wounds on peach trees should never be covered. For sprayed
orchards at least it appears uuuecessai-y to apply dressings to wounds under
four or five in. in diameter to prevent the entrance of fungi. It remains to be
proved whether dressings have any real value in covering large wounds. The
injury caused by dressings probably offsets or even overbalances any possible
protection against decay.
Of the materials used shellac was the least injurious and seemed to exert a
stimulating influence upon the wounds for the first season. Shellac adhered to
the wounded surfaces least well of all. Avenarius carbolineum and yellow ochre
caused so much injury that they should never be used as dressings. Coal tar
in addition to causing injury disappeared rapidly, either through absonotion or
evaporation. Tissues injured by using white lead and white zinc practically
recovered from the injury by the end of the second season. Of the protective
substances used white lead is considered to be the best.
Pruning wounds need no protection, F. H. Hall {liexo York State Sta^ Bui.
396, popular ed. {1915), p. 1). — A popular edition of the above.
Soils of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with especial reference to apples
and peaches, H. J. Wilder {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. I40 {1915), pp. 73, pis. 23). —
In this bulletin the author gives a general description of the surface features,
soil material, and climate in different parts of .southern New England. The
development of orchards on suitable soils and the kinds of soil on which
several of the different varieties of apples and peaches may be expected to
give favorable results are then discussed in some detail. Considerations are
given to cultural methods in orchards, the usual type of farm-orchard develop-
ment in Massachusetts and in western New York, relative production of apples
in southern New England, relation of soil characters to crop and varietal
adaptation, the adaptedness of soils to different varieties of apples, classifica-
v/
836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tion of soils, miscellaneous notes on soil-variotal adaptation, and the adapted-
ness of soils to varieties of peaches.
, Eliminating- unprofitable trees from the apple orchard, S. W. Fletcheb
{Proc. Amer. Poviol. Soc, 1913, pp. 138-1 Jfo). — To show the importance of keep-
ing a yield record for orchard trees the autlior gives the results secured from a
record of an apple orchard kept for a period of four years.
Of a total of 1,245 trees 375 trees averaged 4 bbls. per tree annually and
produced GO per cent of the crop. Two hundred and fifteen trees produced less
than 1 bbl. per tree annually each and had Iteen kept at a loss.
Further experiments in the dusting and spraying of apples, D. Reddick
and C. R. Crosby {Neiv York Cornell Sta. liiil. 35.'f (1915), pp. .5.3-96, figs. 2.'f).—
The work reported in this bulletin is in direct continuation of that previously
reported by Blodgett (E. S. R., 30, p. 840).
The experiments wei*e conducted on a commercial scale in three different
orchards. Comparisons were made between the dry mixture of sulphur and
lead arsenate, lime-sulphur solution, and lead arsenate, and no summer treat-
ment. Details as to quantities of material used, dates of application, and con-
ditions influencing the same, time required, comparative costs, results, and
methods of recording data are given iu connection with the individual experi-
ments.
Among the important points brought out by the present work the dust method
seems to be particularly applicable to large old trees with which the difficulty
in doing thorough spraying is most apparent. Although the efficiency of the
dust spray in controlling the apple-scab fungus varied in the different orchards,
the authors conclude that this is due more to the time of application iu connec-
tion with prevailing weather conditions than to the lack of efficiency of the
mixture. The results obtained in one orchard at least were as favorable iu
controlling apple scab as those previously reported by Blodgett. Mechanical
difficulties in connection with the dusting processes have been sufficiently re-
moved to secure more reliable cost data, and it now appears that an orchard
may be protected by dusting as cheaply or even cheaper than by spraying. In-
sects were not prevalent during the year; hence the tests of the various mix-
tures on insect control gave no decisive results, except that it appears that the
dust mixtures containing 10 per cent of arsenate of lead are as effective as
those containing twice the amount. A test of different quantities of diy sul-
phur per ti-ee indicates that for the present it would be advisable to use a mix-
ture of 90 parts of pure sulphur, especially finely ground, and 10 parts of
powdered arsenate of lead, applying on an average 1.5 to 3 lbs. of the mixture
per tree at each application.
It was sought to determine whether the adhesive properties of the dry mix-
ture might be improved by the addition of an inert substance. Of the subT
stances used neither gypsum nor wheat flour added to the adhesiveness mate-
rially, and the expense of the wheat flour practically precludes its use. Ap-
parently good results were secured in one orchard by mixing hydra ted lime with
the sulphur. It is suggested, however, that this may have been due to an appli-
cation of Bordeaux mixture or to applications of dust mixture under very favor-
able conditions. Prepared sulphur paste suspended In water was compared
with lime-sulphur solution; but the test, although not conclusive, indicates that
the sulphur paste is not so effective as the lime-sulphur solution.
Among other points brought out by the work, it appears that the amount of
secondary infection may be materially reduced by the early destruction of
fallen leaves subsequent to the primary infection. Plowing under the old
leaves, however, will not be sufficient to make the application of fungicides un-
necessary. Observations relative to the factors Influencing the adhesiveness
HORTICULTURE. 837
of the dust mixtures indicate that tliis may be due partially to the fact that the
particles of the dust mixture are flue enough to lodge in the dense mat of fine
plant hairs covering the leaves and partially to the adhesive nature of some
of the lead compounds. Generally speaking, the time of application of dust
does not differ from that of applying the spray, except that Justing may be
conducted profitably on foggy days subsequent to a heavy early morning rain,
whereas spraying could not be done because of wet ground and the drip from the
foliage. Under the conditions of the experiments, no inconvenience was experi-
enced from breathing the dust and no unfavorable symptoms of anything lilie
lead poisoning. The eyes should be protected ; otherwise no si^ecial equipment
is necessary.
With reference to the relative importance of dusting and spraying, the au-
thors conclude that in the light of present knowledge the trees must be sprayed
in the dormant stage just as in the i)ast. Summer sprayings will doubtless
continue in the smaller orchards. Where the orchard is of such an extent that
it is practically impossible to keep enough outfits to do the spraying at critical
times, the duster will afford, necessary relief. In view of the ease with which
(lust is applied, it appears to be especially applicable to the general farmer
with a few trees in the home orchard who rarely ever sprays.
Dusting' the apple orchard, D. Kkddick (Fruit-Grower and Farmer, 26
{19J5), No. .5, pp. 7. ^!), figs. 2). — ^A popular resume of the experiments made at
the Cornell Station in substituting dusting for spraying.
Influence of the axillary shoot on the development and composition of the
peach, A. Manaresi and A. Draghetti (Bui. Vffic. Assoc. Ort. Prof. Ital., 3
{1915), No. 1, pp. 8-11). — ^A comparative study was made of peaches provided
with axillary shoots and those not accompanied by axillary shoots during their
growth.
The data as here presented indicate that those peaches which are provided
with axillary shoots are on the average the heavier, and that the difference in
weight is greatest when the tree is vigorous and receives plenty of sunlight.
The presence of the shoots somewhat retards the maturing of the fruit. The
peaches from trees provided with shoots are less firm and apparently more acid
and richer in dry matter.
Native American species of Prunus, W. F. Wight {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid.
179 {1915), pp. 15, pis. 13, figs. .'/). — This work contains botanical descriptions
of the native American species of Prunus and their hybrids. The subject matter
is ba.sed on a study of nearly all the species in the field, of more than 400
horticultural varieties, and of the collections of this Department and various
institutions throughout the country. lutrodtn'tory considerations deal with the
distribution, variation, and adaptability, early history, early botanical descrip-
tions, and horticultural history and development of American plums. A synopsis
and key to the species is then given, after which the species are described in
detail with reference to their synonymy, literature, characteristics, distribution,
and varieties. A bibliograjihy of cited literature is appended.
Pruning' stone fruits, O. B. Whipple (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. CaL. 4 (1915),
No. 1, pp. 1-7). — A paper on this sul)ject based on the author's personal obser-
vations and experience in pruning apricots, sweet and sour cherries, nectarines
peaches, and iilunis. The methods of pruning are discussed with special refer-
ence to the maintenance of desirable types of fruiting wood.
Ampelographical studies, J. Marques de Carvalho (Bol. Dir. Qeral Agr.
[Portugal], 10 (1912), No. 5, pp. 302, figs. 130). — The present work was prepared
under the direction of the Portuguese Department of Agriculture and comprises
monographs of the varieties of Vitis vinifera. A complete botanical descrip-
94863°— No. 9—15 4
838 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lion is givoii of oacli vnrioty, together with iiifoniiiitiou relative to its time of
maturity, pi"f>d"ictivity, .•<oi] adiij)tation, uses, disease resistance, relative propor-
tion of pulj) and must, and chemical composition of the must and wine made
from it. The introductory parts contain a histoi'ical resume of viticulture and
a classification of the genus Yitis. A bibliography of cited literature is in-
cluded
Olive culture and production of olive oil in tlie southern Provinces of
Austria, G. .Slaus-Kantschiicder (OlivicuUnra e Produzume d'OIio d'Oliva
ncUc Provincir Aleridionali AuHtriachc. S[)(ila1o, AnKtrUi: Tipoc/rafla Sociale
^IKilalina, J!)}//, pp. JfO). — A general descriptive account of olive culture in
Aiirious Provinces of littoral Austria, Including statistics of production for the
12 years ended in VdVl and notes on destructive insect pests and fungus dis-
eases of the olive.
The loquat, I. J. Condit {California Sta. Bui. 250 (.1915), pp. 251-28Jf, figs.
11). — This bulletin treats of the loquat with reference to its botany and
nomenclature; geographic distribution; climatic requirements; propagation;
.soils and situations; orchard management; harvesting, packing, and marketing;
varieties, including descriptions of the more promising forms; and insect pests
and diseases. The .subject matter is based upon field observations as well as
upon an extensive search of the literature. A bibliography is appended.
Manurial experiments on cacao, 1913—14, J. de Vkrteuil {Bui. Dept. Agr.
Trinidad and, Tohago, IJf {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-16, pis. 8). — A progress report on
the manurial experiments which are being conducted on a number of private
estates (E. S. R., 30, p. 444). The results obtained during the year ended
August 31. 1914, are given for each estate, together with comparative data for
the two previous years.
Data are also given on the natural-yield plats for the last two years.
The results from these plats continue to indicate that the yield tendencies on
any particular plat should be well known before manurial experiments are
undertaken.
The composition of the coffee berry and its relation to the manuring of a
coffee estate, R. D. Anstead (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1915), No. 3-.'i. pp. 299-
302). — In connection with a study of methods of fertilizing coffee In southern
India the author found that under well-established mixed shade .some four
tons of air-dry weight of mulch is accumulated per acre each year, containing
108 lbs. of nitrogen, 223 lbs. of calcium oxid, 36 lbs. of phosphoric anhydrid.
and lis lbs. of potassium oxid. It is concluded that the mulch obtained from
shade trees should be taken into account in drawing up a manurial program
over a series of years.
During 1912 analyses were made of coffee berries each month from July to
December, or from the time they were quite small to the time when they were
ripe and ready to pick' and pulp. The analyses show that there Is a markedly
steady increase of potash content throughout the period of growth, from which
it is concluded that potash in an available form Is needed all the time. The
phosphoric acid content appears to be a constant quantity at first with a maxi-
mum about October, after which it declines. This suggests that available phos-
phoric acid Is needed chiefly in the beginning of the season. The nitrogen con-
tent increases steadily throughout the period of growth and keeps pace with the
increase of organic matter. There Is a rapid and regular decrease in the amount
of moisture in the berries throughout the period of development.
A series of manurial experiments based on these analyses has been planned
and is now being carried out.
A new genus, Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges,
W. T. Swingle {Jour. Wash. Acad. 8ci., 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 165-176, figs. 5).—
FORESTRY. 839
As a resiiU of a study of the fiorniination. !ik well ns Iho follnr. flowPr. and fnilf.
characters of various kumquats, togotlior with tlie material in the princijial
herbaria of Europe and America, the author concludes that the Icumquat should
be placed in a now genus midway between Atalantia and Citrus. The new
genus Fortunella together with the four species known at present are here
described. The genus is sulxlividod into the subgenus Euforfunolla and a new
tiubgenus Protoci trus.
Windbreaks, hedges, and ornamentals for irrigated sandy soils of eastern
Oregon, R. W. Allen {Orc<i»n t^t>i. Bui. 12') {191')), pp. .l-2.'i. fi</s. 12).— The
author discusses in detail the care and develo])meiit of windbreaks for crop
protection as well as the use of shade trees, hedges, and other ornamental plants
for farmyards. A limited number of native plants that deserve recojnmenda-
tion for ornamental use are briefly described. The subject matter is based upon
the results of experiments with windbre;iks and ornamental trees that have been
conducted at the Umatilla Station during the i)ast five years. The results of
these tests are presented in tabular form.
Flower gardens. — A selected list of books {Xcw Yni-k: N. T. Piih. TAhr.,
1915, pp. 11). — A selected list of books, prepared by The New York Public
Library, dealing with gardens and garden design; si>ecial kinds of gardens;
individual plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees; gardens of various countries; the
pleasures of a garden ; children's and school gardens ; and miscellaneous garden
topics. Books on wild flowers are not included.
The care of house plants {Mis.^ouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 3 (191^), No. 2, pp.
25-31). — This ]>aper points out the usual causes of failure In growing house
plants, and indicates in a general way the plants and flowers best adapted for
the home during the winter months.
Geraniums (Missouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 3 (1915). No. 2. pp. 81-33). — During
the summer of 1914 the Missouri Botanical Garden made careful observations
on 307 varieties of geraniums with reference to heat and drought resistance;
profusion of flowers; color, shape, and size of flower clusters; character of
foliage, etc. A list is given of 76 varieties for which favorable growth and sat-
isfactory flower production have been recorded.
FORESTRY.
[Report of] forestry investigations, E. G. Cheyney (Minnesota f^fn. Rpt.
1914, PP- 55-59). — This comprises a brief statement of progress made in various
lines of work at the Cloquet Forest Experiment Station, silvicultural studies at
Itasca Park, and prairie tree planting investigations at Morris.
Partial data are given in connection with a planting test conducted at the
station. It was found that the cost of planting 1.000 trees in a gravelly situa-
tion with a wedge spade was $2 as compared with a cost of $4 per thousand
where the holes were dug with a mattock. Ninety-one per cent of the spade-
jilanted trees were alive in the fall as compared with SO per cent of those
l»lanted with a mattock. In other situations, however, the wedge spade was
not so satisfactory.
Among the exotic hardwoods and shrubs being tested several varieties of
poplar and willow from China received from the Department of Agriculture
are making good growth and give promise of surpassing the native si^ecies.
Experiments to determine the success of seed trees for restocking cut-over
areas show that only in very favorable situations will reproduction be quick
and even then the price of the luml)er left in the seed trees would go a long
way toward paying the cost of planting the land uniformly.
840 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
A test of butternut and black walnut seedlings from Minnesota seed which
is being made in Itasca Park shows that the butternut can withstand the
winter successfully but that the black walnut is severely injured. Experiments
in late seeding for the purpose of preventing " damping off " in coniferous
stock have shown conclusively that during an average season white and Norway
pine sown as late as July 12 have developed into sturdy seedlings capable of
resisting the winter. The seedlings showed no trace of "damiiing off."
In connection with the prairie tree planting investigations the work done
so far shows that reliable data with reference to the best species of trees for
farm planting, methods of planting, cultivation, etc., can not be obtained from
the study of the groves now in existence, their history being too incomplete.
Forest conditions of Mississippi (Miss. Geol. Survey Bill. 11 (WIS), pp.
166. pis. Jf, flys. 2). — ^This bulletin consists of reprints of Bulletins 5 and 7 of
the same series (E. S. R., 23, p. 344; 24, p. 739), together with a statistical
supplement by E. N. Lowe containing data on forest products of Mississippi
based on the U. S. Census of 1910. A note on the flora of the forest regions
of Mississippi by the same autlior has also been added.
Possibilities of municipal forestry in New York, N. C. Brown (2V^. Y. State
Col. Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Scr. XIV, No. 2 (d) (1914), pp. 19, figs. 8).— The
author gives an account of the Syracuse Municipal Forest, calls attention to
other similar activities in the State and to successful municipal forests in
Europe, and points out the value of municipal forests from the scenic, sanitary,
and economic points of view.
The height growth of trees, Bernbeck (Bot. Jahrh. [JJngler], .50 {1914), No.
5, Beiblatt 11 Jf. PP- 19-2 Jf). — ^A brief discussion of the influence of soil, atmos-
phere, and light on the height growth of trees.
Growth studies in forest trees. — II, Pinus strobus, H. P. Brown {Bot. Oaz.,
59 {1915), No. 3, pp. 197-2Jfl, pis. 2, figs. 2).— In continuation of a growth study
of the pitch pine (P. rigida), previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 49) the results
are given of a similar study of the white pine (P. strodus).
The important phases discussed include the microscopical characters of
the xylem ; winter condition of secondary cortex and cambium, awakening of
secondary growth, rapidity and intensity of growth, irregularity and termina-
tion of secondary growth, and differentiation in the annual rings in aerial
parts; primary growth in aerial and underground parts; and secondary growth
in underground parts.
A bibliography of cited literature is appended.
Forest fires; their prevention and control, G. Lundberg (Skogsvdrdsfdr.
TidsJcr., No. 2 {1915), pp. 113-156, figs. 26). — An account of various types of
forest fires and methods of preventing and controlling them.
Forest valuation, H. H. Chapman {Neiv York: John ^YiIcy cC- Sons, 1915. pp.
XVI-\-310). — A text-book and popular guide to that part of the subject of
forest finance usually termed " forest valuation." Forest statics, the other part
of forest finance, is discussed in a single chapter. The first four chapters of the
work are devoted to a summary of economic subjects and tenets, such as values,
outlay and income, interest, and valuation of assets. Chapter 5 deals with
formulas of compound interest. The succeeding chapters discuss investments
and costs in forest production, the valuation of forests, forest statics — the
balance sheet — profits, the appraisal of damages, forest taxation, stumpage
values, future value of forest products, risks, field appraisals of timber
stumpage, and comparison of forest values with agricultural values.
The appendix contains summaries of formulas of compound interest and in
forest valuation, definitions of symbols, and tables of compound interest and
logarithms.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 841
Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Lumber, lath, and shingles, R. G. Lewis,
\V. E. Dexter, and W. G. II. Bovce (DciJt. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui.
^S (1915). pp. 55, pi. 1).— This is the UKiial report (E. S. R., 30, p. 46) on the
quantities, kinds, and values of lumber, lath, and shingles manufactured in the
Dominion and in the various Provuices for the calendar j-ear 1013. The total
value for the year was $70,644,362, of which lumber represents $65,796,438.
Tests of wood preservatives, 11. F. Weiss and C. H. Teesdale (U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 145 (1915), pp. 20, pis. 6, fig. 1). — This bulletin describes experiments
conducted to determine the practical value as wood preservatives of some thirty-
compounds and chemiciils. The experiments were performed by E. Bateman.
C. J. Humphrey, Ruth Fleming, and R. E. Prince. The preservatives tested in-
clude coal-tar creosotes of various fractions, water-gas-tar creosotes, wood tar
and creosote, copperized oil, fuel oil, kerosene, zinc chlorid, zinc sulphate,
sodium silicate, sodium fluorid. and other preparations of similar nature listed
under trade names.
The methods of conducting the tests are described and the results are pre-
sented in a series of tables. The data given show the physical and chemical
properties of the preservatives, penetrance of the preservatives and their effect
on the strength of wood, permanence of the preservatives after injection
into wood, inflammability of treated wood, toxicity of preservatives to Fames
annosuft and /'. pinicola, corrosive action of the preservatives, and discolora-
tion of wood treated with preservatives and painted.
The experiment shows in general that highly viscous oils do not readily pene-
trate, while oils with low viscosities penetrate wood readily. To secure the best
results, both the wood and the preservative should be sufficiently heated during
the pressure period and the treatments should not be made too rapidly on
account of the low thermal conductivity of w^ood. With water-soluble salts
these precautious are not important. Judging from the toxic values secured in
this work there is, in practice, being forced into wood about one and one-half
times as much zinc chlorid and from ten to twenty times as much coal-tar creo-
sote as is necessary to prevent decay. It is believed that more economic results,
especially when decay is accompanied by mechanical deterioration, can be
secured by diffusing the preservative more thoroughly through the wood than
by saturating the outer fibers and attempting to retain in the wood the more
toxic volatile constituents through admixtures of nonvolatile constituents. In
the case of zinc chlorid the factor of safety is very low. To secure the best
results the injection of from 0.4 to 0.5 lb. per cubic foot now commonly used
should be increased.
Wood treated with oils in every case ignited at lower temperatures than un-
treated wood. Prolonged seasoning of such wood, however, raises considerably
its ignition temperature. It seems advisable to season such treated timber
before placing it in positions subject to fire. Wood treated with water-soluble
salts was in general less diflicult to ignite than untreated wood, nevertheless the
presence of such preservatives usually renders the wood slow burning and easily
extinguishable.
The results of the tests made indicate that woods treated with zinc chlorid,
sodium fluorid, and other water-soluble salts might be successfully painted. No
definite conclusions can be drawn in regard to this point until the results of
tests in cooperation with the National Paint Manufacturers' Association become
available.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Annual report of the botanical experiment station at Proskau in 1913,
R. EwEBT (Ber. K. Lehranst. Obst it. Gartenbau Proskau, 1913, pp. 135-150,
figs. 3). — The author notes that young Fertility peai* trees this year, as pre-
842 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
vlously. set fruit in case of fro.st-liilled pistils as well as of uninjured ones,
and a considerable proportion of such fruit was still developing on Au;^st 15.
Cronartiurn rihicolu, whicli is said to attack black currants mainly through
the stomatu of the lower leaf surface, was largely checked by an application
of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture to that surface (the case of Fusicladiura on
pear giving similar results from the same treatment), but the fruits were
unfavorably affected in growth and appearance by this treatment. Red currants
were amply protecte<l against Fseudopeziza ribiti by spraying the ui)per leaf
surface. Comparative tests w'ith California mixture employed against P. ribis
on currants susceptible thereto resulted favorably.
The inlltience of air-borne chemical products e.scaping from factories and
settling on vegetation was again studied. See page 826.
A table showing the degrees of attack by fruit disease on pears by Fusi-
(iadiiim pirinum and Mycosphwrella sentina in relation to the weather for
1904-1913 is also given.
Observations on diseases in nursery and orchard, O. Schindler {Ber. K.
Lchramt. Obfit it. GarUnbaa Proskau, 1013, pp. 33-38. fig. 1). — In addition to
mention of some insect iujtiries, brief notes are given of plant disea.ses.
Spraying for American gooseberry mildew March 17 and April 4 with 0.5
I)er cent potassium sulphid or 20 per cent lime sulpliur, and on May 3 and June
3 with 0.5 per cent potassium sulphid or 2 per cent lime sulphur gave very
good results, whicli were in some degree impaired, however, by a blowing
rain about June 3. Repetition of this treatment on June 24 showed no results.
A strong (20 per cent) solution of lime sulphur considerably decreased injury
to peach foliage from Exoasciis dcffinnan.s pcrsicw.
Recent studies at the Agricultural Botanical Institute at Munich, L.
IIiLTNEB (Wiener Landw. Ztg., 6Jf (1914), Nos. 76, pp. T13-115, figs. 3; 77, p.
720, figs. 5). — It is stated that Fusarium attack on rye in early spring was pre-
vented by soaking the seed in 0.1 per cent corrosive sublimate, and that the same
treatment seems to promise good results as regards germinability, vigor, and
growth in case of legumes. It has been found that lupines showing poor
development on limy soil may be restored to normal vigor by siiraying several
times with 0.5 to 0.75 per cent iron sulphate, but that the chloro.sis reappeared
after spraying with milk of lime.
A series of experiments indicated that spraying or brushing on 1 to 2 per cent
.solutions of potassitim or magnesium salts in case of .several economic plants
gives increased growth and vigor.
The effects of fertilizers applied through the medium of the soil are briefly
noted. Addition of humus (which acting alone was ineffective) to serradella
and mustard which made poor growth in sand wuth otherwise liberal nutriment
gave striking results, and a like effect followed the addition of certain pulver-
ized rocks to mineral nutritive media.
Second contribution to the mycolog'ical fl.ora of Tunis, R. Maibe (.Bui. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Afriqiie Nord, No. 9 (lOlJf). pp. 254-260. figs. 3). — About 40 species
are listed, of which 2 are described as new, these being named, resj^ectively.
Protomyces helminthiw on nelininthia cchioides, and Lophidium chamccropis on
Chamccrops hu milis.
New species of Colletotrichum and Phoma, P. J. O'Gara (Mycologia, 7
(1915), No. 1, pp. 3S-Jfl). — The autlior describes and names as new species
C. deslriictivuin parasitic on the leaves, petioles, and stems of clover, C. solani-
coluiii in the subterranean stems of potato, and C mlinonicolor and P. rostrata
on the leaves and stems of Aselepins speeiosa, all in Salt Lake Valley, Utah.
The control of root knot, E. A. Bessky and L. P. Byars (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 648 (1915), pp. 19. figs. 20). — This is a popular biUletin in which
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 843
descriptions are given of the root knot of vnrious plants due to Ilcterodera
radicicola and suggestions for its control.
The means of control consist principally in the growtli of resistant i)lants.
lists of wliioli are given. In orchards and ornamental gardens no very.sati.s-
factory uietliods of control Lave been determined. In greenhouses and seed
beds steam fumigation is recommended, and for field purposes rotation of
croiis is the most practical method known.
The conidial fomi of Ophiobolus herpotrichus, E. Voces {Ccntbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 42 {WIJ,), No. l-.'f, pp. //.'M)V/, figs, il).— The author, referring to
work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 244; 31, p. 542), now states that an
Acremonium (.1. alteniatum). and not a Fusarium, is found to be the conidial
form of O. herpotrichus. Among the forms present in the fungal complex
characterizing stalk disease of cereals, F. riibiffinosiiin, Jlcndersonia hcrpotricha,
Mucor ruceiiiosus, Lcpiosphwria tritici, Chidosporiiiiu licrharu/ii, Altcrnaria
tenuis, Ascochijta sp., and Heptoria sp. have been identified.
Control of stem rust of rye, II. C. JMiJXLER and E. Molz {Landio. Weh^ischr.
Sachsen, 16 (VJH), No. 7, pp. 60, 61; abs. in Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr.,
17 (191J,), No. 6-7, pp. 647, 6V/8).— Experimentation showed that Vrocystis
occulta on rye is easily controlled by steeping the seed in 0.5 per cent copper
sulphate for HG hours, in 0.25 per cent commercial formaldehyde for 15 minutes,
or in water at 20° C. for 15 hours or at 30° C. for 4 to G hours. The two last-
named treatments were followed respectively by steeping in water at 50° C. for
10 minutes or at 52° C. for 5 to 10 minutes without very serious imiiairment
of germinability.
Leaf spot of beans, O. Appel (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 29 (1914), ^^0. 18,
pp. 249-251, figs. S; ahs. in Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 17 (1914), No.
6-7, p. 648). — ^An unusually threatening recent increase of infection of beans
by Gleposporium (Collciotriehuin) lindemiitlriunHm is noted. The remedies
available are careful seed selection, destruction of all infected plants, employ-
ment of open ground for planting, and spraying with 0.5 per cent Bordeaux mix-
»ure once or twice before the blooms open.
Eggplant rots, F. A. Wolf (Mycol. Ccntbl., 4 (1914), ^^0. 6, pp. 278-287,
figs. 4)- — A detailed account of a study already noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 344).-
Further studies on the spread and control of hop mildew, F. M. Blodgett
(Neic York Htatc ^ta. But. 395 (1915), pp. 29-80, pis. 2, figs. 2; abs. in Phi/to-
pathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, pp. 4OO, 401). — In continuation of studies of the hop
mil<lew (E. S. R.. 20. p. 34G) the author gives the results of three years' ex-
periments on control, together with further observations on the life history of
the fungus, relation of tlie weather to the spread of the epidemic, etc.
The perithecia or winter fruit bodies of the fungus have been found to reach
maturity in March and have been shown capable of causing infection in the
greenhouse at that time of the year. Artificial inoculations in the field indi-
cated that the period of incubation is about ten days.
In the experiments on the control of the disease, flowers of sulphur, heavy
flour sulphur, and fine flour sulphur have been compared, and also the effect
of lime used in conjunction wnth suljihur. Flowers of sulphur have been found
variable in mechanical condition, and it was impossible to apply satisfactorily
some forms. It was also determined that injury following the use of this
form of sulphur was due to the presence of considerable amounts of sulphui'ic
acid. Extremely fine flour sulphur also pi'oved difficult to apply, and flour
sulphur of a medium degree of fineness seemed to be most efficient, easiest to
handle, and the cheapest of the fungicides tested. Sulphur and lime mixture
proved less effective than sulphur alone.
844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Stem rot of sweet potato, L. L. Hartb:r and Ethel C. Field (Ztschr. Pflan-
zenkrank., 24 (1914), No. 4, pp. 204-201). — This is ii brief account of investiga-
fions which have already been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 32, p. 50).
Black rot, shed burn, and stem rot of tobacco, J. Johnson {Wisconsin Sta.
Research Bid. 32 {1914). pp. 6.^-86, figs. 7).— The results are given of studies
on some warehouse and curing house troubles of tobacco.
The black rot, due to ^tcriginatori/.itis nigra, is said to cause considerable los.s
in the process of fermentation under certain conditions. The fungus requires
in its development a moisture content of 20 per cent or more, a temperature of
from 30 to 44° C. (86 to 111.2° F.), together with pror>er aeration.
In order to control this disease regulation of warehouse conditions so as to
keep down the moisture content and provide proper temperature is recom-
mended. Fumigation with formaldehyde may also be adopted where the disease
has i)reviously been very prevalent.
The author states that the difference between shed bum and stem rot, which
are due to one or more fungi, among them a species of Fusarium, appears to be
one of location rather than a difference in causal organisms. If the midrib is
attacked, the resulting decay is called stem rot. while if the leaf tissue is de-
cayed it is called shed burn.
These diseases may be controlled by regulation of temperature and humidity
in the curing shed in connection with proi:)er ventilatiop-
The yellow blight of the tomato, D. C. George (Washington Sta. Popular
Bill. 82 (1915), pp. 4)- — This is a popular bulletin based largely upon a previous
publication of the station (E. S. R., 32, p. 444).
Fire blight, I. D. Cardiff (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 80 (1915), poster). —
This i)ublication is intended to call attention to the prevalence of the fire
blight of pears, apples, etc.. and gives brief suggestions for control.
Life history of a new species of Sph^rella, B. B. Higgins (Mycol. Centbl.,
4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 187-193, figs. 2). — A fungus, said to be new and to cause a
disease of Primus pennsylvanica, is described under the name Mycosphwrella
mgerristigma. The name S. mgerristigma is, howevex', preferred.
Roncet of grape, J. Bernatsky (Ztsclir. Pflanzenkrank., 24 (1914), ^'O. S,
pp.' 129-139, figs. 2). — The author, discussing this phenomenon and allied ab-
normalities describes the internal appearance of the deformed regions in cases
studied, and suggests possible causes, which it is said may differ considerably
as to character and mode of action.
[Two fungus parasites of conifers in Scotland], W. Somerville (Quart.
Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 68, 69, pi. 1). — Chrysomyxa aWetis and C.
rhododendri are said to have been noted one or more times previously on conifers
at points in Scotland, and a watch for these fungi is recommended.
Withertip of fir in Sweden, T. Lagerberg (Meddel. Stat. Skogsforsoksanst.
(Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Scliivcdens), No. 10 (1913), pp. 9-44, I-IV. figs. 19).—
This is substantially the same as a report already noted from another source
(E. S. R., 30, p. 453).
On the mode of infection of larch canker and the possible means cf pre-
venting it, W. E. HiLEY (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 7-17. pis.
3). — Among the Vv^ays in which Dasyscypha (Peziza) calycina may infect larch
are mentioned wounds made by frost, hail, the larch aphis (Chcrmes ahietis),
or abrasions due to movements of men, animals, or air, though the dangers from
such sources has, it is thought, been overestimated.
Owing to the death of young branches the cankers of most direct importance
to foresters are those induced after the first two or three years of growth.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 845
Examinations of anatomical and pljysiological data are not decisive as to
whether the mycelium passes from a dead branch to the main axis through the
vrood or just outside it. Death of dormant buds is considered as a possible
means of infection of the stems, but probably this is of no great imixtrtance.
It is held that the most important source of infection are the dead limbs left
on the stems, this suggesting removal of affected branches before they are
dead, preferably during dry mouths when spores of this fungus are not being
given off.
A disease of pine shoots (Quort. Jour. Forcstrif, 0 (1915), No. 1, pp. 6.'t, 65). —
A fungus, said to be more common on the Corsican pine than on Scotch pine
and some other conifers, has been identified as Cenatuiuim abietis. Infection
occurs in late autumn or winter. The leaves begin to fall rapidly in early sum-
mer, the shoots of the previous year's growth often being completely defoliated.
The bud of an infected shoot rarely expands at all. Both ascosiwres and one
to three celled conidia in large quantities are said to be produced by the fungus.
A leaf cast of pines in Sweden, T. Lagb31bebg (Mcddel. Stat. Skoffsforsoksanst.
(Mitt. For.rtl. T"c/-s. Annt. SchwedetK^), No. 10 {1913), pp. 139-180, XVII-XXII,
figs. 8). — A leaf disease of pines is described in its several stages and as to its
effects on the foliage and trees. It is said to show jiycnidia corresiwnding to
those borne by Leptostronia pinastri, the conidial stage (Lophodermiuni
pinitstri) being already known. A bibliography is given.
A disease of oaks in Westphalia, Hey {Ztschr. Forst ti. Jagdic, 46 (1914),
No. 10, pp. 595-598). — The author cites facts recently observed by himself which
are held to indicate that AnHiUaria mellea is the cause of the dying out of oak
trees and also of beech in one case noted.
A timber rot accompanying' Kymenochfete rubig-inosa, H. P. Bkown (My-
cologia, 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-20, pis. 3). — The author describes the results of inva-
sion by IT. luhiginosa and its saprophytic activity in case of decorticated chest-
nut (also, but more rarely, of oak) near Ithaca, N. Y.. and also the development
and habits of this fungus.
The fi'uit bodies are annual and xerophytic, spores being shed intermittently
during moist periods for several months. A superficial p<>ripheral type of decay
usually accompanies the typical decay due to this fungus.
Studies in dry rot, V, C. Wehmer (Mycol. Centbl., 4 {1914), Nos. 5, pp. 241-
252, fly. 1; 6, pp. 287-299, pis. 2).— In continuance of previous reports (E. S. R.,
31, p. 248) the author gives detailed results of f;tndies on conditions as favorable
or unfavorable to development on structural woods, etc., by Merulius, including
the influence of previous sterilization, of impregnation with nutritive substances,
and of lowering the temperature during the tests.
Air-dry or dampened, but not strictly sterile, fir wood was not severel.v
attacked by detached mycelium of Merulius, even in a moist chamber, the ex-
I>eriments indicating a high degree of sensitiveness of this fungus to conditions
as regards both nutritive materials and the presence of other organisms (bac-
teria, yeasts, and other fungi). Other experiments with strictly sterile moist
heartwood or sapwood gave a growth the luxuriance of which was in close
relation with the degree of moisture present in the materials attacked (moisture
of the air showing little if any influence). Spore development was not
obtained on either air-dry or dampened wood. Attached mycelium, however,
proved much less sensitive to conditions hindering growth in detached portions.
The liability to extension by Merulius appeal's, therefore, to be in practice
somewhat limited by the tendencies above noted.
846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Handbook of medical entomolog'y, W. A. Riley and O. A. Johannsen
(Ithaca, N. Y.: The Comstoclc Puhlishiny Co., 1915, pp. /Z+3//8, pi. l,figs. 174).—
The object of this work, as stated by the authors. " is to ?fford a general survey
of the field, and primarily to put the student of medicine and entomology in
touch with the discoveries and theories which underlie some of the most impor-
tant modern work in preventive medicine."
In an introduction tlie authors discuss early suggestions regarding the trans-
mission of disease by insects and the ways in which arthropods may affect
the health of man. The subject is then taken up under the lieadings of arthro-
pods which are directly poisonous; parasitic arthropods affecting man; acci-
dental or facultative parasites; arthropods as simple carriers of disease germs,
as direct inoculators of disease germs, as essential hosts of pathogenic organ-
isms, and as essential hosts of pathogenic protozoa; some possible but imi)er-
fectly kuovra cases of arthropod tiansmission of disease, Lnd keys to the arthro-
pods noxious to man. In an appendix the use of hydrocyanic acid gas against
household insects with the details relating to household fumigation and lesions
produced by the bile of the black fly are dealt with.
A 14-page bibliography and a complete subject index are included.
Entomolog'y, or the study of insects, and its importance, E. S. Tuckee
(Louisiana Stas. Crop Pest Notice 3 (1915), pp. 3-S). — This is a popular intro-
duction to the subject. The author points out the importance of a knowledge
of insects in order that the detrimental and beneficial ones may be distinguished
and that control measures may he intelligently applied.
Habits and instincts of insects up to the growth of the social instincts,
O. M. Reuteb (Lebcnsgcwolmhciten and Instinlcte der Insekten his zum Er-
wachcn der sozialen Instinkte. Berlin: R. Fricdldndcr and Sohn, 1913, pp.
XVI-\-Jf48, figs. S.'t). — This work is separated into 20 chapters in which the
author deal-s at length with the bionomics of insects.
Cyanid of potassium in trees (Agr. Neics [Barbados}, 14 (1915), No. 332, p.
26). — The accounts previously noted (E. S. R., 32, pp. 152, 754) having come to
attention several tests were made by the Imperial Department of Agriculture
to determine what effect cy;iiiid has on certain plants. Three trees wei'e used,
namely, a small mulberry (Morns alba), king of flowers (Lagerstroemia indica),
and a red gum (Biirscra gtmnirifcra), the cyanid being applied in a hole i
in. in diameter, bored into the trees to a depth of about l* to 1^ in. The holes
were then filled with finely crushed cyanid of potassium and plugged with
paraflin v/ax on October 21, 1914.
In each case the trunk of the tree was considerably injured aud the method
ih considered liable to result in serious injurj' to the ijlants.
[Report of] department of entomolog'y (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914. pp.
13-17). — The common eastern lady beetle (21egiUa tuaculata) has been intro-
duced from the East aud is being reared in confinement.
The results of insecticide investigations have been summarized in part as
follows: "Lime-sulphur plus arseuite of zinc, lime-sulphur plus arsenate of
lead (acid), and lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead (nonacid), in all strengths
caused serious burning. If anything, the nonacid injury was slightly the
worst. Lime-sulphur caused considerable injury, but not one-half as much as
in the combination sprays. Arseuite of zinc alone and in all strengths caused
considerable burning. The burning was different, however. fi"om that of the
combination aud lime-sulphur sprayed trees. With the combination sprays the
entire leaf was destroyed or else the injury covered a distinct portion, all parts
of which were discolored. Scab spots on the leaves appeared black, ordinary
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 847
leaf tissue brown. . . . Arseuate of lead (acid) and arsenate of lead (non-
acid) did not cause injury in any case when used alone. In experiments with
ar.senite of zinc, etc., where injury did occur, the injury did not begin to show
up badly for about 5 days, when suddenly, overnlnht, it appeared at its worst.
The check trees, sprayed with water, did not show injury. . . .
"Arsenite of zinc is u quicker-acting poison than arsenate of lead, acid or
nonacid, and remains in suspension much better. Acid arsenate of lead is a
quicker-acting iH)ison than the nonacid and remains in suspension better. Non-
acid arsenate of lead is slow in its action, but is satisfactory in that death
finally occurs. Lime-sulphur in the experiments conducted has not proved to
have much value as a stomach poison. Lime-sulphur with arsenicals seems to
retard to a more or less extent the action of the x»oison, and it is possible for
larvje to feed on foliage sprayed with weak strengths of lime-sulphur plus
arsenate of lead and recover, if transferred to fresh foliage within a few days.
. . . Lime-sulphur probably acts as a repellent to biting insects in the same
way that Bordeaux does against the potato flea-beetles."
The larvto of tent caterpillars {llalacosoma crosa and .1/. i)liiviaUs) were
used in the experiments.
Beport on injurious insects in Finland, 1911 and 1912, E. Reuteb (Landtbr.
Sti/r. Mcddcl. [FiiilaiuU, Nos. S7 {191J,), pp. 18; 93 {WW, pp. i.'/).— These
aiuiual rei)orts of the entomologist of Finland discuss the occuri'ence of the
more imiwrtant insect enemies of crops during the years 1911 and 1912.
Report of the imperial pathological entomologist, F. M. Howlett {Rpt.
lilt: Research In^st. utid Col. Fusa, 1912-13, pp. 78-83). — A brief report of the
work of the year with ecto-parasites, fruit flies, etc.
[Annual report of the government entomologist of Uganda], C. C. Gowdey
(.-inn. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Uf/anda, 191 Ji, pp. .3(]-o8). — The author here reports oh
the more important insect enemies of the principal crops of Uganda, particu-
larly of coffee and cotton. The yellow-headed coffee borer (Dirphya [Nitocris]
princeps) and the coffee-berry borer {Steplnmoderus coffccc) which attack
coffee, and the spiny bollworm {Earias insuUina), Oxycarcnus hyalinipennis,
and the leaf-footed plant bug {Lcptoglossun memhranacem), which attack cot-
ton, are given particular consideration.
Proceedings of the German Association of Economic Entomology, edited by
K. EscHERiCH and F. Schwangart (Ztsehr. jinycw. Ent., 1 {191.'i), No. 1, pp.
2.'i0. pis. 3. fi'js. 61). — The papers presented at the first annual meeting, held at
Wiirzburg, October 21 to 24, 1913, include the following: The Aims and Prob-
lems of the German Society of Economic Entomology, by K. Eseherich (pp.
14-19) ; The Fight Against the Grapevine Phylloxera in Prussia, by E. H.
Eiibsaamen (pp. 20-19) ; The Vine Phylloxera in Franconia, by Orth (pp. 50-
58) ; Experimental Demonstration of a Biological Race Difference in the
Phylloxera from Lorraine and from Southern France, Peritymbia (Phylloxera)
fitifoUi pcrvasidtrix, by C. Borner (pp. 59-07) ; Economic Entomology in Italy,
by R. Heymons (pp. 0S-S3) ; Economic Entomology in Germany, by L. Reh (pp.
84-94) ; Economic Entomology in the German Colonies, by G. Aulmann (pp. 95-
136) ; The Royal Institution for Bee Keeping, Investigations at Erlangen, by
E. Zander (pp. 137-140) ; The Biology of the Tsetse Flies, by E. Teichmanu (pp.
147-159) ; A Kew Grain Pest in Hungary (Halmeule: Tupinostola inuneulo.'ia),
by J. Jablonowski (pp. 160-171) ; The Habits of Dipterous Parasites of Cater-
pillars (Raupenfliegen), by H. Prell (pp. 172-195) ; The Mulberry or West
Indian I'each Scale and Its Control by Parasite.s, by J. BoUe (pp. 190-213) ;
Economic Entomology and Bird Protection, by K. Haenel (pp. 214-222) ; and
The African Silkworms and Their Agricultural Importance, by A. Schultze
(pp. 223-231). A list of the members is ai)i)ended.
848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Insect enemies of the beet root in the south of France, F. Picakd (Tie Agr.
ct Rurale, 3 (191^), Xo. Iff. pp. 390, 391). — A brief discussion of the more
important beet pests.
Insect enemies of locusts and of noxious acridians in Russia. — I, Coleop-
terous enemies, I. A. I'obtchinsky (Trudy liiiiio Ent. [St. I'ctenh.l, 11 (1014),
No. 1, pp. 68, pis. 2, fifjs. 22; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Her. A, No. 7,
pp. 473-475). — In this paper the author deals at length with the beetles which
destroy the eggs of Orthoptera. IG belonging to the genus Mylabris and 3 to
the genus Epicauta.
The pea thrips, Gaumont and Vuillet (Bui. »S'oc. Nat. Ayr. France, 74 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 168-173). — This article relates to FninklinieUa robii.stn (Thrips
pisivora) which is a source of considerable injurj' to peas in France.
In 1913 this thrips was abundant on peas, beans, and sweet peas in the Aisne.
It is said to occur in abundance in the blossoms of trefoil at Bourg-la-Reine, De-
partment of Seine, in May, and individuals have been found in the blooms of
crown vetch and lucern at Beaune, Ajuya reptans at Chaumont-en-Vexin, and
Echalliuiii ciaterium at Marseille. Thus it appears that this thrips is very
widely distributed in Frame and that it can survive at le.'ist temporarily on
other plants than peas and beans.
Maine aphids of the rose family, Enrrti M. Patch (lluine tSta. Bui. 233
(1914), PP- 253-280, pis. 3, figs. 6').- -This paper gives brief descriptive accounts
and drawings of those aphids found in Maine upon members of the rose family
(Rosacese). The most serious of the apple aphids has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 548), but the plum aphids have not previously been worked up.
The species considered are the woolly aphid of hawthorn leaf, Prociphilus
corrugatans on Juneberry (Amelanchier) and Crataegus; Schizoncura lanigcra,
Macrosiphutn cratwgi. Aphis aveiice, A. brevis, and A. halceri on Crataegus; Myzus
porosus on strawberry; Myzus cerasi, A. fiircaia n. sp., Myzus pcrsica', A. ccrasi-
foliw, and A. tuberoulata n. sp. on cherrj-; A. cerasifolice, A. prunorum, A. cardtii,
Phorodon humuli, and Hyalopterus arundinis on plum; S. lanigera on mountain
ash; S. lanigera, A. avencc, A. pomi, A. sorM, and M. persicw on apple; A. brevis
on Pyrus japonica; Macrosiphum rosce, M. solamfoUi, M. dirhodum, and Myzus
rosarum on roses; A. rubiphila n. sp., and Macrosiphum rubicoia on raspberry;
and A. spirwcola n. n., A. spinephila n. sp.. and Macrosiphum spircecola n. sp.,
on Spiraea.
Brief notes on aphid control and a list of the literature cited are included.
The woolly apple aphis, A. C. Bakeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 101 (1915), pp.
55, pis. 15, figs. 3). — ^This is a report of studies of Eriosoma (Schizoneura)
lanigera commenced in the spring of 1912.
In experiments conducted it was found that the species does not migrate to
Ribes as is the case with E. iilnd in Europe. The results of the author's ex-
periments did not agree with those of Dr. Patch (E. S. R.. 2S, p. 251), who
reports transferring from elm to apple the species which she considered as
E. americana, in that the species which he considered americana would not
feed upon apple; they did agree, however, in that the elm was proved to be
the winter host of E. lanigera, so that he credits her with having first dis-
covered that the woolly aphis migrates from the elm to the apple in the spring
and in the fall returns to the elm. The negative results obtained from experi-
ments with Ribes indicate that three species develop on elms, namely, E. ulmi,
americana, and lanigera.
The subject is taken up under the headings of early history; name, in-
cluding synonymy ; methods of study ; forms of the species, including technical
descriptions ; and a detailed study of the structure, habits, etc., of the species,
including molts, digestive system, injuries, body fluids, muscles, movement,
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 849
migrations, reproduction, wax secretion, respiration, and nervous system.
Under reproduction the autlior treats of tlie reproductive system, parturition,
number of young, and courtship.
The life history of this species is .summarized as follows: "The egg is laid,
as a rule, upon the baric of elm in crevices, though occasionally it is laid upon
other trees. In the spring, toward the first of April, it hatches, and the young
stem mother so produced migrates to the base of a bud. Here she may remain
for some days before the btid opens. Upon opening, the leaves curl or ' rosette'
about the insect, and in this house she produces her young. This second gen-
eration is wingless and lives within the curled leaves or upon the tender twigs.
The generation matures late in Ai)ril or in early May. It in tuni produces a
third generation, which is present upon the elm leaves from about May 1
until early June. An insect of this third generation is winged and is known
as the spring migrant. It flies from the elm leaves to apple or related plants,
settling upon the leaves, twigs, and water sprouts. Here it produces the fourth
generation, which is wingless and which is the first generation on apple of the
well-known woolly aphis. About July 1 this generation is mature and is
giving birth to another generation, the fifth, which is exactly like it. Many
individuals of this fiftli generation migrate to the roots, but others remain upon
the twigs. Those which remain above ground produce a generation of winged
forms, the sixth generation, which is mature about the middle of September.
These fall migrants may be found upon the trees until late autumn, but they
nearly all migrate to the elms. Here they settle upon the bark and produce
the sexual forms, males and females, small wingless, beakless individuals.
These mate, and the female, known as the oviparous female, then deposits her
solitary egg in a crevice of the bark, where it passes the winter to hatch as
a stem mother the following spring."
A list of tho literal ure referred to in the text is appended.
The host plants and habits of Aphis rumicis, with some observations on
the migration of, and infestation of, plants by aphides, J. Davidson (Ann.
Appl. BioL, 1 (lOlJ,), No. 2, pp. II8-I4I, fig. i).— The author reports upon
investigations of the habits of aphidids. made during the year, which failed
to furnish sufficient data upon which to base any definite conclusions, although
many of the observations have suggested certain lines of inquiry. In the
latter part of the paper he briefly discusses some of the factors which may
underlie the questions of the migration of aphidids nnd the infestation of
))lants by them.
Preliminary notes on damage to apples by capsid bugs, J. C. F. Fbyee
(Ann. Appl. Biol.. 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 107-112, pis. 2).— This is a brief review
of the literature on the sub.iect and a report of observations made In English
orchards. The distribution of the capsid attack in England is very local and is
not known to be widespread in any district ; at present it is known to occur
.sporadically in Kent, Suffolk, Nottingham, Worcester, and Hereford. The
injured fruit is said to be almost unsalable and oi'chards were vi.sited where
from 30 to 50 per cent of the crop was affected, no account being taken in this
estimate of fruit so damaged that it fell off before reaching maturity. Inves-
tigations of Lyguii pratensis, PsalluK ambiguus, Atractotonius mali, Plesiocoris
rugicollin, and Orthofpliis marginalis show +■"""'■ ' ' er of the two last named, or
both, are responsible for the injury.
An experiment was conducted b.v an orchardist which consisted in excluding
the larva^ of these two si)ecies from a number of trusses and in inclosing them
with others. The results show that the trusses from which the two species
were excluded developed sound fruit, while the apples inclosed with them sus-
tained typical capsid damage.
850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" The only treatment that can be suggestetl is a spray of soft soap and nico-
tin, or possibly soft soap and quassia, bnt success will depend on a nice estima-
tion of the exact time to apply the wash, and the thoroughness with which the
application is made."
The life history and habits of the pear thrips in California, S. W. Foster
and r. R. Jones (11. .S'. De}tt. Agr. Hid. J73 {I'Jir,), pp. .j^, pis. 5, figs. IJ,).—
This is a detailed account of (Euthrips) Tccniothrips pyri. based in part on
studies previously noterl (E. S. R., 24. p. 455). The subject is dealt with under
the headings of the history, economic importance, character of injury, descrip-
tion, .systematic position, anatomy, life history and habits, and natural enemies.
The San Jose scale and its control, A. L. Quaintance (TJ. 8. Dept. Agr..
Farmers' Bui. 650 {1915), pp. 27. figs. 17). — This is a revision of Circular 124 of
Ihe Bureau of Entomology, previously note<l (E. S. R., 23. p. fiCl).
The San Jose scale insect (Aspidiotus perniciosus), A. L. Melandeb (AVrixJi-
ington t^ta. PnpuJar Bill. 78 (1915). pp. 7. figs. 3). — A popular account.
Monograph of the bombycine moths of North America, including' their
transformations and orig'in of the larval markings and armature, II and
III, A. S. Packard (Mem. Nat. Acad. Set., 9 (1905), pp. 272, pis. 61, figs. 19;
12 (1914), Pt- i, PP- 1^+516, pis. 113, figs. 3^).— Part 2 of this work (E. S. R..
8, p. 147) deals with the subfamily Ceratocampinse. Before taking up the classi-
fication and life histories of the subfamily, which form the major part of the
work, the author discusses such phases as coloration and protective attitudes
of the Notodontida?. the larval armature of the Ceratocampinfe, the caudal horn
of the Ceratocampidse, protective armature both in shajie and color and defen-
sive movements, coloration in the larvre, dichromatism or color variation in the
larva, the life history of Ccratomia amynior, phylogeny of this subfamily,
phylogeny of the Sphingidfe, origin of the Syssphingina and also the Symbom-
bycina from the Notodontid?e, geographical distribution of the subfamily, etc.
IVenty-three plates in color illustrate the larval and adult stages of the
species.
The third part of the work deals with the familie.? Cera toon ra pi da^ (exclusive
of the Ceratocampinse), Saturniidfe (including hybrids). Hemileucidse, and
Brahnifeidje. A list of parasites of the siieeies of these families is included.
This third part, largely in manuscript form at the time of the authors death,
has been edited by T. D. A. Cockerell. Thirty-four colored plates illustrate
the larval stages of the species considered.
A new phycitid injurious to pine, H. G. Dyar (Insecutor Insciticr Menstruus,
2 (1914), No. 7, p. 112). — Pwipestis erythropasa, reared from cones of Pintis
chihiialniana in the Chiricahua National Forest. Arizona, is described as new to
science.
The caterpillars attacking the oaks of Richmond Park, with an account
of an experimental spraying with lead chromate. R. H. DF:AKm (Ann. Appl.
Biol.. 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 77-84. P'-**- 6). — ^This paper gives a detailed account
of the work previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 31, p. 60).
The two commonest caterpillars were a leaf roller, Tortrix riridana, and the
winter moth (Cltciivatohia hruniata). The spray used was made from a paste
of the following composition : Lead chromate 50 per cent, soft soap 25 per cent,
gelatin 1.5 per cent, and water 23.5 per cent. One lb. of the paste was used to
about 30 gal. of water, thus giving 1 lb. of lead chromate to every GO gal. of
spray. Caterpillars fed on sprayed foliage either died at once or became starved
and finally perished, so that no doubt remains as to the efRcacy of the poison.
Control of the gipsy moth, W. C. O'Kane (X. H. Dcpt. Agr.. State Moth
Work Cire. 5 (1915), pp. 4). — A popular account.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 851
On the causes and symptoms of flacherie and polyhedral disease of cater-
pillars, E. Fischer (JUoL Vcntbl., 3Jf {I'.HJ,), Nos. 5, pp. .iOS^i^S; 6, pp. .J.57-
371; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 U'JU), Ser. A, No. 8, p. 528).— The author has
made investigations of the cause and symptoms of flacherie with caterpillars of
three species of the genus Vanessa and with Pyrameis cardui, comparing his
results with those obtained by Verson (E. S. R.. 10, p. 256) with the silkworm
in Italy. Flacb(M-ie and poIylie<lral disease are considered to be distinct on the
basis of the form of the jwlyliodral bodies. The symptoms of both are discussed.
Biological notes on the larva of Tipula oleracea and its ravages in the
vicinity of Avesnois in the spring of 1914, P. DfisoiL (Covipt. Raid. Hoc.
Biol. [PariH], 11 (IDlJf), No. 21, pp. 126, 127; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (WW,
Ser. A, No. 10, pp. 606, 601). — This dipterau attacks cbiefly grasses and clovers.
Its injury commences toward the end of winter and the spring growth limits
its spread, the larvae being active from October to May. The only practical
measure of control consists in deeply plowing under the infested turf and in
sowing in the months of March and April.
Ceratopogoninge sucking the blood of other insects, F. Knab (Proc. Ent.
8oc. Wash., 16 {Wlli). No. .?. pp. 1.39-1.',!).— Thin article supplements that
previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 45.5).
A new tachinid parasite of Diapheromera femorata, W. R. Walton (Prnc.
Ent. Sac. Wa,sh., 16 (191.',), No. 3, pp. 129-132, figs. 6).— It is stated that two
tachinids have previously been known to be parasitic upon Phasmidai. A third
parasite reared at IMilwaukee, Wis., from the counuon walking stick (D. femo-
rata) is described as EuJiaJlidaya .'<rverinii u. g. and n. sp.
Lucilia sericata attacking a live calf, H. F. Hudson (Canad. Ent.. J/6 (1911,),
No. 12, pp. .'(16). — The author records observations at Strathroy. Ontario, in
which a Holstein calf from 5 to 6 weeks old was attacked by the larva of L.
sericata. The maggots were most abundant around the anus and base of the
tail, where some had eaten into the flesh to a depth of about a quarter of an
inch.
Descriptions of two new species of Strepsiptera parasitic on sugar cane
insects, W. D. Pierce (Proe. Ent. Soc. irr/.s-/;., 16 (191Jf). No. 3. pp. 126-129).—
StenocranophiUts qvadratus. a parasite of the destructive Stenorranu.'^ ftae-
ctiarivorus at Rio Piedras, P. R., and PyriUoxenos compactus, a parasite of the
sugar cane fly of India, PyrUla sp., at Pusa, India, represent new genera and
species.
Turnip flea-beetles. — Effect of turpentine and paraffin on the germination
of turnip seed, G. II. Corbett {Ann. Sci. Bid. Roy. Agr. Col. Cirencester, No.
Ii-o (191Jt), pp. 8Ji-88). — Experiments in which turnip seed was soaked from
one to twenty days in tun^entine or parafliu indicate that these substances do
not retard germination when put under soil conditions but appear to hasten it.
Alfalfa attacked by the clover-root curculio, F. ]\I. Webster ( U. S. Dcpt.
Agr.. Farmers' Bill. 6.'(9 (191')). pp. 8, figs. 6). — This is a summarized account
of Sitones Jiispididus. an investigation of which i-eported by Wildermuth has
been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 758).
Its feeding habits so far as determined are almost exactly the Stime upon
alfalfa as upon clover. Its attack on alfalfa, which has largely come to atten-
tion since the paper abOA-e mentioned was prepared, has occurred througlionf
all parts of Baltimore County, Md., at West Chester. Pa., about Salt Lake City,
Utah, etc. Investigations of remedial and preventive measures have not as yet
been carried out. Since the larvpe do not as a rule descend much more than 1 in.
below the surface it is thought that disking or liarrowing the fields as soon as
the first hay crop is removed will break up the pupal cells and vast numbers of
this pest be thus destroyed.
V
852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The cotton-boll weevil in Cuba, G. X. Wolcott (Proc. Ent. Hoc. Wash., 16
{1914), ^0. 3, pp. 120-122). — Observations made in Cuba duiing the winter of
1911-12 sind again during January and February, 1914, sbow that but little
injury was done by the boll weevil. No boll weevils were found on cotton at
Kinji.stou, Jamaica, in March. 1914.
A braconid parasite on the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, J. W. Munbo
{Ann. AiJijl. Biol., 1 {WUt), A*o. 2, pp. 110-11(), figs. //).— A report of observations
made oil pine weevils and parasites collected in a plantation near Aberdeen.
This weevil is a source of injury in the adult stage only, doing considerable
damage by gnawing the tender bark of young conifers and thus causing them to
wilt and die. In the absence of conifers, it will readily attack birch, mountain
ash, and oak. The author's observations indicate that Bracon hylobii may
prove of considerable value in combating the weevil, which every year is becom-
ing more and more common in newly formed plantations, especially in Scotland.
A revision of the North Anaerican species of the braconid genus Habro-
bracon, li. A. Cushman {I'ror. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 16 {191.',), No. 3. pp. 99-108).—
Seven species are recognized of which Uabrobracon variabilis, reared from
Canarsia hammondi, at Siloam Springs. Ark., and //. platynota: from Plati/nota
sp., at Hollywood, Cal., are described as new to science.
Descriptions of new chalcid flies, A. A. Girault {Proc. Ent. Sac. Wash..
16 {191. 'f). No. 3, pp. 109-119). — Among the parasites here described as new is
Anaphoidea luna, a species obtained in shipments of the alfalfa weevil {Phy-
tonoinus posticus) from Italy.
Some notes on Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer), A. Rutherford
{Trop. Ayr. [CeyJon], Jt2 {191 J,), Nos. 2, pp. 132-139; 3. pp. 220-222) .—The
burying of prunings from tea plants is said to have been the prevailing method
applied in the control of A. fornicatus. Upon looking into the subject the
author was able to find but a single experiment relating to their destruction
in this way and was led to conduct the several tests here reported upon.
Nine in. of fine earth was not a formidable barrier to the emergence of the
beetles. Slaked lime failed to kill even the larvae after an exposure to it for
23 days. It was found that under laboratory conditions the beetles will con-
tinue to breed in prunings that are far gone in decay, provided these are not
too dry, and even in the presence of slaked lime or quicklime, and that they are
able to work their way up through as much as 7.5 in. of fine earth. Not only
the adults but even pupae may remain alive in prunings left on the surface of
the ground for as many as 13 days.
" In the light of our present knowledge the only means of control that can be
recommended are. from an entomological point of view, (1) burning of primings;
(2) discovery of and elimination of, as far as practicable, breeding grounds in
plants other than tea; (3) cultivation and manuring; and (4) prevention, so
far as possible, of the infestation of fresh areas."
Descriptions of two parasitic Hymenoptera, S. A. Rohweb {Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 16 {Wl.'i), No. 3, pp. I'/l, l.'f2). — Sympkerta mnemonics, a primary para-
site on Mnemonica avricyanca on chestnut and oak at Falls Church. Va. ; and
Podogaster evetrivorns, a parasite of Evetria sp.. on Pinus pondcrosa at Fort
Bayard, N. Mex., are described as new.
Third annual report of the state bee inspector to the governor of the
State of Iowa for the year 1914, F. C. Pellett {Ann. Rpt. State Bee Insp.
iloxca, 3 {1914). pp. l'^6. pi. 1. Jigs. 63). — This report of the work of the year
includes the proceedings of the meeting of the Iowa Bee Keepers' Association,
lield at Ames, November 17-19, 1914, and the papers presented, namely. Short
History of Bee Keeping, by C. P. Dadant (pp. 32-37) : Temperature and
Humidity in the Wintering of Bees, by E. F. Phillips (pp. 37-56) ; Wintering
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 853
Bees In Iowa, by W. S. Pangburn (pp. 50-60) ; Fifty Years of Bee Keeping in
Iowa, by E. Kretcbmer (pp. 60-62) ; Individual and Cooperative Methods of
Marlieting Honey, by W. Foster (pp. 62-67) ; Experience witb European Foul
Brood, by J. I. Wiltsie (pp. 67-70) and by L. W. Elmore (pp. 70, 71) ; Expe-
rience with American Foul Brood, by D. E. Lhommedieu (pp. 71, 72) ; Discus-
sion of Experiences with American Foul Brood, by J. W. Stine (pp. 73, 74) ;
Trip Through Quebec, by C. P. Dadant (pp. 74-76) ; Honey Plants of Iowa, by
L. H. Panmiel (pp. 76-S8) ; The Value of Bees in Horticulture, B. N. Gates
(pp. 89-93) : Bees as a Nuisance, J. D. Gustiu (pp. 94-98) ; Basswood Planting,
by G. B. MacDonald (pp. 98, 99) ; The Wild Bees of Iowa, by L. A. Kenoyer
(pp. 99-110) ; and A New Method of Using Split Sections, by L. D. Leonard
(pp. Ill, 112).
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, L. D. Fricks (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.],
SO (1915), No. 3, pp. 148-165, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 (1915),
No. 5, pp. 439. 440)- — ^This report deals in large part with the work of eradicat-
ing the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. Dennacentor veniistus (andersoni) ,
during 1914.
Experiments to test the destruction of ticks by two bands of sheep number-
ing about 1.500 were made \v the Bitter Root Valley. Montana, beginning about
the middle of April and terminating about the middle of July, when the sheep
were sheared, dipped, and returned to their owners. During the experiments
sheep of both bands were searched frequently for dead and live ticks, and
from the findings it was estimated that over 25,000 adult ticks were destroyed
by the 1.500 sheep during the season. It is believed that this experiment shows
conclusively that a high percentage of the total adult tick infestation can be
destroyed by sheep grazing in one season.
Mites of the genus Tarsonemus causing' disease on Gramineae, G. H. Cor-
BETT (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roy. Agr. Col. Cirencester, No. 4-5 (1914). pp. 93-95, figs.
2). — In this brief review attention is called especially to a disease of oats cau.sed
by Tarsonemus spirifex.
A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae, G. R. La Rue (III. Biol.
Monographs, J (1914). No. 1-2, pp. 350, jyls. i6").— The first part of this work
contains historical data, including synonymy and definitions of the genera con-
sidered ; a description of the technique em])loyed ; the anatomy and histology
of the Proteocephalidfe. including characters of diagnostic value; and a key
to the better-known genera and species of the family. Descriptions of pro-
teocephalid species follow, together with a comparative table of selected charac-
ters of Proteocephalus species; descriptions of proteocephalid species from
Amphibia and Reptilia ; comparative tables of selected characters of species of
Ophiotsenia and Crepidobothrium ; and descriptions of species of Monticellia.
This is followed by a discussion of the distribution, life history, and origin
of the Proteocephalidfe.
The author concludes that the data presented by various workers show the
life history of the proteocephalids to be essentially as follows: "The eggs and
some of the ripe proglottids bearing eggs are voided by the host into the water,
where they are eaten by an invertebrate, perhaps a worm, an insect larva, or
a crustacean, or possibly the eater is a vertebrate, fish, snake, or an amphibian
of the same .species as the host or different. If the invertebrate or vertebrate
furnishes a suitable habitat for the development of the parasite, the six-hooked
embryo establishes itself and from it develops a plerocercoid about which the
host produces a cyst. If the intermediate host be eaten by a vertebrate which
furnishes proper habitat for the adult parasite, the plerocercoid when it is
released by the action of the digestive juices from its intermediate host and
94863°— No. 9—16 5
854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
from its cyst p.isses to tlie intestine and develops into the adult tapeworm. If
the final host engulfs material containing eggs of the cestode harbored by itself
or its congeners or perhaps by members of other species, the host becomes in-
fected with the plerocercoids, and so it may function as a secondary as well as
a primary host for its parasitic species. Cannibalism may he a means in the
spread of the parasites harbored. The problems connected with the life history
of these parasites must ultimately be settled by experimental methods."
A bibliography of nine pages is appended.
FOODS— HUMAN" NUTRITION.
Lectures on food chemistry, compiletl by W. Kebp (Nahningitmittelchemie
in Vortrdgen. Lciimc: AkdilcmiscJie VerlagfigeseUschaft, lOl-'i, pp. XXX II -\-
579, flgs. 26). — ^I'^his book consists of a compilation of lectures by different
authors on various subjects of chemistry of foods and nutrition. Among the
topics includeti are food legislation in tlie German Empire; the modem physico-
chemical basis of food chemistry; recent contributions to the chemical study
of cell metabolism ; the biology of milk ; and a number of questions concerning
the analysis and investigation of a number of different food materials.
A study of foods, Ruth A. Wardall and Edna N. White {Boston: Ginn d
Co., IdlJf, pp. F//+i7//, pi. 1. figs. 80).— This book presents the fundamental
principles underlying the preparation and preservation of foods. The subject-
matter is illustrated by numerous laboratory and cooking experiments. Con-
siderable attention is also given to food requirements, selection of foods, and the
relative nutritive A^alue and cost of different food materials. The different cuts
of meat are well illustrated.
The food industry, edited by K. von Buchka (Das Lebensmittelgewer'be.
Leipsie: Akndamische Terlagsgesellschaft, 1914, vol. 1, pp. II+891-\-XV, figs.
41). — This is the first volume of an extensive handbook intended for food
chemists, representatives of industries and trades, druggists, physicians, veteri-
narians, food control officials, and judges. The contents are as follows : Human
Nutrition, by A. Kreutz (pp. 1-34) ; General Discussion of Foods, etc.. by K. von
Buchka (pp. 35-87) ; Coffee and Coffee Surrogates, by A. Hasterlik (pp. 91-
162) ; Tea. Tea Surrogates, and Paraguay Tea. by A. Hasterlik (pp. 163-199) ;
Cocoa and Chocolate, by A. Kreutz (pp. 201-250) ; Tobacco, by H. Witte (pp.
251-298) ; Vinegar, by H. Witte (pp. 301-371) ; Meat and Meat Goods. Inclusive
of Fish, by A. Reinsch (pp. 375-497) ; Eggs, by A. Reinsch (pp. 499-514) ;
Edible Fats and Oils, by K. Fischer (pp. 517-700) ; and Brandies and Cordials,
by W. Bremer (pp. 70^-890).
The discussions include methods of manufacture and analysis, nature of
adulterations, and laws pertaining to food control.
UTew food preparations, H. Wagner {Konserv. Ztg., 15 (1914), ^o. 47. pp. 309,
310). — A summary and digest of data including information re-garding com-
mercial products made from bananas, soy beans, malt extracts, gelatin, lecithin
preparations, etc.
The egg from the point of view of nutrition, M. L. Delate (Bui. Soc.
^ahihriU, Prav. Li^ge, 16 (1913), pp. 67-89). — This paper discusses in detail the
structure and chemical composition of eggs, the changes which they undergo
during storage, standards for judging freshness, methods of preservation, food
value, consumption in different counti'ies. and methods of judging and sale
adopted in the egg-market of Maestricht and other large distributing centers.
[Examination of shellfish] (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 66 (1915). pp. 8). — The
data given regarding a large number of samples of oysters, scallops, and clams
include the price paid, the weight as purchased, and the percentage of free
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 855
liquids and dry solids. The circular also contains information concerning tbe
rules whicli control the sale of shellfish in the State.
Notes on flour — (1) acidity of flour, (2) natural and artificial bleaching of
flour, (3) sulphates and lime in flour, K. T. Thomson {. Analyst. 3!) (iDUf),
No. 465, pp. 519-529). — Analytical data are presented from which the following;
conclusions are drawn :
The apparent acidity of flour is not due to free lactic acid. The theory that
natural bleaching by exposure to the atmosphere is similar to artificial bleach-
ing by nitrogen peroxid has not been proved, but evidence is presented to prove
that nitrous acid is not the active agent in bleaching flour exposed to the at-
mosphere. It also seems probable that artificial bleaching takes place before
any formation of free nitric and nitrous acids.
A method for determining sulphates in flour is described, and some analytical
data are also given.
Bulbs of very doubtful value as food, I). I. Murphy (U. S. Dcpt. Com., Com.
lipts.. No. 4 (1915), p. 61). — Chemical analysis of bread prepared from a mix-
ture of two-thirds wheat flour and one-third powdered tulip or crocus bulbs
showed that the nutritive value of the wheat was lessened by the admixture.
Among the objections made to the use of these bulbs as a food is the fact that
they may easily be mistaken for the poisonous narcissus bulb.
Comparative cooking qualities of some of the common varieties of apples
grown in Oregon, Ava B. Milam and Harriet B. Gardner (Oregon ^ta. Jiiil.
12-'i (1915), pp. 36. figs. 19). — The object of this investigation was to determine
the relative value of a number of varieties of apples for cooking and some of
the general principles underlying the cooking properties. It was also desired
to study the relationship of cooking in general to the dessert quality of the
apple and to determine whether or not differences in cooking quality are asso-
ciated with differences of morphology and cell structure. The apples were
made into sauce, pies, dumplings, jelly, and marmalade, and the products
scored according to standards which are described. As a result of these tests.
which were made with 71 varieties of apples, the following general conclusions
are di'awn :
" Different varieties of apples must be used for certain specific cooking pur-
poses in order to obtain the best product.
" The size of fruit makes but little difference in the cooking quality of apples
for sauce. Fruits that are at their prime or even a little overripe are ap-
parently best for sauce.
"There is comparatively little correlation between the scores of apples for
sauce and those of the same varieties for jelly. This indicates that the flavor
and texture of the jelly are almost entirely dependent upon the chemical com-
IKJsition of the apple rather than its texture and morphological structure.
" Good dessert apples do not necessarily make equally good products when
cooked.
"Apples belonging to the same jwmological group tend to have similar cooking
qualities.
"The sauce-cooking qualities of an apple vary inversely with the proportion
of pith area and vascular tissue present, . . . directly as the size of cell, and
inversely as the cell cohesion."
Honey and its uses in the home, Caroline L. Hunt and Helen W. Atwater
(U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 653 (1915), pp. 26, fig. 1). — ^This publication
contains some information of general interest regarding honey, but is chiefly
devoted to the food value of honey, the economy of honey as a food, and its ijse
in the home, especially in cookery. A large number of reciiies are given for
the use of honey in the making of bread, muffins, cakes, cookies, desserts, etc.
856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ice cream (Maine Sta. Off. Inap. 63 {1914). PP- I'tl-lHi). — Standards are
given for different liinds of ice cream and the results presented, in tabular
form, of the examination of samples collected throughout the State during the
year 1014. A statement by A. M. G. Soule is appended.
Mate tea, R. Brikger (Pharm. Zentralhalle, 55 (WlJf), No. 48, pp. 975-978). —
Comparative analyses of coffee, tea, and South American mat^ tea are reported.
The author claims a higher nutritive value for mat6 tea [Paraguay tea], and
recommends its use in the German Army in preference to coffee, tea, and
lecithin preparations for jjroducing a temporary stimulating action.
Drugs (Maine Sla. Off. Jn.sp. 61 {1914), pp. 89-20.'/).— Analyses are given of
a number of samples of drugs. The statement is made that about one-half of
the simpler preparations analyzed differed more than 10 per cent from the re-
quired standard. This is believed to be the result of carelessness rather than
an attempt to perjxitrate fraud. A statement by A. M. G. Soule is appended.
Miscellaneous food materials {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 65 {1914), pp. 165-176). —
General and specific data are reported regarding the inspection and analysis of
a number of samples of miscellaneous food products.
The value and purpose of animal experimentation in meat examination,
M. MiiLLER {ZtscJtr. Infekii^nskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 16 {1914), No. 3, pp.
115-138). — From the i-esults of his own investigations regarding the toxicity
of meat and evidence obtained by other workers, the author concludes that
animal (mice) feeding experiments should supplement the chemical and bac-
teriological examination of meat. Among the reasons advanced in support of
this contention is that the presence or absence of certain food poisons can not
be determined otherwise than by feeding exi>eriments.
The bacteriology of paper dishes, Mary Dtjdderidge (Houseicives League
Mag.. 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 12-15. figs. 3). — This article embodies the results of a
study of wood, wood pulp, and water-proof paper food containers. Special
attention was given to the study of the bacterial and mold content of these
containers.
A study of fruit-jar caps, Gail M. Stapp {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 17
{1914)- No. 9, pp. 100, 101). — ^The results are reported of a comparative study
of the old style glass-lined zinc caps which close the jar by pressing tightly on
a rubber ring placed on the shoulder of the jar, and a newer style cap in which
the rubber ring is placed on the edge of the glass neck of the jar so that the
closure is made by the inside glass lining of the cap. Into jars sealed with
the old style caps were placed 100 cc. of each of the following solutions : One-
half per cent of phosphoric acid. 1 per cent of phosphoric acid : i per cent of
tartaric acid. 1 per cent of tartaric acid; i per cent of acetic acid, 1 per cent
of acetic acid ; and * per cent of nitric acid and 1 per cent of nitric acid. Other
jars of the same kind but sealed with the new caps contained like amounts of
the same solutions.
After all jars had been inverted and allowed to stand for 6 months it was
noted that all the old style caps were corroded. The contents of 5 out of 7
of the jars sealed with the old caps were turbid, showed a decided loss in vol-
ume, and contained zinc. The contents of the jar sealed with the newer style
caps showed no loss in volume and no turbidity, and contained no zinc, and the
caps were not corroded.
Experiments in cheap catering, Edith Sellers {Nineteenth Cent, and After,
76 {1914), ^^0. 453, pp. 1123-1137). — This article desc-ribes two low-priced restau-
rants or food shops, one in Christiana and one in Vienna.
The Norwegian establishment has been gradually developed since 1857, when
a group of business men started a restaurant to provide wholesome food for
laboring people at a price which would pay the total cost of buying, preparing,
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 857
and serving the food, plus a reasonable return on the capital invested. It was
not a success until a department was introduced fur the sale of food, both raw
and cooked, to be oousumed at home, which made possible the purchase of all
supplies at wholesale rates. Since then the patronage has steadily increased
until over 1,500 persons get their dinners there, 700 go to the cooked-food de-
partment, and several hundred others take minor meals in the caf6 or purchase
luicooked provisions. Table d'hote dinners are served at noon in the dining
room at the rate of 13.5 and 9 cents.
The People's Kitchens in Vienna have been in operation since 1872 and have
served as the models of the Alexandra Trust Dining Rooms in London and
similar organizations elsewhere. They now operate restaurants and food
shops all over Vienna and serve low-priced, well-i)re]>ared meals to 22,000 per-
sons daily, besides providing 5,420 lunches for school children and selling food
to several thousands who eat at home. The business, which is entirely self-
supporting though managed by a philanthropic association, is so organized
that it can at short notice cater to 10,000 unexpected persons. The association
is called out in emergencies, such as inundations, epidemics, or other disasters
in any part of the country, to take charge of the feeding of the district affected,
and is al>le to res])ond immediately to such demands.
A shop-girls' restaurant, Edith Sellers {Cornhill Mag., n. ser., 37 {1914).
No. 221, pp. C).')6-G65). — ^The establishment described in this article is in the
heart of the business center of Copenhagen and serves low-priced meals to
from 1,200 to 1,800 shop girls, besides selling cooked food. It occupies two
floors of a large building, the lower devoted to h la carte service and the upper
to table d'hote dinners. The proceeds are sufficient to cover all expenses, in-
cluding rent and reasonable returns to the two women who have been entirely
responsible for the management, but do not allow of further profits.
Food for polar explorers {8ci. Amer. 8i(p., 79 (1915), No. 2037, pp. 36, 37).—
An abstract is given of an article by Sir Ernest Shackleton in which data are
given regarding the food supply and diet of explorers in polar regions.
The diet of working men and the principles of nutrition, F. Hirschfeld
(Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 (1914), No. 42, pp. 1721-1725).— A summary and
digest of data which considers princii)ally the use of protein and carbohydrate
in the diet.
What are the proximate principles in nutrition? T. Hough (Va. Med. Semi-
Mo., 19 (1915), No. 19, pp. 471-475). — A summary and digest of data with par-
ticular reference to the importance of amino acids and vitamins in the diet.
The use of boiled milk in infant feeding, R. H. Dennett (Jour. Anwr. Med.
AsKOc, 63 (,1914), No. 23, pp. 1991-1995). — Clinical observations are reported
upon infants fed with boiled and unboiled milk. The conclusions drawn by the
author are in part as follows:
" The prolonged use of boiled milk if properly administered does not neces-
sarily cause nutritional disorders such as rickets, anemia, malnutrition, or
poor musculature. Scurvy may be avoided when boile<l milk feedings are
given, by the administration of orange juice. Boiled milk does not cause
digestive disturbances in normal infants [but] aids in overcoming digestive
disturbances. The change from boiled milk to unboiled milk may or may not
cause digestive disturbances. Boiletl milk is probably more apt to cause
constipation than unboiled milk, but in certain cases the constipation may be
overcome while on boiled milk, although it is not always overcome when the
boiling is stopped. The evidence is not conclusive whether the value of the
milk is lessened by boiling or not."
Tri-calcium phosphate as a bone former for nursing infants, E. Schloss
and L. Frank (Biochem. Ztschr., 60 (1914). No. 5-6, pp. 378-^9-',. flfj.t. 2: <th>^. in
858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Zentbl. Physiol., 29 (lUU,). \o. 3. p. /.^?).— Acoordiug to the authors, children,
both naturally and artificially fed, were able to utilize tri-calciuni phosphate
taken with cod liver oil.
The etiology of beri-beri with reference to the total phosphorus me-
tabolism, li. SciiAUMANN (Arch. Schiffx u. Tropcn Hyg., 14 {1910), Beihefte
H. pp. 397, pis. 12, figs. 2). — In this hook the work of others is extensively
reviewed and summarized, and the author presents a larsre amount of original
experimental data.
Various theories regarding \\\c^ etiology of the disease are briefly presente<l
and discus.sed.
Etiology of beri-beri, II, II. Schaumann {Arch. Schiffs u. Tropen Hyg., 18
{191Jf), Beihefte 6, pp. 7-25S). — Continuing the above work, the author reviews
a large number of metabolism experiments with laboratory animals (rabbits
.ind pigeons).
On feeding preparations of maize and rice treated in different ways, it was
found that the nitrogen balance iu beri-beri was negative, indicating a lo.ss of
body protein. The total phosphorus baliince was negative, and the phosphorus
content of the urine was below iho normal value.
A study of "antineuritic " substances of natural occurrence led to the con-
clusion that beer yeast was the most active and rice polishings the next active
in preventing the disease. Moreover, the antineuritic property seemed to vary
according to the method of preparation.
It is the opinion of the author that the antineuritic substance occurs in foods
in very stable compounds and may pass directly into the blood stream of some
animals without simplification.
A review of the literature of phosphorus compounds in animal me-
tabolism, E. B. Forbes and M. Helen Keith {Ohio Sta. Tech. Bui. 5 {1914), PP-
748). — This extensive digest of the literature of phosphorus metabolism has
been noted editorially (E. S. R., 32, p. 601).
The value of the calcium balance as an index of calcium metabolism, N.
ScHOOEL (Pharin. Weekbl., 51 {1914), A^o. 39, pp. 1216-1219).— \ digestion ex-
periment is described in which the amounts of calcium in the food ingested and
in the body excretions was determined. In the experimental period of five
days the amount of calcium ingested was 10.14 gm. and the amount excreted in
the urine and feces 10.11 gm.
Analytical methods and experimental technique are described in detail.
The influence of the melting point of nonemulsified fats on the rate of
leaving the stomach, A. von Fejer {Biochetn. Ztschr., 53 {1913), No. 1-2, pp.
168-178, fig. 1; abs. in Ze^itbl. Phimol.. 29 {1914), Ko. 2, p. 82).— Various fats
used in feeding experiments were at intervals removed from the stomach and
analyzed to determine the amount which had not passeil into the intestine. It
was found that the higher the melting point and the greater the viscosity the
longer the fats remained in the stomach. The nonemulsified fats left the
stomach more slowly than the fat emulsions.
.Contributions to the physiology of the stomach. — XXI. The supposed
action of the bitter tonics on the secretion of gastric juice in man and dog,
A. J. Carlson et al. {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 {1915). No. 1, pp. 15-17). — ■
Experiments carried out with men and dogs indicated that bitter tonics acting
in either the moufh or stomach have no influence on the secretion of gastric
juice, and, as a result of this, on gastric digestion.
The ferments of the pancreas. — III, The properties of trypsin, trypsinogen.
and enterokinase, J. Mellanby and V. J. Woolley {Jour. Physiol., 47 {1913),
No. 4-5, PP- 339-360). — In continuation of experiments previously reviewed
(E. S. R.. 29. p. 662). the authors report considerable information on the prop-
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 859
erties of these enzyms and their relations to the conditions prevailing during
the processes of digestion.
Trypsin may be presei'ved for a considerable length of time at 38° C. by salts
of the alkaline earth metals, particularly those of calcium. In weakly alkaline
solution (sodium carbonate 0.16 normal) trypsin is readily destroyed, but in the
presence of free acid (hydrochloric acid 0.025 normal) a small amount of
trypsin remains undestroyed even after boiling for five minutes. Albumin,
I^eptone. and amino acids protect ti-ypsin against heat destruction, albumin being
most effective in this respect.
Trypsinogen is preserved indefinitely at room temperature in the presence of
O.IG normal soilium carbonate solutions, though it is destroyed by heating in this
medium to 65° for five minutes. After heating to 100° for five minutes in the
presence of hydrochloric acid (0.025 normal) over 30 per cent remains unde-
stroyed. Neutral salts raise the heat of destruction in varying degrees.
Enterokinase Is immediately destroyed by free hydrochloric acid (0.01 nor-
mal) at 16°. The presence of calcium chlorid (0.5 normal) increases the heat
destruction temperature to 75°.
" Enterokinase and trypsin are destroyed by the hydrochloric acid of gastric
juice, but trypsinogen is not acted upon. Trypsinogen is destroyed by i>epsin
and hydrochloric acid. Trypsin has no effect on enterokinase or trypsinogen.
Enterokinase has no effect on trypsin, but activates trypsinogen. Pepsin is de-
stroyed by the alkali of pancreatic juice."
The ferments of the pancreas. — IV, Steapsin, J. Mellanby and V. J. Wooi>
LEY (Jour. Physiol, 48 {1914), ^o. /,. pp. 281-302). — Continuing the above work,
the authors report experimental data which may be summarized as follows :
" The stability of steapsin in alkaline solution is similar to that of trypsin."
The loss of steapsin by fresh pancreatic juice increases rapidly with an in-
crease in temperature above 40° C, all of it being destroyed within five
minutes at 60°.
The stability of steapsin in acid solution depends upon the concentration of
hydrogen ions in the solution, it being stable in the presence of large amounts
of higher fatty acids but quickly destroyed by small amounts of free mineral
acids.
" Steapsin can not exist in the presence of free trypsin. Therefore, when
pancreatic juice is activated by enterokinase, as trypsin develops steapsin
disappears. This fact affords an explanation for the presence of trypsinogen
rather than trypsin in fresh pancreatic juice."
Steapsin is protected from destruction by the addition to activating pan-
creatic juice of serum or egg albumin.
"The action of steapsin on fat is greatly augmented by bile and bile salts.
Electrolytes, such as neutral salts, have no influence on the reaction . . .
" From a consideration of the properties of steapsin and its relation to
trypsin it appears that steapsin consists essentially of protein ; that the de-
struction of trypsin in alkaline solution is not due to autodigestion but to its
inherent instability ; that although the conditions in the small intestine which
favor trypsin production are inimical to the continued existence of steapsin, yet
the presence of protein in a dietary may facilitate fat digestion by virtue of the
capacity of the protein to absorb the first formed trypsin."
The influence of sugar injections on heat regulation, H. Freund and E.
ScHLAGiNTWEiT {Avch. Expt. Path. u. Pharmakol., 76 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 303-
310; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 29 {1914), No. 2, p. 94).— The authors conclude
from experimental data that the nervous systems for heat regulation and for
sugar combustion are entirely independent.
860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The influence of salts on respiratory metabolism, W. Madeb ( Unter-
suchungcn iiber den Einfluss von Salzen auf den respiratorischen Stoffwechsel.
Imiug. Diss., Giessen, 1913, pp. 31; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 29 (1914), No. 2,
p. 89). — The values are given of respiratory quotients determined for diets
containing various inorganic salts.
Metabolism experiments carried out under decreased partial pressure of
the oxygen in the air breathed, M. Bache (Stoffkoechselveisuche bei Herab-
aetztmg dcs Saucrstoff-Partiuldruckes in der Respirationsluft. Inaug. Diss.,
Univ. Halle, 1913; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 29 (1914), ^o. 2, p. 8S).—A decreased
partial pressure of oxygen produced changes in metabolism. Long-continued
maintenance in this atmosphere induced a certain nitrogen retention, wliich
continued, however, only under these conditions. Maintenance for a few hours
each day in oxygen-poor air led to a prolonged disturbance of protein metabolism.
The kinetic system, G. W. Ceile (Proc. Amer. Phil Soc, 53 (1914), A'«- 215,
pp. 263-286). — On the basis of a large amount of clinical and experimental
data the author has formulated a theory to explain the conversion of latent
energy into kinetic energy. Quotations follow :
" To become adapted to their environment animals are transformers of energy.
This adaptation to environment is made by means of a system of organs
evolved for the purpose of converting potential energy into heat and motion.
The principal organs and tissues of this system are the brain, the suprarenals.
the thyroid, the muscles, and the liver." " The brain is the great central bat-
tery which drives the body; the thyroid governs the conditions favoring tissue
oxidation; the suprarenals govern immediate oxidation processes; the liver
fabricates and stores glycogen ; and the muscles are the great converters of
latent energy into heat and motion. . . . Each is a vital linli — each plays its
particular I'ole and one can not compensate for the other. A change in any
link of the kinetic chain modifies proportionately the entire kinetic system,
which is no stronger than its weakest link."
A respiration Incubator for the study of the energy metabolism of infants,
J. E. MuRLiN (Amcr. .Jour. Diseases Children; 9 (1915), No. 1. pp. 43-58, figs.
7). — ^An apparatus is described which is designed for the study of the metabolism
of infants. The respiration chamber is large enough to contain an infant one
year of age and is maintained at constant temperature by use of an electric
heater and cooling coils contained in the air space which surrounds the chamber.
Ventilation and measurement of the respiratory quotient are accomplished by
a closed system for removing the water vapor and carbon dioxid produced.
Oxygen, to replace that consumed by the infant, is admitted automatically by
magnetic devices operated by a spirometer. The muscular activity of the
infant is measured by means of tambours connected by rubber tubing with
recording devices.
Control experiments with diabetic dogs and alcohol expermients showed an
average error in the respiratory quotient for all of the daily averages of 1.8
per cent.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Live stock genetics (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 21-31. figs. 5). —
This is a review, by the research committee on animal breeding of the Amer-
ican Genetic Association, of the work in experimental animal breeding now
under way at the various state experiment stations.
IBibliography on animal breeding] (Ztschr. Induktive Abstant. u. Terer-
bungslchre, 13 (1914), No. 1-2. pp. (12)-(21), (23), (24)).— A. bibliography of
new literature on animal breeding, heredity, anatomy, and physiology.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 861
Prepotency, E. N. Wentwobth {Jour. Hereditij, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 17-20). —
The author contends that the first essential of prepotency is homozygosis in
a dominant character. This is opjwsed to the general belief that prepotency is
a quality belonging to individuals rather than characters. He states that " as
a matter of fact it is highly improbable that there ever occurred the ideally
prepotent animal described by the breeder; that is, one which is able to
impress most of his characters upon his progeny in spite of the females to
which he is mated. . . . Prepotency is never a property of the individual, but
belongs to a certain few characters that are part of the hereditary makeup of
the individual, and their condition as to homozygosis or heterozygosis is the
entire determining factor. The degree by which one animal is more ' strongly
hved' for a character than another animal is this wide degree of purity or
hybridity."
The author believes that prepotency is not entirely a property of the male
sex, as many breeders contend, but exists in both sexes. It is thought that
the linkage or coupling of separate factors in heredity explains observed pre-
potency and the difference between "breeders of breeders" and "breeders of
performers."
Variability of cattle, J. H. W. T. Reimeks {Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht,
9 {1914), pp- 1S2-162, figs. 6). — This reports a biometrieal study made of the
body measurements of 300 Holstein cows from 2J to 3 years old.
The effect of lead on the germ cells of the male rabbit and fowl as indi-
cated by their progeny, L. J. Cole and L. J. Bachhuber {Proc. Soc. Expt.
Biol, and Med., 12 {1914), No. 1. pp. 24-29). — In these studies it was demon-
strated that the offspring produced by male rabbits which have been poisoned
by the injection of lead acetate into the alimentary tract have a lower
vitality and are distinctly smaller in average size than normal offspring of
unpoisoned males. Similar results were obtained with fowls.
On the ovarian factor concerned in the recurrence of the estrous cycle,
F. H. A. Marshall and J. G. Runciman {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1914), No. 1-2,
pp. 17-22, figs. 2). — ^The authors conclude from their experiments that "the
occurrence of 'heat' (proestrum and estrus) in dogs does not depend upon the
presence of mature (or nearly mature) Graafian follicles in the ovaries. It is
equally evident that it is not dependent upon corpora lutea. It must be sup-
posed, therefore, that the ovarian factor in tlie recurrence of 'heat' resides in
some other ovarian element or combination of elements. The ovarian interstitial
cells are possibly concerned in the process, but cyclical changes in the condi-
tion of these cells have not so far been observed in the dog's ovaries.
" The view which has generally been maintained that the ripening of the
Graafian follicles and the onset of menstruation or heat stand to one another
in the relation of cause to effect, must be finally abandoned. It is probable that
both series of changes are effects of some more deep-seated ovarian phe-
nomenon."
Studies in the blood relationship of animals as displayed in the composi-
tion of the serum proteins.— Ill, A comparison of the sera of the hen, turkey,
duck, and goose with respect to their content of various proteins, W. B.
Thompson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-6). — In continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 875; 30, p. 68), the author has deter-
mined the average percentage of insoluble globulin, total globulin, and totnl
albumin in the sera of the hen, rooster, turkey, duck, and goose.
Studies in the blood relationship of animals as displayed in the composi-
tion of the serum proteins. ^IV, A comparison of the sera of the pigeon,
rooster, and guinea fowl with respect to their content of various proteins
862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in the normal and in the fasting condition, R. S. Briggs (Jour. Biol. Chem.,
20 (1915), No. 1, pp. 7-11). — This continues the above, giving the average
percentage of the various proteins in the sera of the pigeon, rooster, and
guinea fowl during normal and fasting j^eriods.
The weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, J. Richteb and A.
Bkaueb (Jahrb. Wis.s. u. I'rakt. Ticrzucht, 9 (191 J,), pp. 91-131, pis. 2). — This
article reports studies made of the weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and
pigs, comparing the initial weight with their aftergrowth. A bibliography of
42 references is included.
Texas feeding stufEs; their composition and utilization, G. S. Fbaps (Texas
8ta. Bui. no (1914), PP- 34). — This bulletin contains a discussion of the com-
position of Texas feeding stuffs, their utilization and values, the calculation of
balanced rations, and tables showing the composition, coefficients of digesti-
bility, and feeding values.
Sugar as a feed stuff, F. Lehmann (Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Braunsch/weig.,
83 (19U), Nos. 34, pp. 360-362; 35, pp. 367-369; abs. in Mitt. Ver. Deut.
Schweineziichter, 21 (1914), No. 23, pp. 398-401). — Successful experiments are
repoited in which swine were fed from 0.25 to 0.5 kg. of sugar per day, together
with a grain ration. It is estimated that the sugar effected an average gain of
0.332 kg. per kilogram of sugar fed. It is thought that the sugar raises the
digestibility coefficient of the entire ration.
[Fish as a cattle food] (Nature [London], 94 (1914), No. 2355, p. 430). —
It is stated that in Shetland and Iceland, dry salt fish is fed to cattle, sheep,
and horses. Early experiments by Lawes are cited which demonstrated that
fish-fed pigs were fat and well ripened. Heifers which had been on fish diet for
six months showed an average increase of weight of 54 lbs. per head as against
70 lbs. for normally fed animals.
The use of fish as cattle food, R. C. Wood (Agr. Jour. India, 9 (1914), A'o 4,
pp. 356-361). — It was demonstrated that the addition of f lb. of ground fish
to a basal ration of rice bran when fed to heifers increased their weight prac-
tically as much as an ordinary feed. No ill effects followed the addition of
fish to the ration for cattle and after a little time no trouble was experienced
in getting the cattle to eat it freely. As a fattening feed, it was found not to
compare favorably with peanut meal.
The question of the digestibility of turf, S. GoY (Landu: Jahrb.. 46 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 403-408). — The author reviews investigations on the digestibility of
turf and shows vi^herein it has a depressing influence on the digestibility of the
nutrients, the ferments being rendered less efficient when a large quantity of
this material is fed.
[Analyses of feed stuffs], R. E. Rose (Ann. Rpt. f^tate Chem. Fla., 1914. pp.
107-135). — Analyses are i*eported of cotton-seetl meal, beef scrap, bran, mid-
dlings, dried beet pulp, velvet beans, oats, chops, wheat. Para grass hay. dried
distillers' slop, shipstuff, molasses feed, alfalfa meal, shorts, linseed meal, rice
meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
Commercial feeds, J. M. Pickel (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (1914), ^'O- ^0,
pp. 73). — Analyses are reported of wheat bran, middlings, shorts, red dog flour,
shipstuff, molasses feed. corn, cracked corn, corn chops, corn bran, gluten feed,
beet pulp, rice meal, rice polish, rice bran, wheat, oats, wheat screenings, floor
sweei^ngs, and various mixetl and proprietary feeds.
[Beport of] department of animal husbandry (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914,
pp. 21, 22). — In an experiment comparing skim milk and tankage as supple-
mental feeds for swine, equal nutrients being fed, lot 1 made a total of 669 lbs.
gain, consuming 2.72 lbs. of barley and 6.31 lbs. of skim milk per pound of
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 863
gain; and lot 2, 60S lbs. gain, consuming 3.31 lbs. of barley and 0.35 lb. of
tankage per pound of gain. The cost r)er pound of gain in lot 2 was 5.84 cts.
The value of skim milk for each pound of gain in lot 1 as comitarod with lot 2
was 28.20 cts.
Two lots of pigs fed a ration of crushed wheat, bran, and tankage. 5:4:1, lot
1 being self-fed on dry feed and lot 2 hand-fetl on soaked feed, required per
liound of gain 5.12 lbs. and 4. 88 lbs., respectively. In a second trial lot 1
consumed 4.18 lbs. of feed and lot 2. 5.37 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. In
tliis experiment the self-feeder lot ate more feed daily and gained more rapidly
at a small cost of nutrients tlian did the hand-fed lot.
Two Duroc Jersey sows with 7-day-old ])igs consumed during the time of suck-
ling the pigs 1.220 lbs. of a fee<l mixture com])osed of wheat, shorts, and tank-
age 5:4:1, while the 15 pigs consumed from April 1 to August 15. 3,436.3 lbs.
of the fetxl, representing a total value of $122.68, or 8.74 cts. per pound of
live weight of pigs, estimating the birth cost of the pigs to be $3.
In an experiment to determine the practicability of utilizing cull ewes for
the protluction of early market lamb.s, 20 such ewes were fed during the winter
in an open yard with a shed, the lambs arriving at irregular intervals. Thir-
teen lambs averaging 40 lbs. live weight were sold the first part of April and the
.seven remaining 70-lb. lambs were sold the latter part of June. The ewes cost
$82.42 and the feed $149.68. After the sale of ewes, lambs, and wool, a loss of
$40.59 had been realized.
One lot of five lambs allowed the run of the entire farm during the winter
(December 3 to March 4) and fed in troughs and racks in the open field made
an average gain per head of 27.75 lbs., while another lot of six lambs kept in a
shed with access to a small outside yard well bedded with straw made an av-
erage gain per head of 23.25 lbs. The lambs under shelter did the better during
the rainy season, but during good weather the best results were obtained from
those outside.
Comparative efficiency for growth, of the nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn
grain, E. B. Hart, G. C. Humphrey, and F. B. Morrison (Wisconsin Sta.
Research Bui. SS (1914). pp. 87-107, figs. //).— After reviewing the work of
previous investigators, an account is given of two years' experimental work.
The purpose of the experiments was to determine the rate of nitrogen retention
by growing heifers when the source of the nitrogen in the ration was mainly
either the corn grain or the whole alfalfa plant.
During 1910-11, two Holstein heifers were fed by the reversal method for 16
weeks, one animal receiving 5 lbs. corn meal. 2 lbs. gluten feed, and 7 lbs. corn
stover, and the other 3 lbs. corn stover, 5 lbs. alfalfa hay, 3 lbs. alfalfa meal,
and 4.2 lbs. starch.
During 1911-12, two Holstein heifers were fed as before, except that in this
case the second heifer in each case received 5 lbs. alfalfa hay, 4 lbs. alfalfa
meal, and 5 lbs. starch. The nutritive ratios of the two rations, based on crude
digestible protein, were practically the same, but if in the case of the hay the
" amid nitrogen " be excluded, then the nutritive ratio becomes 1 : 12.4. The
efficiency of the two rations for growth, biised on the nitrogen storage, was
essentially the same.
It is concluded from the results obtained that "on the basis of total nitrogen
ingested, the utilization of nitrogen for growth was as eflicient when the source
was from alfalfa hay as wheu it came from the corn kernel. With high intake
of total digestible crude protein, which in the case of alfalfa includes the amid
nitrogen, the storage of nitrogen was essentially alike on the two rations.
864
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
" There was no sudden decrease or increase in the nitrogen content of the
urine or feces when the animals were suddenly changed from one ration to the
other. This is evidence that the amid nitrogen was being used in the same way
as the true protein nitrogen. It is apparent from our data that full value, at
least for growth, can be given to the total nitrogen of alfalfa hay. The amid
nitrogen should not be considered, worthless. . . . With growing heifers there
was no very concordant rise in creatinin output with increased storage of
nitrogen. This i)i'eeludes the possibility of using this index for these animals as
a measure of the efficiency of a given source of nitrogen to produce nitrogen
storage."
Steer feeding experiments, W. H. Tomhave and C. W. Hickman (Pennsyl-
vania Sta. Bui. 133 (1914), pp. 2^5-272, figs. 10).— Five lots of 12 two-year-old
steers, each weighing approximately 900 lbs. per head, were fed during two
periods of 56 and 84 days, respectively, with the following results :
Summary of steer-feeding experimentn.
Period.
Average daily feed per steor.
0.
•i
'3 §
<
1
N
s ^
a
>.
0
0
73
0 .
f^.a
t-. bo
a>
0 " »
Lot.
1
o
o
.3
Si
•S
<
1
a
3
1
i
e
s
73
=3
-a —
a
0
li
4.3
0
1
P4
►3
I
1
2.78
1.31
1,6s.
P. 70
9.66
Lbs.
£6s.
Lbs.
3.27
4.09
i5s.
9.94
Lhs.
Lbs.
i6s.
Lbs.
1.71
1.69
1.88
1.81
1.50
1.80
1.62
2.05
1.6C
1.97
Lbs.
12.55
13.21
9.25
11.53
11.27
11.94
10.17
10.89
10.67
11.62
Cents.
11.80
\. ..
Cents.
2
"47.I9
30.63
40.42
25.58
19.47
19.81
37.58
21.37
12.33
'2."3i
2.75
13.?9P-=*^
ll: 62,} 1-02
^•^^i\2 16
8.16\ 1 n-
ii.8i!r-"^
8.29l\ . 2.-?
12.72 f *-^^
37.3
TT
1
2
all. 91
611.99
63.6
TTT
1
4.S5
4.9G
""4."37
4.78
2
a 12. 07
611.98
^y
1
9.89
5.06
2.30
2.C9
2.29
2.69
y
2
1
0 12.04
'ai2."6i
6 11.98
Vii."94
63.3
2
'
o 56 days.
6 28 days.
It is concluded that " corn silage at $3.50 per ton is slightly more economical
when used as the sole roughage for steers, than a combination of mixed hay
and silag:e in which the silage is limited to 20 lbs. per head daily when hay.
co.sting $12 per ton, is freely fed.
"A ration of mixed hay and corn stover as roughage, with broken ear corn,
or eorn-and-cob meal, and brands grain, when fed throughout the entire feed-
ing period, is not economical in Pennsylvania. The cattle fed this ration through
the entire feeding period produced 100 lbs. of gain at an average cost of
$12.97, while those receiving no grain during the first 56 days except cotton-
seed meal and what grain was present in the silage, made 100 lbs. of gain at
the average cost of $10.48. ^Yheat bran as a source of protein at $25 per ton is
nnich more expensive than cotton-seed meal at $84 ])er ton. The additional cost
of grinding corn is not repaid by greater gains from steers.
"Alfalfa hay at $15 per ton, when fed at^ the rate of 5 lbs. per 1.000 lbs. live
weight, in combination with corn silage, is not so efficient as a source of pro-
tein as 21 lbs. of cotton-seed, meal per 1,000 lbs, live weight daily at $34 per
ton. The feeding of 5 lbs. of alfalfa hay with 24 lbs. of cotton-seed meal i>er
1,000 lbs. live weight daily as a source of protein in a ration of corn silage and
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 865
coru is not now economical. Alfalfa bay fed in combination witb corn silage
during tbe first 56 days, witb corn added to tbe ration for the balance of tbe
period, reduced tbe cost of gains, but also decreased tbe rate of gain as com-
pared with tbe ration differing by tbe addition of cotton-seed meal.
"Corn silage at $3.50 per ton as tbe sole rongbage is more economical tbau
corn silage and alfalfa bay combined wben alfalfa bay costs $15 l)er ton.
"Tbe cost of producing a pound of gain was considerably less during the
first period, when roughage only was fe<l, than during tbe second period, when
grain also was fed.
" Cattle receiving no corn silage but fed corn from the beginning of tbe
experiment consumed more dry matter daily than those fed corn silage without
corn."
Cottonseed meal for feeding beef cattle, W. F. Wabd {U. S. Dept. Agr..
Fanners' Bui. 655 (J 915). pp. 8). — This is a popular review of work previously
reported from other sources, giving tbe results of experiments in feeding
cotton-seed meal to beef cattle in varying proportions and offering suggestions
for its profitable u.se. " If cotton-seed meal does not cost over $34 a ton, it can
probably be used to advantage in wintering the breeding herd. . . . Cotton-seed
cake can be used very profitably as a supplemental feed for fattening cattle
on pasture. Five times as many farmers should be using cotton-seed meal as
are doing so at tbe present time."
Jersey- Angus cattle, A. H. Kuhlman (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp.
68-72. figs. 6). — Breeding trials being conducted by F. B. Samuelson in Eng-
land are reported in which Jersey cows were mated with an Angus bnll. The
Fi individuals were mated, as were also the F2 individuals. The crossbred
cows of the Fi generation showed a high yield of milk and milk fat, their udders
were very uniform and good-sized, and they were more hardy than their dams,
requiring less close housing during the winter. Tbe F2 individuals showed
marked variations in conformation and color, indicating a segi'egation and recom-
bination of the characters of the original parents. It is stated that the Jersey-
Angus crosses bring as good prices as most beef cattle, and tbe possibilities of
establishing a new breed based upon this cross are being considered.
Shorthorn cattle in Missouri, B. O. Cowan (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui..
12 (1914), No. 12, pp. 91, figs. iS).— This is a history of tbe development of tbe
Shorthorn breed of cattle in Missouri and includes a list of Shorthorn breeders
in that State.
The present status of the cattle industry in Canada, H. S. Arkell (Internnt.
Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp.
1255-1263) . — A statistical review of tbe cattle indu.stry in Canada, showing tbe
distribution of dairy and beef cattle in tbe various Provinces, the exports and
imports of cattle and beef, and tbe status of tbe various record associations.
Cattle raising in the Belgian Kongo, F. Kolbe (Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tier-
zucht. 9 (191.)) . pp. 208-222. figs. 5). — A general discussion of the native breeds
of cattle found in the Belgian Kongo.
The value of castration of Deccan bullocks, J. B. Knight (Dept. Agr. Bow-
bay Bui. 62 (1914), PP- 6, pis. 2). — In this experiment -oith Deccan bullocks, it
was demonstrated that neither early nor late castration materially affected the
weight of tbe bullocks. There was a greater proportionate development in the
hind quarters of early-castrated than of late-castrated animals. Tbe strength
and hardiness were not impaired by early castration, while tbe docility was
markedly improved and the activity was greater.
866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The breeds of sheep of the central Pyrenees, Girard [Rev. Vet. [Toulouse],
39 {19W, Nos. 7, pp. 402-J,12; 8, pp. 460-472; .9, pp. 523-532, pis. 2, figs. 7).—
An account of the native breeds of sheep of the central Pyrenees, their breed
characteristics, and utility value.
Corriedale sheep in United States (Jam: Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 2, p. 96). —
A brief account of a recent importation of 10 Corriedale rams and 54 ewes,
recently made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture from New Zealand.
"The breed, which originated in tbe Province of Canterbury, New Zealand, in
the late seventies and was long linown officially as ' inl)red half-breds.' resulte<l
from a Lincoln X Merino cross and in part from an English Leicester X Merino
cross. It interests the stockman because it offers a combination of wool and
mutton qualities, and the genetist because it ai)i)ears to breed fairly true in
spite of the short time that has elapsed since its formation. In appearance it
is very nearly a blend between the two parents, and there seems to be little
segregation of characters in the breed at present."
The sheep-killing dog, V'. O. McWiiorter (U. ti. Dept. Afjr., Fcnner.s' Bill.
652 {1915), pp. 13, figs. 3). — It is estimated that the total annual loss in num-
bers of sheep Ivilled by dogs in 30 farm States, not including tbe western divi-
sion, is 107,760 head, which although less than 1 per cent of the total number
of sheep in these States, is sufficient to decrease materially the possible profits
and to discourage the development of the industry.
From replies received from croj) correspondents it is estimated that the
present number of sheep in these States can be increased by 1.50 per cent with-
out displacing other live stock on farms. These replies furtliermore indicate
that sheep raising is considered pi'ofitable but that dogs are the main barrier
to keeping them. The author advocates a higher dog tax, thus reducing the
number of superfluous dogs, and the adoption of more effective state dog laws.
An outline of what is deemed a suitable dog law is suggested. Tbis provides
for the taxation of dogs, the identification of licensed dogs, dealing with stray
or sheep-killing dogs, and compensation to the sheep owners for losses. An effec-
tive dog-proof fence is described.
The age of goats according to their teeth, Scheunpflug (Berlin. Tierarztl.
WchnscJir., 30 (1914), A'o. 28, pp. 503, 504; ahs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bill. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914). -Vo. 10. pp. 1337-1339).— The
data found in the literature on the replacing of the teeth in sheep are com-
pared with the author's observations on goats.
It appears that the termination of the period during which the incisors are
replaced is nearly the same in goats as in early-maturing sheep. The period
between tbe replacing of the first and second pairs of incisors in sheep is about
two months shorter than in goats, but the interval between the second and
third pairs is shorter in goats. The temporary molars are replaced earlier in
goats than in sheep, in goats shortly before the cutting of the third molar, in
sheep only after the cutting of the latter or at the same time.
A detailed description is given of the appearance of the teeth of the goat
up to three years of age.
The digestibility of maize consumed by swine, S. C. Guernsey and J. M.
EvvARD (Bioehem. Bill, 3 (1914), No. 11-12. pp. 369-373).— This is a preliminary
report of work conducted during 1909, 1910, and 1911 at the Iowa Experiment
Station, in which four lots of five animals each of 12-month-old 200-Ib. hogs
and of SO-day-old 70-lb. hogs were fed corn in five different forms, and two
digestion trials of 10 days' duration made with each lot. The results are
summarized in the table following.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Digestion coefficients of corn fed to hogs.
867
Method of
preparation.
Whole grain, on
cob
Shelled grain,
dry
Shelled grain,
soaked
Ground grain,
dry
Ground grain,
soaked
Heavy-weight hogs.
Dry
mat^
ter.
Perct.
85.42
86.48
85.40
87.25
88.39
Pro-
tein.
Perct.
74.79
74.39
74.51
73.14
77.13
Ether
ex-
tract.
Percf.
66.85
64.22
68. IS
65.03
59.57
Nitro-
gen-
free
ex-
tract.
Crude
fiber.
PercL
90.67
91.56
90.66
92.65
93.37
Perct.
19.65
43.46
40.85
39.72
39.40
Ash.
Perct.
24.85
23.88
15.98
20.64
18.05
Light-weight hogs.
Dry
mat>
ter.
Pro-
tein.
Perct.
88.86
88.05
87.20
87.22
85.91
Perct.
78.18
76.00
76.24
76.60
70.50
Ether
ex-
tract.
Perct.
72.42
73.85
62.87
59.40
67.91
Nitro-
gen-
free
ex-
tract.
Perct.
93.59
93.16
92.78
92.88
92.11
Cmde
fllTer.
Perct.
43.80
45.42
45.17
42.00
38.92
Ash.
Perct.
20.50
7.36
7.32
10.92
-5.29
It i.s stated that these figures are in close agreement with those obtained in
similar experiments at the Ohio Station (K. S. R., 31, p. 268).
In the 1909-1910 series of experiments a correlation between the digestibility
and time required for digestion was found, which was shown by the average
length of time required for charcoal to traverse the digestive tract. For the
light-weight hogs the average time required with the respective feeds was 70.5,
54, 48, 57. and 40.5 hours, the average digestibility of the dry matter being
90.96, 88.8. 88.09. 88.4, and 84.52 per cent, respectively. For the heavy-weight
hogs the average time required was 38, 48, 36. 36. and 50 hours, respectively,
and the average digestibility of the dry matter was 86.29, 87.04, 84.97, 86.46.
and 88.61 per cent, respectively. The 1911 series of experiments do not corrobo-
rate these results and hence they are not taken as conclusive.
These digestion trials agree fairly well with former feeding trials (E. S.
R., 22. p. 174) which demonstrated that light-weight hogs weighing less than
200 lbs. make the most rapid gains with whole corn on the cob. in the natural
state, while heavy-weight swine make the most rapid gains with the soaked
shelled and soaked ground grain.
[Swine-feeding experiments], M. Popp and W. Felling (Dent. Landw.
Presse, 41 (1914), No. 82, pp. 901, 902).— In an effort to find suitable substitutes
for barley in the fattening ration, 8 lots of 110-lb. pigs were fed 80 days as
follows: Lot 1, fish meal and barley meal, lot 2, fish meal and barley meal with
steamed potatoes, lot 3, corn-blood feed and barley meal with steamed potatoes,
lot 4, yeast and barley meal with steamed potatoes, lot 5, yeast, sugar feed,
and barley meal, lot 6. fish meal, barley meal, and a proprietary feed, lot 7.
fish meal, barley meal, a proprietary feed, and potatoes, and lot 8, fish meal,
barley meal, and rye meal.
Considering the gains made, the cost of gain, the quality of the flesh, and
the feed requirements, the lots ranked as follows: 2, 7, 3, 8, 6. 1, 5, 4.
The swine-raising industry in Canada, J. B. Spencer (Intcrnat. In.st. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1154-
1159). — This is a statistical account of the swine-raising industry of Canada,
discussing the early development of the industry and the present status of the
export trade, especially of bacon.
It appears that there has been a decline in exports, due largely to the in-
creased consumption in Canada. The ex])orts of hog products have until quite
recently been almost entirely to Great Britain, but with the throwing open of
the markets of the United States increased quantities of Canadian bacon, hams,
868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and pork have come to this country. There has been a marked increase in the
pedigree registration of the bacon breeds of hogs and a material decrease in the
fat-hog breeds during the past few years.
Swine, G. E. Day (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 225 (1914), pp. 80, figs. 28).— A
general treatise on the feeding, care, and management of swine.
The breeds of horses in Norway, C. Wbiedt (Abs. in Internat. Imt. Agr.
\_Rotne'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant DiseaseH, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp. ll'DJ^-
1196). — An account of the origin, development, and breed characteristics of the
horses of Norway, one being the native breed known as Fjord, the other a special
breed developed in eastern Norway and known as Gudbrandsdal.
IReport of] poultry section {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 191Jf, p. 37). — From feed-
ing records kept of a flock of ducks " it would appear that in flocks of 20 or
more the feeder would realize about 25 cts. per hour for his time, with in-
creased returns as the number is increased. Ducks, when fed unstintingly,
are retidy for market in from 9 to 11 weeks."
Records kept of the cost of growing the chick during the fattening age " in-
dicate that at this, the most expensive period of production, the cost of feed
exceeds one-half the lowest market price, which in this locality is usually about
16 cts. per pound live weight for prime young stock."
A flock of White Leghorns kept on range and fed by the hopper method
doubled in weight in 57 days at a feeding cost of less than 7 cts. per pound
gained. "At the low average price of 20 cts. per dozen for the eggs produced, a
flock of 39 White Leghorns shows receipts of over 30 per cent above the maxi-
mum feeding cost. That a younger flock and one that had been confined for a
shorter space of time would have shown a larger egg yield is certain."
[Report of] poultry husbandry department (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914,
pp. 22-24). — It has been found that the humidity surrounding eggs during
incubation has a highly important function to perform and that this, taken in
connection with ventilation of the incubator and the supply of oxygen, is prob-
ably the factor to be reckoned with in solving the problem of losses in connec-
tion with the hatching of chickens.
Results of crossbreeding experiments with Plymouth Rocks and Leghorns
indicate that it is possible to produce a bird with a higher egg yield than the
average of either parent, while the meat quality is also such as better to meet
the needs of the consumer.
Experiments on egg laying in different breeds of poultry (Abs. in Internat.
Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp.
1199, 1200). — In these trials conducted at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
College at Copenhagen, of the 7 breeds represented the Leghorns took first place
for both number and total weight of the eggs. Most hens laid the greatest num-
ber of eggs during the first or second year, but there were some that produced
more in the third year. As for summer and winter laying, there was no
large difference between Plymouth Rocks and Leghorns, the former laying a
slightl.v greater percentage of their eggs during the winter months than the
latter. The older hens laid a smaller percentage of their eggs during the
winter months than the younger ones.
The weight of individual eggs was greater for Minorcas and Leghorns than
for White Wyandottes and Houdans. and appeared to increase with the age of
the hens. The weight of the birds increased with age, but only up to the end
of the third year, when they were fully grown. There appeared to be a growth
from autumn to spring and a sinking from spring to summer. This was
especially noticeable in good layers, the body weight of which decreased to a
greater extent than that of poor layers during the spring months when egg
laying was more active.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 869
Broodlness, which was more frequent auioiig Plymouth Rocks than among
Leghorns, was most pronounced in the best layers. It was found that IG
days after mating the hens still laid fertile eggs. When mating was repeated
after a period of more than 16 days, the first fertile egg was generally laid 3
days and sometimes 4 days later. It was found iw.ssible to influence the color
of the eggshell by pairing a cocls of a breed which has yellow or brown eggs
with a hen of another breed that lays white eggs, or vice versa, the breed of
the hen alone being responsible for the color of the eggshell.
Winter egg production, Helen D. Whitaker ( Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
76 (1914), pp. 15). — This gives general information on the selection, housing,
care, feeding, and management of poultry for winter egg production.
How to care for the little chick, E. L. Andrews (West Virginia Sta. Circ.
11 (1914), pp. -'()■ — General information on the care of young chicks.
Experimental studies of hybridization among ducks and pheasants, J. C.
Phillips (Jour. Expt. Zool., 18 {1915), No. 1, pp. 69-143, figs. 9).— This article
reports hybridization experiments in which a study was made of the plumage
characters in wild species of birds, this being almost wholly an investigation
into the inheritance of male secondary sex-characters.
It was found that characters often apparently clear-cut and antagonistic do
not segregate clearly. " There is some evidence that in closely related geo-
graphical races there is a nearer approach to orthodox Mendelism, but this is
never reached, even in back crosses, except occasionally in isolated characters
or in the more undifferentiated plumages of the female sex. In species with
unrelated character complexes there are only slight tendencies to a greater
variation In F2 than in Fi, as is shown in the pintail X mallard cross, or the
Australian X mallard cross. Such variation, comparable to that seen in size
characters, may be explained as the manifestation of factor c^mplexes, out-
wardly expressed in plumage characters, but not by any means necessarily
specific units for these epidermal structures alone. . . .
" Sex-linked inheritance is probably a feature of domestic races in birds.
In wild species thus far examined there is no clear evidence of unequal trans-
mission by the sexes. Both sexes can carry the characters of the opposite sex
through several generations without an additional 'dose' of the character
in question."
Hints on goose culture, Helen D. Whitaker (Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
83 (1915), pp. .}). — General information on the feeding, care, and management
of geese.
Some factors affecting the weight, composition, and hatchability of hen
eggs, H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 9 (1914), PP- 4)- — ^This is a popular
account of material previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 270).
A study of the relation of the chemical composition of hens' eggs to the
vitality of the young chick, L. J. Cross (Thesis, Cornell Univ., 1912, pp. 16). —
In this work the author attempted to determine the relation of the vitality of
the chick to the chemical composition of the egg, and to control the composition
of the egg. The results are summarized as follows:
" The work on the coloring of the parts of the eggs by feeding dyes to the
hen indicates that the fat found in the albumin region of the incubated egg is
derived not wholly from the yolk, but from another source, the albumin itself.
The percentage of fat in the yolk of the weak chick is in some cases less and
sometimes more than in the yolk of the strong chick. The weak chick is equally
as rich in phosphorus as the strong chick. The phosphorus content of the egg
varies but little. There is no increase in the phosphorus content of the egg
94863°— No. 9—15 6
870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
when the heu is fed inorganic phosphorus. Hens on range do not i)roduce eggs
different in composition from those on bare yard.
" There is a variation in the eggs of individual hens in the content of protein
and in the content of fat, Ijut the eggs produced l)y each individual are quite
constant in composition. The sum of the percentiige of the fat and of the
protein in eggs varies but little. In feeding a ration high in fat, or a ration
high in protein, there is no material change in the characteristics of the hen
as regards the amount of fat and protein in the egg. There seems to be no
relation between the protein or fat content of the egg as regards its hatching
power or the vigor of the young chiclj."
An abnormal hen's egg', F. E. Chidester (Amer. Nat., Jf9 {1915), No. 511,
pp. 49-51, figs. 2). — (V description is given of a "gourd-shaped" egg having a
constricted yollc surrounded by apparently normal albumin. This particular
abnormality is tliought to have been caused by a constricted oviduct rather than
from the fusion of two eggs during apposition, induced by antiperistalsis.
The interior quality of market eggs, E. W. Benjamin {New York Cornell
Sta. Bui. 353 {1914), pp. 46, pU. 8, figs, i^).— Topics discussed in this bulletin
are the physiology of egg production; the structure of the normal egg; the
interior quality of a normal fresh egg ; the internal and external factors affect-
ing the interior quality of eggs; and suggestions to producers, dealers, and con-
sumers. A bibliography and several colored illustrations of market eggs are
included.
The community egg circle, C. E. Bassett and W. H. Kebr ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bid. 656 {1915), pp. 7). — This bulletin contains general information
on cooperative egg marlieting and gives forms for use in organizing, managing,
and auditing a community cooperative egg association.
Sodium silieate as an egg preservative {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 26,
21). — It is concluded from two seasons' work that eggs are not appreciably
affected within a much larger range of alkalinity than that exhibited by market
samples of sodium silicate solution. Deposition of silicate from solution is
dependent upon the exposure to air and the amount of carbon dioxid present.
Deposited silicate may be redissolved by boiling with a little lye, and such
solutions are equal in every respect to fresh solutions.
Fur farming in Canada, J. W. Jones et al. {Ottawa: Com. Conserv., 1914,
2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. lX-\-218, pis. 28). —A revised and enlarged edition of
this work, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 373).
DAIRY FARmNG—DAIRYING.
Dairy farming, O. E. Keed {Kansas Sta. Circ. ^5 {1915). pp. 26, figs. 9). —
This circular contains general information on the dairy breeds, the selection,
feeding, care, and management of the dairy herd, together with directions for
making the Babcock test.
Dairying in Switzerland, W. Wright {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 10 {1915),
No. 2, pp. 14O-I4I. figs. 2). — An account of several of the prominent dairy farms
and manufacturing concerns of Switzerland, together with a description of the
method of manufacturing Emmental cheese.
On the importance of meadows and pastures for the dairy establishment.
O. Laxa {Milclnv. Zentbl, 43 {1914), ^o. 6, pp. 145-153).— The author show3
wherein the geological character of the laud influences the mineral content of
its vegetation and how in turn this affects the mineral content of the milk and
its value for cheese making. It is further shown that although the bacterial
content of the milk of pasture-fed cows is much lower than that of stall-fed
• DAIRY FARMINO DAIRYING. 871
COWS, the bacteria that the milk does coutaiu are of a deslral)l(' kind, favorably
influeucing the flavor ami character of the dairy ])roducts.
The comparative efficiency for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa
hay and corn grain. H B. Haut and (i. C IIumphkky ( Wisconsin Stu. Research
Bui. 33 (I91.'f), pp. 108-119, figs. 3). — This material has been previously reported
from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 74).
Feeding experiment with milch cows, or the value of beer yeast, V.
Rennkb (Wchnschi: Brau.. 31 (WlJf), No. ^9, pp. 7/73-^76). — In this experiment
fresh beer yeast when fed in quantities of from 12 to 17 kg. (26 to 37 lbs.) per
head per day as a supplementary feed to milch cows increased both the milk
yield and the milk fat percentage over that obtained by a ration in which either
rape seed cake or palm kernel cake was usetl. The composition of the yeast is
given as water 87.92, protein 6.48, f;'.t 0.06, nitrogen-free extract 4.56, fiber 0.14,
and ash 0.84 per cent.
The effect of repeated injections of pituitrine on milk secretion, S. Simpson
and R. L. Hill (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 36 {1915), No. 3, pp. 3 -i7-351).— This ma-
terial has been noted previously from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 268).
A Danish cow testing association, J. J. Dunne (Hoard's Dairyman, 49
{1915), No. 11. p. 4~4)- — From data presented in the annual report of the cow
testing association on the Island of Funen, Denmark, the author concludes that
it cost more to produce 1 lb. of milk rich in fat than it did to produce 1 lb. of
milk poor in fat, but that 1 lb. of butter was more cheaply produced from the
milk rich in fat.
The average Jersey cow consumed about 1.000 feed units less than the aver-
age red Danish cow, and yielded 22 lbs. more of butter per year. The Jersey
was the more economical butter producer, but the red Danish with a 3.3 milk
fat percentage was the more economical as a milk producer.
In milking a cow on different occasions and from different teats it was found
in a single milking the first streams contained 0.25 per cent of fat, this increas-
ing until the last few streams tested 9.4 per cent.
Data are presented showing the i-emarkable improvement that has been made
during the past ten yeai'S in the producing capacity of the dairies under the
stimulus of the cow testing association.
Rules and regulations governing the operation of the Babcock test {Iowa
Dairy and Food Com. Bui. 11 {1915), pp. 6). — General information on the use
of the Babcock test.
Coming standards of market milk, G. L. Noble {MilJc Dealer, J^ {1915), Nos.
5, pp. 32-35; 6, pp. 14-18). — A discussion of the milk standards of the various
cities and the tendency toward more rigid municipal control.
The bacteriological control of public milk supplies, W. D. Frost {Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 17 {1914), pt. 2, No. 6, pp. 1305-1365, pis. 2,
figs. 8). — ^After a detailed description of the bacteriological methods of milk
analysis used, the author discusses the results of his studies of the different
grades of milk obtained from various sources. Under winter conditions the
raw milks had an average bacterial content of 2,000,000 per cubic centimeter,
those pasteurized in bottles 532,000, inspected milk 159.560, and certified milk
20,000.
The number of colonlike bacteria, i. e.. those fermenting lactose with the
formation of gas, were found in the various grades of milk in the order:
Raw milk, ins?pected milk, certified milk, and pasteurized milk. Bacterium
welchii was found to be present in considerable numbers in raw milks, 3.2
being the average number found to each 20 cc. It was found with practically
equal frequency in pasteurized milks, less frequently in inspecte<l milks, and
872 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. *
rarely If ever in certified. It is thought that the presence of this organism, 3 to
4 per cubic centimeter, is an indication of contamination. It is said that a
high spore count in a pasteurized milk indicates either a poor raw milk, a low
pasteurizing temperature, or contamination with heat-resisting forms after
pasteurization. Certified milk and good inspected milk had .surprisingly few
spore forms.
The rate at which colonies on agar plates incubated at 21° C. develop may
be used to differentiate different grades of milk, being more rapid in the raw
than in the pasteurized or certified milks.
In a stiidy of the curd produced by milks of the various clas-ses at 37° it
was found that raw and pasteurized milks all promptly formed lactic acid
curds, while the inspected and certified milks more frequently formed sweet
or gaseous curds.
A number of milks were heavily seeded with Bacillus coli and then pas-
teurized at 60° for 20 minutes. By this procedure it was found impossible
always to kill all of the B. coli present.
Bacteriological inquiry on sterile milk sold in Brussels, H. Kuffebath
(Ann. Gembloux, 24 (1914), ^o. S, pp. 411-424; a&s. in Intermit. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases. 5 {1914), No. 11, p. 1511).—
From his observations the author concludes that the maximum limit for the
number of bacteria allowable in sterile milk should be about 50,000 per cubic
centimeter, estimated by counts on gelatin plates kept for three days at a tem-
perature of 88° C. At the same time no injurious bacilli such as coli and
tuberculosis forms must be allowed.
Relation of the number of Streptococcus lacticus to the amount of acid
formed in milk and cream, P. G. Heinemann (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 (1915),
No. 2, pp. 285-291. fig. 1). — From his study the author concludes that "the
amount of acid formed in the souring process of milk or cream is not dependent
solely on a definite number of bacteria of the S. lacticus group. Temperature
and the presence of other bacteria may Influence the result. In raw milk or
cream, or in raw milk or cream inoculated with cultures of the S. lacticus, the
number of bacteria increases to a given point and then decreases. At 37° C.
the maximum is reached after 24 hours and at lower temperature after several
days.
" Coagulation of milk or cream is not solely dependent on a definite amount
of acid or a definite number of bacteria. This absence of definite relation
between coagulation, on the one hand, and acid and number of bacteria, on the
other hand, may be due to the kinds of bacteria present, the kind of acid
formed, and the activity of the enzyms produced by bacteria. At 37° extraor-
dinarily high amounts of acid may be produced after several days, due probably
to the activity of enzyms produced by the S. lacticus and to the presence of
members of the group of lacto bacilli."
Milk poisoning' due to a type of Staphylococcus albus occurring in the
udder of a healthy cow, M. A. Barber (Philippine Jour. Sci.. Sect. B, 9 (1914),
No. 6, pp. 515-519). — This is an account of milk poisoning in the Philippine
Islands, where acute attacks of gastroenteritis were produced by a toxin elab-
orated by a white staphylococcus which occurred in almost pure culture in
the udder of a cow. Tlie fresh milk was harmless, and the toxin was produced in
effective quantities only after the milk had stood some hours at room tempera-
ture. Culturally the toxin-producing staphylococcus differed little from a
nontoxln-producing strain, except that the former produced acid in mannite
and maltose agars.
It is said that "cnses of gastroenteritis occurring in the Tropics and in the
warm season elsewhere may be due to a toxin of similar origin, especially'
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 878
where fresh milk is not properly refrigerated before use. This is the more
probable since staphylococci of various types commonly occur in the udders
of apparently healthy co\a'S."
Premature curdling of m^ilk during a thunderstorm, R. Webnicke (Mitt.
Landiv. Inst. Leipzig, No. 12 (1914), pp- 97-129). — In tests made of samples of
milk taken from five cows during a thunderstorm it was found that in several
cases an increase in germ content occurred at the time of the storm, while in
other cases it occurred several hours previous to the storm. It was evident that
the weather coudi lions were conducive to bacterial infection.
These observations correspond to the results obtained by Zieschang in contact-
infection experiments with milk palls and bottles. These changes were noted,
even though there was no perceptible smell of ozone in the air. The raising of
the air temperature is given as another probable cause for the premature curd-
ling of milk during thunderstorms.
Clarification of milk, B. R. Weight (U. S. Patent, 1,122,457, Dec. 29, 1914;
abs. in Jour. Sac. Chem. Indits., 34 (1915), No. 4, P- 196). — "Milk is delivered
into the center of a rotating centrifugal drum and passes through narrow pas-
sages to a peripheral space where the heavier impurities are deposited. The
milk is then returned, in the form of a number of sheet-like streams, thi-ough
other narrow passages toward the center of tlie drum and the outlet. Clarifica-
tion is thus effected without materially changing the distribution of the butter
fat globules in the milk."
Cows' milk for infants in Saxony, E. W. Thompson (Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 155, pp. 65-68).— This is the original of an article
previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 573).
Goat's milk and its uses (Food and Drugs, n. ser., 3 (1915), No. 1, pp. 20-
24)- — This article discusses the characteristics and composition of goat's milk
and its value as a food for infants and invalids.
Making whey butter at Cheddar cheese factories, J. L. Sam mis (Wisconsin
Sta. Bui. 246 (1915), pp. 3-24, fiffs. 6).— This bulletin describes in detail the
source of income, expense, profit, and various practical methods of conducting a
whey separating and churning business. It is stated that the quality and value
of whey cream are largely determined by the sanitary conditions of milk pro-
duction and the care given the cream after separating. Whey cream should
contain 50 or 60 per cent of fat. It should be skimmed early, cooled quickly,
churned promptly with from 75 to 100 per cent of good starter, and kept at a
low temperature throughout to insure the best results. Churning is not deemed
so profitable as separating whey cream, and therefore the smaller factories
usually prefer to sell to a central churning station or to a regular creamery.
Ice cream standards, W. B. Barney (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Dairy. Pood and
Drug Officials, 18 (1914), pp. 226-233). — The author discusses the feasibility of
a fat standard for ice cream, believing that as far as it goes it is very practical,
but that alone it is not suflJcient. It is stated that the use of fillers and binders
should be permitted in the manufacture of ice cream, provided they are of good
quality.
Report to the local government board upon the effects of certain condens-
ing and drying processes used in the preservation of milk upon its bacterial
contents, S. Del^pine (Rpts. Local Govt. Bd. [Ot. Brit.], Puh. Health and Med.
Subjs., n. ser.. No. 97 (1914), PP- 49, pls. 7; abs. in Dairy, 27 (1915), No. 314,
p, ^). — In his studies the author found that the total number of bacteria
present in mixed cows' milk, such as is usually supplied to town customers, was
considerably reduced by the several methods of manufacturing condensed milk.
The reduction was greatest in the case of the manufacture of sweetened con-
densed milk and least in the case of the drying of milk sprayed into a current
874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of hot nir. The drying of milk over heated revolving cylinders occupied an in-
termediate place.
In each of the three methods of treatment there was a stage at which the
reduction in the total numher of bacteria was much greater than that observed
in the finished article ready for sale. The increase in the number of bacteria
observed during the tinal state is ascribed to recontamination.
" The reduction in the total number of l)acteria was almost entirely due to the
death of streptococci, staphylococci, sarcinje, bacilli of the Bacillus coli type,
streptothrixes, yeasts, etc.
"At none of the stages of preparation was the milk ever found completely
sterile. The amount of heat to which the milk was submitted was insufficient
to bring about the death of several .saprophytic and of some pathogenic bacteria.
Among the saprophytic bacteria which were invariably found to resist pasteur-
ization those most commonly detected were sporing bacilli of the types included
under the term B. mesentericus. Some streptothrixes appeared in some cases to
have survived, but the evidence on that point was not conclusive."
Some living tubercle bacilli of bovine origin were found to have survived
treatment of drying milk over heated revolving cylinders, while the drying of
milk in a current of hot air had even less effect on tubercle bacilli. These
bacilli were capable of producing tuberculosis in guinea pigs, but the course of
the disease was much slower than that of the disease produced in guinea pigs
inoculated with the same amount of untreated tuberculous milk.
Experiments relating to the creamery and dairy, A. Burr {Ber. Landw.
Reichsamie InneiTi, No. 35 (1914), pp- 227, figs. 7). — This reports experiments
on methods of testing milk and cream, and the operation of separators and
other creamery equipment.
Report [of] marketing conference held in Chicago, October 29, 1914, at
[the] National Dairy Show (Chicago: Drovers Journal Press [1915], pp. 30,
pi. 1). — The papers given at this conference, which was held in connection with
the Ninth National Dairy Show, were Milk Marketing and City Distribution, by
C. F. Whiting (pp. 4-8) ; The Marketing of Butter, by L. D. H. Weld (pp.
8-18) ; Ice Cream Marketing, by M. Mortensen (pp. 19-24) ; and The Trans-
portation of Dairy Products, by E. M. Wentworth (pji. 24-30).
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Farm animals in health and disease, A. Machens (Die landxcirtschaftlichen
HausUere in gesunclcn tmd kranken Tagen. RaUsbon: J. Habbel [lOl^h PP-
371, pis. 11, figs. 139). — A handbook of instruction on hygiene as related to the
horse, ox, pig, sheep, goat, and farmyard fowl, the recognition of disease
symptoms, first aid in sickness and accident, etc.
Collected papers of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine {Lister
Inst. Prev. Med., Collected Papers, No. 10 (1913-14), pts. 1, pp. 68S, pis. 16. figs.
41; 2, pp. 650, pis. 13, figs. 44)- — ^Part one deals with bacteriological, epidemio-
logical, pathological, and statistical papers, and part two with biochemical,
physiological, and zoological papers.
The biology of the blood cells with a glossary of hematological terms,
O. C. Gruner (Bristol, England: John Wright and Sons, Ltd., 1913. pp. J//+
892, pis. 30, figs. 37). — This work deals with the subject under the headings of
the primordial blood cell, the red blood cell, the lymphocyte, the large mononu-
clear leucocyte, the neutrophile leucocyte, certain phlogocytes, and the cyto-
plastic phenomena of blood-forming tissues. References to the literature, a
glossary of hematological terms, a general index, and an index of diseases
of animals, and authors are included.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 875
Digest of comments on the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America
and on the National Formulary, M. (I. .Mottkr and M. I. Wilbert (Pub. Health
Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. OS {1914), pp. 578).— This deals with the data
acquired from the literature for the calendar year ended December 31, 1913.
Biological products {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 30 (1915), No. Jf, pp. 256-
258). — A list is given of the establishments licensed for the preparation and
sale of viruses, sera, toxins, and analogous products. The products which
may be sold under the law are mentioned.
The formation of antibodies in rats fed on pure vegetable proteins
(Osborne-Mendel stunting food), L. Hektoen {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15
(1914)- No. 2, pp. 279-2S2. figs. 2). — The purpose of the study was to determine
whether or not the formation of antibodies proceeds in tlie usual way in rats
whose growth is arrested by feeding vegetable proteins but in which no dis-
turbance of general health is observed. Two sets of experiments were carried
out, each involving a group of stunted and normal rats. Similar results were
obtained in each case. " It appears, then, that so far as the results of these
experiments indicate, the arrest of growth in rats by the Osborne-Mendel method
does not cause any disturbance in the production of antibodies."
Serodiagnosis of pregnancy, E. Abderhalden and A. Fodor {Munchen. Med.
Wchnschr., 61 {1914). No. I4, pp. 765-167; ubs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 62
(1914), ^^f- 20, p. 1591). — Besides the optic and dialysis methods a third method
for diagnosing pregnancy has been evolved, viz, the determination of the
nitrogen in the dialyzate, the results with which compare favorably with the
former two methods. The ferments may be demonstrated by the refractometer,
the ultramicroscope, polarization, etc., and possibly by staining.
Diagnosis of pregnancy in horses, cows, and goats by the dialysis method,
F. Rehbock {Arch. Wiss. n. Prakt. Tlerheillc, 40 {1914), ^o. 4-5, pp. 324-354).—
The diagnosis of pregnancy in the horse, cow, and goat is deemed possible by
the Abderhalden method (E. S. R.. 31, p. 278) ; with it pregnancy may be
diagnosed 12 to 20 days after conception. When the fetus dies negative
results are obtained.
The use of Abderhalden's test for diagnosing pregnancy in animals,
ScHATTKE {Ztschr. Veterinark., 25 {1913), No. 10, pp. 425-431; abs. in Berlin.
Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., SO {1914), No. 23, p. ^0^).— The method was tested with
particular reference to its value for diagnosing pregnancy in cows. With 54
cows, all pregnant, the test showed positive every time, and with 54 non-
pregnant animals it was negative. The dialysis method is said to be a reliable
test, but it can only be conducted in a well-arranged laboratory.
Experience with the Abderhalden serum test for pregnancy, J. Rosen-
BLOOM {Biochem. Bui., 3 {1914), No. 11-12, pp. 373, 37^).— Uniformly successful
results were obtained with the method. The author is firmly convinced of its
reliability.
On the specificity of placental proteins in skin reactions of the human
body, F. H. Falls and F. K. Bartlett {Amer. Jour. Obstet., 70 {1914), No. 6,
pp. 910-918; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 {1915), No. 2, p. 176).— K local
reaction was obtained with placental protein (E. S. R., 32, p. 579) in non-
pregnant and pregnant individuals. " The difference in the reaction, however, is
neither great nor constant enough to be of value in the diagnosis of pregnancy.
This speaks against the theory that the pregnant woman is specifically sensitized
to placental proteins. The lack of a general anaphylactic reaction also speaks
against the view that the pregnant woman is in fact a sensitized woman. We
realize that the method of preparation of the proteins is open to the objection
that our manipulations may have so changed the substrate that the specific
876 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ferments could no longer attack it and break it down. Tiiat may be true, and
yet other proteins capable of sensitizing and producing anaphylactic shock can
be handled in a similar manner and retain their specificity, as shown by
Vaughn, Wells, and others."
On the protective value of aqueous extract (Hiss) of leucocytes in acute
infections in animals, W. E. Youland, Jr. (Jour. Med. Research, 31 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 367-390). — Leucocytes probably do not contain neutralizing substances
within the meaning of immunity. Leucocyte extracts apparently exert their
actions upon animal infections only in the border line type of infections and are
without curative value in more constant conditions. See also a note by Archi-
bald (E. S. R., 31, p. 377).
The effect of intraspinal injections of serums witli and without preserva-
tives, J. AuEB (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 62 (1914), No. 23, pp. 1799, 1800). —
Experiments were carried out on dogs and monkeys to determine what effects
are produced when an antimeningococcic serum containing 0.3 per cent of either
tricresol or chloroform is injected subdurally. As control injections, horse
serum, without any presen-ative, and Ringer solutions were employed.
It was found that dogs would tolerate up to 6 cc. and more per kilogram of
body weight of 0.3 per cent tricresol without danger, as a rule, provided that
an efficient artificial respiration is maintained. Monkeys would tolerate injec-
tions of more than 6 cc. per kilogram of body weight without any dangerous
effect on spontaneous respiration.
" Tests with serums containing 0.3 per cent chloroform, 0.3 per cent ether, or
no preservative at all, showed that they exerted qualitatively the same efl:ects
when injected intraspiually as tricresol serum, but quantitatively the dis-
turbances of respiration and blood pressure were definitely less. Chloroform
serum caused in general a smaller effect on the respiration and blood pressure
than tricresol serum, but the best results were obtained with 0.3 per cent ether
serum and with serum without any preservative, although both still occasion-
ally produced in the dog stoppages of the respiration lasting a minute or two
and a considerable lowering of the blood pressure. In the monkey, however,
normal serum or ether and chloroform serum produced practically only neg-
ligible effects on the respiration and blood pressure. . . .
" It should be emphasized that respiratory failure is the great danger after
tricresol injection in the dog, and that it occurs only rarely in the monkey."
Preliminary note on the presence of agglutinins for the Micrococcus
inelitensis in the milk and blood serum of cows in London, J. C. Kennedy
(Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 22 (191^), No. I, pp. 9-14, flff- 1; a&s. in Jour.
Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 2, pp. 185, i86).— Although agglutina-
tion was noted in some samples in dilutions of 1 : 20, there were a few reactions
in dilutions of 1 : 300. M. meUtensis could not be isolated from either market
milk or milk obtained directly from individual cows. When diluted milk was
passed through porcelain filters the property of agglutination was reduced
considerably.
Revised rules and regulations for the suppression and eradication of in-
fectious and contagious diseases affecting live stock in the State of Georgia,
effective on and after December 1, 1912, P. F. Bahnsen ( [Off. State Vet. Go.],
Bui. 7, Ser. A (1912), pp. 29). — This is a compilation of the rules and regula-
tions promulgated which became effective December 1, 1912.
Foot-and-mouth disease, F. Proescheb (N. Y. Med. Jour., 101 (1915), No. 8,
pp. 351, 352, figs. 5). — The success obtained with methylenazur with certain
filterable viruses suggested the application of the method to other unknowm fil-
terable viruses. Material obtained from the pustules of two typical cases of
foot-and-mouth disease (in Europe) in cattle showed that with the " usual bac-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 877
lerial stains, carbolfuchsin, methylene blue, and Ciram stain, only a few bac-
teria and cocci were seen, which are, without doubt, ordinary bacterial con-
tamination. With methylenazur, an enormous number of extremely small cocci
in the form of diplococci or diplobacilli, sometimes appearing in short chains,
closely packed together, were made visible. The majority of the micro-organ-
isms are just within the limit of microscopic visibility (0.1 micron) ; the largest
form are about 0.2 micron. They are metachromatic violet blue; few are
stained deep blue. In places where the organisms appear widely separated,
they seem to be surrounded by a small colorless capsule."
The author is not prepared to say whether this organism is identical with the
cocci isolated by Siegel (E. S. R., 27. p. 378).
Foot-and-mouth disease and the number of live stock (U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners' Bui. 651 {1915). jrp. 4, 5). — A brief statement as to the extent of the
occurrence of foot-aud-niouth disease in tlie United States during the recent
outbreak. Less than 0.08 per cent of the total number of cattle in the country
had been slaughtered to January 1, 1915, in stamping out the disease, and it is
pointed out that " if the plague had been temporized with and had gotten
beyond control, the United States would doubtless have had to endure perma-
nently an annual loss of many millions of dollars."
Foot-and-mouth disease, A. D. Melvin and J. R. Mohler (Amei: Jour. Vet.
Med., 10 {1915), No. 3, pp. 162-170, 204-206; Hoard's Dairyman, 49 {1915), No.
8, pp. 295, 298-301, 304, figs. 3).— This paper on the outbreak of foot-and-mouth
disease in the United States in 1914, its history, distribution, methods of
handling it, etc., was delivered before the annual meeting of the United States
Livestock Sanitary Association. Up to February 9, 1915, 111,868 animals in
2,245 herds distributed over 223 counties in 20 States and the District of Colum-
bia had been infected.
[Foot-and-mouth disease in] the National Dairy Show cattle, W. R. Spann
{Jersey Bui. and Dairy World, 34 {1915), No. I4, pp. 450, 451).— This article
considers the effect of foot-and-mouth disease on the animals exhibited at the
National Dairy Show, which are the only ones that have been kept in quaran-
tine during the 1914 outbreak instead of being destroyed. Of the 719 head
712 contracted the disease, while the 7 remaining proved immune or had it so
slight that it was not noticeable. The disease occurred among these animals
in a mild form, none of the 712 succumbing to it, and while the udders of many
of the cows were affected only 6 cows of the entire lot lost one or more quar-
ters. About 75 per cent of the calves that were born while the cows were
affected died. All the animals have been dipped and otherwise disinfected, and
contact experiments with susceptible cattle and swine are being carried on to
determine whether it is safe to release them from quarantine.
Tick paralysis, J. L. Todd {Jour. Par., 1 {1914), No. 2, pp. 55-^4).— The
author describes a number of cases of tick paralysis recorded by physicians in
southern British Columbia. This is followed by a report of experiments car-
ried on with the lamb, guinea pig, and puppy.
" Previous publications have proved that a paralysis in children may be asso-
ciated with the bites of ticks in western North America and in Australia ; that
a paralysis of sheep has been associated with the bites of ticks in British
Columbia and in South Africa ; that the ticks associated with these affections
are of more than one sort; that Dermacentor venustiis has produced paralysis
in lambs and in a puppy in experiments made under laboratory conditions ; that
the paralj^sis following tick bite is probably an individual and novel condition.
"The paralysis of children is not infrequently accompanied by elevation of
temperature and by other constitutional symptoms ; it is possible that symptoms
resembling those observed in children sometimes may appear iu adults who
878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
have been bitten by ticks. Under experimental conditions by no means every
tick bite produces paralysis in laboratory animals. A weak extract of ticks
will not cause paralysis when injected into white rats, even though it possesses
definite power to prevent the coagulation of blood."
Is the detection of tubercle bacilli in the blood of value in diagnosis?
Baetge (Dent. Med. Wchnschr.. JfO (19 Uf), No. 12, pp. 591-593; abs. in Berlin.
Tierdrztl. Wchn-schr., 30 {191 Jf), No. 18, p. 308). — This inve.stigation. made on
man. led to the conclusion that blood examinations made with the object of
finding tubercle bacilli were of no value, even with the severe cases where the
subjects died a short time thereafter.
Determination of tubercle bacilli in the urine, E. Gautieb (Jour. Vrologie,
5 (1914), No. 2, pp. 161-170; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 (1914), No. U,
p. 1125). — The Ziehl-Neelson technique is regarded as absolutely reliable for
detecting tubercle bacilli in the urine, provided the dt^oloration is done with
extreme care with 33 per cent nitric acid and with alcohol.
" The method requires much patience, long centrifuging with plenty of
fluid, and the slides must be examined all over. If the first examination gives
negative findings, the procedure must be repeated with urine voided a few
hours later. If a specimen stained with methylene blue shows red corpuscles,
degenerated polynuclears, but no microbes, the search for tubercle bacilli must
be i-esumed with renewed energy."
The findings in 28 cases are briefly summarized.
The incidence and bacteriological characteristics of tuberculous infection
in children, A. Eastwood and F. Griffith (Rpts. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.].
Pub. Health and Med. Siibjs.. n. ser., No. 88 (1914), PP- 1-104, pis. 6; abs. in
Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 1, pp. 80-83).— The object of this
work was to determine the incidence of tuberculous infection in 150 children
between the ages of two and ten years dying from various causes.
The results are said to supplement those obtained by the Royal Ck)mmission
on Tuberculosis (E. S. R., 25. p. 884; 26. pp. 884-886). In 56 cases there was
no evidence of tuberculous infection, but in the remaining 94 evidence of in-
fection was found, and in the majority of cases the formation of visible tuber-
culous lesions from which the bacilli could be recovered in culture was noted.
In 16 of these cases, although tuberculous lesions were present, the bacilli were
apparently dead. Examples of latent tubercle bacilli in the mesenteric or
bronchial lymph glands of children showing tuberculosis in some other parts
of the body were noted in 22 cases. In five these were of the bovine type
and they were lodged in the mesenteric glands once and in the bronchial glands
four times. Bovine bacilli were noteti in three cases in apparently healthy
parts, once in the bronchial and twice in the mesenteric glands; and the
human type of bacilli twice, in one from the cervical, bronchial, and mesenteric
glands, and in the other from only the mesenteric glands. Death was due to
tuberculosis in 61 cases.
In 16 cases the bacilli present in the lesions could not be classified as to
type, but of the 78 cases remaining, 65 were due to the human type and in 52
of these tuberculosis was the cause of death. The bovine type was responsible
for the infection of 13 cases, and death followed in nine of them.
It is pointed out that distal lesions without lesions at the portal of entry
were exceedingly rare. The uncertainty of conducting feeding experiments
with animals and small doses of bacilli is emphasized.
An inquiry, based on a series of autopsies, into the occurrence and distri-
bution of tuberculous infection in children, and its relation to the bovine
and the human types of tubercle bacilli respectively. A. S. Griffith (Rpts.
Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], Pwb. Health and Med. Subjs., n. aer., No. 88 (1914),
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879
pp. 105-166: ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (191^), No. 1, pp. 83-85).—
This work, the second series of investigations, was carried out with a view to
ascertaining (1) the frequency of tuberculous infection, latent or manifest, ia
childhood; (2) the distribution of the disease within the body; and (3) the
relative Incidence of the bovine and the human types of the tubercle bacillus.
The tests employed to distinguish between the human and bovine types of
bacilli were the cultural characters .shown by growths upon glycerinized media
and the virulence for certain species of animals. Attention is drawn to certain
important factors in carrying out the virulence tests.
" In all, 91 strains from various sites in the bodies of 35 children were tested;
of these strains 21 were obtained direct and 70 through the guinea pig. Seventy-
two strains from 28 cases exhibited the cultural characters of the human
tubercle bacillus, and 16 strains from 6 cases grew like bovine tubercle bacilli.
In every case from which two or more strains were isolated the cultural char-
acters of the strains were identical. In one case, a child aged five years who
died from meningitis, both human and bovine bacilli were proved to have been
present in the bronchial glands. The cultures in this case were obtained through
guinea pigs. . . . None of the bovine strains was isolated from children over
four years of age. . . .
" Bacilli of the human type were isolated from 26 diseased children and from
two that were apparently healthy. In 16 of the 26 the bronchial glands were
most severely affected."
Guinea i)igs were inoculated with material from apparently healthy bronchial
and mesenteric glands obtained from children showing no macro-scopic evidence
of tuberculosis and in only two cases were tubercle bacilli found. These were
of the human type.
" With regard to the portal of entry the following points may be noted : Of
eight cases in which the intestines or mesenteric glands were the seats of the
primary lesions, six were caused by bovine bacilli and two by the human type.
Of 22 cases in which the primary lesions were intrathoracic the whole were due
to human tubercle bacilli. Since there is no recorded instance of a child suffer-
ing from primary thoracic tuberculosis caused by the bovine bacillus, and since
there are no grounds for assuming that the two types behave differently, it
must be held that the evidence tends to prove that in those cases in which
primary thoracic tuberculosis caused by the human bacillus exists the path of
infection has been the respiratory tract."
Analysis of the reaction to tuberculin, F. Klemperee (Beitr. Klinilc Tuber-
kulose, 30 (IDUf), No. 3, pp. Jf,ll-4'f5, fit/s. 2^; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
62 (1914), ^0. 24. p. 1932). — It was found impossible to render nontuberculous
animals susceptible to tuberculin by the preliminax'y injection of tuberculin.
Consequently the tuberculin reaction can not be considered a phenomenon of
anaphylaxis. Animals with a local tuberculous process lose their susceptibility
to tuberculin for a time after the local process is excised. This apparently
shows that the tuberculin reaction is not due to antibodies circulating in the
blood.
Tracings and tabulated details of the experiments on rabbits and guinea pigs
and .some clinical data are given.
An aid to prognosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. A simple urinary test:
The urochromogen reaction of Weisz, J. Metzgeb and S. II. Watson {Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 (191^), No. 2Ji, pp. 1886-1888).— The Weisz urochromogen
test was tried on 113 patients. The conclusions drawn are as follows:
" The presence of a urochromogen reaction in the urine of a patient sick
with pulmonary tuberculosis is for the time being of unfavorable prognostic
import. The persistent presence of a urochromogen reaction in the urine, in
880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
spite of proper treatment, probably means a hopeless prognosis. Its absence is
generally, though not Invariably (regardless of how sick the patient seems),
of good prognostic import. Its prompt and continued disappearance soon after
treatment is instituted, in a patient who showed it before treatment, so far as
our experience goes, is a favorable prognostic sign ; but it will take several
years' observation of these particular patients to determine this point con-
clusively.
" Finally, it is not an invariable guide to prognosis, but in the majority of
cases is of much value, and as all prognoses must be good, bad. or doubtful, it
will, if judicially used, help materially to reduce the number in the doubtful
class."
Curative tests against tuberculosis, Velasko {Milnchen. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
65 (1914), No. 11, pp. 2^8. 21t9). — A six-year-old ox having typical clinical signs
of pulmonarj' tuberculcsis was given two injections of Burow's tuberculosan
with the result that the animal in one-half year's time could have been sold to
a butcher at a profit. A young cow having the clinical signs of tuberculosis and
also giving a positive opthalmic reaction was ti'eated with three doses of Klim-
mer's antiphymatol. Five months later all signs indicating a pathological con-
dition had vanished.
The destruction of the vitality of Cysticercus bovis by freezing, B. H.
Ransom {Jour. Par., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 5-9). — Experiments conducted by the
author show that if measly beef carcasses are exposed for six days to a tem-
perature not exceeding 15° F. the vitality of the cysticerci will be destroyed;
" that some may survive in carcasses exposed for five days to this temper.^ ture.
though it is doubtful whether they will retain sufficient vitality to develop in
the human host; and finally that a considerable proiwrtion may survive in car-
casses exposed to a temperature of 1'5° for four days or less."
Under the new regulations governing the inspection of meat (E. S. R.. 32, p.
777), instead of being refrigerated for three weeks as heretofore carcasses re-
tained on account of C 'bovis, of which there have been more than 40,000
annually, will be held for six days at a temperature not higher than 15" and
then released for food. Thus the refrigei'ation expense will be greatly reduced
since only about a third as much cold will have to be produced for each carcass
and only about a third as much storage space will be required to take care of
the carcasses.
References to the literature are appended.
Division of veterinary science, M. H. Reynolds {Minnesota Stn. Rpt. 1914.
pp. 49-55). — The total loss in the State from hog cholera, both direct and indi-
rect, is estimated at not less than $5,000,000 for the year. The production of
serum increased from 25.000 cc. in 1908 to 1.000.000 cc. in 1913.
An investigation of several proprietary hog-cholera cures and preventives
showed that Benetol apparently has no immunizing value when given to healthy
hogs exposed to infection and has no curative value when administered to hogs
in different stages of the disease. When given internally by drench, unless
highly diluted, it is irritating to the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract
and when injected intramusculai'ly is followed by extensive abscess formation.
In a similar series of exiieriments Hudson Hog Cholera Remedy gave very
unsatisfactory results, and preliminary trials with Hog Cholera Specific were
in no way encouraging and were discontinued entirely when analyses showed
that the so-called remedy consisted of a small amount of potassium iodid.
The standardization of antihog-cholera serum, T. P. Haslam and O. M.
Franklin {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 251-261. fig. i).— The
object of this investigation was to ascertain if the various sources of error
affecting tlie methods of standardization of antihog-cholera serum may be re-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 881
duced or eliminated. When pigs are inoculated witli increasing amounts of
serum and virus, a point is readied at which the pigs no longer show more than
a transient fever. This disease is regarded as the protective dose of the serum.
Desiccation appeared to have no effect upon the potency of the serum. When
the red blood cells were removed from a serum It was definitely more potent
than the serum containing the cells. Seinim stored in aluminum vessels for 24
hours was not necessarily affected in ])otency.
A contribution to the shoat typhoid (Ferkeltyphus) problem, H. Weidlioh
(Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), A^OS/ 10, pp. 728-730, 761, 762; 11, pp. 796-
798, 837, 838; 12, pp. 870, 871).— A translation from the German of the article
previou.sly noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 83).
The present state of knowledg-e of swine fever with special reference to
the available statistics, M. Gheenwood, Jr. (Lister Itist. Prev. Med., Collected
Papers, No. 10, pt. 1 (l<)13-lJf), Paper 12, pp. 60+111).— A statistical study
made at the request of the National Pig Breeders' Association to determine the
present state of our knowledge regarding the pathological and administrative
procedure relative to swine fever, with special reference to the serum treat-
ment In England and abroad. " The report is divided into the following sec-
tions : The pathology and bacteriology of swine fever and swine plague ; the his-
tory of swine fever and swine plague; the statistical history of swine fever in
Great Britain; the statistical history of swine fever and swine plague on the
Continent; the experimental basis of immunization; the statistical evidence
relating to immunization. Certain statistical data on American field experi-
ments are analyzed in an appendix." The principal conclusions drawn are the
following :
" There is strong experimental evidence that both serum and simultaneous
(serum and virus) inoculations enable treated animals to withstand infective
conditions which prove fatal to the large majority of untreated animals. The
duration of this power to withstand fatal infection lasts much longer in animals
treated by the simultaneous method. There is prima facie evidence that the
same conclusions hold in field practice. The statistics upon which the third
conclusion rests are incomplete in various ways, and deductions made from
them are subject to suspicion owing to possible fallacies or errors. There is
no reliable evidence for or against the view that simultaneous inoculation, prop-
erly carried out, is liable to convey infection to healthy pigs. Dorset and his
colleagues' original experiments suggest that this danger depends upon the suc-
cess with which the dose of serum counterbalances the dose of virus, and that
a vaccinated animal without symptoms of illness is no danger to others."
Sacks as carriers of swine fever, J. F. D. Txttt (Vet. Jour., 70 (1914), ^o.
472, pp. 513, 514). — "The writer believes that the fact that sacks are fertile
agents of propagation of the infection has long been recognized by the general
practitioner, who has unfortunately only too small a share in the control of the
disease."
Report on the results obtained by the special committee for investigation
of infectious anemia of the horse (Vet. Jour., 70 (1914), No. 474, pp. 604-627,
figs. 2). — This is the report of a special committee organized by the Japanese
Government in July, 1909, for the investigation of infectious anemia of the
hor.se. The appointment was brought about through outbreaks of the disease in
several important breeding districts in Hokkaido and in the northeastern part
of Hondo, the main island of Japan. The investigation was continued up to
March, 1914, during which time more than 1,000 animals, including 980 horses,
1 donkey, 7 calves, 5 goats, 6 sheep, 7 pigs, and a few other small animals were
experimented witli.
882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The report considers the history of the appearances and spread of the disease,
its pathogenesis, modes of infection, symptomatology, course and prognosis,
therapy, immunization, and preventive inoculation and disinfection. A draft
of regulations for its prevention is appended. In investigating its appearance
and spread among horses in Japan, it was found that very few cases developed
in the stable but on ])asture it easily spread with astounding rapidity, a great
majority or the entire herd succumbing to it. The experiments conducted led
to the conclusion that tlie entrance of the virus into a healthy individual
through its alimentary canal can actually take place but that if it takes place
in nature it must be a very slow and liuilte<^l process. They demonstrate that
the disease can be transmitted without intercour.se between healthy and sick
horses when the free access of insects is not jirevented.
In pasturing experiments the disease was spread in both May and June when
horseflies {Chrysopus japonicus and Hcentatopota tristis) appear and in July
and August when several species of Tabanus occur, thus leading the committee
to conclude that horseflies are the real transmitters of infectious anemia among
horses in Japan. It is known that horses become immune to the disease but the
results of preventive inoculation experiments thus far have been negative.
The use of artificial sera for strangles in horses, Sustmann {Berlin. Tier-
drztl. WcMischr., 30 (1914), No. 29, pp. 516, 517). — Good results were obtained
in severe and atypical cases by giving subcutaneous injections of artificial sera
composed of the following ingredients: (1) (Hayem's) sodium chlorid 5 gm.,
sodium sulphate 10 gm., boiled water to make 1,000 cc. ; (2) sodium chlorid 2i
gm., sodium sulphate 5 gm., sodium nucleinate 2 gm., and boiled water to make
500 cc. Both of these solutions, which are administered at blood heat, should
be tried for other diseases.
The pathology of pseudotuberculosis of rodents caused by Bacillus pseudo-
tuberculosis rodentium, T. Messerschmidt and Keller {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infek-
tionsJcrank., 77 (1914), No. 2, pp. 289-303) .—This work deals briefly with the
morphological, cultural, and serological characteristics of B. pseudotuberculosis
rodentium, its resistance to heat and disinfectants, pathogenicity for experi-
mental ai^imals, etc. Histologic studies are also reported upon.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation development in Montana, S. T. Harding (Montana Sta. Bui. 103
(1915), pp. 211-336, figs. 9). — This bulletin was prepared under a cooperative
agreement between this Office and the Montana Station. It does not deal with
the practice of irrigation, but gives data as to the present and prospective irri-
gation development of the State based on a study of the available water supply
and of the lands so situated as to be capable of irrigation, which are described
in eight divisions according to climatic, physical, and agricultural conditions.
Considerable statistical and legal data with reference to agriculture and irriga-
tion in the State are given and irrigation projects in the different divisions are
described in detail.
It is stated that there is now leaving Montana an average of from 30,000,000
to 35,000,000 acre-feet of water per year. The direct flow without storage would
supply, if fully used, about one-third this amount.
Drilling 30-inch wells for irrigation, F. W. Park (Irrig. Age. 30 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 393-395, 415, figs. 5). — It is the main purpose of this article to explain
how these large diameter wells are sunk to receive deep-well pumps.
Solving the silt problem, L. C. Hill (Engin. Ree.. 10 (1914), No. 23, pp. 609,
610). — The author suggests for muddy streams in the Southwefit the cr.r.stmo-
tion of reservoirs at the head of the irrigation canal systems to prevent the
RURAL ENGINEERING. 883
fllliug up of irrigation cauals and the cliokiug of lieadworks. He considers
the danger of the silting up of such reservoirs to be negligible.
Water for irrigation and stock, J. C. Bbunnich {Queensland Agr. Jour., n.
ser., 2 (1914). Xo. H. pp. -iOG-^lO). — Notes are given on water in general and on
the conditions under which waters are suitable for irrigation and stock watering.
Economical duty of pumps, F. H. Carter (Engin. Rcc, 10 (1914), Xo. 2.3, pp.
618-620. figs. 4). — The author gives an analysis of the co.st of pumps and pump-
ing engines and comparisons between special tests and every-day duty. Dia-
grams are presented showing the estimated cost of steam pumping engines, the
economic duty of pumping engines, and means of finding the comparative
economy for pumping engines of different duties.
A report on the methods and cost of reclaiming the overflowed lands
along the Big Black River, Mississippi. I.. A. Jones, W. J. Schlick, and C. E.
Ramsee (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 181 {1915), pp. 39, pis. 11, figs, i.9).— This report
is based on a survey of the overflowed lauds along the Big Black River, which
was finished August 15. 1913. It describes briefly the conditions found, dis-
cusses the drainage problems encountered, and presents the plan of drainage
considered most practicable.
The area to be improved comprises 133,460 acres of bottom land bordered by
rough rolling land and steep hills. The valley has a fall of 3 ft. per mile at the
upper end of the district which gradually decreases to 1^ ft. at the lower end.
The soil of the Big Black bottoms is very uniform in texture and is composed
of a silty loam underlain by clay.
From studies of run-off in watersheds similar to and in the same general
locality as the Big Black watershed, the following formula of the Murphy type
was deduced upon which the design of all levee improvements was based :
0_ 18700
Q=discharge in second-feet from each square mile and l/=the watershed area
in square miles. For computing the size of all ditches the following formula
was deduced :
M
The general plan as proposed for the drainage of the Big Black River bottoms
consists of the construction of a main ditch and of the necessary laterals at
the upper end of the valley, the construction of levees, the clearing of a flood-
way through the bottoms, including the present river channel, and provision
for interior drainage by the construction of ditches and the clearing of present
channels.
" In computing the sizes of ditches and levees and the capacities of the flood-
ways, the Chezy formula. v=c-y/rs, was used. In this formula c is ... de-
termined by Kutter's formula, in which the coefficient of roughness, n, was
taken at 0.030 for ditches, 0.035 for cleared channels, and 0.040 for floodways.
To provide a margin of safety, ditches were given a depth of 1 ft. greater than
that computed as necessary to handle the discharge. The tops of the levees
were taken at 3 ft. above the high-water line as computed. . . .
" To carry out this work 3G drainage districts are planned, having a total
area of 96,088 acres. The estimated cost of this work, exclusive of that of
clearing the main floodway, varies in the different drainage districts from
$15.72 to $44.36 per acre, the average cost per acre for the entire 36 districts
being $23.06."
Tables of run-off data, bench-mark locations, and a number of maps of the
proposed improvements are appended.
884 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Reclamation of the swamp and overflowed lands of North Carolina, J. H.
Pratt (2V. C. Oeol. and Econ. Survey Press Bui. 13^ {1914), PP- 6). — In dis-
cussing drainage conditions in the State data are given showing that there are
46 districts in the swamp areas and 34 districts in the overflowed areas which
will reclaim an aggregate of 942,121 acres. It is stated that thorough drainage
pays and is one of the most profitable investments in the State.
Preventing erosion in Piedmont drainage districts (.Y. C. Ge(jl. and Econ.
Htirrri/ Press Bui. ISS {l!)l/f). pp. F)). — Brief instructions for preventing erosion
are given.
Topographic surveys for drainage districts, J. S. Bowman iProc. Iowa
Engin. Soc, 26 (1914), pp. 96-100). — The author discusses the process of
topographic surveying for drainage districts, emphasizing as essential features
the completeness of data for the design and its reasonable cost.
Cost of excavating drainage ditches with steam and electric machines
(Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), A'c 26. pp. 704. 70.5). — Comparisons are made of drag-
line and suction dredges operated on the North Side Minidoka Project of the
U. S. Reclamation Service, in which work both steam and electric machines
were used. " While the latter were much higher in first cost, the operating ex-
pense has been so much lower than with steam machines that this handicap
has not merely been overcome, but a substantial saving recorded as against the
performance of the steam machines." Detailed cost data are given.
Subsoiling demonstration with explosives, D. Turner (Ann. Sci. Bui. Rf/y.
Agr. Col. Cirencester, No. 4-5 (1912-13), pp. 79-81). — Subsoiliug with explosives
in a heavy calcareous loam produced no increase in the crop of potatoes the
following season. This result is attributed to the wet condition of the soil
during blasting and to the use of too heavy charges of explosive.
Location and construction of highways in mountain country, F. W. Harris
(Engin. News, 72 (1914), No. 25. pp. 1199-1201. figs. 5).— This article deals
with pioneer road construction and improvement when the problem is to get as
many miles of good passable highway as possible for a fixed appropriation, with
particular reference to far western conditions. The author argues against the
5 per cent maximum grade and points out many of what he considers to be its
fallacies for such highways. The successful use of a drag-line scraper on such
works is described.
Bituminous macadam roads in Rhode Island, I. W. Patterson (Municipal
Engin., 47 (1914), No. 6, pp. 437-441). — The results obtained with a number of
test sections of road laid in 1909 led to the conclusion that " upon the whole,
the cold-mixing method of constructing bituminous macadam as practiced in
Rhode Island appears to be an economical pavement for motor vehicle traffic.
It does not appear to the writer as suitable for heavy horse-drawn traffic or for
a heavy mixed traffic."
Standard small culverts recommended by the Illinois Highway Commis-
sion (Engin. and Contract., 42 (1914), ^'>- 25. p. 572. figs. 5). — Drawings and
tables of quantities for concrete culverts used by the Illinois State Highway
Commission are given.
Steel bridge standards of the Iowa Highway Commission, E. F. Kelley
(Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), No. 24, pp. 631, 632, figs. 5).— The types of structure
adopted by the commission are : I-beam spans with 16, IS, and 20 ft. roadways
for spans from 16 to 32 ft., inclusive ; pony trusses with 16 and IS ft. roadways
for spans from 35 to 100 ft., inclusive ; and through trusses with 16 and 18 ft.
roadways for spans from 100 to 150 ft. Expansion is provided by sliding or
rocker shoes.
Experiments on road dust prevention, W. A. Thain (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roy.
Agr. Col. Cirencester, No. 4-5 (1912-13). pp. 102-104) .—Tests of granular cal-
RURAL ENGINEERING. 885
cium chlorid led to the conclusion that it appears to be a particularly suitable,
effective, and cheap dust preventive for estate and farm roads.
Ontario highway laws (Toronto: Comr. Jlif/hwaijs, 191 '/, pp. l-'t~i). — The text
of these laws is j^iveu.
Notes on the tests of some large reinforced concrete pipe, W. J. Sciilick
(lotca Engineer, 15 (1914), No. 3, pp. lOJ-ltO, figs. 5). — Tests of the supportini?
strength of a number of reinforced concrete bell and spigot tile in 8-ft. lengths
and with diameters of fi'om IS in. to 48 in. are reported. The reinforcing in
the 3G-in. and 48-in. pipe was of i-in. bars spaced 3 in. and 3| in., respectively,
with §-in. longitudinal bars to which the circular rings were wired. Triangular
mesh reinforcing was used fur the other three sizes, No. 4 mesh being used for
the IS-in. pipe and No. 23 mesh for the 24-in. and 30-in. sizes.
In the bar reinforced pipes cracking, esiiecinlly on the sides, was confined
to a few main cracks, while in the mesh reinforced pipes the cracking in the
sides was much more distributed and regular. In all cases cracking in the
top and bottom was confined to a fewer number of cracks than in the sides, and
there was apparently no fixed relation between the load at which cracking be-
gins and the maximum load. "All difference in the character and number of
cracks seems to be traceable to the amount, kind, and location of the rein-
forcing." Corrugated reinforcing was no more effective than smooth rein-
forcing. The elongation of the horizontal diameter of the pipe at the critical
load averaged from 0.05 to 0.75 in. " For lateral extension of 0.01 in. to 0.05
in. the ditch filling would not be sufficiently compressed to give any lateral
support. ... It seems evident that some method of anchoring the reinforcing
at the top and bottom would have made the steel more effective. The develop-
ment of the principal side cracks so near to the point where the reinforcing
crosses the neutral axis indicates that the reinforcing would have been more
efficient had it been so located as to cross the neutral axis of the pipe wall at
the 45-degree point. Although no definite turning point was evident during the
tests, the data show that the stife load for these pipes was somewhat less than
one-half the ma.ximum load."
Farm surveying, R. H. Smith (Farm Engin.. 2 (1914), Xo. 5. pp. 83-85,
figs. 5). — This article describes and illustrates the process of leveling with
homemade instruments.
Alcohol as fuel, B. O. Jenkins (Set. Amer., Ill (1914), No. 25, p. 509).— In
summarizing the relative positions of the possible sources of cheap industrial
alcohol, particularly for use in farm gas engines, it is stated that colonial-grown
maize stands first in importance, followed by wood sawdust. " With the present
information available, neither potatoes, beets, nor peat appear as favorable as
is generally supposed."
Electricity in rural districts, J. L. White (Jour. Electricity, 34 (1915),
No. 1, pp. 10, 11). — ^^This article gives suggestions as to the means whereby
central stations can increase the use of electric current in rural districts.
Small motor applications for farm work, C J. Rohrer (Trans. Amer. 8oc.
Agr. Engin., 7 (Wl.i). pp. 151-176, figs. 15).— The author deals with the use of
electricity on the farm. He points out that electricity is being used for over
325 different farm operations, of which there are 50 in the farm home, 20 in
the dairy, and 30 for farm and field machineiy.
It is stated that 1 cent's worth of electricity at 10 cts. per kilowatt-hour will
operate a 6-lb. flatiron for fifteen minutes, drive an electric vacuum cleaner long
enough to clean 450 sq. ft. of carpet, lift 100 gal. of water 100 ft., keep a heat-
ing pad hot for from two to three hours, or run a sewing machine two hours,
a 12-in. electric fan two hours, or a buffer ard grinder 1} hours.
94863°— No. 9—15 7
886
EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tests made on an eight-macliine milking equipment driven by a 3-horsepower
motor indicate that the power cost is about 2 mills per cow with electricity at
10 cts. per kilowatt-hour. The average load on the motor was 2.3 horsei)ower
and the vacuum maintained by the pump was 15 in. A test of a feed grinder
running at 650 revolutions per minute and driven by a 5-horsepower motor
showed the power consumi)tion when grinding corn to be 0.433 kilowat-hour
per bushel. Tests on another grinder driven by a 15-horsepower motor showed
a current consumption of 0.411 kilowatt-hour per bushel.
Results secured with a small thresher having a 2S-in. cylinder and a 42-in.
sepai'ator and driven by a 15-hor.sepower electric motor showed that the ix)wer
consumption incident to threshing a ton of oat straw averaged about 2.G2, of
barley 2.36, and of wheat 2.27 kilowatt-hours. The power consumption per
bushel of oats averaged 0.07, of barley 0.108, and of wheat 0.16 kilowatt-hour.
The sizes of motors suggested to be used for different farm operations are
given in the following table :
Sizes of )notors to use on different machines.
Machine.
Household machines:
Sewing machine
Buffer and grinder. . .
Vacuum cleaner
Ice-cream freezer
Washing machine
Meat grinder
Water pump
Dairy machines:
Water pump
Cream separator
Churn
Milking machine,
vacuum system.. . .
Refrigeration
Farm machines:
Feed grinders (small) .
Feed grinders (large).
Silage cutters
Shredders and busk-
ers
Threshers, 19-in.
cylinder....
Horsepower of motor.
Mini-
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Size
most
com-
monly
used.
Both.
hi
i
hi
15
15-20
Horsepower of motor.
Machine.
Mini-
mum.
Farm machines— Contd.
Threshers, 32-in.
cylinder
Corn shellers, single
hole
Power shellers
Fanning mills
Grain graders
Grain elevators
Concrete mixers
Groomer, vacuum
system
Groomer, revolving
system
Hay hoists
Root cutters
Cordwood saws
Wood splitters
Hay balers
Oat crushers
30
2
Maxi-
mum.
Size
most
com-
monly
used.
rarm experience with the tractor, A. P. Yerkes and H. H. Mowry ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 174 (1915), pp. U). — This bulletin reports data based on the
experience of a large number of both successful and unsuccessful u.sers of
tractors west of the Mississii)pi River, as well as replies to a circular sent out
to bankers in that section.
Attention is called to the fact that the data represent a record of a machine
in the process of development and not of a completed and perfected outfit.
" Most of these tractors have been operated by men who were not properly
trained and equipped to handle them efficiently, and during the first few years
of the development of the gas tractor the machines placed on the market were
mainly large outfits, which were necessarily expensive, and failure meant a
heavy financial loss.
" It is generally recognized that the gas tractor was of great value in rapidly
breaking up large areas of prairie sod in the West at a time when horses were
RURAL ENGINEERING. 887
not available, but after the sod was broken they proved an unprofitable in-
vestment for the individual fanner in a large percentage of cases. A few
owners have found the tractor a very profitable investment, doing its work more
satisfactorily and uuich cheaper than could be done with liorses, while a great
many discontinued its use after a trial. The percentage of owners reporting
favorably regarding the tractor decreases with the length of time they have
used their outfit, due partly to the fact that the older machines were not as
good as the later ones, but mainly to a better realization of the tractor's value
in their work. . . . Owners who report unfavorably regarding the tractor ob-
tain poorer average results than those who state that the tractor is a good
investment. . . .
" The average life of a tractor as estimated by owners in North Dakota is
about six years, while the average life as estinnited by owners in States other
than North Dakota is about eight years. To judge by the small i)ercentage of
reports received for tractors three or more years old, it would appear that a
large number of outfits three, four, and five years old are no longer in use,
indicating that tlie average life is even less tlian six years. The plowing done
with tractors has been little, if any, deeper than that done with horses. Com-
bination work is not practiced to a great extent, and usually is limited to har-
rows or drags after the gang plow. The percentage of tractors which are op-
erated at night is comparatively small, varying from 11 to 14 per cent, al-
though the tractor's efficiency at night is very good. No injurious packing of
the soil is caused by the tractor's wheels if the soil is in proper condition to]
be worked. The item of repairs has been one of considerable importance i
connection with the use of farm tractors, but the data indicate that a large
percentage of such repairs have been caused by inefficient operation.
" The necessity for the operator of a gas tractor being thoroughly trained
for his work, if a tractor is to prove a success, is obvious. . . .
" The tractors which have been operated by kerosene show, as a whole,
slightly better average results than those operated by gasoline, indicating that the
heavier fuels can be burned at least as satisfactorily as the lighter ones. The
amount of kerosene used per unit of work, however, is usually slightly more
than for gasoline, which would appear to indicate that the combustion of the
kerosene is generally not as perfect as that of the gasoline. This is partly due
to tiie fact that many owners are burning kerosene in tractors equipped with
ordinary gasoline carburetors. . . .
" The data apparently show that the tractors with drawbar ratings of 15
horsepower are giving slightly better results than either the larger or smaller
sizes. The tractor has not, as a rule, displaced its equivalent in work horses
as regards either power or value. Its purchase, therefore, usually increased the
investment in power, as well as in certain kinds of equipment. The necessity
for a large acreage, if the invested capital per acre is to be kept within a safe
limit, is very apparent, although in many farming communities a tractor may
prove profitable on a small acreage, provided the owner can obtain some lucra-
tive custom work for the tractor when it is not required on the home farm. , . .
The modern gas tractor of 10 or more horsepower has thus far. within its
limited area of use, proved to be an auxiliary of the farm horse rather than a
substitute. . . .
"Up to the present time the tractor appears to have made for itself no
important place in the agricultural economy of this country. In a few limited
localities in the West where conditions especially favov its use large tractors
are used by some men with apparent profit. The general situation, however,
indicates that the large tractor is not to be a factor in increasing farming by
extensive methods and on a large scale, for a few years at least. Instead
EXPERIMENT STATTOX KECORD.
there are indications tliat tbe tractor of tlie future must make possible more
intensive agriculture on farms of moderate size, ttiougli the hirge outfits will
probably continue to be used on some of the exceptionally large farms in the
West. It is worthy of note that some of the successful users of tractors were
able to reduce the number of their farm horses. This fact suggests that there
may be a field for farm reorganization to make possible the economical utiliza-
tion of the tractor."
An efficient alfalfa ditcher, L. M. Lampson and I'.. Hunter {Washington Sta.
Popttlar Bui. 81 {1915), pp. Jf, figs. 3). — A ditcher for cleaning out the furrows
in furrow-irrigated alfalfa is described and illustrated. It consists essentially
of a single-shovel plow and a slide drag attached to a wooden tongue. The
I)low pulls against a 10-in. coil spring on the end of its beam. It is claimed
that with tliis device the furrow can be cleaned out to within 7 ft. of the head
ditch on account of the doubletree being hitched behind the plow instead of to
the end of the plow beam. It is also claimed that the draft of this ditcher
is approximately one-thii'd less than that of the ordinary ditcher and that the
weight of the driver upon the slide is sufficient to hold the plow in position.
The trade in agricultural machines in France, G. Coupan {Vie. Agr. ct
Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 18, pp. 469, 470, fig. 1; abs-. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui Agr. Intel, and Plant Disea.scs, 5 {1914), No. 6. pp. 805, 806, fig. 1).—
The greatest quantity of agricultural machines and implements imported into
France is said to have come from the United States, namely. 55 per cent in
1895 and C9 per cent in 1912. The next most important country in this connec-
tion is the United Kingdom, followed by Germany. Mowers, reapers, and
binders are the most extensively imported. French machines are exported
chiefly to the French colonies and protectorates.
How to erect small concrete farm buildings {Cement Era, 12 {1914), No. 12,
pp. 40, 41j fiffs. 3). — Methods of the construction of small concrete farm buildings
without the aid of mechanics are briefly described.
The wooden hoop silo, W. D. Zinn {West Virginiu Sta. Circ. 8 {1914). PP- 4-
figs. 2). — A brief description of the construction of the wooden hoop silo is gi^-en.
The shower-bath system of sheep dipping {Impl. ami Mach. Rev., 39 {1914),
No. 468, p. 1660; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, pp. 809, 810, fig. 1). — This system is described
and illustrated. It consists of a shed 40 ft. long by 12 ft. wide, the roof of
which is of flat perforated iron sheets. The dip is pumped by a 3-in. centrifugal
pump from a tank to the roof and falls through the perforations onto the 200
sheep beneath, the shower lasting about seven minutes. This method, it is
stated, is proving entirely satisfactory, enabling four men to dip 1,000 sheep
per hour.
A house for sixty hens, W. E. Fkttdden {Amer. Thresherman, 17 {1914). ^o.
8, pp. 74, 75, figs. 3). — A house for sixty hens built on the open but closable
front plan is described and diagrammatically illustrated.
Air-cooled apple storage houses, W. N. Hutt {Nortli Carolina Sta. Bui. 228
{1914), pp. 3-31, figs. 23). — It is the pui'pose of this publication to point out
the essential features m the construction of air-cooled apple storage houses
and to illustrate both in plan and section typical storage houses which exem-
plify approved methods of construction and of ventilation.
It is stated that the efficiency of any form of fruit storage house depends
on the insulating of a chamber with walls of such material and of sufBcieut
thickness that the temperatui-e within will be affected as little as possible
by fluctuations of temperature without. Cement concrete is considered to be
one of the best materials for the construction of storage houses. It is further
l)ointed out that in the construction of inexpensive but efficient orchard storage
RURAL ENGINEERING. 889
houses it is iinporlnnt to i:ikt' ;i(lv;uit,i;r(> of tlu> insuhitin.t,' quiilitios of earth
and dead air.
Apertures for ventilation and the intake of cool air are considered neces-
sary for air-cooled storage houses, but windows and doors should be reduced
to the smallest possible number and size consistent with convenience. It is
stated that the exposed side of the house should face the north, where it avoids
the direct sun in the daytime and draws in the coldest air at night.
Ilyirro-tliermograiihic records taken in a storage house of approved construc-
tion showed that in comparison with an, outside variation of 37° in tempei'ature
the storage chamber showed a total variation of only 11°. Similar records
taken in another house showed the same uniformity in temperature, which is
considered essential to the success of the storage.
As- regards the management of an air-cooled apple storage house, it is stated
that in preparation for the crop advantage should be taken of every cool night
to lower the temperature of the storage chamber as much as possible. The
ventilators should be opened after sundown and the whole house closed tightly
before sunup, so as to keep out the warm air. The fruit should be allowed
first to cool overnight and then 1)0 placed in the storage before sunup. As the
weather becomes cooler advantage should l)e taken of it to lower the temi>era-
ture and cool down the fruit as much as possible. When all the fruit is in,
the house should be opened as little as possible and the fruit left wholly undis-
turbed.
It is stated that the general consensus of opinion among practical cold-
storage men indicates that apples should be stored at a temperature of 30 to
40° F. and pears 33 to 36°.
[Construction of creameries and cheese factories], E. H. Faerington and
G. ir. Benkendorf (Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 2U {1915), pp. 20-52. figs. i6).— This
deals with the location and general features in the construction and arrange-
ment of creameries and cheese factories and illustrates and discusses six differ-
ent creamery plans which are considered to exemplify good practice. An inspec-
tion score card is included.
The disposal of creamery sewag'e, E. H. Farrington and G. J. Davis, Jr.
{^yis<■onsin Sla. Bui. 2.'t5 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 9\. — It is the purpose of this
bulletin to describe and illustrate suitable arrangements for the purification and
disposal of creamery .sewage.
It is stated that creamery sewage is not so quickly purified as city sewage
owing to the fact that the curd, oil, and sour milk decompose slowly and the
lactic acid from sour milk has a tendency to suppi'ess the growth of purifying
bacteria and thus retard the liquefaction and gasification of the solid matter.
For this reason where a sedimentation tank is used the waste acid from testing
milk and cream should not be allowed to run into the drain. Clean water used
for cooling puii:>oses should also be excluded.
The septic tank, it is stated, should be large enough to hold at least three
days' sewage. "The flow maybe estimated (1) by assuming that the amount
of sewage from a creamery will be from 1 to 1* gal. for every pound of butter
made, or (2) by calculating the amount of water pumped per day or by meas-
uring the capacity of the supply tank and deducting from the total water
pumix^d the amount used for cooling purposes and not allowed to run into the
floor drain."
Some of the special features to be ob.served in the construction of a septic
tank suitable for the digestion of creamery sewage are given as follows: "The
cover should be provided with a manhole so that occasionally the sludge at the
bottom of the tank may be removed. A grease trap may be placed in the drain
between the factory and the tank for the purpose of collecting machine oil and
890 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
large lumps of suspeuded curd. . . . The inlet tu the tauk should, consist of a
6-in. pipe ending in a*tee supported by IJ-in. gas pipes set in the concrete wall
of the tank so that the inlet will be submerged. A wooden baffle placed across
the end of the tank and extending about 2 ft. below the surface of the sewage
will distribute the liow across the tank and will reduce to a minimum the dis-
turbance due to the entering water. At the outlet end of the tank the discharge
t;ik<'s iiliice in a thin sheet flowing over a weir, which may be made of angle
iron set on the top of the concrete wall. ... A wooden baffle similar to the one
at the inlet end should be placed about* 6 in. from the weir wall to prevent the
scum from passing over or clogging the weir. Preferably the tank should be
divided into two or three compartments by baffle walls iierforated with a num-
ber of holes, so arranged as to distribute the flow uniformly throughout the
cross section of the tank."
Openings are provided in the baflle walls by placing a number of drain tiles
through the forms. " To prevent scum from going through, the upper row of
openings should be IS in. below the surface and to be above the level of the
sludge the lower row should be about 2 ft. above the bottom. The walls should
have an opening under them near the center for the purr)ose of flushing the
sludge to the sludge drain."
The depth of the tank, it is stated, should be great enough to provide for a
considerable depth of scum and .sludge and still leave room for the passage of
the wastes at a very slow rate, which will require a depth of from 4 to 7 ft.
below the level of the water surface. The dimensions of the tank should be so
proportioned as to make the length two to three times the width.
A filter bed should be provided for final treatment of the sewage after it
comes from the tank. The depth of filter should not be less than 30 in. and
preferably from 36 to 48 in., and the area should be such that the rate of appli-
cation of the settled wastes will not exceed 25.000 gal. per acre in twenty-four
hours. A dosing chamber fitted with an automatic siphon for intermittent dis-
charge is considered an essential part of the septic tank.
A two-story sedimentation tank of the Imhoff type in which the solid mntter
in the sewage drops through slots in the floor of the sedimentation chamber into
the lower compartment is described and illustrated as being a suitable device
for the digestion of creamery sewage.
For the suppression of odors from tlie filters the addition of chlorid of lime
to the tank effluent about an hour before it is discharged from the dosing
chamber is recommended. The necessary amount will vaiy with the seasons, but
it is stated that from 1 to 5 lbs. of chlorid of lime to 1.000 gal. of tank effluent
will ordinarily be sufficient.
Design of two residential sewage treatment plants, including settling'
tanks of Imhoff type, S. A. Greeley {Engin. and Contract.. 42 (1914). ^o. 25,
pp. 565-567, figs. 5). — One of these plants, designed for twenty-five people, con-
sists of a settling tank, covei'ed sprinkling filter, and a small secondary set-
tling basin. A tipping bucket drops the dose vmto a splash plate, thence to the
filter. The second plant consists of a settling tank and a subsurface irriga-
tion system in sandy soil.
RTJRAL ECONOMICS.
[Needs of American farm women] (U. ^. Dcpt. Agr. Rpts.. 1915, Xos. 103,
pp. 100; 104, PP- 100; 105, pp. 88; 106, pp. ^00).— These four reiwrts consist
mainly of extracts from about 2,0(X) letters receive<l from farm women in re-
sponse to an inquiry from the Secretary of Agriculture as to how this depart-
ment could better meet the needs of the farm housewives.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 891
Report 103 relates to tlie social and labor ueeds of farm women. The ex-
tracts point out some causes of dissatisfaction and contentment among farm
wdinen. the function of women's clubs, social centers, amusement, recreation,
and the church in improving social conditions, the long hours and overwork,
the difficulty in getting domestic help, and cooperative plans for meeting the
farm woman's household needs. The abstracts also indicate the effect of the
various means of communication upf)n i-ural life.
Keport 104 includes abstracts relating to the plan, equifiment, and manage-
ment of the farm homes. The principal items mentioned are the house, the
garden, labor-saving devices, heating, lighting, sanitation, clothing, preparing
and preserving of food, insect pests, and woman's part in the dairy and poultry
industries.
lieport 105 relates to the educational needs of farm women. They consider
that the education of their children can be improved through better schools,
cheaper books, transportation of school children, less child labor on the farm,
courses in agriculture and domestic science, and boys' and girls' clubs. The
farm housewives consider that their condition could be improved through home
demonstration agents, libraries and reading courses, meetings and lectures,
farm women's institutes, mothers' clubs, school centers, and through special
publications and bulletins relating to the problems of the farm women.
Report lOG relates to the economic needs of farm women and points out man's
social and labor duty to the women on the farm, the desire for financial recog-
nition of woman's work, and suggests gainful handicrafts and home industries
for farm women. Extracts of a more general nature are included relating to
farm loans, rural credit, farm prices, marketing, and methods of distribution.
There is an appendix attached to each of the above reports, giving general
suggestions for the development of farm women, and indicating how farm
women may obtain help under the Smith-Lever Extension Act, and through
other branches of the Government. An extensive list of government publica-
tions of interest to farm women is included.
Economic history of the United States, E. L. Bogart (New York: Longmans,
Green & Co., 1914, 2. ed., jip. zr+557, pis. 7, fiffs. 115).— This book outlines the
economic development of the T'nited States, devoting a large part of its dis-
cussions to agriculture. It also contains an extensive bibliography.
York State rural problems, II, L. H. Bailey (Alhauy: J. B. Lyon Co., 1915,
pp. TI +7-262). — This book, supplementing that previously noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. 491). is made up of 25 lectures or summaries of lectures, delivered by the
author at different places and on different topics, but all dealing with rural
problems.
[Problems of production in agriculture], A. D. Hall (Nature [London], 9/f
(191.',), No. 23.',5, pp. 156-162: 9-i (1915), No. 2361. pp. 601-601).— The author
outlines various means whereby the world's food supply may be augmented,
among them increasing the cultivated area, conserving the water supply as by
dry-land farming, irrigation, draining and improving moor land, properly ap-
plying fertilizers, increasing the efficiency of agricultural workers, and arrang-
ing for the successful employment of research workers.
Ownership, tenure, and taxation of land. T. P. Whittaker (London: Mac-
MUlnn rf Co.. Ltd.. 191Jf. pp. .TA'.Y-|-.77 '/. fifi. /).— This book treats of all land
whether used for agricultural or nonagricultural purposes. It traces the origin
of private ownership of land, the establishment of inclosures. and the lease-
hold systems, and shows some of the relationships between agricultural wages
and the problems of land tenure and of housing in country and town.
Land revenue, administration, and tenures in British India, F. Noyce
(Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Eeon. and 8oc. Intel., 5 (191^), Nos. 11,
892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pp. 125-1 JfO; 12, pp. 8.'J-'J8). — This article outliuoK for P.rltish India the tenure
of land I'elative to the States, the relations of the tenants to the landlords, and
the administration of the land revenue, by showing its historical development
from a system of paying taxes by taking a portion of the cultivator's grain
heap to an actual cash payment based upon an estimated value of the land.
The article also describes the method of .surveying the land and determining
its value.
Cooperation in agriculture, marketing, and rural credit, C. B. Austin and
G. S. Wkiieweix (Bill. Univ. Tex., No. .3.5.5 {191J,), pp. /(9(9).— This bulletin cites
a number of typical instances of cooperation among fanners which illustrates
the causes of both failure and success. It describes briefly a number of typical
farm organizations and how to form cooperative credit unions under the
Texas law.
Bural credits, M. T. Herrick and R. Ingai-ls {New York: D. Applcton d- Co.,
IBllf, pp. XIX-\-519). — The authors have given a historical description of the
various types of agricultural credit found in the different countries of the
world. In addition, there are chapters on ci'edit. its forms and use, special
privilege and state aid, long-term loans and amortization, debentures, princi-
ples of land credit and their application, cooperation and cooperative credit,
and the principles of coojierative credit and their application.
How farmers may improve their personal credit, C. W. Thompson (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 65If (1915), pp. lit). — In this publication have been
considered two general methods whereby farmers may improve their personal
credit: That of temporary agreements with existing loan agencies, the agree-
ments terminating with the payment of the loans, and that of permanent
articles of agreement among the farmers themselves, or " cooperative credit
associations." Three different plans are presented by which the farmers may
improve their personal credit with local banks.
Under plan 1, farmers enter into an agreement with local bankers or with
other persons who supply the loans to adopt a uniform and approved system of
dairy improvement. Those furnishing the fimds buy dairy stock, which is sold to
the farmers at actual cost plus a certain percentage to cover incidental ex-
penses. The lender takes in payment the farmer's personal note, with or with-
out indorsement, or with mortgage security on the stock purchased. Under
plan 2, some additional security is supplied by having the farmers collectively
assume a guaranty for the notes given by the members under an agreement.
Under plan 3, in place of the limited guaranty supplied by the farmers them-
selves jointly, as described under plan No. 2, a similar guaranty from a third
party is substituted, consisting of local business men who realize their common
interest with the farmers in the general improvement of the agricultural con-
ditions in their territory. These men subscribe a certain percentage of the
funds loaned, with the understanding that the money is to be a guaranty fund
to protect the bankers.
A cooperative credit association has the collective security available under
plan 2, and is available continuously for such purposes as may be approved by
the association. This publication outlines how such a.ssociations are organized
and managed and help their members in making the loans productive.
Cotton crop mortgage credit, R. L. Bennett (.4 firr. and Mccli. Col. Tex. E.rt.
Bui. E. S. If. pp. 16). — This bulletin outlines a system for conducting a 40-acre
farm on the all-cotton basis and on the basis of food. feed, and cotton. The
author advocates the changing of the system of farming to one based on food
and feed for the farm and all the cotton the individual farmer can then grow.
Farm credit in "Wisconsin, B. H. Hibbard and F. Robotka (TT*/.*co«.sjn Sta.
Bui. 247 (1915), pp. 66, figs. 12).— This, report is based upon a field study of
RUEAL ECONOMICS. 893
agripnltuiiU crodit in Dane ;iiul Kusk counties and a part of Douglas County,
Wis. Tlie county records of mortgages, statements of local trust and loan com-
panies, bankers, mercbants. and farmers were used principally as a source of
information,
Tlie report indicates that it was more difficult to obtain loans and that the
interest rate was higher in the northern counties than m Dane County, that
the mortgagetl farms are smaller than the unmortgaged farms but have more
live .stock and more invested in buildings, and tliat the average mortgage runs
for about five years. Itusk County mortgages are smaller, relatively more
numerous, and pay interest at a higher rate than those in Dane County.
The local men furnish nearly three-fourths of the money for Dane County
farm loans. Of the Dane County mortgages, 81 per cent are for the purchase
of land as compared with 68 per cent of those in Ruslc and Douglas counties.
Chattel mortgages are more numerous in Rusk and Douglas counties than in
Dane County.
It is estimated that store credit interest is 1.5 i)er cent per annum and the
average account runs for four months.
The report concludes that personal credit is more imperatively needed than
land credit, and that this need is more acute in the northern than in the south-
ern counties. A law providing for farmers' credit unions is also needed.
Amortization schedules and tables, prepared by E. B. Skinner, are also in-
cluded.
The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society (Jewish Agr. and
Indus. Aid Soc. Ann. Rpt. IDlJf, pp. 61). — This report continues that previously
noted (E. S. R., .30, p. mW).
Among the data shown are that 41 per cent of the loans granted during the
year were to i)urchase equi]mient, 2G per cent to pay off mortgages or other
debts. 18 per cent to construct or to repair buildings, 12 per cent to purchase
farms, and 3 per cent to increase the working capital. The report also indi-
cated that 29 per cent of the loans were to farmers who had been on their
farms less than one year and 20 per cent to those who had been on their fax'ms
from one to two years.
[Societies for agricultural production and distribution] {Bd. Trade [Gt.
Brit.], Ahs. Labor t^tatis. United Kingdom, 11 {1915), pp. 2// 7-25//). —These
pages contain statistical tables showing for the societies organized for the pro-
duction and distribution of agricultural products in the United Kingdom the
number of organizations, membership, capital, and business conducted from
189S to 1912.
[The organization of creameries and cheese factories], E. H. Farrington
and G. H. Benkendorf (Wiseonsin Sta. Bid. 2-'f-'f {lOlo), pp. 3-20). — The authors
believe that to insure success there ijhould be at least 400 cows for a creamery
and 200 cows for a cheese factory. They point out the distinction between
proprietary and cooperative factories and joint stock comiianies and cooperative
associations. There is outlined a method of organizing, articles of incorporation,
suggested by-laws, and a scheme for financing the work.
Farm records and accounts, E. L. Currier {Montana 8ta. Circ. 43 {1915),
pp. 81-109, figs. 2). — The author outlines what he considers the salient features
of farm records and how they should be kept. lie believes that the farmers
should n)ake a daily work record, keep account of all cash transactions, and
make an annual farm inventory. He submits model forms and points out some
of the most common difficulties in farm accounting and how they may be
overcome.
The agricultural outlook {U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 651 {1915), pp.
1-4, 5-29). — This number gives the estimated number of live stock on January 1,
894 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lOlo, and iudicates ihjil their number for every class has increased during the
last year, although the number of cattle, hogs, and sheep marketed at seven
of the largest markets shows a decrease.
A prediction by G. A. Bell is given that the big demand for. horses will prob-
ably occur after peace has been declared. At present the demand is primarily
for mediocre animals, but when the war is over the demand will be for high-
class animals for use as well as for breeding i)urposes.
It is estimated that the stock of i)Otatoes on hand January 1. 1915, was
16G.84G,000 bu., which is a quantity larger than that reported during the last
six years. The increased acreage of fall-sown wheat and oats in the cotton
States amounted to 3,700,000 acres, or ten per cent of the total cotton acreage.
Apple cold storage holdings are discussed by C. W. Moomaw. Data are
given as to the production of upland long-staple cotton. Statistical tables are
shown giving estimated total value of 13 crops for 1914. the number of live
stock, their total value and value per head and prices of farm products by
States on January 1. 191.^, with comparative data for earlier years.
Thirty-second annual report of the chamber of comnierce, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. Chamber Com. Minneapolis, 32 (1914), pp. 204). —
This report shows for Minneapolis, by statistical tables, the monthly and
yearly receipts, shipments, and closing prices for grain, flax, mill products, and
hay. It also shows comiiarative data for other cities, together with their ele-
vator and milling capacity and visible supply.
Report of the Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada (Rpt. Bd. Grain
Comrs. Canada, 1914, pp. 160). — This report discusses the work of the Commis-
sion during the year under the to[)ics of inspection and weighing dei^artment.
the public, and country, lake terminal, interior, and " hospital " elevators, and
points out the various difficulties encounterefl and suggestions for improvement.
Monographs relating' to conditions in rural parishes of Portugal {Bol.
Dir. Geral Agr. [Portugal], 11 {1912), Nos. 2, pp. 135, figs. 20; 5, pp. 72; 6,
pp. 118, figs. 26; 7, pp. 61. figs. 2; 8, pp. 98, figs. 13). — These monographs con-
tain an extensive description of the topography, climate, rural and urban popu-
lation, agriculture, industries, and commerce of a number of rural parishes of
Portugal.
[Agriculture in Egypt] (Ann. Statis. Egypie, 5 {1913), pp. 407-437). — This
portion of the annual statistics shows the number of proprietors possessing
farms of specified areas and the area in the principal crops and devoted to
different agricultural purposes for 1912-13, with comparative data for earlier
years. The data are shown for Egypt as a whole and for the major subdi-
visions.
[Agriculture in Madagascar] (Ann. Gen. Madagascar et Depend., 1914. PP-
591-608). — These pages give information concerning vlie development of the
crops, forests, and live stock in Madagascar, and describe the prol>lems of their
production and distribution.
[Agriculture in Java and Madura] (Jaarc. Konink. Xcderlanden, Kolonien.
1912, pp. 60-70). — This portion of the annual report gives the total area in
cultivation and the production of the principal crops. The data are given by
nativity of the operator and for a series of years.
[Agriculture in Japan] (Japan Year Book, 1914- PP- 337-357). — These pages
of the yearbook contain detailed statements regarding arable land, farming
population, tenant farmers, farm products, live stock, and special crops. The
text is amplified by a large number of statistical tables.
[Expenditure for living in urban and country districts in Australia], G. H.
Knibbs (Commoniccalth Bur. Census and Statis. Aust., Labor and Indus. Branch
Rpt. 4 {1913), pp. 32-34). — Although the cost of living was practically the same
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 895
in both districts, the amoimts spent under the different Items varied widely.
For the nrbnn districts 17.17 i^r cent of the total was spent for housinpc, .3S.02
lor food. 12.90 for clothing, 4.40 for fuel and light, and 27.42 for other items.
The distribution for countrj- districts was 8.50. 43.5L 14.:}2, 4.59, and 29.08 per
cent, respectively.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Progress of agricultural education in 1912—13, F. B. Jenks and C. II. Lane
(Rpt. Comr. Education [C7. S.] 1913, 7, pp. 2Ji-233)-.— This is a review for
1912-13 of the loadinij: features of progress in agricultural education in this
country and abroad, inchiding the principal items of interest concerning the
agricultural colleges and normal, secondary, and elementary schools in the
Unitetl States in which agriculture is taught, educational work of the Graduate
School of Agriculture, tlie U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Association
of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the American
Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, the r>epartment of
Superintendence of the National Education Association, the Conference for
Education in the South, and of other conventions, and the principal develop-
ments in agricultural oducntion in other lauds.
[Contributions to the history of the New York State College of Agricul-
ture] {Cornell Couninjman, 12 U^lJ^), Ko. 3, pp. 167-258, fujs. JfO). — This num-
ber contains the following historical articles: The Relation of Ezra Cornell to
the College of Agriculture, by A. D. AAHiite; Pioneer Days in Agriculture, by
I. P. Roberts; The Later Financial and Physical -Development of the College
of Agriculture, by L. H. Bailey; The New York State College of Agriculture in
Its Relation to Agricultural Progress in the United States, by A. C. True ; The
Development of the Faculty, by A. J. Lamoureux ; The Development of the
Experiment Station, by J. H. Comstock ; The Development of the Courses of
Instruction, by G. N. Lauman ; Develoi)ment of the Graduate Work, by W. A.
Riley; The Development of the Land and the College Farms, by J. L. Stone;
The Extension Work at the College, C. H. Tuck ; Home Economics in the
College of Agriculture, by Martha Van Rensselaer; Reminiscences of Early
Cornell Days, by W. R. Lazenby; and Some Cornell Boys I have Known, by
B. T. Galloway.
Record of the alumni of the Kansas State Agricultural College {Manhat-
tan: Kans. State Agr. Col., 191^, PP- 308. fujn. 28). — In addition to the alumni
record a history is given of the administrations of five of the presidents of the
college and of the present one to date, the courses of study, changes in college
life, and attendance.
A preliminary outline of the courses of study in agriculture and minimum
of required equipment for the farm-life schools of North Carolina, E. A.
HoDSON {RaJeifili, y. C: State Supt. Pub. Instr., 19U, pp. 78).— This bulletin
also contains suggested additional equipment, text and reference books, and
lists of publication for the libr;u*y.
Division of agricultural extension, A. D. Wilson {Minnesota. Sta. Rpt.,
191Jf, pp. 59-68). — This is the annual progress report on the work of the division
of agricultural extension, comprising farmers' institutes and clubs, special
trains, rural school work, county agricultural agents, short courses, demonstra-
tion farms, coimty fairs, special meetings, publications, aid to cow-testing and
live-stock shipping associations, and the production of the " Back to the Farm "
play.
The Oka Agricultural Institute, J. M. Liguori {.igr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {1914),
A^o. 11. pp. 901-912. figs. 6). — A description is given of the equipment, courses
of study, and staff of the Oka Agricultural Institute at La Trappe, Quebec. This
v/
896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
institute, which is nearly 30 years old, has been recently converted into a
scientific agricultural institute, affiliated with Laval University, and now grants
the B. S. A. degree. It possesses nearly 2.000 acres of land, half of which
is until led.
Report of the schools' division of the experimental union, S. B. McCkeady
{Ann. /ij)t. Ontario Afjr. and Expt. Union, 35 (1913), pp. oS-oS). — The director
of elementary agricultural education of Ontario reviews the origin and aims
of the .schools' division, discusses its relation to the rural problem and the
weakness of the rural schools, and gives an account of the 191.3 distribution of
plant material to about 400 schools.
School gardens (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (1914), No. 10, pp. 823-832, figs. 4).—
Brief accounts are given of the present status of school garden instruction in
the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec. Ontario, Saskatchewan,
and Alberta.
The third continuation course in foresti-y at Heidelberg {For.'stw. Centbl.,
n. ser., 36 (1914), Nos. 8-9, pp. JfGS-Jf78; 10, pp. 520-5.30).— A detailed description
of the course is given.
The General Education Board, 1902-1914 (Neio York: Gen. Ed. Bd.. 1915,
pp. XV +240, pis. 32, figs. 31). — This is an account of the activities of the
General Education Board from its foundation in 1902 to June 30, 1914, includ-
ing farm demon.strations and boys' and girls' agricultural clul)s.
Agricultural teaching {U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914), pp. 87).— This bulletin
contains the papers presented at the fourth annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching in 1913, and for the
most part previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 9S) or abstracted elsewhere in this
issue. Appendixes contain data on summer pi'acticum work at the Northwest
School of Agriculture, Crookston, Minn., the use of land by high schools teach-
ing agriculture, the cooperative use of equipment and illustrative material in
teaching agriculture, and incomes of pupils from farm work during attendance
at school in 1913 in ]Massachu setts.
Use of land by high schools teaching agriculture. R. W. Stimson ( U. S.
Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914). pp. 50-6:2).— This paper is a part of the report for
1913 of the committee on the use of land in connection with agricultural teach-
ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching.
Replies to a questionnaire sent to high-school teachers of agriculture indicate
that in 1913 G3 high schools in 35 States reported the use of land at their
schools, chiefly for demonstration purposes. The size of experimental or dem-
onstration plats varied from one one-hundred-and-twentieth of an acre to 10
acres. Fifty high schools reported agricultural production on home farm land or
on other land apart from the school premises, with more or less attention paid
by the agricultural instructors to the home enterprises of their pupils. Replies
from individual schools are given, illustrating the differences of opinion as to
what should be the scale of operations on school laud and what may be done
with land by high schools, and illustrating the correlation of class-room instruc-
tion with home work and systematic supervision. In conclusion the committee
strongly favors the utmost utilization of the home land of the pupils, the closest
possible correlation of agricultural class-room instruction with home farm
activities, and suitable provision for systematic and efficient supervision through-
out the producing season.
The use of land in connection with agricultural teaching in elementary
schools, L. S. IviNS (U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914), pp. 62-76".).— This paper, also
a part of the committee report referred to above, is based on replies to a
questionnaire. The author gives replies describing the work in the 33 States,
the District of Columbia, and Porto Rico, reporting the use of land at or near
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897
one or more of their schools, at the home of the pupil, or iu connection with
regular school work. It is recommended that there be better supervision over
home plat work, that land used at or near the school be for demonstration
purposes rather than for experiments, that iu training teachers of agriculture
or school gardening more attention be given to instruction in the use of land,
that simple records of work ho kept wliere land is cultivated, and thiit if laud
is use<l by schools having all the grades, the pupils of the upper grammar grades
cooperate with the high school pupils iu the elementary demonstration projects.
Home gardens and vacant lot gardens are deemed more popular than school
gardens if they are under similar management and supervision.
Agricultural education for teachers, G. A. Brickee {New York, Cincinnati,
and Chicago: Aiiicrican Book Co., IVJ.'i, pp. 172, pis. Jf). — This book, which may
be considered a handbook for the teacher and a guidebook for the district and
the county supervisor and the sui)ervisor of rural or agricultural education, dis-
cusses the rise of popular education in agriculture, the iiroblem of intensive
agriculture, a popular scientilic agriculture, the qualifications and preparation
of the teacher of agriculture, agencies for the preparation of teachers, ele-
mentary agriculture and nature study, what is elementary agriculture, agricul-
ture as a means of education, pedagogical problems involved in the teaching of
elementary agriculture, the administration and teaching of school agriculture,
cooperative use of apparatus, equipment, and illustrative material, agricultural
demonstration field and home projects, and boys' and girls' agricultural clubs.
Courses in agriculture for the secondary schools of Texas, W. F. Douohty,
M. L. Hayes, and W. S. Taylor {Joint Bui. Utate Dcpt. Ed., Univ. Texas, and
Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., No. 1 {1914), pp. 166). — In this bulletin the authors
offer general recommendations and suggestions on the qualifications of teachers,
equipment and state aid, adaptation of courses in agriculture to local conditions
as regards scope of courses for schools offering, respectively, one, two, three,
and four years' work iu agriculture, and agricultural curricula for high schools;
on textbooks, notebooks, collections, exhibits, etc., visits and field trips, project
work, school-farm and community and extension work ; and outlines of syllabi
in plant pi'opagation, vegetable gardening, animal husbandrj-, dairying, poultry
raising, soils and soil fertility, field crops, fruit production, farm mechanics,
farm management and home grounds, landscape gardening, entomology, and
weeds, together with practice work and reference material. A list of the mini-
mum laboratory and agricultural equipment for 12 students is given, and an
appendix contains score cards for field ^crops, farm animals, dairies, butter, and
farms.
Course of study in agriculture and domestic science for rural schools {Bui.
Ncbr. Scliool Agr., Curtis, 1. ser., No. // {191-'j), pp. 32). — This bulletin offers
suggestions to teachers as to seed corn, milk testing, a comparative type study
of beef and dairy cows, and cooking and sewing.
[Agricultural and Home economics in3truct:ion in the public schools of
New Hampshire], G. H. Whitcher {N. H. Dcpt. Pub. Instr., Inst. Circ. 1913-14,
Nos. 5, pp. 8; 10, pp. 8; 14, pp. 22; 16, pp. 7; 17, pp. 14; 18, pp. 10; 19, pp. 8;
1914-15, Nos. 1, pp. 7; 5, pp. 14; 6, pp. 6; 7, pp. 13). — These circulars include
a discussion of cooking as a means and end in education, and instruction out-
lines in stock feeding, home-mixed fertilizers, school and home gardening for
grade pupils, garden projects in high schools, insects that destroy farm crops,
ten serious plant diseases, domestic arts and household appliances, horticulture
in the high school, fruit-tree raising, and field work in soil study.
Helps for domestic science work in seventh and eighth grades, November-
December {Dcpt. Pub. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 13 {1914), pp. 22).— This
I
V
898 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
bulletin contains dofiiiito lessons in cooking anil the study of foods and in sew-
ing and the study of clDthinj^ for each week in November and Deceinber.
Fundamentals of physics, clieinistry> and bacteriology in agriculture, F. W.
MiLLEB {Columius, Ohio: Dept. Puh. Instr., 191Jjf, pp. JfS, figs. 17). — In this ele-
mentary work the author aims to develop and describe the most essential
principles of these sciences as preliminary to a course in agriculture, especially
in the his;h school.
Principles and practice of plant propagation, W. L. Howard (Columbia,
Mo.: Univ. Mo., lOlJf, pp. 02). — These discussions and lessons are given in the
classes in plant propagation in the University of Missouri and have been de-
veloped gradually since 1902. The lectures are intended to cover 15 or 16
1-hour periods or 1-2 year and the laboratory exercises one 2-hour period weekly
for 15 or 16 weeks, or one semester.
Program of County Organization Day for boys' com club, L. N. Duncan
and I. B. Keklin (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 30 (WlJf), pp. 119-122).— This is an
outline of a program for the observation of Organization Day and of a sug-
gested constitution, by-laws, and rules for a county corn club.
Elementary flora of the Northwest, T. C. Frye and G. B. Rigg (New York:
American Book Co., I'Jl'i. pp. 256). — This book was written for the schools of
the Northwest and geographically covers Oregon, Idaho. Washington, and the
coastal region of southwestern British Columbia. ]\Iost of the distinguishing
characteristics of the plants are given in the keys, which are complete so far
as they go, thus enabling teachers to hand out for analysis plants they do not
themselves know.
The story of a kernel of corn, A. W. Nolan (yature-Stiidy Rev., 10 (IDl.'i),
Ko. S, pp. 307-31 't, fi(js. G). — ^The life history of a kernel of corn is described.
An industrial study of cotton in the eighth grade, B. Gist (Atlantic Ed.
Jour., 10 (lOL'f), No. -'i, pp. 13-15). — The author presents statistics of cotton
production and consumption by countries, references to literature on cotton,
teacher's outlines, arithmetical and other problems on cotton, and. correlated
spelling.
Seed collections, Anna B. Comstock (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (191.'t), Xo. S, pp.
292-29-'f, fig. 1). — An outline is given for the study of weed seeds.
Rope and its uses, A. A. Burger (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 24 (1914),
fp. .'/S, /?()'.§. 196). — This bulletin contains general information on rope and its
care and directions for making knots, hitches, splices, halters, and tackles.
Preparation of teachers for nature-study and civic biology, C. F. Hodge
(Nature-Study Rev., 10 (1914), No. 8, pp. 294-307).— The author points out the
necessity of the adequate reorganization and equipment of normal schools with
laboratory, greenhouse, and garden facilities, and of helping teachers already
in the work through educational journals, state nature-study and biologj' leaf-
lets, and practical and inspiring lectures in institutes and summer schools.
" Nature-study and civic biology should be the corner stone of national vigor
and health conservation."
Birds and nature-study, G. H. Trafton (Bloomington, III.: J. G. Coulter
[1914]. pp. 16). — This pamphlet for the use of teachers gives a list of refer-
ences to literature helpful in bird study and suggests work for the children in
the schoolroom and out of doors, field work for both the teacher and children,
type studies of birds in primary, intermediate, and grammar grades, and an
outline and problems for bird study arranged by grades and seasons.
Directions for field studies in agricultural nature-study, G. H. Trafton
Mankato, Minn.: State Normal School [1914], pp. 16). — Directions for field
studies of birds, flowers, gardening, insects, pond life, shrubs, spiders, soils,
trees, vines, and weeds are given, together with topics for fall coliectious.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 899
Suggestions for winter nature-study, IIklen M. Reynolds and G. H. Tuaf-
TON (ilankato, Minn.: State Nonnal School [lOUi], pp. 8). — This contains
suggestive outlines for holiday, home, health, and weather studies, types of
lessons on insect homes, an outline of a plan for teaching, with the dog as sub-
ject, and references to nature literature and songs.
Indian school gardens in eastern Oklahoma, J. B. Brown (Red Man, 6
(191. 'i). ]\'o. 10, pp. .'i3'i-'i37). — The author gives an account of Indian school
gardening work in Oklahoma and suggests important elements entering into
successful school g.-irdeniiig.
School gardening in Portland, Oregon, Alice V. Joyce (Nature-Study Rev.,
10 (Idl.'t), No. 7, pp. 275-281, figs. 2).— The author gives an account of the
establishment and activities of school gardens in Portland, Oreg., and calls
attention to some valuable results from the gardens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-second Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1914 (Minnesota Sta.
Rpt. 191.'/, pp. 72). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement
for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and for the state
funds for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1914, and a report of the director sum-
marizing the work of the station and its substations. The experimental work
recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1914 (New
York Cornell Sta. Rpt. 191.',. pp. CLXXXII+llGl, ph. //.], figs. 315, map 1).—
This contains the organization list, reports of the director of the station and
heads of departments, a financial statement as to the federal funds for the
fiscal year ended June 30. 1914. and as to the state funds for the fiscal year
ended September 30. 1914, and reprints of Bulletins 336-350, :Memoirs 3 and 4,
and Circulars 21-26, previously noted, and Bulletins 351 and 352 abstracted
elsewhere in this issue.
Report of Oregon Station, 1913-14, J. Withy'combe (Oregon Sta. Rpt.
19 13-1. 'f, pp. 30). — This contains the organization list and a report of the director
on the work of the station during the biennium, including synopses of depart-
mental reports, and notes on the substations. The experimental work recorded
is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue
Report of the Eastern Oregon Branch Experiment Station, 1913—14, R.
Withycombe (Oregon Sta., Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta., 1913-1.',, pp. 15, figs. 11). — An
account of the history, development, and present facilities of the substation at
Union, Oreg.. with a discussion of its object and importance.
Annual report of the director of the experiment station on work done
under the local experiment law in 1914, J. F. Duggar (Alabama Col. Sta.
Circ. 31 (1915). pp. 31). — This includes a report by the director on the progress
of the work under this law (E. S. R., 24. p. 400), a financial statement for the
year, and reports from heads of departments, including detailed reports of boys'
and girls' club work.
List of bulletins (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 10 (191J,), pp. 4)- — A list of the
.station bulletins, inspection bulletins, and circulars, and of the extension bulle-
tins, available for distribution.
NOTES
Georgia Station. — A horse und uiule barn of concrete construction, 80 by 59
feet, lias l)eon completed.
Iowa College. — A si>eclal convocation was held May 14 in honor of those mem-
bers of the faculty who had been in service for at least a quarter of a century.
The guests of honor were Vice-president E. \V. Stanton, in .service since 1874,
Gen. J. R. Lincoln, commandant, Herman Knapp, secretary, both in service
since 1883, A. A. Bennett, professor emeritus of chemistry, in service since
1885, and Dr. L. H. Pammel, professor of botany and botanist, in .service since
1889.
Kansas College. — A new state law effective July 1 provides for the formation
of county farm bureaus for the employment of a county agent and other
demonstration work. A bureau must enroll 25 per cent of the bou.-i fide farmers
of the county under a constitution approved by the college and must raise at
least $800 for equipment. Bureaus complying with these provisions may receive
from $800 to $1,800 per annum from state and federal funds toward the salary
of a county agent and a like sum from the county funds for salary and expenses.
Adjoining counties in the western part of the State may organize joint
bureaus under substantially the same conditions, and bureaus already organized
which comply with the requirements and provide the necessaiy equipment may
he utilized. The county agents are to be selected by the executive board of
the bureau and must have had at least 5 years' experience in practical farm
work. All expenditures are to be made subject to the approval of the extension
department of the college.
A three-day meeting for the Pottawatomie Indians at their reservation in
Jackson County was held by the extension staff April 26-28.
Nevada University and Station. — Some interesting results have recently been
obtained in the studies of certain biological questions connected with the life
history of Heterodera rudicicola, the potato eelworm. It is hoped that from
these a new method may be suggested for controlling this pest.
The extension division is to revive the publication of Better Farming,
formerly issued by the station as a means of bringing it into contact with the
farmer. Many requests for the continuance of the publication have been
received and the station will have access to its columns much as in the past.
Oregon College. — G. Y. Copson, now specializing in dairy bacteriology in the
University of Berne, has been appointetl instructor in pathological and dairy
bacteriology.
Wisconsin University. — Ray H. Roberts has been appointed instructor in
extension work in horticulture.
Wyoming University and Station. — Henry G. Knight, dean of the college of
agriculture and director of the station, Dr. O. L. Prien. veterinarian, and J. E.
McWilliams, acting animal husbandman, have been granted a year's leave of
absence beginning September 1, to be spent in study at the University of Illi-
nois, Northwestern University, and the Michigan Agricultural College, respec-
tively. President C. A. Duniway will act as director of the station during
this period.
900
o ■
INDEX OF NAMES.
Abbe, C. 810.
Abderhalden, E., 112, 178,
262, 270, 87.5.
Abbey, M. J., 494, r>QC,.
Acton, A. J., 600.
Adams, I>., 95.
Adams, E. L., 64.
Adams, F., 279.
Adams, .T. W., 190.
Adams, M, .T., 788.
Adams, R. L., 436.
Adams, R. S., 268.
Adolph, W. H., 257.
Agar, W. E., 448.
Agee, A., 598.
Agee, J. H., 610.
Agg, T. R., 188.
Agulhon, H., 200, 500.
Ahrens, F. B., 474.
Alnslie, G. G., 250, 449.
Ainsworth, R. M., 228.
Alnsworth, W. T., 228.
Aiton, G. B., 595.
Akemine, M., 130.
Albuquerque, J. P. d', 436,
831.
Alder, B., 73.
Aldrich, J. M., 60.
Alexander, A. S., 171, 469.
Alexander, C. P., 153.
Allan, G. R., 37.
Allard, H. A., 427, 643.
Allen, A. A., 151.
Allen, E. W., 13.
Allen, F. M., 474.
Allen, G. M., 766.
Allen, J. A., 447.
Allen, J. M., 589.
Allen, R. T., 214.
Allen, R. W., 124, 332, 337,
839.
Allen, W. J., 45, 142, 509.
Allison, H. O., 69.
Allison, Le R. W., 485.
Almeida, J. E. C. d', 345.
Almgren, A., 183.
Alsberg, C. L., 294, 297, 300.
Alway, F. J., 812.
Ames, C. T., 514, 526, 541,
574, 735.
Ames, J. W., 295, 805.
Amos, A., 121.
Ampola, G., 700.
Andersen, C. W., 580.
Anderson, A. A., 808.
Anderson, A. C, 174, 261.
Anderson, B, G., 133, 137.
Anderson, F. E., 395.
Anderson, H. P., 720.
Anderson, II. W., 54. 440.
Anderson, O. IL, 198.
Anderson, P. J., .390, 440.
Anderson, R. J., 17.
Anderson, T. .T., 347.
Anderson, W. A., 742.
Andouard, P., 362, 509, 725.
Andre, G., 12'8.
Andres, A., 449.
Andrews, E. L., 869.
Andrews, F., 391, 435, 438,
455, 490.
Andrews, F. M., 237.
Andrews, J. W., 395.
Angerhausen, J., 507.
Angot, A., 810.
Annett, II. E., 136.
Anstead, R. D., 838.
Anthony, S., 695.
Aoki, K., 374.
Appel, O., 443, 843.
Appiani, 11. P., 830.
Appleman, C. O., 129.
Archer, R. T., 399.
Archibald, E. S., 401, 470,
592.
Arctowski, H., 509.
Ardern, E., 387.
Ari6, J., 723.
Ariizumi, M., 560.
Arisz, W. H., 522.
Arkell, H. S., 805.
Arkell, T. R., 170, 771.
Arloing, F., 271.
Armington, J. H., 211.
Armsby, H. P., 9, 90, 98,
198.
Armstrong, E. F., 523.
Armstrong, J. A., 395.
Arndt, G., 170.
Arndt, K., 308.
Amett, C. N., 797.
Arnold, B., 727.
Arnold, J. H., 293.
Aron, n., 256.
Aronson, II., 285.
Arpin, M., 505.
Arthur, J. C, 749, 750.
Artmann, P., 115.
Ashby, S. F., 752.
Ashley, W. J., 793.
Askew, W. H., 094.
Aston, B. C, 420.
Astruc, A., 028.
Athauassof, N., 173, 471.
Athcrton. L. O., 494.
Atkin.son, A., 200, .^."..'i, 740,
7(;0.
.\ttprborg. A., 017.
Atwater, H. W., 855.
Atwood, G. G., 344.
A I wood. II., 809.
Aupl, W., 063.
Aucr, .T., 876.
Aulard, 002.
Aulde, J., 358.
Aulmann, G., 847.
Aune, B., 430, 438, 440, 409.
Aureggio, E., 409.
Austin, C. B., 892.
Ayers, S. H., 415, 775.
Ayres, B., 11.
Az6mard, 348.
Azzi, A., 704.
Babasinian, V. S., 109.
Babcock, E. B., 46, 234, 338,
389.
Babcock, H. L., 54.
Babes, V., 271.
Bache, M., 663, 800.
Bachhuber, L. J., 801.
Back, E. A., 452, 655, 756,
757.
Bacot, A. W., 348, 452.
Baetge, 878.
Bagnall, R. S., 348.
Bahlman, C, 600.
Bahnsen, P. F., 876.
Bailey, C. H., 63, 159, 300,
432.
Bailey, E. II. S., 353.
Bailey, F. D., 50, 042, 645.
Bailey, H. C, 257.
Bailey, L. H., 14, 101, 102,
822, 891, 895.
Bailey, P. G., 305, 399, 572.
Bailey, P. L., 394.
Bailey, V., 549.
Bain, .1. B., 397.
Baker, A. C, 848.
Baker, C. F., 749.
Baker, II. D., 46.
Baker, H. .T., 293, 396.
Baker, .1. L., 060.
Baker, T. A., 95.
Baldwin, M., 317.
Ball, C. F., 179.
Ball, E. D., 73.
Balla, v., 272.
Balland, 252.
Ballard, W. K., 141,
901
902
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ballou, F. H., 325.
Ballou, H. A., 56, 829.
Balls, W. L., 123, 319.
Bfin, J., 379.
Bancroft, C. K., 336.
Bancroft, W. F., 244.
Banzliaf, E. J., 372.
Baquedano, R. E., 542.
Barber, L. B., 767.
Barber, M. A., 872.
Barger, G., 201.
Barker, B. T. P., 148, 243,
545, 099.
Barnard (Lord), 100.
Barnard, H. E., 254, 354,
357, 487.
Barnes, K. W., 798.
Barnes, R. B., 395.
Barnett, E., 397.
Barnett, R. J., 141.
Barney, W. B., 65, 356, 873.
Barontini, G., 228.
Barr, G. H., 270.
Barre, H. W., 543.
Barrett, O. W., 46.
Barrowcliff, M., 420.
Barrows, A., 65, 98.
Barrows, H. R., 263.
Barrows, W. B., 748.
Barss, A. F., 638.
Barss, H. P., 644, 647.
Barthel, C, 433, 508.
Bartholomew, E. T., 503.
Bartlett, F. K., 875.
Bartlett, H. H., 824.
Bartlett, J. M., 298.
Bartlett, J. W., 600.
Barton, A. W., 710.
Bassett, C. E., 870.
Bassett, H. L., 203, 220, 428.
Bassett-Smith, P. W., 276.
Basu, S. K, 443.
Batchelor, L. D., 498.
Bateman, E., 841.
Bateman, H., 25.
Battle, J. S., 340.
Baudiseh, O., 223.
Baudrexel, A., 168, 258.
Bauer, H., 747.
Bauer, J., 312.
Baum, II., 682.
Baumberger, J. P., 244.
Baur, E., 505.
Bausman, R. O., 198.
Bayliss, W. M., 19.
Beach, S. A., 397, 744.
Beal, F. E. L., 648.
Beal, W. H., 11.
Beals, C. L., 259.
Peals, E. A., 614.
Beam, W., 800.
Bean. W. J., 337, 339, 440.
Bearce, H. W., 471.
Beaulne, J. I., 151.
Beauverie, J., 63, 642.
Beaven, E. S., 399.
Beck, M. W., 214.
Becker, G., 67.
Beckurts, II., 801.
Bedford (Duke of), 444, 511.
Beery, J., 263.
Beesley, R. M., 123.
Beeson, M. A., 497.
Beger, C, 471, 801.
Beljerlnck, M. W., 514, 523,
Bell, G. A., 262, 894.
Bell, H. G., 325.
Bell, W. B., 549, 648.
Bellasis, E. S., 481.
Bellet, A., 114.
Belling, .!., 426, 725.
Belov, S. A., 727.
Beltran, L. A., 185.
Benedict, F. G., 165, 461,
565.
Benedict, H. M., 728.
Benetsch, A., 820.
Benjamin, E. W., 870.
Eenkendorf, G. H., 889, 89.T.
Bennetch, P. B., 498.
Bennett, A. A., 900.
Bennett, R., 88.
Bennett, R. L., 892.
Beresteyn, II. W. J. van, 760.
Berg, P.. 507.
Berg, R., 561.
Bergeim, O., 663.
Berger, E. W., 345.
Bering. F., 271.
Berkowski, W., 728.
Berlese, A., 755.
Bernard, 424.
Bernard, C, 46.
Bematsky, J., 844.
Bernbeck, 840.
Bernhardt, G., 84.
Bernstein. R., 281.
Berry, R. A., 818.
Bersch, W., 589.
Berthault, P., 641.
Bertoni, M. S.. 45.
Bertrand. G., 206, 506, 803.
Bertrand, J., 445.
Besse, R. H., 797.
Bessey, C. E., 194, 599.
Bessey, E. A., 641, 842.
Besson, I.., 210.
Betts, G. H., 391.
Beurmann, de, 271.
Bevan, L. E. W., 81, 278.
Beveridgo, W. W. O., 675.
Bexell, J. A., 494.
Beythien, A., 102.
Bezold, W. von, 210.
Bezssonoff, 428.
Bianchlni, G., 700, 762.
Bidwell, G. L., 300.
Bififen, R. H., 544.
Bigelow, W. D., 110, 298,
350.
Bijl, P. A. van der, 344.
Billings, G. A., 294.
Binckley, G. S., 509.
Biolettl, F. T., 117, 142, 207,
208, 209, 234, 245.
Birch, R. R., 579, 783.
Biro, G., 472.
Bishop, H. E., 354.
Blaauw, G., 085.
Blackmore, E. H., 551.
Blair, A. W., 519.
Blair, R. E., 225, 232, 539.
Blair, W. R., 24, 210.
Blair, W. S., 540.
Blake, M. A., 510, 534, 549.
Blakeslee, A. F., 726.
Blank, S., 489.
Blaringhem, L., 726.
Blessing, G., 271.
Blizzard, W. L., 498.
Blodgett, F. M., 843.
Bloodgood, E., 495.
Bloomer. G. T., 477.
Bloor, W. R., 312.
Blumenthal, P. L., 094.
Bode, G., 314.
Bode, H., 795.
Bodin, E., 271.
Boehncke, K. E., 78.
Boerker, R. H., 748.
Bogart, E. L., 891.
BOhme, R., 23.
Bohutinsk^, G., 131.
Boing, W., 552.
Boland, E. N., 368.
Bolland, B. G. C, 749.
Bolle, J., 847.
Bolley, H. L., 135.
Bolton, E. R., 312.
Bumer, A., 801.
Bommes, A., 256.
Bonhote, J. L., 172.
Bonine, C. A., 323.
Bonsteel, .1. A.. 310, 317,
512.
Bonton, B. M.. 479.
Boog-Scott, J. E., 498.
Book, W. F., 595.
Boomer, J. F., 64.
Bordas, F., 76.
Bornand, M., 311.
Bornemann, 322.
Borner, C, 847.
Bose, J. C, 222.
Boss, A., 294.
Bosscha, K. A. R., 46.
Bosse. S., 763.
Bosshard, E., 116.
Bosworth, A. W., 606, 607.
Boudreau, F. G., 473.
Boughton. A. C, 458.
Bouquet. A. G. B.. 635, 636.
Bourgfes, ISO.
Bournot, K.. 19.
Bouska, F. W.. 473.
Bovell. J. R.. 436. 831.
Bowen, J. T., 591.
Bowie, E. H., 316.
INDEX OF NAMES.
903
Bowman, J. S., 884.
Boyce, W. G. H., 144, 238
841.
Boyett, W. L., 696.
Boynton, W. H., 479.
Brackctt. R. N., 219, 294
300.
Bradbury, C. M., 298.
Braddon, W. L., 1G3.
Bradford, L. J., 485.
Bradley, J. H., 695.
Branch. L. V., 187.
Brand, C. J., 91, 106. 194.
Branford, R., 272.
Brannon, M. A., 426, 549,
694.
Branson, R. A., 480.
Brauer, A., 862.
Braum, H., 78.
Brautlecht, C. A., 319, 762.
Bray, C. I., 285.
Bray, W. J., 499.
Breihan, W. C, 696.
Breinl, A., 376.
Bremer, W., 854.
Brenchley, W. E., 121.
Brenner, W., 327.
Bretigniere, L., 290.
Bretseh, E., 170.
Bretschneider, A., 345.
Bretton, P., 265.
Breuer, A., 585.
Brewster, C. S., 95.
Brezina, E., 765.
Brlcker, G. A., 492, 494, 897.
Bridgman, P. W., 417.
Brieger, R., 856.
Briggs, L. J., 127, 200. 399.
Briggs, R. B., 614.
Briggs, R. S., 862.
Briscoe, C. F., 185, 721.
Brittain, W. H., 551.
Brittlebank, C. C, 239, 347.
Britton, N. L., 697.
Britton, W. E., 637.
Brooks, (Mrs.) B. B., 498.
Brooks, C, 343.
Brooks, C. E. P., 118.
Brooks, C. P., 25.
Brooks, F. E., 248.
Brooks, F. T., 54, .341.
Brooks, R. P., 489.
Brooks, W. P., 321, 322, 332,
335, 337.
Brown. C. N., 76.
Brown, D. E., 740.
Brown, E., 38, 200.
Brown, F. C. L. C, 340.
Brown, F. L., 495.
Brown, G. \., 6G9.
Brown, H. B., 396.
Brown, H. H., 790.
Brown, H. P., 840, 845.
Brown, J. B., 899.
Brown, J. II., 577.
Brown, J. L., 408.
Brown, L., 275.
Brown, L. P., 357.
Brown, M. E., 598.
Brown, N. C, 692, 840.
Brown, P. E., 211, 212, 216.
Browne, W. W., 210, 211.
Browning, C. H., 272.
Browning, J. K., 694.
Bro2, O., 642.
Briiggen, J., 723.
Briino, F., 132.
Brun.'f, R., 149.
Briinnicii, J. C, 675, 883.
Brunton, L. A., 701.
Bruscliettini, A., 183.
Bryan, E. A., 11, 95.
Bryan. T. J., 300.
Bryant, II. B., 340.
Bryant, L. S., 358.
Bryant. R., 82.
Biibak. F., 150.
Buchanan, D. W., 743.
Buchka, K. von, 854.
Buck, F. E., 541.
Buckley, J. S., 200.
Buckley, S. S.. 558, 782.
Buckman, H. O., 28.
Buckton, 247.
Buddin, W., 816. 817.
Bugbee, C. H., 480.
Bull, M. L., 358, 691.
Bunce, A. H., 578.
Bunker, J. W. M., 205.
Bunsow, B., 682.
Bunzel, II. H., 508.
Burcham, D. S., 480.
Burchard, E. F., 324.
Burd, J. S., 72.3.
Burdick, R. T., 587.
Burger, A. A., 898.
Burgess, A. F., 398.
Burgess, H. J., 253.
Burgess, P. S., 320, 694.
Burke, A. K.. 95.
Burke, E., 510.
Burkett, C. W., 494.
Burley, R. J., 828.
Burmeister, H.. 263.
Burmester, H., 630.
Burnett, E. A., 11.
Burnett, S. H., 84.
Burns, C. A., 498.
Burns, G. P., 741, 824.
Burns, W. S., 485.
Burr, A., 874.
Burrill, A. C, 554.
Burritt, M. C, 293. 388.
Burrows, G. T., 559.
Busck, A., 251, 450, 554, 654.
Bushnell, L. D., 172.
Butler, J., 150.
Butler, O., 242, 243.
Butterfleld, K. L., 9, 98, 190,
285.
Buttrick, P. L., 237.
Byars, L. P., 49, 842.
Byers, W. C, 121.
Bywaters, II. W., 662.
Caesar, L., 51.
Caillaud, 476.
Caldwell, R. E., 265.
Call, L. E., 200.
Calmette, A., 78, 271, 679.
Calvin, II. W., 98, 398.
Calvino, M.. 434, 828, .S29.
Cameron, A. E., 351, 699.
Cameron, F. K.. 813. 821.
Cameron, P., 758.
Cameron. S. S.. 399.
Campbell. H. W., 215.
Campbell. L. II., 597.
Campbell, R. E., 57.
Campbell, W. J., 700.
Camus, J. S., 40, 252.
Cannon, W, A., 34, 626.
Canzoneri, F., 700, 762.
Capps, J. A., 269.
Capus, J.. 149.
Caracciolo. H.. 761.
Cardiff, I. D., 386, 844.
Cardon, P. V., 525.
Cardoso, A., 366.
Carey, J. M., 498.
Carlson, A. J., 858.
Carlyle, W. L., 95.
Carmody. P., 745.
Carpenter, F. A., 25, 614.
Carpenter, G. H., 680.
Carpenter, P. H., 236.
Carpiaux, E., 167, 310.
Carrero, J. O., 427.
Carrier, L., 133, 534.
Carrol, O. M., 690.
Carruth, F. E., 300.
Carter, F. H.. 883.
Carvalho, J. M. de, 837.
Carvallo d'AImeida, J. E.,
345.
Carver, T. N., 107, 194, 287,
488.
Cary. C. A., 783.
Case. G. O., .30.
Castle, W. B., 325, 573.
Cates, J., 255.
Cathcart, C. S., 624, 667.
Cat heart, E. P., 359.
Catlin, C. N., 504, 511.
Cauda, A., 42.
Cauthen, E. F., 137.
Cavazza, F., 450.
Chambers, P., 476.
Champlin, M., 533, 733, 736.
Chancerel. L., 728.
Chand. 11., 340.
Chandler, W. H., 42, 139.
Chapin, R. M., 76. 612.
Chapin, R. W., 200.
Chapin. W. S., 726.
Chapman, A. C, 502.
Chapman, E. E., 089.
Chapman, H. H., 339, 840.
904
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Chapman, R. N., G5C.
Chardet, G., 618.
Charles, V. K., 14G.
Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 56,
448, 449.
Chaumier, 271.
Chausse, r., 181, 274.
Chavan, P., 805.
Cheney, R. M., 593, 691
Cherry, T., 399.
Chevalier, P. H., 117.
Cheyney, E. G., 839.
Chi Tvsau Wang, 549.
Chidester, F. E., 870.
Chlfflot, 752.
Childs, L., 651.
Chittenden, F. J., 545, 699.
Chittenden, H. M., 614.
Chouchak, D., 328.
Chrestian, J., 443.
Christensen, F. W., 99, 467.
Christie, E. B., 481.
Christie, G. I., 14, 196.
Chuard, E., 137.
Churchill, O. O., 335, 497,
736.
Cieslar, A. von, 290.
Ciuca, A., ISO.
Clark, A. L., 570, 584, 590.
Clark, E. E., 256.
Clark, G., 498.
Clark. J. A., 333, 433.
Clark, T., 190.
Clark, W. M., 175.
Clarke, F. W., 281.
Clarke, G., 16, 18.
Clarke, H., 372.
Clarke, W. T., 288, 828.
Class, C. F., 192.
Claxton, P. P., 11, 689.
Cleland, J. B., 377.
Clement, F. M., 744.
Clewer, H. W. B., 309, 711.
Cline, J. L., 614.
Clink, C. H., 198, 783.
Clinton, G. P., 637.
Clinton, L. A., 97.
Clouston, D., 37.
Coats, R. H., 490.
Coberly, E. D., 614.
Coblentz, W. W., 210, 221.
Cochel, W. A., 98, 100.
Cockayne, A. II., 335.
Cocke, R. P., 133.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 556, 850.
Coffey, G. N., 200.
Coggeshall, G. W., 324.
Cohen, L., 778.
Cohnheim, O., 765.
Cohoe, W. P., 660.
Coit, J. E., 236.
Cole, L. J., 169, 861.
Colebatch, W. J., 813.
Coleby, H. J., 87.
Coleman, W., 564.
Collet, L. W., 685.
Collet, O. J. A., 236.
Collins, G. N., 133, 134.
Colmenares, I. G., 562.
Coman, E. T., 696.
Combes, R., 824.
Comings, G. F., 593, 691.
Compain, 218.
Comstock, A. B., 898.
Comstock, J. H., 56, 895.
Comstock, L., 597.
Concepcion, I., 67, 579.
Condfe, F. de, 589.
Condit, I. J., 838.
Congdon, L. A., 162.
Conley, E., 394, 662.
Conn, II. J., 33, 625.
Conner, A. B., 199.
Conner, S. D., 750.
Connor, A. J., 25.
Connor, P., 614.
Connors, C. H., 534.
Conway, W. T., 397.
Cook, A. J., 744.
Cook, A. S., 573, 575, 589,
590.
Cook, I. S., 831.
Cook, Li. B., 775.
Cook, M. T., 50, 547, 646.
Cook, O. F., 434, 731.
Cook, W. A., 486.
Cook, W. M., 122, 637.
Cooke, M. C, 100.
Cooke, W. W., 55, 648.
Cooledge, L. H., 19.
Cooley. G. W., 385.
Cooley, M. S., 89.
Cooley, R. A., 398, 754.
Cooper, E. A., 163, 561, 683.
Cooper, F. F., 798.
Cope, H. F., 388.
Copeland, E. B., 339, 393.
Copson, G. v., 900.
Ccrbett, G. H., 851, 853.
Cordemoy, H. J. de. 365.
Corduan, G., 252.
Corner, G. W., 378.
Corniglion, 476.
Cornwall, J. W., 557.
Corsa, W. S., 590.
Costa Lima, A. da, 352.
Coulter, J. L., 194.
Coulter, J. M., 425, 725.
Coupan, G., 888.
Courmont, J., 474.
Court, D., 130.
Cousins, II. H., 229.
Coutts, F. J. II., 661.
Cowan, B. O., 865.
Cowgill, W. N., 600.
Cowley-Brown, F. C. L., 340.
Cox, n. J., 211.
Crabb, G. A., 513, 812.
Crabill, C. II., 751.
Craig, ,T. F., 578.
Craig, R. A., 676.
Cramer, W., 199.
Cnindall. B. R., 492.
Craudall, L. Y., 695.
Crandall, W. C, 821.
Crane, II. L., 834.
Craven, J. A., 487.
Crawford, G., 762.
Crawford, J. C, 557.
Crawford, L. M., 599.
Crawley, II., 353.
Cridor, F. J., 2p4.
Crile, G. W., 860.
Cristofoletti, U., 644.
Crocker, W., 221.
Cromer, S. S., 198.
Cromie, T., 316.
Cromwell, M. A., 480.
Crookos, II., 272.
Crosby, C. R., 836.
Cross, II. E., 83, 184, 581.
Cross, L. J., 869.
Crucss, W. v., 208.
Crumbine, S. J., 456.
Cserna, S., 562.
Csonka, G., 778.
Cuff, A. J., 354.
Cullen, G. E., 804.
Cumming, II. S., 253.
Cunningham, A., 320.
Cunningham. C. C, 831.
Cunningham, G. C, 546.
Currie, J. N., 77, 175, 176,
177.
Currier, E. L., 893.
Curry, B. E., 126, 169, 624.
Curtice, C, 581.
Curtis, H. E., 219.
Curtis, M. R., 670, 771.
Curtis, R. II., 211.
Curtis, R. S., 260, 468.
Curtis, W. E., 694.
Curtiss, C. F., 9, 13.
Cushman, A. S., 324.
Cushman, R. A., 852.
Cutler, C, 169, 300.
Czapek, F., 700, 801.
Dacanay, J., 253.
Dachnowski, A., 626.
Da Costa Lima, A., 352.
Dacy, A. L., 834.
Dadant, C. P., 852, 853.
Dadisman, S. II., 290.
Dahlborg, R. C, 436.
Daingerfield, L. II., 25.
Daish, A. J., 112, 807.
D'Albuquerque, J. I'.. 436,
831.
Dallimoro. W., 339.
D'Almeida, J. E. C, 345.
Dalrymplc, W. II.. 68, 668.
Damm, O., 711.
Damon, S. C, 622.
Daniels, A., 762.
Dantony, E., 243, 544.
Darabsett, D. B., 633.
Darling. S. T., 181.
Darnell-Smith. G. P., 240,
443.
Darrow, G. M., 639.
INDEX OF NAMES.
905
Barton, N. H., 384.
Dash, J. S., 551.
Daugherty, C. M., 490.
Davenport, C. B., 367.
Davenport, E., 9, 98, 191,
194, 195, 793.
Davenport, R. W., 382.
Davidsohn, H., 20.
Davidson, A. B., 69G.
Davidson, J., 849.
Davidson, J. B., 284.
Davies, G. W., 289.
Davis, B. M., 32G, G28.
Davis, D. J., 174, 269.
Davis, D. M., 165.
Davis, G. J., jr., 889.
Davis, J., 289.
Davis, J. J., 247.
Davis, M., 3G0.
Davis, R. O. E., 719, 811.
Davis, W. A., 112, 807.
Dawson, W., jr., 64.
Day, G. E., 170, 262, 868.
Day, W. H., 483.
Dealiin, R. II., 699, 850.
Dean, A. D., 690.
Dean, II. J., 383.
Dean, S., 589.
Dean, W. K., 124.
De Baun, R. W., GOO.
De Beurmann, 271.
De Carvalho, J. M., 837.
Decliambre, P., 366.
De Charmoy, D. d'E., 56,
448, 449.
Decker, 66.
De Cond^, P., 589.
De Cordemoy, H. J., 365.
De Flacourt, M., 229, 433.
Degrazia, J. von, 713.
Degrully, L., 567.
Deiss, E., 207.
De Jong, A. W. K., 41, 217.
Dekobra, M., 672.
De Lapparent, 169.
De la Rosa, G. F., 286.
Delaye, M. L., 854.
Delbruek, M., 801.
Delepine, S., 472, 873.
Del Guercio, G., 453.
DeLoach, R. J. H., 97.
D'Emraerez de Charmoy, D.,
5G, 448, 449.
Demoussy, E., 128.
Denayre, J., 5G6.
De Nieuwburg, P., 760.
Dennett, R. H., 857.
Densch, A., 423.
De Raczkowski, 7G.
Derby. W. B., 409.
Dem, 220.
Desjardlns, A., 391.
D6soil, P., 851.
Detwiler, S. B., 748.
Detzel, L., 634.
Deuss, J. J. B., 46, 111.
Deussen, A., 384.
Deutschland, A., 258.
Devaux, II., 825.
D6v6, P., 271.
De Verteuil, J., 236, 838.
De Vries, H., 822.
Dewberry, E. B., 370.
Dewey, P. S., 282.
De Whalley, J. J. A., 259.
Dexter, ^Y. E., 841.
Deycke, 182.
Diakow, M., 169.
Dick, J. H., 339.
Didlake, M., 327.
Diedrichs, A., 613.
Diekmann, G. P., 84.
Dietrich, R., 170.
Dietrich, W., 70.
Diggs, J. C, 487, 809.
Dillard, M. E., 98.
Dinsmore, W., 589.
Dinwiddie, R. R., 582.
D'Ippolito, G., 35.
Dix, 220.
Doane, C. P., 776.
Dock, H., 340.
Dodd, A. P., 348, 454.
Dodson, W. R., 11.
Doerr, R., 78.
Dohme, A. R. L., 254.
Doidge, E. M., 50, 146, 342.
Dolcini, V. P., 769.
Dole, R. B., 784, 807.
Dominguez, Z., 131, 829.
Domracheva, E. A., 415.
Donath, E., 424.
Dons, R., 809.
Dorner, H. B., 746.
Dorr, G., 370.
Dorsett, E. B., 98.
Dorsey, M. J., 627.
Doten, S. B., 13.
Doughty, W. P., 897.
Downing, G. J., 797.
Downs, P. L., 498.
Dox, A. W., 366.
Draghetti, A., '837.
Drake, J. A., 192.
Drake, R. IT., 378.
Drayton, C. O., 792.
Drost, J., 505, 560.
Drouin, 180.
Dubard, -M., 825.
Dubois, C, 271, 748.
DuBois, E. P., 563, 564, G97.
Duborg, A. C, 674.
Duckett. A. B., 650.
Dudderidge, M., 763, 856.
Dudgeon, G. C, 156.
Duffleld, P. A., 257.
Duggar, B. M., 203, 204.
Duggar, J. P., 93, 137, 194,
732, 733, 829, 899.
Dumas, 246.
Dunbar. P. B., 110.
Dunbrack, A. E., G60.
Duncan, .T. D.. 681.
Duncan, L. N., 93, 898.
Duniway, C. A., 900.
Dunlap, P., 47.
Dunn, C. W., 65.
Dunne, J. J„ 471, 871.
DuPorte, E. M„ 151, 544,
556.
Durand, E., 337.
Durham, H. E., 1.39.
Durst, C. E., 151.
Du Sablon, L., 825.
Dusserre, C, GG5, 805.
Dutt, II. L., 57, 58.
Duvel, J. W. T., 200.
Dvorachek, II. E., 168, 189,
395.
Dyar, H. G., 850.
Dykstra, R. R., 781.
Dymond, J. R., 770.
Earnshaw, P. L., 244.
Earp, E. L., 388.
Easterby, H. T., 555, 831.
Easterling, A. B., 517.
P^astham, A., 634.
Eastham, J. W., 441.
Eastick, J. J., 259.
Eastman, E. D., 804.
Eastman, J. P., 693.
Eastwood, A., 878.
Eaton, B. J., 48.
Eaton, E. II., 447.
Ebbinghaus, H., 774.
Eckerson, S., 222.
Eckles, C. H., 18, 666.
Eddy, E. D., 200.
Edgerton, C. W., 241, 749.
Edmonds, C. R., 81.
Edwards, C. L., 691.
Edwards, C. W., 260.
Edwards, H. T., 828.
Effront, J., 662.
Ehle, H. N., 220.
Ehlers, 187.
Ehlers, J. H., 639.
Ehrenberg, P., 218.
Ebrlich, P., 503.
Eichliorn, A., 682.
Einecke, A., 721.
Ekholm, N., 25.
Elbert, J. J., 125.
Eldredge, E. E., 776.
Eliot, C. W., 102.
Elkins, M., 82.
Ellenberger, W., 682.
Ellett. W. B., 158.
Elliott, P. A., 237, 747.
Elliott, M. A., jr., 460.
Ellis, C, 416.
Ellis, L. W., 400.
Ellis, W. O., 156.
Ells, G. W., 395, 694.
Elmore, L. W., 853.
Elsdon, G. D., 64.
Elser, W. L.. 135, 198.
Emerson, R. A., 631.
Emery. .7. W.. 692.
Emery, W. 0., 300.
906
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Emley, W. E., 324.
Emmel, V. E., 377.
Einmerez de Charmoy, D. d',
5G, 448, 449.
Emmerich, R., 161, 373.
Emmerllng, 0., 807.
Emmes, L. E., 165.
Emmctt, A. D., 69, 71, 72,
299.
Engolhardt, F., 760.
Engclhardt, L., 181.
Engolhom, E., 579.
Engeln, O. D. von, 28.
Enger, A. L., 586.
Engledow, F. L., 365.
Ennkcr, C. 794.
Eriks.son, J., 100, 641, 750.
Erlweln, G., 87.
Ersklne-Murray, J., 614.
Escherich, K., 151, 847.
E.scobar, N. P., 771.
Espe, K., 396.
Esten, W. M., 118.
Eswlne, H. E., 597.
Etherton, W. A., 293.
Eustace, H. J., 637.
E:vans, A. C, 175, 674.
Evans, G., 37.
Evans, I. B. P., 146.
Evans, M. C, jr., 492.
Evvard, J. M., 99, 170, 262,
284, 366, 866.
Ewart, A. J., 223.
Ewert, R., 826, 841.
Ewlng, E. C, 397, 734, 735.
Ewing, H. E., 63, 156.
Ewing, P. v., 174, 666, 668,
680, 687.
Exner, 810.
Faber, F. C. von, 327.
Fabre, J. H., 758.
Fain, J. R., 833.
Fail-child, D., 96, 97, 306,
833.
Fairchild, E. T., 11, 689.
Fairfield, W. H., 828.
Falk, K. G., 710, 803.
Falls, F. H., 875.
Famulener, L. W., 372.
Fantham, II. B., 759, 784.
Farley, A. J., 534.
Farmer, J., 272.
Farnham, G., 205.
Farrington, E. H., 889, 893.
Fauchfere, A., 142.
Faurot, F. W., 695.
Faust, L., 797.
Favoro, F., 580.
Faville, A. D., 468.
Fawcett, G. L., 346, 398,
645.
Feder, E., 252.
Feilitzen, H. von, 320, 567.
Fejer, A. von, 858.
Feldman, A. M., 592.
Felling, W., 867.
Fendler, G., 457.
Ferdinandsen, C, 749.
Ferenczhazy, J., 278.
Fernald, II. T., 153, 245,
349, 398.
Fernandez de la Rosa, G.,
286.
Ferris, E. B., 266.
Fetzer, L. W., 99.
Feuerleln, 115.
Feytaud, J., 156.
Fiblger, J., 353.
Ficker, M., 78.
Fidanza, F., 560.
Field, E. C, 50, 844.
Fielding, A. E. B., 393.
Figee, J. M., 481.
Flncke, II., 328, 506.
Findlay, H., 693.
Findlay, W. M., 566.
Fingerling, G., 170, 368.
Fink, D. E., 353.
Fintzescou, G., 554.
Fippen, E. O., 127, 218.
Fischer, E., 476, 851.
Fischer, G., 188.
Fischer, K., 854.
Fish, P. A., 579.
Pishburn, H. P., 797.
Fisher, H. C, 459.
Fisher, M. L., 228, 596, 597.
Fisher, O. S., 26.
Fiske, G. W., 488.
Fitch, C. P.. 374, 579, 581,
779.
Fitz, G. W., 461.
Fitz, L. A., 200, 300.
Fitzgerald, F. F., 298. 356.
Fitzgerald, W. W., 746.
Fitzpatrick, W. W., 600.
Flacourt, M. de, 229, 433.
Flaksberger, K., 231.
Fleischmann, F., 110.
Fleming, R., 841.
Fletcher, C. C, 611.
Fletcher, S. W., 836.
Fletcher, W. F., 744.
Flora. S. D., 25.
Flowe, B. B., 480.
Fliigge, 268, 269.
Flury, P., 144.
Foard, W. E., 791.
Fodor, A., 112, 875.'
Foex, E., 150.
Foght, H. W., 493, 794.
Folin, 0., 359.
Follansbee, R., 279.
Foord, J. A., 292, 294.
Forbes, E. B., 100, 299, 601,
858.
Forbes, R. H., 513, 595.
Forbush, E. H., 447.
Ford, W. W., 268.
Forrester, D. R., 285.
Forster, E. H., 659.
Fortier, S., 380.
Fortier, V., 469, 470.
Foster, S. W., 850.
Foster, W., 853.
Foth, G., 315, 364.
Foubert, C. L., 427.
Fourton, L., 231.
Foust, J., 763.
Fowler, E. S., 790.
Fowler, G. J., 88.
Fowler, L. W., 727.
Fox, E. C, 660.
Foy, P. Q., 763.
Fraenkel, M., 466.
France, B. L., 497.
Francis, C. K., 300.
Franck, L., 777.
Franck, O., 262.
Frank, G., 115.
Frank, L., 857.
Friinkel, E., 179.
Franklin, II. .T., 52.
Franklin, O. M., 880.
Franz, F., 164.
Fraps, G. S., 96, 200, 219,
296, 862.
Frary, G. G., 357.
Eraser, J. S., 395.
Eraser, W. P., 543, 547.
Frateur, J. L., 668.
Frayser, M. E., 66, 495.
Freak, G. A., 800.
Prear, W., 294, 325.
Freckmann, W., 390.
Freeman, G. P., 532, 540.
Freeman. W. B., 383.
Freeman, W. G., 445.
French, H. L., 100.
French, W. H., 595.
Freund, II., 859.
Freundlich, H., 801.
Fricke, K., 500.
Pricks, L. D., 853.
Friedberger, E., 78.
Friedrich, A., 87, 290.
Friemann, F., 80.
Friend, L. L., 492.
Friis, H., 278.
Froggatt, W. W., 377, 754,
757.
Frohner, E., 79.
Fromme, F. D., 341, 749,
798.
Frost, J. N., 479.
Frost, W., 783.
Frost, W. D., 871.
Frothingham, E. H., 542.
Frudden, W. E., 888.
Fruwirth, C, 430, 432.
Fry, W. H., 419.
Frye, T. C, 821. 898.
Fryer, J. C. F., 849.
Fuertes, L. A., 447.
Fujiwhara, S., 210.
Fullaway, D. T., 557, 753.
Fuller, C, 347.
Fuller, E. S., 587.
Fuller, F. D., 169.
Fuller, G. D., 128.
INDEX OF NAMES,
907
Fuller, J. G., 171.
Fuller, J. M., 498, 576.
Fuller, S. M., 498.
Funder, L., 370.
Funk, C, 67, 257, 3G0. 578.
Funk, W. C, 487.
Fyles, F., 436.
Gabel, C. E., 253.
Gabnay, F. von, 826.
Gadamer, J., 327.
Gage, G. E., 396.
Gaines, E. F., 398, 833.
Gaither, E, W., 805.
Gale, W. H., 64.
Galloway, B. T., 194, 895.
Galpin, C. J., 289.
Gamble, F. W., 699.
Gamble, J. L., .359.
Gandier, S. II., 392.
Cans, R., 420, 421.
Garcia, F., 635, 654.
Gardner, F. D., 624.
Gardner, H. B., 855.
Gardner, J. A., 565.
Gardner, V. R., 639.
Garman, H., 327, 3.37, 652.
Garner, W. E., 388.
Garner, W. W., 427, 740.
Garrad, G. H., 289.
Garrison, W. D., 600.
Garthwaite, J. W., 614.
Gasser, G. W., 36.
Gaston, J. A., 395.
Gates, B. N., 556, 853.
Gates, O. H., 693.
Gates, R. R., 326, 426.
Gattermann, L., 109.
Gaucher, L., 66.
Gaumont, 848.
Gaut, R. C, 343.
Gautier, E., 878.
Gavronsky, J. O., 270.
Gay, C. W., 668.
Gay, F. P., 79.
Geake, A., 608.
Gedoelst, L., 777.
Gehrand, G. W., 695.
Geisert, B. F., 397.
Gennadius, P. G., 219.
Centner, L. G., 651.
George, D. C, 834, 844.
George, L. R., 198.
Georgeson, C. C, 25, 31, 35,
45, 54, 743.
Georgia, A. E., 232.
Gerber, C. W., 397.
Gerlach, 385.
Gerlacb, R., 422.
German, P. E. E., 117.
Gero, v., 413.
Gerstung, F., 759.
Gettemy, W. A., 597.
Gibson, A., 151.
Gibson, R. B., 67, 579.
Gibson, R. J. H., 520.
Giddings, N. J., 416.
Glffard, W. M., 757.
Gigault, G. A., 98.
Gilbert, A. W., 822.
Gilbert, J. H., 120.
Gilbert, W. W., 342.
Gilbey, W., 400.
Gildemeister, M., 801.
Glle, P. L., 427.
Gill, N., 830.
Gill, W., 747.
Gillette, C. P., 151.
Giltner, W., 677.
Gimingham, C. T., 121, 215.
243, 545, 699.
Glrard, 866.
Girault, A. A., 246, 852.
Girola. C. D., 142.
Girons, F. St., 178.
Gist, B., 898.
Givens, M. G., 106.
Glaser, 581.
Glaser, H., 60.
Glaser, R. W., 247, 554.
Glasser, K., 83.
Glatz, J., 48.
Glover, G. H., 781.
Godbille, P., 457.
Godbole, S. S., 86.
Goddard, L. H., 135, 293,
481.
Godfrey, E. L., 695.
Goding, H., 679.
Godlewski, E., 801.
Goetz, E.. 211.
Gohlert, V., 92.
Goins, J. B., 65.
Goldberger, J., 67, 255, 564.
Gelding, J., 399.
Goldschmidt, II., 367.
Gonehalli, V. H., 324.
Gornelli, P., 310.
Goodall, A., 273.
Goodey, T., 321.
Goodnow, E. H., 297.
Goodrich, C. L., 293.
Goodwin, W. H., 246.
Gorbing, J., 161.
Gore, II. C, 297, 455.
Gorham. R. P., 147, 392.
Gorinl, C, 363, 472.
Gortner, R. A., 35.
Goss, W. L., 200.
Gossard, H. A., 637.
Gothe, F., 504.
Gottschalk, W., 272.
Gougerot, 271.
Gougb, G. C., 547.
Gough, L. H., 151, 152, 156.
Gouin, A., 362, 569.
Goujon, 178, 559.
Gould, H. P., 338.
Gow, R. M., 251.
Gowdey, C. C, 847.
Goy, S., 504, 862.
G6zony, L., 82.
Graf zu Leiningen, W., 2G.
Graff, P. W., 599.
Graham, G., 257.
Graham, U., 83.
Graham-Smith, G. S., 312.
Grande, J., 75.
(Jranderyc, L. M., 117.
Grandi, G., 250, 453.
Grant, II., 394.
Grantham, A. E., 42, 424.
Gratz, O., 175, 473, 776.
Graves, A. H., 640.
Graves, H. S., 237, 810.
Graves, S. S., 310.
Gray, C. E., 380.
Gray, D. T., 13, 69.
Gray, G. P., 243.
Graybill, II. W., 59.
Greaves, .T. E., 21G, 720.
Greeley, S. A., 890.
Green, A. W., 41.
Green, E. E., 57, 699.
Green, II., 399.
Green, H. II., 514.
Green, W. J., 637.
Greene, L., 229, 230, 540.
Greenwood, M., jr., 881.
Gregg, W. R., 210.
Gregoire, A., 167.
Gregotti, G., 230.
Gregotti, P., 230.
Greig-Smith, R., 399, 523.
Gressel, M., 376.
Griffin, C., 231.
Griffin, P. L., 596.
Griffith, A. S., 878.
Griffith, F., 878.
Grimme, C, 167.
Grimmer, W., 173, 411.
Grindley, H. S., 69, 70, 71,
99.
Grisdale, J. H., 418, 431,
461, 470, 484, 592.
Grls.som, J. T., 158.
Grob, W., 116.
Grotenfelt. G., 577.
Groth, B. H. A., 537, 695.
Grove, O., 148, 699.
Grove, W. B., 545.
Groves, J. P., 221.
Gruber, C. M., 664.
Gruner, O. C, 874.
Grupe, 116.
Grutzner, R., 505.
Gschwendtner, C, 01.
Gude, K.. 113.
Gudima, A., 125.
Guercio, G. del, 453.
Gu^rin, C., 679.
Guernsey, S. C., 366, 396,
866.
Gullllermond, A., 524.
Gurney, W. B., 755.
Giissow, n. T., 441, 470.
Gustin, J. D., 853.
Guthrie, P. B., 374, 399.
Guye. P. A., 117.
Gwinn, C. A., 254.
Gyfirffis, J., 133, 230, 830.
908
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Ilaan, P., 278.
Haber. F., ?,:'..
Haekodorn, II., 669.
Iladlcy, F. B., 479.
Iladlcy, P. B., 82, 671.
HadliDKton, J., 591.
Iladwfii, S., 551.
Ilacckor, T. L.. 09.
Ilaoffc'lC-, J. B. E., 760.
Ilaenc'l, K., 847.
Ilaglund, E., 414.
HaKtnann, J., 188.
Ilainps, II. II., 144.
Hall)prkann, J., 20.
Ilalbfass, W., 84.
Halo, A. J., 217.*
Hall, A. D., 30, 120, 121,
.^99. 523, 891.
Hall, C. J. J. van, 235, 236,
445, 548, 745.
Hall, E. C, 513.
Hall, F. H., 52, 622. 637,
741, 835.
Hall, H. M., 778.
Hall, L. D., 69, 99.
Hall, M., 25, 614.
Hall, M. C, 185.
Hall, M. R., 382.
Hall, O. E., 391.
Hall, R. A., 205, 294.
Hall, W. E., 382.
Halligan, J. E., 567.
Halstead, A.. 64.
Halsted, B. D., 510, 520, 536.
Ham, A. H., 391.
Hamburger, H. J., 700.
Hamer, W., 217.
Hamilton, H. C, 80.
Hamilton, J., 11.
Hamm, A. H., 62.
Hammer, B. W., 575, 715,
775.
Hammond, J., 465.
Hammond, J. W., 99, 408.
Handley, E., 493.
Handsehuh, O., 415.
Hann, J. von, 614, 810.
Hansen, D., 36.
Hansen, J., 170, 266.
Hansen. P., 87.
Hanson, A., 798.
Hanzawa, J., 515.
Hara, T., 264.
Haralson, C, 338.
Harbison, E. G., 255.
Harcoiirt, R., 252, 300.
Harden, A., 607.
Harding, S. T., 882.
Harding, T. S., 711.
Hare, C. L., 21, 111.
Hare, R. P., 296, 784.
Hargreaves, J. R., 285.
H.lri, P., 563, 664.
Haring, C. M., 271.
Hariot. P., 346.
Harlan, H. V., 38, 823.
Harned, H. 11., 721.
Harper, J. I)., 597.
Harper, M. W., 494.
Harper, R. A., 726.
Harrington, I. S., 98.
Harrington, M. W., 810.
Harris, D. L., 180.
Harris, F. S.. 740, 814.
Harris, F. W., 884.
Harris, J. A., 3.5, 521, 628.
Harris, J. E., 29, 30.
Harris, W., 81.
Harrison, C. W., 297.
Harrison, F. C, 148, 794.
Harrison, J. B., 330.
Ilarshberger, J. W., 826.
Hart, E. B.. 74, 410, 506,
803, 871.
Hart, L. J., 696.
Hart, W. R., 689.
Harter, L. L., 50, 844.
Hartley, C, 647.
Hartman, W. J., 778.
Ilartmann, B. G., 297.
Ilartwell, B. L., 622.
Harvey, L. E., 95.
Harvey. T. W., 198.
Ilaskins, H. D., 32, 294, 520.
Haslam, T. P., 880.
Ilasselbring, H., 633.
Hassler, C, 612.
Haste, R. A., 215.
Hasterlik, A., 854.
Hastings, C. S., 810.
Hastings, E. G., 275.
Hastings, S. H., 332, 337,
539.
Haswell, J. R., 787.
Hatch, K. L., 15, 196.
Haupt, 786.
Haupt, H., 182.
Ilanser, A. J., 575.
Hawes, A. F., 237.
Hawk, P. B., 460, 663, 764.
Hawker, H. W., 513.
Hawkins, L. A., 633, 650,
751.
Hawley, L. F., 48.
Hawthorn, H. W., 293.
Hayes, F. M., 271.
Hayes, H. K, 94, 633.
Hayes, M. L., 897.
Hayhurst, E. R., 678.
Haynes, W., 466.
Hays, M. E., 497.
Haywood, J. K., 200.
Headlee, T. J., 60, 550.
Ileald, F. D., 55, 95, 346.
Heath, J., 89, 763.
Hecke, G. H., 191.
Hecke, L., 54.
Heckel, E., 434.
Iledgcock. G. G., 150, 647.
Hedrick, U. P., 45, 2.34.
Heering, W., 167.
Ileide, R. von der, 169.
Ileilner, E., 178.
Heimburger, H. V., 329.
Ileinemann, P. O., 872.
Heinrich, M., 8;;.'i.
Ileise, F. H., 275.
Ilektoen. L., 875.
Helbig, M., 215.
Ilcldr-r, G. K., 40, 68.
Holler, L. U., 270.
Ilelly, K., 270.
Helyar, J. P., 200, 534.
Hempel, H., 162.
Henderson, J. B., 412.
Ilendrick, H. B., .396.
Ilendrick, J., 566.
Henneberg, W., 111.
Henri, (Mme. ) V., 475.
Ilenriques, V., 261.
Henry, 278.
Henry. A., 180.
Henry, X. J., 25, 810.
Henry, M., 374.
Henry, Y., 235.
Henseler, H., 365.
Ilenshaw, F. F., 279, 587.
Ilcpner, F. H., 770.
Ilerbertson, A. J., 25.
Hermes, A., 364.
Ilerrick, C. T., 253.
Herrick, G. W., 398, 449.
Ilerrick, M. T., 892.
Herrmann, C. F. von, 614.
Herrmann, J., 829.
Herzfeld, 115.
Herzfeld, A., 761, 801.
Ileske, F., 822.
Hetzel, R. D., 11.
Heuser, G., 612.
Hewitt, C. G., 448.
Hewitt, J. L., 49.
Hewitt, T. R., 680, 681.
Iley, 845.
Heymons, R., 847.
Hibbard. E. H., 892.
Hlbbard, R. P., 35.
Hickman, C. W.. 864.
Hickox. J. G., 690.
Hidinger. L. L., 588.
Hieronymus. R. E., 691.
Higgins, B. B., 844.
Higgins. C. H.. 480, 481.
Higgins, W. W., 287.
Iligginson, A., 115.
High, M. M., 557.
Hildebrand. J. H., 804.
Hiley. W. E., 844.
Hill. A. v.. 257.
Hill, D. H., 12.
Hill, J. A., 770.
Hill, J. McK., 500.
Hill, L. C, 882.
Hill, R. L.. 268, 871.
Hills, F. B., 368.
Hills, J. L.. 11, 194, 520.
Ilillyer, W. E., 356.
Ililtner, L., 842.
Hilts. R. W.. 298.
Ilimmelberger. L. R., 497.
Hindman, E., 46.
INDEX OF XAMES.
909
Hinds, W. E., 62.
Hine, G. S., 175.
Hines, C. W., 315.
Hlnk, A., 572.
Hinselmann, E., 316.
Hintzc, C. J., 20S.
Hintze, H., 173.
Hirschfeld, F., 857.
Hirst, S., 353.
Hiss, P. H., 371.
Hissink, D. J., 421.
Hitchcock, A. S., 133.
Hite, B. H., 416.
Hjelt, E., 801.
Hoagland, R., 454.
Hoare, E. W., 676.
Hobby, W. P., 498.
Hobdy, J. B.. 93.
Hodge, C. F., 898.
Hodges, L., 489.
Hodges, W. T., 793.
Hodgetts, P. W., 392.
Hodgson, E. R., 133.
Hodson, E. A., 895.
Hof, H., 218.
Hoffenreich, E., 358.
Hoflfer, G. N., 750, 752.
Hoffmann, M., 620.
Hoffmann, R., 318.
Hofmann, K., 232.
Hofmann, K. A., 801.
Holcomb, H. K., 25.
Holde, D., 801.
Hole, R. S., 144, 432.
Hollinger, A. H., 797.
Hollls, W. S., 455.
Hollister, B A., 635.
Holloway, E., 687.
Hollrung, M., 57.
Holmes, A., 410.
Holmes, G. K., 91.
Holmes, J. D. E., 81, 82.
476.
Holterbach, H., 184.
Holtmeier - Schomberg, H.,
364.
Homans, J., 180.
Honcamp, F., 363, 665.
Honing, J. A., 240. 520, 831.
Hook, J. S., 723.
Hooper, J. J., 673.
Hoover, J. M., 690.
Hope, G. D., 236.
Hopkins, A. D., 658. 758.
Hopkins. C. G., 26, 127, 821.
Hopkins, F. G., 201.
Horn, E. W., 367, 769.
Hornaday, W. T., 447.
Home, A. S., 239, 342. 546.
Home, W. T., 241.
Horton, G. D., 380.
Horton, H. E., 790.
Hortvet, J., 297, 298, 300.
Host, H. F., 716.
Hough, T., 857.
Houston, D. F., 194.
Howard, A., 30.
Howard, C. W., 453, 753.
Howard, L. O., 97, 250.
Howard, L. P., 507.
Howard, W. L., 898.
Ilowarth, W. J., 254,
Howe, F. B., 212, 317.
Howe, G. H., 636, 835.
Howe, P. E., 400.
Howitt, J. E., 48.
Hewlett, F. M., 847.
Hubbell, C. D., 633.
Hudelson, R. R., 321.
Hudig, J., 442.
Hudson, C. S., 711.
Hudson, H. F., 851.
Hughes, F., 123.
Hughes, J., 116.
Hughes, J. L., 141.
Hukam Chand, 340.
Hull, M., 663.
Hulme, W., 112.
Humbert, J. G., 620.
Hume, A. N., 533, 733, 736,
739.
Hummel, W, G., 288.
Humphrey, C. J., 841.
Humphrey, G. C, 74, 863,
871.
Humphrey, H. B., 444.
Humphreys, TV. J., 24, 25,
614, 810, 811.
Hungerford, C. W., 51.
Ilungerford, DeF., 198.
Ilunn, C. J., 439, 450, 741.
Hunt, C. L., 458, 855.
Hunt, H. A., 118, 811.
Hunt, T. F., 11, 193, 494.
Hunter, A., 166, 562.
Hunter, B., 888.
Hunziker, O. F., 672.
Hurd, W. D., 97, 195.
Hurst, C. B., 126.
Ilusmann, G. C, 809.
Huss, H., 474.
Hutchens, H. J., 678.
Hutcheson, T. B., 231.
Hutchinson, C. M., 828.
Hutchinson. H. B., 32, 121,
399, 609.
Hutt, W. N., 888.
Hutyra, F.. 371.
Hyde, R. R., 555.
Hyslop, J. A., 246, 555.
Iddings, E. J.. 694.
Ikeler, K. C, 468.
Ikeno, S., 830.
Illingworth, J. F., 350.
Imms, A. D., 448.
Ince, J. W., 138, 158, 109,
435, 632.
Ingalls, R., 892.
Ingram, G. L. Y., 273, 277.
Inouye, K., 20.
Ippolito, G. d', 35.
Isaachsen, II., 75.
Isabolinsky, M., 375.
Israel, II., 488.
Ives, F. W., 788.
Ivins, L. S., 392, 896.
Iwanoff, N., 710.
Iwanowski, D., 19.
Jablonowski, J., 847.
Jaccard, P., 825.
Jachlmowicz, F., 290.
Jack, R, L., 486.
Jackson, II.. L., 762.
Jackson, H. S., 51, 641, 645.
Jackson, H. V., 231.
Jackson, J. W., 498.
Jacobs, B. R., 300, 355.
Jacobsen, H. P., 589.
Jacobson, C. A., 410.
Jacobson, H. O., 230.
Jacoby, M., 78.
Jacoulct, 180.
Jacqueroz, E., 481.
Jadin, F., 628.
Jaenichen, E., 589.
Jaffa, M. E., 206.
Jager, F., 453.
Jancs6, B. von, 830.
Janka, G., 543.
Janse, J. M., 221, 523.
Janssens, F. A., 822.
Jardine, D. S., 681.
Jardine, W. M., 13, 169.
Jfirmai, K., 373.
Jarrell, T. D., 295.
Jarvis, C. D., 15.
Jarvis, E., 53.
Javillier, M., 128.
Jay, R. D., 637.
Jayne, S. O., 585.
Jeffrey, E. C, 521.
Jehle, R. A., 241.
Jelmoni, E., 323.
•Jenkins, A. E., 146.
Jenkins, B. 0., 885.
Jenkins, E. H., 194, 496,
519.
Jenks, F. B., 895.
Jennings, H. S., 665.
Jennings, P. J., 828.
Jensen, H. I., 374.
Jensen, O. F., 624.
Jepson, F. P., 448.
Jewett, H. H., 652.
Jobling, J. W., 274, 678.
Jochmann, G., 78.
Jodidi, S. L., 718.
Johannsen, O. A., 846.
Johns, C. O., 300.
Johnson, A. K., 162, 456,
661, 763.
Johnson, A. R., 715.
Johnson, C. W., 46.
Johnson, G. E., .347.
Johnson, J., 844.
Johnson, J. W. H., 552.
Johnson, O. R.. 292, 791.
Johnson, S. K., 200.
Johnson, T. C, 540.
910
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Johnson, W. T., jr., 415, 775.
Johnston, S. C, 386.
Johnston, S. J., 399.
Jona, T., 412.
Jones, C. II., 294, 300, 610.
Jcnes, D. F., 94.
Jones, D. H., 33.
Jones, F. S.. 781.
Jones, G. B., 26.
Jones, J. M., 261.
Jones, J. S., 694.
Jones, J. T. S., 278,
Jones, J. W., 870.
Jones, L. A., 883.
Jones, L. L., 198.
Jones, L. R., 444.
Jones, P. R., 850.
Jones, R. H., 65.
Jones, T. H., 756.
Jones, W., 201.
Jones, W. J., 200.
Jcnes, W. J., jr., 169.
Jones, W. N., 524.
Jong, A. W. K. de, 41. 217.
Jordan, E. O., 220, 371.
Jordan, W. H., 11, 194, 796.
Jorgensen, I., 486.
Joseph, W. E., 69, 71, 73.
Jost, L., 520.
Joyce, A. V., 899.
Jssleib, 56.
Judge, A. I., 210.
Judy, D. D., 25.
Junack, M., 181.
Jungkuuz, R., 508.
Jurisch, K. W., 722.
Juritz, C. F., 166.
Jurney, R. C, 214.
Kajamis, B., 130.
Kalbfus, J., 47, 150.
Kalnlng, H., 354, 716.
Kamerling, Z., 522.
Kampcn, G. R. van, 802.
Kantschieder, G. S., 838.
Kantschieder, J. S., 92.
Kappen, H., 125.
Kapteyn, J. C, 237.
Kai-per, R. E., 739.
Kasmeier, J., 429.
Kastle, J. 11., 83.
Katayama, T., 259.
Katz, N. E., 308.
Kauffmfin, T., 597.
Kaupp, B. F., 79.
Keen, B. A., 815.
Keilin, D., 59.
Keir, J., 687.
Keith, M. H., 601, 858.
Keithley, J. R., 198.
Keitt, T. E., 423.
Kelemcn, G., 562.
Keller, 882.
Kellerman, K. F., 10, 515.
Kellcy, E., 10.
Kelley, E. F., 884.
Kelley, W. P., 129, 719, 720,
721.
Kellner, 258.
Kellogg, J. II., 458.
KoUogg, J. W., 568.
Kellogg, R. S., 459.
Kelly, E., 473, 575.
Kelly, E. O. G., 60.
Kempster, H. L., 173.
Kempton, J. H., 134.
Kennedy, J. C, 163, 876.
Kennedy, W. J., 170.
Kenny, J., 131.
Kenoyer, L. A., 853.
Kepner, B. H., 63.
Kerlin, I. B.. 898.
Kerp, W., 854.
Kerr, E. W., 282.
Kerr, J. W., 457.
Kerr, P. J., 67S.
Kerr, R. H., 298.
Kerr, R. R., 267.
Kerr, W. H., 792, 870.
Kershaw, J. B. C, 77, 269.
Kershaw, J. H., 88.
Ketel, B. A. van, 577.
Keyser, A., 791.
Kidd, F., 328.
Kieffer, 450.
Kiehl, A. F., 323.
Kiessling, L., 130.
Kigin, L. C, 584.
Kildee, H. H., 170.
Killam, S. D., 25.
Kimball, H. H., 24, 25, 117,
210, 614, 810.
Kindred, F., 798.
King, A. C, 696.
King, C. M., 231.
King, E. F., 450.
King, F. G., 99.
King, J. A., 687.
King, J. L., 349.
King, W. E., 378.
Kinghorn, H. M., 181.
Kinsley, A. T., 378.
Kirk, J. M., 810.
Kittredge, M. H., 358.
Klein, 169, 569.
Klein, J., 558.
Klein, L. A., 79.
Klemperer, F., 879.
Kliem, W., 184.
Klieneberger, C, 374.
Klimmer, M., 33, 79.
Klinck, L. S., 400.
Kling, A., 207.
Klostermann, M., 205.
Klunker, 77.
Knab. F., 60, 554, 851.
Knapp, 11., 900.
Knibhs. G. H., 894.
Knight, H. G., 900.
Knight, J. B., 367, 722, 865.
Knight. N., 120.
Kno, 727.
Knoch, R., 284.
Knorr, F., 36, 223, 233.
Knox, W. K., 616.
Knowles, N. S., 597.
Knuchel, IL, 144.
Knudson, L., 823.
Kober, P. A.. 310, 474.
Koch, A., 618.
Kocher, R., 564.
Kochmann, M., 310.
Kock, G., 343, 642, 645.
Kodama, H., 374.
Koettlitz, 662.
Koernicke, M., 220.
Kcihler, A., 170.
Kohlstock, A., 378.
Koketsu, R., 130.
Kolbe, F., 865.
Kolle, W., 78.
Kolmer, W., 765.
Kone, E. R., 594.
Konge, W., 376.
Konig, J., 21.
Kornauth, K., 642.
Kossowicz, A., 558, 728.
Kovessi, F., 327.
Kratzmann, E., 609.
Kraus, R., 78.
Krauss, F. G., 741, 789.
Kreidl, A., 503.
Kremers, E., 613.
Kressmann, F. W., 613.
Kretchmer, E., 853.
Kretzschmar, H., 161.
Kreutz, A., 854.
Krocher, C, 84.
Krogh, A., 67, 765, 766.
Kron, E., 810.
Kronfeld, E. M., 440.
Kropat, K., 313.
Kropf, L., 87.
Kriiger, 230.
Kriiger, R., 33.
Kriiger, W., 324.
Krumwiede, C, 675.
Kubelka, A., 47, 48.
Kubena, J. F., 696.
Kufferath, H., 872.
Kiihl, H., 414.
Kuhlman, A. H., 865.
Kuhn, C, 437.
Kuijper, J., 235, 749.
Kulisch, P., 323.
Kunerth. W., 487.
Kunze, M., 543.
Kutovogo, v., 125.
Kuttenkeuler, H., 109.
Labayen, S. D.. 41.
Lackey. E. E., 290.
Lacroix, A., 511.
Ladd, E. F., 162, 294, 300,
356, 456, 634, 661. 763.
Lafrenz, F., 797.
Lagerberg, T., 844, 845.
Lahy, J. M., 664.
Laidlaw, W., 341.
Lain6, E., 586.
INDEX OF XAMES.
911
Lalnjr, J. T. C, 476.
Lalim, A., 75.
Lamb, A. R., 410.
I.amb, G. N., 339.
Lamb, W. A.. 279.
Lamb, W. H., 748.
Lambert, G. M., 591.
Lamon, II. M., 264.
Lamoureux, A. J., 895.
Lampart, J. B., 201.
Lampson. L. M., 888.
Lamson, R. A., 198.
Lamson, R. W., 175.
Lanchestcr, W. F., 270.
Landmann, A., 171.
Landsteiner, K., 78, 178.
Lane, C, 474.
Lane, C. H., 197, 596, 895.
Lanfranchi, A., 374.
Lange, 178.
Lange, F., 503.
Lange, II., 220.
I.angenbeck, K., 127.
Lanman, T. H., 664.
Lapparent, de, 169.
Laroche, G., 178.
Larsen, C, 576, 790.
Larson, W. E., 691.
La Rue, G. R., 853.
Lathiop, E. C, 217.
Latimer, W. J., 214, 617.
Latshaw, W. L., 396, 409.
Latta, R. W., 497.
Lauder, A., 399.
Lauman, G. N., 105, 390,
895.
Lavoie, J. H., 392.
Law, J., 475, 579.
Lawes, J. B., 120.
Lawrence, W. II., 695.
Lawson, L. M., 481.
Laxa, O., 473, 870.
Lazenby, W. R., 397, 895.
Leather, J. W., 419.
L^caillon, 351.
LeClerc, J. A., 300, 355.
Ledeboer, F., 485.
Ledent. R., 715, 760.
Ledoux, L., 714.
Lee, C. H., 509.
Lee. F. S., 565. 765.
Leeden, R. van der, 311.
Leetham, C, 565.
Lehenbauer, P. A., 334.
Lehmann, F., 862.
Lehmann, K. B., 660.
Leighty, C. E., 336, 53.'J, 736,
737.
Leiningen, W. Graf zu, 26.
Lemaire. G., 780.
Lemaire, M. N., 752.
Lemmermann, O., 321, 618,
721.
Lenk, E., 503.
Leonard, L. D., 853.
Leonard, M. D., 56.
Leonard!, G., 449.
Lester, F. E., 397.
Letard, 180.
Lettecr, C. R., 226.
Lcwin, L., 20.
Lewis, C. I., 644.
Lewis, H. R., 99, 570, 572,
584, 590.
Lewis, I. M., 53.
Lewis, J. II., 279.
Lewis, L. L., 782.
Lewis, R. G., 144, 238. 841.
Lhommedieu, D. E., 853.
Libberton, P. T., 787.
Liebcnberg de Zsittin, A. U.
T., 290.
Liebig, J. von, 109.
Llgni^res, J., 183, 271.
Liguori, J. M., 895.
Lincoln, J. R., 900.
Lind, G., 117.
Lindet, M., 63.
Lindsey, J. B., 68, 363, 666.
Linfleld, F. B., 13, 96.
Link, G. K. K., 643.
Linossier, G., 460.
Linthicum, J. C, 251.
L:pman, C. B., 96, 141, 199,
296, 320, 727.
LIpman, J. G., 514, 516, 518,
519, 533.
Lippincott, W. A.. 570.
Lipschutz, A., 668.
Lissone, E, G., 54,
Livermoro, K. C, 292, 293.
Liverseege, J. F., 64.
Livingston. G., 798.
Llewellyn, M. O., 397.
Lloyd, E. R., 396, 568.
Lloyd. F. E., 627.
Lloyd, J. T., 153.
Lloyd, J. W., 140.
Lloyd, 0. G., 390.
Lochhead, W., 56, 151.
Locke, E. A., 358.
Lockett, W. T., 387.
Lodge, F. A., 340.
Loeb, J., 697.
Loeffler, F., 272, 375.
Loew, E. N., 840.
Loew, O., 161, 324, 373.
Lohnes, H. R., 66.
Lohnis, F., 124.
Lommel, W. E., 198.
Long, C. M., 86.
Long, D. D., 513.
Long, J. H., 710.
Long, W, H., 150, 647.
Longmeyer, F. E., 695.
Longyear, B. O., 760.
Lonhienne, E., 662.
Lonsdale, T. W., 423, 435.
Loomis, H., 733.
Loomis, H. M. 560.
Loomis, H. N., 689.
Looss, A., 759.
Lord, N. W., 325.
Lorenz, W. F., 255.
Lory, C. A., 11, 12.
Lotrionte, G., 344.
Lotsy, J. I'., 220.
Lounsbury, C, 214.
Love, II. IL, 40, 736.
Lovott, A. L., 051.
Lovewell, J. T., 487.
Lowenstcin, W., 683.
Lowthor, G., 436.
Loyguo, P., 252.
Lubarsoh, O., 270.
Luberg, 93.
Lubimonko, W., 824.
Lucas, K., 257.
Lucet, A., 153, 180.
Ludwig, C. A., 343.
Lumet, G., 86.
Lumsden, D., 140.
Lundberg, G., S40.
Lusliington, .V. W., 340.
Lusk. G., 359.
Lnstig, A., 78.
Liistncr, G., 246, 534.
Lutman, B. F., 546.
Lutz, A., 450.
Lutz, F. E., 755, 756.
Lyle, G. T., 454.
Lyle, W. G., 474.
Lyman, J. F., 162.
Lyman, T., 210.
Lynch, C. F., 277, 480.
Lythgoe, H. C, 298, 369.
Lytle, W. 11., 778.
Maas, O., 399.
McAdie, A. G., 120.
Macallum, A. B., 360, 607.
McAlpine, D., 751.
McAtee, W. L., 347.
McCann, R., 774.
JlcCannel, A. J., 456.
McCarrison, R., 563.
McCartney, H. E., 498.
MacCaughey, V., 691.
McCaustland, E. J., 279.
McClain, J. H., 681.
McClelland, C. K., 631, 729,
731.
McCIintock, J. A., 52, 641,
798.
McCloskey, A. G., 494.
McCollum, E. v., 360.
McConnell, O. W., 797.
McCool, M. M., 420.
McCormick, F. A., 643.
McCready, S. B., 689, 794,
896.
McCubbin, W. A., 441.
McCullough, C. B., 686.
McCullough, E., 484.
McDaniel, H. B., 695.
McDonald, E. B., 492, 593,
691.
MacDonald, G. B., 853.
Macdonald, G. G., 829.
Macdonald, J. S., 257, 258.
MacDonald, M, B., 491.
912
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
MfDonnoll, II. B., 200.
MaoDoiigal, D. T., 429, 511.
Macdowell, C. H., 820.
McDowell, C. S., jr., 305.
Macdowell, E. C, oT.i.
McDowell, M. S., 19C.
McElroy, C. II., 782.
McFadyean, J., 271, 475.
McGlll, A., 64, 25;j, 5G0, 7G2.
MacGillavry, E. E. L., 235.
McGinty, R. A., 140.
McGlashan, li. D., 587.
M'Gowan, J. P., 276.
McGregor, E. A., 251.
MacGregor, M. E., 450.
McGuire, G. W., 254.
Mucha, W., 261.
Machens, A., 874.
Mclndoo, N. E., 352.
Maclntire, W. II., 123, 296,
622, 719.
Macintosh, J., 399.
McKee, R., 38.
McKee, W. M., 365.
Mackensen, B., 338.
Mackie, F. P., 59.
McKillop, A. T., 449.
Mackintosh, J., 574.
McLain, R. E., 118, 418, 614.
McLean, II. C, 29, 817.
McLendon, W. E., 28.
McLennan, J. P., 795.
MacLennan K,., 32, 399, 609.
M'Leod, J. W., 179.
Macmillan, II. F., 45, 85.
McMillan, M., 458.
McNalr, A. D., 293.
M'Nee, J. W., 179.
McNeill, R., 597.
McNutt, J. C, 99.
McOmie, A. M., 526, 541,
595.
Macoun, W. T., 437, 539,
743.
Macpherson, H., 95.
McWhorter, V. O., 866.
McWilliams, J. E., 900.
Maddocks, M., 558.
Mader, W., 860.
Magnan, A., 367.
Magoon, C. A., 696.
Magruder, E. W., 298.
Mahoney, J. A., 397.
Mahoney, J. K., 694.
Malllard, L. C, 19.
Maire, R., 149, 443, 842.
Major, E. W., 695.
Maltby, A. E., 690.
Malte, M. O., 532.
Maltsev, A. I., 833.
Malvezin, P., 114.
Manaresi, A., 837.
Maney, T. J., 229, 230, 240.
Mangin, L., 145, 341.
Mann, A., 823.
Mann, C. W., 715.
Mann, H. n., 76.
Manning, D. F., 810.
Manson, P., 177.
Manuelll, C, 125, 217.
Muqucnne, L., 128.
Marchadler, 178, 559.
Marchand, L., 271.
Marchettano, E., 829.
Marcovitch, S., 557.
Marek, J., 371.
Marino, L., 310.
Marioth, 81.
Marriott, R. A., 417.
Mariotti, A., 594.
Maris, P. V., 190.
Markl, 358.
Marlatt, C. L., 353.
Marmu, N., 121.
Marques de Carvalho, J., 837.
Marre, F., 324.
Marsh, C. D., 474.
Marsh, J. F., 799.
Marshall, C. J., 273.
Marshall, E. K., jr., 165, 803.
Marshall, F., 100, 714.
Marshall, F. 11. A., 861.
Marshall, F. R., 174.
Marshall, H. T., 276.
Marshall, R. B., 279, 382,
588, 786.
Martel, 180.
Martoll, L. IL, 722.
Martin, C. H., 800.
Martin (Mrs.), C. L., 197.
Martin, E., 389.
Martin, E. G., 664.
Martin, G. W., 547.
Martin, H. L., 395.
Martin, O. B., 492.
Martinand, V., 446.
Martinet, G., 830.
Martinez, M. C, 92.
Martiny, B., 75, 281, 486.
Marvin, C. F., 210, 614, 810.
Mascheroni, E., 668.
Maschhaupt, J. G., 215.
Mason, C. F., 348.
Mason, C. J., 118.
Mason, D. T., 542.
Mason, M. L., 355.
Massee, G., 640, 646.
Massee, I., 344, 443.
Massey, A. B., 53.
Massey, W. F., 127.
Masslow, M., 561.
Masters, H., 354.
Matenaers, F. F., 434.
Matheson, K. J., 175, 176,
177.
Mathewson, E. H., 137.
Mathewson, W. E., 297.
Matignon, C, 116, 125, 209.
Matruchot, L., 822.
Matthews, J. M., 308.
Matthews, S. A., 359.
Matthews, W. S., 252, 253,
356.
Maublanc, A., 238.
Maurantonio, L., 252.
Maurer, O., 172, 800.
Maurit\ E., 760.
Mausl)crg. A., 31.
Mavor, .1., 489.
Maw, P. T., 237.
Mayor, E., 223.
Mayor, G., 760.
Mayer, M., 279.
Mayes, W., 640.
Maze, P., 625.
Meacham, F. T., 260.
Mead, E., 481.
Meadows, W. R., 229.
Means, J. II., 359.
Meeks, J. R., 497.
Meggltt, A. A., 812.
Meinzer, O. E., 383, 384, 784.
Melander, A. L., 834, 850.
Melchcrs, L. E., 149.
Mcldert, L. van, 262.
Mcllanby, J., 858, 859.
Mellet, R., 1.''.7.
Mcllis, C, 682.
Mclvin, A. D., 12, 877.
Mendel, L. B., 164, 165, 359,
460, 662, 697.
Mendenhall, W. C, 587.
Mer, E., 752.
Mercer, W. B., 121.
Merck, E., 678.
Merkel, F., 37.
Merklen, P., 278.
Merl, T., 507.
Merrell, E. C, 300.
Merrill, F. A., 811.
Merrill, M. C, 204, 626, 627.
Merritt, E., 773.
Messerschmidt, T., 882.
Meston, L. A., 412.
Mestrezat, W., 114.
Metre, T. W. van. 90.
Metschnikoff, E., 78.
Mettam, A. E., 475.
Mettler, G., 422.
Metz, C. W., 351.
Metzger, J., 879.
Meyer, A. II., 214, 236, 617.
Meyer, A. W., 82.
Meyer, D., 127, 216, 567.
Meyer, K. F., 475.
Meyer, L., 457.
Meyer, R., 801.
Michaelis, L., 801.
Michaud, G. L., 699.
Middleton, T. U., 444, 445,
542.
Mifege, 321.
Miege, E., 218.
Miessner, 178.
Miessner, II.. 82.
Milam. A. B., 560, 855.
Milburn, T., 343, 672.
Miller, C, 534.
Miller, E. A., 596.
Miller, F., 33.
Miller, F. A., 143.
INDEX OF NAMES.
913
Miller. P. E., 509, GOG.
Miller, F. W., 898.
Miller, G. 11., 45.
Miller, J., 612.
Miller, J. C, 92.
Miller, J. J., 435.
Miller, M. K, 321.
Miller, N. H. J., 121.
Miller, W., 143,
Miller, W. A., jr., G9G.
Miltner, R., 392,
Minchin, E. A., 399.
Jliuer, J. R., 700.
Minkler, F. C, 5G9, 581.
Misner, E. G., 95.
Mitcliell, A. J., 614.
Mitchell, A. P., 477, 674.
Mitchell, C. W., 798.
Mitchell, J. F., 271.
Mitchell, O. W. II., 477.
Mitscherlich, E. A., 421.
Moescr, L., 115.
Mofflt, E. L., 109.
Mohlor, J. R., 682, 877.
Mohr, O., 801.
Moleswortb, G. L., 188.
Molcsworth, n. B., 188.
:\Iolinas, E., 246.
Mollor, M., 25.
Molliard, M., 427, 825.
Molliex, P., 64.
Molz, E., 145, 248, 341, 843.
Monahan, A. C, 488:
Monell, 247.
Monroe, J. F., 141.
Montesoro, E. G., 136.
Montgomery, C. W., 122,
Montgomery, E. G., 200.
Mooers, C. A., 132, 719, 827.
Moomaw, C. W., 91, 894.
Moon, F. F., 192, 692.
Moore, R. A., 631.
Moore, V. A., 374, 579, 580,
581, 779, 780.
Moore, W., 753.
Morales, R., 59.
Morgan, D. G., 798.
Morgan, E. L., 10.
Morgan, H. A., 13.
Morgan, R., 98.
Morgan, T. H., 697.
Morgen, A., 801.
Morgenroth, J., 78.
Morison, C. G. T., 121.
Morot, C, 271.
Morrill, A. W., 549.
Morris, H., 778.
Morris, O. M., 835.
Morrison, C. E., 85.
Morrison, F. B., 100, 863.
Morrison, T. M., 26, 812.
Morse, E. W., 99, 100, 799.
Morse, W. J., 147, 533, 631.
Mortensen, M., 874.
Mortimer, E., .396.
Morton, G. E., 99.
Moser, O., 770.
1115°— 15 3
Mosher, F. II., 349.
.Mosier, J. G., 26.
Moskvichev, S., 829.
MoKsman, R. C, 25.
Motter, M. G., 875.
Mottier, D. M., 142.
Mouilleron, 180.
Moulton, C. R., 311.
Moussu, G., 477, 780.
Mowry, H. 11., 886.
Moyer, A., 484.
Moyer, J. A., 788.
Moznette, G. F., 651.
:Muc1i, 182.
Miiller, 6S2.
Miiller, II. C, 145, 341, 729,
748, 843.
Miiller, K., 145.
Miiller, M., 266, 856.
MuUer, T., 37.
Milliner, II., 36.3, 665.
Jliimford, F. B., 10, 12, 725.
Mnmford, II. W., 69.
Miimma, E. W., 83, 396.
Muncie, F. W., 746.
Munn, M. T., 741.
Munro, J. W., 852.
Miintz, A., 586.
Muriel, C. E., 640.
Murlin, J. R., 257, 860.
Murphy, D. I., 855.
Murphy, R. G., 673.
Murphy, R. M., 670.
Murray, A., 368.
Murray, J., 25, 400.
Murray, J. A., 258, 399, 774.
Murray, J. E., 614.
Murray, N. C, 287, 434, 455,
594.
Murschhauser, H., 166.
Mus.selman, H. H., 400.
Mutchlcr, F., 197.
Myers, C. N., 455.
Myers, J. D., 517.
Myers, M. A., 689.
Myers, W. I., 95.
Na?)okikh, A. I., 718.
Nahstoll, G. A., 792.
Nakamura, K., 210.
Nakashima, K., 563.
Narabe, K., 266.
Nash, E. H., 597.
Nattino, J. P. y, 744. 745.
Neal, J. W., 36.
Neal, R. T., 494.
Neale, A. S., 590.
Nearing, S., 662.
Needham, J. G., 40.3.
Neely, R. C, 395.
Negley, N. A., 86.
Negri, L., 271. '
Nehrling, A. IT., 746.
Neidig, R. E., 503, 710.
Neil, M. H., 253.
Nelson, C. F., 359.
Nelson, E. K., 300.
Nelson, J., 573.
Nelson, J. B., 533.
Nelson, J. W., 28.
Nelson, S. B., 183.
Nelson, V. E., 566.
Nesblt, O. E., 597.
Neuberg, C, 801.
Neufeld, F., 78.
Neumann, M. P., 356, 659.
Nevermann, 577.
Neveu-Lemaire, M., 752.
Neville, A., 802.
Newman, C. C, 538.
Ncwsom, I. E., 781.
Newton, R., 392.
NichoUs, II. M., 644.
Nichols, C. S., 188.
Nichols, F. G., 494.
Nichols, J. B., 66.
Nickles, F. P., 828.
Nicklisch, E., 829.
Nicoll, W., 377, 399.
Niemann, A., 661.
Nleronstein, M., 474, 801.
Nieuwburg, P. de, 760.
Nightingall, V., 65.
NilBSon-Ehle, H., 220.
Nisbet, J., 237, 400.
Njegovan, V., 715.
Noack, O. G., 473.
Noble, G. L., 871.
Noble, W. C, 675.
Noffray, E., 150, 241.
Nolan, A. W., 496, 691. 898.
Nolte, O., 218.
Norcross, C. A., 471.
Nordin, J. G., 41.
Norlind, A.. 418.
Norris, G. W., 371.
Northrup, Z., 61, 62.
Norton, J. B. S., 147, 641.
Nottbohm, F. E., 370.
Nowell, W., 829.
Noyce, F., 891.
Noyes, A. A., 697.
Noyes, II. A., 319, 422, 807.
Nunnick, F. C, 593.
Nurenberg, L. I., 299.
Nuttall, G. II. F., 274.
Nutter, J. W., 673.
Nystrom, E., 320.
Oakley, R. A., 432.
Oakland, I. S., 739.
Gates, W. II., 395.
Obecny, J. S., 535.
O'Callaghan, M. A., 399.
Od^n, S.. 813.
Oefele, 309.
Oohme, M., 38.
Oelkers, 144.
Oetken, W., 832.
OCfermann, 81.
O'Gara, P. J., 643, 842.
Ogllvle, C. P., 399.
Ogle, G. L., 198.
Ohler, W. R., 476.
914
INDEX OF NAMES.
Ohno, T., 80.
Okada, T., 25.
O'Kane, W. C, 153, 850.
Olivier, C. P., 810.
Ollech, von, 5GG.
Olson, G. A., 409, 808.
Ondracek, P., 182.
Ong, E. R., 245.
Onslow, H., 3G1.
Opitz, H., 205.
Oppcnhcimer, C, 201.
Opperman, C. L., 771.
Orr, J. B., 663.
Orth, 847.
Orton, B., jr., 104.
Orton, W. A., 241.
Ortt, F., 354.
Osborne, J. B., 64.
Osborne, T. B., 164, 165,
460, 662.
Oseki, S., 561.
Oshima, K., 560.
Osmaston, B. B., 155.
Osterhout, W. J. V., 223,
625, 728.
Ostermayor, A., 393.
Ostertag, R. von, 270, 777,
778.
Ostrander, J. E., 118, 418,
614.
Oswald, W. L., 200, 635.
Otis, C. H., 426.
Otis, D. H., 292.
Otto, R., 78, 826.
Overton, P., 448.
Owen, E. J., 538.
Owen, E. W., 317.
Owen, I. L., 527, 797.
Owen, W. L., 22, 717.
Packard, A. S., 850.
Packard, L. O., 615.
Paddock, W., 397.
Padgett, H. D., 279.
Padhye, R. G., 41.
Paechtner, J., 168.
Paget, R., 390.
Palladius, 827.
Palmer, A. H., 210.
Palmer, L. S., 18, 19, 299,
313.
Palmer, R. C, 48.
Palmer, T. S., 244.
Palmer, W. W., 359.
Palmgren, G., 184.
Paltauf, R., 78.
Pammel, L. H., 200, 231,
853, 900.
Pangburn, W. S., 853.
Panisset, L., 474.
Paranjpye, S. R., 41.
Park, F. W., 882.
Park, J. W., 798.
Park, W. H., 372.
Parker, C. D., 95.
Parker. J. R., 153.
Parker. T. B., 98.
Parker, \V. B., 649.
Parker, W. H., 42.
Parks, 248.
Parks, T. II., 797.
Parlin, A. B., 319.
Parnas, J., 801.
Parow, E., 23, 117.
Parrott, P. J., 449.
Parsonage, E. E., 789.
Parsons, E. R., 4.30.
Parsons, J. L., 85.
Parsons, T. S., 430.
Passchal, A. L., 94.
Patch, E. M., 755, 848.
Patel, 184.
Paton, D. N., 163.
Patrick, G. E., 298.
Patta, A., 764.
Patten, A. J., 294, 295, 624.
Patten, C. J., 399.
Patterson, I. W., 884.
Patterson, J. W., 399.
Patton, C. A., 717.
Patton, W. S., 61, 557.
Patzewitsch, B., 375.
Paul, A. E., 297.
Paul, A. M., 481.
Payne, A., 184.
Peacock, J. B., 659, 661.
Pearce, R. M., 80.
Pearl, R., 172. 575, 665, 670,
671, 766.
Pearson, F. A., 292.
Pearson, G. A., 748.
Pearson, K., 163, 362.
Pearson, R. A., 9.
Pearson, R. S., 48.
Pearson, W. H., 798.
Pease, 272.
Peck, F. W., 688.
Peck, S. S., 125, 694.
Peers de Nieuwburg, 760.
Pellet, H., 41, 110.
Pellett, F. C, 852.
Pemberton, C. E., 452, 655,
756.
Penck, A., 118.
Pencost, C. L., 797.
Peneveyre, P., 45, 338.
Pensa, A., 428.
Perard, 181.
Perkins, A. E., 413.
Perl, 272.
Pernter, J. M., 810.
Perotti, R., 644.
Perroncito, E., 271.
Perrot, E., 339.
Pescheck, E., 667.
Peters, C. A., 507.
Petersen, W., 274, 678.
Peterson, H., 598.
PetAson, W., 28, 199. 217.
Pethybridge, G. H., 239, 442,
Petit, G., 271.
Petroff. S. A., 275.
Pettit, J. H.. 26, 94.
Pettit, R. H., 650.
Pfeifer, M., 560.
Pfeiffer, H., 79.
Pfeiler, W., 378, 760.
Pflug, 220.
Phelps, E. B., 254, 786.
Phillips, 248.
Phillips, E. P., .398, 852.
Phillips, J. C, 809.
Phillips, W., 498.
Phillips, W. B., 820.
Picard, P., 245, 848.
Pickel, J. M., 862.
Pickens, E. M., 373.
Pickering, S. U., 444, 511.
IMckering, W. II., 210.
Pierce, C. H., 382.
Pierce, W. D., 658, 851.
Pietsch, W., 248.
Pilz, P., 722.
Pinckney, R. M., 510.
Pinoff, E., 113.
Piper, C. v., 97, 199, 533,
827.
Piper, S. E., 648.
Pittauer, 144.
Plahn-Appiani, 11., 830.
Plaut, M., 833.
Pleasants, M. T., 797.
I'limmer, R. II. A., 201.
Plumb, C. S., 267.
I'oensgen, P., 178.
Polimanti, 0., 564.
Pool, B. E., 161.
Popenoe, P. W., 745.
Popenoe, P., 142, 726.
Popp, M., 611, 867.
Poppe, K., 81.
Porodko, T. M., 128.
Portchinsky, I. A., 848.
Porter, A., 759.
Porter, C. E., 161.
Porter, E. A., 279, 382, 587.
Portheim. L. von, 437.
Potts, R. C 397.
Poulton, G. II., 257, 399.
Powell, G. II., 191, 287.
Powell, H., 141.
Power, F. B., 501.
Power, W. M., 380.
Powers, W. L., 185.
Pozerski, E., 472.
Prange, (Mrs.) X. M. G.,
219.
Pratolongo, U.. 115.
Pratt, D. S., 46.
Pratt, J. H., 884.
Prausnitz, C, 79.
Prell, II., 847.
Prescott, .T. A.. 805.
Pfibram, E.. 78.
Price, D. J., 790.
Price, H. C, 194. 798.
Price, J. C. C, 738.
I'ridham. J. T., 399.
Priego, J. M., 236.
Prien, O. L.. 900.
Priestley, J. H.. 486.
INDEX OF NAMES.
915
Prince, R. E., 841.
Prlngsheim, E. G., 428.
Prior, E. M., 242.
Pritchard, K. A., 694.
Prochaska, M., 290.
Proeseher, F., 876.
Proulx, E. G., 169.
Pryor, J. C, 268, 269.
Pucci. C, 669.
Pulg y Nattlno, J., 744, 745.
Pulslfcr, J., 458.
Punnctt, R. C, 572.
Purcell, B. L., 661.
Purvis, J. E., 312.
Putnam, G. A., 98.
Quaintance, A. L., 850.
Qiiartaroll, 116.
Quartaroli, A., 804.
Quaylc, E. T., 118.
Quayle, H. J., 56.
Quolch, J. J., 553.
Qulnlan, D., 272.
Quinn, C, 138.
Quinn. G., 241.
Quisumbing, F. A., 37.
Rabak, F., 300.
Rabbeno, A. E., 561.
Rabomnova. O. D., 832.
Rachel, F., 506.
Raczkow.skl, de, 76.
Radlbcrger, L., 711.
Raebiger, IT., 184.
Raiziss, G. W., 663.
Rakshlt, J. N., 414.
Ramirez, E. C, 628.
Ramon, 181.
Rampazzo, F., 231.
Ramsay, A. A., 374.
Ramsbottom, J., 341.
Ramser, C. E., 883.
Ramsey, H. J., 234.
Ramsower, H. C, 87, 190,
281.
Ramult, S. R. v„ 92.
Ranck, E. M., 185.
Rand, F. V., 241.
Rane, F. W., 95, 397.
Rankin, W. H., 54.
Ransom, B. H., 153, 880.
Rappin, 271.
Raqnet, II.. 3G4.
Rather, J. B., 300, 709.
Raudnitz, R. W., 173.
Rautenberg, M., 578.
Rawl, B. II., 600.
Rawson, n. E., 522.
Razzautl, A., 556.
Reach, F., 258.
Reagan, Z. L., 694.
Reavis, G. W., 94.
Reckleben, H., 609.
Records, E., 95.
Reddlck, D., 52, 751, 836,
837.
Reddln, T. K., 680.
Reed, C. D., 810,
Reed, H. S., 33, 751, 798,
823.
Reed, O. E., 870.
Reed, W., 798.
Reed, W. G., 25, 315.
Reeks, II. C, 584.
Reese, C, 505, 560.
Refsell, O. N., 593.
R<;gamey, R., 442.
Regel, R., 216.
Reggianl, E., 41.3.
Reh, L., 847.
Rehbock. F., 875.
Rehfuss, M. E., 66."?, 764.
Reichel, H., 765.
Reichert, E. T., 501.
Reid, II. E., 397.
Reimers, J. II. W. T., 861.
Reinhardt, F., 170.
Relnsch, A., 854.
Reisch, E., 266.
Remington, R. E., 298.
Remlinger, 271.
Remn, T., 364.
Remy, T., 138, 220.
Renner, V., 871.
Rennie, T., 373.
Retan, G. A., 748.
Renter, E., 847.
Renter, O. M., 846.
Revis, C, 312.
Reynier, 187.
Reynolds, H. M., 394, 899.
Reynolds, M. II., 880.
Rhodin, S., 631 .
Rice, H. H., 86.
Rice, W. E., 265.
Rlchardin, E., 662.
Richardson, A. E. V., 399,
659.
Richardson, C, 694.
Richardson, R., 672.
Rlchet, C, 562.
Richet, C, jr., 178.
Richmond, II. D., 501.
Rlchter, J., 474, 862.
Ricks, J. R., 396, 734.
Rldewood, W. G., 452.
Rlehm, E., 145.
Ries, F., 665.
Ries, H., 784.
Rlesenberg, E., 253.
Riffart, H., 413, 576.
Rigg, G. B., 821, 898.
Riggs, W. M., 9, 11, 194.
Riley, J. G., 297.
Riley, W. A., 846, 895.
Riley, W. E., 393.
Rlngelmann, M., 86.
Ringer, A. I., 663.
Ritchie, J., 472.
Rltter, L. B., 782.
Ritter v. Liebenberg de Zsit-
tln. A., 290.
Rltz, W. A., 696.
Roach, W. W., 458.
Roadhouse, C. L., 268.
Roark, R. C, 296.
Robb, .1. B., 298.
Robblns, E. T., 170.
Robert, S. A., 132.
Roberts, G., 200, 819.
Roberts, I. P., 895.
Roberts. R. II., 900.
Robertson, J. B., 361.
Robertson, L. S., 198.
Robertson, T. B., 79.
Robertson, W., 273.
Robinson, B. I., 93.
Robinson, C. S., 213.
Robinson, J. II., 265.
Robinson, L. G., 391.
Robinson, R. II., 713.
Robinson, W. J., 98.
Robotka, F., 892.
Rodenhiser, L. R., 687.
Rodhain, .1., 555.
Rodzianko, V. N., 156.
Roemer, T., 220.
Roever, W. H., 24.
Rogalski, B., 216.
Regan, C, 498.
Rogers, C, G., 640.
Rogers, L. A., 175.
Rohland. P., 318.
Rohmann, F., 561.
Rohrer. C. J., 885.
Rohwer, S. A., 852.
Rolf, A. F., 95.
Rolf.s, P. H., 11.
Rommel, G. M., 12, 498.
Rommel, W., 92.
Rona, P., 801.
Ronnberg, G., 760.
Roop, J. n., 169.
Rocs, L., 219.
Roosevelt, T., 495.
Root, A. D., 095.
Rordam, K., 331.
Rosa, G. F. de la, 286.
Rosam, A., 393.
Rose, D. H., 750.
Rose, R. C, 51.
Rose, R. E., 219, 725, 811,
862.
Rosenau, M. J., 660.
Rosenbaum, J., 343.
Rosenblatt, M., 803.
Rosenbloom, .T., 875.
tlosengren, L. F., 473.
Rosenthal, W., 578.
Ross, B. B., 725.
Ross, H., 49.
Ross, n. E., 173.
Ross, T., 392.
Ross, W. n., 324, 511.
Rossi, v., 820.
Rost, E., 164.
Roster, G., 746.
Roth, A., 790.
Roth. F.. 46.
Roth, P., 105.
Rothenfusser, S., 20.
916
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Rubnor. M.. 06, 308.
Riibsaamen, E. II., 847.
Ruddick, J. A., 473.
Rudnick, P., 294, 409.
Ruffnor, R. II., 771.
Ruggles, A. G., 753.
Riihle, J., 20.
Rullmann, W., 70.
Ruml)old, C, 34.
Riimkor, K. von, 704.
Rumsoy, W. E., 398.
Runc'iman, J. G., 861.
Rusk, E. W., 695.
Rti.Snov, P. von, 47.
Rii.ssell, D. G., 373.
Russell, E. J., 121, 138, 218,
423.
Russell, n. L., 11.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 242, 549.
Rutherford, A., 350, 352,
555, 557, 754, 758, 852.
Rutter, W. R., 238.
Ruys, J. D., 87.
Ryan, W. C, jr., 457.
Sablon, L. du, 825.
Sacharov, N., 59.
Sachs, n., 78.
Sachs, W. H., 821.
Sackett, W. G., 96.
Sacquepee, E., 252, 559.
Sadler, W., 148.
Sahr, C. A., 729.
Sa in t-G irons, P., 178.
St. John, A. D., 509.
Saint-Scrnin, A., 116.
Salceby, M. M., 828.
Salmon, D. E., 83.
Salmon, E. S., 148, 547.
Salter, C, 25.
Salway, A. H., 501.
Samford, T, D., 395.
Sammis, J. L., 873.
Sampson, A. W., 227.
Sanders, J. G., 398.
Sanderson, E. D., 95, 195.
Sanderson, T., 763.
Saudles, A. P., 98.
Sandsti-ijm, J. W., 614.
Sanford, F., 152.
Sanson, 262.
Sapozhnikova, A., 125.
Sar, M. E., 212, 396.
Sargent, F. L., 520.
Sasscer, E. R., 650.
Satsyperov, F. A., 831.
Saulnier, J. M., 340.
Saunders, C. G., 783.
Savage, E. S., 99.
Savage, W. G., 311.
Savelli, M., 148, 149.
Sayre, L. E., 161.
Scaffldi, v., 764.
Scarborough, R. J., 214.
Scarpltti, G.. 471.
Schafer, E. G., 833.
Schander, R., 342.
Schattke, 875.
Schaumann, II., 858.
Scheerlinck, II., 818, 822.
Schenk, A. 161.
Schern, K., 780.
Scheunpflug, 866.
Schieck, F., 181.
Schledt, R. C, 360.
Schlflf, E., 112.
Schindler, O., 842.
Schjerning, II., 23.
Schlagintweit, E., 859.
Schleimer, A., 354.
Schlick, W. J., 883, 885.
Schloss, E., 857.
Schlossmann, A., 166.
Schmaltz, R., 584.
Schmeer, L., 685.
Schmid, B., 625.
Schmidt, G., 374.
Schmidt, R., 534.
Schmidt, W., 810.
Schneider, F., 311.
Schneidewind, 216.
Schneidewind, W., 29.
Schober, W. B., 109.
Schoenleber, F. S., 184.
Schofield, F. M., 79.
Scholtz, W. G., 800.
Schomberg, II. H., 364.
Schonborn, E. von, 257.
Schoorl, N., 858.
Schotte, G., 339.
Schottelius, M., 80.
Schottler, 581.
Schottler, W., 47.
Schribaux, 545.
Schryver, S. B., 174.
Schroder, J., 412. '
Schuberg, A., 552.
Schubert, B., 579.
Schulte, F., 287.
Schultze, A., 847.
Schulze, B., 319, 634.
Schumann, K., 509.
Schutte, W. M., 187.
Schuyten, M. C, 458.
Schwangart, F., 847.
Schwappach, 144.
Schwarz, E., 271.
Schwarz, J., 474.
Schweiger, M., 266.
Schwennesen, A. T., 383, 384.
Schwyzer, F., 80.
Scoates, D., 597.
Scotland, D. W., 227.
Scott, E., 678.
Scott, E. L., 765.
Scott, J. M., 808.
Scott, J. W., 754, 796.
Scott, L. B., 439.
Scott, P. R., 659.
Scott, W. M., 644.
Scovllle, G. P., 293.
Scudder, II. D., 131, .398, 494.
Scurti, F., 750.
Seale, A., 63.
Sear.s, F. C, 394.
Scars, P. B., 557.
Sebor, J., .328.
Secrest, B., 440.
Sedgwick, L. J., 37.
Seeker, A. F., 298.
Seeley, D. A., 614.
Seller, 376.
Selan, U., 760.
Selby, A. D., 620, 637.
Seligmann, C. G., 264.
Sell, E. S., 692.
Sellers, E., 856, 857.
Semichon, L., 447.
Senevet, G., 780.
Senn, G.. 221.
Sergent, E., 780.
Sernin, A. St., 116.
Setchell, W. A., 220.
Severln, H. C, 153.
Severin, II. H. P., 153.
Scverson, B. O., 98.
Shackleton, E., 857.
Shamel, A. D., 4.39.
Shanklin, F. M., 198, 597.
Shannon, F. L., 252, 298.
Shantz, II. L., 127.
Shapovalov, M., 147.
Share-Jones, J. T., 278.
Sharp, R. G., 376.
Sharpies, A., 347.
Shattock, S. G., 264.
Shaw, C. F., 616.
Shaw, E. W., 718.
Shaw, F. J. F., 149.
Shaw, G. H., 457.
Shaw, H. L. K., 66.
Shaw, J, K., 338, 744.
Shaw, N. E., 398.
Shaw, P. J., 392.
Shaw, R. II., 675.
Shaw, v., 173.
Shaw, W. N., 315.
Shear, C. L., 53.
Shear, TV. Y., 136.
Shedd, O. M., 724.
Sheldon, S., 480.
Shelford, V. E., 222, 549.
Shepard, S., 492.
Shepperd, J. H., 527, 528,
529, 530, 538, 542, 545,
598.
Sherbakoff, C. D., 146.
Sherman, D. II., 66.
Sherman, J. M.. 619.
Sherman, J. P., 600.
Sherwood. N. P., 456.
Sherwood, R. M., 754.
Shitkowa, T., 832.
Shoemaker, A. n., 86.
Shoesmith, V. M., 231, 630.
Shook, G. A., 309.
Shook, L. W., 260.
Sborey, E. C, 215.
Shreve, F., 748.
Shuey, R. C, 502.
Shuler, W. P., 782.
INDEX OF NAMES.
917
Shull, G. H., 35, 521.
Shutt, F. T., 419, 424, 4;57,
465, 469, 487, 615.
Sica, v., 750.
Siebold, E., 184.
Siegmund, W., 711.
Slevers, A. F., 626.
.Silvestri, F., 453, 454.
Silvestri, G., 335.
Simon, J., 727.
Simmons, W. H,. 396.
SImms, S. F., 210.
Simpson, II. II., 467.
Simpson, Q. I.. 466.
Simpson, S., 268, 871.
Singli, P., -144.
Sinz, E., 330.
Sisson, S., 78.
Sjollema, B., 577.
Slielly, W. R., 198.
Sliiba, 178.
Sliinner, E. B., 893.
Sl£inner, J. J., 619.
Sicinncr, R. P., 830.
Skinner, W. W., 297.
Slaus-Kantscliieder, G., 83S.
Slaus-Kautschieder, J., 92.
Sleeswijlj, J. G., 87.
Slingerland, M. V., 56.
Small, M. E. L., 358.
Small, W., 548.
Smedley, E., 458.
Smetham, A., 665.
Smith, (Miss) A., 397.
Smith, A., 678.
Smith, C. B., 14, 97, 294.
Smith, C. P., 740.
Smith, E., 486.
Smith, G., 62, 222.
Smith, G. E. P., 586,
Smith,G. P. D., 240, 443.
Smith, G. S. G., 312.
Smith, G. W., 614.
Smith, II. B., 261.
Smith, H. E., 400.
Smith, II. L., 354.
Smith, H. M., 165.
Smith, H. R., 599.
Smith, J., 476.
Smith.J. C, 64.
Smith, J. W., 614, 717, 811.
Smith, L., 642, 643.
Smith, L. B., 652.
Smith, P. H., 259, 666.
Smith, P. W. B., 276.
Smith, R. E., 238.
Smith, R. G., 399, 523.
Smith, R. H., 885.
Smith, T., 477, 478, 577.
Smith, T. O., 126, 1C9, 624.
Smith, W. G., 616.
Smith. Z. M., 597.
Smoot, C. C, III, 424.
Smreker, O., 685.
Smulyan, M. T., 451.
Snedden, D., 689.
Snell, J. F., 808.
Snodgrass, M. D., 36.
Snyder, T. E., 755.
Sobel, L., 206.
Sobotta, 390.
Somermeier, E. E., 325.
Somerville, W., 331, 429, 844.
Somes, M. P., 743, 744, 753.
Soad^n, K., 508.
Sorauer, P., 344.
Soule, A. M., 9.
Soule, A. M. G., 822, 856.
Soxhlet, F. von, 472.
Spallino, R., 728.
Spann, W. R., 877.
Sparks, E. E., 194.
Spears, II. D., 607.
Spencer, D. A., 498.
Spencer, J. B., 867.
Spieckermann, A., 238.
Spiers, C. W., 207.
Splittgerber, A., 41."., 57(!.
Spragg, F. A., 630.
Sprague, M., 614.
Spring, F. G., 3.39.
Spring, H. M., 495.
Stackhouse, II. M, 219.
Stafford, R. 11., 095.
Stahl, H. S., 823.
Stiihler, A., 109, 125.
Stakman, E. C, 51.
Stallings, R. E., 200, 703.
Stangk, v., 717.
Stanford, R. V., 20.
Stange, M., 379.
Stanton, E. W., 900.
Stapp, G. M., 856.
Starke, E., 79.
Starring, C. C, 94.
Stau, B., 363.
Staub, W., 111.
Stcherbakov, T., 59.
Stebbing, E. P., 351.
Stebler, F. G., 833.
Stedman, J. M., 98.
Steenbock, II., 566.
Steeves, R. P., 493, 495.
Steffen, M. R., 578.
Steik, K., 398, 787.
Steimaun, A., 495.
Stempel, G., 114, 827.
Stenstrum, O., 582.
Stenhouse Williams, R., 399.
Stephan, C, 79.
Stephens, D. E., 730.
Stephenson, L. W., 784.
Sternberg, W., 703.
Sterrett, W. D., 748.
Steiickart, C, 434.
Stevens, G. C, 587.
Stevens, H. E., 345.
Stewart, C. D., 772.
Stewart, E. D., 529, 530. 598.
Stewart, H. C, 498.
Stewart, J. S., 595.
Stewart, P., 476.
Stewart, R., 28, 199.
Stewart, R. L., 497.
Stiegler, H., 314.
Stiles, C. W., 61.
Stiles, P. G., 67.
Stimson, R. W., 689, 800.
Stine, J. W., 853.
Stirling, F., 345.
Stirm, K., 308.
Stockdale, F. A., 441, 630.
Stockman, S., 475.
Stockman, W. L., 100.
Stocks, G., 350.
Stoddart, C. W., 501.
Stoklasa, J., 328, 329.
Stomps, T. J., 131.
Stone, A. L., 6:55.
Stone, G. E., 338, 342, 428.
Stone, .T. L., 895.
Stone, R. W., 323.
Stone, W. R., 798.
Stoner, D., 57.
Stordy, R. J., 373.
Storer, F. II., 294.
Storer, T. I., 244.
Storey, G., 152.
Stout, A. B., 329, 726."
Strauss, H., 262.
Street, J. P., 519.
Strigel, A., 22, 415.
Strohmer, F., 22.
Strong, B. R., GOO.
Strong, W. W., 322.
Stuart, A. T., 501.
Stuart, W., 830.
Stiiber, W., 457.
Stuckey, II. P., 636.
Studhalter, R. A.. 55.
Stupart, R. F., 510.
Sngiura, K., 710, 803.
Sullivan, A. L., 297.
Sullivan, J., 690.
Sullivan, J. J., 397.
Sullivan, M. X., 320.
Sundararaman. S., 149.
Surface, F. M., 071.
Surface, II. A., 754.
Sustmann, 882.
Sutton, A. W., 326.
Swaine, J. M., 551.
Swanson, C. O., 26.
Swart, N., 825.
Sweet, A. T. 21.3.
Swingle, L. D., 757.
Swingle. W. T., 838.
Symons, S. T. D., 366.
Szanyi, I., 776.
Szanyi, S., 175.
Szulewsky, 379.
Szymanski, J. S., 565.
Szymoniak, B., 497.
Tacke, B., 363, 719.
Tadokoro, T., 318.
Taeusch, C. F., 192.
Taft, A. B., 388.
Taft, T.. R., 98.
Takamiue, J., 710.
918
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Talbert, T. J., 797.
Talbot, r. B., 401.
Tammes, T., 521.
Tanret, C, 559.
Tarbox, F. G., jr., 431.
Tarchetti, A., 41.
Tartar, II. V., 713.
Tassllly, E., 114.
Taubonhaus, J. J., 51, 446.
Taylor, A. E., 257.
Taylor, E. P., 797. .
Taylor, F. W., G35.
Taylor, G., 118.
Taylor, G. B., 357.
Taylor, W. H., 437.
Taylor, W. J., 271.
Taylor, W. S., 897.
Teesdale, C. II., 841.
Teichert, 414.
Teichmann, E., 847.
TcnBroeck, C, 477, 478.
Ten Eyck, A. M., 42.
Tbain, W. A., 884.
Thannhauser, S. J., 250.
Thatcher, H. K., 497.
Thatcher, R. W., 300.
Theller, A., 274, 380.
Thelsz, G., 274.
Theobald, F. V., 57, 699.
Theopold, W., 577.
Theriault, E. J., 694.
Thienemann, A., 205.
Thlessen, A. 11., 614.
Thorn, C, 175, 176, 177, 442,
675.
Thorn, W. T., 424.
Thomas, E., 80.
Thomas, F. L., 395, 694.
Thomas, G. C, jr., 339.
Thomas, II. II., 232.
Thomas, P., 803.
Thomas, R. H., 264.
Thompson, A. R., 173.
Thompson, Alice R., 712,
761.
Thompson, C. W., 892.
Thompson, D. O., 771.
Thompson, E. W., 873.
Thompson, F., 410, 424.
Thompson, G. L., 498.
Thompson, II. C, 636, 740,
743.
Thompson, J. B., 717, 731,
741, 758, 767, 781.
Thompson, O. A., 527, 528,
5.38, 542, 545, 598.
Thompson, R. B., 95.
Thompson, W. B., 861.
Thompson, W. 0., 8, 11, 12.
Thomson, R. T., 855.
Thornber, J. J., 532, 540.
Thorne, C. E., 14, 31, 96, 97,
200, 325.
Thornton, H. G., 222.
Thrash, J. A., 395.
Throckmorton, R. I., 121.
Tice, W. G., 357.
Tiffany, 11. 0., 481.
Tillmans, J., 413, 576.
Tillotson, C. R., 541.
Tisdale, II. B., 829.
Titlow, C. R., 11, 14.
Titze, C, 183.
Tobin, E. J., 492.
Tobler, F., 328.
Toch, F., 41.
Tochidlovskli, I. Y., 419.
Todd, F. D., 551.
Todd, J. L., 877.
Tollens, B., 116.
Tolman, L. M., 356.
Tolslrup, M. R., 175.
Tomhave, W. II., 804.
Torquati, T., 112, 115.
Tothill, J. D., 757.
Townsend, C. II. T., 248,
350, 658.
Townsend, C. O., 50.
Trabut, L., 40, 149.
Tracy, M., 256.
Tracy, S. M., 68.
Trafton, G. II., 496, 898, 899.
Tranzschel, W., 145.
Traube, J., 700.
Traut, R., 260.
Treadwell, F. P., 501.
Treherne, R. C, 551, 556.
Trenthardy, E. L. P., 298.
Triay, J. E., 358.
Trimble, W. J., 389.
Tritschler, 220, 341.
Trivett, J. B., 316.
Trotter, A., 49.
Troup, R. S., 340.
Trowbridge, E. A., 670.
Trowbridge, P. F., 311, 725.
Troxell, M. A., 762.
Troy, O. E., 480.
True, A. C, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11,
14, 194, 197, 799, 895.
True, G. H., 259, 266, 769.
True, R. H., 824.
Trufifaut, G., 34.
Trumpler, G., 505.
Truog, E., 610.
Tryon, H., 555.
Tschermak, E. von, 131.
Tuck, C. H., 97, 895.
Tucker, E. S., 548, 553, 846
Tufts, W. P., 637.
Tulaikov, N., 833.
Tulloch, W. J., 678.
Tunmann, O., 308.
Tunstall, A. C, 346.
Turner, D., 884.
Turner, J. D., 667.
Turner, T. A., 694.
Turner, W. F., 553, 581.
Turpin, G., 73.
Turrentiue, J. W., 519.
Tutin, F., 309, 711.
Tutt, J. F. D., 881.
Tattle, E. M., 494.
Tuxford, A. W., 256.
Twichell, D. C, 181.
Twort, F. W., 273, 277.
Udall, D. II., 579.
Uglow, W. A., 138.
Uhlmann, E.. 568.
UUmann, F., 308.
Ullsperger, II. W., 31.
I'nderwood, L. M., 121.
Uphof, J. C. T., 532, 540.
Upson, I. S., 600.
Urbahn.s, T. D., 454.
Urbain, A., 825.
Vail, T. N., 500.
Valladares, J. F., 278.
Vallillo, G., 78.3.
Valvassori, V., 117.
Van Alstyne, E., 97, 98.
Vanatta, E. E., 295.
Vanatter, P. O., 833.
Van Beresteyn, II. W. J.,
760.
Van Deman, H. E., 800.
Van der Bijl, P. A., 344.
Vanderbilt, S. B., 658.
Van der Leeden, R., 311.
^ an der Wolk, P. C, 440.
Vandevelde, A. J. J., 760.
Van Duzee, E. P., 247.
Van Dyke, E. C, 152.
Van Fleet, W., 143.
Van Hall, C. J. J., 235, 236,
445, 548, 745.
Van Hoek, P., 630.
Van Kampen, G. R., 802.
Van Ketel, B. A., 577.
Van Leer, E. C, 600.
Van Meldert, L., 262.
Van Metre, T. W., 90.
Van Norman, II. E., 288.
Van Nuis, C. S., 797.
Van Rensselaer, M., 895.
Van Slyke, D. D., 372, 804.
Van Slyke, L. L., 606. 607,
621.
Van Suchtelen, F. II. H., 29,
396.
Van Winkle, W., 280.
Van Zile, M. P., 690.
Vas, K., 473.
Vassillev, I. V., 452.
Vasters, J., 138.
Vaughan, E. A., 694.
"^avilov, N. I., 420.
Vayssi&re, P., 57, 349.
Veatch, J. O., 784.
Veihmeyer, F. J., 50.
Velasko, 880.
^'enema, T. A., 552.
Verda, A., 207.
■\'ermoesen, 345.
Vermorel, V., 243. 544.
Vernon. H. M.. 664.
Verrill, A. H., 788.
Verteuil. J. de, 236, 838.
Viale, G., 300.
INDEX OF NAMES.
919
Viehoever, A., 298, 300.
Vierhapper, F., 237.
Vilikovsk;^, W., 114.
Vinall, n. N., 533.
Vincent, G. E., 12.
Vincent, J., 24.
Vinograd, M., 372.
Vinson, A. E., 504, 511.
Vital, E., 392.
Vivian. A., 325.
Voaden, J., 394.
Vogel, 47.
Vogos, E., 750, 843.
Vogler, r., 834.
Voglino, P., 145, 146, 147.
Vogt, E., 129.
Vogt, r. L., 388, 592.
Volhard, J., 109.
Voller, A., 122.
Voltz, W., 168. 258.
Voorhees, J. F., 614.
Voorhces, J. II., 541.
Voflte. C, 236.
Vries, II. de, 822.
Vrijburg, A., 475.
Vrooman, C, 10, 97, 105.
Vuillot, A., 100, 553, 848.
Vuk, M., 763.
VultiS II. T., 658.
Waby. J. P., 236.
Wadsworth, J. T., 759.
Waggaman, W. H., 126, 218,
323.
Wagner, H., 201, 854.
Wagner, J. E., 400.
Wagner, J. P., 63.
Wahl, B., 350.
Wahl, C. von, 145.
Walcott, F. C, 447.
Walker, G. B., 735.
Walker, L. S., 294.
Walker, W. O., 413.
Wallace, H., 193.
Waller, A. D., 522.
Wallis, B. C, 119, 315.
Wallis, T. E., 112.
Walters, E. H., 215.
Walther, A. R., 263.
Walton, G. P., 300.
Walton, R. C, 346.
Walton, W. R., 851.
Wang, C. T., 549.
Warburton, C, 448.
Warburton, C. W., 200, 533
Ward, A. R., 580.
Ward, C. E., 396.
Ward, F., 611.
Ward, Florence, 696.
Ward, R., 336.
Ward, R. DeC, 25.
Ward, R. E., 685.
Ward, R. T., 85.
Ward. W. F., 09, 568, 8G5.
Wardall, R. A., 854.
Wardle, R. A., 352.
Waring, C. H., 564.
Waring, G. A., 587.
Warren, G. F., 89, 293.
Warth, F. J., 633.
Washburn, F. L., 753.
Washburn, II. I., 86,
Washington, H. L., 64.
Wassermann, A. von, 78.
Wassermann, M., 78.
Watanna, O., 763.
Waters, U. J., 11, 97, 195,
200.
Waterstradt, F., 100.
Watkins, J. A., 358.
Watkins, W. I., 213.
Watson, E. B., 317.
Watson, J. D., 88.
Watson, J. G., 94.
Watson, J. R., 349, 652.
Watson, S. H., 879.
Watson, T. L., 784.
Watts, F., 227, 229.
Watts, R. L., 195.
Waugh, F. A., 388.
Weakley, C. E., jr., 416.
Weaver, J. E., 626.
Webber, H. J., 233, 238, 395.
Webber, R. T., 349.
Weber, A. O., 63.
Webster, F. M., 353, 553,
756, 851.
Webster, R. L., 57, 259.
Weed, C. M., 393.
Weedon, T., 288.
Wehlburg, 441.
Wehmer, C, 150, 308, 845.
Wehrwein, G., 691.
Wehrwein, G. S., 892.
Weibull, M., 123.
Weichardt, W., 79.
Weidlich, H., 83, 881.
Weigel, A. G., 798.
Weightman, R. H., 316.
Weigley, M., 659.
Weigmann, 576.
Weigmann, H., 269, 270, 414.
Weil, A., 178.
Weil, E., 179, 379.
Weinberg, M., 271.
Weir, J. R., 51, 52, 54.
Weir, W. W., 31.
Weiser, S., 465, 764.
Weiske, F., 364.
Weismann, A., 400.
Weiss, H. B., 449.
Weiss, H. F., 841.
Weitzel, A., 164.
Weizsiickcr, V., 257.
Welch, J. S., 628.
Welch, J. T., 325.
Weld, L. D. H., 688, 874.
Weldon, G. P., 744.
Wellington, R. G., 389.
Wellmann, O., 7G8.
Wells, C. A.. 068.
Wells, 11. G., 78, 17'.'.
Wenner, .T. J., 346.
Wentworth, E. M., 874.
Wentworth, E. N., 861.
Werner, II. O., 834.
Wernicke, R., 878.
Wessels, P. H., 398.
West, .T. T., 494.
West, O., 95.
Wester, J. J., 679.
Wester, P. J., 64, 142, 560,
745.
Westgate, J. M., 432, 732.
Wetmore, A., 265.
Weymeersch, A., 662.
Whalley, J. J. A. de, 259.
Whatmough, W. A., 46.
Whedon, A. D., 75.^.
Wheeler, B. I., 3, 9.
Wheeler, II. J., 97, 127.
Wheldalo, M., 202, 203, 220,
428.
Whipple, G. C, 205.
Whipple, O. B., 837.
Whitaker, H. D., 481, 8G9.
Whitcher, G. II., 897.
White, A. D., 895.
White, C. II., 694.
White, E. N., 854.
White, F. M., 400.
White, G. R., 277, 378, 578.
White, J. L., 885.
White, O. C, 530.
White, T. H., 141.
Whiting, C. F., 874.
Whitley, C. F., 267.
Whitlock, B. W., 740, 7G0.
Whitmarsh, R. D., 247.
Whitney, L. A., 453.
Whitson, A. R., 31.
Whitson, J., 143.
Whittaker, T. P., 891.
Whitten, J. II., 729.
Whittier, A. C, 410.
Wiancko, A. T., 029.
Wiancko, T. A. F.. 473.
Wibberley, T., 773.
Wichelhaus, H., 109.
Wichers, J. L., 618.
V.'idtsoe, J. A., 784.
Wiegner, G., 421.
Wiggor, A., 75.
Wight, W. F., 744, 837.
Wilbert, M. I., 875.
Wilcox, E. M., 340, 643.
Wilcox, E. v., 439, 450, 721,
730, 745, 746, 751, 757,
777.
Wilder, F. A., 127.
Wilder, II. J., 835.
WJldermith, V. L., 57, 652.
Wile, I. S., 458.
Wiley, H. W., 162, 200, 294,
558.
Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen,
26.
Wilk, L., 259.
\Vi!l.-t;s, D. G., 564.
Williams, C. B., 136, 297.
Williams, C. G., 96.
920
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Williams, II. P., G95.
Williams, H. P., 492.
Williams, H. S., 143.
Williams, J. B., 56.
Williams, J. C, 495.
Williams, J. K., 76.
Williams, J. S., 696.
William.s, It. II., 71, 72.
Williams, R. J., 143.
Williams, R. S., 399.
Williams, W. L., 82, 581.
Williamson, J. T., 732, 733.
Williamson, W., 753.
Willis, J. C, 227.
Willis, L. G., 622.
Wills, J. G., 580.
Wlllson, C. A., 99.
Willstiittor, R., 309.
Wilson, A. D., 9, 98, 895.
Wilson, C. S., G96.
Wilson, E. B., 697.
Wilson, E. 11., 440.
Wilson, F. T., 219, 725.
Wilson, F. W., 568.
Wilson, G. M., 795.
Wilson, G. W., 29, 442, 646,
817.
Wilson, II. F., 352, 651.
Wilson, J., 193.
Wilson, J. K., 727.
Wilson, M. L., 134, 135.
Wilson, T., 551.
Wilson, W., 580.
Wilson, W. M., 118.
Wiltshire, S. P., 445, 547.
Wiltsie, J. I., 853.
Wlndiscli, R., 674.
Wing, J. E., 373, 828.
Winge, 6., 749.
Winkler, L. W., 608.
Wlnslow, C. E. A., 210, 211.
Winslow, F. G. B., 659.
Winslow, R. M., 392.
Winston, R. A., 513.
Winter, O. B., 624.
Winters, R. Y., 135.
Winton, A. L., 715.
Wintz, H., 579.
Wislicenus, H., 524.
Withers, W. A., 300.
Withycomhe, J., 95, 899.
Withycombe, R., 899.
Witte, II., 854.
Wlodeck, .1., 622.
Wlokka, A., 314.
Wohsii, 664.
Wojta, J. F., 794.
Wolbach, S. B.. 579.
Wolcott, G. E., 774.
Wolcott, G. N., 352, 852.
Wolf, C. G. L., 66.
Wolf, F. A.', 53, 150, 546,
843.
Wolff, 258.
Wolff, A., 270, 577.
Wolff, .T., 129.
Wolfsl)frtr. 0., 256.
Wolk, P. C, van der, 440.
Won, F. W., 291, 769.
Wood, B. D., 381.
Wood, F. W., 580.
Wood, P. 0., 317.
Vrood, R. C., 862.
Wood, S. A., 238.
Wood, T. B., 166.
Woodcock, E. F., 329.
Woodhouse, E. J., 58.
Woodhull, A. A., 460.
Woods, C. D., 11, 13.
Woods, W. C, 350.
Woodward, R. S., 303.
Woodward, T. E., 581.
Woodworth, C. W., 244, 755.
Woolley, V. J., 858, 859.
Woolman, H. M., 145.
Woolnough, W. G., 718.
Woolsey. T. S., jr., 339.
Worcester, E. L., 64, 560.
Works, G. A., 492.
Wornall. T. J., 695.
Worst, J. II., 11, 196.
Worthington, E. F., 396.
Worthington, W., 436.
Wriedt, C, 868.
Wright, A. H., 335.
Wright, B. R., 873.
Wright, P. A., 313.
Wright, R. C, 515.
Wright, W., 870.
Wright, W. L., 567.
Wiilzen, R., 263.
^^■uuschendorff, M., 660.
Wiirth, T., 746.
Wyllio, J., 832.
Yard, W. W., 581.
Yarnell, D. L., 187.
Yates, II. S., 778.
Yea tor, C. E., 695.
Yerkes, A. P., 886.
Yocom, II. B., 753.
Youland, W. E., jr., 876.
Young, C. C, 365.
Young, E. E., 424.
Young, R. A., 631.
Young, S. W., 270.
Young. W. J., 141.
Yothers, W. W., 60.
Youngblood, B., 199, 226,
2G1.
Yule, G. U., 166.
Zablinsky, K., 801.
Zacharewicz, E., 149.
Zacharias, G., 804.
Zacher, F., 340.
Zaepffel, E., 221.
Zaitschek, A., 465.
Zander, E., 847.
Zanotti, A., 713.
Zaribnicky, F., 478.
Zavitz, C. A., 49.
Zdobnicky, V., 328.
Zeckendorf, 659.
Zellers, M. T., 42.
Zimmer, J., 489.
Zimmerly, H. O., 798.
Zingle, M., 83.
Zinn, W. D., 888.
Zinsser, H., 270, 371,
Zlataroff, A., 808.
Zohren, F., 116.
Zscheye. 707.
Zuntz, N., 168, 169, 564, 767,
768.
Zunz, E., 256, 760.
Zweigelt, F., 553.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Note. — The abbreviations "Ala. Colloge," " Conn. State," " Mass.," etc., after entries
refer to the publications of the respective experiment stations ; "Alaska," " Guam,"
" Hawaii," and " P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, and
Porto Rico ; " Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada ; and " U.S.D.A." to
those of this department.
Page.
Abacfi, culture and grading SiiS
Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.)
Abderhalden serum test, quantita-
tive application 372
Abortion, contagious —
in cows 82, 581
in cows, Mich 677
Abrin and its antitoxins 78
Acacia spp., analyses and digestibil-
ity 167
Acari on brown rats 353
Acetamid, nitrification rate 124
Acetone, sterilization of soils by 816
Adiorutcs viaticus, biology 552
Acid —
amids, ammoniflcation in soils- 718
phosphate. (See Superphos-
phate.)
Acidity, determination in milk, N.Y.
State 60G
Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora_ 5G6
Acids —
amino. (See Amino acids.)
detection in cheese 313
fatty, chemical constitution 762
fatty, of feeding stuffs, Tex 709
organic, in soils 718
volatile fatty, effect on milk se-
cretion 471
Acorns, feeding value 566
Aeremonhim alternatum, notes 843
Acridiaus, insect enemies of 848
Acridiidffi of ^Minnesota 753
Acroplcroii rufipcs, notes 352
Acroi>tiluit picris, notes. Can 4.'>6
Actinomi/ces chromogcnus, studies,
Vt. 546
Actinomycosis, notes, Kaus 781
Adenin in hops 502
Adenosin, metabolism of 256
JEcidium myricatum and Oymnospo-
rangiiim clUsii, identity 341
JUgilops ovata, relation to cultivated
wheat .' 131
Jtlolothrips i-i1is, notes 754
Afforestation. (See Forestation.)
African coast fever, immunization 273
Agaves, frozen, as affected by rapid
thawing, Mo. 43
Afichylostuma iluodcnalc, anatomy
and life history 750
Page.
Agelaius phceniccii.9, environment,
life history, and ecology 151
Agglutination, notes 78
Agrarian system in England, treatise- 793
Agricultural —
chemistry. {See Chemistry.)
college in Alaska 499
colleges, appointment and ten-
ure of instructors in 195
colleges, botany in 393
colleges, cost of instruction in 12
colleges, extension work in__ 195, 196
colleges, home economics in 690
colleges, laws concerning, U.S.
D.A 496
colleges, military instruction
in II, 191
colleges, relation to rural and
secondary schools 11
colleges, relation to U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture 194
colleges, retiring allowances for_ 195
(Sec also Alabama, Arizona,
etc.)
commerce, instruction in 393
conditions in Great Britain and
Ireland 193
cooperation in Bombay Presi-
dency 593
cooperation in British Columbia- 593
cooperation in Minnesota, Minu_ 688
cooperation in North Carolina- 489
cooperation in Ohio, Ohio 192
cooperation, notes 892
cooperation, notes, Cal 191
cooperation, treatise 792
cooperative as.sociations in New
York 287
cooperative associations, organ-
izing 287, 489
cooperative organizations, U.S.
D.A 792
courses for secondary schools.- 897
credit association in North Car-
olina 489
credit, bibliography 389,489
credit in British Columbia 593
credit in Germany 287
credit in Ireland 286, 391
<Ti'(lit in New York 391
credit in Saxony G89
921
922
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Agricultural — Continued. Page,
credit in Spain 280
credit in Te.\as 802
credit in United States 194
credit in Wisconsin, Wis 892
credit, notes 390
credit, notes, U.S.D.A 892
credit, treatise 892
depopulation in England and
Wales 491
development in United States 90
economics. {See Rural econom-
ics.)
education for teachers, hand-
boolt 897
education in Arizona, Ariz 59.")
education in British C'oluml)ia_ 59.'!
education in California, Cal 288
education in Canada 92,
289, 689, COT, 794
(•ducation in Denmark- 49.'}
education In Germany 794
education in Great Britain 794
education in Lancaster County,
En.u'Iand 289
education in I'russia 392
education in Saxony- 689
education in Victoria, Australia- 403
education in West Indies 699
education, progress in 1912-13- 895
education, types of 689
(See also Agricultural in-
struction.)
experiment stations. (See Ex-
periment stations.)
extension work, addresses on- 195, 196
extension work and experiment
stations, relation 96
extension work in California,
Cal 288
extension work In Canada 691
extension work in College of
Hawaii 691
extension work in Cornell Uni-
versity 895
extension work in high schools- 496
extension work in Illinois 691
extension work in Massachu-
setts 598
extension work in Minnesota,
Minn 895
extension work in New Jersey,
N.J 598
extension work in United States- 1,
14, 194
extension work publications 9
extension work, training teach-
ers for 15
(See also Agricultural col-
leges.)
high schools, farm mechanics
for, U.S.D.A 597
high schools in Nebraska G92
high schools, use of land by 896
institute at Spalato. 92
institute at University of Halle_ 794
institute in Colombia 699
institutions in Europe 197
Agricultural — Continued. Page.
instruction —
act in Canada 91
exercises in 393
farm practice in 194
for teachers in I'orto Itico- 493
for women in state colleges- 491
four-year college course 9
home projects in 289
in Alaska 492
in Austria 290
in Austria and Germany.. 392
in Bohemia 290
in Ceylon 500
in elementary schools 290, 795
in Greek Macedonia 500
in high schools 290,
492, 490, 690
in Michigan 595
in Minnesota 595
in Missouri high schools- 290, 499
in New Mexico 689
in New York 690
in New Zealand 393
in North Carolina 895
in Norway 392
in public schools 493, 596
in public schools, U.S.D.A- 596
in public schools of In-
diana 691
in public schools of Ohio 392
in rural schools 691, 897
in Saskatchewan and Al-
berta 92
in Tennessee high schools. _ 499
pure science in 194
suggestions to teachers 493
investigations, logarithmic
curves in, U.S.D.A 766
investigations, small laborato-
ries in 303
journals, new 699
(See also Agricultural research.)
labor, cost of, Colo 791
labor in England and Wales 390
labor in Georgia 489
labor in Great Britain, treatise- 285
labor in Russia 489
labor in Saxony 689
laborers, cottages for 687
laborers, training at home 289
legislation of 63d Congress 499
machinery, cost, Colo 791
machinery, imports and exports,
of Germany 789
machinery, manufacture in Rus-
sia 789
machinery, tests • 188
machinery, trade in France 888
meteorology. (See Meteorology.)
Organization Society, report 792
outlook, U.S.D.A- 90, 287. 490, 594, 893
population of England and
Wales 491
possibilities in California, Cal 193
production, economics of 286
production in Belgium 288
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
923
Agricultural — Continued. Page.
production, problcius in 891
products, cost of production,
Can - 490
products, cost of production,
Minn 688
products, distribution in cities. 89
products, mariceting 194, 287, 593
products, mariceting coopera-
tively 892
products, marlicting coopera-
tively, Ohio 192
products, marketing in Queens-
land 793
products, prices in Canada 490
products, prices in various coun-
tries 594
products, water transportation,
U.S.D.A 391
progress in United States 490
reorganization in Portuguese
East Africa 399
research, constructive ideals in_ C03
research, concentration in 301
research, importance of 6
research in Great Britain 794
research, small field laboratory in_ 96
school at Woodstock, New
Brunswick 392
(See also Agricultural investi-
gations.)
school graduates, colonization
in Argentina 92
schools, county, in Michigan 794
schools, demonstration plats for_ 494
schools, district, of Georgia 595
schools in Norway 92
schools in Pennsylvania 596
science, cooperation in 97
societies in United Kingdom 893
statistics, handbook, U.S.D.A— 490
statistics in Austria 491
statistics in Belgium 288
statistics in British Empire 491
statistics in Chile 689
statistics in Denmark 594
statistics in Greece 595
statistics in Italy 491
statistics in Netherlands 193
statistics in Queensland 288
statistics in Scotland 391
statistics in Union of South
Africa 391
statistics in United States 490, 689
statistics in various countries 491
students, practicums for 393
survey in Canada 593
teachers' associations in Aus-
tria 92
teachers, organization 92
teaching, monograph 896
tenancy in Great Britain and
Ireland 193
Agriculture —
at American Association for the
Advancement of Science 101
at British Association for the
Advancement of Science 398
Agriculture — Continued. Page.
board of in New Zealand 399
correlating with public school
subjects. U.S.D.A 596
Department of. (See United
States Department of Agri-
culture.)
elementary, course in 596
elementary, exercises in 290
Graduate School 798
graduate study in 9
in Alaska, Alaska 89
in British Columbia 593
in California, relation to 8-bour
law 191
in Egypt 894
In .Tapan 894
in Java and Madura 894
in Madagascar 894
in Norway, government aid to_ 392
in Portugal 894
in Russia 288, 489
in Saxony 689
in Sulphur Spring Valley, Ariz_ 513
in the Tropics, treatise 227
in United States, treatise 891
opportunities in for women 389
persons engaged in, in United
States 190
physics, chemistry, and bacteri-
ology in 898
progress in 98
reading courses in 795
treati.se 131, 429
A(jrilus —
biUneatus, studies, U.S.D.A 056
spp., habits, U.S.D.A 250
vittaticolHs, studies, U.S.D.A— 248
Affriotes niancus, notes, U.S.D.A 555
Agromyza phaseoli, notes 350
Agronomy, fundamental principles
in 199
Agropyron —
repens, plant food absorption
and growth 630
spp., digestibility, Wyo 770
spp., identification of seeds,
U.S.D.A 436
Agrotis, hand picking and trapping- 59
Agrolis spp., biology 59
Air —
breathed, effect on metabolism. 663
drainage, notes, U.S.D.A 614
examination 117
expired, moisture content 764
indoor and outdoor, microbic
content, U.S.D.A 211
mechanics within cyclones and
anticyclones, U.S.D.A 25
movement, effect of earth's rota-
tion on, U.S.D.A 25
temperature and solar radiation
intensities, relation, U.S.D.A- 24
upper, explorations, U.S.D.A 810
{See also Atmosphere.)
Aitonia capcnsis microphyUa, analy-
ses and digestibility 167
Akoon seeds, notes 613
924
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Alabama — Page.
College, notes 895.694
College Station, notes 395, 694
College Station, report— 496, 795, 899
Aiftjc'C'ta anihelmintica, analyses and
digestibility 167
Albugo traijopoooni on salsify 341
Albumin —
coagulation by pressure 417
egg, use in baking powder 350, 702
silicates, colloidal, nature 420, 421
Alcohol —
as a substitute for gasoline 788
as fuel 885
from millet 117
industry in Germany 315
industry in Germany, U.S.D.A — 013
occurrence in soils 718
sterilization of soils by 816
Aldebydi's, occurrence in soils 718
Alder, red, nutrient absorption in 748
Aleyrodes citri. (-See White fly.)
Alfalfa-
analyses, Iowa 171
as a grazing crop for pigs, U.S.
D.A 224
as a green manure, U.S.D.A 225
bi'eeding experiments, Ariz — . 532
breeding experiments, Can 532
caterpillar, studies, U.S.D.A 57
composition, Ariz 533
cost of production, N.J 527
culture, Cal 828
culture, Miss 527
culture, Tenn 132
culture experiments, Alaska 30
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132, 730
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430
culture experiments, Va 133
culture in Alberta and Saskatch-
ewan 828
culture in the Southwest, Ariz — 532
diastase of 502
diseases, notes 543
diseases, notes, Ariz 532
ditcher, description. Wash 888
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 223
enzyms in 410
fertilizer experiments, Ya 133
food value as affected by rapid
curing 502
for pigs, N.J 509
germination studies, Iowa 231
grasshoppers affecting, U.S.D.A- 553
growth as affected by sulphur,
Ky 724
hay, amylolytic activity 503
hay and soy beans for milk pro-
duction, Ohio 265
hay, commercial grades, Ariz — 533
hay for cows 367
hay for lambs, Can 463
hay for range steers, N.Mex 467
Alfalfa — Continued. Page.
hay V. corn for cows 74
hay V. corn for cows, Wis 803, 871
hopper, three-cornered, studies,
U.S.D.A 652
improvement, Mich 630
inoculation experiments 433
insects affecting, Ariz 532
irrigation experiments, Oreg 186
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 430
leaf spot, notes 443
looper, notes, Oreg 651
meal, analyses 568, 862
meal, analy.ses, Ind 109
meal, analyses, Ky 607
meal, analyses, N.II 109
meal, analyses, N.J 667
nodule bacteria of 33
nodule bacteria of, Ky 327
seed chalcid-fly in, I'.S.D.A 454
seed chalcid-fly, remedies, Ariz_ 549
seeding experiments. Can 531
seeding experiments, U.S.D.A — 430
silage, composition, Cal 769
silage for steers, Cal 709
treatise 828
Turkestan, commercial seed, U.S.
D.A 38
Turkestan, in Hungary 133
varieties, Alaska 30
varieties. Can 431
varieties, N.Dak 528, 529, 530
varieties, Oreg 730
water requirements, U.S.D.A- 127, 226
weevil, notes, Wash 156
yields, error in determination 38
Algffi, red, diataste in 503
Algaroba meal, use, Hawaii 730
Alkali-
determination in soils, Ariz 504
effect on cement, Wyo 787
eft'ect on concrete, U.S.D.A 381
soils or lands. (See Soils,
alkali.)
Alkaloids, biological formation and
function 327
Allergy, notes 78
Alligator pears. (.See Avocados.)
Allium safifum, selection experi-
ments 834
Allspice, examination 161
Almonds, culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 539
Alocasias, culture and analyses 37
Aloe, American, analyses 166
Alternaria, ammonifying power 29
AUernatia —
sp. on apples, Mo. Fruit 751
tenuis, notes 843
Aluminum —
alloy for household utensils 457
compounds in vegetable foods — 455
detection and distribution in
plants 609
nitrid, ammonia from 125
silicate rocks of Madagascar and
West Africa - — 511
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
925
Amaranthus — Page.
retrojlcrus, variation in 726
spinosns, notes, fan 430
Ambrosia beetles, notes. Can 55li
American —
Association for the Advance-
ment of Agricultural Teach-
ing 8
Association for the Advance-
ment of Science 101
Association of Economic Ento-
mologists ol)8
Association of Farmers' Insti-
tute Workers 8, 90
Farm Management Association. 8,
1^02, ;!S9
Leather Chemists Association — ol4
Meteor Society, U.S.D.A 810
Society of Agricultural Engi-
neers 400
Society of Agronomy 8, 199
Society of Animal Production — 8,
98, 566
Society of Milling and Baking
Technology S, ;!00
Amino acids —
ammonificatlon in soils 7iS
and vitamins in the diet 857
detection in serum of nephritics
and others 80
fate in muscular tissue 359
in growth 662
Ammonia —
absorption from the atmosphere- 121
conversion into nitric acid 423, 424
determination in milk 413
electrical synthesis 1. 33
fixation in manure 819
formation, organic nitrogen in_ 818
from aluminum nltrid 125
salt, effect on nitrogen retention
in goats 261
Ammonificatlon —
as affected by lime-magnesia
ratio 720
in Hawaii soils, Hawaii 719
seasonal variation 514
studies with soil fungi, N.J 817
Ammonium —
citrate solution, preparation — 116, 804
magnesium phosphate, precipi-
tation in presence of am-
monium citrate 804
nitrate, fertilizing value 831
nitrate, production 423
oxalate, nitrification rate 124
salts and soil constituents, in-
teraction 121
salts, assimilation by plants 121
salts, effect on plants, N..I 538
salts, effect on nodule produc-
tion in soy beans 727
sulphate, fertilizing value. 323, 831, 832
sulphate for sugar cane 336
sulphate, nitrification rate 124
sulphate, production and use_ 425, 517
sulphate, use on calcareous soils. 622
Amoeba;, prevalence in soils 619
Amylase — I'age.
in alfalfa 4ii
in dried fodders 503
in mammary gland 412
Amylometer, description 114
Ana»ictiis yrisea, notes, Mich 651
Aiiaphuidea luna n.sp., description. 852
Anaphylaxis —
alimentary, caused by eggs 178
notes 78, 272
protein, treatise 79
Anaplasma arrjentinuin, notes 183
Anaplasmosis — •
bovine, immunization 476
bovine, in Argentina 183
Anaiiiia lineatella. {See Peach twig-
moth.)
Anatomy —
bibliography 860
of domestic animals, text-book- 78, 682
of the horse, atlas 584
of the horse, treatise 278, 682
pathologic, treatise 270
Andrcna hcUanthi, pollination of
sunflowei-s by s.jG
Andropoi/on —
rufus for dairy cattle 471
spp., analyses aud digestibility- 167
Anemia — ■
infectious, in horses 881
produced by hemolysin from
streptococci 179
Anesthetics, effect on plant roots 626
(iS'ee also Ether and Chloroform.)
Anilin sulphate, nitrification rate 124
Animal —
breeding, review of investiga-
tions 860
castration, treatise 578
communities in temperate Amer-
ica, treatise 549
diseases in Assam 81
diseases in Bihar and Orissa 272
diseases in British East Africa- 373
diseases in Burma 373
diseases in Ireland 778
diseases in Oregon 778
diseases in Prussia 577
diseases in Punjab . 272
diseases, resistance to 270
diseases, tick transmitted, re-
view 380
diseases, treatise 79, 371, 474, 874
diseases, treatment 578
(See also specific diseases.)
ecology, studies 549
enemies of agricultural plants,
treatise 752
food products, transportation 76
husbandry, lessons on 597
metabolism, phosphorus com-
pounds in. Ohio 601, 858
nutrition, pathological aspects 99
organism as a machine 258
organism, defensive ferments of_ 270
organisms, growth in 165
parasites and diseases, treatise- 79
parasites, chemistry of 78
926
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Animal — Continued.
luiia.sites in Australia 377
parasites, treatise 77, 777
pigmentation, studios 300
pigments, bibliography, Mo 18
poisons, notes 78
production, review of literature- 566
quarantine laws, U.S.D.A 679
Animals —
as transformers of energy 860
blood relationship studies 801
domestic, anatomy of 78
domestic, factors limiting fer-
tility 405
domestic, insects affecting, Can_ 448
domestic, text-book 494
fly repellents for, U.S.D.A 59
fungus parasites of 271
laboratory, kymograph for 565
prepotency in 861
response to stimuli 222
(See also Live stock, Cattle,
Sheep, etc.)
Atiisoplia —
austriaca, biology and remedies. 452
spp., notes 453
Anisostiyma schenckii, analyses and
digestibility 167
Annona cherimolia, asexual propa-
gation 143
Anopheles —
alMmaiius, relation to malaria 348
apicimacula, relation to malaria. 348
Ant, harvester, remedies, Ariz 549
Anihephora spp., analyses and diges-
tibility 167
Anthocyanin —
formation in plants. 202, 428, 524, 824
in Antirrhinum 202, 203, 220
in blossoms and fruits 309
pigments in vegetable cells 428
Anthonomus —
grandis. (See Cotton- boll
weevil. )
vestitus, notes, U.S.D.A 658
Anthrax —
bacillus as affected by low tem-
- perature 81
bacillus as affected by ultra-
violet rays 475
bacteria from a contaminated
stream 373
immunization 273
notes. La 778
outbreak duo to tannery refuse. 373
precipitation, control extracts
for 579
serum, anaphylaxis after using. 373
transmission by stable flies 552
Anthrcnits serophulariw. (See Car-
pot-beetle.)
Antibodies —
in rats fed pure vegetable pro-
teins 875
preparation 78
Anticoli serum, Jensen's, studies 582
Anticyclones, nature, U.S.D.A 810
Page.
Antlferments, bacterial, studies 678
Antigens —
containing cholesterol, use 272
preparation 78
Antlhomatoxins of bacteria 78
Antlhog-cholera serum —
bacterial studies, Cal 271
preparation S:i, 277, 378, 480
preparation, Ind 676
standardization 880
use 83,277
Antiphymatol, use against tubercu-
losis 183
Antirrhinum majus, flower pigments
of 202,203,220
Antiseptics, sterilization of soils by. 816
Antistreptococcic serum, tests 272
Antitoxin —
absorption as affected by pro-
tein concentration 372
dosage, relation to serum sensi-
tization 372
Ants —
as fruit tree pests 551
predaceous on alfalfa cater-
pillar, U.S.D.A 58
remedies, U.S.D.A 650
white. (See Termites.)
Aonidia olew n.sp., description 449
Apunicles (Protopanteles) flavi-
comhc, parasitic on alfalfa cater-
pillar, U.S.D.A 58
Apantcsis argw, notes. Mo. Fruit 753
Apatite deposits in Chile 723
Aphcereta sp. parasitic on locusts,
U.S.D.A 60
Aphidids, habits 849
Aphiochwta perdita, parasitic on al-
falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58
Aphis —
aiietina, notes 57, 448
avenw, notes, Cal 755
bakeri, studies, U.S.D.A 755
hrassicw. (Sec Cabbage aphis.)
irevis, studies, U.S.D.A 755
cerasi, notes, Oreg 651
Oossypii. (See Cotton aphis.)
pomi-mali. (Sec Apple aphis.)
rumieis, host plants and habits 849
spp. on Rosacese, Me 848
Aphis, woolly, studies, U.S.D.A 848
Aphthous fever. (Sec Foot-and-
mouth disease.)
Apiaries, inspection in Massachu-
setts 556
Apiculture —
In Guam, Guam 758
notes, Can 448
(See also Bees.)
Apis mellifera. (See Bees.)
Apomecyna binulila, notes 347
Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk
fever. )
Appl^-
aphis, remedies 449
aphis, remedies, N.J 536
aphis, woolly, on Rosacese, Me--, 848
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
927
Apple — Continued. Tage.
base as a jellying agent, N.Dak_ 1G2
bitter pit, cause and develop-
ment 751
brancli blister, notes 344
brown rot, treatment 148
canker, notes 445, 547
cracking, notes 344
die-back, notes (J44
diseases, notes 544
diseases, notes, N.Mex C41
diseases, studies, Mo.l'ruit 750
diseases, treatment 751
fire blight, notes, Wash 844
fruit spot, notes 51, 740
grafts, comparative growth, X.
Mex 635
juice, preservation by pressure,
W.Va 416
leaf miner, notes, Oreg 651
leaves, diseased, respiration in_ 751
maggot affecting blueberries 350
maggot, notes. Can 448
maggot, studies, N.ll 153
orchards, eliminating unprofit-
able trees from 836
orchards, operating costs, U.S.
D.A . 45
orchards, renovation and care,
Iowa 540
orchards, spraying outline for,
N.J 536
orchards, survey in Mills County,
Iowa 540
pomace, analyses. Conn. State 520
pomace, feeding value, Mass — 363
red bug, false, notes, N.J 550
red bugs, notes, Mich 651
root borer, studies, U.S. D.A 248
rust, notes 644
scab, treatment 751
scab, treatment. Can 51, 540
soils of Massachusetts and Con-
necticut, U.S.D.A 835
storage spot, notes, Can 441
tree canker, European, in Que-
bec 544
Apples —
acidity 110
as a host of Fames fomentarius- 51
breeding experiments, Alaska 45
breeding experiments, Can 438
breeding experiments, S.C 538
capsid bugs affecting 849
cooking qualities of different va-
rieties 560
cooking qualities of different va-
rieties, Oreg 855
cost of harvesting, Iowa 541
culture 494
culture, Alaska 45
culture. Mo. Fruit 751
culture in California 744
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 233
Apples — Continued. I'age.
description, methods and terms.
Mass 744
dusting and spraying experi-
ments, N.Y.Cornell 836
evaporated, analyses 762
frozen, as affected by rapid
thawing, Mo 43
irrigated, keeping quality. Wash. 743
killing by freezing, Mo 43
marketing, U.S.D.A 91
new, description. Can 438
new, description, Iowa 744
planting with dynamite, N.J 535
pollination. Wash 743
ringing experiments, N.Y. State. 636
seedling, notes, Can 539
spraying v. dusting, N.J 551
storage. Wash 141
storage bouses for, N.C 888
thinning, Wash 637
thinning experiments. Can 438
varieties, N.Dak 538
varieties in United States, U.S.
D.A 438
Apricots —
acidity 110
pruning 837
Ai)tosiinum alhomarginatum, analy-
ses and digestibility 167
Aracliis pcos^rafa as a green manure- 423
Arami(jus fitUeri. {See Rose-beetle,
Fuller's.)
Araucaria forests of Chile 542
Arbor Day, outline and suggestions
for 405, 496
Archips argrjrospila, notes, Oreg 651
Aixnya sncc/tari/ero, culture and use_ 46
Arginin in hops 502
Aristida spp., analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Aiistotelia sp., notes, Can 556
Arizona —
Station, report 598
University, notes 94, 395, 497
Arkansas —
Station, notes 198, 395, 694
University, notes 198, 395, 694
Aniiillaria mellea —
description, Cal 238
notes 50, 845
notes, U.S.D.A 657
on orchard trees in California — 241
Army —
rations in Europe 562
rations in United States 459, 460
worm, notes 153
Arsenic —
compounds, biological decompo-
sition 474
compounds, effect on plant
growth 121
determination in foods 298
determination in insecticides 296
effect on nitrogen-fixing power
of soils 720
928
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
rage.
Arsenic — Continued.
effect on soils, Hawaii 7oO
in vegetal^Ie food products G28
Arsenical —
dips for ticks -74
dips, preparation 778
sprays, effect on bees, Cal 244
sprays, use of cactus solution
in, U.S.D.A 557
Arsenicals as antiparasiticides 474
Arsenife solutions, determination of
strengtli 207
Arterial sclerostomatosis in horses — 84
Arthrocnodux occidcntalis, parasitic
on red spider, Oreg 157
Arthropods affecting man 84G
Artichoke foliage, digestibility 258
Artichokes, culture experiments,
Oreg 1.'52
Asclepias spp., notes, Cal 778
Ascocli'jta —
atropa, notes 749
pisi, notes 544
ptsi, treatment 546
sp. on cereals 843
Ascomycetes, culture experiments 341
Ash—
from body fluids, methods of
analysis HI
in growing pigs as affected by
protein consumption. 111 72
Ashes —
fertilizing value, 111 140
injury to plants 729
Asparagin —
in hops 502
nitrification rate 124
Asparaginic acid, inversion of sac-
charose by 711
Asp(ira;/us asiaticiis, analyses and
digestibility 1G7
Asparagus —
diseases, description, Cal 238
fungus disease of 146
preparation and use 253
Aspergillus, ammonifying power 29
Aspei-gillus —
ni'jcr, nitrogen nutrition of 327
oryzw, enzyms of 710
spp., growth in presence of salt,
Conn.Storrs 176
Aspidioius —
hederw, notes, U.S.D.A 56
pcrniciosus. (See San Jos(5 scale.)
Asses, digestion experiments 262
Association —
of Agricultural Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations 1, 8, 194
of Feed Control Officials 8, 200
of Official Agricultural Chem-
ists 8, 294
of Official Seed Analysts 8, 200
Aster mildew, notes 544
Asteroma trassicw, notes 545
Asters, Pusarium disease of. Can 48
Astrmjalus spp., notes, Cal 778
Page.
Astrchla trilicoides, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 729
Atomoya, asexual propagation 143
Atmosphere —
absorption of ultraviolet light
by, U.S.D.A 210
circulation of 315
function in wireless transmis-
sion, U.S.D.A 614
higher, notes, U.S.D.A 614
of Mars, U.S.D.A 210
tliermodynamics of, U.S.D.A 210
.Vtmospheric —
pressure. (See Barometric pres-
sure. )
temperature. (See Temperature.)
Atmospherics, neglect of, U.S.D.A — 25
Atoxyl, use against equine influenza- 379
Atractoiomus mail, notes 849
Atiiplcx vcsicaria, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Auhicaspis pentagona, remedies 755
Avfiia Jatua, relation to cultivated
oats 131
Averrhoa spp., asexual propagation. 143
Avocados —
analyses, Hawaii 761
budding 143
cold storage of, Hawaii 439
culture experiments, Hawaii 742
preservation in salt water, Ha-
waii 451
AzofoI)acter chroococcum, pigment of_ 96
Azotobacter —
fixation of nitrogen by 29, 515
morphological and cultural
studies 33
Azotogen, tests 433
Babcock test —
directions for 871
directions for, Kans 870
Bacillus —
abortus in market milk 674
aTjortus in milk, Mich 677
wrogenes capsulatus in Wash-
ington market milk 269
amylobacter on blighted pota-
toes 544
avisepticus var. in fowls 783
iulgaricus, use in Swiss cheese
making, U.S.D.A 776
coli commu7^is in milk 577
coli cowmunis, survival of pas-
teurization by. U.S.D.A 775
coli, determination in ice cream- 415
cyanogcnes, relation to blue milk,
Iowa 775
lathy ri, relation to sweet pea
streak disease, Del 446
melanogcnes, notes 239, 544
paratypJiosus (B), anomalous
strain of 678
piodigiosus, destruction of par-
affin by 523
puUorum, relation to fowl ty-
phoid bacillus 478
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
929
Bacillus — Continued. Page.
radicicola, Isolation from soils- 727
radicicola, studies 33, 727
septicus insectorum f, notes,
Mich ^ 62
solanacearum, notes 50, 239
typhi svis as a cause of meat
poisoning 84
voldagsen as a cause of meat
poisoning 84
voldagsen, relation to hog
cholera 83
Bacteria —
as affected by volatile conifer
products 618
chemistry of 78
colon type, in bovine feces 175
cultures, tests 320
destruction of paraffin by 523
distribution by cream separa-
tors, Cal 268
effect on fermentation of tea 111
hematoxins and antihematoxins
of 78
in milk, soils, water, etc. (See
Milk, Soils, Water, etc.)
microscopic examination 578
nitrogen-fixing, preparation 433
nodule, classification 33
nodule, forms of, Ky 327
nodule, of LeguminosEe 727
nodule, physiological studies 727
oxidation of manganese by 514
surviving pasteurization, U.S.
D.A 775
variation in 220
Bacterial-
flora of prepared feeding stuflfs- 75
symbiosis in Rubiaceae 327
Bacterin therapy, notes 79
Bacteriology —
dairy, treatise 577
index catalogue 578
manual 33
of blue milk, Iowa 775
of food and condiments 558
of food and water, treatise 311
of paper dishes 856
of sausage and similar goods — 252
of sugar cane products, La 22
text-book 371
Bacterium —
gUntheri, development in fresh
and sterilized milks 75
lactie acldi as affected by other
micro-organisms In milk 76
mailei, studies 372
(Peeudomonae) erodU n.sp.. In-
vestigations 53
radicicola, forms of .» 727
Baotrocera (Daotis) cuourbltce, life
history, U.S.D.A 452
Bakeries —
Inspection, N.Dak 162
Inspection In Virginia 661
sanitary standard for 661
Bakers' goods, examination 162
1115°— 15 4
Baking powder — Page.
egg albumin in 356, 762
notes — — 300
Balanlnus rectus. (See Chestnut
weevil.)
Banana disease —
notes 548, 752
notes, Hawaii 751
Bananas —
acidity HO
analyses, Hawaii 761
changes In, during ripening,
U.S.D.A 455
commercial products from 854
composition and culinary prop-
erties . 253
culture 45
Banks, cooperative, organization — 391, 489
Barium salts, effect on nodule pro-
duction in vetch 728
Bark-
beetles, notes. Can 448, 552
ringing, effect on sap descent — 523
Barley —
beardless, culture, S.C 598
breeding, U.S.D.A 88
characteristics, U.S.D.A 38
coloring materials in, U.S.D.A — 89
composition 760
composition as affected by en-
vironment. Can 431
correlation in 433
cost of production 594
cost of production, Can 530
cost of production, Minn 688
culture 760
culture, Tenn 132
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430
culture in Mexico 131
development of grains 121
dynamiting and subsoiliug ex-
periments, N.Dak 528
effect on companion crop of peas
and beans 515
fertilizer experiments, Can 431
fertilizer experiments, N.J 519
germinating, enzymatic pepto-
lysis in 130
grades of 188
grain, morphology, U.S.D.A 823
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska 36
Improvement, Mich 630
Irrigation experiments, U.S.
D.A 37,225
nutritive value and use 760
production In Bohemia 827
root system 634
seeding experiments. Can 531
seeding experiments, N.Dak 528, 530
seeds, migration of reserve ma-
terial to 399
streak disease, treatment 145, 34X
980
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Barley — Continued. Page.
stripe disease, notes 544
tables for wagonloads 42
varieties 433
varieties, Alaska 36
varieties, Can 431
varieties, N.Dak 527,528,529,530
varieties, Greg 730, 827
varieties, Tenn 827
varieties, U.S.D.A 224,334
varieties, Wash 731
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
weed seeds in 833
Barns —
dairy, plans. Can 470
ventilation 284
Barnyard manure —
analyses. Miss 568
application 818
applying with green manure — 721
as a source of energy in nitro-
gen fixation 515
effect on bacterial activity of
soils, Iowa 216
effect on decomposition of green
manure, N..T 514
fertilizing value. Can 530
for grass lands 630
storage experiments 818
use against cotton rust. Miss 735
use of carbon dioxid with 322
Barometric pressure, diurnal changes
in, U.S.D.A 810
Bases, natural, treatise and biblio-
graphy 201
Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Basidlomycetes, culture experiments 341
Basket willows, culture, U.S.D.A— 339
Bassia hutyracea, seeds of 613
Basswood, planting 853
Bean —
fly, notes 350
leaf spot, treatment 843
meal, analyses, Can 465
rust, description, Cal 238
Beans —
as a host plant of red spider,
Greg 157
breeding experiments, Ariz 540
broad, culture experiments, Oreg_ 132
culture, Tex 226
effect on companion crop of bar-
ley 515
fertilizer experiments 630, 828
fertilizing value 216
field, culture experiments, Can_ 431
field, culture experiments, Oreg_ 132
field, varieties 37, 132
garden, nodule bacteria of 33
garden, nodule bacteria of, Ky_ 327
genetic studies 130
growth as affected by manga-
nese salts 725
heredity In, N.J 538
irrigation experiments, Greg 186
preparation and use 253
preservation by pressure, W.Va _ 416
Beans — Continued. Page.
tepary, culture experiments,
Ariz 526
varieties 630
velvet. (See Velvet beans.)
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
weight in relation to position in
pods 521
Bear River basin, hydrography 587
Beauveria (Botrijdst hassiana, notes- 63
Bedbug eggs and larvse, vitality 348
Bee —
diseases in British Columbia 551
diseases, notes 754
moth, life history and remedies- 151
Beech —
density and porosity, U.S.D.A- 47
disease, notes 242
distillation value, U.S.D.A 48
humus, effect on plant growth- 618
mast, feeding value 566
Beef-
frozen for 18 years 559
production, notes, N.C 468
scrap, analyses 568, 862
scrap, analyses, Ind 169
scrap, analyses, N.H 169
scrap, analyses, N.J 667
Beekeeping —
in Germany 759
in Oregon 352
investigations 847
notes 556, 852
Beer yeast for cows 871
Bees —
as affected by arsenical sprays,
Cal 244
formid acid in 507
mason, treatise 758
pollination of sunflowers by 556
queen, artificial fertilization 453
value in horticulture 853
wild, of Iowa 853
Beet —
pulp, analyses 862
pulp, dried, analyses 568, 862
pulp, dried, analyses, Ind 169
pulp, dried, analyses, Ky 667
pulp, dried, analyses. Mass 259
pulp, dried, analyses, N.H 169
pulp, dried, analyses, N.J 667
pulp, ensiled v. dried, for oxen_ 770
rust, notes 750
tops, ensiling with lactic acid
bacteria 567
Beetles, scolytid. (See Scolytid
beetles.)
Beets —
culture for feeding purposes 220
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 223
field or fodder. (See Mangels.)
growth as affected by manga-
nese salts 725
insects affecting 848
irrigation experiments. Greg 186
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
931
Beets — Continued. Page.
sugar. {See Sugar beets.)
top-dressing with sodium ni-
trate 323
varieties, N.Dak 528
Befrl, culture, Tex 226
Beggar weed, culture, Tex 226
Belladonna —
improvement by selection 143
leaf miner, studies 351
seed, germination 626
Bengal Veterinary College, report 678
Benni seed, culture experiments 227
Benzene, sterilization of soils by 816
Benzoic acid —
detection in cheese 313
effect on the animal organism — 164
Beriberi —
experimental, studies 563
notes 579
prevention 163
relation to unhusked rice 67
treatise 858
Bermuda grass —
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A. 534
culture In Hawaii, Hawaii 730
Berries, wild, desiccation 117
BeschSlseuche. (See Dourine.)
Bessey, C. E., biographical sketch 599
Retain in hops 502
Beverages —
analyses 64
analyses, N.Dak 456
inspection in Canada 64
methods of analysis 109
nonalcoholic, hygienic notes 356
preparation 253
treatise 162
BiMo —
hortulanus, biology and reme-
dies 248
nervosus, notes, Oreg 651
Bibliography of —
Abderhalden's serodiagnosis 179
abortion, infectious, in cattle 581
Agcliiilo^louia ihiodenale 759
agricultural credit 389,489
agriculture in Argentina 364
agriculture in United States 891
alfalfa hopper, U.S.D.A 652
alfalfa seed, U.S.D.A 38
anaphylaxis 79
anatomy 860
animal breeding 860
animal ecology 549
animal production 566
aphis, woolly, U.S.D.A 849
apple maggot, N.H 155
apples, description of, Mass 744
ash content of growing pigs, Ill_ 72
assimilation of nitrites and ni-
trates 223
Bacillus cyanogenes, Iowa 776
bacteriology 578
bananas, changes in during
ripening, U.S.D..\ 455
barley, U.S.D.A 40
Bibliography of — Continued. Page.
base.s, natural 201
belladonna leaf miner 351
benzoic acid and its sodium
salt in animal nutrition 165
biology 166
birds 447, 898
birds as carriers of fungus dis-
eases, U.S.D.A 56
blood cells 874
caterpillar bacterial diseases 554
chemistry, technical 308
chestnut blight 347
Chironomus (Tendipes) plumo-
sus 554
chrysanthemum leaf miner,
Mass 452
citrus white fly, Fla 349
coconut bud rot 150
colon bacilli, survival of pas-
teurization by, U.S.D.A 775
color inheritance in mammals 466
coloring matter of salted meats,
U.S.D.A 455
cooperative organizations, U.S.
D.A 792
Oysticercus bovts as affected by
freezing 880
dairying 173,566
diabetes 180
ecology of a cat-tall marsh 151
egg production, N.Y.Cornell 870
eggs, bacterial content and keep-
ing quality, Kaus 173
entomology, applied 448
entomology, medical 846
Entomophthorea;, parasitism 245
Entorrhiza 749
European pine shoot moth,
U.S.D.A 655
feeding stuffs, effect on digestive
tract 367
firs of North America 748
flower development in rice 130
flower gardens 839
fly repellents, U.S.D.A 59
forest planting, U.S.D.A 542
forest regulation 47
freezing of plant tissue, Mo 42
fungus diseases and immunity 426
gardening and planting in the
Tropics 45
germicides for sugarhouse work,
La 717
glanders 374
grapes, sterility in, Minn 627
Gym nosporangium hlasdaleanum,
Oreg 645
heredity 860
heredity and pure line theory 326
heredity in rabbits 573
heredity of leaf coloration in
Melandrium 35
home economics 197
horticulture 437
hybridization and mutation 326
hygiene 760
932
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Bibliography of — Continued. Page.
infant foods, proprietary 661
irrigation 588
June beetle bacterial disease,
Mich 62
lactochrome, Mo 19
land taxation 389
leaf temperature In winter 040
lime, effect on soils 32
logarithmic curves in biological
work, U.S.D.A 767
loquats 1 838
mangoes 745
Mediterranean fruit fly, U.S.
D.A 656
meteorology, U.S.D.A 210,810
mitochondria 524
moldiness in butter, U.S.D.A— 676
muscardines 63
mushroom Mycogone disease,
U.S.D.A 50
mutation in plants 426
nature study 496
nitrogen, atmospheric, utiliza-
tion 722,820
nitrogen nutrition of mold
fungi 327
nucleic acids 201
nucleoproteins as antigens 179
nutrition 760
oak phylloxera 57
oats, variation and correlation
in, N.Y.Cornell 737, 738
oriental sore 780
parthenogenesis in Otiorhynchus
spp 250
pathology and pathologic anat-
omy of man and animals 271
peanut diseases, Ala.College 546
penal farms and farm colonies- 490
pharmaceutical chemistry 678
phosphate rock 126
phosphorus compounds in ani-
mal metabolism, Ohio 601, 858
phosphorus content of growing
pigs, 111 73
physiology 565, 860
pigments, plant and animal, Mo_ 18
pine leaf cast 845
pines, mountain, in eastern cen-
tral Alps 237
plant breeding 822
plant diseases in Saxony 749
plant growth as affected by for-
est humus 619
plant lice 553
plant metabolism as aflfected by
acid and alkaline solutions 626
plant succession 128
plants, immunity to their own
poisons 35
plums, American, U.S.D.A 837
poisonous plants of California,
Cal 778
potash 126
potato leaf roll 643
potato Rblzoctonia disease. Me. 147
Bibliography of — Continued. Page.
potato scab, N.Y.Cornell 147
potato scab, Vt 547
I'roteocephalidae 854
rod spider, Oreg 158
rest period in plants 437
rest period in potatoes. Md 130
Rhamnus purshiana 46
rose aphids. Me : 848
rural communities : 389
rural economics 194
rural sociology 194,488
sap studies. Mo 139
schools, rural 389, 392
Scolytoldea, U.S.D.A 658
seed inspection, Iowa 232
seeds, biological method of iden-
tification 42
seismology, U.S.D.A 810
serology 578
shank color in fowls. Me 263
soil chemistry 718
soil mapping 26
soil moisture, N.Y.Cornell 815
soil organisms 321
stimuli, effect on plants and
animals 222
strawberries, Oreg 639
sulphur as a fertilizer, Ky 725
sweet pea diseases, Del 446
sweet potatoes, changes in dur-
ing storage, U.S.D.A 634
termites, U.S.D.A 755
therapeutics 678
thunderstorms, U.S.D.A 24
tomato blossom-end rot 344
trees and shrubs of the British
Isles 337
variation In pears, Oreg 638
vegetables, N.Dak 834
vegetation in marshes 330
verruga 350
viticulture in Portugal 838
walnut-oak hybrids 46
water, ground 123
water rights and control 588
weather forecasting, U.S.D.A 316
weights of newborn animals 862
white pines 840
wood accretion as affected by
light and heat 144
worm nodules In cattle 377
writings of M. V. Slingerland,
N.Y.Cornell 56
yellow clover aphis, U.S.D.A 248
Bichlorid of mercury. (See Corro-
sive sublimate.)
Biliary fever —
equine, notes and treatment 278
(See also Piroplasmosls.)
Billmbl, asexual propagation 148
Bindweed gall maker, notes 347
Biochemistry, monograph 201
Biographical sketch of —
Bessey, C. E 599
Liebig. J. von 109
Morse, E. W 800
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
988
Blologlct.1 — Page.
investigations, logarithmic
curves in, U.S.D.A 766
products, manufacture in United
States 875
Biology, index catalogue 160
Biometricians, tables for 362
Biometrics, statistical tlieory in 665
Biporuhis hibax, relation to lemon
gummosis 53
Birch —
black knot, notes 646
distillation value, U.S.D.A 48
Bird protection, importance of 847
Birds —
as carriers of chestnut blight
fungus, U.S.D.A 55
attracting, U.S.D.A 347
bibliography 447, 898
common, of the farm, U.S.D.A- 648
eating of alfalfa caterpillar by,
U.S.D.A 58
migration 399
migratory, protection, U.S.D.A- 244
mortality during nesting period- 150
of New York, treatise 447
of United States, census, U.S.
D.A 648
packing in seaweed 672
pattern development in 766
red blood corpuscles of 549
treatise 447
useful, in Minnesota 753
Black-
knot, notes. Can 48
scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56
Blackberries —
ncidity 110
culture, U.S.D.A 639
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
variety tests and culture, Md — 141
Blackberry orange rust, notes, Can 48
Blackbird, red-winged, environment,
life history, and ecology 151
Blackhead in turkeys. Can 481
Blarina brcvicauda, feeding habits 54
Blepharis edulis, analyses and digest-
ibility 167
Blood —
as affected by muscular work 765
cells, biology of, treatise 874
circulating, tubercle bacilli in 476
diseases and disturbances 78
dried. (&'ee Dried blood,)
meal, analyses, Ky 667
of normal and cholera infected
hogs. Ark 582
pigment and chlorophyll, rela-
tion 711
pressure as affected by physical
and mental fatigue 664
pressure, treatise 371
serum, agglutinins for Micrococ-
cus melitcnsia in 876
serum, refraction coefficient 778
serum, yellow pigments of, Mo_ 18
serums, hemolysins of 78
Blossom fly, notes, Oreg 651
Blue grass — Page.
analyses, Iowa 171
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska. 36
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 224
Texas, culture in Hawaii, Ha-
waii 729
Blueberries —
desiccation 117
infection wita apple maggot 350
Bluebirds, feeding habits, U.S.D..\— 648
Blue-violet rays, notes 429
Body-
fluids, methods of ash analysis. 114
temperature, variations in 564
Bwrhavia pentandra, analyses and
digestibility 167
Bolax sp. ( ?) on bamboo 352
Boll weevil. (See Cotton-boll weevil.)
Bollworm. (See Cotton bollworm.)
Eombycine moths of North America,
monograph 850
Bombyx mori. (See Silkworm.)
Bone —
chewing disease, notes 374
effect of calcium nourishment
on 465, 764
meal, analyses. Mass 259
meal, analyses, N.H 169
meal, availability as affected by
fineness 125
pathogenic disturbance due to
phosphorus deficiency 561
Bookkeeping —
for farmers, Mont 893
principles of 494
Books on —
agrarian, system in England 793
agricultural cooperation 792
agricultural credit 892
agricultural education for teach-
ers 897
agricultural labor in Great
Britain 285
agriculture 131, 290, 429
agriculture in the Tropics 227
agriculture in United States 891
alfalfa 828
anatomy of domestic animals 78
anatomy of the horse 278, 682
animal castration 578
animal communities in temper-
ate America 549
animal diseases 371, 874
animal enemies of agricultural
plants 752
animal parasites and diseases 79
animals, domestic 494
bacteriology 33, 371, 577
bacteriology of food and water 311
bases, natural 201
beri-beri 858
birds 447
blood cells, biology of 874
blood pressure 371
bookkeeping and farm accounts- 494
botany 219, 520
934
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.
Book8 on — Continued. Page.
bread and bread cereals 659
bulbs 14ri
Burbank'B plant breeding work_ 143
cacao 235, 74r)
candy making 253, 560
canine medicine and surgery 783
canning, preserving, and pick-
ling 253
catalyzers, biochemical 662
cattle feeding and dairying 258
cliemical pathology 7S
chemistry 801
chemistry, agricultural 501
chemistry, analytical 501
chemistry, household 558, 854
chemistry, organic 100
chemistry, technical 308
cherries 338
churches, rural 3SH
climate, changes in 417
coconuts 2.'56, 330
colic in horses 584
colloids 308
concrete construction 188
condiments chemistry, bacteri-
ology, and technology 558
cookery, French 662
cooking 255,
358, 304, 495, 558, 662, 763
corn culture 228,434,829
cost of living 662
cotton 434
crop production 393
daflfodils 143
dairy bacteriology 577
dairy chemistry 501
dairying 173, 258, 291
diet 561
dry farming 430
engineering formulas and memo-
randa 188
engineering, river and canal 481
engines, gasoline 788
entomology, economic 56
entomology, medical 846
enzyms 19, 662
farm animals in health and
disease 874
farm management 303
farming 291, 429
farming, intensive, in India 131
ferments, defensive, of the ani-
mal organism 270
flora of the Northwest 898
flour, starch, bread, etc., meth-
ods of analysis 505
food and drug legislation 65
Food and Drugs Act decisions,
U.S.D.A 254
food and sanitation 659
food, beverages, and toilet ac-
cessories 162
food chemistry 854
food chemistry, bacteriology,
and technology 558
food industries 65R
Books on — Continued. Page.
food, preparation and service 65
food products, source, chemistry,
and use 353
food reforms, modern 60
forage plants and their culture__ 827
forest insects of Central Eu-
rope 151
forest insects of India 351
forest valuation 840
forestry 46,692
fruit culture 337
fur farming in Canada 870
game, fish, and forestry l;iws__ 150
gardening 232
gardening, tropical 45
geology, engineering 784
glycosuria and diabetes 474
grasses 133
ground water supply 685
home economics 65,394,495
horses, breaking and training- _ 263
horseshoeing 185
horticulture 436
household insects 449
hydrogen iou concentration 801
hydrogenation of oils 416
immunity 578
Indian chutneys, pickles, and
preserves 560
infection and resistance 270
insects, habits and instincts of 846
irrigation 784
.Tohne's disease 273
land ownership, tenure, and
taxation 891
leguminous plants 432
levees 187
Llebig, J. von 109
live stock judging 668
mason bees 758
meadows, culture 38
meat inspection 777, 778
meat, purchasing and use 354
metabolism and energy of men __ 663
meteorology 24
microbiology of infectious dis-
eases of animals 474
micro-organisms, pathogenic 78
milk 660
milk analysis 312
natural history of the farm 493
natural science technique 625
nitrogen, atmospheric, synthetic
fixation 217
mioleic acids 201
orcharding 394
parasitology of man and do-
mestic animals 777
pathology and anatomy of man
and animals 270
peat moors and water powers
with reference to air nitro-
gen 820
pharmacognostic tables 79
pig diseases 83,277,378
pigeons 265
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
985
Books on — Continued. Page,
pigs 262
pinks 440
plant breeding 220, 425, 430, 822
plant diseases and injuries,
tropical 340
plant micro-chemistry 308
plant physiology 520
poultry 173,570
protein anaphylaxis 79
roads, earth 85
rose culture 339
Rothamsted memoirs on agri-
cultural science 120
rubber 339
rural Improvement 388
rural problems 891
salads, sandwiches, and chaflng-
dish dainties 560
sand dunes, spits, and wastes 30
schools, rural 391
sex evolution in plants 725
sheep and wool 365
sheep and wool industry of Aus-
tralasia 261
silage 567
soils 215
starch sugar 109
sugar beets 436
sweet peas 339
sweet potatoes 41
tables for statisticians and bio-
metricians 362
textile fibers, chemical technol-
ogy of 308
therapeutics for veterinarians- _ 79
trees and shrubs of the British
Isles 33T
tropical diseases 177
vacuum cleaning systems 89
veterinary medicine 79,578,678
veterinary obstetrics 777
vitamins 578
water analysis 807
water microscopy 205
water supplies 87, 685
weather and climate of Chicago- 211
weeds 232
wheat 42
wild life conservation 447
Boophilus annulatus. (See Cattle
ticks.)
Bordeaux mixture —
composition 544
effect on plants 243
fungicidal action 545
methods of analysis 296
physico-chemical studies 242
preparation, N.II 243
u.se, N.Dak 632
Boric acid —
as a milk preservative 414
detection in cheese 313
detection in milk 414
determination in foods 506
Boron —
compounds, effect on plant
growth 121
Boron — Continued. Page,
compounds, nitrogen fixation by_ 125
determination in organic sub-
stances 206
Roscia spp., analyses and digestibil-
ity 167
r.otanic gardens of British Guiana_ 236
Botanical work at Carnegie Institu-
tion 429
Botany —
in agricultural colleges 393
laboratory guide 520
lexicon 219
Botrj/osphceria marconii n.sp., de-
scription 148
Botrytis hassiana, notes 63
Boiichea pinnatifida, analyses and
digestibility 167
Bovine fetus, comparative weights
and composition 99
Bovines —
serum anaphylaxis in 178
sterility in 679
(See also Cattle, Cows, etc.)
Bovovaccine, use against tubercu-
losis 183
Bowlders, blasting 85
Box leaf miner, notes. Mass 245
Boys' —
clubs in Nebraska .598
clubs in rural schools 693
clubs, organization 092
clubs, organization, U.S.D.A 596
corn club work in Kentucky 197
corn clubs, notes, Ala. College __ 898
demonstration work in Southern
Slates 492
industrial clubs in Oregon 394
Brachysm in cotton and other plants,
U.S.D.A 731
Bracon hulobii, notes 852
Braconida?, British, notes 454
Brahma3ida», monograph • 850
Bran —
analyses 862
analyses, Can 465
analyses, N.H 169
bacterial flora of 75
toxic, detection 178
(.S'ce also N^'heat, Kye, etc.)
Bread —
analyses .S54
and bread cereals, text-book 659
changi-s in during cooking 354
changes in on aging 356
diet, relation to polyneuritis in
fowls 476
examination 162
field, notes 400,562
making, calcium in 161
making, dried potatoes in 252
making industry In Milan 252
making, sugar In 761
methods of analysis 505
ropiness in 659
wrapped and unwrapped, com-
position 354, 355
wrapping, studies 659
936
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Breadfruit — Page.
analyses, Hawaii 761
seedless, grafting and budding- 143
Breeders' organizations, cooperative,
N.C 468
Breeding. (See Aninc*! breeding and
Plant breeding.)
Breezes, land and sea, U.S.D.A 25
Bremia lactucw on lettuce 841
Bremiella megasperma n. g. and n. sp.,
notes 442
Brevipalpus obovatus, notes 557
Brewers' grains —
dried, analyses 568
dried, analyses. Can 465
dried, analyses, Ind 169
dried, analyses, Ky 667
dried, analyses. Mass 259
dried, analyses, N..T 667
Briclcwork, tables for 188
Bridges —
concrete highway, construction. 686
steel, specifications 884
Brines of central Oregon 280
Brisket disease in cattle at high al-
titudes, Colo 781
Brome grass —
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528, 529
digestibility, Wyo 770
smooth, irrigation experiments,
U.S.D.A 224
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
yields. Can 531
Bromus inermis. (See Brome grass.)
Brooders —
description, N.J 570
notes, U.S.D.A 264
Broom corn —
culture experiments, Can 431
culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 226
water re'quirement, Okla 335
water requirement, U.S.D.A 226
Brown-tail moth, control in Can-
ada, Can 448
Bruchophagus funebris. (See Clover
seed chalcid fly.)
Buckwheat —
as a cover crop. Mass 332
as affected by chemicals, N.J 538
bran, analyses, Ind 169
bran, analyses, N.J 667
culture experiments, Orcg 132
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
middlings, analyses, N.J G67
offal, analyses, N.J 667
products, analyses 568
varieties. Can 431
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Bud-
click beetle, notes, Greg 651
moth, eye-spotted, notes, Oreg- 651
variation in Coleus 726
variation, notes, Oreg 638
weevils, notes, Oreg 651
Buffalo — Page.
grass, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
moth, notes, U.S.D.A 250
Buffaloes, milk yielding, of Bombay. 367
Dufo halophilus, economic status 244
Bulb culture, manual 143
Bitmiis dactyloidea, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii-. 729
Bulbs of doubtful food value 855
Bullocks, Deccan, as affected by cas-
tration 865
Bumblebees, parasite of 759
Burbank, Luther, methods and dis-
coveries of 143
Bursati, studios 81
Butchers' goods manufactories for
slaughterhouses 457
Butter-
absorption of water by 577
analyses 675
as affected by feeding stuffs 270
composition, factors affecting 473
fat. (.Sec Fat and Milk fat.)
from foot-and-mouth diseased
cows 76
from whey 270
from whey. Wis 873
making on farms, U.S.D.A 577
making, use of starters in 370
marketing 874
marketing in the South, U.S.
D.A 577
moldiness in, U.S.D.A 675
overrun in 473
prices in Chicago 490
specific heat. Iowa 715
substitutes, composition 63
tree. India, seeds of 613
Butterflies, common, of United
States 756
Butternuts, culture in Minnesota,
Minn 840
Bi/turus tomentosiis, notes 448
Cabbage —
aphis, notes, Hawaii 753
club root, notes. Can 48
culture. Mass 337
culture experiments, Oreg 132
growth as affected by sulphur.
Ky 724
insects affecting. Hawaii 753
Savoy, mcnstrosities of germi-
nation in 825
varieties. N.Dak 834
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Cacao —
algal disease, notes 445
canker, notes 445, 548
culture experiments 745
diseases, notes 340, 345
fertilizer experiments 45, 838
flowers, development of female
sexual organs in 235
insects affecting 340
selection experiments 235, 236
shell dust, analyses. Mass 32
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
937
Cacao — Continued. Page.
RhellB, composition and digesti-
bility, Mass 666
shells, determination 298
treatise 235, 745
Cactaceae, studies 429
Cacti-
analyses 166, 769
for cattle 769
spineless, breeding,' experiments,
Hawaii 742
Cactus solution as an adhesive for
arsenical sprays, U.S.D.A 557
cadaba jinwea, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Caffein, determination ' 298
Calamondin as a stoclj for culti-
vated citrus 14.S
Calcium —
carbonate, effect on availability
of soil potash, N.H 126
chlorid as a dust preventive 884
chlorid, effect on disease resist-
ance In animals 37.3
cyanamid, analyses, Mass 32
cyanamid as affected by carbon
dioxld 125
cyanamid, catalysis 125
cyanamid, fertilizing value 336,
831, 832
cyanamid, formation from free
nitrogen 217
cyanamid industry in various
countries 820
cyanamid. nitrate in 217
cyanamid. paper ou 121
cyanamid, production and use
in 1913 425
cyanamid, use 323
determination 714
determination as oxalate 504
determination as tungstate 116
effect on f;rowth and composi-
tion of bone 465, 764
effect on soils 33
fed pregnant swine, effect on
offspring 366
hypochlorite, purification of
water by 87,786
metabolism. Index of 858
nitrate, analyses. Can 424
nitrate, fertilizing value 336, 832
nitrate, fertilizing value. Can 532
nitrate industry in various
countries 820
nitrate, production and use in
1913 425
oxid, effect on availability of
soil potash, N.H 126
phosphate in rations of domes-
tic animals 566
phosphates, determination,
Wash 409
rOle in forest vegetation 728
salts, effect on nodule produc-
tion in vetch 727
salts, effect on plants, N.J 538
Calcium — Continued. Page.
sulphate. {See Gypsum.)
sulphid, sterilization of soils by_ 816
use in bread making 161
Calf —
dysentery. Immunization 582
stanchions, notes, U.S.D.A 590
California —
Fruit Growers' Exchange, re-
port 287
Station, notes 395
Station, report .' 290
University, notes 395
CaUipterus trifoUi, studies, U.S.
D.A 247
Calocoris rapidus, affecting potatoes 57
Calorimetric observations on man 257
Calotropis gigantea, seeds of 613
Calves —
cost of raising, N.J 574
feeding and care, U.S.D.A 568
feeding experiments 362,768
feeding experiments, Ind 672
feeding experiments, Mich 669
newborn, weights 862
raising and fattening, Ala.
College 69
Camel diseases, notes 184
Camphor, spirits of, analyses, N.Dak 456
Canadian Forestry Association, re-
port 238
Canal engineering, treatise 481
Canals —
concrete lining for 481
concrete lining for, U.S.D.A 380
silt problem in 882
(See also Ditches.)
Canary grass, culture experiments,
Can 431
Conavalia gladiata as a green ma-
nure 423
Cancer —
diagnosis 179,372
in rats, studies 353
Candy —
making, treatise 253, 560
sirups, cooking temperatures 762
Cane —
grub in Queensland 555
sugar factories, germicides for.
La 717
Cane-top silage and molasses for cat-
tle, La 668
Canine —
distemper. (See Dog distemper.)
medicine and surgery, treatise 783
Canna incUca, hybridization experi-
ments 520
Cannabis, improvement by selection. 143
Canned goods, swells and springers. 356
Canning —
club work in Kentucky 197
clubs In Southern States 492
factories, Inspection In Indiana. 357
factories, inspection In New
Jersey 357
988
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
64
65
Canning— Continued. Page
factories, sanitation In
Industry In New Jersey
Industry In United States, his-
tory 210
notes, Va.Truclc 509
treatise 253
Cantaloups. (»Sree Muskmelons.)
Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.)
Capsid bugs injurious to apples 849
Carabaos, Immunization against rin-
derpest 580
Carambola, asexual propagation 142
Carbamid, nltrlflcatlou rate 124
Carbohydrate metabolism —
as affected by air breathed 663
as affected by vitamin-free diet- 257
Carbohydrates —
assimilation liy pigs 170
determination In plants 112,807
formation in plants
S.-iS
in mixed rations, 111 69, 70
in the diet
role In nutrition
utilization by green plants
water-soluble, in flaxseed
Carbolic acid, use against tetanus —
Carbon —
and nitrogen transformation in
soils
determination in soils, etc 121
dioxid, effect on calcium cyan-
amid
dioxid, effect on germination of
se^ds
dioxid, effect on plant growth-
857
359
823
802
476
124
805
125
328
422,
dioxid, effect on sprouting of
potatoes
dioxid, occurrence in soils
dioxid, use with organic ma-
nures
in clays and marls
monoxid, effect on sprouting of
potatoes 829
Carbonates v. silicates as sources of
lime and magnesia for plants-.
Carcinoma, serodiagnosis
Carex spp., digestibility, Wyo — 770
Carnation —
disease, notes, N.J
soils, temperature and moisture
studies, N.J
Carnations —
fertilizer experiments, 111
multiplication of floral parts,
N.J
Carotin of milk fat, investigations.
Mo
Carpet —
beetle, notes, U.S.D.A
grass, culture In cotton belt,
U.S.D.A
Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Cod-
ling moth.)
Carrot rust fly, notes, Mich
829
718
322
121
622
179
549
535
740
535
18
250
531
650
Carrots — Page.
analyses. Can 465
analyses and feeding value.
Can 461
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, Greg 132
varieties, Can 532
varieties, N.Dak 528
Cascara sagrada industry in Pacific
Northwest 46
Casein —
and caseinogen, difference be-
tween 608
chemistry of, N.Y.State 606
condition of in milk, N.Y.State. 607
determination In milk 413
determination in milk choco-
late 298
formation in mammary gland — 411
Caseinogen —
action of coagulating enzyms on_ 607
and casein, difference between — 608
Cashew nut industry in India 46
Cassava —
analyses 40, 252
farine, manufacture 761
for pigs 569
use "^61
Castor —
bean urease, experiments with. 710
beans, culture experiments 227
beans, esterase and lipase of 803
Castration of animals, treatise 578
Catalyzers, biochemical, text-book — 662
Catarrh, intestinal, effect on milk__ 479
Caterpillars —
bacterial diseases of 554
defoliating, remedies 850
dipterous parasites of 847
flacherie and polyhedral dis-
ease of 851
Catophractes alexandri, analyses and
digestibility 107
Catsup —
manufacture 356
methods of analysis 25.3, 298
Cattle-
barns, ventilation 284
beef breeds, U.S.D.A 568
breeding, problems in 169
breeds in Belgian Kongo 865
breeds in France 169
breeds in Saxony 774
cotton-seed meal for, U.S.D.A — 865
dehorning, Ga 680
disease resembling Texas fever,
Guam 781
diseases, effect on milk 478
estimation of condition 399
feeding experiments. 1G8, 260, 471, 769
feeding experiments. Can
feeding on the farm. La
feeding, treatise
fish for
Flemish, notes
grape marc for
hides, supply of. U.S.D.A
462
668
258
862
364
567
91
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
989
Cattle — Continued. Page.
Holstein, measurementB 861
Immunization against African
Coast fever 273
immunization against plroplas-
mosis and anaplasmosis 476
immunization against rinderpest 580
immunization against tubercu-
losis 67!)
in Belgium, importation and ex-
portation 668
in Demonte, Italy 668
in French West Africa 365
industry in Canada 865
inlioritance of twin calving in_ 568
Jersey-Angus, breeding experi-
ments 865
Kerry and Dexter, notes 267
metabolism experiments 98
pasturing experiments 567
plague. (See Rinderpest.)
poisoning by Simulium bites 82
Red Poll, railli yields 267
respiration and assimilation
trials 169
Shorthorn, In Missouri 865
ticks, effect on mills production,
U.S.D.A 581,681
ticks, eradication, U.S.D.A 681
{See also Ticks.)
zebu hybrids, characteristics 669
(See also Bovines, Cows, etc.)
Cauliflower- —
culture. Mass 337
culture experiments, N.Mex 635
monstrosities of germination in_ 825
preparation and use 253
varieties, N.Mex 635
Cecidomyia —
ceratoniw, remedies 754
destructor. (See Elessian fly.)
Celery —
late blight, treatment, Can 49
leaf spot, notes 239, 341, 544, 545
Cell metabolism, review of literature- 854
Cells, chemistry and physics of 78
Cellulose —
assimilation by pigs 170
determination 300, 314, 716
determination in flax stems 415.
determination in straw 666
from millet 117
in mixed rations, digestibility,
111 70
Ccnanginm aiietis, notes 845
Centipedes, house, notes, U.S.D.A 353
Gephaleuros virescens, notes 445
Cephalocroton piischcUt, analyses
and digestibility 167
Cephalosporium sp. on coffee, P.R 646
Ceratitis capitata, studies, U.S.
D.A 56, 655
Ceratocampidse, monograph 850
Ceratomia amyntor, life history 850
Ceratopogonlnae —
bloodsucking, of Brazil 450
notes 851
CercoBpora — Page.
betlcola, notes, U.S.D.A 50
coffeicola, notes 645, 749
melonis, notes 641
personata, studies, Ala.College 546
spp., notes 749
Cereal —
diseases in Saxony 749
diseases, treatment, N.Dak 545
foot or stalk disease, notes 145,
545, 641. 843
products, insects affecting 246
rusts, notes 340
smuts, notes 340
Cereals —
behavior toward fungi 426
bread-making value 760
chlorophyll content, variations
in 220
culture experiments, N.Dak 528
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 730
fertilizer experiments 37, 622, 630
fertilizers for 827
improvement, U.S.D.A 333
microscopy of 715
prices in Bern 162
seeding experiments, Alaska 36
text-book 659
varieties 37, 132, 630
(See also Grains and specific
kinds.)
Ceresa —
basalis, notes, Oreg 651
sp., notes, Mich 651
Ceromasia sphenophori, life history
and breeding 350
Costodes —
of Australia 399
proteocephalid, monograph 853
Vluetomium spirocliwte on sweet
pesxs, Del 446
Chafing-dish dainties, salads, and
sandwiches 560
Chaitophorns maculatus, studies,
U.S.D.A 247
Chalets —
coloradensi^, parasitic on lo-
custs, U.S.D.A 60
ovata, parasitic on alfalfa cater-
pillar, U.S.D.A 58
Chalcis-fly in alfalfa seed, U.S.D.A- 454
Chalicodoma spp., treatise 758
Chalk, effect on soil fertility 399
Charbon. (See Anthrax.)
Charcoal as a dressing for forest
seed beds 748
Cheese —
Camembert, manufacture, Conn.
Storrs 176
Cheddar, shrinkage in 270
cream, manufacture and analy-
ses. Conn. Storrs 176
curing. (See Cheese, ripening.)
decomposition by enzyms of rind
flora 175
940
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Cheese — Continued. Page.
determination of total solids 414
Emmental, manufacture 870
Emmental, starters for, U.S.D.A- 776
factories, construction. Wis 889
factories, cooperative, organiza-
tion. Wis 893
Liptauer, microflora of 473
making, notes 175
methods of analysis 313
mold-ripened, suit factor in,
Conn.Storrs 176
Neufchatel, manufacture and
analyses, Conn.Storrs 175
Neufchatel, i-lpening 473
reindeer, making 577
rind flora, effect on inner por-
tion of the cheese 776
ripening, chemistry of 473, 503
Roquefort, biology, Conn.Storrs- 176
Roquefort, composition of fat,
U.S.D.A 77
Roquefort-like, from cow's milk,
Conn.Storrs 177
Cheiniatobia hrumata, remedies 850
Chelidonlum seeds, lipase of 19
Chemical pathology, treatise 78
Chemicals, effect on plants, N.J 538
Chemistry —
agricultural, notes. Can 501
agricultural, treatise 501
analytical, treatise 501
dairy, treatise 501
household, treatise 558
organic, handbook 109
technical, encyclopedia 308
writings of J. von Liebig 109
yearbook 801
Chemotropism in rootlets 128
Cherimoya, asexual propagation 143
Cherries —
acidity 110
culture, Alaska 45
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
killing by freezing. Mo 43
pruning 837
ringing experiments, N.Y,State_ 636
treatise 338
varieties, N.Dak 538
Cherry —
aphis, black, notes, Oreg 651
bacterial gummosis or canker.
studies, Oreg 644
black knot, studies 52
gummosis and frost injuries,
studies 344
leaf spot or shot-hole disease,
notes. Can 49
little leaf, studies, Cal 238
Chestnut —
bast miner, description 450
black canker in Italy 54
blight, ascospore expulsion in 346
blight, dissemination by birds,
U.S.D.A 55
blight, studies 54, 446
Chestnut — Continued. Page,
borer, two-lined, studies, U.S.
D.A 658
Chicago stockyards district, wages
and family budgets in 163
Chick-peas, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Chicken lice and mites, description
and remedies, Iowa 754
Chickens —
bare necked, of Barbados 367
breeding experiments 572
feeding, U.S.D.A 264
feeding experiments, Minn 868
milk-fed, in Europe 264
natural and artificial brooding.
U.S.D.A 264
relation to typhoid fever 477
(See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.)
Chicks-
care of, W.Va 869
cost of growing, Minn 868
feeding experiments, N.J 570
Children-
anemic and tuberculous, nutri-
tion of 358
care and feeding 66, 495
Infection with bovine tubercle
bacilli 477
undeveloped, nutrients for 458
Children's gardens. (See School
gardens.)
Chilles. (See Pepper.)
Chinch bugs, notes. Can 448
Chinese —
bean, culture, Tex 226
wood oil tree, notes, S.C 539
Chironomus —
cavazzai, biology 450
(Tendipes) plumosns, notes 554
Chloral hydrate —
and copper sulphate, antago-
nistic action on peas 35
use in veterinary medicine 278
Chloridea obsoleta. (See Cotton
bollworm.)
Chlorids —
effect on nodule production in
soy beans 727
effect on potato scab 750
Chlorln—
compounds, purification of water
by 87
in rain and snow 616
number, a new constant of fat_ 808
Chloris virgata, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Chloroform —
as a milk preservative 472. 576
sterilization of soils by 816
Chlorophyll —
and blood pigment, relation 711
colloidal, nature 19
compounds of peach leaves 823
relation to lycopin 824
Chloroaplenium ceruginoaum, notes 341
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
941
Page.
Chlor-xylenol-sapocresol as a disin-
fectant 80
Chocolate manufacture, progress ln_ 23
Cholesterln, metabolism of 764
Cholesterol in edible fats 205
Cholin In hops 502
Chondriosomes —
in fungi 822
in vegetable cells 428
Chops, analj'ses 862
Chou moellier. (See Marrow cab-
bage.)
Chromosporlum crustaceum n.sp. on
rubber 347
Chrysanthemum leaf miner, studies,
Mass 451
Chrysanthemums as affected by ra-
dio-active substances 34
Chrysomelid beetles, evolution 420
Chrysomphalus dictyo sperm i, notes,
U.S.D.A 56
Chrysomyxa spp. on conifers in
Scotland 844
Chrysopa —
californica, parasitic on red
spider, Oreg 157
oculata, notes, Ky 654
Chrysophlyctis endobiotica ; notes_ 448, 546
Chrysophyllum caitiito, cold storage
of, Hawaii 439
Churches, rural —
educational opportunities 388
federation 285
treatise 388
Chutneys, recipes 560
Cicer arietinum, culture, Tex 226
Cicuta, description, U.S.D.A 474
acuta sp., notes, Cal 778
Cider-
analyses 207
industry In Uruguay 744
Cimex lectularius. {See Bedbug.)
Cltranges, culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 337, 539
Citric acid, determination in fruit
juices 297
Citro-phosphate solutions, nature of- 115
Citrullus vulgaris, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Citrus —
cankei". Investigations, Fla 345
canker, notes, Ala.College 63
canker, notes. La 241,548
diseases. Investigations, Cal 238
fruit industry in Porto Rlco__ 745
fruit rot, investigations 346
fruits, budding 143
fruits, culture in Spain 286
fruits, handling 234
fruits. Improvement by bud se-
lection 439
fruits, insects affecting, U.S.D.A 56
fruits, protection from frost,
Ariz 541
fruits, seed formation in, Cal 236
Page.
Citrus — Continued.
fruits, susceptibility to Mediter-
ranean fruit fly, U.S.D.A 655
(See also Oranges, Lemons,
etc.)
mealy bug, notes, U.S.D.A 56
mites, notes 557
root diseases, notes 442
white fly. (See White fly,
citrus.)
Citrus mitis as a stock for cultivated
citrus 143
Cladochytrium —
mauryi n.sp., description 346
ollivicri n.sp., description 346
Cladosporium —
cucumerinum, notes 641
epiphyllum, parasitism 640
fulvum violaceurn, studies 148
her b a rji m agame-echeveriaf
notes 149
herbarum, notes 644,843
Clams —
examination. Me 854
preparation for market 357
Clark Fork of Columbia River, hy-
drography 279
Clausena lansium, description, Ha-
waU 742
Clay-
as affected by hydroxyl ions — 318
colloids in 318
Clematis vitalba, chemical consti-
tuents of 711
Clemson College, notes 600
Cleome rubella, analyses and diges-
tibility 167
Cleonus sparsus, notes, Oreg 651,652
Climate —
as affected by volcanic dust 509
changes in 118
changes in, treatise 417
of Australia 118,718,811
of Canada 25,510
of Chicago 211
of historical times 418
of Montana, Mont 510
of New South Wales 316
of New York in relation to agri-
culture 118
(See also Meteorology.)
Climatic provinces of western United
States 815
Cllmatological —
data, U.S.D.A 118,316,614
investigations, geographical as-
pects 815
Clothes moths, remedies, U.S.D.A — 660
Clothing-
disinfection, N.Dak 458
notes 461
Clouds, snow and rain yield of, U.S.
D.A 810
Clover —
alslke, culture experiments,
Can 431
942
EXPERIMENT BTATION RECORD.
Page.
Clover — Continued.
aphids, etudies, U.S.D.A 755
aphis, yellow, studies, U.S.D.A. 247
as a cover crop, Mass 332
breeding experiments, Can 532
bur, as a cover crop, S.C 431
bur, seed, hastening germination,
Ala.College 829
composition at different stages- 331
cost of production, Minn 688
cost of production, N.J 527
crimson, as a cover crop, S.C — 431
crimson, as a green manure 423
crimson, culture, INIiss 527
crimson, culture experiments,
Oreg 132
crimson, seed production, U.S.
D.A 732
culture, Tenn 132
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, U.S. D.A 430
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A_ 534
effect on companion crop of
wheat 432
fertilizer experiments, Ind 629
fertilizer experiments. Mo 322
fertilizing value 216
germination studies, Iowa 231
growth as affected by sulphur,
Ky 724
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36
hay, amylolytic activity 503
hay as affected by long storage- 363
hay, digestibility 363
hay, digestibility, 111 69
irrigation experiments, Oreg 186
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 225
Japan, culture. Miss 527
leaf spot, notes 443
liming experiments, Ohio 31
Maltese, as a forage crop 41
nodule bacteria of 33
nodule bacteria of, Ky 327
red, analyses, Iowa 171
red, as affected by potash 228
red, breeding experiments, Can- 431
red, culture experiments, Alaska- 36
red, culture experiments. Can — 431
red, liming experiments, Tenn 132
red, root system 634
red, seeding experiments, Can — 531
root curculio affecting alfalfa,
U.S.D.A 851
seed caterpillar, notes, Mich 651
seed chalcid fly, notes, U.S.D.A- 454
seed chalcid fly, remedies, Ariz- .550
seed, longevity 634
sickness, notes 544
silage, analyses, Can 465
snout beetle, notes, Mich 650
sweet. (See Sweet clover.)
varieties, Alaska 36
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
white Dutch, culture experi-
mente, Can 481 '
Page.
Cloves, examination 161
Coagulase in alfalfa 411
Coal —
mine disasters v. weather, U.S.
D.A 25
tar creosotes as wood preserva-
tives, U.S.D.A 841
tar dye mixtures, review of
literature 297
tar injury to vegetation 826
C6at color. (See Color.)
Coccida^, preparation for micro-
scopical study 57
Coccidiosis —
in poultry and game birds 784
in rabbits 180
Coccus citrwola n.sp., description 57
Cochylis amhiyueUa, polyphagous
habits 554
Cocklebur, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Cockroach, Australian, as a cotton
pest 348
Cockroaches, relation to cancer in
rats 353
Cocoa —
analyses 298
manufacture, progress in 23
Coconut —
bud rot, description and treat-
ment 149
butter for tuberculosis patients. 63
meal, composition and digesti-
bility, Mass 68
oil, detection in butter 508
palm pests and diseases 754
products, preparation 46
Coconuts —
culture in Ceylon 46
culture in India 131
fertilizer experiments 236
salt as a fertilizer for 324
treatise 236. 339
Codling moth —
egg parasites of 59
investigations, N.Mex 654
notes, Iowa 250
Coenurtts serialis in rabbits 180
Coffee —
anal.vses 856
and coffee substitutes, examina-
tion 762
berry, composition 838
biometric studies 440
consumption and modes of
grinding in foreign countries. 64
culture experiments 746
culture in India 131
diseases in Surinam 749
diseases, notes 340
diseases, notes, P.R 645
harmfulness, method of lessen-
ing 161
insects affecting 340, 847
leaf disease, notes 548
manuring in southern India 838
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
943
Coffee — Continued. Page,
quality as affected by fruit fly,
Hawaii ' 746
Uobusta, breeding experiments. 2:iQ
selection and maliing 558
selection experiments 746
Cold fi'ames —
construction and management,
Colo 140
construction and management,
W.Va 834
Cold storage —
effect on fruit fly, Hawaii 4.">0
of tropical fruits, Hawaii 439, 745
warehouses, inspection in New
Jersey .'ioT
Coleophora lariceUa, notes, Can 448
Coleoptera injurious or beneficial to
forests in India 351
Coleusporiuiii spp. on pine, inocula-
tion experimc'Dts 647
Colcus, bud variations in 726
Coli bacillus. {See Bacillus coH
communis.)
Colic in liorses, treatise 584
Colleges. {Sec Agricultural colleges.)
Colletotrichum —
falcatum, notes 442
lagenaHum, notes 641
lindemutJiiaiium as affected by
temperature 749
lindemuthianum, treatment 843
n.spp., descriptions 842
apinaciw, studies 147
Colloids —
determination in soils 311
in immunity 78
in soils 318,813
metallic, bactericidal propei'ties- 272
soil, adsorptive power 318
treatise 308
Collops vittatus, prodaceous on al-
falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58
Colon bacilli, survival of pasteuri-
zation by, U.S.D.A 775
Color-
development in mammals and
birds 766
inheritance in horses 361
inheritance in pigs 466
Colorado River basin, hydrography — 279
Colorimeter, dilution, description 20
Colors, comparison 20
Colostrum bodies, biology 80
Colpoda cue«??M«, prevalence in soils. 619
Combretum spp., analyses and digest-
ibility 167
Comfrey, culture and composition — 631
Commerce, internal, of United States. 90
Com,miphora africatia, analyses and
digestibility 167
Community service week in North
Carolina 388
Complement fixation test, antigens
containing cholesterol for 272
Compression, effect on root structure. 825
Concrete — Page,
as affected by alkali, U.S.D.A__ 381
as affected by alkali, Wyo 787
as affected by silage 590
construction, manual 188
culverts, plans 485,686,884
farm buildings, construction 888
gravel deposits in Iowa 188
highway bridges, const ruction. _ 686
lining for irrigation canals 481
lining for irrigation canals,
U.S.D.A 380
permeability tests 788
pipe or tile. {See Pipe and
Tile.)
posts, mold for 788
proportioning aggregates for 484
sand for 484
use in drainage and irrigation.- 787
use on farms 86
work, forms for 86
Condiments, chemistry of, progress
in 109
Confectionery, analyses 253,560
Conference on Rural Education in
Massachusetts 689
Congress of Alimentation at Li6ge_ 662, 760
Conifers, culture experiments 542
Coniothedum chomatosporutn, notes.
344, 644
Coniothyrium fuckelii, notes 544
Connecticut —
College, notes 599
State Station, notes 94
State Station, work of 496
Storrs Station, report 291
Conotrachelus sp., fumigation ex-
periments, U.S.D.A 650
Convection, diurnal system, U.S.D.A. 24
Vonventzia hageni, parasitic on red
spider, Oreg 157
Cookery —
French, treatise 662
instruction, cards for 495
Cooking —
boilers for poultry farms 591
book 255, 394. 495, 558, 662, 763
by electricity 65
Chinese and Japanese, recipes 763
Creole, manual 358
effect on digestibility of foods.. 760
fireless, notes 495
text-book 394
utensils, field, notes 562
utensils, nickel, solubility 561, 763
Cooperative organizations, sugges-
tions for, U.S.D.A 792
Coots, North American, distribution
and migration, U.S.D.A 55
Copper —
determination in conserves 114
determination in sprays 114
sulphate and chloral hydrate,
antagonistic action on peas — 35
sulphate, effect on germination
of wheat 749
944
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Copper — Continued. Page,
sulphate, effect on growth of
barley 121
sulphate, effect on sprouting of
potatoes 829
sulphate, production and use
In 1013 425
Copperas. (See Iron sulphate.)
Copperlzed oil as a wood preserva-
tive, U.S.D.A 841
Copra, preparation 236, 315
Coriscus ferns, notes, Ky 654
Corn —
analyses 862
and cob meal, analyses, N.J 667
and rye, analyses. N.J 667
anomalies of 131
as a feeding stuff 97, 200
as a substitute for rice In Philip-
pines 64
as affected by kerosene 729
as affected by submersion 829
biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226
bran, analyses 862
bran, analyses, Ind 169
bran, analyses, Ky 667
breeding experiments, N.J 536
breeding experiments, Greg 827
breeding for protein and oil,
S.Dak J___ 733
canned, examination 161
canning industry in United
States 210
chop, analyses 568, 862
chop, analyses, Ky 667
club work In Kentucky 197
clubs in Philippines 495
clubs in rural schools 693
clubs in Southern States 492
clubs, notes, Ala.College 898
cost of production 594
cost of production, Minn 688
cost of production, Ohio 135
cracked, analyses 862
cracked, analyses, Ky 667
culture, Tenn 132
culture, Tex ^ 226
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments. U.S.D.A 430
culture for silage, Wyo 431
culture In Mexico 131
culture in Montana, Mont 134
culture, treatise 228, 434, 829
digestibility 866
earworm, life histoi-y and habits,
Ky 652
earworm, remedies, N.J 551
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 224
feed meal, analyses, Ky 667
feed meal, analyses, N.J 667
fertilizer experiments 217, 434, 820
fertilizer experiments, .Ala.Col-
lege 732, 733
Corn — Continued. Page.
fertilizer experiments. Can 431
fertilizer experiments, Ind 629
fertilizer experiments, Ky 819
fertilizer experiments, Mich 630
fertilizer experiments. Mo 321
fertilizer exporiments, S.C 423
fertilizer experiments, Tenn 132
fertilizer experiments, Tex 226
flakes analyses, Ind 169
fodder, analyses, N.Dak 169
for silage, seeding experiments.
Can 530
for sllago, varieties, Oreg 827
for silage, varieties, U.S.D.A 333
germ meal, analyses, Ind 169
germ meal, analyses, Ky 667
germ meal, analyses, N.J 667
grades of 138
grinding for steers, Pa 864
ground, digestibility. 111 69, 70
growth as affected by carbon di-
oxid 422
growth at different tempera-
tures, U.S.D.A 334
heredity of seed characters in 726
hogging off, U.S.D.A 224
hybrids and parents, compari-
son, U.S.D.A 133
improvement, Mich 630
improvement by selection 433
Irrigation experiments, Oreg 186
irrigation experiments, U.S.
D.A 37,225
judging. Wis 631
kernel, life history 898
liming experiments, Ohio 31
liming experiments, Tenn 132
meal, analyses. Mass 259
molds, notes, Ky 337
Moqui Indian, culture experi-
ments, Ariz 526
oil as a constituent of olive and
cotton-seed oils 161
ordinary threshing machine for.
Mont 134
pollination experiments 228
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
products as human food 560
proteins, nutritive value 164
radium fertilizer for. 111 821
relation oi anatomy to height of
stalk and nitrogen content 829
rootworm, western, notes 250
school lessons on 494
school lessons on, U.S.D.A 197
seed, maggot, notes, Can 448
shock, for silage. Mo 666
silage. (See Silage.)
spraying i;. dusting, N.J 551
stover, amylolytlc activity 503
sugar content as affected by de-
tassellng 434
tables for wagonloads 42
r. alfalfa hay for cows 74
r. alfalfa hay for cows, Wis. 863, 871
varieties 630
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
946
Corn — Continued. Page.
varieties, Can 431,532
varieties, Ga 631
varieties, Miss 520
varieties, N.Dak 527,528,529
varieties, Oreg 730
varieties, Tex 226
varieties, U.S.D.A __ 224, 332, 333, 430
water requirement, Oiila 335
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
wilting coefficient, Okla 335
wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555
yield as affected by hybridiza-
tion, U.S.D.A 133
yield as affected by source of
seed, Tex 226
Cornell University, notes 95, 397, 695
Cornstalk borer, larger, notes, U.S.
D.A 449
Corpus luteum, effect on ovulation In
fowls 671
Corrosive sublimate as a milk pre-
servative 576
Corticium —
salmonicolor or C. javanicum on
rubber 54
vugum, pathogenicity, Del 446
vagum solani, studies, Me 147
Corymbites inflatus, notes, U.S.D.A_ 555
Coryza, infectious. In fowls 783
Cosmetics, treatise 162
Cost of living —
in Australia 894
in Baltimore 254
reducing 662
Cottages for rural districts ' 687
Cotton —
anthracnose, Investigations, S.C_ 543
aphis, notes, Cal 755
as a host plant of red spider,
Oreg 157
biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226
boll weevil In Cuba 852
boll weevil, notes, Ala.College 62
bolls, dropping 49
bollworm in Cyprus 754
bollworm, life history and hab-
its, Ky 652
bollworm, parasites of 156
bollworm, pink, remedies 152, 449
bollworm, predaceous on al-
falfa, U.S.D.A 58
bollworm, seasonal variation ln_ 152
bollworm, spiny, notes 847
brachysm in, U.S.D.A 731
breeding for higher oil and
protein content of seed 111
breeding, review of investiga-
tions 40
cost of production, U.S.D.A 434
crop mortgage credit in Texas — 892
culture, S.C 598
culture, Tenn 132
culture experiments 227
culture in India 131
culture In Mexico 131
1115°— 15 5
Cotton — Continued. I'age.
culture In West Indies 829
culture on alkali soils, U.S.D.A. 225
culture, single-stalk method,
U.S.D.A 434
destruction by cockroaches 348
diseases, bacterial, S.C 543
diseases in Brazil 238
diseases in St. Croix 642
diseases, notes 340
distance e.\poriments 829
distance experiments. Miss 735
distance experiments, U.S.D.A__ 332
express, notes. Miss 735
fertilizer experiments 37, 227
fertilizer experiments, Miss — 526, 7.j5
fertilizer experiments, S.C 423
fertilizer experiments, Tex 226
Futures Act, rules and regula-
tions, U.S.D.A 689
hybridization 829
improvement by seed selection,
N.C 135
insects affecting 340, 847
leaves, effect on soils 319
liming experiments, Tenn 132
marketing, U.S.D.A 91
marketing cooperatively. U.S.
D.A 435
mill picker dirt, analyses, Mass. 32
of Cambodia 229
physiological disturbances, S.C_ 543
production in 1914. U.S.D.A— 435
pruning experiments 829
root knot, notes, U.S.D.A 342
rust, prevention, Miss 735
school lessons on 898
Sea Island, price In 1913, U.S.
D.A 229
stalks, conversion into charcoal- 449
substitute crops for 594
treatise 434
varieties 37, 227, 229, 829
varieties, Ga 631
varieties. Miss 526,734
varieties, Tex 226
varieties, U.S.D.A 332
volunteering experiments, U.S.
D.A 226
water requirements, U.S.D.A. 127, 226
weevils in Peru, U.S.D.A 658
wilt, notes. U.S.D.A 342,543
wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555
yield as affected by source of
seed, Tex 226
Cotton seed —
chemistry of 111
cold-pressed, analyses, Ind 169
feed, analyses, Ind 169
feed, analyses. Mass 666
formation of oil in, U.S.D..\__ 427
hull bran, analyses. Mass 666
hulls, analyses, Ind 169
hulls, composition and digesti-
bility. Mass 666
hulls V. silage for beef cattle.. 260
hulls V. silage for steers. Miss 568
946
EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
Cotton seed — Continued. i'age.
meal, ammoniflcation studies,
N.J 817
meal, analyses 568,862
meal, analyses, Ind 1G9
meal, analyses. Mass 250
meal, analy-ses, N.II 1(50
meal, analyses, N..I 0('"
meal and feed, analyses, Ky 667
meal and hulls, analyses, N..I — 067
ileal, compositiou and digesti-
bility, Mass 666
meal, effect on calving ability
of cows 98
meal, feeding value as affected
by added hull bran. Mass-- 666
meal for beef cattle 99
meal for beef cattle, U.S.D.A— 865
meal for corn, Ala. College 732
meal for potatoes, Ala.College — 739
meal, toxicity 80
meal v. soy-bean meal for cows,
N.J 573
oil, composition 313
Cottonwoods, change from radial to
bilateral symmetry 426
Cottony cushion scale —
notes, U.S.D.A 56
remedies 152
Country —
communities, social and civic
work in 691
homes, cooling 502
life clubs in Illinois 496
life development, Louisville con-
ference 488
life development, research and
publicity in 102
County experiment farms, discussion 96
Cover crops —
for orchards, N.Mex 635
notes, Mass 332
notes, S.C 431
Cow —
champion dairy 3G8,
manure, effect on decomposi-
tion of green manure, N.J
sheds, construction and care
stalls, notes, U.S.D.A
testing association in Denmark-
testing associations in Mary-
land, Md
testing associations, notes,
Minn
Cowpea wilt, notes, S.C
Cowpeas —
as a cover crop. Mass
as a green manure
as a green manure, U.S.D.A
culture, Okla
culture, Tex
culture, Wyo
culture in the cotton belt, U.S.
D.A
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A
67;;
514
370
590
871
774
895
543
332
423
225
736
226
431
631
224
Cowpeas — Continued. Page.
fertilizer experiments, Ky 819
fertilizing value, Ind 029
fertilizing value. Mo 321
liming experiments, Tenn 132
nodule bacteria of, Ky 327
varieties. Miss 527
varieties, Okla 736
varieties, Tex 226
water recjuirement, U.S.D.A __127, 226
wilting coefficient, Okla 335
Cows —
body weight and milk yield,
relation 267
bone growth, horn development,
and performance in 266
cost of keeping 574
cost of keeping, Miss 574
feeding 173
feeding experiments 74,
168, 258, 367, 672, 773, 871
feeding experiments, Cal 266
feeding experiments. Can 470
feeding experiments, Ind 672
feeding experiments, Kans 68
feeding experiments, Mass 68, 666
feeding experiments, N.J 573
feeding experiments, Ohio 265
feeding experiments. Wis 871
feeding in the South, U.S.D.A— 574
Guernsey, records of 774
handling, U.S.D.A 590
milk flow in relation to age 575
milking capacity, transmission- 174
milking tests 75
records. (See Dairy herd rec-
ords. )
rice-gluten meal for 266
school lessons on 494
sterility pnd abortion in 82
testing. N.J 575
Coyote parasites, notes 185
Coyotes, spreading disease among — 480
Cranberries —
acidity HO
fertilizer experiments, N.J 541
Scandinavian, desiccation 117
standard barrel for 499
Cranberry diseases, treatment 52, 53
Crane flies. North American, biology- 153
Cranes, North American, distribution
and migration, T'.S.D.A 55
Cream —
acidity, studies 872
care and handling, S.Dak 576
care on the farm 473
effect on bacterial content of ice
cream 060
expansion of, U.S.D.A 471
grading, Kans 175
marketing in the South, U.S.D.A- 577
production and care, U.S.D.A 575
separators, care, S.Dak 576
separators, distribution of bac-
teria by, Cal 268
separators, operation 874
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
947
Cream — Continued. Page,
sour, viability of typhoid bacil-
lus In 675
apeclflc heat, Iowa 715
storage 350
testing 874
testing and handling, Colo 774
Creameries —
construction, Wis 889
cooperative, in Minnesota, Mlnn_ 688
cooperative, orfranization. Wis — S9.3
for southern farmers, U.S.D.A 577
inspection in Indiana 254
inspection in New Jersey 254
Creamery —
equipment, operation 874
sewage, disposal, Wis 889
Creatin —
behavior during fatigue 764
determination 505
determination in meats and meat
extracts 299
excretion during starvation 257
metabolism of 764
Creatinin —
determination in meats and
meat extracts 299
elimination and basal metabol-
ism, relation 359
excretion by women 256, 663
excretion during starvation 257
excretion on creatin-free diet 663
in legumes 560
in muscle 764
metabolism of 764
Creeping bent grass, growth on vol-
canic ash, Alaska 36
Creosote as a milk preservative 576
Creosotes as wood preservatives,
U.S.D.A 841
Crescograph, description 222
Cresol, sterilization of soils by 816
Crimson clover. (See Clover, crim-
son.)
Crocus bulbs as food 855
Cronartimn ribicola, treatment 842
Crop^
production, maintenance 14
production, text-book 393
reports, U.S.D.A 90,
287, 490, 594, 689, 893
residues, fertilizing value 319
rotations. {See Rotation of
crops.)
yields and prices, relation, Ill__ 191
Crops —
cost of production, Colo 791
fertilizer requirements, deter-
mination 620
hogging off in the corn belt,
U.S.D.A 192
mutual Influence in relation to
nitrogen 515
prices in Ireland 594
school lessons on 597
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Crotalaria — I'age.
diversistipula, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
saltiana, fertilizing value, Ha-
waii 722
Crotln and its antitoxins 78
Croton fjrdtinHimiis, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Cruciferous plants, culture, Mass 337
Crude fiber, (^'ee Cellulose.)
Cryplialina>, classlflcation, U.S.D.A__ 758
Cryptorhynchus mantjiferw, notes__ 352
Ciyptosporella viticola —
studies, Mo.Fruit 751
studies, N.Y. State 52
C'rytoblabes (inidieUa, notes 151
Ctenoccphalus felis as a host of In-
dian kala-azar parasite 61
Ctenophora angustipennis, notes,
Orpg 651
Cucumber —
beetle, belted, remedies, U.S.D.A- 557
diseases in Sweden 641
downy mildew, notes. Mass 342
Cucumbers, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
Cucuinis prophetarum , analys-^s and
digestibility 167
Culiclda?. {See Mosquitoes.)
Cultivation, mechanical, in Europe 485
Culture media for counting soil bac-
teria, N.Y.State 625
Culverts, concrete, specifications 485,
686, 884
Cunila mariana, ice fringes on,
U.S.D.A 221
Curbs, concrete caisson, for shallow
wells. Ariz 586
Curculionidae in bamboo stems 352
Currant —
diseases, studies. Can 441
pollen, viability, N.J 534
rust, notes 241
Currants —
acidity 110
crossing experiments, N.J 535
culture experiments, Ariz 540
varieties, N.Dak 538
variety tests and culture, Md 141
Custard apple as a stock for cheri-
moya and atemoya 143
Cutworm, variegated, notes, Oreg 051
Cutworms —
injurious to strawberries, Can_ 556
notes, Can 448
notes, Hawaii 753
notes. Mass 349
olive green, notes, Oreg 651
remedies 246
Cyanamid —
decomposition, seasonal varia-
tion 514
works at Niagara Falls 622
Cyanid^
effect on plants 846
effect on scale-Insect eggs, Cal__ 245
948
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pago.
Cyathula hereroenais, analyses and
digestibility 167
Cyclohexane, sterilization of soils by. 816
Cyclones, nature, U.S.D.A 810
Cydla pomoneUa, egg parasites of — 59
CyUndroaporium —
juglandis n.sp., description 150
pomi, notes 749
Oynodon dactylon —
analyses and digestibility 167
as a lawn grass 828
Cyperus usitatua, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Cyrtogaatcr glaagoici n.sp., descrip-
tion 557
Cyrtospcrmums, culture and analy-
ses 37
Cysticercvs bovis, destruction by
freezing 880
Cyatopua candidua on white mus-
tard 544
Cytisus proUferua, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 730
Cytology, index catalogue 166
Dactyloctenium agyptiacum, analyses
and digestibility 1G7
Dacua —
cucurditcB, life history, U.S.D.A. 452
olece, notes, U.S.D.A 56
Dafifodil fly, life history 350
Daffodils, manual 143
Dairies, Inspection —
in Indiana 254
In New Jersey 254
in New Orleans 357
in Virginia 661
Dairy —
bacteriology, treatise 577
barn, description, N.J 589
barns, plans, Can 470
chemistiy, treatise 501
conveniences, U.S.D.A 590
farming, factors of success in,
N.Y.Cornell 89
farming, notes, Kans 870
farms, ice for, U.S.D.A 591
herd records 267
herd records, Can 470
herd records, Md 774
herd records, N.J 573
herd records, value 399
herds, care and management.
Kans 870
industry about Elgin, Illinois-- 192
industry in Bombay 367
industry in Denmark 471
industry in United States,
U.S.D.A 773
machinery, tests 480
products, Inspection In Canada- 473
products, marlseting In Queens-
land 793
products, production and use,
U.S.D.A 773
products, testing and handling,
S.Dab 576
Page.
Dairy — Continued.
products, transportation 874
utensils, washing, U.S.D.A 590
Dairying —
in Nevada 471
in south Mississippi, Miss 266
in Switzerland 870
in the South, U.S.D.A 574
laboratory guide 173
municipal, notes 773
review of literature 173, 566
school lessons on 597
treatise 258, 291
Daisy, yellow, variations in 726
Daldinia concentrica, fruiting
forms 341
Daphnia obtnsa, heredity in 448
Dargida procinctua, notes, Oreg 651
Darkness, intensity just before dawn,
U.S.D.A 211
Dasheens —
ciillrre; and analyses 37
culture in tho South, U.S.D.A__ 631
Daayneura leguminicola, notes, Oreg- 651
Daayscypha {Peziza) calycina, stud-
ies 844
Date palms —
origin 142
ornamental, culture in Arizona,
U.S.D.A 233
Dates —
culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 232
varieties, U.S.D.A 232
Davicsia latifoJia, constituents of
leaves and stems 501
Daylight illumination, measurement,
U.S.D.A 810
Death camas —
description, U.S.D.A 474
notes, Cal 778
Delaware Station —
Farmers' Day guide for 693
report 49G, 796
Delphacinse of North and South
America 247
Delphinium spp., notes, Cal 778
Dematophora —
necafrijc, studies 149
sp. on coffee, P.R 645
Dendroctonus —
hrevicoviis. {Sec Western pine
beetle.)
monticolw. (See Mountain pine
beetle.)
mtirrayanw. (See Lodgepole
pine beetle.)
oieaus. (See Sitka spruce
beetle.)
pseudotaugw. (See Douglas flr
beetle.)
vaJcns. (See Turpentine beetle,
red.)
Dendrophoma marconii, notes 146
Denltrlflcatlon —
in soils of different water con-
tent 618
rOle of enzyms in 112
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
949
Page.
Deodar, witches' brooms on 340
Department of agriculture. {See
United States Dcpartmentof Agri-
culture.)
Dermacentor tenustus —
{andersoni) , eradication 853
notes, Can 448
Dermanys8U8 sp., transmission of
spirochetes by 279
Deschutes River, Oreg., utilization 279
Desmcdiuni tortvosum, culture in
Hawaii, Hawaii 730
Deudorix livia, notes 151
Dewberries —
culture, U.S.D.A t>39
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
Dextrin, production and use 117
Diabetes —
and glycosuria, treatise 474
experimental, in cats 180
DiahroUca —
halteata, remedies, U.S.D.A 557
soror, notes, Oreg 651
Diachasma tryoni In Hawaii 757
Diaportlie batatatis, notes 343
Diarrhea, white, in chicks, treat-
ment 380
Diaspis pentagona, remedies 755
Diastase —
in red algae 503
of alfalfa, investigations 502
Diatrwa —
canella, remedies 553
saccharalis. (See Sugar cane
borer. )
Dibenzoylglucoxylose, notes 502
Dlcalcium phosphate, determination.
Wash 409
Dicoma anomala, analyses and diges-
tibility 167
Diet—
amino acids and vitamins in 857
and vitamin, quantitative re-
lationship 163,164
as a cause of ineflBciency in
school children 458
effect on growth 256
effect on secretion of digestive
ferments 256
Importance of flavors, spices,
etc 764
in typhoid fever 564
of Alaskan Eskimos 358
of laborers in Spain 502
of sailors 358
of workingmen 857
principles of 659
protein and carbohydrates in 857
qualitatively insufficient, studies. 591
relation to pellagra 255,564
treatise 561
vitamin-free, effect on carbohy-
drate metabolism 257
(See also Food.)
Dietaries, statistical study of 163
Page.
Dietetics, history 66
Digestion experiments —
with Equidse 262
with pigs 868
with pigs, ni 70
with sheep 167,168
with sheep, Mass 68,667
with sheep, Tex 709
with sheep, Wyo 770
with steers, Ga 668
with steers, 111 69
with steers, N.Mex 467
Digestive tract as affected by
diet 265,366,367
Digitalis, improvement by selection. 143
Diospyros virginiana, seedless fruits
of 142
Dlpalmitylstearin in lard 801
Diphachne ftisca, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Diphtheria, human and avian, re-
lation 271
DiploJxtcillus capsulatuSj notes 178
Diplodia natalensis on citrus 346
Diplodhiium- ccaudatum, morphology
and new forms of 376
Dipping vats, concrete, construction,
Ark 251
Diptera —
bloodsucking, of British Colum-
bia 551
North America, biology 153
Dirphya (Xitrocris) princeps, notes_ 847
Diseases —
and insects, paper on 151
and malnutrition, correlation-. 358
caused by nematodes, treatment- 578
effect on metabolism 563
of animals. (See Animal dis-
eases.)
of plants. (See riant diseases.)
transmission by insects 552, 846
Dishes, paper, bacteriology 856
Disinfectants —
determination of antiseptic
power 509
injuries to seeds and roots by,
U.S.D.A 647
standardization 80
Disinfection, notes, N.Dak 456
Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog
distemper.)
Distillers' grains —
analyses, Can 465
dried, analyses, Ind 169
dried, analyses, Ky 667
dried, analyses. Mass 259
dried, analyses, N.H 169
dried, analyses, N.J 667
Distillery —
slop, dried, analyses 862
waste, digestibility 168
Ditches —
cleaning 589
cost of excavating 884
950
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ditches — Continued. Page.
cost of excavating, Ohio 481
digging with explosives 589
Dittany, Ice fringes on, U.S.D.A 221
Diuresis, effect on milk secretion — 74
Dog-
distemper, treatment 84
flea as a host of Indian kala-
azar parasite 61
Dogfish —
fertilizer and oil from 424
scrap, analyses. Can 424
utilization 722
Dogs —
destruction of sheep by, U.S.
D.A 866
inbreeding and line-breeding in_ 466
Dolichos hihlah —
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments 227
Domestic art or science. (See Home
economics.)
Douglas fir beetle, notes. Can 552
Dourine —
immunization 374
in Nebraska 584
Drag, homemade, for soils, Hawaii — 789
Drainage —
concrete in 787
districts, topographic surveying
for 884
ditches, cleaning 589
ditches, cost of excavating 884
ditches, cost of excavating, Ohio_ 481
ditches, digging with explosives- 589
in Maryland, Md 787
law in Maryland, Md 787
notes 814
of overflowed lands, U.S.D.A___ 883
project along Big Black River,
Miss., U.S.D.A 883
project in Mississippi Co., Ar-
kansas 588
pumping, steam v. electric power
for 588
tile. (See Tile.)
water, composition, seasonal
variation in 123
water from unmanured and un-
cropped land 121
Drexel aerological station, U.S.D.A — 810
Dried blood —
ammoniflcation studies, N..T 817
analyses, Ind 169
availability as affected by com-
position of soil, N.J 516
fertilizing value 831
fertilizing value, N..J 516
for potatoes, Ala. College 739
for sugar cane 336
Dropsy in cattle at high altitudes,
Colo 781
Drosophila ampelophila. (See Pom-
ace fly.)
Drought at New York City, U.S.D.A- 810
Drug —
law in Tennessee 357
Drug — Continued.
laws and regulations
sas
legislation, manual
Drugs —
analyses
inspection, U.S.D.A—
inspection in Georgia.
in Kan-
Page.
254
05
763
254
763
inspection in Indiana 254, 357
inspection in Louisiana 357
inspection in Maine, Me 856
inspection in New Jersey 357
inspection in North Dakota,
N.Dak 162, 456, 661. 763
inspection in Pennsylvania 763
Inspection in Tennessee 357
Dry farming —
experiments, Ariz 526
experiments. Oreg 730
experiments, U.S.D.A 525
experiments. Wash 793
in Australia 399
in Oregon 494
in Oregon, Oreg 131
treatise 430
Dry matter in mixed rations, digesti-
bility, 111 70
Ducklings, cramp disease in due to
diet 278
Ducks —
crossbreeding experiments, N.J- 571
feeding experiments. Minn 868
hybridization 869
scrum proteins of 861
variations in due to feeding
stuflfs 367
wild, seasonal changes in testes
and plumage 264
Ductless glands, chemical pathology
of 78
Duomitus pv.nctifer, notes 554
Duralumin for household utensils 457
Durian, asexual propagation 142
Durio zibethinus, asexual propaga-
tion 142
Durra —
culture experiments. Ariz 526
culture in Jamaica 229
Dust prevention experiments 884
Dusting V. spraying, N.J 550
Dynamite —
subsoiling with 884
use in improving soils, Hawaii- 730
Dynamiting —
effect on yield of cereals, N.Dak_ 528
effect on yield of oats, U.S.D.A- 430
for tree planting. N.J 535
Dysentery, chronic bacterial. {See
Johne's disease.)
Earias insulana —
notes 847
seasonal variation in 152
Earthworms, remedies 246
Earwigs, feeding habits 246
East coast fever. (See African
coast fever.)
Echinococcosis, alveolar and hydatid. 271
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
951
Page.
Economics, rural. (See Rural eco-
nomics.)
Eotoedemla phleophaga n.sp., de-
scription 450
Education —
agricultural. (See Agricultural
education.)
vocational, In Ponnsylvania_" 596
Eelworms —
anatomy and life history 341
notes. Can 448
Egg-
abnormal, description 870
albumin. (See Albumin, egg.)
associations, cooperative, or-
ganizations, U.S.D.A 870
conserves, methods of analysis. 109
diet, ftnaphylaxis due to 178
laying in different breeds of
poultry 868
production, breeding for, Me 172
production in winter. Wash 869
production of different breeds,
N..T 572
production, physiology, N.Y.Cor-
nell 870
production, studies, Utah 73
societies in England 792
Eggplant fruit rots, studies 843
Eggplants, heredity in, N..T 588
Eggs-
bacterial content and keeping
quality, Kans 172
care on the farm 763
changes in during storage 854
composition in relation to vi-
tality of the chick 869
desiccating 264
double-yolked, production, U.S.
D.A ^ 771
effect on bacterial content of
ice cream 660
factors affecting weight, compo-
sition, and hatchability, W.Va 869
food value 854
frozen, examination 357
handling and marketing 252
Incubation experiments, Oreg 868
marketing cooperatively, U.S.
D.A 870
methods of analysis 109
preservation 854
preservation, Minn 870
preservation experiments, Can_ 470
prices In Chicago 490
shipping by parcel post, N..T 572
storage 356
structure and composition 854
structure and quality, N.Y.
Cornell 870
Eggshells in fowls as affected by
male parent 263
F.lirctia liottcntotica, nnalyses and
digestibiiily 167
FAmeria spp In rabbits ISO
Page.
Elnkorn, varieties, N.Dak 528
Elderberries, culture experiments,
Ariz 540
Electrical Injuries to trees, Mass 428
Electricity —
effect on absorption by plants 328
fixation of nitrogen by 125
for cooking and heating 65
for pumping 87
for rural districts 885
for threshing 282
relation to threshing machine
flres 86
sterilization of milk by 77, 269
use on farms 589,885
V. steam power for filling silos 590
Electroculture experiments, distri-
bution of overhead discharge
wires in 486
Electrolytes, absorption and excre-
tion by lupines 824
Electromotive phenomena in plants. 522
Eleocharis jpalustrts, digestibility,
Wyo 770
F.lcusinc coracana, culture experi-
ments 227
Elevators —
cooperative grain. In Iowa 593
farmers' cooperative, in Minne-
sota, Minn 688
grain, in Canada 894
Elm leaf beetle, reproduction in 351
Elms, nutrient absorption in 748
Emmer —
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 5.30
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in eastern Oregon, Orog_ 730
varieties. Can 43i
varieties, N.Dak 527,528
varieties, U.S.D.A 334
Empoa rosw as a fruit pest, Oreg, 651
Emulsin In alfalfa 411
Enannonia interstinctana, notes.
Mich 651
Endometritis, effect on milk 479
EndophyUum n.sp., description 749
Endothia —
parasitica, ascospore expulsion
in 346
parasitica, dissemination by
birds, U.S.D.A 55
spp.. relation to tannin content
of host plants 646
Energy —
latent and kinetic, conversion in
animals 860
metabolism and protein metalio-
lism, relation 563
metabolism as affected by mal-
nutrition 664
metabolism during muscular
work 765
requirement in disease 563
Engineers, handbook for 188
952
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Engines— Page-
Diesel, tests 485
gas, tests 281
gasoline, for pumping 87
gasoline, treatise 788
internal combustion, kerosene
for 687
Internal combustion, lubricating
oil for 86
steam v. internal combustion,
for farm power 589
Enteritis, chronic. {Sec Johne's dis-
ease.)
Enterohepatitis, Infectious. (See
Blackliead.)
Enterokinasp, properties 858
Entomological —
problems in South Africa 56
Society of British Columbia— 551
Entomology —
applied, scope and aims 448
economic, and bird protection — 847
economic, in Barbados 551
economic, in German Empire.- 847
economic, in Italy 847
economic, manual 56
economic, progress in 97
forest, text-book 151
importance of, La 846
medical, treatise 846
I'^ntomophthorese, parasitism 245
Entorrhiza, studies and bibliog-
raphy 749
Enzym —
action, studies 710,803
action, treatise 19
reactions of milk 299
Enzyms —
coagulating, action on caseino-
gen 607
diffusion from rind toward inte-
rior of cheeses 175
Importance in medicine and sur-
gery 474
in alfalfa 410
in Aspergillus oryzw 710
in mammary gland and milk — 411
intracellular, studies 112
plant, studies 523
protective, appearance after in-
jection of foreign substratum. 112
r61e, in dentrification 112
text-book 662
{See also Ferments.)
Epheatia cauiella, notes 151
Epilobium anpustifolium, textile
fibers from 509
Epiphytes, osmotic pressure of 221
Epithelioma, contagious, in chick-
ens, Mich 677
Epitrix cucuvierls, notes, N.J 550
Equines, sterility in 679
Eragrostis —
atyssinica, analyses, Can 465
spp., analyses and digestibility- 167
Erethiates lateralis, notes 352
Ergot — Page.
notes, Can 441
note.s, Ky 337
Eriocera spp., biological and syste-
matic studies 153
Eriophyes —
pyri. (Sec Pear-leaf blister-
mite. )
sp. on apples, apricots, and
plums 551
spp., notes, Grog 651
Eriosomn {Schi;:oneura) lanigera,
studios, U.S.D.A 848
lOrmlne moths, small, notes 754
I^rodium, liacterlal disease of 53
Erysiphe polygoni, treatment 545
Erythrocytes, nonnucleated, origin 377
Eskimos, Alaskan, standard of liv-
ing 358
Esterase of castor beans 803
lustrous cycle, ovarian factor in 861
Ether-
extract of feeding stuffs, Tex 709
sterilization of soils by 816
EvhaUidaya severinii n.g. and n.sp.,
description 851
Eupachylomina rileyi, parasitic on
spring grain aphis 353
Euphonias, development of stomach
in 265
Euproctis chrysorrhwa. (See Brown-
tail moth.)
Eupteromalus sp. parasitic on lo-
custs, U.S.D.A 60
EurymvH eurytheme, studies, U.S.
D.A 57
Eurytoma amygdalis, biology and
remedies 156
Eiistylomorphtis squamiptinctatus n.
g. and n.sp., description, U.S.D.A- 658
Euthrips pyri. {See Pear thrlps.)
Euxoa —
(Agrotis) segetum, biology 59
ochrogaster, notes, Can 448
Evaporation —
and plant succession in south-
eastern Washington and ad-
jacent Idaho 626
and rainfall in eastern Penn-
sylvania 34
relation to plant succession 128
Evetria liuoliana- —
occurrence on Long Island 251
studies, U.S.D.A 654
Ewes —
breeding, rations for. Mo 669
cull, for early market lambs,
Greg 863
Exercise, severe, in cold weather at
high altitude 564
Exoa^cus deformans, treatment 241, 842
Exosmosis from roots of anesthetized
plants 626
Experiment —
farm at Ottawa, Can 490
station work, constructive ideals
in 603
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
958
Experiment — Continued. Page,
stations, nd%'ancing selentiflc
character of work 13
stations and agricultural exten-
sion work, relation 06
stations in Norway 392
stations, laws concerning, U.S.
D.A 496
stations, project plan of admin-
istration 13
stations, relation to United
States Department of Agri-
culture 194
stations, retiring allowances for- 195
stations, rural economics in 701
stations, salaries and distribu-
tion of service in 19.5
stations. (See also Alabama.
Alaska, etc.)
Explorers, polar, foods for 857
Explosions in milling plants 790
Explosives, use in agriculture. 85, 589. 884
I'Jxtenslon work. (See Agricultural
colleges and Agricultural exten-
sion work.)
Fallowing —
experiments. Can 531
experiments, U.S.D.A 525
summer, Wasli 793
Family budgets —
In Chicago stockyards district 163
of laborers in lioUand 163
Faiinia scaJari^, relation to myiasis
of urinary passages 450
Farcy. (See Glanders.)
Farm —
accounts, keeping 292, 494
animals. (See Live stock and
Animals.)
buildings, concrete, construction- 888
buildings, permanent, design 790
buildings, ventilation, Can 592
bureaus in New York 388
colonies, bibliography 490
crops, cost of production, Minn_ 688
demonstration work in Kentucky. 197
development bureau, report.
Wash 793
homes in United States, own-
ership 193
homes, plan, equipment, and
management, U.S.D.A 891
kitchen as a workshop, U.S.D.A- 65
laborers. (See Agricultural la-
borers.)
life schools in North Carolina. 895
machinery. (See Agricultural
machinery.)
management, notes 292,389
management survey in Johnson
Co., Mo 791
management, treatise 393
mechanics for agricultural high
schools, U.S.D.A 597
people. Insanity among 791
products. (See Agricultural
products.)
Farm — Continued. Page.
records and accounts, Mont 893
supplies, purchasing 287
surveying, notes 885
tenancy. (See Agricultural ten-
ancy.)
VN-omen. needs of, U.S.D.A 890
r'armers' —
clubs, organizing 287
elevator movement in Iowa 593
improving personal credit, U.S.
D.A 892
in United States, age of 390
institutes in Minnesota, Minn 895
Institutes, papers on 97
institutes, relation to organized
extension agencies 14
institutes, use of Smith - Lever
funds for 14
institutes, women's auxilliary
clubs of 197
living, part furnished by the
farm, U.S.D.A 487
organizations in the past 691
Slavic, In the South 489
small, training at home 289
tenant, compensation for dis-
turbance 286
union warehouse company in
North Carolina 489
Farming-
factors of success in, N.Y.Cor-
nell 89
in eastern Oregon, Oreg 131
intensive, in India, treatise 131
system for the corn belt, U.S.
D.A 192
treatise 291, 429
(See also Agriculture.)
Farms —
cost accounting for, Colo 791
electricity for 886
for sale in Connecticut 390
natural history of, treatise 493
penal, bibliography 490
school, laying out and planting. 692
use of tractors on, U.S.D.A 886
water supply for 281
water supply for, Can 487
Fasclation in plants, notes 426
Fasting, studies 460
Fat-
changes In during cooking 354
determination in butter 508
determination in cheese 414
determination in cheese, cream,
and butter 813
determination in milk 270, 299, 312
determination in milk and cream,
S.Dak 576
determination in milk and Its
products 298
determination in milk, tables
for 270
glycerids of 801
hardened, suitability for human
food 660
954
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fat — Continued. Page.
In mixed rations, digestibility,
111 69, 70
Intestinal absorption 563
methods of analysis 314
new constant for 808
production, inheritance In cows_ 369
rate of leaving the stomach — 858
Fatigue —
physical and mental, effect on
blood pressure 664
poisons of 79
studies 360
Fatty acids. {See Acids.)
Feathers, analyses and fertilizing
value 722
Feces, bacteria in 1G5, 175
Feed cakes from millet 117
Feeding —
effect on morphological and
physiological condition of the
animal body 365
experiments, standardization 99
(See also Cows, Pigs, etc.)
men in logging camps 459
of cattle, treatise 258
of dairy cows 173
of live stock. La 68
standards, harmonizing 90
standards, starch equivalent
theory 166
Feeding stuffs —
acidity 259
adulterated, detection 300
analyses 568, 578. 661, 665, 862
analyses. Can 465
analyses, N.Dak 169
as a source of bacterial infec-
tion of milk 472
bacterial flora of 75
composition and digestibility,
Tex 862
containing fats, methods of an-
alysis 312
damaged, relation to disease in
animals 200
effect of quantity on digestion 96
effect on developing fetus 366
effect on flavor of butter 270
effect on lard 21
effect on wool, Wyo 770
ether-soluble constituents of,
Tex 709
inorganic constituents, impor-
tance 465
inspection and analyses, Ind 169
inspection and analyses, Ky 667
inspection and analyses. Mass 259
Inspection and analyses, N.H 169
inspection and analyses, N..T 667
inspection in Pennsylvania 568
inspection in Virginia 661
law in Indiana. Ind 169
law in Kansas, Kans 169
law in New Hampshire, N.H 169
nitrogen-free extracts in 21
production value, estimating 368
Feeding stuffs — Continued. Page,
sugar-containing, energy value. 767
valuation 368, 665
(See also specific kinds.)
Feeds. {See Feeding stuffs.)
Feldspar as a source of potash 126, 324
Fcltia {Agrotis) exclamationis, bi-
ology 59
I'rnce, dog-proof, description, U.S.
D.A 866
Fenugreek —
nodule bacteria of 33
seed, deodorizing 660
Ferment action, studies 678
Fermentation as affected by fluorin_ 308
Ferments —
in tuberculous caseous material- 274
protein-cleaving, in blood during
starvation 178
{See also Enzyms.)
Fertilization, effect on surface area
of soils 318
I'ertilizer —
experiments, Ky 819
experiments. Mo 321
experiments, environmental fac-
tors in .321
experiments, factors affecting
results 216
experiments, field v. laboratory. 515
experiments, lime - requirement
factor in, R.I 623
{See also special crops.)
from dogfish 424. 722
from fish wastes, U.S. D.A 519
industry in Southern States 219
industry in United States 424
law in Alabama 725
requirements of soils. {See
Soils.)
supply in south India 424
Fertilizers —
analyses 219,325,725
analyses. Can 424
analyses. Mass 32
analyses, N.Dak 169
analyses. N.Y.State 325,621
as affected by soil moisture,
N.Y.Cornell 814
as affected by water supply 813
effect on composition of grasses. 665
effect on composition of wheat. 252
effect on oil content of seeds,
U.S.D.A 428
effect on potato scab 750
effect on production of cereals. 827
effect on soils 31
effect on soils, Hawaii 721
home mixing 325,725
in Germany 722
inspection and analyses. Conn.
State 519
inspection and analyses, Ky 219
inspection and analyses, Mass.. 520
inspection and analyses. Me 822
Inspection and analyses, Mich — 624
inspection and analyses, Mo — 725
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
955
Page.
Fertilizers — Continued.
inspection and analyses, N.H — 624
Inspection and analyses, N.J — 624
inspection and analyses, S.C-- 219
inspection and analyses, Tex — 219
Inspection and analyses, Vt — 520
inspection in Alabama 725
Inspection in Florida 219, 725
Inspection In Ohio 325
inspection in Pennsylvania 325
inspection in Saxony 689
nitrogenous. (Sec Nitrogenous
fertilizers.)
phosphatic. (See Phosphates.)
potash. (See Potash.)
processed, nitrogen of, U.S.D.A. 217
production and use in 1913 425
purchase and use 325
purchase and use, N.Y. State — 621
radio-active, tests 722
radio-active, tests, N.J 519
r. manure for carnations. 111 747
valuation. Me 822
(See also specific materials.)
Fescue —
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska 36
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 224
tall, digestibility 168
Feterita^ —
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture in Arizona, U.S.FXA 226
Fiber-
crude. (See Cellulose.)
plants of Philippines 37
Fibers, Philippine, grading and bal-
ing 828
Field-
crop diseases, tieatment, N.Dak- 54.5
crops, cost of production, N..T__ 527
crops, culture experiments,
Alaska 35
crops, insects affecting. Can 448
crops, school lessons on 597
(See also special crops.)
experiments, error in 121
experiments, methods, U.S.D.A- 333
peas. (See Peas.)
Figs-
cold storage of, Hawaii 439
culture in Arizona. U.S.D.A 232
culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 539
varieties, U.S.D.A 232
Filbert —
bud mite, notes, Oreg 651
disease In Oregon. Oreg 647
Fingerhuihia africana, analyses and
digestibility 167
Fir-
Douglas, density and porosity.
U.S.D.A 47
Douglas, plantation, girth Incre-
ment in 237
Douglas, thinning experiments- 47
withertip in Sweden 844
Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.)
Page.
Firs of North America, characteris-
tics 748
Fish-
as a cattle food 862
as a source of oil and manure-. 219
edible, of Chile 161
feeds and fertilizers, analyses 219
food value and use 662
fresli water, respiratory ex-
change 565
importance as food 251
laws, handbook 150
meal, analyses. Mass 259
meal, pathogenic bacterium in_ 178
ponds, fertilizer experiments 217
preservation In the Tropics 63
scrap, analyses, Ind 169
scrap, analyses, N.H 169
scrap, fertilizing value 219
scrap industry on the Pacific
coast, U.S.D.A 519
scrap, preparation and analyses,
U.S.D.A 519
Fishery products, preservation in the
Tropics 63
FInx —
as a nurse crop for alfalfa,
U.S.D.A 430
cost of production 594
cost of production. Minn 688
culture and harvesting, Mont.,
N.Dak 135
culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430
culture in Australia 399
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
diseases, treatment, N. Dak 545
effect on succeeding crops,
U.S.D.A 224
fertilizer experiments 136, 630
hybrids, Mendelian segregation
in 521
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 430
meal, analyses, Can 465
of East Africa Protectorate 229
shipments and prices In Minne-
apolis 894
shives, composition and digesti-
bility. Mass 666
stem fiber and waste, determi-
nation 415
varieties 630
varieties. Can 431
varieties, N.Dak 527, 528
varieties, U.S.D.A 334
water rciuirement, U.S.D.A 127
Fiax.seed, water-soluble carbohy-
drates in - 802
Flea-
beetle, bronze, notes. Can 556
beetle, notes, N.J 550
beetle, wavy striped, notes 556
beetles injurious in Quebec 151
larvae, morphology 452
Fleas, rat. (See Rat fleas.)
966
EXPEMMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Flies—
biting, in the Punjab— — 184
biting, relation to swamp fever,
Wyo 754
biting, relation to verruga 248
control in New .Jersey, N.J 551
house. (See House fly.)
remedies 753
Floods —
at Los Angeles, U.S.D.A 25
In New England rivers, U.S.
D.A 810
relation to forests 287
Flora —
of the Northwest, handbook 808
relation to surface and climate
in California 34
Floriculture in vicinity of Dresden — 232
Florida Station, notes 797
Flour —
acidity 855
analyses 64
baking tests 252
baking tests, Mont 761
bleached, use, N.Dak 456
bleaching 855
decline of gluten in 63
feeding, analyses, Can 465
feeding, analyses, N.J 667
from different grains, com-
pounding 559
from Italian hard wheat, anal-
yses 252
gluten content, diminishing 252
low-grade, analyses, Ind 169
methods of analysis 505
Mexican, composition and qual-
ity 63
red dog, analyses 862
red dog, analyses, Ind 169
red dog, analyses, N.H 169
sulphates and lime in 855
sweepings, analyses 862
variation in weight during stor-
age, N.Dak 763
Flower —
bug, insidious, notes, Ky 654
bulbs. (See Bulbs.)
color, formation 524
gardens, bibliography 839
pigments of Antirrhinum majus- 202,
203, 220
structure and color, investiga-
tions 522
Flowers —
coloring matters of 309
culture experiments. Can 438
culture indoors 839
Flueggea obovata, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Fluorin, effect on micro-organisms 308
Fly—
larvse and pupse in nest of gray-
headed sparrow 555
repellents, tests, U.S.D.A 59
white. (See White fly.)
Page.
Fodder plants of South Africa, anal-
yses 166
Fodders —
amylolytlc activity 503
analyses. Can 466
Tomes —
fomentarius on apples 51
igniariua in black knot cankers. 52
igniarius pomaceus, fruiting
forms 341
semitnstus, notes 549
Food —
analyses G61, 763
analyses, N.Dak 456
and Drugs Act and decisions,
U.S.D..\ 254
bacteriological examination 311
chemistry, bacteriology, and
technology, text-book 558
chemistry, progress in 109
chemistry, treatise 854
congress at Li6ge 662, 760
containers, absorption by 763
containers, paper, bacteriology. 856
digestion as affected by cooking. 760
effect on secretion of digestive
ferments 256
effect on stomach development
of birds 265
flavors, importance of 714
for polar explorers 857
imports and e.^ports of various
countries, U.S.D.A 455
industries, text-book 658
inspection in Dresden 162
Inspection in Georgia 763
inspection in Indiana 254, 357
inspection in Iowa 65
Inspection in Louisiana 357
Inspection in Maine, Me 856
inspection in New Jersey 357
Inspection in North Dakota, N.
Dak 162,456,061,763
inspection in Pennsylvania 763
inspection in Tennessee 357
inspection in Virginia 661
instruction, cards for 495
laboratory course in 494
law in Tennessee 357
laws and regulations in Kan-
sas 254
legislation, manual 65
methods of analysis 312
mixed, effect on digestion of
each 760
nitrogen-free extracts in 21
nitrogenous, metabolism 359
poisoning bacilli, growth in
meat 559
poisoning, relation to fowl ty-
phoid bacillus 478
preparation 661
preparation and service, trea-
tise 65
preparation in hotels 357
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
957
Food — Continued. Page.
preparation, storage, and distri-
bution 255
preservation and care 659
preservatives. (See Preserva-
tives.)
prices, retail, digest of data — 763
principles of 659
products, analyses 65, 162, 357
products, analyses, N.Dak 162
products, source, chemistry, and
use, treatise 353
products, Syrian, notes 455
products, transportation 76, 686
products, variation In vreight
and measure 356
reforms, modern, treatise 66
school lessons on 597
selection and preparation, labor
saving devices In 661
shops, low-priced. In Christiana
and Vienna 856
specific dynamic action 359,562
supplies in railway stations and
trains 456
supplies, present and future 162
supply, increasing 45
text-brtoli 394, 558
treatise 162, 353, 659, 854
values, education in 255
{See also Diet.)
Foodstuffs —
factors affecting increased cost- 255
Inspection in Saxony 689
prices in Bern 162
Foot-and-mouth disease —
effect on milk 479
effect on milk and butter 76
In Dutch East Indies 475
In England 271
in Europe and South America 373
in National Dairy Show cattle. 877
in United States 580, 877
In United States, U.S.D.A 877
Investigations 475, 876
notes 273, 579, 580, 778
notes, 111 679
transmission to man by milk — 374
Forage —
crops, analyses, Iowa 171
crops, cost of production, Iowa_ 171
crops, culture, Wyo 430
crops, culture experiments, Can_ 532
crops for pigs. Iowa 170
crops, Introduction, Wash 793
(See also special crops.)
plants and their culture, text-
book 827
plants, frost Injuries, Ariz 532
plants of German Southwest
Africa 107
plants of Hawaii, Hawaii 731
yields, error in determination-- 38
B^orest —
administration In Bavaria 144
administration In British Co-
lumbia 747
Forest — Continued. Page.
administration in Dutch East
Indies 441
administration in 4ndia_ 237, 340, 640
administration In Oregon 747
administration In Saxony 237
administration In South Aus-
tralia 747
administration in various col-
onies 47
conditions in Mississippi 840
fire control forces, organization- 748
fires, prevention and control 840
insects In British Columbia,
Can 551
insects in Central Europe, text-
book 151
Insects in India, treatise 351
laws in Pennsylvania 47
measurements, phototheodolite
for 340
nurseries, fertilizer experiments- 47
planting In Arizona and New
Mexico 748
planting In eastern United
States, U.S.D.A 541
products of Canada 841
seed beds, charcoal for 748
seedlings, normal growing stock
In 144
seeds. (See Tree seeds.)
stands as affected by light and
heat 144
stands, mixed, growth behavior- 144
trees. (See Trees.)
valuation, text-book 840
veg'^tation as affected by cal-
cium salts 728
working plans, preparation 46
Forestatlon of waste lands 237
Forestry —
continuation course at Heidel-
berg 896
cost accounting system 748
In Massachusetts 95
in Miunesota, Minn 839
in Ohio, Ohio 440
in Oregon 237
in Russia 237
in Saxony 47
in Sudan 238
in Uganda Protectorate 238
in Vermont 237
Institute at Florence, Italy 794
Instruction in Austria 290
instruction in Austria and Ger-
many 392
instruction in University of
Nanking 699
laws, handbook 150
laws in Pennsylvania 47
manual and bibliography 46
municipal, in New York 840
papers on 238
place among natural sciences 237
place among natural sciences,
U.S.D.A 810
968
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
l\)restry — Continued. Page.
tables for determining profits — 748
text-book 692
Forests — .
Insects affecting, Can 448
national, appraising stumpage
on, U.S.D.A 340
of Porto Rico 697
rain, in Jamaica 748
relation to floods 237
Forflcula auricularia —
feeding habits 246
in Rhode Island 247
T'ormaldehyde —
detection 506
house disinfection with 683
preserved milk for calves, Mich_ 669
sterilization of soils by 816
sulphurous acid, detection 507
Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.)
Formic acid —
detection 506,507
determination 115
determination in preservatives- 299
Fortunella n.g. and n.spp., descrip-
tions 838
Foul brood, notes 853
Fouquieria splendens, density of cell
sap 35
Fowl —
cholera immune serum, action 379
typhoid bacillus, studies 477,478
Fowls —
breeding experiments, Guam 767
breeding for egg production, Me_ 172
crooked breast in 772
crossing experiments 172
crossbreeding experiments, Oreg_ 868
eating of alfalfa caterpillar by,
U.S.D.A 58
physiology of reproduction in,
Mo G70
serum proteins of 8C1
shank color, histological basis,
Me 263
telegony in 263
vitality as affected by lead 861
White Leghorn, black pigmenta-
tion in, R.I 071
(See also Poultry.)
Ftunkliniella rohusta, notes 848
Freezing^ —
effect on Cysticercus bovis 880
effect on surface area of soils 318
Freight rates on inland waterways,
U.S.D.A 391
Frogs of Long Island 448
Frost —
effect on forage plants, Ariz 532
glazed, formation, U.S.D.A 25
protecting citrus groves from,
Ariz 541
protection, notes, Ohio 811
protection, papers on, U.S.D.A- 614
Fruit-
bark beetle, notes, N.J 550
blossom bacterial disease, notes- 148
Fruit — Continued. Page,
canning industry in New Jer-
sey 65
culture, manual 337
culture, text-book 394
diseases, notes 344
diseases, studies, Mo. Fruit 750
dishes, preparation 560
exhibits, preparation, Wash 141
flies, effect on quality of coffee,
Hawaii 746
flies in I'usa 847
flies, natural enemies of 454
fly, Mediterranean, cold storage
of, Hawaii 450
fly, Mediterranean, investiga-
tions, U.S.D.A 56, 655
fly, Mediteri'anean, life history,
U.S.D..\ 756
fly, Mediterranean, parasites of,
Hawaii 753
fly, Mediterranean, relative at-
tractiveness of oils for 153
fly parasites in Hawaii 557, 757
jar caps, studies 856
jellies, examination, N.Dak 162
juices, methods of analysis 109
pit, studies, Greg 644
products of Uruguay 744
storehouses, construction and
management 338
tree leaf roller, notes, Greg 651
tree leaf Syneta, notes, Greg 651
trees, ringing experiments, N.Y.
State 636
Fruits —
acid content 110
blooming dates, N.J 535
breeding experiments 338
breeding experiments. Can 437, 539
breeding experiments. Minn 834
bush, pruning, S.C 234
canning 253, 660
citrus. {See Citrus fruits.)
coloring matters of 297, 309
culture, Mo. Fruit 751
culture experiments. Can 437, 539
culture experiments, U.S.D..\ 337
culture in California 28
culture in Canada 743
culture in East Africa Pro-
tectorate 141
culture in France 338
culture in Philippines 745
deciduous, culture in Arizona,
U.S.D.A 232
domesticating and improving 45
dried, manufacture 117
for identification, directions for
sending, Mass 338
handling and storage 141
hardiness In. Minn 834
Improvement by bud selection 439
Insects affecting, Can 448
irrigated, keeping quality. Wash- 743
marketing 287
marketing in Queensland 793
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
959
Page.
Fruits — Continued.
methods of analysis 109
oak fundus disease of 241
of Hawaii, composition, Hawaii- 761
of Uruguay 744
orchard, chlorosis of, N.Mex 641
orchard, culture. Alaska 45
orchard, culture In Alaska 743
orchard, dry-land cultur<'' S.'JS
orchard, enemies of. Mo. Fruit 7o."}
orchard, killing by freezing, Mo_ 4-
orchard, pruning, S.C 234
orchard, sap studies. Mo 139
orchard, spraying. Wash 834
orchard, tree fillings and wound
dressings for, Ohio 037
orchard, wood decay of, Cal 238
ornamental, economic use 339
packing 392
preservation 509
preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 416
prices in Bern 162
protection against fruit fly,
Hawaii 742
pruning, Wash 835
pruning-wound dressing for, N.Y.
State 835
small, culture experiments, Md_ 141
small, culture In Alaska 743
small, enemies of. Mo. Fruit 753
spraying, W.Va 834
standard barrel for 499
stocks for 234
stone, pruning 837
storage on the farm 486
tropical, cold storage, Hawaii- 439, 745
tropical, shield budding 142
varieties. Can 437
varieties, U.S.D.A 337
varieties for Ontario and Que-
bec, Can 539
Fuel oil as a wood preservative, U.S.
D.A 841
Fungi —
and hosts, chemical relations 822
chondriosomes in 822
development in relation to food
supply 428
entomophytic, utilization 63
food value and toxicity 760
in wheat seed 750
mold, assimilation of elementary
nitrogen by 728
mold, nitrogen nutrition of 327
oxidation of manganese by 514
peptolytic enzyms in 130
saprophytic, parasitic activity 640
soil, ammonifying efficiency 29
soil, ammonifying efficiency,
N.J 817
treatment 447
wood destroying, notes 54
Fungicides —
analyses. Can 438
analyses, N.Dak 169
and insecticides, compatibility- 243
Page.
Fungus parasites of man and ani-
mals 271
Fur farming in Canada, treatise 870
Furfurol in cider vinegar 808
Furniture, disinfection, N.Dak 456
F near turn —
batatatis, description 51
colorans, relation to cacao
canker 548
didymum, notes 750
laihyri n.sp., description, Del 446
li/copersici, description and
treatment, Md 147
orohanvhus, pigments of 428
oxysporum, notes 239
oxysporum, notes, Cal 136
rul)irjinosum, notes 642, 843
solani, notes 546
sp. affecting alfalfa caterpil-
lar, U.S.D.A 58
sp. on bananas 751
sp. on coffee, P.R 646
sp. on rubber 347
sp. on tobacco. Wis 844
spp. on potatoes, Oreg 642
spp. on sweet potatoes 50, 343
spp., relation to tomato blight.
Wash 444
rasinfectum on cotton, U.S.D.A- 342
Fusicladium —
dendriticutn. (See Apple scab.)
pirinum, relation to weather 842
sp. on pears, treatment 842
Gabis, culture and analyses 37
Galenicella luteola, reproduction in_ 351
Gall mites, injurious, notes, Oreg 651
Gallinules, North American, dis-
tribution and migration, U.S.D.A 55
Galls, Insect, of Ohio 557
Game —
laws for 1914, U.S.D.A 244
laws, handbook 150
protection and propagation 447
Garbage tankage —
analyses. Mass 32
for pigs, N.J 569
Garden crops. Insects affecting. Can- 448
Gardening —
in public schools 492
landscape, notes, 111 143
notes 289
notes, N.Dak 834
treatise 232
tropical, handbook 45
Gardens —
and garden design, bibliogra-
phy 839
home, in the South, U.S.D.A— 743
home, notes 494
insects affecting, Colo 151
school. (See School gardens.)
spraying, W.Va 834
Garget. (See Mammitls. )
Garlic, selection experiments 834
Oaruleum blpinnatum, analyses and
digestibility 167
960
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Gas — Page.
analysis of small quantities 117
effect on plants 524
Injury to plants 729
tractors for farm use, U.S.D.A__ 886-
Gaseous —
exchange In fresh water fish 565
metabolism In infants 4G1
Gasoline substitutes, tests 788
Oaeterocercodcs gossypii n.g. and
n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 658
Gastric juice—
of constant acidity, secretion 7G4
secretion as affected by bitter
tonics 858
Geese —
care and management. Wash 869
serum proteins of 861
Gelatin —
effect on bacterial content of ice
cream S60
food preparations from 854
Oelechia gossypiella, remedies 152, 449
General Education Board, activities
of 89G
Generative organs, internal, dis-
eases of 581
Gentian violet, effect on protoza and
growing tissues 373
Geology —
engineering, treatise 784
of southeastern Texas coastal
plain 384
of Tularosa basin, New Mexico- 784
Georgia —
College, notes 395
Station, notes 395,900
Gephyramceba delicatula n.g. and
n.sp., description 321
Oeraeus perscitus, notes, U.S.D.A 658
Geraniums, varieties 839
Germ cells, hereditary material in__ 697
German Association of Economic En-
tomology 847
Germicides, comparative value in
sugarhouse work. La 717
Germplasm as a stereochemic sys-
tem 501
Ginger —
culture experiments 227
ground, analyses 253
Ginseng diseases, notes, Mich 641
Gipsy moth —
remedies! 850
sex development in 349
Girls'—
canning club work in Kentucky- 197
clubs in Nebraska 598
clubs in rural schools 693
clubs, organization 692
clubs, organization, U.S.D.A 596
demonstration work in Southern
States 492
industrial clubs In Oregon 394
Glaciation, effect on agriculture in
Ohio 317
Glanders — Page.
diagnosis 81, 180, 374, 580, 779
diagnosis, U.S.D.A 682
In England 271
nodules and parasitic nodules,
differentiation 374
Glecoma hederacca, poisoning of
horses by 278
Globin caselnate, antigenic proper-
ties 79
Gloeosporhim —
{CoUetotrichum) Ilndemuthi<i-
num, treatment 843
ncrvisequum, notes 347
Glomerella as affected by tempera-
ture 749
Glomerella rufomaculans on sweet
peas, Del 446
Glucose —
effect on cooking temperatures
of candy sirups 762
properties 109
Glucoxylose, new, notes 502
Gluten —
content of flour, factors affect-
ing 63
feed, analyses 568, 862
feed, analyses, Ind 169
feed, analyses. Mass 259
feed, analyses, N.H 169
feed, analyses, N.J 667
meal, analyses. Mass 259
meal, analyses, N.J 667
variations in 559
Glycerids of fats and oils, studies-- 801
Glycerol, determination In wine 20
Glycln, nitrification rate 124
Glycocoll as an antidote for benzoic
acid poisoning 165
Glycosuria and diabetes, treatise 474
Gnafhotrichus spp., notes. Can 552
Goats-
clearing land with, Tex 261
determination of age 868
in Guam, Guam 767
new born, weights 862
Goldenseal —
culture. Can 436
culture, U.S.D.A 143
Gooseberries —
acidity 110
breeding experiments 338
crossing experiments, N.J 535
varieties, N.Dak 538
varieties resistant to mildew 645
variety tests and culture, Md — 141
Gooseberry —
mildew, investigations 445
mildew, life history 547
mildew, treatment 547,842
pollen, viability, N.J 534
Gophers, pocket —
destruction. N.Dak 648
notes, Kans 753
Gossypol, paper on 300
Gracihiria azalew n. sp., description. 450
Graft hybrids, notes 726
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
961
Page.
Grafting, bridge, notes, Mich 234
Grain —
apliis, spring, parasite of 353
beetle, saw-tootlied, notes, Oreg_ 651
beetle, saw-toothed, remedies,
Cal '245
cost of production 594
deterioration in storage and
transit 200
dusts, explosibility 790
elevators, cooperative, in Iowa- 593
elevators in Canada 894
grades of 138
grading and cleaning 790
phylogonetic studies 131
production, relation to soils 827
rusts, nature and treatment — 145
shipments and prices in Minne-
apolis 894
smuts, treatment. Can 49
testing kettle, use 138
water requirements, U.S.D.A 226
■ weevil, broad-nosed, fumigation
experiments, T.S.D.A 650
(See also Cereals and special
crops.)
Gram, culture experiments 227
Grama grass, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
Gramineae, mites affecting 853
Grape —
court-nou4, treatment 445
cuttings and rooted vines, dis-
infection, Cal 235
dead-arm disease, studies, N.Y.
State 52
diseases in Brazil 238
diseases, notes :- 344
diseases, studies. Mo. Fruit 751
downy mildew, notes 149, 446
downy mildew, treatment 145, 149
juice, clarification, Cal_, 208
juice, preservation by pressure,
W.Va 416
juice, unfermented, manufac-
ture 208
juice, unfermented, manufac-
ture and use, TT.S.D.A 809
leaf cast, treatment 345
leaf mite, notes, Oreg 651
marc, analyses 166
marc, feeding value 567
phylloxera, studies 847
roncet, notes 844
root rot, studies 149
stocks, modification through
breeding 220
tiger moth, notes. Mo. Fruit 753
Grapefruit, ^^'ee Pomelos.)
Grapes —
breeding experiments 338
breeding experiments, Minn 835
cooking qualities of different va-
rieties 560
culture experiments, N.Mex 635
1115°— ir> 6
Page.
Grapes — Continued.
culturi- in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 5.39
culture in Uruguay 744
pruning, Cal 142
pruning, S.C 234
Rotundifolia, propagation, S.C- 539
sterility in, Minn 627
stocks for, U.S.D.A .— 337
variety tests and culture, Md — 141
Vinifera, protection from frost,
N.Mex 635
wine and by-products yielded by,
Cal 208
Grapevines —
node canker of 149
pruning experiments, Cal 234
(Jrass —
culms, development 432
lands, fertilizer experiments- 331, 630
lands, top-dressing with potash
fertilizers, N.II 126
mixtures, tests 566
seed in Maryland markets, Md- 740
seeds, germination tests 331
Grasses —
changes in during curing 110
composition as affected by fer-
tilizers 665
composition at different stages- 331
culture, Tenn 132
culture, Wyo 430
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 3("i
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 224
meadow, first year development- 330
of Ahmadabad and Surat 37
of German Southwest Africa 167
of Hawaii, Hawaii 731
pasture for irrigated lands,
Idaho 628
text-book 133
varieties. Can 481
wild, breeding experiments, Can- 532
(See also specific ki7i(ls.)
Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.)
Green-
bug. (See Grain aphis, spring.)
manures, applying barnyard
manure with 721
manures as a source of energy
in nitrogen fixation 515
manures, bacteriological effects,
Miss 721
manures, decomposition as af-
fected by cow manure, N.J 514
manures for Oregon, U.S.D.A — 333
manures for sandy soils, Oreg _ 124
manures, use of carbon dloxid
with •"22
manuring experiments 210
manuring experiments, Hawaii- 722
manuring experiments, Tenn_ — 132
962
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Green — Continued, Page.
nianuring, notes 423
manuring, notes, Mass 332
Greenliouse —
crops, insects affecting, Can 448
Investigations, variable factors
In, N.J 5C.5
soils, sterilization, Ohio 620
Greenliouses — -
construction 386
fumigation experiments, N..T 1)36
Greicia spp., analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Grignon, France, college and experi-
ment station, history 290
Grocery stores, inspection, N.Dak 162
Ground squirrels. (See Squirrels,
ground.)
Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.
Growth —
amino acids in 460, 662
as affected by diet 256
chemistry of 360, 697
in animal organisms 165
stimulation 697
Guam Station, report 796
Guanosin, metabolism of 256
Guar, culture, Tex 226
Guavas —
analyses, Hawaii 761
budding 143
strawberry, cold storage of, Ha-
waii 439
Guinea —
corn, culture experiments 227
corn, culture in Jamaica 229
com, varieties 435
fowls, serum proteins of 861
grass, culture in Guam, Guam_ 731
pigs, immunization against tu-
berculosis 275
Gum —
asafetida, lead number of 300
red, distillation value, U.S.D.A_ 48
weed, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Gymnosporanfiium —
MasdaJeanum, investigations 51
'blasdaleanum, notes, Oreg 645
myricatiim n.comb., desci-iption_ 341
spp. on apples 644
Gymnosporangium, effect on respira-
tion in apple leaves 751
Gypsum —
analyses, Can 424
determination in soils 806
industry in 1913 127
uses 127
Habrobracon n.spp., descriptions 852
Hadronotus javensis n.sp., descrip-
tion ^ 348
Hcematchia serrata. (See Horn-fly.)
Ilmmogamasus oudemansi n.sp., de-
scription 353
Hairs and hair pigments, physiologi-
cal character 361
Halos, notes, U.S.D.A 25,210,810
Haltica — Page.
evicta, notes. Can 556
JoUacea, outbreak, N.Mex 656
Hardwoods, destructive distillation,
U.S.D.A 48
Ilarpalus sp., notes. Can 556
Hawaii —
College, notes 395
Station, report 796
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station,
notes . 694
Hay-
as affected by long storage 363
culture on granitic soils, N. II 126
digestibility 167, 363
fever toxins and serum 79
marsh, digestibility 363
moor, causing excessive licking
In cattle 567
moor, digestibility 363
native, digestibility, Wyo 770
(See also Alfalfa, Clover, Tim-
othy, etc.)
Haze of May, 1914, U.S.D.A 25
Health —
administration, cooperative, in
small towns 254
laws and regulations in Kansas- 254
regulations in towns and cities
of United States 357
Heat-
effect on rinderpest-immune
bodies 476
effect on soils, Hawaii 721
effect on trees 144
from the stars, U.S.D.A 810
production of the human body 664
radiation, nocturnal 419
regulation as affected by sugar
injections 859
(See also Temperature.)
Heath deformation on the seashore- 825
Heating by electricity 65
Hedges, culture, Oreg 839
Iledysarum coronarium as a forage
crop 41
Heeria mucionata, analyses and di-
gestibility 1G7
Heifers, feeding experiments, Wis 863
Helinus ovatua, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Heliophila unipuncta. (See Irmy
worm.)
Helioihis obsoleta. (See Cotto i bol.-
worm.)
Helm inthosporiu m gram in en m —
notes 544
treatment 145, 341
Hematology of normal and cholera-
infected bogs. Ark 582
Hematoxins of bacteria 78
Hemerobius paciflcus, parasitic on
red spider, Oreg 157
Bemileia rastatrix, notes 548
Ilemileucidffi, monograph 850
Hemlock, eastern, studies. U.S.D.A__ 542
Hemoglobin and chlorophyll, relation. 711
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
963
Page.
Hemolymph nodes of sheep 82
Hemorobiiis pacificus, notes, Oreg 651
II»morrhaj;ic septicemia. (See Sep-
ticemia.)
Hemp —
culture in Arizona. U.S.D.A 226
culture in Jamaica 229
fungus disease of 140
Manila, culture and grading 828
water requirement, U.S.D.A 226
lien flea, notes, Hawaii 757
Henbane, improvement by selection- 143
Iletulersonia hcrpotricha, notes 843
Hens —
average productive life of, Utah- 73
determination of age 470
feeding exp(>riments, N..J 571
forced molting of. Can 409
serum proteins of 861
Heptane, sterilization of soils by 816
Herbs' of Southern Circle of Central
Provinces 144
Hereditary material in germ cells 697
Heredity —
bibliography 800
in Amaranthus retroflexus 720
in beans 130
in beans, Ariz 540
in corn, N.J 536
in ducks and pheasants 869
in fowls 172
in fowls. Guam 767
in fruits, Minn 834
in garden plants, N.J 538
in garlic 834
in horses, Guam 707
in melons, N.H 140
in CEnothera 628
in pepper, N.J 536
in pomace fly 555
in poultry, N.J 571
in poultry, R.I 671
in sunflowers 831
in tomatoes, N.J 537
in yellow daisy 726
of chlorophyll content in ce-
reals 220
of coat color in horses 361
of coat color in pigs 406
of fat production in cows 369
of leaf coloration in Melan-
drium 35
of milking capacity in cows 174
of plant hairs 426
of seed characters In corn 726
of semisterility in plant hybrids- 725
of size 325
of size in poultry 399, 572
of size in rabbits 573
of twin calving in cattle 508
of waxy endosperm in sweet
corn 134
of wool characters in sheep 99, 399
problem in immunity 78
pure line theory 325
Page.
Jlermannia aiJlnis tenella, analyses
and digestibility 167
Jlerpetomonas phlebotomi n.sp., de-
scription 60
Herpetomoniasis, relation to dog
flea 61
Hessian fly, notes, U.S.D.A 756
Ileterodcra radivicola —
affecting sweet peas, Del 446
anatomy and life history 341
culture 49
injurious to coffee, P.R 646
life history, Nev 900
notes, Oreg 651
on cotton, U.S.D.A 342
treatment, U.S.D.A 843
Ilevea hrasiliensis. (See Rubber,
Para. )
Hevea canker, notes 242
Hevi, asexual propagation 142
Hexane, sterilization of soils by 816
Hibiscus, breeding experiments, Ha-
waii 742
IHckory —
bark beetle, notes, N.J 550
distillation value, U.S.D.A 48
Hides, cattle, supply of, U.S.D.A 91
Ilieracium spp., notes, Can 436
Highways. (See Roads.)
Hippodamia convergens, notes, Ky 654
Hippuric acid, formation in pigs 262
Histidin —
detection 20
in hops 502
Hog cholera —
as a result of vaccinating
against erysipelas 682
control in Indiana, Ind 676
control in Kentucky, Ky 83
control in Minnesota, Minn 880
control in New York 783
cures and preventives, tests,
Minn 880
immunization 83, 184, 378, 480
immunization, N.Y.Cornell 783
in England 271
notes 479,480
notes, Cal 271
notes, Ind 783
notes, Mich 278
notes, N.J 584
notes. Wis 479
prevention and control, Kans 184
review of investigations 83
studies 83, 378
studies, Ark 582
studies, Okla 782
treatise 277
Hog erysipelas, immunization 375
Hogs. (See Pigs.)
Hollyhock rust, notes, Can 48
Home economics —
clubs, notes 197,597
clubs, programs for 495
courses for high schools 394
964
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Home economics — Continued.
evening classes in 596
extension work in Canada 92
extension worlc in Illini)is C91
extension work in Kansas 690
extension work in Minnesota 691
In agriculturai colleges 690
in Cornell University 895
in extension work 10
in high schools 404
in public schools 897
in University of Illinois 288
in village and rural scliools 49")
instruction iu Alaska 49::
instruction in Missouri liigh
schools 499
instniction in Netherlands 92
instruction in New Mexico 690
instruction in seventh and
eighth grades 092
instruction in state colleges 491
lectures on 394
reading courses in 79.j
relation to farmers' institutes 98
schools in Denmark 498
schools in Pennsylvania 596
study classes, organizing 488, 597
text-book :594
ti'eatise 05, 495
Homekeepers' clubs, organizing and
operating 495
Homes —
decoration and furnishing 597
for rural laborers 687
Hominy —
feed, nnalyses, Ind 169
feed, analyses, Ky 607
feed, analyses, N.H 169
feed, analyses, N..J 667
meal, analyses, Mass 259
meal, analyses, N.J : 667
Hondroi beans, culture experiments- 227
Honey —
analyses 161, 702
and its use in the home,
U.S.n.A 855
artificial, composition and uses_ 700
bees, scent producing organ 352
Belgian, examination 715
definition 762
gray, properties 500
marketing 853
methods of analysis 109
plants of Iowa 853
strained, analyses 702
Hood River basin, Greg., hydrology- 382
Hop —
aphis on Rosacea;, Me 848
aphis, remedies, U.S.D.A 649
mildew, studies, N.Y.State 843
Hops —
as a host plant of red spider,
Greg 157
chemical changes in during sul-
phuring, Oreg 809
nitrogenous constituents 502
Page.
Horistonotua uhlerii, notes, U.S.D.A- 555
Horn fly, notes 555
Horse —
bean seeds, germinating, nitro-
genous substances in 112
beans, hybridization experi-
ments 130
beans, liming experiments 127
chestnut, feeding value 566
Horses —
anatomy of, treatise 278, 682
as afifecte'l by environment 263
breaking and training, treatise- 263
breeding .^61
breeding experiments, Guam 767
breeding in east Prussia 171
breeds in Norway 868
color inheritance in , 361
determination of age 366
digestion experiments 262
draft, breeds of, U.S.D.A 262
draft, judging. Wis 469
feeding, experiments. Can 462
fish for 862
grape marc for 567
history of in South America 366
immunization against strangles- 882
immunization against trypano-
some diseases 81
improvement in Kansas, Kans 771
in Belgium, importation and ex-
portation 66S
in North Africa 469
insurance in England 489
measurements 262, 263
of South Oldenburg 26."^
poisoning by ground ivy 278
poisoning by St. John's wort — 278
raising in the South, U.S.D.A— 570
school lessons on 494
V. tractors for farm power 589
winter ration for. Can 462
Horseshoeing, handbook 185
Horticultural instruction in Pros-
kau 691
Horticulture —
encyclopedia 436
in New Zealand 437
school lessons on 597
Hotbeds —
construction and management,
Colo 140
construction and management,
W.Va 834
Hotels —
inspection 357
inspection in Virginia 661
House fly —
control In New Jersey, N.J 551
notes. N.J 60
Household exhibits, suggestions for- 597
Household insects —
hydrocyanic acid gas for 846
remedies, U.S.D.A 050
treatise 449
Housekeeping schools in Norway 92
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
965
Houses — Page.
disinfection, N.Dak 456
disinfection witli.formaldeliyde_ 683
liousewivos, cooperation among 89
Iluclilebeirios, acidity 110
Human nutrition, treatise 603
Humic substances, formation 19
Humidity, effect on tlie organism TGf)
Humus — •
as a source of energy in nitro-
gen fixation 51.")
colloid chemistry of 813
forest, effect on plant growth 618
forming substances, role in soil
absorption 319
nature of, theories concerning 718
relation to soil bacteria, Miss__ 721
IlliaJopterus —
arundinis on Rosacea?, Me 848
pruni, remedies, U.S.D.A 649
Hybridization and mutation as inde-
pendent phenomena 326
(See also IMant breeding and
Animal breeding.)
Hybrids, graft, rotr-s 726
Hyduum coraUoidcs, fruiting forms_ 341
Hydraulic rams, installation and op-
eration 87
llydrocliloric acid, etiect on sprout-
ing of potatoes 829
Hydrocyanic acid —
determination 300
gas as a soil fumigant, Cal 245
gas, use against household In-
sects 846
Hydrogen ion concentration, treatise- 801
Hydrogenation of oils, treatise 416
Hydrometer for latex 48
Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.)
llydroquinone, sterilization of soils
by 816
lljdroxyl ions, effect on clay 318
Ilygii ne —
bibliogi'aphy 760
veterinary, treatise 79
Ifylemyia coarctata, notes 350
Jlylohius abietis, notes 852
JJ ymcnochwtc —
aggJuiinanx, parasitism 640
ruhifjinosa, studies 845
Hymenoptera of Georgetown Mu-
seum 758
Uypamblys aJbopictus, life history 352
j/yperuum perforatum, poisoning of
horses by 278
Hypocotyl, studies, N..I 520
Hypoderma —
hovis, life history and remedies- 153
boins, notes, Can 448
spp., life history 60
Ifyponomeuta —
malincUn, biology 554
spp., notes 751
Hypoxanthin in hops 502
Ice —
and mercury, notes, U.S.D.A 810
cream, analyses 357
Ice — Continued. Page.
cream, analyses, Me 856
cream, analyses, N.Dak 162
cream factories, inspection in
New .Tersoy 254
cream, investigations. Can 253
cream, manufacture 253
cream, marketing 874
cream, standards 254, 356, 873
cream, standards, Me 856
cream, storage 356
cream, studios 660
cream, viability of streptococci
in 174
exudation from plant stems, U.S.
D.A 221
houses, construction, U.S.D.A 591
infectiousness 253
storms of New England,U.S.D.A_ 210
supplies in railway stations and
trains ; 456
use on dairy farms, U.S.D.A 591
Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony cush-
ion-scale.)
Idaho —
Station, notes 694, 797
University, notes 694, 797
Hex paraguayensis, culture 142
Illinois —
Station, notes 94
T'niversity, notes 94, .395
Immunity —
reactions, chemistry of 78, 178
treatise 578
Immunization —
methods for 78
(See also Anthrax, Tuberculosis,
etc.)
Immunologj', terms used in 475
Inipatiens sultant, injury and abscis-
sion in 627
Inbreeding —
formulas for 665
studies 665
Incubation experiments, Oreg 868
Incubators, large, tests, N.J 570
India rubber. (See Rubber.)
Indian meal moth —
notes, Oreg 651
remedies, Cal 245
Indiana Station —
notes 198
report 693
Industrial —
clubs .and contests in Oregon 394
training in public schools of
Indiana 595
Infant foods —
increasing fat content of 661
proprietary, composition 660
proprietary, use , 661
Infants —
adaptation of gastric juice to
diet of 66
artlQcial feeding and digestive
disturbances 662
boiled milk for 857
966
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Infants — Continued. Page,
dried milk for T60
feeding and clotliing 66
gaseous metabolism in 461
goat's V. cow's milk for 66
milk for 873
new born, energy requirements- 257
respiration Incubator for 860
tricalcium phosphate for 857
Infection and resistance, treatise 270
Influenza, equine —
pectoral form 278
treatment 184, 379, 682
Infusorial earth, analyses. Can 424
Inheritance. (Sec Heredity.)
Inoslt monophosphate in wheat bran,
N.Y.State 17
Insanity among farm people 791
Insect —
egg parasites, hosts of 246
eggs as affected by spraying
mixtures 449
galls of Ohio 557
pupfe, temperature - metabolism
curve R7, 766
Insecticides —
analyses, Can 4.38
analyses, N.Dak 169
and fungicides, compatibility 243
tests, N.Dak 158
tests, Greg 846
((S'ee also specific forms.)
Insects —
and disease, paper on 151
biting, relation to swamp fever
in horses, Wyo 754
bloodsucking, salivary secretion- 557
collection and preservation 755
forest. (See Forest insects.)
habits and instincts, treatise 846
household, hydrocyanic acid gas
for 846
household, remedies, U.S.D.A 650
household, treatise 449
injurious —
control in various coun-
tries 340
in Barbados 551
in Bengal Presidency 449
in British Columbia 551
in British East Africa 347
in Canada, Can 448
in Fiji 448
in Finland 847
in Hawaii, Hawaii 753
in Mauritius 449
In Michigan, Mich 650
in Minnesota 753
in Montana, Mont 754
in New Jersey, N.J 550
in Oregon, Oreg 651
in Busa 847
in Quebec 151
in Uganda 847
remedies 447
to alfalfa, Ariz 532
to beets 848
Insects — Continued. Page.
injurious — continued.
to cereal products, rem-
edies 246
to citrus fruits, U.S.D.A___ 56
to coconut palm 754
to forests in Central Eu-
rope 151
to forests in India 351
to gardens, Colo 151
to leguminous plants 754
to locusts 848
to nursery stock 449
to orchards 449
to orchards and vineyards,
remedies 56
to peanuts 348
to stored raisins, Cal 245
to strawberries. Can 556
to sugar cane 56
to tomatoes, Fla 652
to tomatoes, Ga 636
to trees 753
to tropical plants 340
to truck crops 753
longevity as affected by tem-
perature, Cal 244
parasitism by Entomophthorea?_ 245
relation to cherry gummosis or
canker, Oreg 645
scale. (See Scale insects.)
study of, importance, La 846
transmission of diseases by — 552, 846
underground, destruction 246
wood boring, investigations, U.S.
D.A 755
(Sec also specific insects.)
Institute for Fermentation and
Starch Manufacture in Berlin 92
Insurance —
against sickness and accidents
in Switzerland 792
companies, cooperative, in Min-
nesota, Minn 088
International —
catalogue of bacteriology 578
catalogue of physiology 565
Congress of Comparative Path-
ology 271
Congress of School Hygiene 457
Union of Municipal Dairies 773
Intestines, absorption of fat in 563
Invalids, goat's milk for 873
Invertase — •
from yeast, hydrolyzing prop-
erties 803
in alfalfa 411
lodin, determination in organic sub-
stances 505
Iowa —
Beekeepers' Association, pro-
ceedings 852
College, notes 396, 694, 900
Station, notes 396, 694
Iron —
colloidal, assimilation by rice,
U.S.D.A 427
INDEX or SUBJECTS,
967
Page.
Iron — Continued.
determination in water 504
in Florida soils 319
in tomatoes 762
sulphate, injection Into trees 754
Irrigation —
bibliography 588
border, slope of land in, Ariz 586
canals, concrete lining for 481
canals, concrete lining for, U.S.
D.A 380
canals, silt problem in 882
concrete In 787
drilling wells foi- 882
effect on water table in Eg3'pt 123
experiments, Cal 279
experiments, Oreg 827
experiments, U.S. D.A 3(5, 224, 430
experiments in eastern Oregon,
Oreg 131
experiments in Madagascar 187
experiments in western Oregon,
Oreg iS5
experiments with pears, Oreg 638
frost protection by, U.S.D.A— _ G14
in America 481
in Australia 399
in Bihar and Orissa 84
in British India 481
in Germany 385
in Uocob Norte 481
in India 615
in Montana, Mont 882
in Snake River basin 279
in the Great Plains 384
in Tularosa basin. New Mexico- 785
in Vermont, Vt 587
in vicinity of Enid, Oklahoma. 383
investigations, Ariz 586
law of minimum in 481
near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma- 384
notes, U.S.D.A 333
relation to soil permeability 586
treatise 784
water. (See Water.)
Isosoma orchidearum, life history
and remedies 453
Ivy, ground, poisoning of horses
by 278
Jack —
bean, culture, Tex 226
fruit, analyses, Hawaii 761
Jacks, registration, Ind 771
Jalysus spinosus, notes, Mo. Fruit 753
Jams, preparation 253
Japanese cane. (See Sugar cane.)
Jellies —
detection of added acids in,
N.Dak 162
examination, N.Dak 1G2
preparation 253
Jewish Agricultural and Industrial
Aid Society 893
Johne's disease, treatise 273
Journal of Agricultural Research,
preparation of articles for, U.S.
D.A 796
Page.
Jowar, sweet, as a source of sugar. 136
Juglans californica quercina, origin- 46
Jujubes, culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 539
Juncus balticus, digestibility, Wyo- 770
June beetles —
bacterial disease of, Mich 61
western lined, notes. Can 556
Kafir —
corn as a feeding stuff, Kans-_ 68
corn, culture, Tex 226
corn, culture and use, Ivans 40
corn, culture experiments, Ariz_ 526
corn, culture in Arizona, U.S.
D.A 226
corn, grades of 138
corn smut, description and treat-
ment 146
corn, water requirement, Okla 335
corn, wilting coefficient, Okla_ 335
melon, analyses 166
Kainit —
fertilizing value 630
for corn, Ala.College 732
use against cotton rust, Miss 735
use against weeds, N.Dak 138
Kala-azar, canine and human, rela-
tion 61
Kalanchoe paniculata, analyses and
digestibility 107
Kale-
culture experiments, Oreg 132
fertilizer experiments, Va.
Truck 540
irrigation experiments, Oreg 186
seed selection, Oreg 827
thousand-headed, culture, Tex_ 226
thousand-headed, v. marrow cab-
bage, Oreg 827
Kaliosysphinga dohrnii, notes, N.J 550
Kansas —
College, alumni record 895
College, notes 396, 599, 900
Station, notes 396
Kaoliang —
culture experiments, Ariz 526
description and culture, S.Dak- 736
Kaong, culture and use 46
Kelp —
as a source of potash, U.S.D.A 821
chemistry of, Cal 723
Kentucky Station, notes..., 396, 497
Kerosene —
as a substitute for gasoline 788
as a wood preservative, U.S.D.A. 841
effect on corn 729
for farm tractors, U.S.D.A 887
for internal combustion engines. 687
Illuminating power 487
Ketchup. (See Catsup.)
Kidney worm in hogs —
in Philippines 479
notes, Ala.College 783
Kinghead, analyses, N.Dak 169
Kitchens —
equipment, U.S.D.A 65
rolling, notes 562
968
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Kjoldalil flask, modiflod, description- 807
Knapp Afrricnltural Day, notes 496
Knapweed, life lilstory and bionomics- 759
Kocliia salsoloMcs, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Korra, culture experiments 227
Kroo beans, culture experiments 227
Kulthi bean, culture, Tex 226
Kumquats, .-lassiflcation 839
Kyllinyia albn, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Kymograph for study of small ani-
mals 505
I>ablab, culture experiments 227
Labor in British Columbia 59:1
Laboratories, small, for research
work 306
Laborers —
Danish, standard of living 66
diet for 857
diet of in Spain 562
farm. {See Agricultural labor-
ers.)
food shops for in Christiana 856
standard of living in Chicago
stockyards district 16.">
standard of living in Holland-- 163
Lace-wing —
brown, notes, Oreg 651
fly, notes, Ky 654
Lachnodius greeni n.sp., notes 57
Luchnostcnia spp., bacterial disease
of, Mich 61
Lactase in alfalfa 411
Lacteseence in plants 130
Lactic acid —
bacteria, formation of p-oxyphe-
nylethylamin by 503
bacteria, use in silage making- 567, 767
determination in organic sub-
stances 114
Lactochrome, investigations, Mo 19
Lactose, utilization by green plants. 823
Lady beetle —
common eastern, introduction,
Oreg 846
common, notes, Ky 654
Lwlaps echidninus, notes 353
Lambs —
feeding experiments, N.H 261
quarter, analyses, N.Dak ICO
quarter, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
winter production, Ohio 468
(See also Sheep.)
Land —
clearing. Can 4S4
clearing of stumps 589
grant colleges. (See Agricul-
tural colleges.)
Grant Engineering Association- 8
injured by volcanic ash, recla-
mation, Alaska 31
ownership, tenui-e, and taxa-
tion, treatise 891
plaster. (See Gypsum.)
Page.
Land — Continued.
settlement in America 481
taxation, bibliography 389
tenure and administration in
British India 891
use by schools teaching agri-
culture 896
value, factors in 286
I-andlord and tenant, contract be-
tween 390
lands —
irrigated, pastures for, Idaho — 628
judging. Mass 321
logged-o£C, reclamation 485
overflowed, reclamation 884
overflowed, reclamation, U.S.
D.A 883
public and private, in British
Columbia 593
public, in United States 389
scouring, of Somerset and War-
wickshire 213
swamp, in Bavaria 812
swamp, reclamation 884
tide flat, reclamation, Wash 793
waste, reclamation 30
Landscape gardening, notes. 111 143
Larch —
canlcer, notes 544, 844
case bearer, notes. Can 44S
longicorn beetle affecting 155
sawfly, large, notes 754
sawfly, large, parasites of 352
Lard —
adulterated, detection 802
as affected by feeding stuffs 21
Larkspur —
description, U.S.D.A 474
notes, Cal 778
seed fluid extract, Insecticidal
value 56
Latex —
hydrometer, use 48
physiological studies 328
Lath industry in Canada 841
Lauron vinosa, life history and hab-
its 756
Law of minimum, application in irri-
gation 481
Lawns, management 828
Lead —
arsenate, analyses, N.Dak 169
arsenate, chemistry of 713
arsenate, insecticidal value, N.
Dak 158
arsenate, insecticidal value, Oreg. 847
chromate, use against caterpil-
lars 850
determination in baking pow-
ders 298
determination in water 505
effect ou germ cells of male rab-
bits and fowls 861
Leaf-
bug, dusky, affecting potatoes — 57
fall, studies 825
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
969
Leaf — Continued. Page.
miner, serpentine, notes, Ha-
waii 1- 75;?
mold, analyses, Conn. State ~>'20
temperature, review of litera-
ture 640
Leather, methods of analysis 314
Leaves —
aging, translocation of mate-
rials in 825
as a cause of soil deterioration- 310
composition at different periods
of growth 12S
leaching of nitrogenous and min-
eral matter from 128
role in soil absorption 319
senilit.v in 728
Lecanium quercifex, studies, Ala.
College 553
Lecithin —
food, preparations from 854
ioss from grass during curing. _ 111
metabolism of 704
products of soils 718
Leeks, thrips affecting 553
Legumes —
and nonlegumes, associative"
growth 432
creatinin in 560
LeguminossB, nodule bacteria of 727
Leguminous plants —
culture, Wyo 430
culture in Mexico 131
fertilizer experiments 37
inoculation 423
inoculation experiments 630
inoculation experiments, Oreg 818
insects affecting 754
potash fertilizers for 228
treatise 432
varieties 37
Lemon —
diseases, investigations, Cal 238
gumming disease, notes 53
seeds, notes 613
Lemons —
fertilizer experiments, Cal 233
grafting experiments, (^al 233
Lentils, digestibility 1G8
Lcpicliola albohirium, notes 555
Lepidosaphes —
beckii. {See Purple scale.)
olivina n.sp., description 449
Leptobyrsa cxplnnaia, notes, N. J 550
Lcptochloa viroata, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 729
Lepioglossus memtranaccus, notcs__ 847
Lepiomyxa n.g. and n.spp., descrip-
tions 321
Leptosphwria —
coffeicola, notes 749
herpotrichoides, notes 641
iritici, notes 843
Lepiosiroma pinastri, notes 845
Lcptothyrium asparagi n.sp., descrip-
tion 140
Lespedo.za. {Fee Clover, Japan.)
Lettuce — Page,
frozen, as affected by rapid
tliawing. Mo 43
insects affecting. Hawaii 753
precooling and handling 234
Leucas pechuclii, analyses and di-
gestibility 107
Leucocyte ferments . and antifer-
ments, notes 78
Leucocytes, protective value in ani-
mal diseases 876
Leucospliwra baiiiesii, analyses and
digestibility 167
Leucoternies spp., investigations,U.S.
D.A 755
Levees —
Iniilding by hydraulic dredge 589
construction and maintenance- 187
Lice, poultry, notes, Wash 481
Liebig, .1. von, biographical sl^etch 109
Light-
effect on growth and develop-
ment of trees 144
extinction in atmosphere in re-
gion of the ultraviolet, U.S.
D..\ 810
Lightning flashes, notes, U.S.D..\ 210
Lime —
analyses, Conn.State
520
126, 127
399
as a fertilizer
caustic, effect on soil fertility
effect on ammonifying and nitri-
fying efficiency of soils, Oreg_ 818
effect on plant growth, R.I 022
for acid soils 812
for flax 136
indu.stry in United States 324, 424
magnesia ratio, effect on nitro-
gen transformation in soil 720
magnesia, ratio in soils 324
magnesia ratio, review of in-
vestigations 218
niter. {See Calcium nitrate.)
nitrogen. {See Calcium cyana-
mid.)
refuse, analyses. Mass 32
requirement of soils, determina-
tion 290, 311, 609, 010
soil concretions due to 215
sources for plants ' 622
sterilization of soils by 32
use. Pa 624
use in agriculture, Del 424
use In agriculture, N.Y.Cornell- 218
use on Iowa soils, Iowa 212
water as an egg preservative,
Can 470
Lime-sulphur —
dips, field test for, U.S.D.A 612
mixture sludge, analyses. Conn.
State 520
mixtures, analyses, N.Dak 169
mixtures, composition, Del 410
mixtures, fungicidal value, N.
Dak 158
mixtures, insecticidal value,
Oreg 846
970
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Lime-sulphur — Continued. Page,
mixtures, preparation and use,
Mass 338
Limekiln ashes, analyses, Can 424
Limes —
black root disease of 646
fertilizer experiments 46
Limestone —
analyses. Can 424
analyses, Conn. State 520
magnesian and nonmagnesian,
comparison, N..T 518
Liming experiments —
N.J 518
Ohio 31
Pa 624
Tenn 132
Limnerium n.sp., parasitic on al-
falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58
Limonius discoideiuv, notes, Oreg 651
Linoleic acid as tetrabromid in cot-
ton-seed oil 313
Linseed —
cake, acidity 259
meal, analyses 568, 862
meal, analyses, Ind 169
meal, analyses, Ky 667
meal, analyses. Mass 259
meal, analyses, N.J 667
meal, digestibility, 111 69
mucilage, studies 802
oil, raw, specifications 416
Liogma nodicornis, biological and
systematic studies 158
Lipase —
in alfalfa 411
of castor beans 803
of Chelidonium seeds 19
lipoids —
as inhibitors of anaphylactic
shock 678
in immunity 78
relation to vitamins : 561
Liquids, turbid, flocculation by salts — 121
Lister Institute of Preventive Medi-
cine, papers 874
Lrtliocolletes cratwgella, notes, Oreg_ 651
Live stock —
breeding in Belgium 668
dipping for ticks 81
diseases, control in Georgia 876
feeding, La 68
in health and disease, treatise — 874
industry in Argentina 364
industry in Chile 689
Industry in Saxony 689
judging, text-book 668
prices in Ireland 594
shipping associations, Minn 688, 895
(See also Animals, Cattle,
Sheep, etc.)
Liver, rOle in metabolism of creatin
and creatinin 764
Lobster refuse, analyses. Can 424
Loco weed —
description, U.S.D.A 474
disease in sheep 276
notes, Cal 778
Locusts — Page.
injurious to alfalfa, U.S.D.A— 553
insect enemies of 848
notes, Oreg 651
sarcophagid parasite of, U.S.
D.A 60
Lodgepole pine beetle, notes, Cal 552
I eg slides, velocity determinations 48
Logarithmic curves, fitting by method
of moments, U.S.D.A 766
Logging, cost accounting system 748
Long scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56
I ongicorn larvae, remedies 246
Lophtdium chamceropis n.sp., de-
scription 842
Lophodermium —
nervisequum , investigations 752
pinastri, notes 845
Loquats, studies and bibliography,
Cal 838
Lotus corniculatus, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 730
Lotus, nodule bacteria of 33
L(>uisiana University, notes 396
Iioxostege sticticalis, notes, Mont 153
Lubricants for internal combustion
engines 86
Lucern. (See Alfalfa.)
Lucilia sericata attacking a live
calf 851
Lumber —
industry in British Columbia — 747
industry in Canada 841
industry in United Slates 48
(See also Timber and Wood.)
Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)
Lupine —
chlorosis, treatment 842
radicles as affected hy metallic
salts 128
Lupines —
absorption and excretion of elec-
trolytes by 824
description, U.S.D.A 474
fertilizing value 216
inoculation experiments 433
nodule bacteria of 33
white, root system 634
Iiupinus —
harticegU, culture in Hawaii,
Hawaii 730
spp., notes, Cal 778
Lycopersicin, formation in tomatoes- 203
Lycopin and its relation to chloro-
phyll 824
Lygmonematus erichsonii, notes 754
Lygidea mendax, notes, N.J 550
Lygus pratensis. (See Tarnished
plant bug.)
Machinery. (Sec Agricultural ma-
chinery.)
Macrocentrus spp. in Great Britain. 454
Macrosiphum —
antherinii, heredity in 448
pisi, remedies, Va. Truck 652
spp. on Rosaceae, Me 848
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
971
Page.
Macrosporium —
solani In tomato seed 344
solani, notes 342
sp. on cotton 612
tomato, notes 240
Magnesia, sources for plants 622
Maine Station, notes 694
Maize. (See Corn.)
Malacosoma —
americatia. (See Tent caterpil-
lar.)
erosa, notes 551
fragilis in California 152
spp., notes. Can 448
spp., remedies, Oreg 847
Maladie de colt. (See Dourine.)
Malaria and mosquitoes in eastern
North Carolina 61
Malic acid, determination in fruit
juices 297
Mallein —
eye dropper, description 580
use 180
Mallow rust, biology 54
Malnutrition —
and disease, correlation 358
effect on energy metabolism 664
Malt—
extracts, commercial products
from 854
metbods of analysis 314
sprouts, analyses 568
sprouts, analyses, Ind 169
sprouts, analyses. Mass 259
sprouts, analyses, N.J 667
Malta fever, diagnosis 276
Maltase in alfalfa 411
Maltose, determination in presence
of other sugars 112
Mammals —
coat pattern in 466
game, protection 447
of North Daliota, N.Dak 549
pattern development in 766
Mammary gland, enzyms in 411
Mammitls —
effect on milk 478
treatment 184, 479
Mamon as a stock for cherimoya
and atemoya 143
Man —
calorlmctric experiments 257
fungus parasites of 271
insects affecting, Can 448
mechanical efficiency 258
metabolism during rest 165
variations in body temperature- 564
Mandarin black spot, treatment 445
Manganese —
carbonate, oxidation by mi-
crobes 514
effect on plant growth 129
in vegetable food products 628
salts, fertilizing value 725
soil concretions due to 215
sulphate, effect on growth of
barley 121
Page.
Mange, parasitic, in England 271
Mangel diseases, notes 544
Mangels —
analyses 166
analyses, Can 465
analyses and feeding value, Can_ 461
as a winter feed for poultry,
N.J 570
composition during storage 121
cost of production, Can 530
culture exporiments. Can 431
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430
fertilizer experiments 630
fertilizer experiments, Can__ 431, 5.32
('. sugar beets for western Ne-
braska, U.S.D.A 224
varieties 37, 130, 630
varieties. Can 431, 532
varieties, N.Uak 528
Mango weevil, notes 352
Mangoes —
analyses, Hawaii 76I
classification 745
cold storage of, Hawaii 439
culture experiments, Hawaii 742
propagation by inarching, Guam_ 741
salt as a fertilizer for 324
Manioc. (See Cassava.)
Manure —
analyses 819
application 818
barnyard. (See Barnyard ma-
nure.)
effect on retention of bases by
soils 121
fertilizing value, Ind 629
secondary action on soils 121
spring V. winter application,
Can 532
storage experiments 818
V. fertilizers for carnations,
111 747
(See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep,
etc.)
Manuring, science of in Germany 620
Maple —
distillation value, U.S.D.A 48
products, methods of analysis 808
sirup, variation of analytical
values 808
sugar, density and porosity,
U.S.D.A 47
sugar making schools in Quebec- 698
Marabuntas of Georgetown Museum- 758
Maraschino cordials, notes 297
Marasmius —
sacchari, notes 043
sp. on sugar cane 442
Marc, feeding value 567
Marfjaropus atmulatus. (See Cattle
ticks.)
JIarguerite fly, studies, Mass 451
Marigold, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Marine animals as a source of oil
and manure 219
972
EXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD.
Market — I'agc
conditions In New York City SO
pardoning In vicinity of Dres-
den -•^-
prlcoR, retail, digest of data 703
Marketing organization, coopera-
tive, U.S.D.A 71)2
Marl, analyses, Can 424
Marmalades, preparation 253
Marrow cabbage v. thousand-headed
kale, Greg 827
Mars, atmosphere of, U.S.D.A 210
Marsh —
cat-tail, ecology of 151
mud, analyses. Can 424
near Madison, Wis., flora of 329
soils. {See Soils, marsh.)
Marshmallows, analyses 560
Marsonia rofne, notes 752
Maryland College, notes 497, 694
Mason bees, treatise 758
Massachusetts —
College, notes 198, 396, 599
Station, notes 198, 396
Station, report 291
Mastitis. (-See Mammitis.)
Mate tea, analyses 856
Mayetiola destructor. {See Hessian-
fly.)
Meadow hay as affected by long
storage 363
Meadows — ■
culture, treatise 38
importance of in dairying 870
wild hay, flora of 329
{See also Grasses.)
Meals —
low-priced, in Christiana and Vi-
enna 856
low-priced, in Copenhagen 857
planning 558, 597
Measles of domestic animals, paper
on 271
Meat —
and bone meal, analyses, Ind — 169
canned, changes in 760
canning industry in United
States 210
examination, animal experimen-
tation in 856
from slaughterhouses, bacteria
in 358
growth of (Jiirtner type bacilli
on 559
in the diet 354
inspection in British East
Africa 373
inspection in Germany 578
inspection in Oregon 778
inspection, regulations, U.S.D.A. 777
inspection, treatise 777, 778
marketing in Queensland 793
markets, inspection, N.Dak 162
meal, analyses, Ind 169
meal, analyses, N.J 667
methods of analysis 109
Meat — Continued. Page.
packing establishments, inter-
state, sanitary conditions in_ 457
poisoning, causes 84
poisoning, detection 375
poisoning, determination 856
poisoning organisms, studies 760
prices in Bern 162
prices in Munich 91
production in Argentina 12
production in the South 13
production in United States 12
production on high-priced corn
lands 12
products, methods of analysis 109
products, water content 252
protein, cooked, digestibility 256
purchasing and use, treatise 354
salted, coloring matter in, U.S.
D.A 454
scrap, analyses, Mass 259
scrap, analyses, N.Dak 169
supply in United States 98
Mechanical colleges. {See Agricul-
tural colleges.)
Medic, black, nodule bacteria of 33
Mcdicago oMcuIaris, culture, Tex 226
Medicines, subcutaneous administra-
tion 272
Megastigtnus laricis n.sp., descrip-
tion 557
MegiUa maculata —
introduction, Oreg 846
notes, Ky 654
Melanconium —
fuliginvum, studies, Mo.Fruit 751
sacchari, notes 442
Melandrium, inheritance of leaf col-
oration in 35
MeJanopIus spp. injurious to alfalfa,
U.S.D.A 553
Mclanotus spp., notes, U.S.D.A 556
Melilotus as a green manure for
citrus, Cal 23^
Melin is minutifloru —
culture in Hawaii. Hawaii 729
for dairy cattle 471
Mellen's Food refuse, composition
and digestibility. Mass 666
Melon —
diseases in Sweden 641
fly, life history, U.S.D.A 452
lice, I'emedies, 111 151
Melons, Mendelism in, N.H 140
Melophagiis ovinus. {See Sheep
tick.)
Mcmythrus polistiformis. {See
Grape root-borer.)
Mendellan segregation, exception to_ 521
Mcnetiipus varicgatus n.sp., descrip-
tion, U.S.D.A 658
Meningo-encephalitis, paper on 271
Menominee County Agricultural
School 794
Menus for logging camps 459
Mcrodon cqiicstrls, life history 350
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
973
Merullus — Page.
as affected by fluorin 308
studies 845
Merulius lacri/maus —
germination studies 150
resistance of oali wood to 150
Meseiitbriantliemuin rupicola, anal-
yses and digestibility 167
Mcsolcucd Iruncata, notes, Can 556
Metabolism — •
abnormalities in 78
and energy of men, treatise 663
as affected bj' air breathed 663
as affected by disease 563
as affected by malnutrition 664
as affected by muscular work 67
basal, during growth period 697
basal, relation to creatinin elim-
ination 350
chemistry of 399
during fasting 166
energy and protein, relation 563
energy, during muscular w^ork 765
experiments at Carnegie Insti-
tution 565
experiments under decreased
partial pressure of oxygen 860
experiments with cattle 98
experiments witli men and
women at rest 165
experiments with pigs 170
in animals as affected by tem-
perature 765
of creatin and creatinin 764
of lecithin and cliolesterin 764
of nitrogenous food 359
of phosphorus, review of litera-
ture, Ohio 601
of plants as affected by acid and
alkaline solutions 626
of protein 359
of protein after excessive water
ingestion 663
of purin in ungulates 166
respiratory, as affected by salts- 860
Metallic colloids, bactericidal prop-
erties 272
Metanhizum anisopliw in Queens-
land 555
Meteorological —
conditions, effect on propaga-
tion of sound, U.S.D.A 25
observations, Alaska 25
observations, Conn.Storrs 118
observations, Mass 118,418,614
observations, N.Dak 598
observations, N.J 510
observations, N.Y. State 614
observations, Ohio 717
observations, U.S.D.A 24,
118,210,316,614,810
observations, Wj-o 717
observations at Wlsley, England- 211
observations in Canada, 25, 510
observations in Canada, Can 418
observations in Germany, U.S.
D.A 810
Meteorological — Continued. Page.
observations in India 419
observations in Michigan 614
observations in New South
Wales 316
observations in Saskatchewan.. 316
{i^ee also Climate, Kain,
Weather, etc.)
Meteorology —
agricultural, wireless telegraphy
In 117
at Lick Observatory, U.S.D..\ 25
bibliography. U.S.D..\ 810
in I'anama Canal Zone, U.S.D.A. 614
of Australia 811
progress in 315
treatise 24
Methyl alcohol in silage 410
Methylamin sulphate, nitrification
rate 124
Methylene blue, use against mastitis. 479
Michigan —
College, notes 694
Station, report 693
Microbes in indoor and outdoor air,
I'.S.D..\. 211
Microbiology • of animal diseases,
treatise 474
Micro-chemistry, plant, treatise 308
Micrococcus —
melitensis, agglutination by nor-
mal milk 276
iiielitensis agglutinins in milk
and blood serum of cows 876
inelitensis in France 271
nUjrofaciens affecting white
grubs, Mich 61
Micro-organisms—
as affected by poisons 308
as affected by pressure, V/.Va 416
determination in milk 809
in fermenting tea 111
in sugar-house products. La 22
• pathogenic, handbook 78
(See also Bacteria.)
Mici'o-respiration apparatus, descrip-
tion 67
Microspira carcinopwus, description. 442
Middlings —
analyses 64, 568, 862
analyses. Can 465
analyses, Ky 667
calcium content 64
(<S'ee also Wheat, Rye, etc.)
Midge, giant, notes 554
Mildews, downy, notes 544
Military instruction in agricultural
colleges 11
Milk-
acidity, cause, N.Y.State 606
acidity, studies 872
adulterated, detection 207
agglutinins for Micrococcus me-
litcnsis in 876
albumin, analyses. Mass 259
anaKvses 369, 412, 577
analyses, N.Dak 162
974
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Milk— Continued. Page,
as affected by bacterial flora of
feeding stuffs 75
as affected by cattle diseases. 478, 577
bacterial contamination 577
biological analysis, treatise 312
biology ^ 854
biorized, notes 77, 2G9
biorizing 473
blue, bacteriology of, Iowa 775
boiled, detection 413
boiled, for infants 857
canning industry in United
States 210
cans, notes, U.S.D.A 590
cans, ordinary v. Insulated 270
care on the farm 473
casein and fat contents, rela-
tion 270
chemistry of, N.Y.State 606
chloroformic coagulation of 472
clarification 873
clotting investigations 174
coagulation by rennet 503
composition 412
composition, N.Y.State 607
composition, variations in 369
condensed, bacterial content 873
condensed, in tropical climates- 675
cooling box, notes, U.S.D.A 590
cost of production 368, 471
curd as an index of food value,
Md 558
curdling during thunderstorms- 873
detection of Bacillus abortus in- 674
digestibility 768
distribution, relation to public
health 76
dried, as a food for infants 760
dried, bacterial content 873
enzym reactions 299
enzyms in 411
expansion of, U.S.D.A 471
fat content at various stages of
milking 75
fat, determination of hardness — 413
fat factors in 368
fat, isolation o2 growth-stimu-
lating substances in 360
fat pigments, investigations, Mo_ 18
fat, specific heat, Iowa 715
fat, variation in, MicTi 174
(See also Fat.)
fermented, notes 662
ferments, lipolytic, studies 20
for chickens 264
for infants in Saxony 873
freezing point 412
from animals infected with con-
tagious abortion, Mich 677
from cows of fresh lactation, de-
tection 674
from different breeds, protein
reactions, Md 558
from foot-and-mouth diseased
cows 76
from pasture-fed cows 870
Milk — Continued. Page.
from sick cows, analyses 577
goat's, and its use 873
goat's V. cow's, for infants 66
growth of Bacterium lactia acidi
in 76
growth of streptococci in 174
handling and delivery, losses in- 370
handling in pint bottles 575
heated, bacterial content 268
homogenized, digestibility 768
human and cow's, differentia-
tion 20
human, iron content 472
hygiene, review of investiga-
tions 76
inspection in Oregon 778
iron content 370, 472
judging 413
machine and hand drawn, bac-
terial content, Can 470
machine drawn, bacterial con-
tent. Ky 673
manual 660
marketing 874
nonlactose fermenters In 472
pasteurization 268
pasteurization in bottles 576
pasteurization in bottles, Iowa_ 575
pathogenic bacteria in 473
peroxidase reactions 412
poisoning due to staphylococci
in udder 872
preservation 576
preserved, food value 662
preserved with formalin, for
calves, Mich 669
prices paid to farmers 674
production and care, U.S.D.A — 575
production as affected by cattle
ticks, U.S.D.A 581, 681
production, notes 574
production, relation to age in
cattle 575
products, specific heat, Iowa 715
recording associations in Den-
mark 674
reductase test 809
reindeer, analyses 577
relation to septic sore t'nroat 269
relation to tonsillitis epidemics- 577
relation to tuberculosis 472
sampling, Ind 672
sanitary, production- 370, 472, 473, 775
sanitary, production, Md 175
secretion as affected by diuresis 74
secretion as affected by pitui-
tary extract 268, 871
secretion, physiology of 173
sheep's, composition 472
skimmed. (See Skim milk.)
specific heat, Iowa 715
standards, municipal, notes 871
sterile, bacterial content 872
sterilization by electricity 77, 269
sterilization by ultraviolet rays_ 88
sterilized, food value 662
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
975
Milk — Continued. Page.
storage 356
supplies, bacteriological control- 871
supply of Australia 309
supply of cities 78
supply of India 76
testing 874
testing and handling, Colo 774
variation in 75, 270, 674, 871
Washington market, spore-bear-
ing bacteria in 269
watered, detection 299, 370, 413
whey, yellow pigment of. Mo 19
yield as affected by frequency of
milking 267
Milking—
Ilegelund method 267
machines, electricity for 886
machines, notes 399
machines, tests, Cal 2G6
machines, tests, Ky 673
methods 75, 267
tests, error In 75
Milkweed, notes, Cal 778
Mill products, shipments and prices
in Minneapolis 894
Millet—
as a source of sugar 117
bulrush, culture experiments 227
culture experiments 227
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 530
seeding experiments, N.Dak 528
smut, notes 544
varieties, N.Dak 528, 529
varieties, Tex 226
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Millipedes, remedies 246
Milo maize —
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments 227
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 226
culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 332
grades 138
spacing experiments, U.S.D.A__ 332
water requirement, Okla 335
wilting coefficient, Okla 335
Mimicry, paper on 399
Mine timber supply of England and
Wales 542
Minnesota —
Crop Improvement Association. 592
Station, notes 599, 694, 899
University, notes— 396, 599, 694, 797
Mlso, preparation 560
Mississippi —
College, notes 396
Station, notes .396
Missouri —
Country Life Conference, report- 793
Fruit Station, report 796
River basin, hydrography 588
Station, notes 497, 695, 797
University, notes 94,397,497,695,797
Mites — Page.
classification and habits 551
injurious to Gramine£e 853
Injurious to tea and citrus 557
poultry, notes. Wash 481
transmission of spirochetes by 279
Mitochondria, evolution and physi-
ological rOle 524
Mockernut, density and porosity,
U.S.D.A 47
Moisture. (See Water.)
Molasses —
and cane-top silage for cattle,
La 668
as a feeding stuff. Mass 666
beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.)
black-strap, for dairy cattle,
Can 470
composition and feeding value_ 507
feed, analyses 568, 862
feed, analyses, Ind 169
feed, analyses, Ky 667
feed, analyses. Mass 259
feed, analyses, N.H 169
feed, composition and feeding
value 567
feed for ruminants 768
fertilizing value 336
meal, analyses. Can 405
Molassine meal, composition and di-
gestibility. Mass 666
Mold-
formation as affected byfluorin_ 308
fungi, assimilation of elementary
nitrogen by 728
fungi, nitrogen nutrition of 327
Molds-
destruction of paraffin by 523
in butter, U.S.D.A 675
Monarthropalpus huxl, notes, Mass_ 245
Monilia —
fructigcna, treatment 148
sitophila, ammonifying power_ 29
Monocalcium phosphate, determina-
tion. Wash 409
Montana —
College, notes 94, 497, 797
Station, notes 94, 497, 797
Moon, relation to autumn storms 316
Moor —
culture, profitableness 390
culture, treatise 38
hay causing excessive licking In
cattle 567
soils. (See Soils, moor.)
Morphology, index catalogue 166
Morse, E. W., biographical sketch 800
Mosquitoes —
and malaria in eastern North
Carolina 61
control In New Jersey, N.J 551
relation to sewage disposal 554
relation to swamp fever in
horses, Wyo 754
Moth-
bean, culture, Tex 226
borers, remedies 553
976
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Motor —
plows. (See Plows.)
spirit as a substitute for gaso-
line 788
Motors —
electric, for farm power 589
farm, self-stecrlng apparatus
for 86
Mountain —
climbing in cold weather, ef-
fects 564
pine beetle, notes, Can 552
Mouse typhoid, immunization 375
Mowrah fat, detection in edible fats_ 507
Mucilage, linseed, studies 802
Muck — -
analyses. Can 424
analyses. Conn. State 520
soils. (See Soils, muck.)
Mucor, ammonifying power 29
Miicor racemosus, notes 843
Mulberry scale —
notes 847
remedies "^55
Mules —
digestion experiments 1 262
feeding experiments, Mo 670
grape marc for 567
immunization against trypano-
somiasis 181
raising in the South, U.S.D.A— 570
short-faced xVbyssinian, notes — 366
Muriate of potash. (See Potassium
chlorid.)
Mus norveoicus, Acari on 353
Musca (lomesticus. {See House-
fly.)
Muscardine fungus in Queensland 555
Muscardines, notes 63
Muscle —
creatinin content 764
heat production in 257
striated, phosphorus in 561
Muscular —
tissue, metabolic changes iu 359
work, effect on blood — . 765
work, effect on body temperature
and pulse rate 6G4
work, effect on metabolism 67, 765
Museum pests, remedies, U.S.D.A 6."0
Mushroom Mycogone disease, descrip-
tion, U.S.D.A 50
Mushrooms, description and prepara-
tion, Colo 760
Muskmelons —
acidity 110
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Muskus grass, analyses 166
Mustard —
bran, analyses, N..T 667
fertilizer experiments 842
growth as affected by sulphur,
Ky 724
liming experiments 127
seeds, phytin of 16
white, as a cover crop, Mass — 332
white, as a green manure 423
Page.
Musts, industry in Uruguay 744
Mutation —
and hybridization as independ-
ent plHMiomcna 326
theory of De Vries, objections to_ 521
Mycogone iKrniciosa, description and
treatment, U.S.D.A 50
Mycological flora of Tunis 842
AlycofiphwreUa — •
hrassicicola, notes 545
coffew, notes 749
eriodendri n.sp., description 749
nifjerriytii/iiia n.sp., description- 844
sentina, relation to weather 842
Myelophilua piniperda, notes, N.J 550
Myiasis —
dipterous larvjB in 450
of urinary passages 450
Mylahris pcruanus n.sp., description,
U.S.D.A 658
Myohia ensifcra, notes 353
Myothermic apparatus, description.. 257
ilyxus —
persicce. (See Peach aphis,
green. )
spp. on Kosacese, Me 848
Naphthalin, insecticidal value 353
Nasonia hrevicorniSy parasitic on
sheep maggot flies 757
National —
Academy of Sciences 697
Association of State Universi-
ties 8
Formulary of United States 875
Natural —
history of the farm, treatise 493
science technique, text-book 625
Nature study —
agricultural, notes 898, 899
bibliography 496
course in 596
exhibition of Los Angeles
schools 691
in normal schools, colleges, and
universities 690
in public schools 493
teaching 394
value of 693
Xcbraska —
Station, notes 599
University, notes 599, 695
Nectarine pollen, viability, N.J 534
Nectarines, pruning 837
Nectria —
cinnabariiia in black knot can-
kers 52
ditissi)na, notes 445, 547
OaUif/ena in Quebec 544
ipomww, notes 843
Negro rural schools, practical train-
ing in 289
Negroes as farm laborers and share
tenants 489
Nematodes —
anatomy and life history 341, 759
culture 49
injurious to citrus fruits, Cal — ^_ 238
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
977
Nematodes — Continued.
injurious to coffee, P.R
injurious to ginseng, Mich
injurious to oats
notes, Oreg
parasitic in olive weevil
relation to potato scab
review of investigations
Page.
64 G
G41
7no
651
453
44?.
347
treatment .">7.S, 041
treatment, Mich 041
treatment, U.S.D.A 84:!
Nemaiits crichsonii, parasites of 352
Xeocosmospora vasinfecta, studies,
Ala.College
Neosalvarsan, use against contagious
pneumonia
Nephelometry in study of nucleases.
Nephroparatyplioid and nephroty-
pboid, notes 374
Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on
unhusked rice 570
Nevada —
Station, notes 94, 397, 095, 900
University, notes 94, 397, 900
New Jersey —
College, notes GOO, 797
Stations, notes 600, G95, 797
Stations, report 598
New Mexico —
College, notes 497
Station, notes 397, 497
54 (
082
310
report-
693
Station
New York —
Cornell Station, notes 695
Cornell Station, report 899
State College of Agriculture,
tiistory 895
State Station, notes 95
State Station, report 693, 796
State Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation 688
Newark Housekeepers' Insurance
Company 489
Nezara hilar is injurious to peaches_ 247
Nickel-
cooking vessels, solubility 501
solubility 763
Nicotin —
as a by-product of tobacco cul-
ture 137
determination in insecticides 296
extracts, preparation on the
farm, Va 158
Nidorella citriculata, analyses and di-
gestibility 107
Niter spots in cultivated soils, Utah_ 29
Xitocris princcps, notes :; 847
Nitrate —
content of dried soils 817
ferment, studies 523
Norwegian. (See Calcium ni-
trate.)
of lime. {See Calcium nitrate.)
of soda. (See Sodium nitrate.)
Nitrates —
assimilation 22.'I
detection in sewage 115
Nitrates — Continued. Page,
effect on nodule production in
soy beans 727
manufacture, inefficiency'ln 322
production in Chile 517
yUrihacilliis —
itlitiotroplius, notes 523
polytrophus, notes 523
Nitric —
acid, determination 115
nitrogen in country rock, Utah- 28
Nitrification —
as affected by lime-magnesia
ralio 720
in acid soils 121
in Hawaii soils, Hawaii 719
investigations 320
rate of 123
relation to soil fertility 96
seasonal variation 514
Nitrites —
assimilation 223
detection in drinking water 311
detection in sewage 115
in calcium cyanamid 217
Nitrogen —
assimilation by higher plants 121
atmospheric, assimilation by
plant hairs 327
atmospheric, assimilation by soil
organisms '. 29
atmospheric, assimilation by
yoasts and mold fungi 728
atmospheric, fixation by boron
com,pounds 125
atmospheric, fixation by elec-
tricity 125, 722
atmospheric, utilization 820
compounds in rain and snow 615
compounds of fundamental
rocks 121
compounds of soils 718
content of milk 207
determination 294, .309, 310
determination in caustic soda 300
determination in meats and
moat extracts 299
determination in soils 807
digestion as affected by sugar 362
fixation as affected by humus 515
fixation in soils 124, 514
fixation in virgin and cultivated
soils 216
fixation, seasonal variation 514
free extracts in feeds and foods_ 21
in clays and marls 121
in growing pigs as affected by
protein consumption, 111 73
in processed fertilizers, U.S.D.A- 217
in rain and snow 120
lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.)
loss from grass during curing 111
loss from manure 818
minimum in fever and during
work 564
nutrition of mold fungi 327
1115°— 15-
978
EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Nitrogen — Continued. Page,
of alfalfa hay and corn, com-
parative tflaciency, Wis 863
organic, availability. Mass 520
organic, In soils, Hawaii 721
organic, rOle in ammonia forma-
tion 818
oxidation 322
synthetic, status of industry 622
Nitrogenous fertilizers, comparison- 323,
330
Nitrous acid, detection In presence
of ferric salts 115
North Carolina Station, notes 70S
North Dakota —
College, notes 198, 397, 79S
Edgeley substation, reports 598
Langdon substation, reports 508
Station, notes 798
Nosema bombi n.sp., biology and rem-
edies : 750
Notodontidne, coloration and protec-
tive attitudes 850
Notwdrcs 7Huris, notes 353
Notolophtts aiitiqua, notes, Oreg 651
Nucleic acids —
notes 678
treatise and bibliography 201
undigested, determination 311
Nucleln, notes 678
Nucleoprotelns^ —
as antigens 179
bacterial, notes 78
cleavage products of 718
Nucleosids, metabolism of 256
Kupscrha apicalis, notes 347
Nursery —
inspection in Canada, Can 448
inspection in Mauritius 46
inspection in Minnesota 753
inspection, uniform state law 398
stock. Insects affecting 449
Nursing, lectures on 394
Nutrients for retarded children 458
Nutrition —
animal. (See Animal nutrition.)
bibliography 760
chemistry of 854
coefficient in Antwerp school
children 458
digest of data 359, 857
investigations of United States
Department of Agriculture 255
laboratory of Carnegie Institu-
tion 565
papers on 760
plant. (See Plant nutrition.)
principles of 659, 663
rOle of carbohydrates in 359
writings of J. von Llebig 109
(See also Digestion, Metabolism,
etc.)
Nuts —
culture in Arizona, TJ.S.D.A 232
culture In southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 530
Nuts — Continued. Page,
of Hawaii, composition, Hawaii- 761
varieties, U.S.D.A 232
Nuttallia equi in equine biliary
fever In India 278
Oak-
canker, description 442
disease in Westphalia 845
heart rot, distribution, U.S.D.A- 150
Oidium, notes 150
phylloxera, life history and
habits 57
red, density and porosity,
U.S.D.A 47
scale, studies, Ala. College 553
wood, resistance to dry rot 150
Oaks-
destruction by A(jrilus biline-
atus, U.S.D.A 656
distillation value, U.S.D.A 48
Oat—
and pea hay, cost of production,
N.J .'527
aphis, notes, Cal 755
grass, tall, digestibility 168
grass, tall, irrigation experi-
ments, U.S.D.A 224
hay, analyses, Can 465
hulls, analyses, N.J 067
loose smut, notes. Can 48
loose smut, treatment. Can 49
seedlings, distribution of sto-
mata in 221
sickness in soils 442
Oats-
adjustment to light 522
analyses , 862
analyses. Can 465
analyses, Iowa 171
biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226
correlation in, N.Y.Cornell 736, 737
cost of production 594
cost of production, Can 530
cost of production, Minn 688
cultivated, origin 131
culture, S.C 598
culture, Tenn .* 132
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 430
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533
culture in Mexico 131
dynamiting aud subsoillng ex-
periments, N.Dak 528
effect on companion crop of
wheat 432
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 224
fertilizer experiments, Can 431
grades 138
green manuring experiments,
Miss 721
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
979
Oats — Continued. Page.
ground, analyses, Mass 259
growth lu vertical illumination. 129
growtli on volcanic asb, Alaslca_ 36
improvement, Micli G30
irrigation experiments, U.S.
D.A 37,225
liming experiments 812
liming experiments, Ohio 31
liming experiments, Tenn 132
nematodes affecting G41, 750
production in Bohemia 827
ratio of straw to grain 40
rolled, analyses, Ky 667
root system 634
seed, longevity 634
seeding experiments. Can 531
seeding experiments, N.Dalt_ 528, 530
variation in, N.Y. Cornell 730, 737
varieties 37, 631
varieties, Alaska 36
varieties, Can 431
varieties, N.Dak— 527,528,529,530
varieties, Oreg 730, 827
varieties, Tenn 827
varieties, U.S.D.A 224,333
varieties. Wash 731
varieties resistant to smut, Can_ 49
water requirement 813
water requirement, Okla 335
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
wild, analyses, N.Dak 169
w'iltlng coefficient, Okla 335
yield as affected hy dynamiting,
U.S.D.A 430
Odonata of southern Minnesota 753
(Enothera —
hiennis, parallel mutations of_ 131
(jrandiflora of herbarium of La-
marck 822
spp. in forest of Fontainebleau- 726
Q'lnothera —
geneticai studies 326
hybrid contamination in 521
hybrids, studies 628
mutation in 426
negative correlation in 521
Ohio —
State University, notes__ 198, 397, 798
Station, notes 397, 798
Station, report 796
O'idium —
lactis solani n.var., description- 644
(Oospora) lactis, growth in pres-
ence of salt, Conn.Storrs 176
sp. on sweet peas, Del 446
Oil from dogfish 424,722
Oils-
attractiveness for fruit flies 153
edible, analyses 762
glyccrids of 801
bydrogenated, analytical con-
stants 416
bydrogenated, as human food 6G0
hydrogenation of, treatise _ 416
lubricating, for internal com-
bustion engines 86
Oils — Continued. Page.
methods of analysis 314
physical constants 300
Oka Agricultural Institute, Quebec 895
Oklahoma —
College, notes 95,397,497
Station, notes 95, 397, 497, 798
Okra, lieredity in, N.J 538
Oleander scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56
Oleic acid, oxidation in sunliglit 762
Oleomargarine, sale in l'ennsylvania_ 763
Olcthreutes fii<ji(lana, notes. Can 448
Oleurop^ine, notes, Cal 209
Oligota ovifonnis, parasitic on red
spider, Oreg 157
Olive —
diseases, treatise 344
exanthema or dieback, studies,
Cal 238
fly, notes, U.S.D.A 56
oil, analyses 762
oil, extraction 142
oil, rancidity 762
paste, manufacture, Cal 209
seed, germination of, Cal 235
weevil, nematode parasite of 453
Olives —
bitter principles, Cal 209
culture 142
culture in Austria 838
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
pickled, sizing, Cal 209
pickling 142
softening, Cal 209
C'nagracesE, hybrid contamination in_ 521
Onc/iocerca fi»t?)soni,investigations_ 376, 377
Onion —
couch, notes 121
smut, treatment, Mass 342
thrips, notes 755
thrips on leeks 553
Onions-
culture experiments, 111 140
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in India 131
fertilizer experiments, Oreg 635
Onobrychis sativa, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 730
Ontario Agricultural College and Ex-
perimental Farm, notes 392
Oospora —
hictis, growtli in presence of
salt, Conn.Storrs 176
{Otdium) lactis solani n.var.,
description 644
scabies. (See Potato scab.)
Ophiobclus —
graminis, notes 642
hcrpotrichus, conidial form 843
Ophthalmic mallein eye dropper, de-
scription 580
Opins humilis in Hawaii 757
Opsonins and tropins, bacterial,
notes 78
Opuntia discata, density of cell sap_ 34
980
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Opuntla stems, autonomic move-
ments 429
Oranges —
China, seeds of 613
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
decay in transit 745
fertilizer experiments, Cal 233
grafting experiments, Cal 233
Porto Rican, handling 745
precooling and handling 234
Orchard —
grass, breeding experiments.
Can 431, 532
grass, culture experiments, Can_ 431
grass, culture in cotton belt,
U.S.D.A 534
grass, irrigation experiments,
U.S.D.A 224
heaters, tests, N.J 534
heating in Ohio, U.S.D.A 614
inspection. (See Nursery in-
spection.)
pests, control, Wash 793
Orcharding —
dry land, in southern Texas 338
text-book 394'
Orchards —
apple. (See Apple orchards.)
cover crops for, N.Mex 635
heating 744
insects affecting 449
spraying. Conn. State 637
spraying, W.Va 834
spraying cooperatively, Ohio 637
winter work in, Mo. Fruit 743
Oregon —
College, notes 95, 397, 696, 900
eastern substation, report 899
Station, notes 95, 397, 696
Station, report 899
Oriental sore, transmission 780
Ornamental plants, shrubs, or trees.
(See Plants, Shrubs, njid Trees.)
Orohanche minor on Pelargonium zo-
nale 822
Orsodacna atra, notes, Mo. Fruit 754
Orthotylus marginalis, notes 849
Osage orange as a dyestuff 613
Osmotic pressure of epiphytes and
parasites 221
Ossein, nutritive value and use 760
Osteomalacia, notes 374
Ostriches, breeding in Germany 1T:'>
Osyris alujssinica, analyses and di-
gestibility lt>7
Otiorhynchus- — •
ovatits, notes. Can 448, 556
spp., parthenogenesis in 250
sulcaitis, notes 156
sulcatus, notes, Can 556
Ovaries as affected by Iloontgen
rays 4(;6
Oviducts, effects of ligation, section.
or removal 670
Page.
Ovulation in fowls as affected by
corpus luteum 671
Ox warble fly —
control in (Germany 581
life history 60, 15.3,680
notes 733
notes, Can 448
notes, Ohio 796
remedies : 153, 680
Oxen, feeding experiments 166, 363, 770
Oxidase apparatus, description 508
Oxycarenud hyalinipennix, notes 847
Oxygen, dissolved, determination in
water 612
p-Oxyphenylethylamin in normal
cheese 503
Oyster mud, analyses. Can 424
Oysters —
examination. Me 854
propagation, N.J 573
water content 252
Ozone, purification of wator by 87
Pachybruchi'.s verticalis n .sp., de-
scription, U.S.D.A 658
Pachyneuron hamrnari n.sp., descrip-
tion 557
Paddy. (See Rice.)
Paille flnne grass, analyses and use.
La 68
Palm-nut cake —
analyses 672
composition and feeding value. 774
Palmityldistearin in lard 801
Palms —
culture, open air, in Italy 746
sugar, culture and use 46
weeping fan, culture in Arizona,
U.S.D.A 233
Pan-American Scientific Congress 498
Pancreas —
ferments of 858, 859
of pigs, structure and growth 378
preparations, proteolytic activ-
ity 710
Panicum —
altissimum, distribution of sto-
mata in 221
licmitomtiin, analyses and use.
La 68
wJZiflcewjHj coloration of glumes- 727
spp., analyses and digestibility. 167
spp., studies 727
Pantomorus fiiUeri, notes 556
Paparer orientaJe, alkaloids in 327
Papaya fruit fly, investigations,
U.S.D.A GO
Papayas —
analyses, Hawaii 761
breeding experiments, Hawaii — 741
cold storage of, Hawaii 439
Paper dishes, bacteriologly 856
Pappophornm spp.. analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Paprika, extracted, detection 612
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
981
Para — Page,
grass, culture in Guam, Guam — 731
grass hay, analyses 862
rubber. (See Rubber.)
i'ura-dichlorobenzene as a fumigant,
U.S.D.A 650
Paraffin —
destruction by bacteria and
molds 523
effect on turnip seed 851
raraptochus scUaius, notes, Oreg 651
Parasites. (See Animal parasites,
etc.)
I'arasitic specialization, digest of
data 822
I'arasitology of man and domestic
animals, treatise 777
Parathyroid gland, effect on nitro-
genous metabolism in sheep 502
Parcel post for shipping eggs, N.J — 572
Paris green — *
analy.'^es, N.Dak IGO
Insecticidal value, N.Dak 158
methods of analysis 296
use, N.Dak 632
ParkinsoHia africana, analyses and
l^bliography 167
Porlatoria zizyphus. notes, U.S.D.A_ 56
1 arthenogenesis, heredity in 448
Pafipalum —
lUlatatum, culture in Guam,
Guam 731
spp., culture in Hawaii, Hawaii- 729
stolonifcrum, distribution of
stomata in 221
Passiflora latirifolia, cold storage of,
Hawaii 439
Passiflora, teratological variations
in 35
Paste and pastry, methods of anal-
ysis 505
I'asteurization, colon test of effi-
ciency, U.S.D.A 775
Pastry and hygiene, paper on 760
Pastures —
fertilizer experiments 368
for irrigated lands, Idaho 628
for the cotton belt, U.S.D.A 534
grass mixtures for 566
importance of in dairying 870
in southeastern England, nutri-
tive value and fertility 121
Patent medicines, notes, N.Dak 661
Pathology, treatise 78, 270
Pavetta spp., symbiosis with bac-
teria S27
Pea —
aphis, green, remedies, Va.Truck_ 652
blight, notes 544
diseases, treatment 545
mildew, notes 544
thrips, notes 448,848
Peach —
aphis, green, notes, Hawaii 753
borer, lesser, life history 349
horer, remedies, N..I 551
brown rot, studies , 751
I'each — Continued. Page.
cankers, notes, N.Y.Cornell 241
curl, notes 544
diseases, notes, N.Mex 641
diseases, studies. Can 441
diseases, studies, Mo.Fruit 751
diseases, treatment, Can 51
industry around Vineland, N.J_ 534
leaf curl, treatment 241
leaves, chloropliyll compounds
of 823
pollen, viability, N.J 534
scale. West Indian, notes 847
scale. West Indian, remedies 755
soils of Massachusetts and Con-
necticut, U.S.D.A • 835
twig moth, notes, Oreg 651
yellows and little peach,
studies 344
Peaches —
acidity 110
composition as affected by brown
rot 751
culture, Mo.Fruit 751
culture, U.S.D.A 338
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
culture in Uruguay 745
effect of axillary shoot on de-
velopment and composition. _ 837
fertilizer experiments, N.Mex — 635
killing by freezing. Mo 42
planting with dynamite, N.J 535
preservation by pressure, W.ya_ 416
pruning 837
spraying v. dusting, N.J 550
stocks for, U.S.D.A 337
Peanut —
cake, acidity 259
diseases, studies, Ala. College — 546
leaf rust, treatment 642
meal, bacterial flora of 75
Peanuts —
as a green manure 41,423
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments 227
culture in Guam, Guam 731
formation of oil in, U.S.D.A— 427
insects affecting 348
varieties 227,630
varieties, Tex 226
varieties, U.S.D.A 333
Pear —
blossom bacterial disease, notes. 148
canker, description, Cal 238
diseases, notes, N.Mex 641
fire blight, notes. Wash 844
Are or twig blight, treatment,
Can — 51
leaf blister mite, notes, Oreg 651
rust, notes, Oreg 645
seedling, description, S.C 539
thrips, life history and habits,
U.S.D.A 850
Pears —
acidity HO
as affected by moisture supply,
Oreg 638
982
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Pears — Continued.
cooking qualities of dlflferent
varieties 500
culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 5-">f>
culture In Uruguay 745
culture In western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 233
from frost-killed pistils 841
frozen, as affected by rapid
thawing. Mo 43
Le Coute, somatic segregation of
characters in, Greg 637
preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 410
ringing experiments, N.Y. State- 636
stocks for, U.S.D.A 337
Peas —
analyses, Iowa 171
and oats for hay or silage, Wyo_ 430
culture experiments, N.Dak — 529, 530
effect on companion crop of
barley ' 515
fertilizer experiments 630
fertilizing value 216
field, as a cover crop, Mass 332
field, as a green manure in
southern Texas, U.S.D.A 539
field, culture experiments, Ariz_ 526
field, culture experiments,
N.Dak 528,529
field, culture experiments, Greg- 132
field, culture in eastern Oregon,
Greg 730
field, culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 332
field, culture in wcstei'n Ne-
braska, U.S.D.A 224
field, varieties 37
field, varieties, Greg 730
field, varieties. Wash 731
field, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
garden and field, origin 327
garden, nodule bacteria of 33
hybridization experiments 326
partridge, as a green manure 423
preparation and use 253
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
Tangier, culture experiments,
Greg 132
varieties 630
varieties, Can 431
Peat —
analyses, Conn. State 520
lands or soils. (See SoiLs, peat.)
moors and water powers, eco-
nomic Importauce 820
moss as a feeding stuff 259
utilization in Italy 820
Pecan rosette, investigations, U.S.
D.A 241
Pecans —
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
phylloxera galls affecting, La — 553
Pectlnase in alfalfa 411
Page.
Peganum harmala, density of cell
sap 35
Pcgomya —
fusciceps, notes, Can 448
hyoHcyami, studies 351
Pelargonium, bacterial disease of 53
I'ellagra —
cause and prevention 255
etiology 67
treatment 255, 564
Pellicularia koleroga, notes, P.R 643
Peltophorum ap'icanum, analyses
and digestibility 167
Penicillium — •
ammonifying power 29
conidium production in 442
Penicillium —
maculans n.sp. on rubber 347
spp., growth in presence of salt,
Conn.Storrs 176
spp., notes 343
Pennisetum ciliarc, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Pennsylvania —
College, notes 193, 398, 600
Institute of Animal Nutrition,
notes 798
Station, notes 198
Pentane, sterilization of soils by 816
Pentoses, determination in presence
of other sugars 113
Pepper —
blight, notes, N.Mex 641
breeding experiments, N.J 536
breeding experiments, N.Mex 635
Peridermium —
cedri, notes 346
spp., inoculation experiments 647
Peridroma saucia. {See Cutworm,
variegated.)
Perilampus iiyalinus, parasitic on lo-
custs, U.S.D.A 60
Periplaneta australaMw as a cotton
pest 348
Peritoneum, absorption of fat in 563
Peritymhia (Phylloxera) vitifoliiper-
vastatrico, notes 847
Peronoplasmopara cuheiisis, notes.
Mass 342
Pcronospora —
n.spp., notes 442
parasitica on Arabis Iwcigota-- 54
schachtii, notes 544
trifoliorum, notes 543
I'iciw, treatment 545
Peronosporacese, notes 544
Peronosporales, North American,
studies 442
Peroxidase —
in alfalfa 411
In mammary gland 412
reactions of milk 412
Parsimmons —
acidity HO
culture .ind use 744
INDEX or SUBJECTS.
983
Persimmons — Continued. Page,
culture in soutliern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
seedless fruits of 142
stocks for, U.S.D.A 337
Pe8talo::zia —
Junerea, morphology and life
history 346
sp. on grapes, Mo. Fruit 751
Petalidium spp., analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Petermann's solution, preparation — 116
Petroleum oils, effect on corn 729
re::ixa cali/cina, studies 844
PhwoplUon spinosum, analyses and
digestibility 1G7
Phagocytosis, principles of 7S
Plialaiis bulbosa, culture in Hawaii,
Hawaii 729
Phanurus flavus n.sp., description — 454
Pharmaceutical chemistry, review of
literature 678
Pharmacognostic tables, boolc 79
Pharmacopoeia of United States 875
Pheasants —
hybridization 869
transmission of secondary sex
characters in 264
Phenol —
as a milk preservative 576
sterilization of soils by 816
Phleiotomtis —
minutus ajricanus, relation to
oriental sore 780
minutus, flagellate infection of_ 60
papatasii, relation to " three
days fever " fiO
verrucarum, relation to ver-
ruga 248. .350
PhoBJiix canariensis, culture in Ari-
zona, U.S.D.A 23.",
Phoma —
cookei rectispora n.var., descrip-
tion 149
rostrata n.sp., description 842
Phorocera claripennis, parasitic on
alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58
Phorodon humuli. (See Hop aphis.)
Phosphate —
Bernard, fertilizing, value 323
calcined, analyses. Mass 32
deposits in Chile 723
deposits in Montana 323
deposits In northern Utah 217
deposits in Tennessee 723
for spinach, Va. Truck 540
of lime. {See Calcium phos-
phate.)
rock, aissolved. (8ee Super-
phosphate.)
rock, fertilizing value, N.J 518
rock, production and consump-
tion in 1913 126,425
rock, production in United
States 424
rock, raw, fertilizing value 325
rock, raw, fertilizing value, Ind_ 629
Phosphates — Page.
comparison 323, 325
comparison, Hawaii 721
comparison, N.J 518
determination in soil extracts — 805
effect on nodule production in
soy heans 727
fertilizing value 723
for forest nurseries 47
residual effects 331
sources 723
use on red soils 723
(See also Superphosphate.)
I'hosphatic —
slag, fertilizing value__ 323, 630, 831
slag, fertilizing value, N.J 518
slag, production and use in
1913 425
slag, solubility 116
Phosphomolyhdic acid as a reagent
for saffron 207
Phosphoproteins, loss from grass dur-
ing curing 111
Phosphoric acid —
availability in fertilizers. Wash- 409
citric soluble, determination in
Thomas slag powder 611
citric soluble, production and
fertilizing value, U.S.D.A___ 218
determination 115,294,409
determination in haked goods,
etc 206
determination in beer 297
determination in fertilizers 203
loss from manure 818
organic, of rice, U.S.D.A 712
organic, of wheat bran, N.Y.
State 17
Phosphorus —
compounds in animal metabo-
lism, Ohio , 601,858
deficiency, effect on bones 561
determination in fertilizers and
feeding stuffs 805
distribution in striated muscle — 561
in casein, N.Y. State 606
in growing pigs as affected by
protein consumption, HI 72
inorganic, determination 299
Photosynthesis —
and low temperatures, review
of literature 640
in submerged land plants 329
Phototheodolite for forest measure-
ments 340
Pliyllonorycter (LithocoUctes) cratce-
gella, notes, Oreg 651
Pliyllosiicta —
brassicicola n.comb., description- 545
sp. on citrus, Fla 345
spp., notes 749
Phyllotreta sinuata, notes 556
I'hylloxera galls on pecans. La 553
Phylloxera —
quercus, life history and habits- 57
vastatrix. {See Grape-phyllox-
era.)
vitifolii pervastatrix, notes 847
984
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rhysiolofry — Page.
bibliography 860
index catalogue 166, 5(jTi
writings of J. von Liebig 109
rhynoderma scw-maydis on corn, S.C_ 543
I'hytin, studies 16
I'hijtomyza chrysantheml, studies.
Mass 451
I'hyionomus posticuH, notes, Wash — 150
Phytophthora —
arecw on potatoes 34:!
erythroseptica, notes 2;'0
faberi, notes 345
faberi, relation to cacao canker- 548
tnfestans. (See Potato late
blight.)
Phytophthora, studies 442
Phytosterol —
detection in animal and vegeta-
ble fats 208
in plant fats 206
Picker dirt, analyses, Mass 32
Pickles, recipes 560
Pickling, treatise 253
Picrasma excelsa as an insecticide,
IT.S.D.A 649
I'ig —
disease, new, in Ireland 783
diseases, notes, Md 782
diseases, treatise 83, 277, 378
houses, movable, description,
Iowa 284
Industry in Canada 867
industry in Maryland, Md 771
Pigeon —
grass, analyses, N.Dak 169
peas, culture experiments 227
Pigeons —
determination of age • 470
serum proteins of 861
treatise 265
Pigmentation —
in animals, studies 360
in mammals and birds 766
Pigments —
flower, of Aniirrhinum majus 202,
203, 220
formation in plants 523, 52V
hair, physiological character 361
of Fusarium 428
plant and animal, bibliography.
Mo 18
plant, formation 824
red, of tomatoes 203
Pigs —
as affected by feeding stuffs 305
breeding, N.J 569
breeding experiments 466
breeds and types, Md 771
care and management 868
care and management ivid 771
care and managem<nt, N.J ."6!»
care and management, Wis 171
crossbreeding experiments,
Guam 767
digestion experiments 866
digestion experiments. 111 70
rigs — Continued. Page.
feeding experiments 170,
362, 360, 569, 708, 802, 867
feeding experiments, Cal 260
feeding experiments. Can 170,
461, 464
feeding experinients. 111 71
feeding experiments, Iowa 170
feeding experiments, Kans 69
feeding experiments, N.J 569
feeding experiments, Greg 862
feeding experiments, U.S.D.A 469
grape marc for 567
grazing experiments, IJ.S.D.A__ 224
growing, nutrition as affected
by quantity of protein con-
sumed, 111 71,72,73
hematology of. Ark 582
hippuric acid formation in 262
immunization against Voldagsen
plague 378
in Mexico 771
kidney worm infestation of 479
metabolism experiments 170
new born, weights 862
raising in the South, U.S.D.A__ 570
self-feeders for 99,262
structure and growth of pan-
creas 378
treatise 262
Pigweed —
analyses, N.Dak 169
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Pimpla roborator, notes 151
Pin-hole borers, notes. Can 552
I'ine —
humus, effect on plant growth — 618
leaf cast in Sweden 845
leaves, internal temperature in
winter 639
moth, destructive, from Europe- 251
seedlings, damping-off, treatment,
U.S.D.A 647
seedlings, fertilizer experiments- 47
seedlings from dissimilar habi-
tats 339
seedlings, transpiration and
composition 824
shoot disease 845
shoot moth, European, studies
U.S.D.A 654
weevils, notes S52
Pineapple industry in Porto Rico 745
Pineapples —
breeding experiments, Hawaii — 742
cold storage of, Hawaii 439
decay in transit 745
peptolytic enzyms in 130
Porto Rican, handling 745
Piues —
black, color variation in seed — 144
black, silvicultural management- 48
lodgepole, in Rocky Mountains,
U.S.D.A 542
longleaf, density and porosity,
U.S.D.A 47
longleaf, reproduction 237
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
985
Pines — Continued. Page,
mountain, in eastern central
Alps 237
Norway, in Lake States, U.S.
D.A 330
white, growtli studies S40
Pinipestis erijthropasa n.sp., descrip-
tion 850
Pink.s, garden, history 440
Pinus —
mo7itana, in eastern central
Alps 237
strohus, growth studies 840
I'ipe, reinforced concrete, tests 885
Piroplasma caballi in equine biliary
fever in India 278
Piroplasmosis —
bovine, immunization 476
bovine, treatment 682
(Sec also Texas fever.)
In domestic animals, treatment- 273
Pistaches, culture in southern Texas,
U.S.D.A 539
Pituitary extract —
effect on growth of chickens 203
effect on milk secretion 268, 871
Plane tree leaf scorch, notes 347
Plank drag for soils, Hawaii 780
Plant-
associations in wild hay meadow- 329
breeding, treatise 220, 425, 430
breeding, treatise and bibliog-
raphy 822
breeding work of Luther Bur-
bank, treatise 143
cell reactions in relation to
aphids 553
chimeras, notes 726
disease survey in South Caro-
lina. S.C 543
diseases —
and injuries, tropical,
treatise 340
and pests, control in Mauri-
tius 46
control in Baden 145
control in various coun-
tries 340
immunity to 426
in Bengal Presidency 449
in Brazil 238
in England 544
in Italy, studies 340
In Maryland 641
in Mauritius 441
in Missouri, Mo.Fruit 750
in Nebraska 340
in New Jersey, N..] 547
in Ontario, Can 48
in Philippines 749
in Proskau 842
in Quebec 543
in Saxony 748
in Surinam 749
in Westphalia 238
notes, Mich 641
Plant — Continued. Page,
diseases — continued.
notes, Oreg 641
treatment 447
(See also different host
plants.)
cnzyms, studies 523
food, determination in soils 121
gcographj', physiological, of Ja-
maica 748
growth as affected by volatile
conifer products 618
growth, ciescograph for 222
growth, effect on retention of
bases by soils 121
growth in distilled water and
toxic solutions 627
growth under sterile conditions- 49
hairs, inheritance in 426
hybrids, Mendelian segregation
in 521
inspection. {See Nursery in-
spection.)
lice, notes, N.J 550
lice, sucking phenomena 553
{See also Apple aphis, etc.)
metabolism as affected by acid
and alkaline solutions 626
micro-chemistry, treatise 308
nutrition, silica in 121
organs, chemical modification
during autofermentation 427
parasites in Province of Turin- 145
parasites, osmotic pressure of-- 221
physiology, treatise 520
pigments, bibliography, Mo 18
propagation, school lessons on 898
.succession and evaporation in
southeastern Washington and
adjacent Idaho 626
succession, studies and bibli-
ography 128
tallows of East Indies 201
tissue, killing by low tempera-
ture. Mo 42
trichomes, assimilation of at-
mospheric nitrogen by 327
Plants —
absorption of nutritive sub-
stances by 328
alterations induced by ovarial
treatments 429
and external media, exchange
between 625
as affected by gas and smoke 524
as affected by manganese 129
as affected by tar coating 826
brachysm in, U.S.D.A 731
correlation between somatic
characters and fertility 628
culture indoors 839
desert, density of cell sap 34
desert, root habits 429, 626
domesticating and improving 45
electromotive phenomena in 522
enemies of, Wyo 796
forcing experiments 437
986
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pago.
Plants — Continued.
growth as affected by carbon
dloxid 728
growth in relation to soil mois-
ture 813
herbaceous, breeding experi-
ments, Can 539
herbaceous, culture experiments,
Can r,:]9
heredity of semisterility in 725
horticultural, sap studies. Mo 139
house, care 839
ice fringes on, U.S.D.A 221
immunity to their own poisons- 35
imports, U.S.D.A 628
injury by smolie, gas, and ashes_ 729
irritability 222
lactiferous tubers and cells of 130
living, shipping to America,
U.S.D.A 833
medicinal, culture in England 46
medicinal, improvement 143
ornamental, culture, Greg 839
ornamental, culture experiments,
Ariz 540
ornamental, culture experiments,
U.S.D.A 337
ornamental, culture in Arizona,
U.S.D.A 232
ornamental, diseases of, treat-
ment 344
ornamental, varieties, U.S.D.A- 337
perennial, branch development
In 128
perennial, senile changes in
leaves of 728
poisonous, of California, Cal 778
poisonous, of Kentucky, Ky 337
poisonous, of western stock
ranges. U.S.D.A 474
rain-forest, transpiration 429
resistance to cold, Mo 139
response to stimuli 222
sex evolution in, treatise 725
submerged land, photosynthesis
In 329
transpiration investigations 221
transplanting 494
tropical, culture 45
utilization of fertilizers and
soil nutrients by 747
water relations 429
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
water, transpiration in 426
woody, rest period in 437
Plasmodiophora irassicw. {See Cab-
bage club root.)
Plaster, land. (See Gypsum.)
Plastids, evolution and physiological
rSle 524
Platypus sp., notes. Can 552
Pleospora trichostoma, treatment- 145, 341
Plesiocoris rugicollis, notes 849
Pleuro-pneumonla, contagious. (See
Influenza, equine.)
Page
Pleurotropis teataceipea n.sp., de-
scription
Pleurotus ostreatus, fruiting forms-
I'lodia interpunctella. {See Indian-
meal moth.)
Plow mold board, theory of
I'lowlng —
competitidn in Kent
cost of, Minn
e.xporimenthi, Okla
spring v. fall, for moisture con-
servation, U.S.D..V
tractors and cable systems for_
PJowriglitia —
morhoaa, studies
viryuliorum, notes
Plows —
draft of 86,687
motor, tests 188,189,281,789
I'lum — •
black knot, studies
leaf spot or shot-hole disease,
notes. Can
Plumber's blowlamp, use against
weeds
Plumbing for country homes
Plums —
acidity 1_
American, description, U.S.D.A-
breeding, experiments
breeding experiments. Can
breeding experiments, Minn
culture
culture In Ontario
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D..1 337,539
culture in Uruguay 745
killing by freezing. Mo 43
new, descriptions. Can 438
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
pruning 837
ringing experiments, N.Y.State- 636
.sterility in, Minn 834
stocks for, U.S.D.A 337
varieties, N.Dak 538
varieties, American, U.S.D.A 744
winterkilling, Minn 834
Plusia californica, notes, Oreg 651
Pneumonia —
contagious, treatment 682
equine. {See Influenza, equine.)
Poa nevadensis, digestibility, Wyo 770
Podogaster cveti-ivorus n.sp., de-
scription 852
Podosphwra —
Icucotiicha, parasite of 544
oxijcanthw, notes. N. Mex 641
Pogonarthria fleckH, analyses and
digestibility 167
Pogonomynnex harbata, remedies,
Ariz 549
Poisoning, symptoms and therapy 578
Poisons —
detection 578
effect on micro-organisms 308
557
341
281
789
688
336
525
486
52
646
52
49
139
87
110
837
338
438
834
45
744
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
987
Poisons — Continued. Page,
nonprotein, chemical defense
against 78
Polanisia liideritziana, analj'ses and
digestibility 167
Polar explorers, food for 857
Polarization, Clcrget, source of error
in 717
Poles. Industry in Canada 238
Pollen —
development in grapes, Miun 627
viability, N.J 534
Polychrosis botrana, polyphagous
habits 554
Polygonaceae, development and ger-
mination of seed 329
Polyneuritis —
avian, treatment 683
in fowls, relation to bread diet- 476
onset, relation to carbohydrate
ingested 163
Polyphylla decemlineata, notes, Can_ 556
Polyporus —
adustus, notes 242
dryopJiilus, distribution, U.S.
D.A 150
Polystictus hirsutus in blacli knot
canker 52
Pomace fly —
apterous form 351
inheritance of length of life in_ 555
Pomegranate butterfly, notes 151
Pomegranates —
acidity 110
culture in Arizona, U.S. D.A 233
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 539
varieties, U.S.D.A 337
I'omelos, decay In transit 745
Pcmological Instruction in Proskau_ 691
Poplar heart rot, distribution, U.S.
D.A 150
Perk, curing, Md 771
1 orpoise oil, effect on milk secre-
tion 471
Porthetria dispar. (.S'ee Gipsy moth.)
Porto Rico Station, notes 398
I'osts, concrete, mold for 788
Postum cereal lesidue, composition
and digestibility, Mass 666
Pot experiments, wire cage for, N.J_ 514
Potash —
citric soluble, production and
fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 218
deposits in Spain 126, 823
deposits in Texas 82(»
determination 295
effect on rape 435
effect on red clover 228
fertilizers, effect on production
of cereals 827
from feldspar 126, 324
from hedge clippings and trim-
mings 218
from kelp, Cal 723
from kelp, U.S.D.A 821
Imports from Germany 517
I'otash — Continued. Page.
in granitic soils, N.H 126
industry in 1913 218
lime, fertilizing value 218
loss from manure 818
replacement by soda as a fer-
tilizer for sugar beets 230, 324
residue from oxygen-acetylene
plant, analyses, Can 424
salts, imports into United
States 723
salts, production and use in
1913 126,425
(See also Potassium salts.)
sources in Great Britain 218
supply, German and other
sources 820
supply in United States 126
Potassic rocks, utilization 324
Potassium —
and calcium sulphate, prepara-
tion 424
bichromate as a milk preserva-
tive 570
chlorate, injection into trees 754
chlorid, fertilizing value 136
cyauid as a greenhouse fuml-
gant, N.J 536
cyanid, injection into trees 152,
754, 846
detection with tartaric acid — 608, 609
determination .: 714
mobility in vegetable tissue 128
nitrate in hops 502
salts, effect on plants, N.J 538
(See also Potash salts.)
sulphate, fertilizing value 831
sulphocarbonate as an insecti-
cide 246
Potato —
bacterial wilt, notes 50
black dot disease, notes 146
black scab or warty disease,
notes 342
blotch and streak disease, iden-
tity 239
canker, description 443
collar rot, notes 442
diseases, investigations 239
diseases, notes 544, 546
diseases, notes, Cal 136
diseases, notes, Oreg 642
diseases, treatment, N.Dak 545
diseases, treatment. Wis 444
distillery refuse, analyses and
nutritive value 168
dry rot, notes. Can 48
drying industry in Germany 315
eelworm, life history, Nev 900
flour, use 560
haulms as hay and silage 258
internal brown streak, studies,
Cal 238
late blight, notes 443
late blight, treatment 343
late blight, treatment, Oreg 642
leaf blotch, investigations 342
988
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Potato — Continued. Page.
leaf roll, notes 342, 343, 642
powdery or corky scab, notes.
Can 49
powdery scab, treatment 147
refuse, dried, analyses and di-
gestibility 1G8
Rhlzoctonia disease, studies, Me_ 147
Rhizoctonia disease, treatment,
Can 441
root rot, description 00
i-ot, notes 34.'?
scab as affected by fertilizers 750
scab, investigations, Vt 546
scab, notes 2S9, 443
scab, notes. Can 48
scab, treatment. Can 441
scab, treatment, N.Y. Cornell 146
scab treatments, effect on seed
vitality, Iowa 230, 240
silver scurf, description 50
silver scurf in Salt Lake Valley_ 643
silver scurf, notes, N..T 547
storage rots, notes 547
storage rots, studies, Can 441
tip burn, notes 544
wart disease, treatment 444
Potatoes —
classification and description,
U.S.D.A 830
cooking tests, Can 431
cost of production, Can 530
cost of production, Minn 688
culture, Ala. College 738
culture, Cal 136
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, Iowa 229
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, Greg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 730
culture in India 131
culture in Nebraska, Nebr 631
dried, use in bread making 252
dusky leaf bug affecting 57
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 223
endophytic endodermal fungus
in 643
ensiling 364, 567
fertilizer experiments 325
fertilizer experiments, Ala.Col-
lege 739
fertilizer experiments, Can 431
fertilizer experiments, Tenn 132
fertilizers for, :Mass 335
green manuring experiments 217
growth as affected by manga-
nese salts 725
home-mulched v. northern seed,
Nebr 631
improvement 830
improvement by seed selection 630
Potatoes — Continued. Page.
improvement by seed selection,
Iowa 230
irrigation experiments. Can 531
irrigation experiments, Oreg 186
irrigation experiments, U.S.
D.A 37, 225
preservation by pressure, W.Va 416
respiration and decay during
storage 111
rest period in, Md 129
seed, disinfection, N.Dak 528
seed, selection and preparation,
S.Dak 739
spraying experiments 444
spraying experiments. Can 431
spraying experiments, Iowa 229
spraying experiments, N.Dak 158
spraying experiments, N.J 547
spraying v. dusting, N.J 551
sprouting as affected by chemi-
cals 829
sprouting before planting,
Alaska 35
stored, chemistry of 111
stored, new insect pest of 57
utilization in Europe 830
varieties 41, 132, 630
varieties, Ala.College 738
varieties, Alaska 35, 36
varieties. Can 431
varieties, Iowa 229
varieties, N.Dak 528, 529, 530
varieties, Oreg 827
varieties, S.C 539
varieties, U.S.D.A 225, 333
varieties in America, U.S.D.A 830
varieties resistant to blight and
frost 443
Verticillium disease of 239
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Poultry —
breeding experiments, N.J 571
care and management in Mis-
souri 173
ectoparasites of, Wash 481
encyclopedia 173
experiments. Can 469
experiments, N.J 570
farms, cooking boilers for 591
feeding, N.J 572
hei'edity iu, R.I_^ 671
hei'edity of size in 399, 572
houses, construction, N.J 590
houses, description 888
houses, open r. cotton-front,
Can 469
management for winter egg
production. Wash 869
manure, treatment and use.
Mass 322
meat, inspection 585
notes, Guam 767
production, treatise 570
raising in the South, U.S.D.A— 570
school lessons on 597
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
989
Poultry — Continued. Page.
show, first In America 265
.societies in Eut;lanil 79li
undrawn, sale, N.Dalt 456
(See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.)
Prairie —
berry, improvement, K.J 538
dogs, destruction, N.Dak 648
Prays citri, notes, U.S.D.A 50
Precipitation — •
and lialos at Wauseon, Ohio,
U.S.D.A 810
at New Orleans. La., T'.S.D.A__ 614
In 1913. U.S.D.A 810
(See also Rainfall, Snowfall,
etc.)
Precipitin reaction, diagnostic value _ 375
Precipitins, notes 78
Pregnancy —
diagnosis SO, 372, 474, 578, 570, S75
In mares, serodiagnosis. Miss — 185
I'repotencj' :n animals 861
Preservatives —
detection in milk 413
effect on peroxidase reaction of
milk 412
wood, tests, U.S.D.A 841
Preserves, recipes 560
Preserving, treatise 253
I'ressure —
coagulation of albumin by 417
effect on micro-organisms, W.Va_ 416
Prickly pear. (See Cacti.)
r»-ionus califoinicus, notes, Oreg 651
Prociphilus corrugatans on Rosacene,
Me 848
Proctacanthus milbertii, predaceous
on alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A- 58
Prodecatoma cruzi n.sp., descrip-
tion 352
Prosaoroiis dclnrata, notes. Can 448
Proso —
varieties, U.S.D.A 334
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Prospaliella —
terlesei, remedies 755
perniciosi, parasitism. Mass 245
Protease —
in alfalfa 411
in mammary gland 411
Proteid. (See Protein.)
Protein —
anaphylaxis, treatise 79
assimilation by pig,s 170
barley, transformation during
brewin^j processes 23
body and foreign, absorption 66
cleavage products. (See Amino
acids.)
color reaction for 20
corn, nutritive value 104
detection in saliva 20
determination in serum of do-
mestic animals 778
fed pregnant swine, effect on
offspring '506
foods, use in kidney diseases 460
Protein — Continued. Page,
importance in egg production-- 99
in mixed rations, digestibility,
111 69, 70
in nutrition of growing pigs,
111 71, 72, 73
in the diet 857
loss from grass during curing 111
metabolism 350
metabolism after excessive water
ingestion .• 663
metabolism after hunger 66
metabolism and energy metabol-
ism relation 563
metabolism as affected by air
breathed 66:5
metaboli.sm in fever and during
work 564
metabolism in omnivora and her-
bivora 566
of cooked meat, digestibility 256
of yeast and sucrase, relation 803
phosphorus-containiAg, necessity
in diet 561
pure vegetable, effect on rats 875
requirement, daily, of men 66
salt-soluble, determination in
flour 808-
sprum, of different animals, com-
position 861
Proteoceplialida», revision 853
Proteolytic activity of pancreas
preparations, determination 710
Protomyces helminthiw n.sp., descrip-
tion 842
Protoplasm, living, chemical dynam-
ics of 625
Protozoa —
in soils, studies 320,619
of vertebrates and invertebrates- 177
relation to plant growth 423
Provender, analyses. Mass 259
Prune —
aphis, remedies, U.S.D.A 649
brown rot, treatment, Oreg 645
twig borer, notes, Oreg 651
Prunes, culture 45
Pruning —
notes, 5Io. Fruit 743, 751
notes, S.C 234
notes. Wash 835
wound dressing for fruits, N.Y.
State 8.35
Prunus, native American species,
U.S.D.A 837
Prussic acid. (See Hydrocyanic
acid.)
P.'iolhis amii'iuus, notes 849
Pseudococciis —
citri. (See Citrus mealy hug.)
filamentosus, notes 349
Pseudomonas —
erodii n.sp.. investigations 53
polycromiijena n.sp., description- 644
Pficudopcronospora hiimuli n.n.,
notes 442
990
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
Page.
Pseudopeziza —
ribis, treatment 842
trtfoUi, notes 443
Pseudotsuga taxifoUa, thinning ex-
periments 47
Pseudotuberculosis in rodents, pa-
thology 882
Fsila rosWj, notes, Mich 650
Payvhoda spp., biology 552
Pteromalus eurymi, parasitic on al-
falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58
Ptomaine poisoning, relation to fowl
typhoid bacillus 478
Public institutions, supplies in 254
Puccinia —
glumarum in barley seeds 642
graminis in wheat seeds 642
malvacearum, biology 54
spp., culture studies 145
Pullets, feeding experiments, N.J — 570
Pulp wood industry in Canada 144
Pulse rate in man after muscular
work 664
Pumping —
machinery for irrigation 187
plants, steam v. electric, for
drainage 588
Pumpkin —
seed cake, acidity 259
stem borer, notes 347
Pumpkins, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Pumps, centrifugal, rating chart for. 485
Purdue University, notes 198
Purin metabolism, biochemistry of 166
Purins, formation in soils 618
Purple scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56
Purslane, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.)
Putrefaction as affected by fluorin 308
Pyelonephritis, effect on milk 479
Pyobacillosis of mammary gland, de-
scription 376
Pyrameis cardui, studies 851
Pyridin —
derivatives in soils 718
sterilization of soils by 816
Pyrilloxenos compactusn.Q and n.sp.,
description 851
Pyropliorus luminosus, notes, U.S.
D.A 555
Pyropolyporus —
everhartii as a wound parasite- 752
riiis, notes. Can 441
Pyrus rivularis as a stock for culti-
vated apples, Alaska 45
Pythium palmivorum, description
and treatment 149
Quack grass, eradication, Can 530
Quarantine laws, animal, U.S.D.A 679
Quassiin as a contact insecticide,
U.S.D.A 649
Quebec Society for the Protection of
Plants from Insects and Fungus
Diseases 151
Page.
Quince rust, notes, Oreg 645
Quinces, acidity 110
Rfib, substitutes for 722
Rabbits —
as a pest in Alaska, Alaska 54
breeding in Germany 173
eradication 778
immunization against rabies 180
inheritance of size in 573
vitality as affected by lead 861
Rabies —
immunization 180
papers on 271
Radio-active —
fertilizer, tests, N.J 519
substances as fertilizers, U.S.
D.A 324
Radio-activity —
effect on vegetation 34
relation to metabolism in
plants 329
Radiographic examinations, prepara-
tions for 678
Radish weevil, notes, Oreg 651
Radishes —
growth as affected by sulphur. 724
insects affecting, Hawaii 753
preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 416
Radium as a fertilizer. 111 821
Rafflnose, preparation 711
Ragi, culture experiments 227
Ragweed —
analyses, N.Dak 169
western, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 127
Railroad ties —
industry in Canada 238
preservation, U.S.D.A 47
Rails, North American, distribution
and migrations, U.S.D.A 55
Rain —
chlorin content 121
fertilizing value. Can 419
forests, mountain, in Jamaica 748
nitrogen content 120, 121, 615, 616
smoke acids in 422
Rainbow, horizontal, U.S.D.A 210
Rainfall —
after battle, U.S.D.A 614
and evaporation in eastern
Pennsylvania 34
and run-off in Porto Rico 187
effect on distribution of soil
particles 511
heavy, at Kansas City, Mo., U.S.
D.A 614
in British Isles 25
in California 120
in Great Britain 119
in India 615
in northeastern United States 119
(See also Precipitation.)
Rainy season in southern Rhodesia 211
Raisins —
ripening and cap-stemming, Cal_ 235
stored. Insects affecting, Cal 245
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
991
Page.
Ramularia cynarce on artichoke 341
Ranges —
management, Hawaii 731
management, U.S.D.A 227
natural revegetation, U.S.D.A 227
Rape —
analyses, Iowa 171
as a cover ci'op, Mass 332
culture. Mass 337
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments, N.Dak 528
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
fertilizer experiments 435
for hog pasturage, N.C 136
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska. 36
root system 634
seed cake, acidity 259
seed in Maryland markets, Md 740
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Raspberries —
acidity 110
breeding experiments 338
breeding experiments, Minn 835
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 233
preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 416
variety tests and culture, Md 141
Rasberry—
beetle, notes 448
cane blight, notes 544
cane blight, notes. Can 49, 441
curl or yellows, notes 149
yellows, notes. Can 49
Rat fleas, notes 348
Rations —
effect on quality and yield of
wool 99
emergency, notes 562
in United States Army 459, 460
mixed, digestibility, 111 69, 70
Rats, brown, acari on 353
Rattlepod, fertilizing value, Hawaii- 722
Rattleweed, description, U.S.D.A 474
Red clover. (See Clover, red.)
Red dog flour. (See Flour, red dog.)
Red spidei'. {See Spider, red.)
Redtop —
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 529
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A— 534
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 86
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 224
Redwater. (See Texas fever.)
Redwater, Rhodesian. (See African
coast fever.)
Reforestation —
by seed trees, Minn 839
of brush fields in northern Cali-
fornia 748
on National Forests in South-
west 748
Refractometry, principles of 309
Refrigeration of measly beef car-
casses 880
Page.
Relationship coefficient, description
and application 665
Rennet, coagulation of milk by 503
Rennln, action on casein, N.Y. State- 606
Research —
laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co.,
Detroit, papers from 81
work, factors in 303
Resin industry in Austria 48
Respiration —
biochemistry of 664
experiments with cattle 169
experiments with infants 257, 461
experiments with ruminants 767
in diseased apple leaves 751
Incubator for infants 860
Respiratory exchange. (»S'ee Gaseous
exchange.)
Restaurants —
for shop girls in Copenhagen 857
inspection, N.Dak 162
inspection in Virginia 661
low-priced, in Christiana and
Vienna 856
Rhahdophaga spp. injurious to wil-
lows 554
Rhabdospora alexandrina n.sp., de-
scription 443
RJiar/oletis pomonella. (See Apple
maggot.)
Rhamnus purshiana, notes 46
Rhif/ozum trichotomum, analyses and
digestibility 167
Rhipsalis cassytha, transpiration in_ 522
Rhizoctonia on potatoes, Cal 136
Rhizoctonia —
solani, notes 239,443
solani, studies. Me 147
violacea, notes, Oreg 642
Rhizopus —
nigricans, ammonifying power 29
nigricans, description 51
spp. on sweet potatoes 343
Rhizosphwra kalkhoffii n.n. on
spruce 150
Rhode Island Station, notes 398
Rhodesian redwater. (See African
coast fever.)
Rhododendron lace bug, notes, N.J_ 550
Rhododendrons, new, at Kew Gar-
dens 339
Rhogas spp., descriptions 156
Rhus spp., analyses and digestibility- 167
Rhynchitcs —
bicolor, notes, Oreg 651
ruber, nematode parasite of 453
Rhynchosia spp., analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Rice —
assimilation of colloidal iron by,
U.S.D.A 427
blooming and associated phe-
nomena In 130
bran, analyses 862
composition and dietetics of 252
culture, Tex 226
992
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Rice — Continued. I'age.
culture experiments loG, 227
culture experiments, Hawaii 730
culture in India 131
culture in Oregon, Oreg 827
culture in Spain 41
" dead grains " of 335
diseases in Brazil 238
feed moal, acidity 259
fertilizer experiments 41, 136, 217
fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 721
gluten meal, analyses and feed-
ing value 266
head-to-the-row test 230
meal, analyses 862
meal, analyses. Can 465
organic phosphoric acid of,
U.S.D.A 712
polish, analyses 882
polished, and vitamin as a com-
plete food 67
pollination and crossing 830
products, analyses 568
products, analyses, Ind 169
salt as a fertilizer for 324
•starch, fractional liquefaction 633
transplanting 230
unhuslced, relation to beri-beri_ 67, 579
varieties 136, 630
varieties, Hawaii 729
varieties, Tex 226
varieties, differentiating 633
v/ater requirement, U.S.D.A 127
xenia in 230
Ricin and its antitoxins 78
Rictularia splendida n.sp., descrip-
tion 185
Rinderpest —
chemotherapy 82
immune bodies, destruction by
heat 47G
immunization 580
River —
discharge, determination 382
engineering, treatise 481
mud, analyses, Can 424
Roaches, remedies, U.S.D.A 650
Road-
laws in Minnesota 385
laws in Ontario 885
materials of Ohio 485
sweepings, analyses 219
Roads-
bituminous macadam, in Rhode •
Island 884
construction and maintenance
in Ohio 485
construction, economic factors
in 686
construction in Hawaii 788
construction in mountain coun-
try 884
dust prevention experiments 884
earth, treatise 85
in Ontario 688
in southeastern Wisconsin 589
Roads — Continued. Page,
maintenance in Massachusetts- 188
maintenance in Minnesota 385
Robins, feeding habits, U.S.D.A 648
Rock phosphate, {fiee Phosphate.)
Rock potash fertilizer, tests, N..I 518
Rock.s, aluminum silicate, of Mada-
gascar and West Africa 511
Rockweed, analyses. Mass 32
Roentgen rays, effect on ovaries 466
Root-
crop diseases in Saxony 749
knot, treatment, U.S.D.A 842
structure as affected by abnor-
mal tension 825
structure as affected by com-
pression 825
systems of plants, atlas 634
Rootlets, chemotropism in 128
Roots —
as affected by anesthetics 626
ensiled, inoculating with lactic
acid bacteria 767
injuries by disinfectants, U.S.
D.A 647
i-eaction to soil temperature 626
thermotropism of 222
Rope —
and its use 898
work, exercises in, U.S.D.A 597
Rose —
aphids, descriptions. Me 848
beetle. Fuller's, notes 556
curculio, notes, Oreg 651
leaf blotch, treatment, Can 49
leaf hopper as a fruit pest,
Oreg 651
soils, temperature and moisture
studies, N.J 535
Roselle —
as a companion crop for rubber,
Hawaii 742
recipes 64, 560
Rosellinia —
hunodcn, notes 646
sp. on coffee, P.R 645
Roses —
American Beauty, culture ex-
periments, N.J 535
as a host plant of red spider,
Oreg 157
treatise 339
Rotation —
experiments, Mich 630
experiments, Mo 321
experiments. Is'. Dak 528
experiments, U.S.D.A 332, 430
experiments in western Ne-
braska, U.S.D.A 223
of crops, Can 530
of crops, N.Dak 529, 530
of crops, Tenn 132
of crops for dark tobacco soils,
Va 137
of crops in eastern Oregon,
Oreg 730
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
993
Page.
Rothamsted memoirs on agricultu-
ral science 120
Roughage, valuation 666
Roundworms, suckered, from India
and Ceylon 474
Roup, notes, N.J 585
Royal —
Commission on Agriculture, re-
port 593
Veterinary College, report 271
Royena pallens, analyses and diges-
tibility 167
Rubber —
culture experiments, Hawaii 742
diseases in Federated Malay
States 54<J
fertilizer experiments 3o9
fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 743
Ilevea. (^ee Rubber, Para.)
monograpli 339
Para, canlier of '24-
pink disease, notes 54
plantation, spottings and dis-
colorations on 347
tapping experiments, Hawaii 742
Rublacece, bacterial symbiosis 327
Rudbeckia hirta, variations in 726
Ruminants, respiration experiments. 767
Rural —
communities, bibliography 389
communities in Wisconsin 593
communities, syllabus for study
of 592
community interests, unifying 488
community planning 10
conditions, improvement 38S, 592
credit. (^S'ee Agricultural credit. )
depopulation in England and
Wales 390
districts, electricity for 885
economics, bibliography 194
economics, field of 105
economics in experiment station
work 701
education, papers on 689
homes, sanitary engineering for_ 87
improvement in North Carolina. 388
improvement, treatise 388
leaders, training 285
life conference at University of
Virginia 388
life survey in Ohio 388
organization, work of 488
people, responsibility of 14
population in United States__ 190, 689
problems in New York, treatise- 891
sanitation, need for instruction
in 190
schools. (.S'ce Schools, rural.)
sociology, bibliography 194, 488
sociology, relation to farmers'
institutes 98
survey in southwestern Ohio 592
teachers, training. 794
Rust, pomaceous, investigations 51
1115°— 15 -8
Page.
Rusts —
inoculation experiments 750
nomenclature 341
(iS'ee also Grain, etc.)
Ruta-bagas. (See Swedes.)
Rye-
analyses, Iowa 171
as a cover crop. Mass 332
as a cover crop, S.C 431
as a green manure 423
as a green manure, Tenn 132
as a green manure on alkali
land, U.S.D.A 36
bran, analyses, N.J 667
cost of production, N.J 527
cultivated, origiu 131
culture, S.C 598
culture, Tenn 132
culture, continuous, N..I 533
culture experiments, .\riz 526
culture experimi'nts, N.I>ak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A 533
culture in east Siberia 138
feed, analyses, Ky 667
flour, baking tests 252
Fusarium disease, treatment 842
grades of 138
grass, culture in cotton belt,
U.S.D.A 534
grass, English, digestibility 168
grass, growth on volcanic ash.
Alaska 36
grass, irrigation experiments,
U.S.D.A 224
grass, Italian, digestibility 168
grass seed industry in New Zea-
land 335
grass, western, breeding experi-
ments, Can 532
grass, western, culture experi-
ments. Can 431
grass, western, culture experi-
ments, N.Dak 529
grass, western, seeding experi-
ments. Can 531
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36
meal, analyses, Mass 259
middlings, analyses, Ind 169
middlings, analyses, N.J 667
production in Bohemia 827
products, analyses 568
root system 634
stem rust, treatment 843
straw, bending and breaking
tests 830
varieties. Can 431
varieties, N.Dak 528
varieties, U.S.D.A 224, 334
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Saccharin, use, N.Dak 456
Saccharose, inversion by aspara-
ginic acid 711
Sacks as carriers of swine fever 881
994
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rage.
Saffron, adulterated, detection __ 207
Sage, mountain, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
Sagrotan as a disinfectant 80
Sailors, diet of 358
Sainfoin, nodule bacteria of 33
Saissetia —
nigra. (Sec Black scale.)
olcw. (Sec Black scale.)
Sal, ecology of 144
Salads, sandwiches, and chafing-
dish dainties 560
Salicylic acid, detection in cheese 313
Salsola apliylla, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Salt-
bacteriological analyses 209
determination in foods and
feeds 22, 413
determination in soils 806
effect on availability of soil pot-
ash, N.H 120
effect on flavor of cheese, Conn.
Storrs 176
effect on plants 223
effect ou sprouting of potatoes- S29
fertilizing value 324
sterilization of soils by 810
Saltbushes as cover crops, Hawaii — 729
Salton Sea, studies 429
Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium ni-
trate.)
Salts-
alkali, effect on bacteria 320
antagonism 35, 223, 320, 728
condition of in milk, N.Y.State_ 007
effect on respiratory metabolism- SCO
flocculation of turbid liquids by- 121
metallic, effect on lupine rad-
icles 128
Salvarsan, use against dog distem-
per 84
San Jose scale —
notes, Can 448
notes, U.S.D.A 850
notes, Wash 850
parasites of 245, 449
remedies 754
Sand-
application to grass lands 630
dunes, spits, and wastes, treat-
ise 30
flies, flagellate infection of 59
for concrete, specifications 484
spurry, growth ou volcanic ash,
Alaska 36
Sandwiches, salads, and chafing-dish
dainties 560
Sandy River basin, Greg., hydrology- 382
Sanguisorta miner, culture in Ha-
waii, Hawaii 730
Sanitation —
in canning factories 64
treatise 659
Sanitinoidea exitiosa. (See Peach
borer. )
Page.
Santonin, determination in Levant
wormseed 300
Sap —
descent, studies 523
poisoning as a remedy for San
.lose scale 754
poisoning as a remedy for tree
scale 152
studies. Mo 139
Saponin, use, N.Dak 456
Saponins —
detection 20
poisonous and nonpoisonous,
differentiation 20
Sarcocystia —
itiuris, biology 353
n.spp., descriptions 353
Sarcuphaga kellyi n.sp., description,
U.S.D..^ 60
Sarcophagida?, parasitic, review of
literature, U.S.D..^ 60
Sarcopnylla galUnucea, notes, Ha-
waii 757
Sarcosporidiosis, relation to scrapie
in sheep 276
Saturniidse, monograph 850
Sausage —
bacteria of 252
viscose as a casing for 660
Scale —
insect eggs, action of cyanid gas
on, Cal 245
insects, notes, Can 448
insects, notes, N.J 550
insects, preparation for micro-
scopical study 57
San Jose. (See San Jose scale.)
Scallops, examination. Me 854
Sclii~oneura lanigera. (See Apple
aphis, woolly.)
Schmidtia spp., analyses and di-
gestibility 167
School —
children, feeding 358
children, medical inspection and
nutrition of 458
children, nutritional index for 256
dietitian, training 458
districts, rural, social surveys
of, Wis 289
exhibits, preparation, U.S.D.A 596
exhibits, suggestions for 597
farms, laying out and planting- 692
gardens, bibliography 839
gardens, financial gains from 692
gardens in Canada-, 896
gardens in Nova Scotia and
Quebec 794
gardens in Ontario 692
gardens in Portland, Oreg 492, 899
gardens, Indian, in eastern
Oklahoma 899
gardens, notes 289, 492, 495, 693
gardens, planning, U.S.D.A 596
gardens, suggestions to teach-
ers 493
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
995
School — Contiuued. Page.
hygiene, papers on 457
lunches in Vienna 857
lunches, notes 358, 458, 692
restaurants, notes 457
Schools —
agricultural. {See Agricultural
schools.)
country, relation to the home
and farm 49:2
elementary, agriculture in 290,
596, 795
extension, for teachers 492
farm life, in North Carolina 895
folk high, in Denmark 492, 493
high, agricultural extension
work in 490
high, agriculture in 492,595,600
high, homo economics in 494
high, lunches in 458
home economics instruction in 495
Knapp Agricultural Day pro-
gram for 496
negro rural, practical training
in 289
normal, training of rural teach-
ers in 690
public, agriculture in 392,
493, 596, 897
public, agriculture in, U.S.D.A- 590
public, home economics in 897
public, industrial training in 595
public, nature study in 403
rural, agriculture in 601, 807
rural, betterment 689
rural, bibliography 389
rtiral high, possibilities 689
rural, home economics in 807
rural, hygiene of 190
rural, improvement 70;J
rural, in Denmark 794
rural, in Ontario 898
rural. In Wisconsin 691
rural, lunches for 692
rural, soil study in 494
rural, treatise 391
secondary, agriculture in 897
use of land in connection with
agricultural teaching 806
vocational, in Massachusetts 288
Science courses, elementary 600
Sciopithes obscurus, notes, Oreg 651
Sclerotinia —
cinerea, apothecial stage, Can__ 49
friictigena, notes, N.Y.Cornell 241
fructigena, treatment 148
libertiana on sweet peas, Del 446
sclerotiorum, treatment 239
trifoliorum, notes 543
Sole rot ium —
iatatlcola, description 51
rolfsii, studies, Ala.College 546
ScolothHps sexmaculatus, parasitic
on red spider, Oreg 157
Scolytold beetles —
monograph, U.S.D.A 658
studies , 758
studies, U.S.D.A 758
Scolytoidoa — Page.
monograph 758
studies and bibliograpliy, U.S.
D.A 658
Scolytus —
quadrimpinoHUS, notes, N.J 550
riujuloHus. (See Shot- hole
borer.)
Scopclosdina tristigmala, notes, Can_ 556
Score cards —
for creameries and cheese fac-
tories. Wis 889
for fruits. Wash 141
Scrapie in sheep, investigations 276
Screenings —
analyses, N.Dak 160
for sheep 770
use in mixed feeds 770
Scgmnus spp. parasitic on red spider,
Greg 157
Seaweed —
for packing birds 672
mucilage, use against fruit
pests 56
Secale montanum, relation to culti-
vated rye 131
Seed-
control station at Rostock 833
control station at Zurich 833
law in Maryland, Md 740
law in Vermont, Vt 741
law in Wisconsin, Wis 635
Seedlings, forest. (See Forest seed-
lings.)
Seeds —
analyses, N.J 534
biological method of identifi-
cation 42
determination of life duration 221
factors affecting oil content,
U.S.D.A 427
fumigating, U.S.D.A 650
germinating, enzymatic pepto-
lysis in 130
germination as affected hy car-
bon dioxid 328
germination as affected by color- 144
germination as affected by salt_ 223
germination as affected by vola-
tile conifer products 618
germination studies 329
graminaceous, rust in 642
hydrolytic changes in 626
imports, U.S.D.A 628
injuries by disinfectants,
U.S.D.A 647
inspection in Maine, Me 833
inspection in Michigan 635
inspection In Minnesota, Minn 635
inspection in Montana, Mont 740
inspection in New Hampshire,
N.H 635
Inspection in New York, N.Y.
State 741
inspection In Saxony. 6S9
inspection in Vermont, Vt 741
longevUy 634
methods of analysis. N.Y.State. 741
996
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Seeds — Continued. Page,
purity and germination tests,
Iowa 231
storing in glass bottles and
other containers 833
weed, school lessons on 898
Seepage from canals, U.S.D.A 380
Seismology, bibliography, U.S.D.A 810
I'ieius pomi, parasitic on red spider,
Greg 157
Separators. (-S'ee Cream' separators.)
Septic tanks for creamery sewage,
Wis 889
Septicemia —
hemorrhagic, iu cattle, treat-
ment 82
hemorrhagic, structure of ba-
cillus 82
pluriformis ovium, immuniza-
tion 184
Septoria —
hataUcola n.sp., description 51
h/copersici, description and
treatment, Md 147
petroselini apH, notes 239, 544, 545
pisi, notes 544
sp. on cereals 843
Berancjium (jiffardi n.sp., description- 453
Serological investigations, error in__ 178
Serology, index catalogue 578
Serpentine, fertilizing value 622
Serradella —
fertilizer experiments 842
fertilizing value 216
nodule bacteria of 33
Serum —
anaphylaxis in bovines 178
of domestic animals, refraction
coefficient 778
proteins of different animals,
composition 861
sensitization, relation to anti-
toxin dosage 372
Serums —
antitoxic and bactericidal, notes_ 78
diagnostic, inspection in Oregon. 778
infusion apparatus for adminis-
tering 272
intraspinal injections of 876
preparation and sale in United
States 875
protective and curative, valua-
tion 78
Sesame —
cake, acidity 259
meal, bacterial flora of 75
Sesamum indicuvi, culture experi-
ments 227
Setaria —
italica, culture experiments 227
rerticillata, analyses and digest-
ibility 167
Sewage —
disposal, biology 552
disposal fov country homes 87
disposal iu unsewered districts^. 387
Sewage — Continued. Page.
disposal plant for Torrance,
California 88
disposal plants, residential, de-
sign 890
disposal, relation to mosquitoes- 554
fly, biology 552
oxidation witliout filters 387
purification and disposal 88
purification and utilization 87
sludge, analyses 88
sludge as a fertilizer 88
Sewing, school lessons on 394, 598
Sex evolution in plants, treatise 725
Shallu, culture experiments, Ariz 526
Sheep —
as affected by summer shearing. 260
breeding experiments, Tex 261
breeds of central Pyrenees 866
caracul, in Argentina 261
caracul, origin 365
Corriedale, in United States 866
digestion experiments 167, 168
digestion experiments, Mass 68, 667
digestion experiments, Tex 709
digestion experiments, Wyo 770
dipping, shower-bath system 888
feeding experiments 166,
258, 259, 363, 667
feeding experiments, Can 463
feeding, experiments, Mo 669
feeding experiments, Oreg 863
feeding experiments, Wyo 468
fish for 862
grape marc for 567
grazing on .Johnson grass in-
fested diicbos. Ariz 568
hemolymph nodes of 82
in Belgium, importation and ex-
portation 668
Industry in Australasia 261
industry in Canada 771
Industry in Tennessee, Tenn 670
inheritance of wool characters
in 99, 399
killing dogs, U.S.D.A 866
louse, biting, notes 377
maggot flies, description 757
manure, analyses, Conn.State 519
manure and wool waste, anal-
yses, Mass 32
new born, weights 862
pasturing experiments 567
plague, immunization 184
raising on southern farms, U.S.
D.A 568
scab in England 271
screenings for 770
tick, eradication, Wyo 757
tick-infested, dipping, Ohio — 796
tick, notes 377
treatise 365
Shellfish-
examination. Me ... — - 854
industry in New Jersey 357^
Shingle industry in Canada 841
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
997
Shlpstuflf — Page.
analyses 862
analyses, Ky 667
Shoat typhoid, relation to hog
cholera 83, 378, 881
Shoddy-
dirt, analyses, Mass 3U
fertilizing value 325
Shorea roiusta, ecology of 144
Shorts —
analyses 862
analyses, Can 465
analyses, Ky 667
Shot-hole borer affecting tea 852
Shoyu, preparation 560
Shredded wheat, analyses, N.J 667
Shrew, short-tailed, feeding habits 54
Shrubs —
Chinese ornamental, notes 440
culture experiments, N.Dak 542
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 234
hardy, of the British Isles,
treatise 337
of Southern Circle of Central
Provinces 144
ornamental, culture experi-
ments. Can 437
Sibinia peruana n.sp., description,
U.S.D.A 658
Silage —
analyses. Can 465
analyses, N.Dak 169
bacteriological studies 363
cost of production. Can 530
cost of production, N.J 527
digestibility, Ga 668
effect on concrete 590
for horses and mules. Mo 670
for sheep, N.H 201
formation, chemical changes in,
Iowa 710
from dry shock corn. Mo 666
from pit silos, analyses, S.Dak. 790
inoculating with lactic acid bac-
teria 364, 767
making and feeding, Colo 168
manual 567
methyl alcohol in 410
notes, Ga 666
spoiling in metal silos, Okla 285
V. cotton-seed hulls for beef
cattle 200
V. cotton-seed hulls for steers,
Miss 568
Silica, r51e in nutrition of cereals 121
Silicates v. carbonates as sources of
lime and magnesia for plants 622
Silkworm —
experiments with 399
flacherie and polyhedral disease
of 851
muscardine, notes 63
Silkworms, African, agricultural im-
portance 847
Silos — Page.
and silage, notes 590
asphyxiation in 678
concrete, construction, Colo 190
construction 80
construction, Ga 687
gas from, analyses ., 679
notes, Ala. College 86
notes, Colo 189
notes, Okla 285
pit, construction, Colo 190
pit, construction and use, S.Dak_ 790
power for filling 590
sheep-feeding capacity. Mo 670
vitrified tile, construction, N.J_ 590
wooden hoop, construction,
W.Va 888
Silt problem in irrigation 882
SUvanus —
surinatnensis, notes, Greg 651
S'urtnamensis, remedies, Cal 245
Simocephalns spp., heredity in 448
Siniplemphytus paciflcus, notes, Oreg_ 651
SimuUum spp., life history 82
Sirups for soda fountains, storage
and care 356
Sitka spruce beetle, notes. Can 552
Bitona humeralis, morphology and
biology 453
Sitones hispiduhts —
affecting alfalfa, U.S.D.A 851
notes, Mich 650
Skim milk —
and tankage for pigs, Oreg 862
digestibility 768
for pigs 170
for pigs, Can 464
heated v. unheated, for pigs 569
sour, for chicks, N.J 570
specific heat, Iowa 715
Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Slaughterhouses —
butchers' goods manufactories
for 457
inspection, N.Dak 162
inspection in New Jersey 357
inspection in Virginia 661
Slavs on southern farms 489
Slingerland, M. V., writings of, N.Y,
Cornell 56
Slugs, remedies 246
Smartweed, analyses, N.Dak 169
Smelter wastes, fertilizing value 199
Smoke —
acids in rain water 422
injury to plants 524, 729
problem, meteorological aspect 117
Smynfhurus sp. injurious to truck
crops 353
Snake River basin, hydrography 279
Snohomish River basin, hydrography- 588
Snow —
fertilizing value. Can 419
nitrogen content 120, 615, 616
998
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Snowfall— Pag*',
in eastern United States, U.S.
D.A 25
in 191.V14, U.S.D.A 810
Soap bark, use, N.Dais 45tj
Society for the Promotion of Agri-
cultural Science 8,95
Soda —
fountain equipment, care and
cleaning 350
replacement of potash by as a
fertilizer for sugar beets 2'iO, 324
water, hygienic notes 356
Sodium —
acetate for ruminants G67
arsenite, use against weeds, Ha-
waii 730,741
arsenite, use against weeds,
N.Dak ^— : 13S
benzoate, effect on the animal
organism 164
carbonate, effect on availability
of soil potiiSh, N.H 126
chlorid. {See Salt.)
cyanid as a soil fumlgant 246
cyanid, industrial synthesis 116
fluorid as a milk preservative — 576
fluorid, effect on animal body — 80
fluorid, sterilization of soils by_ 816
nitrate as a top-dressing for
beets - 323
nitrate, availability as affected
by composition of soil, N.J 516
nitrate, effect on availability of
soil potash, N.H 126
nitrate, effect of long-continued
use 121
nitrate, fertilizing value 323,
336, 630, 831, 832
nitrate, fertilizing value, Can — 532
nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 516
nitrate for corn, Ala.CoUege 732
nitrate, production and use 425,
516,517
nitrate, time of application,
Tenn 132
phosphate, fertilizing value, N.J_ 518
salts as wood preservatives,
U.S.D.A 841
salts, effect on plants, N.J 538
silicate as an egg preservative,
Minn 870
Soft drink bottlers, sanitary code for_ 561
Soil-
acidity, determination 30, 610
acidity, investigations, Mich 29
acidity, neutralizing 812
acidity, studies, Iowa 212
bacteria and fungi, ammonifying
power 29
bacteria and soil productiveness,
relation 124
bacteria as affected by alkali
salts 320
bacteria as affected by barnyard
manure, Iowa 216
bacteria as affected by calcium- .">•"
Soil — Continued. Page,
bacteria as affected by protozoa. 321
bacteria as affected by volatile
conifer products 618
bacteria, counting, culture media
for, N.Y.Stato 625
bacteria, relation to humus.
Miss 721
carbonates, decomposition, U.S.
D.A 123
chemistry, status 718
colloids, studies 813
concretions due to manganese or
lime 215
constituents and ammonium
salts, interaction 121
erosion in the South, U.S.D.A 811
erosion, injurious effects 30
erosion, prevention 884
erosion, prevention, Miss 514
fertility, accumulation 121
fertility as affected by glacia-
tion .317
fertility, factors in 30
fertility, maintenance 725
fertility, maintenance, Ohio 31
flora as affected by arsenic com-
pounds 720
fungi, ammonifying efficiency,
N.J 817
grains, properties 617
leachings, equipment for investi-
gation, Tenn 719
moisture, conservation 30
moisture, conservation, U.S.D.A- 525
moisture, determination 216, 719
moisture, effect on fertilizers 813
moisture, effect on fertilizers,
N.Y.Cornell 814
moisture, effect on wheat, N.Y.
Cornell 814
moisture, relation to plant
growth 813
moisture, relation to plant suc-
cession 128
nitrogen, meteorological and bio-
logical factors affecting 718
organisms, destruction of paraf-
fin by 523
organisms, factors affecting
growth 222
organisms, nitrogen-fixing power. 29
particles, distribution 511
permeability, relation to irriga-
tion 586
protozoa, studies 320, 619
solution, method of obtaining 29
survey in Florida, Pinellas Co.,
U.S.D.A 26
survey in Georgia, Habersham
Co., U.S.D.A 513
survey in Georgia, Jeff Davis
Co., r.S.D..A 317
survey in Georgia, Jones Co.,
U.S.D.A 513
survey in Georgia, Talbot Co.,
U.S.D.A 513
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
999
Soil — Continued. Page,
survey in Illinois, McDonough
Co., Ill 26
survey in Iowa, Bremer Co.,
U.S.D.A 317
survey In Kansas, Shawnee Co.,
Kans 121
survey in Minnesota, Goodhue
Co., U.S.D.A 616
survey in Missouri, Ralls Co.,
U.S.D.A 21!!
survey in Nebraska, Cass Co.,
U.S.D.A 214
survey in New York, Orange Co.,
N.Y.Cornell Sli;
survey in North Carolina, For-
syth Co., U.S.D.A 214
survey in South Carolina, Bam-
berg Co., U.S.D.A 28
survey in South Carolina,
Orangeburg Co., U.S.D.A 616
survey in South Carolina, Union
Co., U.S.D.A 214
survey in Texas, Washington
Co., U.S.D.A 617
survey in Virginia, Henrico Co.,
U.S.D.A 214
survey in West Virginia, Boone
Co., U.S.D.A 617
surveys, paper on 121
Soils —
absorption and solution phe-
nomena in 421
acid, in Assam 812
acid, nitrification in 121
acid, of Japan, colloidal prop-
erties 318
alkali, methods of analysis 296
alkali, reclamation, U.S.D.A 36
analyses, Kans 122
analyses, paper on 121
analyses, value of. Mass 321
analysis by means of the plant_ 121
as affected by arsenic, Hawaii- _ 730
as affected by calcium 33
as affected by caustic lime and
chalk 399
as affected by fertilizers 31
as affected by fertilizers, Hawaii- 721
as affected by heating, Hawaii- 721
as affected by smoke 422
bacterial toxins in 399
bacteriology of, Iowa 216
blasting 85
blow, control, Wash 793
chemistry of 618
classification 200, 618
clay, as affected by hydroxyl ions- 31 8
Clyde series, U.S.D.A 316
coconut, of Malay States, analy-
ses 420
colloids in 318
cultivated, niter spots in, Utah- 29
denitriflcation in 618
determination of critical mois-
ture content 719
Soils — Continued. I'age.
determination of lime require-
ment, Mich 30
dried, increased nitrate content- 817
effect on sal seedlings 144
evaporation in 815
fertilizer requirements, determi-
nation 620
fixation of fertilizers by, Ha-
waii 721
frozen, bacteria of, N.Y. State— 33
fumigation 246
fumigation with cjanid gas,
Cal 245
grain-producing power 827
granitic, of New Hampshire,
N.H 126
greenhouse, temperature and
moisture studies, N.J 535
gumbo, analyses, Iowa 212
inoculation 320, 399
inoculation experiments, Oreg 818
judging. Mass 321
lime requirements :i96, 311, 609, 610
loess, of southwestern Indiana- 718
loess, of southwestern Ohio,
Ohio 122
mapping 26
marsh, improvement, V>'is 31
mechanical analyses 120
mechanical analysis, shaker for- 611
methods of analysis 295, 311
Miami series, U.S.D.A 317
moor, blasting experiments 589
moor, improvement 719
muck, of Florida, analyses 811
muck, utilization, Mich 213
niter spots in, origin 199
nitrifying power as an index to
fertility 96
nitrogen metabolism of 514
nitrogenous compounds of, Ha-
waii 721
of Florida, iron content 319
of Georgia, geography 811
of glacial drift sheets, composi-
tion, Minn 812
of Great Interior Valley of Cal-
ifornia 28
of Hauraki Plains, analyses 420
of Hawaii, nitrogen transforma-
tion in, Hawaii 719
of Hood River Valley, analyses,
Oreg 812
of Iowa, analyses and fertility,
Iowa 211
of Java, fertilizer needs 217
of Kansas, analyses, Kans 26
of Madagascar and West Africa. 512
of Massachusetts and Connecti-
cut, U.S.D.A 835
of Netherlands 215
of New York 28
of Oregon, studies 420
of Pennsylvania. I'a 616
of Scania, Sweden, nitrogen
content 123
1000
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Soils — Continued. Page,
of semiarid region, manage-
ment 215
of South Russia, humus content- 718
of Tularosa basin, New Mexico- 785
outline for study 494
peat, analyses, Iowa 212
plasticity 617
red, analyses 723
red, colloidal properties 318
rubber, of Malay States, analy-
ses 420
sandy and clayey, oat sickness
in 442
sandy, improvement, Oreg 124
Sassafras series, U.S.D.A 512
school lessons on 596, 795
sterilization 321, 423
sterilization, Ohio 620
sterilization by antiseptics 816
sterilization by lime 32
virgin and cultivated, bacterial
activity 216
volcanic, petrography 419
Solangustin, isolation and proper-
ties 309
Solarium —
angustifolium, constitutents of_ 309
darivtnianum, notes 726
incanum, analyses and digesti-
bility 167
Uiberosum, endophytic endoder-
mal fungus in 643
Solar—
halos, notes, U.S.D.A 25
radiation intensities and air
temperature, relation, U.S.
D.A 24
radiation intensities at Mt.
Weather, U.S.D.A 614
radiation intensities at Wash-
ington, U.S.D.A 810
Soldier bug, green, injurious to
peaches 247
Solids, determination in wine 715
Soot deposit in Indianapolis 254
Sore —
head in chickens, Mich 677
throat, relation to infected milk- 269
Sorghum —
culture, Tenn 132
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533
culture in Guam, Guam 731
grain, culture and use, Okla 335
grain, varieties, U.S.D.A- 226, 332, 334
smut, notes 240
sweet, of India, analyses 136
varieties, Hawaii 729
water requirement, Okla 335
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127, 226
Soursop as a stock for cherimoya
and atemoya 14.i
South Carolina Station — Page.
notes 600
report 598
South Dakota Station, notes 199
Soy bean —
food products, preparation 560
meal v. cotton-seed meal for
cows, N.J 578
Soy beans —
analyses. Conn. State 633
and alfalfa hay for milk pro-
duction, Ohio 265
as a cover crop. Mass 332
as a green feed for chickens,
N.J 570
commercial products from 854
composition and food value 64
cost of production, N.J 527
culture, Tenn 132
culture, Wyo 431
culture and use. Conn. State 633
culture experiments 227
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533
fertilizing value, Ind 629
formation of oil in, U.S.D.A 427
growth as affected by sulphur,
Ky 724
microscopical anatomy 112
nodule bacteria of 33, 727
nodule bacteria of, Ky 327
radium fertilizer for. 111 821
urease of 803
varieties 830
varieties, Conn. State 633
varieties, Miss 527
varieties, Oreg 827
varieties, Tex 226
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Spelt-
culture experiments, Ariz 526
varieties, Can 431
Spermophayus piurw n.sp., descrip-
tion, U.S.D.A 658
Sphacelotheca noryhl, notes 146, 240
Spharella nigcrristigma n.sp., de-
scription 844
Sphwronema fimhriatum, notes 343
Sphwropsis malorum, studies. Mo.
Fruit 750
Sphwrothecu —
mors-uvw, life history 547
pannuf;a, notes 749
Sphingidte, phylogeny 850
Spices —
adulteration 161
methods of analysis 109
Spider, red —
geographical distribution 63
notes 251
notes, U.S.D.A 56
remedies, N.J 536
studies and bibliography, Oreg_ 156
Spinach —
as affected by radio-active sub-
stances 34
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1001
Page.
635
540
147
635
279
378
570
353
502
142
Spinach — Continued.
culture experiments, N.Mex
fertilizer experiments, Va.Truck_
fungus disease of
varieties, N.Mex
Spirochwta —
galUnarum, transmission by
mites
suis, studies
Spirochetes, filterability and biol-
ogy
ispiroptcra n.sp., relation to cancer
in rats
Spleen, influence in nutrition
Spondias cytherew, asexual propa-
gation
Spondylocladium atrovirens —
notet:- 50, 239, 443, 643
notes, N.J 547
Spongospora —
scabies, notes 544
solani, notes 546
suMerranea, notes 239
Sporoholus spp., analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Sporotrichoses of animals 271
Sporotrichuin globuliferuin, notes,
Can 448
Spotted fever tick —
eradication 853
notes. Can 448
Spraying —
calendar, Conn. State 637
calendar. Wash 834
calendar, W.Va 834
calendar for orchards, Ohio 637
cooperation in, Ohio 637
mixtures, effect on insect eggs_ 449
mixtures, notes, N.Dak 633
mixtures, preparation. Conn.
State 637
mixtures, spreading and ad-
herent, notes 243
notes. Mo. Fruit 743, 744, 751
550
836
587
353
57
448
448
47
132
127
648
278
V. dusting. N.J
p. dusting for apples, N.Y.Cor-
nell
Springs in California
Springtails injurious to truck crops-
Spruce —
aphis, green, notes
aphis, notes
budvi'orm, notes. Can
seedlings, fertilizer experiments-
Squashes —
culture experiments, Oreg
water requirement, U.S.D.A
Squirrels, ground, destruction,
N.Dak
St. John's wort, poisoning of horses
by
Stable fly-
notes
relation to anthrax and strep-
tococci
552
Stable fly — Continued. Page,
relation to swamp fever in
horses, Wyo 754
Stables, arrangement 86
Stallion enrollment law in Indiana,
Ind 771
Stallions —
distribution. Wis 171
registration, Ind 771
Staphylococcus albus in udder of
healthy cow3 872
Star-apples, cold storage of, Hawaii- 439
Starch —
crude, determination in cocoa — 298
determination 109
determination in plants 807
determination in potatoes 114
identilicatu n 559
industry in Germany 23, 315
methods of analysis 505
microscopy of 715
sugar, treatise 109
use in canning corn IGl
Starters, use in butter making 370
Statistical theory, notes 665
Statisticians, tables for 362
Steam power v. electricity for filling
silos 590
Steapsin, properties 859
Steers —
alfalfa silage for, Cal 769
composition at various stages of
growth 99
digestion experiments, Ga 668
digestion experiments. 111 69
digestion experiments, N.Mex — 467
feeding experiments 768
feeding experiments, Cal 259, 769
feeding experiments. Can 462
feeding experiments, Kans 68
feeding experiments. Miss 568
feeding experiments, N.Mex 467
feeding experiments. Pa 864
stable V. open yard for. Can 462
Stenocranophilus quadratus n.g. and
n.sp., description 851
Stenopogon picticornis, predaceous
on alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A— 58
IStephanoderus coffece, notes 847
Stephanutus dentatus —
effect on pigs 479
notes, Ala. College 783
Stcreum hirsittU7H in black knot
cankers 52
t^terigjnatocystis nigra, studies, Wis_ 844
Sterility —
in bovines and equines 679
in cattle 82
t<tctJwrus spp., parasitic on red
spider, Oreg 157
iStictocephala —
festina, studies, U.S.D.A 652
inctniis, notes, Oreg 651
StUbella flavida, notes, P.R 645
Stillingia seeds, notes 613
Stizolobium spp., semisterility in 726
1002
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Stock. (See Live stock.) Page.
Stocks for fruit trees 284
Stomacii, pliysiology of 858
Stomata and heliotropic sensitivity,
relation 221
Stomoxi/s calcitrans. (See Stable fly.)
Stone meal fertilizers, tests, Mass 520
Stoi-age —
houses for apples, N.C 8S8
structures, plans 480
Storms —
autumn, relation to moon 316
in United States. U.S.D.A 316
Stramonium, improvement l>y selec-
tion 14.3
Strangles in horses, immunization 882
Straw, winter and summer grown,
composition and digestibility 665
Strawberries —
as a host plant of red spider,
Oreg 157
breeding experiments 338
l)reeding experiments, Can 438
breeding experiments, Minn 835
culture, Alaska 45
culture, Miss 541
culture. Mo. Fruit 751
culture under irrigation, Cal 141
hybridization experiments,
Alaska 45
insects affecting, Can 556
sterility investigations. Minn 834
varieties, N.Dak 538
varieties in Oregon, Oreg 639
winterkilling, Minn 834
Strawberry —
root weevil, notes, Can 448
root weevil, studies. Can 556
soils, management, Cal 141
spot, notes 544
Stream measurements —
chemical method 685
formulas for 382, 685
Streptococci —
growth and viability in milk
and its products 174
transmission by stable fly 552
Streptococcic serum, method of ac-
tion 179
Streptococcus lacticus, relation to
acidity in milk and cream 872
Streptolysin, immunity to 179
Strontium —
determination in water 297
salts, effect on nodule produc-
tion in vetch 728
Stump pulling machine, description. 385
Stumps —
blasting 85
burning 485
removal 589
Stylops, anatomy and life history 62
Sti/sanus stenionitis, notes . 50
Subsoiling with explosives 884
Sucrase —
protein substances of 803
thermoregeneration of 803
Sucrose^ — Page.
determination lu beets 110
determination in presence of
lacto.se 414
Sud cake, analyses. Mass 32
Suoan grass —
analy.ses and use, Okla 740
culture, S.C 598
culture, Tex 226
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments, Okla 739
culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 226
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A— 533
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
culture in southern Texas, U.S.
D.A 332
Sugar — -
added invert, detection in honey 298
apple as a stock for cherimoya_ 143
as a feeding stuff 862
assimilation by pigs 3 70
content of flaxseed and linseed
cake 802
decomposition in the living cell_ 201
determination in plant material 113
effect on bacterial content of
ice cream 660
factories, germicides for, La 717
food value 662
from millet 117
from sweet sorghums of India_ 136
industry in Mexico 231
injections, effect on heat regula-
tion 859
invert, determination 22
methods of analysis 109
palm, culture and use 46
products, methods of analysis 109
reducing, in fresh beets 110
refined, action on Fehling's so-
lution 22
r51e in nutrition 362
synthesis by radium emana-
tions .328
use in bread making 761
utilization by green plants 823
Sugar beet —
curly top, studies, Cal 238
leaf spot, description, U.S.D.A- 50
products, feeding value and
pathological effects 99
pulp. (See Beet pulp.)
seed, production, Utah 740
webworm, notes, Mont 153
Sugar beets —
analyses, Can 431
analyses, N.Dak 435
as affected by spacing 41
culture experiments 136
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments, N.Dak 435
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 225, 430
culture, treatise 436
distance experiments 830
fertilizer experiments 136,
217, 230, 830
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
1003
Sugar beets — Continued. Page,
green manuring experiments- 217, 721
irrigation experiments, TJ.S.D.A. 37,
225
r. mangels for western Nebr.,
U.S.D..^ 224
varieties 37, 630
varieties, Can 431, .532
varieties, N.Uak 435, 528
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Sugar cane — •
l)orer, notes, U.S.D.A 449
culture experiments 336
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture for Bombay market 41
culture in India 131
culture in Mexico 231
determination of ripeness 41
disease in Brazil 238
diseases in Mauritius 442
diseases in St. Croix 643
fertilizer experiments 336, 436, 831
insects affecting 56, 449
insects, egg parasites of 348
Japanese, culture, Tex 226
•Japanese, culture in Hawaii,
Hawaii 729
products, bacteriology, I^a 22
varieties 336, 436, 831
Sugarhouse apparatus, tests. La 282
Sulla, Spanish, as a forage crop 41
Sulphate of ammonia. (See Ammo-
nium sulphate.)
Sulphates —
determination 714
effect on nodule production in
soy beans 727
Sulphur —
compounds of soils 718
dioxid, determination in dried
fruits, Cal 206
dioxid, sterilization of soils by_ 816
effect on potato scab 750
fertilizing value, Ky 724
mixtures. (.See Lime-sulphur
mixture.)
powder for gooseberry mildew 645
production and use in 1913 425
relation to soil fertility, Ky 724
sterilization of soils by 816
use against potato scab, N.Y,
Cornell 146
Sulphuric acid —
determination 714
effect on sprouting of potatoes- 829
Sulphurous acid —
in wine making, Cal 208
titration 116
Summers, classification, TJ.S.D.A 810
Sunflower —
seed cake, acidity 259
seeds, formation of oil in,
U.S.D.A 427
Sunflowers —
glucosid in 713
pollination by bees 556
Sunflowers — Continued. Page.
studies 831
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Superphosphate —
effect on availability of soil
potash, N.II 126
effect on composition of grasses. 665
fertilizing value *323, 831
fertilizing value, Ind 629
fertilizing value, N..T 518
for corn. Ala. College 732
in mixed fertilizers, N.J 527
manufacture, U.S.D..\ 323
of ammonia, use on calcareous
soils 622
use on red soils 723
Surface caterpillar, notes 58
Surra in camels, treatment 83, 184, 581
Surveying, farm, notes 885
Swamp —
fever in hor.ses, transmission,
Wyo 754
lands. (See Lands, swamp.)
Swede diseases, notes 544
Swedes —
for horses. Can 462
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36
varieties, N.Dak 528
Sweet clover —
analyses, Iowa 171
as a cover crop. Mass 332
culture, Kans 831
culture, Tenn 132
culture, W.Va 831
culture, Wyo 431
culture and use, Mich 231
culture experiments, Orcg 132
culture experiments, S.Dak 533
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Sweet corn, heredity of waxy endo-
sperm in 134
Sweet pea diseases, studies, Del 446
Sweet peas, treatise 339
Sweet potato —
diseases in Indiana 343
diseases, new or little known 51
growers' association in North
Carolina 489
haulms, analyses and digesti-
bility 259
stem rot, investigations 844
stem rot, notes 50
Sweet potatoes —
analyses 41
as effected by chemicals, N.J 538
changes in during storage, U.S.
D.A 633
culture and storage. Miss 527
culture In cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 740
fertilizer experiments 217
manual 41
varieties 227
Swine —
fever, studies 881
pox in young pigs 379
(See also Pigs.)
1004
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Symbiosis, bacterial, in Rubiacese 327
Syrobombycina, origin 850
Eympheria mnemonics n.sp., de-
scription 852
Bymphytum asperrimum, culture
and composition 631
Synanth'edon pictipes, life history — 349
Synchitrimn eridobioticum, notes 342
Syneta alhida, notes, Oreg 651
Syssphingina, origin 850
Tabanidas of British Columbia 551
Tachinida; of Quebec 757
Tseniasis, human, relation to measles
of domestic animals 271
Twniothrips pyri, life history and
habits, U.S.D.A 850
Taka-koji, preparation and use 710
Tallows, plant, of East Indies 201
Tamarix usneoides, analyses and di-
gestibility 107
Tanagers, development of stomach in_ 206
Tankage —
analyses. Can 465
analyses, Ind 169
analyses, Ky 667
analyses, N.Dak 169
Tannery waste —
analyses and use 424
disposal 790
Tannic acid, relation to dry rot re-
sistance to oak wood 150
Tannin —
determination in cider 207
methods of analysis 314
Tanning materials, methods of anal-
ysis 314
Tapeworms, proteocephalid, mono-
graph 853
Tapinostola musculosu, notes 847
Tar, pathological action on plants — 826
Tarchonanthus camphonitus, anal-
yses and digestibility 107
Tax-nished plant bug, notes 849
Tarsonemus spirifer, notes 853
Tartaric acid, determination in wine
and grape juice 297
Tea —
analyses 856
culture in India 131
diseases in India 346
diseases, notes 340
examination 64
fermenting, micro-organisms in_ 111
fertilizer experiments 46
insects affecting 340
mites, notes 557
pruning 236
Teachers —
agricultural education for 897
preparation for nature study
and civic biology- 898
rural, training in normal
schools 690
training and certification in In-
diana 595
training for rural schools 794
Page.
Technology, chemical, of textile
fibers 308
Teff grass, culture in Hawaii, Ha-
waii : 730
Teff hay, analyses. Can 465
Telegony in fowls 263
Telegraphy, wireless, use in meteor-
ology 117
Telenomua n.spp., descriptions 348
Telephone companies, cooperative, in
Minnesota, Minn 688
Temperature —
as affected by smoke 117
body, in man after muscular
work 664
diurnal changes in, U.S.D.A 810
effect on Glomerella 749
effect on growth of corn seed-
lings, U.S.D.A 334
effect on longevity of insects,
Cal 244
effect on metabolism in animals. 765
effect on the organism 765
high, use against cereal insects- 246
low, effect on anthrax bacillus 81
low, effect on plant tissue, Mo 42
minimum, prediction, Ohio 811
records, Guam 717
Tenant and landlord, contract be-
tween 390
Tendipes plumosus, notes 554
Tennessee —
Station, notes 398, 600
University, notes 398, 600
Tension, effect on root structure 825
Tent caterpillar —
in California 152
notes 551
notes. Can 448
remedies. Can 540
remedies, Oreg 847
Teosinte —
culture, Tex 226
water requirement, U.S.D.x^ 127
Tepary bean, culture, Tex 226
Tephrosia purpurea, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Termites in eastern United States,
U.S.D.A 755
Terraces, construction. Miss 514
Terracing, notes, U.S.D.A 597
Terrestrial rotation, effect on atmos-
phere and ocean, U.S.D.A 614
Tetanus —
immunization 274
treatment 476
Tetracarbonimid, studies, U.S.D.A 215
Tetragonolohus purpureus, nodule
bacteria of 33
Tetrany chits —
spp., notes 557
spp., synonymy, Greg 156
telarius, distribution 63
lelarius, studies and bibliog-
raphy, Oreg 156
Tetropiiim gairicli crausJiaylj notes- 155
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1005
Texas —
fever, disease resembling, Gnani-
(Sce also Plroplasmosis,
bovine.)
fever ticks. {See Cattle ticks.)
Station and substations, appro-
priations asked for
Page.
781
r90
Station, notes 498,690
291
Station, report
Textile fibers —
chemical technology of, treatise.
from Epilobiiim un(/iistifolium-
Textiles, notes
Therapeutics —
for veterinarians, text-book
review of literature
Thermal regions of the globe,
U.S.D.A
Thermodynamics of the atmosphere,
U.S.D.A
Thermotropism of roots
Thielavia basicola —
relation to sweet pea streak
disease, Del
treatment
Thiocarbamid, nitrification rate
Thistle —
butterfly, notes, Oreg
Russian, eradication, Mont
Russian, water requirement,
U.S.D.A
Thomas slag. (Sec Fhosphatic
slag.)
Threshing —
machine fires, cause
machine fires, notes, Wash
with electricity
Thricolepis inornata, notes, Oreg
Thripoctenus riisseUi in England
Thrlps —
notes, Hawaii
notes, U.S.D.A
outbreak in orchards
Thrips pisivora, notes
Thrips t abaci. (See Onion thrips.)
Thunder, notes, U.S.D.A
Thunderstorms —
effect on milk
notes, U.S.D.A
Thymol as a milk preservative
Thyroid gland, effect on nitrogenous
metabolism in sheep
Tick —
fever. ( See Texas fever, i
fever, Rhodesian. (See African
coast fever.)
paralysis, notes
paralysis, studies
Ticks —
eradication SI, 274
308
509
597
79
678
25
210
222
446
545
124
051
134
127
86
386
282
051
348
753
56
755
848
810
873
24
576
562
274
877
Tile-
eradication, Ark
salivary secretion
(See also Cattle ticks.)
clay and concrete, tests-
clay and concrete, tests,
concrete, tests
251
557
482
483
84
Tile — Continued. Page.
drainage, cost, Ohio 481
drains, design and construction- 187
drain.s, tables for computing
cost 85
'1 iUeiia tritici, nature and treat-
ment 145
Timber —
absorption of water by 48
beetles, notes. Can 552
dry rot, studies 845
of Africa and British Guiana.- 47
of British Guiana 144
rot, studies 845
(See also Lumber and Wood.)
Timothy —
analyses, Iowa 171
breeding experiments, Can 431, 532
cost of production, Minn 688
cost of production, N..I 527
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 5.30
digestibility 168
fertilizer experiments. Can 431
germination studies, Iowa 231
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36
hay, amylolytic activity 503
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 224
liming experiments, Ohio 31
rust, wintering in Wisconsin 51
seed, longevity 634
Tin, determination in foods 298
Tiphia —
inornata, life history and ecol-
ogy 352
parallela, notes 449
Tipula oleracea, notes 851
Tipulid larvae in decayed prune wood,
Oreg 652
Tipulidae, North American, biology — 153
Tmetocera ocellanu. (See Bud-moth,
eye-spotted. )
Toad, California, economic status 244
Toads of Long Island 448
Tobacco —
black rusr, notes 240
breeding experiments, Cal 220
culture experiments, Can 431
culture experiments, Va 137
culture in India 131
Deli, measurements 831
fertilizer experiments 217
fertilizer experiments. Can 431
fertilizer experiments, Va 137
growth as affected by sulphur,
Ky 724
improvement 220
Maryland types, Md 740
mosaic disease, infection experi-
ments, U.S.D.A 643
resin, chemistry of 713
seed, production. Md 740
spot disease, notes 544
varieties. Can _ ., 431
varieties, Md ^^--i — - 740
varieties, Va — 137
1006
EXPERIMENT STATION liECOKD.
Page.
Tobacco — Continued.
warehouse and curius; house
troubles, Wis 844
Tofu, preparation 560
Toluene, sterilization of soils by 816
Q'omato —
bacterial wilt, notes 50
black rot, notes 344
black spot, notes 240
blight, studies. Wash 444
blossom end rot, notes 544
blossom end rot, notes. Can 49
blossom end rot, studies ."43
canning industry in United
States 1^10
diseases, description and treat-
ment, Md 147
diseases, notes, Ga 636
fruit rot, notes. Can 49
fruit spot, studies 644
Fusarium wilt, notes, N.Mex 641
pulp, canning 356
root knot, notes, Fla 652
seed, dried, composition and
feeding value 471
white mold, notes, Fla 652
worms, notes, Oreg 651
yellow blight, notes. Wash 844
Tomatoes —
acidity 204
analyses 762
as a host plant of red spider,
Oreg 157
breeding experiments, Cal 234
breeding experiments, N..J 537
culture, Ga 636
culture, Guam 741
culture, Md 141
culture in the South, U.S.D.A__ 636
greenhouse, investigations, Oreg 636
growth as affected by carbon
dioxid 422
heredity in, N.J 538
insects affecting, Fla 652
insects affecting, Ga 636
planting experiments, Md 141
pollination experiments, Oreg 636
preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416
red pigment of 203
varieties. Can 438
varieties, Ga 636
varieties, Md 141
varieties, Oreg 636
Tonics, bitter, effect on gastric se-
cretion 858
Tonsilitis epidemics, milk-borne 577
Torirtx —
]umi}erana, notes. Can 448
viridana, remedies 850
Tow4 beans, culture experiments 227
Toxic solutions, effect on plants 627
Toxins —
bacterial, in soils 399
preparation and sale in United
States 875
verminous, paper on 271
Page.
Toxoptera yraminum, parasite of 353
Toxotrypana cuioicuuda, investiga-
tions, U.S.D.A 60
Tractors —
tests 189
use in Russia 589
use on farms, U.S.D.A 886
V. horses for farm power 589
Trafjus ravemosus, analyses and di-
gestibility 167
Transpiration —
in plants, regulation 522
relation to composition of pine
seedlings 824
Tree —
diseases, studies, Cal 238
tailings for orchard and shade
trees, Ohio 637
hoppers injurious to apple or-
chards 449
planting, use of dynamite in,
N.J 535
seeds as affected by locality 3.39
surgery, notes, Ohio 637
Trees —
and shrubs of British Isles,
treatise 337
as affected by cyanid 846
as affected by light 144
breeding experiments. Can 539
Chinese ornamental, notes 440
cost of planting, Minn 839
culture experiments 542
culture experiments. Can 539
culture experiments, N.Dak 542
culture in South Dakota, U.S.
D.A 440
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 234
desert, transpiration 429
effect on the soil and its vege-
tation 618
electrical injuries to. Mass 428
evergreen, accumulation of re-
serve food material by in
winter 640
forest, as affected by calcium
salts 728
growth in drifting sand 47
growth, meteorological factors
in 237
growth studies 840
insects affecting 753
insects affecting, Can 448
nutrient absorption in 748
of California coastal climate,
root characters 429
of Southern Circle of Central
Provinces 144
ornamental, culture experiments.
Can 437
planting on prairies, Minn 840
shade, culture, Oreg 839
shade, planting and care, Can__ 541
volume and length measure-
ments 543
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1007
Page.
Trematodes of Australia 399
Triammonium citrate, manufacture
and analyses 205
Tribulus terrestris^ analyses and di-
gestibility 107
Tricalcium phosphate —
determination, Wash 40!>
for infants 857
Tricliodectes sphwroccphalua, notes_ 377
Trichoderma, ammonifying power 29
Trichoderma konin<ji on rubber 347
Trichof/ramma hj/hm/ioh, parasitic on
alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 5S
Tiicholwna spp., analyses and di-
gestibility 107
Tncholonia nudum, variations in 821!
Tricliomyia urbica, biology 59
Trifoliuin —
aleo'andnnum, culture in Hawaii,
Hawaii . 730
lupinasier, culture experiments,
Alaska 30
Trimethylamin in urine 764
Triphleps in)iidiosus —
notes, Ky 654
parasitic on red spider, Oreg 157
Triraphis ramosissiiita, analyses and
digestibility 107
Tropical diseases, manual 177
Tropins and opsonins, bacterial,
notes 78
Trout, brown, respiratory exchange. 565
Truck —
crop diseases, notes, N.Mex 641
crops, insects affecting 753
Trypanblue —
use against bovine piroplas-
mosis 273, 682
use against equine biliary fever_ 278
Trypanosome diseases, immuniza-
tion 81
Trypanosomes —
as affected by liver and serum 780
dead, immunizing with 374
development in invertebrate
hosts 399
transmission by tsetse flies 350
Trypanosomiasis, immunization 181
Trypsin —
deflnition 711
properties 858
Trypsinogen, properties 858
Tsetse flies —
biology 350, 847
role in transmission of trypa-
nosomes 350
Tuber diseases in Saxony 749
Tubercle bacilli —
bovine and human types, in
children 878
bovine type, in children 477
detection in blood 878
detection in dust 181
detection in urine 878
ferment - inhibiting substances
ju 274
Page.
Tubercle bacilli — Coutiuued.
human and bovine, differen-
tiation 181
in circulating blood 476
in Edinburgh milk supply 674
in feces, blood, and milk of
cows 376
virulence of different types.
Mich 677
Tuberculides in bovines 181
Tuberculin —
reaction, analyses 879
test in Wisconsin, Wis 275
test, intradermal, application to
eyelid 477
tests, intrapalpebral and intra-
dcrmic palpel)ral 780
therapeutic value 182
therapeutic value, Wash 183
Tuberculosis —
avian, notes 585, 781
avian, notes. Can 480
bovine, control in Colorado 581
bovine, eradication 780
bovine, immunization. 111 679
bovine, transmission to man 271
bovine, treatment 182
caseation in 274
caused by inhalation ISl, 274
complement-fixing antibodies in_ 181
control in Wisconsin, Wis 275
diagnosis 179, 181, 183, 370, 878
immunization 182, 183, 275, 375
in children 878
in England 271
in farm animals, Cal 271
in mesenteric lymph glands of
pigs 181
of mammary gland, diagnosis 376
pulmonary, diagnosis 181
pulmonary, prognosis 879
relation to milk supply 472
serodiagnosis 179
treatment 182, 375, 880
Tulip bulbs as food 855
Tumbleweed, water requirement,
U.S.D.A 127
Tumors, chemistry of 78
Tunis grass —
culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 226
culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729
Tupelo, distillation value, U.S.D.A— 48
Turf, digestibility 862
Turkeys —
eating of alfalfa caterpillar by,
U.S.D.A 58
serum proteins of 861
Turnip —
bacterial soft rot, description 148
club root, notes. Can 48
flavor In butter 270
flea-beetles, remedies 851
seed, germination as affected by
turpentine and paraffin 851
tops, dried c. ensiled, energy
value 70S
1008
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
rage.
Turnips —
analyses, Can 465
analyses and feeding value,
Can 461
cost of production, Can 530
culture. Mass 337
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments. Can 431
culture experiments, Oreg 132
fertilizer experiments 030, 832
fertilizer experiments. Can 431
growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36
insects affecting, Hawaii 753
varieties 630
varieties, Can 431, 532
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Turpentine —
beetle, red, notes. Can 552
effect on turnip seed 851
Industry in Austria 48
Tussock —
grass, analyses 166
moth, antique or rusty, notes,
Oreg 651
Twenty-eight hour law, U.S.D.A 679
Tylenchus derastatria; notes, Can — 448
Tyloderma foveolatmn, notes. Can 556
Typhoid —
bacillus, viability in sour cream_ 675
fever, diet In 564
fever, dissemination by chickens. 477
fly. (/See House fly.)
Udder diseases, notes 376
Ultraviolet rays- —
metabiotic action 475
purification of water by 87
Underground water. {See Water.)
United States Department of Agri-
culture—
appropriations 1915-16 401
laws relating to 693
relation to agricultural colleges
and experiment stations 194
reorganization 402
reports 795
Weather Bureau. (See Weather
Bureau.)
work In 1915 496
Uranium, effect on plants, U.S.D.A 325
Urea —
distribution In and elimination
from the body 165
effect on nitrogen retention in
goats 261
formation from cyanamld 125
Urease —
action of 804
of soy beans 803
Uredinales, monograph 49
Uredlnea; —
culture studies 145
inoculation experiments 750
Uredo aracMdi'S, treatment 642
Uric add —
determination in urine . 716
formation from a purln- base 256
nitrification rate 3 24
Page.
Urlcolysis, notes 257
Urine—
composition during fasting 460
examination 578
trimethylamin In 764
Urochrome and lactochrome, identity,
Mo 19
Vrocyntis occulta, treatment 843
Uromyccs —
heiw, notes 544, 750
fa^bw, treatment 545
UropTiora solsiitiaUs, life history and
bionomics 759
Urosigalphus, revision 557
Ustilago —
panici-miliacei, notes 544
sorghi, notes 240
spp., nature and treatment 145
Utah —
College, notes 498
Station, notes 498
Vaccines, Inspection In Oregon 778
Vaccinium oxycoccus, desiccation 117
Vacuum cleaning systems, treatise 89
Vanadium, effect on plant growth 628
Vanessa cardui, notes, Oreg 651
Vanilla —
culture In Madagascar 142
powder, effect on bacterial con-
tent of ice cream 660
Vanillin —
effect on plant growth, U.S.D.A. 619
in soils, origin 320
Vapors, injury to vegetation 826
^'arIatIon, somatic, In pears, Oreg 637
Variety tests, factors affecting re-
sults 216
(See also various crops, fruits,
etc.)
Variola and vaccine, paper on 271
Veal, rejection as human food 662
Vegetable —
canning Industry in New Jersey- 65
conserves, methods of analysis 109
parasites, treatise 777
protein. (See Protein.)
storage rots, notes 547
tissue, mobility of potassium In- 128
tissue, oxidation and reduction
In 129
Vegetables —
aluminum content 455
breeding experiments. Can 437, 539
canning 253
canning, Va. Truck 509
canning and storing 688
culture 688
culture, Colo 140
culture, Guam 741
culture and bibliography, X.Dak- 834
culture experiments. Can 437, 539
culture experiments, N.Dak 538
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 337
culture In Arizona. U.S.D.A 232
culture in the South, U.S.D.A— 743
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A -_— 234
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1009
Vegetables — Coutinuod. Pasc.
dehydrated, nature and use 253, 5fi2
drifd, manufacture 117
insects affectiuj?, Hawaii 751!
killing by freezing, Mo 42
marketinjr 2S7, GS8
methods of analysis 109
nomenclaliirc 337
preparation and use 253
preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 416
prices in Bern 162
sap studies, Mo 139
spraying, W.Va 834
standard barrel for 499
storage on the farm 486
varieties, Alaska 45
varieties, Can 437
varieties, U.S.D.A 232, 337, 438
(See also specific kinds.)
Vegetation —
as affected by radio-active sub-
stances- 34
as affected by smoke 422
injuries by coal tar and other
vapors 826
of a vfUd hay meadow 329
of south Florida 826
specialization in 34
Velvet beans —
analyses 862
as a green manure 423
Vent gleet in hens, notes, N.J 584
Ventilation —
of farm buildings. Can 592
studios 565
Vermicularia varians, notes 146
Vermont University, notes 696
Verruga —
investigations 350
transmission by biting flies 248
Verticillium —
albo-atrum, notes, Cal 136
sp. on potatoes 239
Vetch—
as a cover crop. Mass 332
as a cover crop, S.C 431
as a green manure for citrus,
Cal 233
cost of production, N.J 527
culture, Wyo 431
culture cxpcriment.'s, N.Dak 529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture in western Nebraska,
U.S.D.A 224
hairy, as a green manure, Orcg_ 124
hairy, culture in cotton belt,
U.S.D.A 533, 534
hay for milk and beef produc-
tion 773
nodule bacteria of 33
nodule bacteria of, Ky 327
nodule production in 727
Scotch, as a green manure 423
spring, growth on volcanic ush,
Alaska 36
varieties, Orcg 827
1115°— 15 0
Vetch — Continued. Tage.
vari.'tios, Tex 226
v.ater requirement, U.S.D.A 127
Veterinary —
department of Assam, i-eport 81
department of Bengal, report — 678
department of Bihar and Orissa,
report 272
department of British East
Africa, report 373
department of Burma, report — 373
department of Punjab, report — 272
liygiene, treatise 79
medicine, treatise 578, 676
obstetrics, handbook 777
Vinasse as a fei-tilizer 219
Vinegar —
cider, abnormal factors of 809
cider, furfurol in 808
cider, methods of analysis 297
industry in T'ruguay 744
manufacture, Cal 207
methods of analysis 109
Vineyards. (See Grapes.)
Violets as a host plant of red spider,
Oreg 157
Tirachola (Deudorix) livia, notes 151
Virginia —
Station, notes 798
Truck Station, notes 696, 798
Viruses —
filterable, notes 475
latent, paper on 271
preparation and sale in United
States .•_ 875
ultravisable, notes 272
Viscose as a casing for sausages 660
Viscuin aldiim, transpiration in 522
Vitamins — •
and amino acids in the diet 857
and diet, quantitative relation-
ship 16.3, 164
digest of data 67, 662
importance in diet 763
importance in nutrition 359
relation to lipoids 561
treatise 578
Viticultui-e in Portugal 838
Vitis —
vinifcra, pruning, Cal 142
rinifera, varieties 837
vulpina, senile changes in leaves
of 728
Vlei grass, analyses 166
Vocational —
education, federal aid 11
education in Pennsylvania 596
education, notes 793
schools in Massachusetts 288
schools in New York 690
Volcanic dust veils, effect on climate- 509
Wages in Chicago stockyards dis-
trict 163
Wagons, standardization 789
Waiters, instructions for 65
Walking, effect on metabolism 765
1010
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Walnut — rage,
blight, description, Cal 238
leaf disease, description and
treatment 150
leaf mite, notes, Greg 651
Walnuts —
black, culture in Minnesota,
Minn 840
culture experiments, Ariz 540
English, disease of, Cal 238
new form 40
Persian, culture in southern
Texas, ILS.D.A 539
Quercina, origin 338
stocks for, U.S.D.A 337
varieties in California 740
Wampee, description, Hawaii 742
Washers, strength and design 687
Washington —
College, notes 95, 696
Station, notes 95, 398, 696
Station, report 796
Washingtonia filijera, culture in Ari-
zona, U.S.D.A 233
Wasps of Georgetown Museum 758
Wassermann reaction, technique 272
Water —
absorption by butter 577
absorption by timbers 48
analyses 281, 357, 456, 487
analysis, reporting results of 807
analysis, treatise 807
biological analysis 205, 311
control, bibliography 588
cress of* polluted streams as a
food 357
culture experiments, source of
error in 128
determination In butter 508
determination in soils 216
distilled, effect on plants 627
drinking, analyses 357, 450
drinking, microscopy 205
drinking, studies 663
economy of the earth 84
elimination during normal res-
piration 764
evaporation from soil 815
flow in open channels, measur-
ing 588
for drinking and cooking pur-
poses on ships 64
for live stock and irrigation 883
ground, in Hamburg 122
ground, in valley of southern
California 587
ground, near Cairo, Egypt 123
ground, near Enid, Oklahoma — 3,83
ground, near Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 384
ground, treatise 685
heater for dairies, U.S.D.A 590
hemlock, description, U.S.D.A 474
hemlock, notes, Cal 778
hot, use against cotton anthrac-
nose, S.C 543
Water — Continued. Page,
hot, use against insects and
fungi 447
hyacinth, eradication 85
ingestion, effect on protein
metabolism 603
irrigation, distribution 586
irrigation, measuring devices
for, Cal 083
irrigation, notes 883
irrigation, pumping 187
irrigation, wood pipe for, U.S.
D.A 585
lemons, cold storage of, Ha-
waii 439
level, effect on root and shoot
development in plants 330
measuring devices, tests, Cal 683
meters, tests, Cal 684
movement in plants 221
organisms, factors affecting
growth 222
purification 87
purification, hypochlorite proc-
ess 786
rain. (See Rain.)
requirement of oats 813
requirement of Panicum spp 727
requirements of crops, U.S.D.A_ 226
requirements of grain sorghums,
Okla 335
requirements of plants, U.S.D.A- 127
reserve in plants, function 825
rights, bibliography 588
Salton Sea, analyses 511
Salton Sea, analyses, Ariz 511
spring tail, biology 552
supply for country homes 87, 190
supply in railway stations and
trains 456
supply in Sabino Canyon, Ariz_ 586
supply of canning factories 04
supply of coastal plain of
Georgia 784
supply of Colorado River basin_ 279
supply of Deschutes River basin_ 279
supply of farms 281
supply of farms. Can 487
supply of Great Basin 587
supply of Hudson Bay and
Upper Mississippi River drain-
age basins 382
supply of Indiana 280, 487
supply of Jervois and adjacent
counties. South Australia 486
supply of lower Columbia River
and Rogue, Umpqua, and
Siletz rivers 587
supply of lower Mississippi
River basin 383
supply of Missouri River basin_ 279
supply of North Atlantic coast- 381
supply of North Pacific coast
drainage basins 587
supply of Ohio River basin 382
supply of Oregon 280
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
1011
Water — Continued. Page.
supply of Pacific coast In Cali-
fornia 587
supply of rural district of Ather-
stone 87
supply of South Atlantic coast
and Eastern (Julf of Mexico
drainage basins 382
supply to St. Lawrence River
basin 382
supply of Tularosa basin, New
Mexico 784
supply of upper Silvorbow basin_ 383
supply of Yukon River 382
supply, treatise 87
surface, for drinking purposes 786
transportation of agricultural
products, U.S.D.A 391
underground, in eastern Kansas- 486
underground, of Luna Co., New
Mexico 384
underground, of southeastern
Texas coastal plain 384
witches, notes 487
Watermelons —
acidity 110
water requirement, LT.S.D.A 127
Waterspouts, notes, U.S.D.A 211
Wax moth, life history and remedies- 151
Weather —
Bureau, report, U.S.D.A 810
Bureau service in California r)09
cause of, U.S.D.A 25
forecasting 210
forecasting, bibliography,
U.S.D.A 31G
of Australia 118
of British Isles 419
of Chicago 211
of Ohio, Ohio 717
of United States, U.S.D.A 810
phenomena, medieval 418
relation to moon 316
V. coal mine disasters, U.S.D.A- 25
Wehbia dipterocarpi n.g. and n.sp.,
description, U.S.D.A 658
Weed seeds. (See Seeds, weed.)
Weeds —
destruction with plumber's blow-
lamp 1,19
destruction with sodium ar-
senite, Hawaii 730, 741
destruction with sprays 630
eradication 138
eradication, N.Dak 138
eradication. Wash 793
manual 232
of barley fields of European
Russia 833
of Kentucky, Ky 337
{Sec also specific ijlant.<<.)
Weirs, discussion and use, Cal 684
Wells—
for irrigation, drilling SS2
shallow, developing, Ariz; 586
Wenatchee River basin, Washington,
hydrography 786
West Virginia — Page.
Station, list of bulletins 899
Station, notes '.)'<, 498
Station, report 796
University, notes 95
Western pine beetle, notes, Can 552
Whale guano, analyses, Mass 32
Wheat —
analyses 252, 862
analyses, Mont 760
as a nurse crop for alfalfa,
U.S.D.A 430
as affected by companion croj) 432
as affected by soil moisture,
N.Y.Cornell 814
Australian, milling and baking
nualifios 659
bran, analyses 862
bran, analyses, Ind 169
bran, analyses, Ky 667
bran, analyses, Mass 259
bran, analyses, N..J 667
bran, organic phosphoric acids
of, N.Y. State 17
breeding experiments, Ariz 532
bulb fly, notes 350
bunt, notes 544
composition as affected by en-
vironment. Can 431
correlation and variation in 832
cost of production 594
cost of production. Can 530
cost of production, Minn 688
cultivated, origin 131
culture, Tenn 132
culture, Tex 226
culture, continuous 120
culture, continuous, N.J 533
culture experiments, Alaska 36
culture experiments, Ariz 526
culture experiments. Can 431, 531
culture experiments, N.Dak 528,
529, 530
culture experiments, Oreg 132
culture experiments, U.S.I>.A 430
culture in Alabama, Ala. College- 137
culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A— 5.33
culture in east Siberia 138
culture in Georgia 833
culture in India 131
culture in Mexico 131
culture in Montana, Mont 533
culture under dry farming, Oreg_ 731
culture under dry farming, U.S.
D.A 525
development of grain 121
diseases in Brazil 238
distance experiments 832
dynamiting and subsoiling ex-
periments, N.D.'ik 528
effect on succeeding crops, U.S.
D.A 224
fertilizer experiments, Ala. Col-
lege 1.37
fertilizer experiments. Can 431
fertilizer experiments, InJ 629
fertilizer experiments, Ky 819
1012
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Wheat — Continued. Page.
fertilizer experiments, Mich Q'.iO
fertilizer experiments, Mo 822
fertilizer experimons, N.Y. Cor-
nell 814
flour. (See Flour.)
flowering and pollination of 832
French, gluten content 63
German, composition and baking
quality 252
germination as affected by cop-
per sulphate 749
grades 138
grading, N.Dak 634
grass, irrigation experiments,
U.S.D.A 224
grass, slender, culture experi-
ments, N.Dak 528
grass, water requirement, U.S.
D.A 12T
handling in bulk 231
heads, determination of density- 42
improvement, Mich 630
improvement in Australia 399
in northern Turkestan 231
irrigation experiments. Can 531
irrigation experiments, U.S.
D.A 37, 225
liming experiments, Ohio 31
Mexican, composition and qual-
ity 63
middlings, analyses, Ind 1G9
middlings, analyses. Mass 259
middlings, analyses, N.H 169
middlings, analyses, N.J 667
milling and baking qualities,
Minn 159
milling and baking qualities, N.
Dak. 160
milling and baking qualities,
U.S.D.A , 333
milling and baking tests, Mont_ 760
nematodes affecting 448
products, analyses, N.H 169
rate of seeding tests 42
root system 634
root system, N.Dak 520, 530
Russian, nitrogen content 833
screenings, analyses SG2
screenings, composition and di-
gestibility, Mass 6G6
seed, fungus infection of 750
seed selection 231
seeding experiments 832
seeding experiments. Can 531
seeding experiments, Mont 533
seeding experiments, N.Dak 528, 530
seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 525
seedlings, distribution of sto-
mata in 221
shrunken, analyses, N.Dak 169
spikes, forms of 634
spring, glume formation in 231
stinking smut, notes 341
stinking smut, treatment 49
stinking smut, treatment. Can 49
stinking smut, treatment, Wash_ 145
Wheat — Continued. Page.
tillering 832
treatise 42
unthreshed, loss in stack 138
variation in pure lines 96
varieties 37
varieties, Ala. College 137
varieties, Alaska 36
varieties. Can ^ 431
varieties, N.Dak 527, 528, 529, 530
varieties, Oreg 730,827
varieties, Tenn 827
varieties, Tex 220
varieties, U.S.D.A 224, 333
varieties. Wash 731, 833
varieties for eastern United
States, U.S.D.A 336
varieties resistant to foot dis-
ease 545
varieties resistant to rust 750
water requirement, U.S.D.A 127
wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555
Whey —
butter, making, Wis 873
butter, notes 270
specific heat, Iowa 715
White-
ants. (See Termites.)
fly, citrus, control in Florida,
Pla 349
grubs, bacterial disease of, Mich_ 61
grubs, remedies 246
Wild life conservation, treatise 447
Willamette River basin, Oregon, hy-
drography ^ 786
Willows-
basket, culture, U.S.D.A 3.39
cecidomyiid flies attacking 554
change from radial to bilateral
symmetry 426
Wind —
diurnal changes in, U.S.D.A 810
effect on plants 823
Windbreaks for irrigated sandy soils,
Oreg 839
Windmills for pumping. 87
Wine —
determination of solids in 715
distillation residues, utilization- 209
industry in Uruguay 744
making methods, efficiency, Cal- 208
making, notes, Ca! 117, 208
T^.'inters —
classifying, U.S.D.A 810
of eastern United States, U.S.
. D.A 810,811
of Washington and Paris, U.S.
D.A 810
Wire cage for pot experiments, N.J- 514
Wireless telegraphy, use in meteorol-
ogy 117
Wireworms —
injurious to strawberries, Can_ 556
notes 753
remedies 246
studies, U.S.D.A 555
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1013
Wisconsin — Page.
Station, notes 199, 398
University, notes 199, 900
Wollastonite, fertilizing value 622
Women-
farm, needs of, U.S.D.A 890
in agriculture 389
in rural districts, small indus-
tries among 89
rural organizations for 98
training in state colleges 491
Women's institutes —
in British Columbia 392
in New Brunswick 496
in Nova Scotia 698
wooa —
ashes, analyses. Can 424
ashes, analyses. Conn. State 520
borers, notes. Can 552
boring insects, investigations,
U.S.D.A 755
boring, moth in Lesser Antilles- 554
density and porosity, U.S.D.A — 47
destroying fungi, notes 54
greening, cause 341
hardness, tests 543
oil tree, Chinese, notes, S.C 539
pipe for irrigation water, U.S.
D.A 585
preservatives, tests 309
preservatives, tests, U.S.D.A 841
spectrophotometric investiga-
tions 144
(See also Lumber and Timber.)
Woodlot products, marketing coop-
eratively, O'lio 192
Woodlots, notes, Ohio 440
Woodwork, varnishing and finishing,
N.Dak 162
Wool—
Canadian, classification 771
dynamometer for testing 261
industry in Australasia 261
investigations, Wyo 770
preparation and manufacture 170
quality as affected by fineness — 365
treatise 3G.")
waste, analyses. Mass 32
Woolen mill shoddy dirt, analyses,
Mass 32
Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.)
Workingmon. (See Laborers.)
Worm nodules in cattle 376, 377
Worms, parasitic, of Queensland 399
Wound dressings for orchard and
shade trees, Ohio 637
Wyoming — Page.
Station, notes 398, 498, 900
Station, report 796
University, notes 398, 498, 900
Xenia in rice 230
Xyleborits —
compactus, studies 758
fornicatiis, notes 758, 852
Xylophruridca afjrili n.g. and n.sp.,
notes, U.S.D.A 250
Yams, culture experiments 227
Yautias, culture and analyses 37
Yeast —
as affected by volatile conifer
products 618
autolysis, synthetic processes in_ 710
cell, nutritional physiology of 308
effect on fermentation of tea 111
for cows 871
invertase, hydrolyzing proper-
ties 803
protein substances of 803
pure, use in wine making, Cal_ 117, 208
Yeasts, assimilation of elementary
nitrogen by 728
Yerba mat4, culture 142
Yew, Pacific, density and porosity,
U.S.D.A 47
Yokohama bean, culture, Tex 226
Yukon River basin, hydrology 382
Zebu-cattle hybrids, characteristics 669
Zebus in Philippines 260
Zele spp. in Great Britain 454
Zenillia pexops, life history 352
Zinc —
arsenite, insecticidal value,
N.Dak 158
arsenite, insecticidal value,
Oreg 846
compounds, effect on plant
growth 121
in glass containers as a source
of error in water culture ex-
periments 128
salts as wood preservatives,
U.S.D.A S41
Zizyphus mucronatus, analyses and
digestibility 1G7
Zodiacal light, notes, U.S.D.A 25, 614
Zuider Zee, reclamation 481
Zygadenus, description, U.S.D.A 474
Zygadenvs venenosus, notes, Cal 778
ZyoophyUum afpne inicrocarpum,
analyses and digestibility 167
Zyoorhynchus ruUleminii, ammoni-
fying power 29
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OP THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCUEED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
"WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, ?1
V
Issued July 10, 1915.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
Vol. XXXII
ABSTRACT NUMBER
No. 9
EXPERIMENT
STATION
RECO
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.
Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.
Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.
Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.
Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, CIdef.
Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.
Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. ERtabrook, Statistician.
Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.
Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director.
Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.
Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Alabama—
College Station: Auburn; 3. F. Duggar.a
Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore.o
Tuskegee Station: Tushegee Imtitute; G. W.
Carver.o
Alkska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.s
Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.a
A^KXifS AS— Fay etteviUe: M. Nelson. o
California— jBerk«?ej/; T. F. Hunt.o
Colorado— J^ori Collins: C. P. Gillette.o
Connecticut—
State Station: Neiv Haven; 1 j. g- jg^j^jng a
Storrs Station: S/orrs; /
Delaware— iV««'orfc; H. Hayward."
FhonmA—Oainesville: P. H. Rolfs.o
Q'EO'RQiA— Experiment: R. J. H. DeLoach.a
Gv AM— Island o/Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.c
Hawad-
Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.f
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu/B.. P. Agee.o
Idauo— Moscoiv : J. S. Jones.a
Illinois— Vrbana: E. Davenport.o
Indiana— ia Fayttte: A. Goss.o
lo'V A— Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o
"KAiis A3— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.o
Kentucky— ieziTi^on; J. H. Kastle.o
LomsiANA—
State Station: JSaton iJouje; 1
Sugar Station: Audubon Farli, L,^ ^^ Dodson.o
New Orleans; I * '
North La. Station: Calhoun; J
Maine— Orono; C. D. Wpods.o
Maryland— Co?Ze^« Parle: H. J. Patterson.o
Massachusetts— ^mftcrsf; W. P. Brooks.a
Michigan— £as/. Lansing: R. S. Shaw.a
Minnesota- University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.
Woods.o
Mississippi- .4^cuZtoroZ College: E. R. Lloyd.a
Missouri-
College Station- Columbia: F, B. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans.a
a Director. * Special agent in charge.
Montana— £oze7nam; F, B. Linfleld.o
Nebraska— imcoZn; E. A. Bumett.o
Nevada— iJcTw; S. B. Doten.a
New Hampshire- DurAom." J. C. Kendall.a
New Jersey— A'ew Brunswick: J. G. Lipman."
New Mexico— Stote College: Fabian Garcia.^
New York—
State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.a
Cornell Station: Ifhaca; B. T. Galloway .a
North Carolina—
College Station: West RaMgh;\Q -^y j^ug^jg „
State Station: iJa?^i^?i ,• ) ' '
North Dakota— Agricultural College: T. P.
Cooper. a
Ohio— TT'oos^er; C. E. Thome.o
Oklahoma— S<iWeoa<er; W. L. Carlyle.o
Oregon— CorvaZZw.- A. B. Cordley."
Pennsylvanu—
State College: R. L. Watts.o
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.o
Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.^
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.a
Rhode Island— A't7!^s<07i.- B. L. Hartwell.o
South Carolina— C?em sow College: J. N. Harper.o
South Dakota— £roofcJn^s; J. W. M'ilson.a
Tennessee — Knoxville: H. A. Morgan."
T^XAS— College Station: B. Youngblood.a
Utah— Xoj;an.- E. D. Ball.o
Vermont— Bwrfin^on.' J. L. Hills.a
Virginia—
Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.d
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.'J
Washington— PwZZwiflT!.' I. D. Cardiff.^
West VmomiA- il/or^on<oJ4'n.' E. D. Sanderson."
Wisconsin— JJ/odi«on; H. L. Biussell.o
Wyoming— Xaramie.- H. G. Knight.o
e AgroBomist in charge. <* Acting dlreotor.
')(
New York Botanical Garden Library
3 5185 00292 3819
A/^'
^/ 3:^- 3
^ - . ^
J
(
1
p
:fl
91
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11