Experiments with spray solutions for preventing insect injury to green logs

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A gjic . - Forestry . Main Li\)rar>

Aerie. -Forestry. Main Library. • : •. ;

UNITED STATES DE

Washington, D. C.

August, 1922

EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRAY SOLUTIONS FOR
PREVENTING INSECT INJURY TO GREEN LOGS.

By F. C. CBAIGHEAD.1

in Forest Entomology, Forest Insect Investigations, Bureau of
Entomology.

CONTENTS.

Page.

ses for repellent sprays against for-
est and shade-tree insects 1

equisites of a practical spray 3

It must be effective against sev-
eral types of insects 3

It must be effective on various

species of wood 4

It must not be leached off by rain

or other weather conditions 4

It must not be expensive. _. 4

(Requisites of a practical spray — Con.
It must first prevent all insect in-
jury for from one to three

months at least

^Experiments with, preventive sprays__

Treatments and results

Remarks on poisons used .

Other experiments with insects of

type3

Poisoning of ambrosia beetles

4

4

7
1O

10
11

rSES FOR REPELLENT SPRAYS AGAINST FOREST AND SHADE-

TREE INSECTS.

During the past few years there has been/an increasing demand for
practical spray that "will prevent insect attack to crude forest prod-
cts such as green sa/w logs and timbers used in rustic construction,
lumerous requests for such a spray are received by the Bureau of
Intomology. These inquiries often number more than a hundred
irough the summer months.

Although many lumbering firms request a spray for this purpose,
; is doubtful whether it would be really practical under ordinary
onditions. During the flight period of those insects which cause the
ijury it would be necessary to apply the spray immediately after
illing the trees. It is more practical to prevent insect injury in lum-
ering operations by some alteration in the methods of management,
3 by more prompt handling between felling and sawing or by sub-
icrging the logs in water, than by spraying.

1 Resigned December 31, 1920.
102230—22 1

2 BULLtfT^ 407^.11..$^ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

**»••*• •* * • •**•• !•**.

• • • •••••*,• .

Frequently, however, storms blow over many millions of feet of
saw timber. Cases are on record where a single firm has lost in such
a manner 100,000,000 board feet. It is a physical impossibility to log
these trees promptly and get them to the saw or into a place of safety,
although from 40 to 60 days' delay may mean total destruction of the
sapwood by borers. It might be feasible, however, to saw these trees
into log lengths and spray with some solution that would prevent
insect attack for two or three months, or until it was possible to haul
them to the mill.

The increasing use of the national forests and parks for recrea-
tional purposes has resulted in the construction of many rustic cabins.
Insects attacking the timbers in these buildings cause annoying exu-
dations of boring dust and loosen the bark so that later it peels off,
thus marring the artistic effect. Much of this injury to rustic work
could be prevented by cutting the trees at certain periods and by
proper seasoning. Frequenters of summer camping grounds can not
always plan to cut the trees at the proper time; in fact, it is more
frequently the case that the building is constructed during the sum-
mer months and the timber felled at that time — a period when the
wood is most susceptible to insect attack.

Thus in both situations it is often the case that the more practical
and economical means can not be used.

There is. also a considerable demand for a suitable repellent spray
against certain shade-tree insects. Wood borers attack various spe-
cies of living trees, causing considerable injury or death. Under
certain circumstances a spray could be used advantageously to repel
such insects and prevent oviposition. It would necessarily have to
be of materials that would not burn the younger bark, although,
except for mechanical difficulties, it would only be necessary to apply
the spray to the main trunk and larger limbs, $ince these are the only
parts attacked. Spray materials, the cost ofVwhich would be pro-
hibitive for the protection of forest products, nlight be employed on
shade trees.

Under circumstances such as the foregoing it is evident that a
"practical spray for the prevention of insect injury would be of much
benefit and its use should result in a considerable saving of forest
products and shade trees.

Owing to the many different insects, their different methods of
attacking the logs, the many kinds of wood to be protected, and the
exposure to weather conditions, the practical solution of this prob-
lem presents many difficulties. Several solutions have been found
to meet the requirements, except that they are too expensive or too
difficult to apply. In the hope that the results so far obtained may
be a stimulus for further suggestions or work along this line the

EXPERIMENTS WITH SPR ASOLUTIONS l.^i; /VREEN LOOS. 3

problem and the preliminary1 ' Vx'pcr'iAents conducted during the
years 191G to 1919 are here

REQUISITES OF A PRACTICAL SPRAY.

It may be impossible to find a single spray solution that can be
used with success under all conditions, but it may be possible to
obtain good results by using several solutions, each of which is effec-
tive under certain conditions. Any spray to fulfill all the requisites
necessary for practical effectiveness must possess the following qual-
ities :

IT MUST BE EFFECTIVE AGAINST SEVERAL TYPES OF INSECTS.

Many species of insects attack green timber. Some attack only
certain kinds of wood while others show little discrimination. In
some cases the injury is caused by the grubs or larvae feeding be-
neath the bark or in the wood, or by an adult which bores through
the bark and produces larvae that feed under the bark. According
to their method of attacking the wood, boring insects may be divided
into the following four groups :

Type 1. Those that lay eggs in crevices of the bark. The larvae
hatching from these eggs then bore through the bark and later into
the wood.

Type 2. Those that gnaw a hole through the bark and insert the
egg beneath. The larvae start feeding directly beneath the bark and
later bore into the wood.

Type 3. Those that bore through the bark and wood as beetles,
to make a suitable place for developing a new brood. The grubs in
this case never cause injury.

Type 4. Those that bore through the bark as beetles and lay the
eggs beneath the bark. The resulting larvae feed beneath the bark
and loosen it.

The only spray that could possibly be effective against all these
types would be one of a disagreeable odor acting as a repellent, thus
driving away the adult beetles and preventing oviposition. Poison
sprays that will penetrate the outer layers of bark will kill the young
larvae of type 1, but experiments have demonstrated that such mate-
rials are not effective against types 2, 3, and 4.. In these types most
of the beetles do not eat any of the bark or wood as they chew
through it and consequently are not poisoned. Possibly a poison
combined with a sticky substance that would form a film over the
bark and adhere to the mouth parts of the insects might kill them.

Insects of type 4 are not very injurious to saw logs, as they only
work beneath the bark and do not enter the wood, but they are
important in loosening the bark from rustic work. The others are
all injurious to both classes of timber.

4 BULLION. 1079, U/ S/ DEfcART^ENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IT MUST *Bfi *EfFECTrv:E> -ON 'VARIOUS SPECIES OF WOOD.

The type of bark makes considerable difference in the application
of a spray. A bark which is very absorbent, such as that of ash or
juniper, readily takes a spray; on the other hand, a smooth bark,
such as beech or hickory, will absorb scarcely any of it. Such smooth
bark does not hold the spray well but allows it to be easily washed
off in the rain. In the latter case poison sprays would hardly be
effective. The irregularities of the bark and all crevices must be
thoroughly covered.

IT MUST NOT BE LEACHED OFF BY RAIN OR OTHER WEATHER CONDITIONS.

One of the greatest difficulties in the experiments to find an
effective spray has been that the solutions are soon washed off by
rain. Many of those tried were effective for a few weeks, or until
the first hard rain, after which the trees were immediately attacked.

IT MUST NOT BE EXPENSIVE.

Since a considerable quantity of liquid is required to cover a
large log by spraying, it naturally follows that the material must
be inexpensive or it can not be used. Creosote oil, the most effective
material so far tried, is far too expensive. It can be diluted, how-
ever, with as much as 4 parts of kerosene, thus materially reducing
the cost of the spray without diminishing its effectiveness. For rus-
tic work a much more costly spray can be used than on logging op-
erations.

IT MUST FIRST PREVENT ALL INSECT INJURY FOR FROM ONE TO THREE

MONTHS AT LEAST.

Three months' protection by the spray would be sufficient for most
purposes. It is usually possible to get logs to the mill or into a
place of safety within that time. If it were sufficiently cheap so
that a second and perhaps a third application could be made, the
solution would need to be effective for only one month ; the necessity
for more than one application, however, would of course be a handi-
cap. In many cases three months' prevention of damage would carry
the tree or log through the danger period — that in which the insect
is flying — and natural seasoning during the ensuing winter would
prevent further injury.

EXPERIMENTS WITH PREVENTIVE SPRAYS.

During the period of insect activities in the years 1916 to 1920,
inclusive, series of experiments were conducted at the Eastern Field
Station of the Bureau of Entomology, East Falls Church, Va., to
determine the effectiveness of various solutions. These were

EXPERIMENTS WITH SPR^ SOLUTINS* JSpR, SREEN LOGS. 5

materials recommended by va'fio'us* correspondents or suggested by
the forest insect personnel. Dr. J. K. Haywood, chairman of the
Insecticide and Fungicide Board, United States Department of
Agriculture, also gave some very interesting suggestions.

These experiments are to be considered as only of a preliminary
character. The objects were chiefly to determine the requisites of
an effective spray and to study the behavior of the different types
of insects in relation to various treatments and methods of applica-
tion, as well as to find an effective spray.

The solutions were tried principally on two kinds of wood — pine
and ash — although occasionally hickory, juniper, and oak were used.
The wood was cut at a time to give the most favorable condition
for insect attack — hickory and juniper about January 1, pine and
ash about March 15. It was treated immediately or held in a wire
insectary until treated. The individual pieces of wood used were
3 feet long and averaged from 6 to 10 inches in diameter.

Insects of all types were represented in the tests. The following
were the most abundant and economically the most important:
Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fab. on ash and hickory, Xylotrechus
colonus Fab. on oak and hickory, Aserrwm moestimi Hald. on pine,
Cyllene pictus Drury on hickory, and Hylotrupes ligneus Fab. on
juniper — all of type 1 ; M onohammus scutellatus Say and M. titillator
Fab. on pine — both of type 2 (no species of type 2 on other woods) ;
various species of Ips, Phloeosinus, and Hylesinus on pine, juniper,
and ash, respectively — of type 4; various species of ambrosia beetles
on pine and oak of type 3.

From the foregoing it is seen that pine was tested against all four
types; ash against types 1, 3, and 4; hickory against type 1; juniper
against types 1 and 4 ; and oak against types 1 and 3. Owing to the
seasonal variations in the abundance of the various species of insects
the tests were not conclusive every season. For example, in 1918 and
1919 Monohammus was very abundant and attacked all the controls
as well as many treated woods, while in 1920 very few were present
and not all control logs were attacked. Again, in 1918 Hylesinus
(type 4) in ash was abundant, though in 1920 very few of the con-
trol logs were attacked. Every year, however, some one type was very
abundant on all species of wood used.

The flight period of these insects has a certain bearing on the re-
sults, as those species flying late in the season found the logs after
they were exposed to weathering for a month or more. Most of the
treatments were made about April 1, or 15 days before the flight of the
first insects, and unless otherwise stated this time of treatment is to
be inferred. With certain materials treatments were made also on
June 1 at the time of the first flight of some other species. The flight
periods are given in Table I.
102230—22 2

6

OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE I. — Flight periods of beetles used in experiments for the protective treat-
ments of woods with spray solutions.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Woods.

Asemum moestum, type 1.

•MMW

Pine.

Monohammus titillator and M.

Pine

scutellatus, type 2 .

Phloeosinus, Hylesinus, and Ips,

type 4.

Cyllen.e pictus, type 1.

•••^H

~mmv—m~*

Hickory.

Hylotrupes hgncus, type 1.

Juniper.

In the extreme northern States the flight period of these insects-
begins from two to four weeks later. In the Southern States the
flight period extends approximately from March 15 to November 1
for all species except Cyllene pictm.

Two methods of application were employed — spraying and dip-
ping. Dipping on the whole proved the more effective, as e very-
crevice in the bark was reached; it was also more economical, as a
smaller quantity of the solution was required. A round-bottomed
galvanized trough requiring only 1 inch of solution in the bottom
was used for this purpose. The logs were revolved in the trough
until all sides came in contact with the liquid. When carefully doner
however, spraying was nearly as effective as dipping and answered
very well for practical purposes. It required a fine discharge under
strong pressure so that penetration in all crevices was secured.

The treated sticks were placed in several positions: (1) In shaded
woods on the ground, (2) in the sun on the ground, and (3) on a
platform off the ground in the sun. The location of the sticks had
considerable bearing on the results. Those in the woods were always
more heavily attacked and those off the ground in the sun least at-
tacked. This can be explained by the more rapid seasoning of the
wood off the ground in the sun, which thus offered less favorable con-
ditions for beetle attack, and by the fact that many insects will not
oviposit on the upper surface of logs directly exposed to the sun.
The logs in the woods were likewise exposed to more humid condi-
tions and the solutions probably leached off sooner. It follows that

EXPERIMENTS WITH SPE>Y

LOGS.

the most severe conditions for dipping and spraying tests were pre-
sented by those logs in the woods on the ground, and for this reason
the discussion of results obtained is based on the results in treated
wood placed in this position. Where there was marked difference in
the amount of sunlight or in the sun temperature special note is made
of the fact.

The thickness of the bark had a certain bearing on the results.
Thick-barked pine logs present much more favorable conditions for
the attack of all insects concerned. In some cases a treatment was
very effective on thin-barked pine logs whereas treated thick-barked
logs became Heavily infested. The effectiveness of a treatment, there-
fore, was judged by the results following in the case of thick-barked
logs.

TREATMENTS AND RESULTS.

Creosote oil alone. — Pine and hickory dipped and sprayed. No attack three
months after treatments except a few insects of type 4 in crevices of sprayed
stick.

Creosote oil and kerosene. — All mixtures of kerosene and creosote oil give a
tarry precipitate which must be strained out or allowed to settle before the
liquid is used in a spray pump. This material was suggested by Dr. A. D.
Hopkins.

Equal parts creosote oil and kerosene. — Pine, ash, juniper, and hickory,
sprayed and dipped. Results as in the case of creosote oil alone.

One part creosote oil and two parts kerosene.- — Treatment as in the next pre-
ceding paragraph. Results as in the case of creosote oil.

One part creosote oil and three parts kerosene. — Pine logs dipped. No attack
after three months.

One part creosote oil and four parts kerosene. — Pine logs dipped. No attack
after three months.

One part creosote oil and eight parts kerosene. — Pine logjs sprayed and dipped
were attacked after two months by a few insects of type 4.

Creosote oil alone and mixtures of creosote oil and kerosene gave excellent
results. Everything considered, much better results were obtained with them
than with any other material. Dilutions of creosote oil containing from 1 to as
many as 8 parts of kerosene were effective, and perhaps an even greater dilu-
tion would be effective on absorbent barks such as ash or juniper. These mix-
tures act as repellents (in no cases were insects observed to oviposit where the
liquid was present) and they "stand up" very well in wet weather.

One part water-gas tar distillate* and three parts kerosene. — Considerably
more precipitate results from this mixture than from that of creosote oil and
kerosene; consequently it is more troublesome to handle. Pine logs were
sprayed and dipped. The results were similar to those with creosote oil.

One part coal-tar road surfacing material and three parts kerosene. — Pine
logs dipped with this mixture were attacked after 15 days by insects of type
4 and later their condition was but little better than that of the controls.

2 A distillate prepared from water gas.

8 BULLEtfTIK. Ijfiify Ttf..g,.DEPAR^ENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Coal-tar emulsion (prepared by'Ynsectictde Board); 1 part emulsion to 10
parts water. — Pine logs dipped and sprayed were attacked after 15 days by
insects of type 4 and later by those of all types. Final results were^ no better
than in the case of the controls.

Crude petroleum. — Pine logs sprayed and dipped with crude petroleum were
attacked by insects of type 4 after 15 days and later by those of all types.
Final results were no better than with the controls.

Anthracene oil emulsio-n (prepared by Insecticide Board); 1 part emul-
sion to 10 parts water and 1 part emulsion to 100 parts water. — Dipped pine
logs were attacked by insects of type 4 after 15 days and later by those of all
types. The final results were no better than with the controls.

Crude solvent naphtha. — Pine logs dipped with this material were slightly
attacked by insects of type 4 after 15 days and later by all types. Final
results were but little better than with the controls.

Six ounces of nitrobenzene in one gallon of kerosene. — Pine logs sprayed
and dipped were attacked after 15 days by a few insects of type 4 and later
by more of the same type. The final results were somewhat better than with
the controls.

Fish oil. — Pine logs sprayed and dipped were immediately attacked by
insects of type 4 and later by all types. Final results were no better than
with the controls.

Two parts fish oil, one part pine oil, and three parts kerosene. — Pine logs
sprayed and dipped were attacked after 15 days by insects of type 4 and later
by all types. The final results were no better than with the controls.

Kerosene. — Pine logs sprayed and dipped were attacked after 15 days by
insects of type 4 and later by all types; results were no better than with the
controls.

Sulphite concentrate (furnished by a paper-pulp null) ; full strength an,d
diluted with equal parts of water. — Pine logs dipped were attacked after one
week by insects of type 4 and later by all types. Final results were no better
than with the controls.

Spent sulphite; full strength and equal parts spent sulphite and, a commercial
miscible oil. — The results in pine logs dipped and sprayed were the same as
with sulphite concentrate.

Tree ffum (furnished by Gipsy Moth Laboratory) ; 1 pound of tree gum
dissolved in 1 quart of turpentine. — Pine logs treated with a brush were at-
tacked by a few insects of type 4 after two months. The results were much
better than on the controls, but the material held moisture in the log and pro-
duced much bluing of sap when insects penetrated the bark. The sticky film
acted as a mechanical barrier.

One pound of melted paraffin with one gallon of gasoline added. — Pine, ash,
and juniper logs were sprayed and clipped and placed in a cage for experiment
against insects of type 4. This treatment prevented all attack on the more
absorbent bark of ash and juniper. A few insects attacked the pine.

One-half pound of naphthalene dissolved in one gallon of gasoline. — Dipped
pine logs were attacked after 15 days by insects of type 4 and later by all. Final
results were but little better than with the controls. The naphthalene soon
evaporates and no odor is left.

One pound of melted paraffin with one-half pound of naphthalene and one
gallon of gasoline added. — Pine, ash, and juniper sprayed and dipped and
placed in a cage against type 4 were attacked by insects of this type after 30
days.

EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRAY 'SOLUTIONS f.0$ QFEEN LOGS. 9

One per cent sodium arsenate Svttftioh'— JUniper logs dipped and exposed
against insects of types 1 and 4 were not attacked after 60 days. ^

Sixteen parts of 1 per cent sodium arsenate and one part of a commercial
miscible oil. — Juniper dipped in this mixture was not attacked after 60 days,
but dipped pine was heavily infested by type 4 after 15 days.

Stock solution of kerosene emulsion, the water used containing 2 per cent
sodium arsenate. — Pine and hickory logs, sprayed, were attacked by all types
possible. The final results were no better than with the controls.

One ounce of sodium arsenate dissolved in one pint of alcohol and added to
one and one-half gallons of kerosene. — Very little arsenate went into solu-
tion. Pine logs, sprayed and dipped, were heavily attacked after 30 days
by insects of type 4 and later by all types. Final results were but little better
than in controls. Ash logs, sprayed and dipped, were attacked by one insect
of type 1, but the final condition was much better than with the controls.
This treatment was repeated on June 1 under similar conditions and with
similar results.

One part arsenic acid to nine parts water followed by lime water (arsenic
acid 30 per cent AS2Os by weight, 8. G. 1.3000, prepared by Insecticide and
Fungicide Board. — Pine and ash logs were dipped. The pine was not attacked
until 60 days and then by only a few insects of type 4. The ash was not
attacked. This treatment, under similar conditions, was repeated June 1, and
there was no attack after 60 days.

One-fourth ounce of corrosive sublimate dissolved in two and one-half ounces
of alcohol and added to one and one-half gallons of kerosene. — Pine and ash
were sprayed and dipped. The pine was first attacked after 40 days by a few
insects of type 4 ; there was no other attack. The ash was not attacked. This
treatment, repeated June 1 under similar conditions, gave the same results.
Although these logs were not attacked by Monohammus of type 2, it is hardly
safe to conclude that this treatment would always be effective against them.

Saturated solution of sodium fluorid. — Pine, ash, and hickory were sprayed
and dipped. There was no attack for 30 days, and then the logs were infested
by all types, though to a less degree than the controls. Little bluing was noted
on pine. Although not altogether successful, this solution is worthy of further
trial. This treatment, repeated June 1 with conditions as before, gave like
results.

Saturated solution of sodium fluorid, 20 parts to one part of a commercial
miscible oil. — Pine logs were dipped and sprayed with results as in the pre-
vious experiment.

Three ounces of zinc chlorid dissolved in three ounces of alcohol and added
to one and one-half gallons of kerosene. — Pine and ash sprayed and dipped.
The pine was attacked after 30 days by insects of type 4 and later by all types.
Ash was not attacked by type 1. June 1 the treatment, under the same condi-
tions, was repeated with results as before.

Five and ten per cent crude carbolic acid 3 in water. — Pine logs, sprayed and
dipped, were immediately attacked and heavily infested by all types. The
final results were no better than with the controls.

Two and one-half per cent solution crude carbotic acid in water, eight parts
to one part of a commercial miscible oil.— Treatments and results as in the pre-
ceding paragraph.

Six ounces of carbolic acid in one gallon of kerosene. — Pine, sprayed and
dipped, was attacked after 30 days by all types. The final results were no
better than with the controls.

3 Coal-tar oils and acids, 97 per cent ; inert matter, 3 per cent.

10 BULLO^l.N'. ]£79. U...S.* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Carbolic soap solution: One pint 'crude Carbolic acid added to one gallon soft
soap, thinned by addition of one gallon of hot water, left to stand overnight, and
then diluted with eight gallons of soft water (recommended in literature). —
Pine and ash, sprayed and dipped June 1, were attacked by all types after
10 days.

Five per cent solution of nicotine sulphate. — Pine, hickory, ash, and juniper
were sprayed, and all were attacked by type 4 within 10 days.

Two teaspoonfuls nicotine sulphate dissolved in three ounces of alcohol and
added to one and one-half gallons water. — Pine and ash, sprayed and dipped,
were infested by all types after 15 days.

Ten per cent solution of sodium carbonate. — Pine and hickory logs sprayed
were immediately attacked by all types possible.

Five per cent solution of a proprietary crude cresol-soap disinfectant. — Pine,
juniper, ash, and hickory were sprayed but were all attacked by all types
possible.

A strong suspension of whitewash. — Pine logs dipped were heavily attacked
after the first rain.

A strong solution of sodium chlorid. — Pine logs sprayed were immediately
attacked and their condition was no better than that of the controls.

One part crude pyridin preparation to ten parts water. — This did not mix
well. Pine and ash were dipped June 1. After 30 days both woods were
infested "by all types possible, but were in somewhat better condition than
the controls.

One part crude pyridin preparation to ten parts kerosene. — Pine and ash
were dipped June 1. After 60 days no insects had attacked either wood.
The odor could still be detected on the logs. This material seems to be very
promising and deserves further trials.

REMARKS ON POISONS USED.

Several of the more active poisons seem to be effective against
certain types of insects, particularly those of type 1. They are
especially effective when combined with oils that will penetrate the
bark (as the mixture of corrosive sublimate and kerosene) or fol-
lowed by another solution rendering them insoluble (as arsenic acid
followed by lime water). This latter, however, is difficult to apply.
They are also more effective when used on absorbent types of bark
as ash and juniper.

OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTS OF TYPE 3.

The results of the preceding treatments were not conclusive against
the ambrosia beetles (type 3) for two reasons: These insects require
wood that is moist — at least such wood presents optimum condi-
tions— in which to rear their broods. The logs used in the preced-
ing experiments, averaging only 6 to 10 inches in diameter, often
dried so rapidly that they were not suitable for these beetles. At the
same time another series of experiments was being conducted in
which water-soaked logs were used. These acted as traps, attract-
ing most of the ambrosia beetles.

N

EXPEEIMENTS WITH SPRA-Y SpI^UTJO^g»fcF9R;GJlEHN LOGS. 11

Consequently, to determine just how effective these solutions were
against ambrosia beetles (Table II), "the water-soaked logs were
thoroughly sprayed with (1) 4 parts kerosene plus 1 part creosote
oil, (2) the corrosive sublimate solution as given before, and (3) 1
part crude pyridin preparation to 8 parts kerosene. All the sticks
were dried for 24 hours before the sprays were applied. These
materials were applied to three pines, one oak, and one ash log, July
28, 1920. The results are given in Table II.

TABLE II. — Results of c-rpcrinictit^ in the treatment of water-soaked logs

(unhrosia beetles.1

Controls.

Kerosene and
creosote oil.

Pyridin and
kerosene.

Corrosive sub-
limate.

Pin,-

Oak.

Ash.

Pine.

Oak.

Ash.

Pine.

Oak.

Ash.

Pine.

Oak.

Ash.

Aug. 3 ...

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64

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125

0
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52

g 9

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27

Sept. l

8

18

28

Total ambrosia beetles

1 Numbers refer to ambrosia beetles attacking except when followed by letter.
» Not counted.

a=species of Ips, type 4. x=many ambrosia beetles not counted.

POISONING OF AMBROSIA BEETLES.

To determine whether ambrosia beetles feed on the bark as they
bore through it, and consequently whether poison spray could be
effective against them, several water-soaked ash logs were dried for
48 hours to remove the excess water from the bark and then com-
pletely submerged for 48 hours in a solution of sodium arsenate, 2
pounds to 10 gallons of water.

A wooden frame with a cheesecloth bottom was prepared on the
ground, and on supports above this frame a rubber cloth was sus-
pended to keep any rain from reaching the treated sticks. The sticks
were placed in the box on the cheesecloth and the cloth was carefully
examined every two or three days for dead ambrosia beetles. The
treatments were made on May 30, 1920. An untreated control was
used in the same position. The results were as follows:

June 8, one dead beetle beneath sticks.

June 15, one beetle boring through bark.

June 23, two beetles boring through bark.

July 23, two to six beetles were in each stick and all galleries contained
eggs and various stages of larvae.

These beetles were evidently not deterred or injured by the poison.
At no time were the sticks wet. It is quite probable that the dead
beetle found June 8 was not killed by the poison, since no other dead
insects were found.

Gaylord Bros.

Makers

Syracuse, N. Y.
PAT. JAN. 21, 19G

4 9 C.I

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