LLS ILLUSTRATED CLASSICS
p PHAEDRUS
* A SELECTION
RfT^.H.GHAMBERS M.A
Pf\bO
P^QfC
BELL’S iLLUSTRATED CLASSICAE SERIES
Edited by e. C. MARCHANT, IVI.A.
Late Classical Master at St, Pauts School
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
BELL’S ILLUSTKATED CLASSICS.
These -volumes are issued in three forms—
1. WiT-H Notes and Vocabulary complete, is. 6d.
2. WlTHOUT VoCABULARY, IS. 6d.
3. WiTH VoCABULARY, BUT WlTHOtJT NoTES, IS.
OXFORD : HORACE HART
1’RINTER TO THE UNIVEKSITV
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
A SELECTION
EDITED BY THE
R E V. R. H. C H A M B E R S, M. A.
HEAD M ASTER OF CHRISI' COLLEGE» BRECON
LONDON : GEORGE BELL & SONS
YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN
19CO
PAbo
P49fC
PREFACE
The Fables here presented to the reader, in inass
about one-half of the whole, are chosen less for critical
considerations than for practical. Some pieces are
omitted as, from various points of view, inferior, and
the Appendix is excluded altogether. But in both
cases the leading motive was the fear of undue length.
There is a certain stage in learning Latin, when some
easy prose is fairly mastered, where a book of easy verse
is mucli to be desired. Horaee and Virgil will come
by-and-by, but the pupil is hardly ready for them.
Ovid has merits, but defects as well. He is now and
then extremely difficult to boys and girls, and there
is little doubt they find him dull. Phaedrus, though
his Works are regularly studied in the German schools,
has been rather out of fashion recently with English
teachers. Yet for many reasons he would seem to give
exactly what is sought. Easy and fluent in style, yet
pointed, straightforward as a rule in matter, correct
in his Latinity, a master of his verse, he presents ju^
those iiterary qualities which make an author serviceable
at this stage of learning : whilst his very limitations, the
necessary shortness of his flight, and the absence of
sustained or lofty thought, make him the apt companion
of those whose wings are weak and hitherto unfledged.
Indeed he might, for practical advantage, be a little
shorter stili : an abridgement may be no less useful, it is
hoped, because its aim is somewhat humble.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction , I
Text —
Book I.
Prologue
II
I.
The Wolf and the Lamb
] 2
II.
The Frogs desire a King
12
III.
The Daw in Peacock’s Plumes
14
IV.
The Dog and the Shadow .
14
V.
The Lienes Share .....
15
VII.
The Fox and the Mask
15
VIII.
The Wolf and the Crane
n
IX.
The Sparrow’s Kebuke ....
16
X.
The Wolf and the Fox ....
16
XI.
The Ass and the Lion Hunting .
17
XII.
The Stag and his Horns
18
XIII.
The Fox and the Kaven
19
XIV.
The Cobbler turned Doctor .
20
XV.
The Ass and his Master
21
XVI.
The Sheep, the Wolf, and the Stag
21
XVII.
The Sheep, the Pog, and the Wolf
22
XX.
The Dogs and the Hide
22
XXI.
The Lion Prostrate ....
23
CONTENTS
Vll
XXIL
The Man and the Weasel
TAGE
24
XXIII.
The Faithful Watch-dog
24
XXIV.
The Ox and the Frog ....
25
XXV.
The Bog and the Crocodile .
26
XXVI.
The Fox and the Stork
27
XXVIII,
The Fox and the Eagle
28
XXX.
The Frogs and the Fighting Bulls
28
XXXI.
The Boves and the Kite
29
Book II.
I.
Modesty and Impudence
30
II.
^ How Happy could I be with Either ! ’
30
III.
^ A Hair of the Bog who bit You ’
31
IV.
Successful Plotting ....
3t
V.
Tiberius and the Walter
34
VI.
The Eagle and the Tortoise .
33
VIII.
The Stag in the Cattle-byre
35
Book III.
I.
The Exhausted Wine-jar
36
V.
‘ Hoist with his own Petard ’
36
VII.
The Wolf and the Bog
37
IX.
Socrates and his Friends
38
XII.
The Cockerel and the Pearl .
39
XIII.
Judgment of the Bees and the Brones
39
XIV.
Aesop and the Bow ....
40
XVIII.
The Peacock’s Lament ....
41
Book IV.
I.
No Peace in the Grave,
42
II.
The Mi ce and the Weasel .
42
III.
The Fox and the Grapes
43
IV.
The Horse and the Man
43
VL
The Battles of the Mice and the
Weasels .....
44
VIIL
The Serpent and the File .
45
CONTENTS
viii
PAGK
IX. The Fox and the Goat .... 46
X. ‘ As others see Us ’ .... 45
XIX. Tlie Viper, or Misfcnken Kindness . 47
XXIII. The Monntain in Laboiu* ... 47
Book V.
Prologue. Wliat Virtiie’s in a Name ! ’ . . 48
II. The Travellers and the Robber . . 48
V. Truth stranger than Fiction . . 49
VI. The Bald Men and the Comb . . 50
X. The Aged Honnd 51
NoTts .......... 53
Exercises ......... 87
vVppendices «95
VOCABULARY
INTRODUCTION
The Life of Phaedrus.
I . Materials for a life of Phaedrus are extremely scanty.
We know where he was born — just outside the borders of
Greece, in Macedonia, among the mountains of Pieria,
birthplace of the Muses also. But though we know the
Iliace, we do not know the time of his birth, or indeed
of his dea.th, except so far as the general dates of his
active life enable us to infer for the former a period
shortly before the Christian era, and a period about the
middle of the first century A. D. for the latter. We do
not know where the years of boyhood were spent, though
we learn that in the course of them he made acquaint-
ance with the works of Ennius, father of Roman poetry,
and we infer some literary training and a possible horne
in Italy : these probabilities are confirmed by the pre-
vailing Roman tone of his writings, and by a singularly
pure idiom in the Latin tongue.
Tradition says that he was a freedman of Augustus.
It is natural to combine these scattered fragments,
and imagine him a slave-boy trained to literature in
PHAED. SEL.
B
2
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
the Imperial household and set free because lie showed
proficiency. At what age he began to write we do not
know. But we are tolerably sure that the first publi-
cation was in the reign of the next Emperor, Tiberius,
and in the later part of it, when Sejanus was all-
powerful, but had not yet made that final grasp at
the purple which brought about his fall, that is to say
certainly before A. D. 31 and probably after 25. The
poefs fortunes are stili bound up with the Imperial
Court : for something in these early writings, probably
something in our present Book I, offended Sejanus and
brought disaster upon Phaedrus. He was accused of
crime, no doubt the offence of treason or laesa maiestas,
and perhaps condemned. At any rate some grievous
trouble overtook him, which he sought to dispel by the
aid of a patron, Eutychus.
If this man, as is suggested, be identical with the
freedman of Caligula or Claudius, the effects of Phaedrus’
disaster must have outlasted the author of it. But
again we have too slender information for a judg-
ment : we do not even know the nature of the trouble.
On the other hand, we know that the poet found
a solace in his literary work. For the Third Book, if
not the Second also, is the product of these clouded
years. By the time the Fourth is published, another
]patron is addressed. Whether the patron Eutychus had
rendered any useful aid, we fail to learn. But Particulo
is only addressed when better days have come, and when,
too, some measure of recognition has been won.
The earlier Books had circulated, not widely, but suffi-
ciently, among the smaller public whose opinion Phaedrus
would affect to value. Particulo, and others like him, ‘are
charmed by the Fables,’ they transcribe their favourite
pieces into common-place books of their own. Critics
INTRODUCTION
3
indeed there are wlio despise sucli trifles and dispute ihe
originality of tlie writer : but tliese be can despise as
lacking the education or the insight to appreciate good
Work : for himself, he desires no ‘ illiteratus plausus,’ and
trusts posterity with his reputation. Particulo, by being
associated with the verse of Phaedrus, shall be remem-
bered while Latin literature is valued : as for those
trifles which the critics scorn, Phaedrus ‘ is never dull
but there is a design under it.’
This tone of confldence attends him through the
one remaining Book. The Fifth was, it seeins, pub-
lished some time later than the other four. Phaedrus
appears to be in declining life. His spring is not what
it was upon his literary prey : his teeth are rotten,
and have not their ancient hold. But he has done
good Service, and can claim his due reward. There
are enemies stili, but rather jealous detractors than for-
midable foes. His only regret is that he cannot chastise
them as of old, and they do not seriously disturb the
years of assured success.
2. Such is the scanty record, which would be scantier
stili without the scraps of evidence disco vered in his
Works.
Hardly any writer of antiquity quotes him ; only
Avianus and Martial refer to him by nam e, of whom
Avianus is not nearly contemijorary, and Martial men-
tions only to depreciate him. He asks what Cassius
Rufus is about, and adds, ‘ Surely he is not emulating the
jests of shameless Phaedrus ! ’
An aemulatur improbi iocos Phaedri?
Quintilian passes him over in a silence which would
seem to imply ignorance, Seneca in a silence which
almost implies exclusion.
B 2
4
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
Pable.
3. Turning froiii the life of Phaedrus to his work, we
are led to consicler briefly, first, the nature of Fable,
and second, the relation of Phaedrus to it in particular.
Its genus.
Phaedrus himself declares that Fable had its origin in
slavery. To convey his meaning, and yet evade the
penalties of frankness. the slave invented Fable. Under
cover of a story, hc administered rebuke or gave advice :
under cover of a story he said what he ne ver would have
dared address to his betters, or even to his fellows, in
another forni. Whatever be the historic basis of the
notion, there is no doubt that a valuable truth may be
extracted from it. A Fable is a story with a purpose,
and convey s a meaning which could not so well, or so
conveniently, be conve3"ed by any inethod but a story.
The essential element is the moral, as Lessing jiointed
out. Should any reader be inclined to say that this is
precisely that part of the Fable which he could dispense
with the most easily, that is not to say that the moral is
not essential, only that it must not be obtrusive.
In a good Fable the moral follows the story naturally,
like the Q. E. D. or Q. E. F. in Euclid*s propositions : it
closes smoothly as a nielody is closed by its concluding
cadence. No doubt the forced and the long-winded morals
can disgust the ordinary reader, whilst your nimble-witted
reader deeins himself as able to supply a moral for him-
self as the mathematician to wind up his problem or his
theorem, and the musician to conclude his melody. For
in all three cases what is natural might be omitted, in
the full assurance that no intelligent geometer could err
INTRODUCTION
5
in summarizing, and that, just as ali musicians would
supply a fitting cadence to the melody, so ali intelligent
readers could supply the approjjriate finisli to a fable.
But, expressed or unexpressed, the moral is essential :
for the sake of it the Fable is composed.
Species.
4. Having got so far, we have reached what the logician
might call the ‘ genus ’ of Fable, but not its ‘ species.’
For novels with a purpose, allegories like the ‘ Faerie
Queene,’ treatises like More’s ‘ Utopia,’ books of adven-
ture like ‘ GulliveFs Travels,’ might all be classed as
stories with a moral : but they are not fables, because
they are too long, and brevity is the soul of Fable as of
wit. The true fable conveys a single precept, by a simple
situation, briefly treated. Such a description brings us
near the confines of metaphor and simile, and it may be
urged that sometimes ‘ thin partitions do their bounds
divide,'' whilst in such cases as that of Time in the eighth
Fable of Book V, these jjartitions are invisible. Perhaps
the fact is rather that Phaedrus has overstepped them,
since, properly speaking, a metaphor is not a story, nor
is a simile : their office is to deepen an impression, not
to enforce a maxim. Parable comes nearer, and perhaps
is only Fable applied to sacred things.
Independence of literal fact.
5. If, on the one hand, Fable is confined within such
narrow limits, from another point of view it needs unusual
liberty. Thus Phaedrus claims the right to make trees
speak, and frequently employs the privilege of endowing
animals with human thought and language. As a mere
6
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
story does not make a fable, so a fable is something more
tlian a mere story : it is an idea conveyed through a story,
and the story also is ideal. We are sometimes assured
by the musicians that the Italian opera is not the worse,
but the better vehicle, for purely musical effect upon
a foreigner because it employs an unknown language :
sculptors prefer white marble as a medium for form,
because there is no colour, motion, or illusion present :
even painters have been known to teli us that their
effects of colour are the better rendered without the
complication of a subject : and so it might appear that
Fable-writers thought their moral best conveyed by the
employment of ideal characters : in this way attention
would be concentrated on the pure idea more than on
details.
No doubt the drawback is a certain sense of unreality,
repellent to the man of practical intelligence. He-
thinks of Fable as but ‘ food for babes ’ ; in fact the
child himself dismisses Fable to the limbo of his nurse’s
stories and the Wonderland where Alice dwells. Yet if
the yearning for illusion can be overcome, or if the prac-
tical man can cease to be impatient of those regions
where the pure idea lingers, there seems no reason, in
these days when Alice and the Jungle Book and our
friend Brer Rabbit number their admirers by the inillion,
why the older ‘ moral through a story ’ should not retain
its ancient place in the education and amusement both
of children and their elders.
Educational value.
6. That place has always been a narrow one : the
Fable-writeFs business may be only ‘to point a moral or
adorn a tale.’ And yet the mere existence of a common
INTRODUCTION
7
Standard to wliicli we ma,y bring the events of life, is
convenient in itself. Who for instance in teacliing,
conversation, public speaking, would divest hiinself of
the power to summarize a situation by alluding, in
a kind of shorthand, to the Dog in the Manger, the Fox
and the Grapes, the Wolf and the Lamb ?
The Fables are a world-inh erit ance ; their justifica-
tion is their use. Charles Reade makes one of his
characters exclaim that ‘Metaphors are no arguinents/
to which the other wittily responds, ‘ That is the reason
thej convince people so.’ It is so with Fables. You
inay demonstrate their imperfections and show them
triuinphantly to be unreasonable : but generation after
generation will delight in them, outgrow them, and
return to them : for they serve their purpose, and are
indispensable ; they sink into the mind and are remem-
bered on occasion. Any person who grew up without
acquaintance with them would be without a share in
something universal and of common interest, like history
and geography. Instances can be easily recalled of men
like Frederick the Great, immersed in practical affairs,
and yet devoted to fable-hearing : whilst La Fontaine’s
stories, largely based on Phaedrus and the earlier collec-
tions, but employing every kind of adaptive freedom, are
‘ familiar as household words ’ to the youth of France,
insomuch that when M. Henri Bue was translating Alice
into French, and was in difficulties witli the parody of
the ^ Little Busy Bee,’ a poem unknown to the children
of his native land, he found the readiest solution in
a parody of ‘ Maitre Corbeau, sur un arbre perche,’
familiar to ali, and ever welcome.
8
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
Classica! Fable before Phaedrus.
7. So far we have dealt with Fable generally. To trace
its origin would lie beyond our scope. Suffice it to say
in brief that, before Phaedrus, the great Fable-maker of
tlie two classical languages, and the only one whose
influence has visibly affected him, is Aesop. That Aesop
was a real personage is tolerably certain, and that, as
Herodotus records, he lived at Athens about the time of
Solon and Croesus, that is, between five and six centuries
before the Christian era. But there is no collection of
his stories in existence, nor have we means of identifying
them among the Fables which have come down to us.
That some collection of them passed current among the
ancients as that of Aesop is extremely likely : Phaedrus
himself would rather lead us to believe so. But what
these were, we only glean, and that imperfectly, by
inference. A certain number are found in more than
one collection ; some are actually assigned to him by
name.
Aesop and Phaedrus: free treatment by Phaedrus.
8. Whatever be the authorship of Fables, it is ciear that
they are protected by no sort of Copyright or patent in
behalf of the inventor. Those which appear in more
than one collection vary in their different places, and
have been clearly handled with considerable freedom.
Indeed to relate afresh some Fable, usually one of Aesop’s,
was a frequent exercise, not merely for a literary man,
but even for the students under training with the Roman
rhetoric-instructor. This fact sheds a valuable light
upon the position of our author Phaedrus. Aesop’s
INTRODUCTION
9
Fables are a basis, but a basis only, for his work. His
early Fables are Aesop’s, treated with Roman freedom of
detail : his next are no longer Aesop’s, but ‘ Aesopian,»
with some of Aesop’s intermingled. Finally, the naine of
Aesop is a brand of quality, but no certificate of origin at
all. Indeed the freedom of his treatment extends further
stili. For he includes among the Fables stories which
are not to be described by any single heading. One, as
we ha ve already indicated, is a metaphor disguised, and
very thinly : some are merely proverbs, others are Itons
mots^ or jests, or after-dinner epigrams : some have
a defensive or a merely personal reference and bearing :
some are over-long for Fables, some too argumentative :
One is an antiquarian’s legend, one is a mythologisfs,
and several are the production of a not too nice or too
discriminating wit. All are to him Fables, United by
what we must describe as a conveniently elastic band,
in a looseness of union which gives a special justification
to the selectoFs task.
Metre.
9. One metre only is employed by Phaedrus, the
iambic senarius, of which the followiug scheme repre-
sents his use : —
W KJ W
\u — ww — — ww —
— — \J KJ — WW — KJ — WVw/
KJ KJ ^
Either the penthemimeral caesura, at the end of two
feet and a half, or the hephthemimeral, at the end of three
lO
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
and a half, may be employed, but tbe former is much the
more frequent. For instance, in tbe Prologue to the
First Book, only line six contains the hephthemimeral,
in the first Fable only line five.
His prosody is that of the best writers, with variations
noticed in their place.
PHAEDRI AUGUSTI LIBERTI
FABULARUM AESOPIARUM
LIBER PRIMUS
Prologue.
Aesopus auctor quam materiam repperit,
hanc ego polivi versibus senariis,
duplex libelli dos est : quod risum movet
et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet,
calumniari siquis autem voluerit,
quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae,
fictis iocari nos meminerit fabulis.
12
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
I. The Wolf and tiie Lame.
Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant
siti conpulsi ; superior stabat lupus
longeque inferior agnus, tunc fauce inproba
latro incitatus iurgii causam intulit.
‘cur/ inquit, ‘turbulentam fecisti mihi 5
aquam bibenti ? ’ laniger contra timens :
‘ qui possum, quaeso, facere, quod quereris, lupe ?
a te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor.’
repulsus ille veritatis viribus,
‘ ante hos sex menses male,’ ait, ‘ dixisti mihi.’ lo
respondit agnus: ‘equidem natus non eram.^
‘pater hercle tuus ibi,’ inquit, ‘male dixit mihi.’
atque ita correptum lacerat iniusta nece.
haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula,
qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15
II. The Frogs desire a King.
Athenae cum florerent aequis legibus,
procax libertas civitatem miscuit,
frenumque solvit pristinum licentia.
hic conspiratis factionum partibus
arcem tyrannus occupat Pisistratus. 5
cum tristem servitutem flerent Attici,
(non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave
omne insuetis onus) et coepissent queri,
Aesopus talem tum fabellam rettulit.
ranae vagantes liberis paludibus 10
clamore magno regem petiere a love,
qui dissolutos mores vi conpesceret.
A SELECTION. BOOK I
T3
pater deorum risit atque illis dedit
parvum tigillum, missum quod subito vadi
iriotu sonoque terruit pavidum genus. 15
hoc mersum limo cum iaceret diutius,
forte una tacite profert e stagno caput
et explorato rege cunctas evocat,
illae timore posito certatim adnatant
lignumque supra turba petulans insilit. 20
quod cum inquinassent omni contumelia,
alium rogantes regem misere ad lovem,
inutilis quoniam esset qui fuerat datus,
tum misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero
corripere coepit singulas, frustra necem 25
fugitant inertes, vocem praecludit metus,
furtim igitur dant Mercurio mandata ad lovem,
adflictis ut succurrat, tunc contra deus :
^quia noluistis vestrum ferre,’ inquit, ^ bonum,
malum perferte.’ — ^vos quoque, o cives,’ ait, 30
^hoc sustinete, maius ne veniat malum.’
14
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
IIL
The Daw in Peacock‘s Plumes.
Ne gloriari libeat alienis bonis
suoque potius habitu vitam degere,
Aesopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit.
tumens inani graculus superbia,
pennas pavoni quae deciderant sustulit
seque exornavit, deinde contemnens suos
se inmiscuit pavonum formoso gregi,
illi inpudenti pennas eripiunt avi
fiigantque rostris, male mulcatus graculus
redire maerens coepit ad proprium genus ; i
a quo repulsus tristem sustinuit notam,
tum quidam ex illis, quos prius despexerat:
^ contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus
et quod natura dederat voluisses pati,
nec illam expertus esses contumeliam i
nec hanc repulsam tua sentiret calamitas.’
IV.
The Dog and the Shadoav.
Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit.
canis per flumen carnem dum ferret natans,
lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum,
aliamque praedam ab altero ferri putans
eripere voluit : verum decepta aviditas
et quem tenebat ore dimisit cibum,
nec quem petebat potuit adeo adtingere.
A SELECTION. BOOK I
15
V. The Lion’s Share.
Numqiiam est fidelis cum potente societas:
testatur haec fabella propositum meum.
vacca et capella et patiens ovis iniuriae
socii fuere cum leone in saltibus,
hi cum cepissent cervum vasti corporis, 5
sic est locutus partibus factis leo:
^ ego primam tollo, nominor quoniam leo ;
secundam, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi ;
tum, quia plus valeo, me sequetur tertia ;
malo adficietur, si quis quartam tetigerit.’ 10
sic totam praedam sola inprobitas abstulit.
VIL The Fox and the Mask.
Personam tragicam forte vulpes viderat :
^o quanta species,’ inquit, ^cerebrum non habet ! ’
hoc illis dictum est, quibus honorem et gloriam
fortuna tribuit, sensum communem abstulit.
i6
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
IX.
The Spakrow’s Eebuke.
Sibi non cavere et aliis consilium dare
stultum esse paucis ostendamus versibus.
oppressum ab aquila et fletus edentem graves
leporem obiurgabat passer : ‘ ubi pernicitas
nota/ inquit, ‘ illa est ? quid ita cessarunt pedes ? ’ 5
dum loquitur, ipsum accipiter necopinum rapit
questuque vano clamitantem interficit,
lepus semanimus : ^ mortis en solacium !
qui modo securus nostra inridebas mala,
simili querela fata deploras tua.’ 10
X.
The Wolf and the Fox.
Quicumque turpi fraude semel innotuit,
etiam si verum dicit, amittit fidem,
hoc adtestatur brevis Aesopi fabula.
lupus arguebat vulpem furti crimine ;
negabat illa se esse culpae proximam. 5
tunc iudex inter illos sedit simius,
uterque causam cum perorassent suam,
dixisse fertur simius sententiam :
^tu non videris perdidisse quod petis;
te credo subrqmisse quod pulchre negas.’
IO
A SELECTION. BOOK I
17
VIII. The Wolf and the Crane.
Qui pretium meriti ab inprobis desiderat,
bis peccat : primum quoniam indignos adiuvat ;
inpune abire deinde quia iam non potest.
os devoratum fauce cum haereret lupi,
magno dolore victus coepit singulos 5
inlicere pretio, ut illud extraherent malum,
tandem persuasa est iure iurando gruis,
gulaeque credens colli longitudinem,
periculosam fecit medicinam lupo,
a quo cum pactum flagitaret praemium : 10
‘ingrata es,’ inquit, ‘ore quae e nostro caput
incolume abstuleris et mercedem postules.’
XI. The Ass and the Lion hxjnting.
Virtutis expers verbis iactans gloriam
ignotos fallit, notis est derisui.
venari asello comite cum vellet leo,
contexit illum frutice et admonuit simul,
PHAED. SEL.
c
i8
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
ut insueta voce terreret feras,
fugientes ipse exciperet, hic auritulus
clamorem subito totis tollit viribus
novoque turbat bestias miraculo,
quae dum paventes exitus notos petunt,
leonis adfliguntur horrendo inpetu.
qui postquam caede fessus est, asinum evocat
iubetque vocem premere, tunc ille insolens :
^ qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? ’
^insignis,’ inquit, ^ sic ut, nisi nossem tuum
animum genusque, simili fugissem metu.’
XII.
The Stag and his Hoens.
Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris,
saepe inveniri haec asserit narratio.
ad fontem cervus, cum bibisset, restitit
et in liquore vidit effigiem suam,
ibi dum ramosa mirans laudat cornua
crurumque nimiam tenuitatem vituperat,
venantum subito vocibus conterritus
per campum fugere coepit et cursu levi
canes elusit, silva tum excepit ferum,
in qua retentis inpeditus cornibus
lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canum,
tunc moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur :
‘ o me infelicem ! qui nunc demum intellego,
utilia mihi quam fuerint, quae despexeram,
et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habuerint.’
A SELECTION. BOOK I
19
The Fox and the Eaven.
Qui se laudari gaudet verbis subdolis,
sera dat poenas turpes poenitentia.
cum de fenestra corvus raptum caseum
comesse vellet, celsa residens arbore,
vulpes hunc vidit, deinde sic coepit loqui : 5
^ o qui tuarum, corve, pennarum est nitor !
quantum decoris corpore et vultu geris !
si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret.’
at ille, stultus dum vult vocem ostendere,
emisit ore caseum, quem celeriter 10
dolosa vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus,
tum demum ingemuit corvi deceptus stupor.
c 2
20
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
XIY.
The Cobbler turned Doctor.
Malus cum sutor inopia deperditus
medicinam ignoto facere coepisset loco
et venditaret falso antidotum nomine,
verbosis adquisivit sibi famam strophis,
hic cum iaceret morbo confectus gravi
rex urbis, eius experiendi gratia
scyphum poposcit : fusa dein simulans aqua
antidoto miscere illius se toxicum,
ebibere iussit ipsum posito praemio,
timore mortis ille tum confessus est
non artis ulla medicae se prudentia,
verum stupore vulgi factum nobilem,
rex advocata contione haec edidit :
^ quantae putatis esse vos dementiae,
qui capita vestra non dubitatis credere,
cui calceandos nemo commisit pedes?’
hoc pertinere vere ad illos dixerim,
quorum stultitia quaestus impudentiae est.
A SELECTION. BOOK I
21
XV.
The Ass and his M a ster.
In principatu commutando saepius
nil praeter domini nomen mutant pauperes,
id esse verum parva haec fabella indicat.
asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex,
is hostium clamore subito territus 5
suadebat asino fugere, ne possent capi,
at ille lentus : ^ quaeso, num binas mihi
clitellas inpositurum victorem putas ? ’
senex negavit. ^ ergo quid refert mea,
cui serviam, clitellas dum portem meas ? ’ 10
XVI.
The Sheep, the Wolf, and the Stag.
Fraudator homines cum advocat sponsum in-
probos,
non rem expedire, sed malum augere expetit.
22
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
ovem rogabat cervus modium tritici
lupo sponsore. At illa praemetuens dolum :
^ rapere atque abire semper adsuevit lupus,
tu de conspectu fugere veloci inpetu ;
ubi vos requiram, cum dies advenerit ? ’
XVII.
The Sheep, the Dog and the Wole.
Solent mendaces luere poenas malefici,
calumniator ab ove cum peteret canis,
quem commodasse panem se contenderet,
lupus citatus testis non unum modo
deberi dixit, verum adfirmavit decem,
ovis damnata falso testimonio
quod non debebat solvit, post paucos dies
bidens iacentem in fovea conspexit lupum :
Miaec,’ inquit, ^merces fraudis a superis datur.’
XX.
The Dogs and the Hide.
Stultum consilium non modo effectu caret,
sed ad perniciem quoque mortales devocat.
corium depressum in fluvio viderunt canes,
id ut comesse extractum possent facilius,
aquam coepere ebibere : sed rupti prius
periere, quam quod petierant contingerent.
A SELECTION. BOOK I 23
XXI.
The Lion prostkate.
Quicumque amisit dignitatem pristinam,
ignavis etiam iocus est in casu gravi.
defectus annis et desertus viribus
leo cum iaceret spiritum extremum trahens,
aper fulmineis ad eum venit dentibus 5
et vindicavit ictu veterem iniuriam.
infestis taurus mox confodit cornibus
hostile corpus, asinus, ut vidit ferum
inpune laedi, calcibus frontem extudit,
at ille exspirans: ^fortes indigne tuli lo
mihi insultare : te, naturae dedecus,
quod ferre cogor, certe bis videor mori.’
24
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
XXIL
The Man and the Weasel.
Mustela ab homine prensa cum instantem necem
effugere vellet: ^quaeso, parce,’ inquit, ^mihi,
quae tibi molestis muribus purgo domum.’
respondit ille : ^ faceres si causa mea,
gratum esset et dedissem veniam supplici. 5
nunc quia laboras, ut fruaris reliquiis,
quas sunt rosuri, simul et ipsos devores,
noli imputare vanum bonficium mihi,
atque ita locutus inprobam leto dedit.’
hoc in se dictum debent illi agnoscere, 10
quorum privata servit utilitas sibi
et meritum inane iactant inprudentius.
XXIII.
The Faithful Watch-dog.
Eepente liberalis stultis gratus est,
verum peritis inritos tendit dolos.
nocturnus cum fur panem misisset cani,
obiecto temptans an cibo posset capi :
heus, inquit, linguam vis meam praecludere, 5
ne latrem pro re domini? multum falleris,
namque ista subita me iubet benignitas
vigilare, facias ne mea culpa lucrum.
A SELECTION. BOOK I
25
The Ox and the FRoa.
Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, perit,
in prato quondam rana conspexit bovem
et tacta invidia tantae magnitudinis
rugosam inflavit pellem : tum natos suos
interrogavit, an bove esset latior,
illi negarunt, rursus intendit cutem
maiore nisu et simili quaesivit modo,
quis maior esset, illi dixerunt bovem,
novissime indignata dum vult validius
inflare sese, rupto iacuit corpore.
IO
26
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
XXV.
The Dog and the Ckocodile.
Consilia qui dant prava cautis hominibus,
et perdunt operam et deridentur turpiter.
canes currentes bibere in Nilo flumine,
a corcodilis ne rapiantur, traditum est.
igitur cum currens bibere coepisset 'canis, 5
sic corcodilus : ‘ quamlibet lambe otio ;
noli vereri.’ at ille : ‘ facerem mehercules,
nisi esse scirem carnis te cupidum meae.’
A SELECTION. BOOK I
27
The Fox and the Stork.
Nulli nocendum : siquis vero laeserit,
multandum simili iure fabella admonet.
vulpes ad cenam dicitur ciconiam
prior invitasse et illi in patina liquidam
posuisse sorbitionem, quam nullo modo 5
gustare esuriens potuerit ciconia,
quae vulpem cum revocasset, intrito cibo
plenam lagonam posuit: liuic rostrum inserens
satiatur ipsa et torquet convivam fame,
quae cum lagonae collum frustra lamberet, 10
peregrinam sic locutam volucrem accepimus :
^sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati.’
28
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
XXVIII.
The Fox and the Eagle.
Quamvis sublimes debent humiles metuere,
vindicta docili quia patet sollertiae.
vulpinos catulos aquila quondam sustulit
nidoque posuit pullis, escam ut carperent,
hanc persecuta mater orare incipit, 5
ne tantum miserae luctum inportaret sibi,
contempsit illa, tuta quippe ipso loco,
vulpes ab ara rapuit ardentem facem
totam que flammis arborem circumdedit,
hostis dolorem damno miscens sanguinis. lo
aquila ut periclo mortis eriperet suos
incolumes natos supplex vuloi tradidit.
XXX.
The Frogs and the Fighting Bulls.
Humiles laborant, ubi potentes dissident,
rana in palude pugnam taurorum intuens :
^ heu quanta nobis instat pernicies ! ’ ait.
interrogata ab alia, cur hoc diceret,
de principatu cum illi certarent gregis 5
longeqiie ab ipsis degerent vitam boves:
‘ est statio separata ac diversum genus ;
sed pulsus regno nemoris qui profugerit,
paludis in secreta veniet latibula
et proculcatas obteret duro pede. lo
ita caput ad nostrum furor illorum pertinet.
A SELECTION. BOOK I
29
XXXL
The Doves and the Kite.
Qui se committit homini tutandum inprobo,
auxilia dum requirit, exitium invenit.
columbae saepe cum fugissent miluum
et celeritate pennae vitassent necem>
consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam 5
et genus inerme tali decepit dolo :
‘ quare sollicitum potius aevum ducitis,
quam regem me creatis icto foedere,
qui vos ab omni tutas praestem iniuria?’
illae credentes tradunt sese miluo ; 10
qui regnum adeptus coepit vesci singulas
et exercere inperium saevis unguibus.
tunc de relicuis una: ‘merito plectimur.’
30
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
LIBER SECUNDUS
I.
Modesty and Impudence.
Super iuvencum stabat deiectum leo.
praedator intervenit partem postulans.
^ darem/ inquit, ‘nisi soleres per te sumere’:
et inprobum reiecit. forte innoxius
viator est deductus in eundem locum
fero que viso rettulit retro pedem,
cui placidus ille: ‘non est quod timeas/ ait;
et, ‘ quae debetur pars tuae modestiae,
audacter tolle.’ tunc diviso tergore
silvas petivit, homini ut accessum daret.
exemplum egregium prorsus et laudabile ;
verum est aviditas dives et pauper pudor.
II.
‘ How Happy could I be with Either ! ’
A feminis utcumque spoliari viros,
ament, amentur, nempe exemplis discimus.
aetatis mediae quendam mulier non rudis
tenebat annos celans elegantia,
animosque eiusdem pulchra iuvenis ceperat,
ambae, videri dum volunt illi pares,
capillos homini legere coepere invicem,
qui se putaret fingi cura mulierum,
calvus repente factus est ; nam funditus
canos puella, nigros anus evellerat.
A SELECTION. BOOK II
31
IIL
HaIK OF THE Dog who bit you.’
Laceratus quidam morsu vehementis canis
tinctum cruore panem misit malefico,
audierat esse quod remedium vulneris,
tunc sic Aesopus : ^ noli coram pluribus
hoc facere canibus, ne nos vivos devorent, 5
cum scierint esse tale culpae praemium.’
successus inproborum plures adlicit.
IV.
SUCCESSFUL PlOTTING.
Aquila in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat ;
feles cavernam nancta in media pepererat ;
sus nemoris cultrix fetum ad imam posuerat,
tum fortuitum feles contubernium
fraude et scelesta sic evertit malitia. 5
32 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
ad nidum scandit volucris: ‘pernicies/ ait,
‘ tibi paratur, forsan et miserae mihi ;
nam fodere terram quod vides cotidie
aprum insidiosum, quercum vult evertere,
ut nostram in plano facile progeniem opprimat.’ lo
terrore offuso et perturbatis sensibus
derepit ad cubile setosae suis :
‘magno,’ inquit, ‘in periclo sunt nati tui;
nam, simul exieris pastum cum tenero grege,
aquila est parata rapere porcellos tibi.’ 15
hunc quoque timore postquam conplevit locum,
dolosa tuto condidit sese cavo.
inde evagata noctu suspenso pede,
ubi esca se replevit et prolem suam,
pavorem simulans prospicit toto die. 20
ruinam metuens aquila ramis desidet ;
aper rapinam vitans non prodit foras.
quid multa? inedia sunt consumpti cum suis,
felisque catulis largam praebuerunt dapem.
quantum homo bilinguis saepe concinnet mali, 25
documentum habere stulta credulitas potest.
A SELECTION. BOOK II
33
The Eagle and the Tortoise.
Contra potentes nemo est inunitus satis;
si vero accessit consiliator maleficus,
vis et nequitia quicquid oppugnant, ruit.
aquila in sublime sustulit testudinem,
quae cum abdidisset cornea corpus domo 5
nec ullo pacto laedi posset condita,
A^enit per auras cornix et propter volans :
^ opimam sane praedam rapuisti unguibus ;
sed nisi monstraro quid sit faciendum tibi,
gravi nequiquam te lassabit pondere.’ 10
promissa parte suadet, ut scopulum super
altis ab astris duram inlidat corticem,
qua conminuta facile Acescatur cibo.
inducta verbis aquila monitis paruit,
simul et magistrae large divisit dapem. 15
sic tuta quae naturae fuerat munere,
inpar duabus occidit tristi nece.
IHAED. SEL. D
34
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
V.
Tiberius and tiie Waiter.
Est arclelionum quaedam Romae natio,
trepide concursans, occupata in otio,
gratis anhelans, multa agendo nil agens,
sibi molesta et aliis odiosissima-
hanc emendare, si tamen possum, volo
vera fabella : pretium est operae adtendere.
Caesar Tiberius cum petens Neapolim
in Misenensem villam venisset suam,
quae monte summo posita Luculli manu
prospectat Siculum et respicit Tuscum mare :
ex alticinctis unus atriensibus,
cui tunica ab umeris linteo Pelusio
erat destricta, cirris dependentibus,
perambulante laeta domino viridia,
alveolo coepit ligneo conspergere
humum aestuantem, come officium iactitans ;
sed deridetur, inde notis flexibus
praecurrit alium in xystum, sedans pulverem,
agnoscit hominem Caesar remque intellegit,
is ut putavit esse nescio quid boni :
^ heus ! ’ inquit dominus, ille enim vero adsilit,
donationis alacer certae gaudio.
tum sic iocata est tanta maiestas ducis :
^non multum egisti et opera nequiquam perit;
multo maioris alapae mecum veneunt.’
A SELECTION. BOOK II
35
■ VIIL The Stag in the Cattle-byre.
Cervus nemorosis excitatus latibulis,
ut venatorum fugeret instantem necem,
caeco timore proximam villam petit
et opportuno se bovili condidit,
hic bos latenti : ^ quidnam voluisti tibi, 5
infelix, ultro qui ad necem cucurreris
hominumque tecto spiritum commiseris ? ’
at ille supplex : ^ vos modo,’ inquit, ‘ parcite,
occasione rursus erumpam data.’
spatium diei noctis excipiunt vices. lo
frondem bubulcus adfert, nil ideo videt,
eunt subinde et redeunt omnes rustici,
nemo animadvertit : transit etiam vilicus,
nec ille quicquam sentit, tum gaudens ferus
bubus quietis agere coepit gratias, 15
hospitium adverso quod praestiterint tempore,
respondit unus : ^ salvum te cupimus quidem ;
sed ille, qui oculos centum habet, si venerit,
magno in periclo vita vertetur tua.’
D 2
36 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
haec inter ipse dominus a cena redit 20
et, quia corruptos viderat nuper boves,
accedit ad praesepe : ^ cur frondis parum est,
stramenta desunt? tollere haec aranea
quantum est laboris ? ’ dum scrutatur singula,
cervi quoque alta conspicatur cornua; 25
quem convocata iubet occidi familia
praedamque tollit, haec significat fabula,
dominum videre plurimum in rebus suis.
LIBEE TEETIUS
I. The Exhausted Wine-jar.
Anus iacere vidit epotam amphoram,
adhuc Falerna faece e testa nobili
odorem quae iocundum late spargeret,
hunc postquam totis avida traxit naribus :
‘ o suavis anima ! quale in te dicam bonum 5
antehac fuisse, tales cum sint reliquiae?’
hoc quo pertineat, dicet, qui me noverit.
V. ^Hoist with his own Petard.’
Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.
Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem inpegerat.
Hanto,’ inquit, ^melior!’ assem deinde illi dedit
sic prosecutus : ^ plus non habeo mehercule,
sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5
venit ecce dives et potens : huic similiter
impinge lapidem et dignum accipies praemium.’
persuasus ille fecit, quod monitus fuit ;
sed spes fefellit inpudentem audaciam :
conprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10
A SELECTION. BOOK III
37
Quam dulcis sit libertas, breviter proloquar,
cani perpasto macie confectus lupus
forte occucurrit, dein salutatum invicem
ut restiterunt : ^ unde sic, quaeso, nites ?
aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis? 5
ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame.’
canis simpliciter ; ^ eadem est condicio tibi,
praestare domino si par officium potes.’
‘ quod ? ’ inquit ille. ^ custos ut sis liminis,
a furibus tuearis et noctu domum.’ 10
‘ ego vero sum paratus : nunc patior nives
imbresque in silvis asperam vitam trahens :
quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere,
et otiosum largo satiari cibo ! ’
Weni ergo mecum.’ dum procedunt, aspicit 15
lupus a catena collum detritum cani.
^ unde hoc, amice ? ’ ^ nihil est.’ ^ dic, quaeso, tamen.’
38 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
^ quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu,
luce ut quiescam, et vigilem, nox cum venerit :
crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 20
adfertur ultro panis ; de mensa sua
dat ossa dominus ; frusta iactant familia
et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium.
sic sine labore venter inpletur meus.’
‘ age, abire siquo est animus, est licentia ? ’ 25
^ non plane est,’ inquit. ^ fruere, quae laudas, canis :
regnare nolo, liber ut non sim mihi.’
IX.
Socrates and his Priends.
Vulgare amici nomen, sed rara est fides,
cum parvas aedes sibi fundasset Socrates,
(cuius non fugio mortem, si famam adsequar
et cedo invidiae, dummodo absolvar cinis,)
cx populo sic nescio quis, ut fieri solet : 5
^ quaeso, tam angustam talis vir ponis domum ? ’
‘ u tinam,’ inquit, ^ veris hanc amicis inpleam ! ’
A SELECTION. BOOK III 39
The Cockerel and the Pearl.
In sterquilino pullus gallinaceus
dum quaerit escam, margaritam repperit.
‘iaces indigno quanta res/ inquit, ^ loco !
hoc siquis pretii cupidus vidisset tui,
olim redisses ad splendorem pristinum. 5
ego quod te inveni, potior cui multo est cibus,
nec tibi prodesse nec mihi quicquam potest.’
hoc illis narro, qui me non intellegunt.
XIII.
JUDGMENT OF THE BeES AND THE DrONES.
Apes in alta fecerant quercu favos :
hos fuci inertes esse dicebant suos,
lis ad forum deducta est, vespa iudice.
quae genus utrumque nosset cum pulcherrime,
legem duabus hanc proposuit partibus : 5
^non inconveniens corpus et par est color.
40
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
in dubium plane res ut merito venerit.
sed ne religio peccet inprudens mea,
alvos accipite et ceris opus infundite,
ut ex sapore mellis et forma favi, lo
de quis nunc agitur, auctor horum appareat.’
fuci recusant : apibus condicio placet.
tunc illa tali ius tulit sententia :
^apertum est quis non possit, et quis fecerit,
quapropter apibus fructum restituo suum.’ 15
hanc praeterissem fabulam silentio,
si pactam fuci non recusassent fidem.
XIV.
AeSOP and THE BOW.
Puerorum in turba quidam ludentem Atticus
Aesopum nucibus cum vidisset, restitit
et quasi delirum risit, quod sensit simul
derisor potius quam deridendus senex,
arcum retensum posuit in media via: 5
‘heus!’ inquit, ‘sapiens, expedi, quid fecerim.’
concurrit populus, ille se torquet diu
nec quaestionis positae causam intellegit,
novissime succumbit, tum victor sophus :
cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris ; 10
at si laxaris, cum voles erit utilis.
sic ludus animo debet aliquando dari,
ad cogitandum melior ut redeat tibi.
A SELECTION. BOOK III
4^
The Peacock’s Lament.
Pavo ad lunonem venit indigne ferens,
cantus luscinii quod sibi non tribuerit ;
illum esse cunctis avibus admirabilem,
se derideri, simul ac vocem miserit,
tunc consolandi gratia dixit dea : 5
‘ sed forma vincis, vincis magnitudine ;
nitor smaragdi collo praefulget tuo
pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas.’
^ quo mi,’ inquit, ^ mutam speciem, si vincor sono? ’
^fatorum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datae: lo
tibi forma, vires aquilae, luscinio melos,
augurium corvo, laeva cornici omina,
omnesque propriis sunt contentae ddtibus.’
noli adfectare quod tibi non est datum,
delusa ne spes ad querelam recidat. 15
42
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
LIBER QUARTUS
I.
No Peace in THE Grave.
Qui natus est infelix, non vitam modo
tristem decurrit, verum post obitum quoque
persequitur illum dura fati miseria.
Galli Cybebes circum in quaestus ducere
asinum solebant baiulantem sarcinas. r
is cum labore et plagis esset mortuus,
detracta pelle sibi fecerunt tympana,
rogati mox a quodam, delicio suo
quidnam fecissent, hoc locuti sunt modo :
‘putabat se post mortem securum fore; lo
ecce aliae plagae congeruntur mortuo.’
II.
The Mice and the Weasel.
Mustela cum annis et senecta debilis
mures veloces non valeret adsequi,
involvit se farina et obscuro loco
abiecit neglegenter, mus escam putans
adsiluit et conpressus occubuit neci. 5
alter similiter, deinde perit et tertius,
aliquot secutis venit et retorridus,
qui saepe laqueos et muscipula etfugerat ;
proculque insidias cernens hostis callidi :
‘sic valeas,’ inquit, ‘ut farina es, quae iaces!’ lo
A SELECTION. BOOK IV
43
III.
The Fox and the Grapes.
Fame coacta vulpes alta in vinea
uvam adpetebat summis saliens viribus:
quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait :
^ nondum matura est ; nolo acerbam sumere.
qui facere quae non possunt verbis elevant, 5
adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi.
IV.
The Horse and the Man.
Equus sedare solitus quo fuerat sitim,
dum sese aper volutat, turbavit vadum.
44
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
hinc orta lis est. sonipes iratus fero
auxilium petiit hominis, quem dorso levans
redit ad hostem, iactis hunc telis eques 5
postquam interfecit, sic locutus traditur :
‘ laetor tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis ; ’
nam praedam cepi et didici, quam sis utilis ;
atque ita coegit frenos invitum pati,
tum maestus ille: ^parvae vindictam rei ic
dum quaero demens, servitutem repperi.’
haec iracundos admonebit fabula :
inpune potius laedi quam dedi alteri.
VI.
The Battles of the Mice and the Weasels.
Cum victi mures mustelarum exercitu
(historia quorum et in tabernis pingitur)
fugerent et artos circum trepidarent cavos,
aegre recepti tamen evaserunt necem,
duces eorum, qui capitibus cornua 5
suis ligarant, ut conspicuum in proelio
haberent signum, quod sequerentur milites,
haesere in portis suntque capti ab hostibus ;
quos inmolatos victor avidis dentibus
capacis alvi mersit tartareo specu. 10
quemcumque populum tristis eventus premit,
periclitatur magnitudo principum ;
minuta plebes facili praesidio latet.
A SELECTION. BOOK IV
45
VIII.
The Serpent and the File.
Mordaciorem qui inprobo dente adpetit,
hoc argumento se describi sentiat.
in officinam fabri venit vipera,
haec cum temptaret, siqua res esset cibo,
limam momordit, illa contra contumax : 5
‘quid me,’ inquit, ‘stulta, dente captas laedere,
omne adsuevi ferrum quae conrodere?’
X.
‘As Others see Us.’
Peras inposuit luppiter nobis duas :
propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit,
alienis ante jjectus suspendit gravem.
hac re videre nostra mala non possumus ;
alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus, 5
46
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
IX.
The Fox and the Goat,
Homo in periclum simul ac venit callidus,
reperire effugium quaerit alterius malo.
cum decidisset vulpes in puteum inscia
et altiore clauderetur margine,
devenit hircus sitiens in eundem locum ; 5
simul rogavit, esset an dulcis liquor
et copiosus ? Illa fraudem moliens :
^ descende, amice ; tanta bonitas est aquae,
voluptas ut satiari non possit mea.’
inmisit se barbatus, tum vulpecula 10
evasit puteo, nixa celsis cornibus,
hircumque clauso liquit haerentem vado.
A SELECTION. BOOK IV
47
The Viper, or Mistaken Kindness.
Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempus dolet,
gelu rigentem quidam colubram sustulit
sinuque fovit, contra se ipse misericors ;
namque ut refecta est, necuit hominem protinus,
hanc alia cum rogaret causam facinoris, 5
respondit: ^nequis discat prodesse inprobis.’
XXIII.
The Mouxtain in Labour.
Mons parturibat, gemitus inmanes ciens,
eratque in terris maxima exspectatio,
at ille murem peperit. hoc scriptum est tibi,
qui, magna cum minaris, extricas nihil.
48
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
LIBER QUINTUS
PiioLOGUE : What Virtue’s in a Name!
Aesopi nomen sicubi interposuero,
cui reddidi iam pridem quicquid debui,
auctoritatis esse scito gratia :
ut quidam artifices nostro faciunt seculo,
qui pretium operibus maius inveniunt, novo
si marmori adscripserunt Praxitelen suo,
trito Myronem argento, tabulae Zeuxidem,
adeo fucatae plus vetustati favet
invidia mordax quam bonis praesentibus.
II.
The Travelleks and the Robber.
Duo cum incidissent in latronem milites,
unus profugit, alter autem restitit
et vindicavit sese forti dextera,
latrone occiso timidus accurrit comes
stringitque gladium, dein reiecta paenula:
^ cedo,’ inquit, ^ illum ; iam curabo sentiat,
quos attemptarit. ’ tunc, qui depugnaverat:
^ vellem istis verbis saltem adiuvisses modo ;
constantior fuissem vera existimans,
nunc conde ferrum et linguam pariter futilem,
ut possis alios ignorantes fallere.
A SELECTION. BOOK V
ego, qui sum expertus, quantis fugias viribus,
scio, quam virtuti non sit credendum tuae.’
illi adsignari debet haec narratio,
qui re secunda fortis est, dubia fugax.
V.
Truth Stranger than Fiction.
Pravo favore labi mortales solent
et, pro iudicio dum stant erroris sui,
ad poenitendum rebus manifestis agi.
facturus ludos quidam dives nobiles
proposito cunctos invitavit praemio,
quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet,
venere artifices laudis ad certamina ;
quos inter scurra, notus urbano sale,
habere dixit se genus spectaculi,
quod in theatro numquam prolatum foret,
dispersus rumor civitatem concitat,
paullo ante vacua turbam deficiunt loca,
in scena vero postquam solus constitit
sine adparatu, nullis adiutoribus,
silentium ipsa fecit exspectatio,
ille in sinum repente demisit caput
et sic porcelli vocem est imitatus sua,
verum ut subesse pallio contenderent
et excuti iuberent. quo facto simul
nihil est repertum, multis onerant laudibus
hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.
PHAED. SEL.
E
50 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
hoc vidit fieri rusticus, ^non mehercule
me vincet, inquit ’ : et statim professus est
idem facturum melius se postridie,
fit turba maior, iam favor mentes tenet 25
et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent,
uterque prodit, scurra degrunnit prior
movetque plausus et clamores suscitat,
tunc simulans sese vestimentis rusticus
porcellum obtegere, (quod faciebat scilicet, 30
sed, in priore quia nil compererant, latens)
pervellit aurem vero, quem celaverat,
et cum dolore vocem naturae exprimit,
adclamat populus scurram multo similius
imitatum, et cogit rusticum trudi foras. 35
at ille profert ipsum porcellum e sinu,
turpemque aperto pignore errorem probans :
^ en hic declarat, quales sitis iudices ! ’
VI.
The Bald Men and the Comb.
Invenit calvus forte in trivio pectinem,
accessit alter, aeque defectus pilis.
^heia !’ inquit, Un commune quodcumque est lucri.’
ostendit ille praedam et adiecit simul:
^ superum voluntas favit ; sed fato invido 5
carbonem, ut aiunt, pro thesauro invenimus.’
quem spes delusit, huic querela convenit.
A SELECTION. BOOK V
51
X,
The Aged Hound.
Adversus omnes fortis veloces feras
canis cum domino semper fecisset satis,
languere coepit annis ingravantibus,
aliquando obiectus hispidi pugnae suis
adripuit aurem : sed cariosis dentibus 5
praedam dimisit, hic tunc venator dolens
canem obiurgabat. cui senex contra Lacon :
^ non te destituit animus, sed vires meae,
quod fuimus, lauda, si iara damnas, quod sumus.’
hoc cur, Phile te, scripserim, pulchre vides. 10
E 2
NOTES TO PHAEDKUS’ FABLES
NOTES
BOOK I.
PROLOGUE.
General Sense. I present you with Aesopus Fables in verse.
My modest work possesses two advantages : ifc supplies
amusement and furni shes counsel. If any one objects on
the score of literal truth, let him remember that he is in
Fable-land.
Lines i, 2. The order for translation is Hanc materiam^
quam Aesopus auctor repperit, ego polivi versibus senariis.
auctor : in apposition to Aesopus, with almost the force
of an adverb ^ originally.’ Substantivos in -or are much used
in apposition.
repperit : for similar doubling of a consonant in the
perfect tense, compare rettuli and rettudi.
2. polivi: like a workman dealing with his rough material.
versibus senariis, i. e. iambic verse with six feet. For
an explanation of the metre, see Introduction, § 9.
3. libelli dos: subjective gen. — Hhe dowry the book brings
with it.’
quod, ^namely that’ ; in translation may here be con-
veniently omitted.
4. prudenti, abi. agreeing with consilio ^ brings out the
practical side of wisdom. Cp. I. xiv. ii, note,
5. calumniari. The ^calumniator’ is one who brings
a collusive or vexatious suit at law. From either point of
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
56
view his accusation will be insincere. Hence the idea of
insincere or vexatious criticism.
voluerit, ^ be minded to/ The fut. perf. is very common
in these sentences. English more naturally uses the simple
future or present.
6. quod. Where a cause, as alleged or as present in the
mind, is stated, the subj. follows quod. Cp. que in French.
There is no extant Fable in which the trees talk, though
there are many in which the beasts do so.
7. fictis, Umaginary.*
meminerit: subj. for imperative, with present meaning,
since memini is in meaning a present.
fabulis, ^stories.’ fabella.
I.
2. superior, inferior, both of place, and to be translated
after the verb.
3. fauce. The sing. of this word hardly exists in Latin,
and then only in the abi. case; it occurs again in I. viii. 4.
inproba. ^Wicked" is a very inadequate rendering.
See Vocabulary, and note 011 I. viii. i.
4. causam, ‘ pretext for a quarrel.’
6. lanigrer: to avoid the repetition of and to bring
out the Soft and yielding nature of the wolf’s antagonist.
For similar substitutions, see Appendix B.
timens : not an adjective, but a true participle, so to be
translated.
7. qui, abi. of quis, by what means, ‘how.’ quereris: can
it come from quaero ?
8. haustus : plur. as expressing repeated action.
9. repulsus : metaphorical, ^ defeated in the argument,
baffled.’
ait is the verb to ille.
10. anta hos sex menses, not ‘ for these six months past,’
as might be inferred from the case of menses, but ^ six months
ago.' Ante is in meaning an adverb, but in construction
a preposition ; so in the stili more peculiar phrase for ‘ two
days before the Calends,’ ante diem tertium Calendas, where ante
belongs to Calendas, but affects the intervening words ‘ en
passant.*
11. equidem is a strengthened form of quidem, and does
not contain ego ; but the Romans probably thought that it
NOTES. BOOK I, i, n 57
did, and the best authors use it by preference with the
ist pers. sing.
pater. La Fontaine weakens the force of this plea by
substituting ^ ton frere.* Speaking generally, he uses his
original with much freedom.
12. hercle, or hercule, for practical purposes the abi. of
Hercules, and in meaning an adverb, may be originally
a nom., as in the full phrase ita me Hercules iuvet, ^ so help me
Hercules." The phrase has its origin in times when the
Eoman Hercules, god of thieves and lucky finds, was not yet
identified with the Greek hero.
ibi, Hhen,’ properly of place, extended occasionally to
time or occasion.
13. correptum lacerat ^ corripit et lacerat.
14. illos. The simple antecedent to qui would be eos. The
stronger word illos implies that a definite class of persons is
in the mind of the writer.
15. fictis, a true participle. They invent the pretexts
with which they proceed to crush the innocent.
II.
I. Athenae. For the history, see Vccabulary of Proper
Names.
aequis legibus : i. e, a Kepublic.
3. frenum, metaphorical, ‘ control." licentia, nom.
4. hic, extended from place to time, ‘hereupon’: so fre-
quently in Virgil, an author familiar to Phaedrus.
conspiratis : with middle or deponent force, as some-
times in Caesar. Similar participles are collected in Ap-
pendix C.
factionum partibus. Partes signifies that the people
were divided, factio that the divisions were organized for
political purposes. Transi. Hhe divided parties conspired,
and Pisistratus seized the citadel as tyrant."
5. arcem, the Acropolis.
tyrannus. A political leader who made a terminable
magistracy, responsible to the citizens, permanent, and
thereby evaded the control of his electors, was a tyrant
(Nepos, quoted by Siebel). Napoleon I and Napoleon III
supply familiar instances from modern times.
6. Attici, the Athenians : more usually, the inhabitants
of Attica.
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
58
7. quia, as compared with quod, expresses motive as con-
trasted with cause. The verbs after quia and quoniam are to
be supplied. crudelis and grave are complements.
8. insuitis. So adsuevi. The separation of two vowels
usually sounded together is called diaeresis. For the parti-
ciple see 1. 4 conspiratis.
10. vagantes, ‘ roaming at wilL’ palor = straggle : erro =
lose one’s way.
liberis paludibus, ‘ in the freedom of their fens.’ Aesop
is bringing out the parallel between the frogs and the
Athenians.
11. clamore magno : abi. of instrument or of manner.
12. qui . . . conpesceret. The rei. when it expresses
purpose, takes subjunctive, and is translated ^ to.’
13. pater deorum : Jupiter.
14. quod in translation must be taken before missum.
^ Which, when flung, frightened the trembling populace
by a sudden turmoil and splashing of the waters.’
subito : adj. not adv. The adv. would lea ve vadi awk-
wardly separated from motu sonoque, upon which it depends.
16. hoc, the log, which, though sunk in the mud, was not
entirely buried, and so could be seen above the shallow water
by the frogs when they emerged.
diutius. The union of two syllables, usually separated, is
called synizesis. Mulier would scan diutius.
Observe iaceret, not iaceret. Distinguish.
17. una. There was only one who ventured : quaedam
would not have brought this out so clearly.
19. timor is fear of what is present • metus in 1. 26, appre-
hension of the future.
20. supra after its case.
turba petulans, ‘an ill-mannered, noisy ciowd.’ So
turha, III. xiv. i.
21. quod: i. e. the beam.
22. rogantes may be taken as either nom. or acc.
23. esset: subj. because this was the reason as they stated
it, and therefore the clause is like a dependent clause in an
oratio obliqua, such as ‘ They sent to say that they wanted
another king, because the one who had been given was of
no use/ &c. Cp. quod, I. Prol. 6.
25. corripere, ‘to pick them off.’
26. fugitant. The frequentative has the double effect of
showing that they scattered, and that they failed.
vocem, open remonstrance.
27. mandata ad lovem, a message to carry to Jove.
NOTES. BOOK I, ii-iv
59
28. adilictis : i. e. sibi.
30. vos quoque, o cives. Aesop now applies the fable to
the Athenians.
III.
1-3. These lines contain the moral. Read the story first,
11. 4 16.
2. The sense of ut libeat is carried on to this line from the
ne libeat of the line before : the right effect is obtained in
T]nglish by translating -que as ‘ but ’ instead of ‘ and.’
habitu means either dress or that character and con-
dition of which dress is the outward sign. Both meanings
are ingeniously included here.
3. prodidit: true perfect, as the present libeat shows.
5. pavoni: dative. But tr. a peacock.’
8. avi. See line 5.
9. mulcatus: to be carefully distinguished from multatus
(often spelt muJctatus). See Vocabulary.
10. coepit. For she was reluctant, and not even successful.
11. notam. The humiliation consists in the repulse
itself.
12. quidam : supply the verb ^said,’ which is often omitted.
13. si fuisses . . . voluisses, ‘ if you had . .
nec begins the main clause.
15. illam, regularly, of the more remote ; hanc of the
nearer.
16. tua calamitas : abstr. for concrete. See Appendix,
sentiret. Note the change of tense from expertus esses.
Both imply that the thing supposed did not take place : but
the pluperfect refers to a single occurrence now past, the
imperfect to a state of things which continues. The daw
could avoid the company of peacocks for the future : she has
to live with daws, for better or worse, permanenti y.
IV.
2. ferret. Dum, in the sense of ^in the attempt to/ takes
the imperfect subj. where the sentence as a whole is in past
time.
4. aliam, ^another’ ; altero^ ^another like himself.’
5. Sed would have meant simply ‘but’; verum means Hrue,
but.’
aviditas : abstr. for concr. See Appendix.
6o
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
6, 7. et , nec = et et non ... In translating,
omit the first et, and translate tlie nec by ‘ but . . . not.’
Cp. -que in I. iii. 2.
adeo emphasizespo^l^^Y.
V.
3. iniuriae : ^ objective * gen. after patiens, A word which
would liave been object to a transitive verb will, if used with
the active participle of that verb, be in the genitive: patiens
iniuriae = quae patitur iniuriam. Tr. Hneek under injury.*
5. vasti corporis ; gen. of description.
6. partibus factis : Iit. ^when the shares had been made’ ;
^ w^hen the booty had been divided.’ Partem is to be supplied
with prwiam, secundam, &c.
7. nominor quoniam leo, Hn virtue of my Lion-hood.’
He is the acknowledged King of beasts.
9. sequetur, ^ will become mine.’ This word is regularly
used of the distribution of booty.
10. The subj. to adjicietur is contained in siquis quartam
tetigerit.
11. inprobitas : abstr. for concr. See Appendix.
VII.
1. personam. The an cient mask covered the whole head.
Its use was to convey to the spectators the actoFs stage
identity, to increase his apparent height, and so his dignity,
and incidentally to assist elocution by an arrangement of the
mouth-piece. The forehead was artificially prolonged up-
wards, and tlie whole face, necessarily tragic in cast, was
made especially solemn by its fixity of expression. It is said
that when Tragedy was first represented in Spain, the
audience fled in terror, thinking that demons were upon
the stage.
2. ‘ What an imposing face, and no brains behind it ! ’
3. illis : dat. of advantage, ^ for the benefit of.’
4. sensum communem, the sense which all men share ;
our ‘‘ common sense ’ comes near the meaning here, without
quite hitting it. ‘ Gcod sense ’ is nearer.
abstulit. That which is not given, when it might be
expected, is said to be taken away. Transi. ^ denied.’ Cp.
amittit I. x. 2.
NOTES. BOOK I; iv-vm
6l
VIII.
I. pretium, ‘a stipulated payment, price.’
inprobis : not wicked, but unscrupnlous. The word
might suit roguery which was impudent, but not deeply
criminal, and might be quite inappropriate to the deepest
villainy, if secret and ashamed of itself. The tiresome fly,
the animal untiring in its search for food, the human energy
which perseveres until its purpose is accomplished, are all
described by the word inprobus. It chiefly implies insensi-
bility to the opinion of other people.
desiderat. He does not get his payment, but thinks he
ought to have had it.
3. deinde quia must be brought to the beginning of the
sentence in translating.
iam, ‘ having gone so far.’
5. singrulos : substantivally, ‘ all and singular.’
6. illud malum, ‘ the offending substance/ Dirt was
defined by Lord Palmerston as ^ matter out of place ’ : a bone
out of place is equally a malum.
7. persuasa est appears to violate the rule that verbs
which govern a dative in the active must be used imperson-
ally in the passive ; but persuadere aliquem is genuine Latin,
though not the best (see suadebat^ I. xv. 6), and the participle
persuasus is passive occasionally even in good Latin. The
constructions of Phaedrus may usually be trusted.
8. colli longitudinem : abstr. for concrete, has here
a playful and slightly humorous effect. Try to render it.
9. p. fecit medicinam. Agaiii playful, ‘ practised a perilous
surgery,’ not wrought a cure. Op. I. xiv. 2, which is decisive
for this passage.
10. a quo. The Latin relative either introduces a subor-
dinate clause, or connects two sentences. Where the latter
is the case, it requires to be broken up into a conjunction
and a demonstrative. Here ^ and when she claimed of
him,* &c.
praemium, Hhe reward of a Service rendered, fee.’
12. abstuleris, postules, subj. because qui is causal.
mercedem, Hhe hire of a servant, wages.’
62
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
IX.
I. sibi, emphatic from its position. ‘ For oneself.’
5. quid ita cessarunt pedes? ^ Why so slow of foot
cessarunt = cessaverunt,
6. necopinum, though an adj., may be translated
adverbially.
7. clamitantem, a participio, has the force of ‘ although *
with a finite verb.
8. lepus : supply inquit mortis means ^ my death.’
9. securus, wo# ‘ secure/ Consuit the Vocabulary. In older
English ‘ secure ’ has the Latin meaning. For example
Shakespeare writes —
^And you ali know security
Is mortals’ chiefest enemy.’
nostra mala . . . , fata tua : a simple instanCe of the
figure ‘ Chiasmus." The substantive and adjective reverse
their places in the parallel clauses, partly for oppositi 011,
partly for variety.
Most of these Fables atford pleasing examples of the way
to express a simple opposition with neatness, balance, and
propriety.
X.
2. amittit. He is said to lose wdiat he does not gain.
Cp. abstulit (I. vi i. 4).
5. illa. The pronoun ille is very commonly employed,
when the object of one sentence becomes the subject of the
next.
culpae proximam ; see Vocabulary.
6. iudex, in app. to simius^ Hook his seat as judge.’
7. uterque is used of two subjects regarded severally,
ambo of a pair.
perorassent. The predicate with uterque is more com-
monly sing.
9. videris expresses the conclusion of the judge, not his
mere opinion. In like manner placet expresses the vote, and
not the mere opinion, of the senator.
tu . . . te. La Fontaine thinks it well to be clearer, and
says Hoi, loup,’ ‘et toi, renard.’
NOTES. BOOK I, ix-xi
63
XI.
T. Virtutis expers amounts to a substantive, and acts
as the subject to the sentence. ‘ When one that lacks luerit
vaunteth his glory in words, he may deceive the unwary,
but is a laughing-stock to them that know him.’
2. ignotos, notis are active, not, as usual, passive. See
Vocabulary.
est derisui, literally ‘ is for a mockery/ may be ren^
dered. ^ is a laughing-stock.’ This use of the dat. is common
and is usually called a dative of ‘ purpose notis, also in the
dat., shows the persons/o whom, and would be called a dative
of ‘ complement,’ as used to complete the sense.
3. asello comite, abi. abs., tr. ‘with . . . for companion.’
6. exciperet. A momenfs reflection will show that this
cannot be in oratio obliqua, for v^hich sese excepturum would
be required. Verbs of advising take a subjunctive with
ut, which accounts for terreret. Exciperet then follows under
the same government, although the person has changed.
The lion, as it were, goes on to instruet himself. If
you insert the word ‘whilst’ at the head of this second
clause, you will see the meaning ; Latin constantly omits
a connecting particle of the kind, which would be expressed
in English.
auritulus. For the principle see laniger (I. i. 6). The
effect here is slightly humorous. By callirg attention to the
prominent ears, Phaedrus suggests the relative unimportance
of the body to which they belong. ‘ Little Long-ears ’ gives
an idea of the effect intended.
8. hestias. As in the ‘ Jungle Book,’ there is a forest
society with common life.
9. exitus. The gamekeeper will show you that animals
in our own country have their regular ^ runs ’ through a
hedge or thicket.
12. insolens, semi-adverbial : cp. I. xiii. 9. Unac-
customed success brings out a natural tendency to brag.
Hence insolens, meaning properly ‘ unaccustomed,’ acquires
the sense of our ‘insolent.’ This is a good passage for
tracing the connexion.
14. sic in the best authors differs from tam, as ‘ thus ’
differs from ‘ as.’ Here the lion answers, ‘ Oh, remarkable.’
Inquit allows a pause during which the ass congratulates
himself. Then the lion continues, ^ I mean remarkable in
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
64
this sense tliat/ &c. By making sic = tam^ the translator
misses a point.
nisi with impft. or plupft. subj. implies that the true
state of things is assiimed not to exist. Here ^did I not
know (but I do know), I should have . . /
XII.
I, 2. The order for translation is haec ass. narr.^ (ea) quae
contempseris saepe inveniri utiliora laudatis.
laudatis : abi. of comparison, =quam, laudata — quam ea
quae laudaveris.
contempseris may be either indic, or subj. In either
case the tense signifies that the despising has preceded
a knowledge of the true state of affairs. ^ You find you have
been despising/ The 2nd person is common for the vague
and general ^you * : compare French ‘ on/
4. suam ; emphatic by its position at the close of a line,
‘ his own."
6. ^ His over slenderness of shank " : playful.
9. ferum ; for variety, on the same principle as laniger^ &c.
Virgil had used the same expression for the same purpose
in the 7th Aeneid. In English say simply ^ him/
10. in qua. See note on I. viii. 10.
14. quam precedes utilia in translation.
15. quantum luctus precedes quae laudaram in transla-
tion. The genitive luctas follows words of quantity like
quantum, as a word with ‘ de * would follow ^ combien ’ in
French. Omit ‘of’ in English. habuerint, ‘ caused.’ quae
despexeram = ea quae despexeram, quae laudaram = ea quae
laudaram.
XIII.
1. qui^ts qui. The antecedent is sometimes omitted even
in English, as ‘ Who leads a good life, is sure to live well/
2. poena means satisfaction. Hence dare poenas, ‘ to render
satisfaction/ i. e. to pay the penalty.
3. fenestra : an opening in the wall, capable of being
closed by shutters or curtains. Flates of mica or other
more or less transparent substance were not unknown in
Phaedrus* time, but were rare. There was glass in some of
the houses disco ve red at Pompeii.
caseum, ‘ a cheese,’ not a piece of cheese. Cheeses in
NOTES. BOOK I, xi-xiv 65
the South of Europe are stili made up about the size of our
half pounds of butter, not too large for a bird like the raven
to carry.
4. comesse. See Yocabulary, comedo.
celsa arbore, ^ high in a tree/ like summa arbore. Cp.
II. iv. I.
6. <11x1= qualis., ^ how marvellous.’
7. decoris. See note on I. xii. 15.
8. si with impft. or plupft. subj. imphes that an unreal
state of things is assumed to exist. Here ‘ if you had (but
you have not) . . . , no bird would be . .
ales includes everything on wings. See Yocabulary.
9. stultus : to be translated as an adverb with ruit.
12. corvi stupor, abstr. for concrete. See insta nces col-
lected in Appendix. The effect here is mock-Tragic.
stupor, ^ consternation/ not ‘stupidity.’ Cp. I. xiv. 12.
deceptus : to be taken with ingemuit He groaned to
find himself outwitted. So Horaee says of Apollo, viduus
pharetra risit, meaning ‘ he smiled to find himself quiverless/
in a passage similar to the present.
Keaders of ‘Alice in \Yonderland" in Erench may be
amazed to find a parody of this Fable, as it appears in
La Fontaine, replacing the piece beginning ‘ How doth the
little crocodile.* But see the Introduction, § 6.
XIY.
T. malus : with sutor. He is a sorry cobbler, but not, so far
as we yet learn, a bad man.
2. medicinam facere, ^practise medicine.* Cp. I. viii. 9.
igrnoto. The place being unknown to him, he was also
unknown to the place.
3. antidotum, ^ any remedy/ not necessarily for poisons.
falso nomine is abi. of dcscription with antidotum. The
remedy is falsely represented as a cure for everything.
4. verbosis strophis, ‘ by well-turned phrases.* The
method is stili familiar at country fairs.
5. hic, Hiereupon,’ not ^lere,* nor ^he.*
6. The king means possibly to employ him.
7. poposcit : subject rex.
fusa . . . aqua, not ‘ water having been poured * (abi. abs.),
but ‘by pouring water,* abi. of manner. The past partic.
cften does duty in Latin verse for a pres. partic. pass.
9. ipsum, ‘ the leech.*
PHAED. SEL.
F
66
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
11. artis medicae prudentia, ^ knowledge of the healing
art.’
12. stupore, ‘ admiration/ which gazes open-mouthed at
the fcelf-advertising quack.
14. quantae dementiae, ‘ how foolish " : gen. of description.
15. capita, ‘ lives."
16. cui calceandos, &c., ^ whom no man trusted with a
pair of shoes." Calceandos Iit. Ho be provided with shoes,"
purpose being expressed by the gerundive.
17. dixerim: courteous subjunctive, ^ I should say."
18. quaestus. The dative of the complement, as in I. xi.
2, would be more common. But cp. I. xxi. 2.
impudentiae is dat.
xy.
I. in principatu commutando, ^when they get a new
ruler."
4. pascebat. The old man would be actually with his
beast. In several countries of modern Europe, the animals
of a village are turned out during the summer months to
graze a common pasture, and the less ahle-hodied of the com-
munity are put to mind thcm.
5. hostium, ^ a party of raiders."
6. fngrere = ut fugeret, to which agere in IV. iv. 13 may
be parallel : but see note on that passage. Usually suadeo +
infin. is to persuade o/a fact, not persuade to an action.
7. lentus, ^ composedly." For semi-adverbial use, cp.
I. xiii. 9.
binas : the disfcributive for the ordinal number, as usual
with a plural noun which has no singular, clitellae being
^ a pair of panniers."
9. refert : to be carefully distinguislied from refert, ^ What
does it matter to me ? ’
10. dum, ^ so long as."
meas : emphatic.
XVI.
1. advocat sponsum, ^ calls in to answer for him": the
supine expressing purpose after a verb of motion.
inprobos : see note on I. viii. i.
2. rem, ‘ business."
5. rapere atque abire : cp. our Move and ride awa5\’
6. fug^ere : what is to be supplied?
7. requiram : ‘ deliberative " sul)j., ‘ am I to . . .’
NOTES. BOOK I, xiv-xxi
67
XVII.
1. malefici, riot maleficii^ is the classical forni of Ihe
genitive.
2. calumniator: see note on auctor^ I. Prol. i.
3. panem : to be translated after jpeteret
8. bidens : properly of a yearling slieep, wliicli at that
age has two prominent teeth and appears to have no others:
lience of a sheep in general.
XX.
5. rupti: middle, Hhey burst and . .
6. conting^erent. Priusquam takes a subj. when Ihe sense
of intention to anticipate another’s action is implied. Hero
the interference of fate or the powers of nature is treated
as intentional.
XXI.
1. pristinam, ‘ which once he had.’
2. iocus : see note on I. xiv. 18.
3. defectus : middle ; see Yocabulary and Appendix.
annis, abi. of cause.
viribus : abi. after a word expressing emptiness.
4. leo. The process of shorlening final -o begins with the
Augustan poets and gradually extends in the ‘ Silver Age ^
of Latin.
5. fulmineis : with (i) the speed, (2) the gleam, of light-
ning.
6. veterem, Mong-standing/
7. infestis. The word infestus is probably derived from
in+fendo. The alternative derivation from in + fero would
give an excellent accouiit of the common meaning with a
weapon, viz. carried ready for attack. The meaning here is
‘ with horn in rest.’ The bull lowers its head when
chnrging.
8. ferum: see note on I. xii. 9. Observe the simple skill
with which Phaedrus telis the whole story without repeating
the word leo.
9. laedi. Speciallj^ used of unprovoked aggression.
extudit : either (i) ‘ smote violently,' or (2) ‘ beat in *
F 2
68
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
(lifc. ^ out ’). The force of prepositions in compound words
repays careful study.
11. insultare. The objecfc of indigne tuli is the wholo
phrase fortes mihi insultare.
naturae dedecus. ‘ Nature’s fool ’ gives the general
sense. Bufc it would be hard to sriy whether the phrase
implies that ali nature scoriis the ass, or that the ass brings
shame upon the fair works of nature.
12. quod . . . cogor, ‘in being obliged.’
certe, ‘ assurecUy/ in which sense certo is more common.
Certe more frequently means ‘ at least.’
The pathos of this Fable is best felt by re-reading Fables V
and XI of Book I.
XXII.
4. faceres . . . esset . . . dedissem. The form of sentence
implies that the supposition made is not true : the imper-
fects refer to a continuing state of things, the pluperfeot
to a single act regarded as complete in itself. Cf. I. xiii. 8.
5. supplici : dat. of supplex^ ‘ to your entreaties.’
6. nunc: in the sense of the Greek vvv St, ‘as things are.*
7. rosuri : the future partic. expresses ‘ likely to.*
et = etiam^ ‘ also/ with ipsos, devores^ like fruaris, governed
by ut.
8. imputare mihi, ‘ set down to my account/ ‘credit me
with.’ A frequent motto for sun-dials pereunt et imputantur
‘ (tlie hours) perish and are written to our account.’ The
Romans, being careful with their accounts, frequently use
rnetaphors derived from this source.
9. inprobam: see note on I. viii. i.
IT. servit . . . sibi, i. e. ‘ seeks its own ends.*
12. Understand qui from quorum as the subject to iactant.
finprudentius, ‘with some lack of wisdom.’ But it is
dithcult to .see why the old reading imprudentibus should
have been rejected. It affords an excellent sense and con-
struction, as iactant imprudentibus would mean ‘ put forward
to those who lack sagacity.* Imprudentius is weak : for there
is no lack of practical wisdom in putting forward even
a bad excuse where the case was so hopeless. Impudentms,
which has been proposed, is better : the excuse, whether
hopeful or not, was certainly brazen.
NOTES. BOOK I, xxi-xxvi
69
XXIII.
1. repentB liberalis : subj. of sent. Cp. I. xi. i.
2. inritos : with the force of an adverb in Englibli.
tendit dolos in hunting language would be ‘ bpreads liis
nets,’ Here the nets are the invisible ones of deceit.
3. panem mittere occurs again III. ii. 6.
4. The order is — temptans an oliecto ciho posset capi.
5. lingfnam praecludere : so vocem praecludere^ I. ii. 26.
XXIY.
1. inops, po^te^tem, ‘rich.’ Latin loves to place two
contrasting words side by side, and is more free to do so
than English, because the inflexions settle the construction
of the sentence apart from the order.
2. conspexit, ‘ espied.’ The sight of so large a creature
was an event, not to say a discovery, in the frog’s life.
3. tacta; nom. The metaphor is perhaps from the touch
of a whip.
4. pellem, the skin of an animal.
6. cutem, the skin, whether animal or human.
8. quis. Where two are in question, uter is the common
■Nvord.
9. dum vult, ‘ wishing’ ; dum with pres. indic, is a com-
mon way of expressing a present participle.
10. rupto ; probably mi d die.
XXV.
I. prava, ^ crooked, unsound*: see Vocabulary. They
know the better coimsels, but give the worse.
3. currentes bibere, ‘ drink as they run.’
4. corcodilis : for the common crocodilis, to suit the metre.
Vowels are easily shifted from one side of the letter r to the
rther : a familiar instance is the vulgar English ‘ brid ’ for
‘ bird.’
6. otio: abi. of m anner, ^at your ease.*
7. facerem . . . scirem. See on I. xi. 14.
XXYI.
I. nulli : substant i val for nemini^ after nocendum ; mihi
credendum est = ‘ I ought to be believed.’
70
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
laeserit : sce note on I. xxi. 9.
The moral reminds us of Polonius’ advice to his son,
Hamlet i. 3 :
^ Beware
Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,
BearT that the opposed may beware of thee/
2. multandum. The gerundive expresses what is deserved,
not, as usual, what ought to be done.
6. potuerit : subjun., because this is a subord. sentence in
oratio obliqua.
9. satiatur, middle.
10. collum. TJie inside of the neck is of course intended.
11. peregrinam volucrem, Hhe bird of passage/ here,
apparently, for mere variety. The migratory habits of the
stork are well known. In summer it is common in Holland,
and is occasionally found both in Great Britain and in
Scandinavia.
12. sua . . . exempla . . . pati, ‘ to take what they give.’
XXVIII.
1. quamvis sublimes, ‘folk however lofty,’ supplies the
subject. Cp. I. xi. i.
sublimes, humiles, hover between the literal and the
metaphorical ineanings of high and low.
2. docili, ‘ ready to take a lesson,’ able to learn by experi-
ence, and so ‘ resourceful,* ^ ready- witted.’
4. pullis, dat. ; escam, ^for food.’
5. persecuta, she followed her enemy horne.
7. tuta: with an abi. of instrument, as if, as originally,
a participle instead of an adjective, and passive instead of
deponent. There is indeed an active tueo^ found in Latin
before and after the best period.
quippe, ‘as being.’
9. The tree itself was not lighted, but a ring of fire drawn
ali round its stem.
10. She is prepared to combine her enemy’s grief with
the loss of her own olfspring.
11. periclo: dat. eriperet. Tr. ‘ from . .
12. supplex, descending to entreaties in her turn. For
the semi-participial force cp. I. xxii. 5.
NOTES. BOOK I, xxvi-xxxi
71
XXX.
1. laborant: notice the sense of this word, which does
not mean ‘ work. ’
2. in pallide with intuens. The biills fought on the dry
land near.
6. ipsis : that is the frogs.
10. proculcatas obteret = proculcabit et obteret {nos).
11. ita caput. The spondee beingallowed in the first foot
of the verse, and four short syllables being the equivalent of
two long ones, a foot consisting of these is admitted in place
of the spondee. But Phaedrus employs this liberty in no
other foot but the first. See Scheme of Metre, § 9.
caput, Oife,' as in I. xiv. 15 : ‘is a matter of life and
death to us.’
XXXI.
1. tutandum: passive, a use of tutor which is found in
Cicero.
2. requirit means ^ he looks for,’ not ‘ he asks for.’
3. miluum : more commonly milvum. The Koman poets
frequently use the privilege of making -u consonantal for
convenience, and vice versa of making consonantal -u vocal.
5. raptor : that is the kite.
7. potiusquani, priusquam, antequam being unmanageable
in metre, are not infrequently broken up into their compo-
nent words, which moreover admit of being distributed
hetween two clauses so as to balance a sentence better.
8. icto foedere, ‘ by striking a treaty,’ abi. absolute. The
phrase has its origin in icere porcum, &c., referring to the
killing of an animal when a treaty was concluded.
9. praestem : subj. because qui — ut ego.
tutas : see note on I. xxviii. 7.
10. credentes, ‘ in all faith.’
12. exercere inperium, ^ to make his government a reality.’
13. relicuis: another instance of the principle laid down
on line 3 above.
una : not merely quaedam. There were but few left, of
whom this was one. Cp. I. ii. 17, note.
72
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
BOOK II.
I.
3. For construction, see I. xi. 14, note,
par te, * yourself/
4. forte : of coincidences, not accidents in any other sense.
See Vocabulary.
5. est deductus, ‘ arrived.’
6. rettulit retro ; not a repetition : without retro tlie phraso
would only necessarii y have implied stopping, with retro it
implies retreating.
7. placidus: quasi-adverbial, ^mildly.’
timeas: snbj. because (i) quod has the sense of cur, or
(2^ that of ut id ; in either case consequence is implied.
8. et : we mu st say, ^ and added.'
9. tergore, ^ the skin/ not ^ the back/ nor, as good com-
mentators explain, ‘ the carcass/
The lion does not apportion any share, but, with tbe
magnanimity of the King of beasts, tears open the carcass to
make it easy for the traveller to take as much as he will, and
then retires into the forest, partly to remove any cause of
fear, partly to leave the field open and free from an un-
generous supervision.
T2. est : emphatically placed : ^ the truth remains, that
greed is rich and modesty poor.’
II.
1. utcumque would require a verb of its own, if the sense
were fully expressed.
2. ament, amentur, ^ let them love or be loved.* For the
omission of et or aut between the two verbs, we find many
parallels.
6. dum volunt : see on I. xxiv. 9.
7. homini = ei, Cp. fero in II. i. 6, and ferum, I. xii. 9.
8. putaret : subj. because qui = cum is,
9. repente factus est, ‘ awoke to find himselU
10. puella, ‘ the young woman.’ So frequently, without
any reference to marriage.
NOTES. BOOK II, i-iv
73
iii.
1. velxementis. Probably the Romans derived tbis word
from veho + mens. Biit passages like tbis suggest that the tnie
derivation may be mens and the ve- which appears in vecors^
vesanus. The shorter spelling, sometimes found, vemens,
feupports this derivation.
2. malefico: dative.
3. quod = ^ which.’
6. scierint : fut. perf.
IV.
I. in sublimi quercu, ‘in the top of an oak/like in summa
quercu, This is settled by the subseqnent in media, ad imam :
and being settled for this passa ge, settles in turn the meaning
of celsa arhore, I. xiii. 4.
8. quod, ‘ whereas/ But the word would not actually
rppear in a similar passage of English. We shonld probably
be content to represent its force by a ‘ well ’ when we reached
the words quercum vult evertere, er perhaps by the pause, which
is conveyed by a dash in writing.
9. aprum. Note the gender, and remember that in Latin
(to some extent also in Fiench and German) it is the icord
which has gender, often without reference to the thing
signified.
II. sensibus: of the eagle.
12 setosae suis: from Yirgil, who was already a classic
when Phaedrus wrote.
14. simul = simul ac.
cum tenero g‘reg‘e. In Germany and other parts of the
Continent a wild sow with her litter is a cominon object of
dread to the farmer whose potato-fields and other crops lie
near a forest.
16. Tr. postquam first in the sentence.
20. toto die. Extent of space or time is expressed as
a rule by the accusative. But when totus is employed, the
ablative (with or without in) is frequently substituted.
23. quid multa? suppi y dicam, why (say) much ? = ‘in
short.’
suis : the possessive.
24. praebuerunt : sbortened, like tulerunt and steterunt in
Virgil, and laeserunt, III. ii. 19 (omitted in this Selection).
74 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
25. homo ; see 1. xxi. 4.
quantum . . . concinnet : dependent question after docu-
mentum habere in the next line : this accounts for the subjunc-
tive.
V.
2. occupata in otio, &c., ^ busy where there is nothing to
do, panting for no reward, taking vast trouble and accom-
plishing nothing, a burden to themselves and an offence to
their neighbours.’ Each phrase contains a contrast and
a little surprise.
5. si tamen, ‘ if indeed,’ tamen being used for an unusual
purpose : as a rule tamen opposes the main clause to its pre-
ceding main clause, or a dependent clause to a dependent
clause, but here its force is solely within the dependent
clause : there is, moreover, an omission of the thought to
which it belongs, the sense being ‘ if, though the supposition
may not be realized.’
7. Caesar Tiberius. This reverse in the order of a per-
son’s name is common in Latin after the best period.
8. Misenensem : see Index of Proper Names, Misenum,
IO. prospectat, respicit : the point of view being, as
Siebel points out, fixed frorn Rome.
12. linteo Pelusio : descriptive abi. with tunica.
14. perambulante. Avenues of plane or lime-trees, as well
as alleys between the clipt hedges, were common in the more
extensive gardens.
viridia, ‘ shrubberies.’ Closely-clipt hedges of box,
yew, cypress, and other evergreens ; beds of acanthus, rows
of fruit-trees, especially vines, trunks of trees, covered with
ivy, trees and shrubs tied, twisted, or cut into the figures of
anirnals, ships, letters, &c., would all be usual in a Roman
garden : whilst the actual fiower-beds, with their box-
borders, were spoken of as a viridarium,
15. alveolo : not a regular instrument for the purpose, but
an ineffectual and rather absurd substitute, as the diminutive
shows.
16. iactitans : making a great show of his attention.
18. xystum. The xystus may be either (i) a portion of the
garden laid out in fiower-beds, or (2) one of the avenues or
alleys deseri bed above. In this passage the second is the
more probable meaning.
19. hominem = eum.
rem intellegit, ‘ grasps the situation.*
NOTES. BOOK II, iv-vi 75
20. is ut putavit, &c., describes tlie expectations of tlie
slave. He had a vague bope of reward.
boni : gen. with nescio quid. Cp. I. xii. 15.
23. tanta maiestas ducis : abstr. for concrete. See
Appendix. Here also the figure is not without its force.
A fine phrase adds point to the solemnity witli which the
Imperial jest was conveyed.
25. maioris: more nsnallypZwWs.
alapae : that is, practically, freedom. The oldest process
of liberating a slave, that of the striet manumissio^ took the
form of a mock trial. The lictor laid a rod {festuca) upon
the slave’s head, asserting, after an ancient formula, that the
man was free. The master, holding the slave, pronounced
the words hunc hominem liberum volo, turned him round, and
let him go. The magistrate then pronounced him free.
Alapae in the present passage refers to one of the two acts of
gentle violence, that of the lictor or that of the master, the
latter according to the common expia nation.
Cave. — From what does veneunt come ?
VI.
I. munitus : specially of material defences, wliile tutus is
of defence in general.
3. The order for translation is quicquid vis et nequitia oppug-
nant, {id) ruit.
5. corpus = sese.
6. condita, ‘ thus hidden.’
IO. nequiquam, ‘ and nothing will come of it.*
II. promissa parte, ^ when (the eagle) had promised her
a share.*
12. ab astris : picturesque for a great height.
13. vescatur: subj. because qua = ut ea.
15. magfistrae : an excellent passage for observing the true
meaning of this word, which is that of ^ teacher,* not ‘ mis-
tress * in the usual sense. The latter is of course domina c>r
hera.
larg‘e divisit dapem : cp. II. iv. 24, above. ^ Gave
a bountiful share of the banquet.*
17. inpar, ^not a mateh for.*
It is possible that in this Fable, current in Greece during
the fifth century b. c., we have the origin of the well-known
story of the Greek Trage dian Aeschylus who, after his retire-
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
76
inent from Athens in disgust, took up his residence at Gela
in Sicily, and there, it is said, was killed in the year 456 by
an eagle, which, mistaking his bare head for a stone, as he
walked by the sea, let fall a tortoise upon it for the purpose
of our Fable. That eagles and other birds of prey do practise
this device, is affirmed by accurate observers.
VIII.
2. venatorum: subjective genitive, ^ from the hunters.’
5. hic, ‘ hereupon/ latenti, after inquit supplied.
6. ultro ad necem cucurreris, ‘ you have rushed to your
own destruction.’ Although ultro must not bc derived from
ro?o, it comes often very near to the meaning of ^ voluntarily.’
cucurreris, commiseris : subj. because qui signifies
^since you.*
9. occasione ... data, ‘ when I get a chance.’
10. ^ Night in its turn succeeds to the hours of day.*
11. frondem: for ‘ fodder,* not ‘ bedding.’ On a Roman
farm of sufficient size there would be a inan {frondator) whose
cccupation it was, at the right season, to strip the leaves of the
vine and other trees to which these were trained, such as
the elm, primarily in the interest of the grape-crop, but
partly to provide food for the cattle.
ideo, ‘ on that account.* Even his work, which takes
liim right among the cattle, does not enablehim to see what
lies close at hand.
14. nec ille, ^neither does he.* The vilicus, though in
authority as foreman, is only a slave.
15. quietis, ^ for their silence* : the adjective contains an
implied reason.
16. praestiterint : subj. because quod introduces the
assigned reason.
17. salvum te cupimus. The participle or adj. without
esse is common after cupio and volo in familiar Latin. So in
English. ‘ We wish him dead.* ^ I wish myself well out of
this scrape.* There may be some ‘ factitive * force.
quidem . . . sed : like pev ... Se in Greek.
20. cena. The master has been dining out. Though the
cena takes place long before sunset, upon festal occasions wine
would be taken afterwards, and the entertainment might be
prolonged to an indefinite hour of the evening.
21. quia, as usual, gives the reason as it presents itself to
the mind, ^ with a feeling that.*
NOTES. BOOK II, vi-III, v
77
22. praesepe is an enclosnre for animals, nofc specijilly the
hovUe. (Siebel thinks that line 21 is an in&ertion, and that
the master is on a general round of inspection, not suggested
by any immediate motive.)
frondis : as in line ii. The master complains of three
things, (i) insufficiency of fodder, (2) lack of bedding, (3)
want of cleanliness.
23. desunt. Perhaps the bedding had been pushed away
to cover the stag.
24. quantum, ‘ how much ? ^ implying ^ hovv little ! "
laboris : gen. after quantum.
25. alta gives the reason for their being observed. Cp.
quietis^ line 15.
27. praedam, ^ venison/
28. videre plurimum, ^ sees furthest.*
BOOK III.
I.
1. amphoram: a two-handled earthenware vessel, made
in various sizes and shapes, nsed for storing wine after the
first year ; in content, roughly a small cask.
2. The order is quae adhuc spargeret iocundum odorem Faleryia
faece.
5. dicam : future.
7. ‘He who knows me will guess the application.*
But to us the applieation is highly puzzling, just becaue we
know so little. Perhaps Book III is being depreciated, only
to exalt Books I and II, If, however, those books had by
this time been republished with omissions (which is perha])S
to be inferred from the Prologue to Book III), a likely
explanation is that it is the superiority of the earlier and
unabridged edition which is being asserted. What remained
was good, but what had been there how much better !
V.
2. quidam petulans, ^ an ill-conditioned fellow.*
3. tanto . . . melior (es), ‘ good for you/
4. prosecutus : prosequor is to accompany a friend to the
docr, or an honoured persoiiage to the forum, «&c. : so that the
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
78
force here is that Aesop respectfully added some words as he
parted from his friend who threw the stone. It is, of course,
ironical.
mehercule : three syllables, by synizesis.
8. persuasus : see note on I. viii. 7.
9. audaciam : see Appendix A.
10. cruce, ‘upon the cross.’ But the ablative is instru-
mental.
The retributi on was a savage one. But we have to
remember that human life is little valued by the ancients,
and suffering lightly regarded. A Roman mistress would
readily have her maid flogged for a trifling error in the
toilet.
VII.
3. salutatum invicem, ‘ for mutual greeting.’ Saluto is not
intransitive : an object is implied in the adverb invicem,
which is equi valent to the Ciceronian inter se,
7. ‘ The same ternis are open to you.’
8. si . . . potes, ‘ if you can bring yourself to.’
9. quod? ^ and what is that like ?’ Both qiii and quis are
interrogative : but, quis asks for the naine, qui for tlie
character.
ut sis : not purpose, but the explanation of officium, ‘‘ I
mean that,’ or Hhat is to sa}", if.’
10. et belongs in sense to the beginning of the line. It
does not connect a furibus with noctu, which would make
uiisatisfactory sense, and would also be an inaccurate ex-
pi-ession, since conjunctions ought to connect like with like,
not a sulistantive with an adverb.
11. nunc, ^ as things are at present.’
nives imbresque : pluial because he is frequently so
exposed.
12. asperam vitam, ‘ a life of hardship.’
14. satiari: middle, as in I. xxvi. 9.
16. a catena. use of a does not quite replace the
ablativ.e rfGahse, and is easily distinguished from the ablative
of instrument. It has the effect of an ablative of cause, where
the cause is a little remote from present observation. Tr.
‘ from.’
19, 20. luce, crepusculo: abi. of time.
qua visum est, vagor. When the perfect is thus used,
followed by the present, qua has the sense of ‘ wherever.*
So, in past time, the pluperfect and the imperfeet.
NOTES. BOOK III, v-xiii
79
21. Ultro : "svithout my having the trouble to seek it.
22. iactant. A noun of multitude takes a plural yerb if
the thought of number is prominent.
23. quisque ; not every, but any, particular person. Cp.
V. V. 6.
25. est animus (tibi), ^ you ha ve a mind.’
27. liber . . . mihi : at my own disposal, my own master :
ethic dative.
ut : with the consequence that, or, as we should say, with
the condition that : more common, however, with a pre-
ceding ita.
IX.
1. ‘ Friends are common, true ones rare.*
3. adsequar: fut. indic.
4. absolvar : pres. subj., dummodo = if only ^ I be freed (from
odium).’ Phaedrus evidently takes the misfortunes alluded
to in the Introduction seriously : otherwise he wculd not
thiuk of death as the possible outcome of his literary otfences.
He also takes himself seriously, as most authors do : else
he would not imply a comparison to Socrates. There is no
doubt an actual point of contact : it lies in their both in-
curring odium by exposing the foibles of mankind.
4. cinis, ‘ when dead ’ ; in apposition to ego.
5. nescio: Comp. I. xxi. 4, note.
6. ‘ Does a man like you build so confined a dwelling ?’
XII.
2. Observe another simple instance of the figure ‘chiasmus,’
in which a contrast is made more effective by reversing the
order of the words in the second clause, so that the clauses
read, i. verb, 2. substantive ; i. substantive, 2. verb.
3. ‘ How precious a thing thou art, to lie in an unbecoming
situation ! ’
6. quod has the effect of bindiiig together the sentence as
far as cibus, so that it can be used as one subject to the verb
potest. ^ The fact that I have fouud thee . . . can . . .’
8. An author who could pen this moral was conscious of
his own merits.
XIII.
4. ^ With an admirable knowledge of both classes.’
5. legrem, ‘ instructions.’
7. plane qualities dubium.
8o
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
8. religrio . . . mea, ^ I, sworn to do justice ’ ; abstract for
concrete.
inprudens : semi-participial.
9. opus : what you produce, namely, honey and comb.
II. horum: antecedent to =
14. For the distiiiction between quis and qui interrogative,
see on III. vii. 9. .
17. pactam . . . fidem means their bargain, which can only
be an undertaking to submit to the umpire’s decision. It is
ciear enough that the fuci intended are those who made
a false claim to the credit of Phaedrus’ work. But we do
not know in what sense such persons, whoever they were,
consented to refer the question to an umpire.
XIV.
1. puerorum in turba, Mn a crowd of noisy children.’
So turha in I. ii. 20 of the noisy frogs.
2. ludentem. . . nucibus. Various games were played with
nuts, one of which, played also with coins and other smaU
objects, is called par inpar ludere^ or the game of ‘ odd and
even.^ One player guesses how many are concealed in the
other playeFs hand.
3. simul = simul ac and governs sensit
4. ‘Ready to laugh at others, but not so ready to be
mocked himself.’ For derisor in apposition to senex, see note
on I. Prol. I. auctor.
6. sapiens : vocative.
9. victor sophus : like derisor . . . senex above.
XVIII.
1. lunonem, his patron. The peacock is Juno’s bird.
2. luscinii. The fem. form luscinia is the usual one.
tribuerit : subj. because quod gives the assigned reason.
3. illum esse : dropping into Oratio Obliqua, since indigne
ferens is equivalent to a verb of saying.
6. vincis: not intransitive : an object is easily supplied.
Cp. III. vii. 3, note. Observe ^ chiasmus ’ again.
8. pictis, ‘enamelled’: gemmeam, ‘ full of jewelled eyes.’
9. quo mi . . . mutam speciem. Some verb is understood, so
as to introduce the accusative, probably dedisti. The con-
struction is well established^ though in several of the well*
NOTES. BOOK III, xm-IV, n 8r
known instances an ablative, which is also admissible, is
now substituted by the commentators.
q.uo = to what end? nii for mihi,
10. partes, usually explained as a stage metaphor : but
the simple meaning, ‘shares^’ is sufficient, and harmonizes
best vvith dotibus.
11. Notice a more sustained ^chiasmus.’ With forma &c,
supply the necessary verb from datae sunt
12. In augury the corvus is fortunate on the right, on the
left the cornix. But to the Komans the left is the lucky side
in augury, a fact usually explained by saying that their
augurs turn towards the South, and therefore have the
region of the rising sun on that side. Therefore the cornix
is in a sense the lucky bird, since it is lucky when seen in
the usual place of lucky omens : the corvus is in a sense un-
lucky, because it is so, when seen in the place assigned to
lucky omens.
15. recidat is a better spelling than reccidat In the pre-
sent stem the prefix is simply re-, which the poets lengthen
at times in the emphatic syllable of the foot.
BOOK IV.
I.
4. Galli. See Vocabulary of Proper Names.
quaestus. For the plural see on I. i. 8 haustus,
7. tympana : for the worship of Cybele.
8. delicio : instrumental ablative. Delicium, delicius, and
delicia are all found : but the plural deliciae is most usual.
IO. securum fore, ‘ would have nothing to fear.’ See on
I. ix. 9.
II.
2. veloces, ‘nimble.’
5. ‘ Met with her death-squeeze.*
6. et, also.
7. aliquot secutis, ^when several had followed.'
IO. sic . . . ut . . . es, ‘ so truly as thou art.’ The good wish
is made to depend upon the genuineness of the appearance.
I give you good wishes, but only upon condition that you
PHAED. SEL.
G
82
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
are what you seem : otberwise my wishes are not good.
Since the mouse sees through the trick, tliis is equi valent to
a curse.
Compare carefully ut non sim^ III. vii. 27, marking tlie
different force of the subjunctive and the indicative,
valeas, ^ fare thee well."
III.
I. fame : 5th declension form. Cp. plebes IV. vi. 13.
5. The order is (ii) qui elevant verbis (ea) quae non possunt
facere.
6. debebunt, ^ it will be their duty.’ exemplum, ^ as an
example.’
IV.
1. quo. The antecedent is vadum. The subject to turbavit
is aper.
2. dum . . . volutat. For dum vvith a present tense, where
the main verb is past, cp. I. xxiv. 10, note. The subject of
turbavit is aper.
3. sonipes : see Appendix B.
5. redit : perfect.
6. locutus: supply esse, ^he is said to have spoken thus.’
13. laedi, dedi: usually taken after admonebit in the sense of
ut laedamur^ ut dedamur. If however admonebit has its regula r
construction, we translate Hhat to be injured without reprisal
is better than to place oneself in another’s power.’
VI.
2. et in tabernis, ^ even in the taverns,’ where only sub-
jects of a kind to suit the popular taste would find a place.
These would be of two kinds, the gross, and those which
depicted some familia r story. Both are to be found at this
inornent on the walls of a tavern at Pompeii, preserved intact
from the very days of Phaedrus.
5. cornua. Reichers investigations seem toshow that the
Homerie heroes, in the helmet they wore, might be said to
‘ bind horns to their brows/ as the mice do in this Fable.
7. haberent. The subject is milites.
9, lo. Mock-tragic. ‘ Of these did the victor with devour-
NOTES. BOOK IV, n-xix 83
ing fang make sacrifice, and in the liellisli cavem of wide-
opening mavv engulfed them/
12. magnitudo principum : another of tlie cases treated in
Appendix A.
13. plebes: 5th declension. Cp. /ame IV. iii. i.
YIIL
1. mordaciorem, ‘a better biter.’
4. siqna res esset cibo, ‘ to see if there was anytliing to
eat,' with tlie hope tliat there might be something. This
use of si should be carefully distinguished froin true con-
ditionals. ciho : dat. of purpose.
IX.
3. inscia: througli not knowing the ground : empntdms
would have been through lack of precaution.
4. altiore, ^ which was higher (than herself).'
IO. barbatus : see Appendix B. Here perhaps the
opithet suggests old-fashioned simplicity. The Romans
ceased to wear the beard for three centuries b.c., and Juvenal
remarks (4. 103) facile est larbato imponere regi^ ‘ it is easy
to impose upon a bearded king.’
vulpecula, ^ the nimble-witted fox.’
X.
This Fable is referred to by several other writei^s. Of
these Persius has either received a slightly different version,
or else he corrects an inconsistency in this : for he allows
one wallet only, which each nian carries on his back, con-
taining his own faults. It is obvious that the same faults
cannot be in two places at once.
XIX.
2. sustulit. The rnan treats the viper like a child. A new-
born Roman child is laid at the father’s feet, who by taking
it up acknowledges the habe as his own, jfor which tollere
is the term used.
3. sinu, ‘ in his bosom ’ : but the abi. is instruinental,
4. refecta est, ^revived.’
5. banc, ‘ her.’
6. inprobis. llow to be distinguished from malis^ Consuit
the vocabulary, and the note on I. viii. i.
G 2
84
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
BOOK V.
PROLOGUE.
2. iam pridem : for instance in the Prologues to Books I,
II, III, and the Epilogue to Book II, ali probably belonging
to our writer’s earlier life, though not to the same period of
it. See Introduction, § i.
3. auctoritatis g‘ratia, ^ for the sake of a great name.
5. operibus : dative.
8, 9. ‘ So triie it is that carping envy shows far more
favour to a counterfeit antiquity than to good work of
the present day.*
II.
6. cedo : see Vocabulary.
7. quos, ‘ what manner of men,’ from the interrogative qui.
8. vellem adiuvisses, ‘ I could wish you had helped.*
Tlie imperfect implies that the thing wished is not realized,
the pluperfect that the opportunity is now past.
saltem with istis verbis ; modo, ^ a little while ago.*
9. vera existimans : ‘ because I though t them true,*
vera being a predicate.
10. conde bears a somewhat different sense with ferrum
and with Unguamyhj a common figure GSiWQdi zeugma, or yoking.
The two objects are as two animals, united by one yoke, the
verb. ^ Now stow away your tongue and sword — the one as
useless as the other.’
11. ig*norantes. The idea is the same as that of I. xi. 14,
and I. xiv. 2.
12. quantis fugias viribus ; ironical, ‘ what mettle you
show in running away.*
13. quam : of degree ; for credendum is equiva^ent in sense
to an adjective, ^how impossible it is to believe in your
valour.*
15. secunda : originally the present participle of sequor, so
that re secunda makes an ablative absolute (cp. secundo Jlumine^
vento secundo, Sfc.), and (re) dubia makes another.
fugax, ‘ (is) inclined to run away.* Words in -ax express
tendency, and are derived from verbs.
Falstaff in Shakespeare*s Henry IV gives an instance of
this kind of valour.
NOTES. BOOK V, n-v
85
V.
1. pravo favore, ‘through misguided entlmsiasm.
2. pro iudicio stant, ‘ stand up in defence of. . .
erroris sui : an unusual genitive, similar to naturae in
1. 33. A descidptive genitive is of conrse common, but
requires an adjective in agreement with the substantive
placed in Ihe genitive : here there is none, as sui is merely
a possessive pronoun. Most likely erroris is a genitive of
origin, ‘the judgment which their error sanctions.’
3. ‘are diiven by visible fact to regret it.’
4 ludos. The public entertainments of which we read
mo-st at Eome were officia!, and presided over by a magis-
trale. But families and even individuals at times gave them,
to celebrate a birth, a marriage, a funera!, or some other
special occasion. These, !ike the officia! games, would be
either in the circus or (as here) in the theatre.
6. quisque : anybody, not, as usua!, each person. Cp. III.
vii. 23.
The order is ut quisque ostenderet {eam) novitatem quam qosset
{ostendere^.
7. certamina : translatos the Greek a‘ywv€s,
12. turbam : a jostling multitudo, throng. Cp. I. ii. 20 ;
III. xiv. I.
15. ipsa fecit, ‘ sufficed to procure.’
16. sinum: the folds palium above the breast. Cp.
the ‘ neuk ’ of a Highlander’s plaid.
1 7. sua : i . e. voce.
18. verum: i. q. porcellum.
19. s±mvi\^ simul ac.
21. plausu maximo, ‘with resounding applause.’
prosequuntur : viz. as he leaves the stage.
27. uterqne, ‘ the rivals.’
31. in = in the case of.
latens, ^ undetected.’
32. vero : i. e. porcello, which is ‘ dat. of the person affected ’
33. cum, ‘ by means of,’ perhaps, more exactly, to the
accompaniment of. [Caution. This is a rare usage, not found
in good prose authors ; the invariable construction to be
used by beginners is the ablative without a preposition.]
vocem naturae, ‘ tlie voice which nature gave.’
86
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
VI.
2. pilis : abi. of respect.
3. ‘So ho!’ he cried, Hialves in whatever pelf there is."
lucri = gen. after quodcumque.
5. supexum = superorum,
6. carbonem. There is a Greek proverb avOpaKcs 6 Oriaavpos,
meaning that a supposed treasure proved burning embers.
In some parts of the Continent (for instance Westphalia),
the peasantry stili believe that, in the darkness, tiny flames
appear over a spot where treasure is concealed, and that the
treasure, if dug up without proper incantations, turns to
living embers in the hands of the finder.
7. A disappointed man, says Phaedrus, has nothing left
him but to complain. . The remark seems pointless, unless
it has some personal application ; — for instance to thecritics,
who are much in the writer’s mind when he writes Book V.
See Introduction, § i, p. 3.
X.
I. The order is cum canis fortis adversus omnes veloces feras
semper satis fecisset domino.
3. annis ingravantibus, ^ as the years pressed heavy on
him.’
4. pugnae, ^ warfare.’
5. cariosis dentibus : abi. of cause.
7. obinrgabat, ‘ was beginning to . . .’ The following
‘ but ’ is gathered from the relative cui.
Lacon: the dog’s name and description. See Vocabulary.
8. animus : supply meus.
IO. The poet clearly alludes to himself. Philetus is
unknown.
The Shakespeare reader will recall Adam’s roply in As You
Like It when his young master reviled him as ‘ Old dog ! " :
Adam. ‘Most true, I have lost my teeth in your Service.’
EXERCISES
I.
(See p. I, Fable I, 11. 7, 10 ; II, 1. ii.)
1. Six years ago we asked Jupiter for a king.
2. The frogs will ask for a king.
3. Two days ago a wolf and a lamb came to this river.
4. You asked for a man to write fables.
5. How can the king do this ?
6. How could the lamb do what the wolf complained of ?
7. We asked for a king to rule us.
8. He was born fourteen years ago.
9. How can we oppress the innocent ?
IO. How could you ask Jupiter for a king to rule you three
years ago ?
II.
(See p. 14, No. V, 1. 6; p. 16, No. X, 11. 5 and 10 )
When the booty had been divided (ahl, ahs.) the lion
spoke.
I.
88
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
2. When he had lost the food {the foocl having heen lost) the
dog wanted to snatch the booty from (his) friend.
3. I believe that he stole this.
4. We believe that we have lost what we sought.
5. He believes that there is a lion in the wood.
6. When the sparrow had been killed the hawk seized
another bird.
7. He says that he is not judge.
8. I believe you have lost what you sought.
9. They said that the hawk had seized a sparrow.
IO. The cow said that when the booty had been divided tlie
lion took the first share.
III.
(See p. 18, No. XII, 11. 3, 4, 8.)
1. The stag had seen his image in the water.
2. The dogs began to fly over the plain.
3. He believes that the dogs have killed the stag.
4. Three days ago a stag was resting by this spring.
5. When he had drunk the water he began to tear-in-pieces
the dog.
6. When we had praised the stag’s horns, we began to
hunt.
7. The stags wanted to avoid the dogs.
8. When they had rested by the river, they began to run
across the plain.
9. You saw your image in the water.
IO. They said that they had seen a stag by the house.
EXERCISES
89
IV.
(See p. 20, No. XIV, 11. 7, 13 ; p. 21, No. XV, 11. 2, 9.)
1. He pretended to pour water.
2. We had ordered the man to drink water.
3. Having summoned a council, tlie king ordered the man
to come.
4. I know nothi ng except the man’s name.
5. What does it matter to you (sing.) whom you serve ?
6. What does this matter to us ?
7. I say that this does not (say not, use nego) matter
to me.
8. You ordered us to run-away.
9. The old men pretend that they have changed nothing
except their name.
IO. When the men have been summoned what does it
matter to you who speaks first ?
V.
(See p. 24, No. XXII, 11. 4, 6, 8 ; No. XXIII, 11. 5-8.)
1. I am striving to do this for your sake.
2. He wishes to prevent {j)raecludo) you from doing this.
3. Take care {caveo) not to do this for my sake.
4. Do not give bread to a tliief
5. Do not say that.
6. He asked us not to go.
7. Do not ask him to come.
8. We wish to prevent you from going.
9. The dog took care that (his) master should not see.
IO. Do not prevent the dog from barking.
90
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
VI.
(See p. 26, No. XXV, 1. 4 ; p. 28, No. XXX, 1. 4.)
1. A crocodile seized the dog while-drinking.
2. The king asks you why you do this.
3. We saw a dog sitting by the river.
4. We asked the man why lie had seized the bull.
5. They gave hiin food while-he-ran {partic.),
6. The frogs watched the battle of the bulls.
7. They had seized the man while watching the battle.
8. We will ask him why he is watching us.
9 He gave the fox to the barking dogs.
10. I asked why he said this.
vn.
(See p. 30, No. I, 11. 6, 7 ; p 33, No. VI, 1. ii.)
T. When he saw the man he ran across the field.
2. There is no reason to fear.
3. When you saw the crocodile there was no reason to
fear.
4. He advised him to go.
5. We advised them to hide the tortoise in the house.
6. The traveller asked for a part of the booty.
7. They will advise the traveller to make-for {seek) the
w’^oods.
8. The travePers saw’ an eagle sitting on a rock.
9. The cow has carried off the booty after dividing the
skin {abi. abs.).
^o. You advised me to carry off the booty.
EXERCISES
91
VIII.
(See p. 36, Xo. V, 11. 2, 5 ; P- 37? No. VII, 1. i.)
1. Some one has hit master with a stone.
2. I can Show you where you can get the book from.
3. He explained how pleasant freedom was.
4. Do not ask who hit you with the stone.
5. I will Show you how short the fable is.
6. They will teli us where they come from,
7. The king asked who the man was.
8. Whom did you see sitting by the spring?
9. I ask whom you have seen sitting by the spring.
IO. They briefly explain how brave the guard is.
IX.
(See p. 42, Xo. I, 11. 6, 8, 9, ip ; p. 43, Xo. IV, 1. 2 )
1. The donkey died of the blows.
2. We asked what he had done.
3. We think that the horse died of (hard) work.
4. The king will die of the disease.
5. While we sought help, the enemy returned.
6. While the donkey was dying, the man returned.
7. I asked what the king had said.
8. While the weasel was running, the mouse threw-away
the food.
9. Do not ask what the king is doing.
IO. We think that the master will be safe.
92
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
X.
(See p. 44, No. VI, 1. 7 ; p. 46, No. IX, 11. 8-9. Words
in italics to be rendered by relative and subjunctive.)
1. The soldiers ha ve a Standard to foUow.
2. We wish to have a king to follow.
3. Tlie water is so {ita) bad that we cannot drink it.
4. They have no water to drink.
5. The Standard was so small that the soldiers could not
see it.
6. They left the goat stuck {sticldng) in the well.
7. The serpent was so foolish that it bit a file !
8. The well is so deep that the goat cannot get-out.
9. I will give it a file to bite.
IO. Tlie book is so easy that he can understand it.
XI.
(See p. 48, No. I, 1. 2 ; p. 49, No. V, 1. 17 ; p. 51,
No. X, 1. IO.)
1. We have paid you all-that {ivliatever) we owed.
2. He said that he could imitate a pig.
3. I see why you have written this.
4. We know why you are carryiiig that pig.
5. He knows why you have not paid.
6. They do not see why the dog drops the prey,
7. We will pay the judge all that we owe.
8. We see why he has blamed the man.
9. The huntsman knows why the dog is beginning to
grow-feeble.
IO. I do not see why he raises applause.
EXERCISES
93
XII.
ReC APITUL A TORY.
1. He began to grow-feeble ten years ago.
2. I believe that a pig grunts when its ear is pulled
{abi. abs.).
3. When {cum) the stag was drinking, the huntsman was
Corning across tlie field.
4. What will it matter to me whom I serve ?
5. We ask why they said this.
6. The king advises you to go.
7. You hit a boy with a stone.
8. The boy will not die of the blow.
9. The soldiers will have a leader to follow.
IO. I have seen the king sitting by the river.
APPENDIX A.
The use of an abstract noun instead of the concrete is chamcter-
istic of Phaedrus* style. The following list gives the more
striking cases ;
I. ii. 2 libertas.
,, licentia,
i ii. i6 tua calamitas,
iv. 5 aviditas.
V. I r inprobitas.
viii. 8 colli longitudo,
xiii. 12 corvi stupor.
II. i. 12 aviditas.
,, pudor.
II. iv. 26 credulitas.
V. 23 maiestas.
III. V. 9 audaciam,
xiii. 8 religio mea.
IV. vi. 12 magnitudo
principum.
V. Prol. 9 invidia.
APPENDIX B.
The following list of synonyms to avoicl rcpetition does not
aim at completeness. Most
Appendix A might be added
I. i. 6 laniger.
xi. 6 auritulus.
xii. 9 ferum,
xvii. 8 bidens.
xxvi. 1 1 peregrinam volu-
crem,
xxxi. 5 raptor.
6 genus inerme.
II. i. 6 fero.
of the cases treated under
to it.
II, vi. 5 cornea domo.
12 duram corticem.
viii. 14 ferus.
IV. iv. 2 sonipes.
5, fero.
ix. IO barbatus.
vulpecula.
V. X. 7 Lacon.
96 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS, APPENDIX
APPENDIX C.
Middle use of passive forms :
I. ii. 4 conspiratis,
ii. 8 insuetis.
XX. 5 rupti,
xxi. 3 defectus,
xxiv. IO rupto.
I. XXV
III. vii.
IV. V.
vi.
L. 9 satiatur.
14 satiari.
13 dedi.
4 recepti.
VOCABULARY
The quantity is marked oniy when the syllable is long.
a or ab, prep. with abi., (i)
from ; (2) by ; (3) in con-
sequence of (III. vii. 16).
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum,
V. a., hide, withdraw.
abeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum,
V. n. (ab + eo), go away,
depart, make oti’, get off
(1. viii. 3).
abicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum,
V, a. (ab + iacio), throw
away ; abicere se, throw
oneself down (IV. ii. 4).
absolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,
V, a., acquit.
abstuli, per/, of aufero,
ac, conj.j and.
accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
V. n. (ad + cedo), (i) ap-
proach, come up ; (2) be
added.
accessus, -us, m., means of
approach .
accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
V, a. (ad + capio), (i) receive,
take ; (2) hear ; (3) regard.
accipiter, -tris, m., hawk.
accurro, -ere, -cucurri and
-curri, -cursum, i\ n. (ad +
curro), run up.
acer, -eris, -cre, adj., fierce.
acerbus, -a, -um, adj., unripe,
sour, disagreeable.
ad, prep. with acc., to, at, by ;
with a view to, in relation
to.
adclamo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n. (ad + clamo), call out
at, call out.
adeo, adv., to such an extent,
in very truth (with emphasis
npon the word immediately
preceding),
adeptus, 0/ adipiscor,
adfecto, -are, -avi, -atum,
i\ a. (^freq, adficio), aspire
after.
adfectus, -us, m., emotion.
adfero, -ferre, attuli, adla-
tum, V. a. (ad + fero), bring
to.
adficio, -ere, -feci, -fecium,
V'. a. (ad + facio), affect, visit
with ; malo adficere, visit
with punishment.
adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum.
PHAED. SEL.
H
11
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
V. CL (ad + firmo}, affirm,
assert.
adflictus, part of adfligo.
adfligo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, r.
dash to tho ground, cast
down.
adhuc, aclv,<, stili,
adicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum,
a. (ad + iacio), add.
adipiscor, -i, adeptus, v, a,,
gain possession of.
adiutor, -oris, m. (adiuvo),
confederate.
adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iufcum,
V. CL (ad + iuvo), help.
adlicio, -ere, -lexi, -lectum,
r. a.j attract, encourage.
admirabilis, -e, aclj., to be
admired, admired.
admiror, -ari, -a tu 3, v. a. anci
n., (ad + miror), admire,
marvel.
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum,
V. a. (ad + moneo), put in
mind of, instruet, warii.
adnato, -are, -avi, -atum,
V, n. (ad -H nato), swim to,
swim up.
adparatus, -us, m. (ad -l- paro),
preparation, apparatus,
adpeto, -ere, -petivi or -petii,
-petitum, V. a, (ad-i-peto\
try to reach, try to gain,
covet ; dente adpetere, bite
at (IV. viii. i).
adquiro, -ere, -sivi, -situm
(ad + quaero), obtain, se-
cure, gain.
adripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum,
V. a. (ad + rapio\ seize,
fasten on ; sibi adripere,
take to oneself.
adseribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip-
tum, V, a. (ad -f- scribo),
write upon, entitle, apply ^
to, appoint, enter (m ac>
counts) against.
adsequor, -i, -secutus, v. dep.
a. (ad -1- sequor), follow so
asto catch,catch, overtake,
win.
adsigno, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a., (i) present, assign
{from assigning land) ; (2)
set down to (/rom keeping
accounts),
adsilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum
(ad + salio, leap), spring to.
adsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -sue-
tum, V. a. and n., (i) ac-
custom (part, adsuefcus ;
(2) become accustomed
(per/, adsu^vi, IV. viii. 7}.
adsuetus, part, o/adsuesco.
adtendo = attendo,
adtestor, -ari, -testatus, v.
dep, a, (ad -}- testor), bear
witness to.
adtingo = attingo,
advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
V. n. (ad + venio), arrive
(esp, oftime).
adversus, prep, ivith acc.j
against.
adversus, -a, -um, pa7i, of
adverto, turned to, adverse,
advoco, -are, -avi, -atum,
V, CL. (ad + voco), call to,
call in.
aedes, -is, /. (sing., temple),
pl , house.
aegre, adv, (aeger), with
difiiculty.
aeque, adv, (aequus), equally,
in like manner.
aequus, -a, -um, adj., even,
equal for all, impartial,
just ; aequus animus, con-
tentment, resignation.
Aesopus, -i, m., a Phrygian
VOCABULARY
slave, who lived about 570
B.C., under various Greek
masters, till at last ladmon
the Sami an set him free :
composed animal stories,
not at first reduced to
writing. He is regarded
as the Father of Fable.
See further in the Intro-
chiction, §§7 and 8.
aestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.n.
(aestus), be hot.
aetas, -atis, /., time of life,
age.
aevum, -i, n., life.
agnosco, -ere, agnovi, agni-
tum, V, a. (ad + gnosco =
nosco), (i) recognize ; (2)
. recognize {that a thing is so
. and so).
agnus, -i, m., lamb.
ago, -ere, egi, actum, v, a.
. and n., (i) bring, drive ;
(2) do, effect, accomplish,
as nihil agere, non multum
agere ; agere gratias, ex-
press thanks ; im.pers., agi-
tur de, it is a question of ;
imper.j age, come!
aio, ais, ait, aiunt, v. n.
and a., defective j say aye,
affirm.
alacer, -eris, -cre, adj.j atten-
tive, on the alert.
alapa, -ae, /., buffet, slap,
box on the ear.
ales, -itis, adj. (ala), winged ;
qiiasi-subs, , winged creature,
bird, insect.
alienus, -a, -um, adj. (alius),
belonging to another, other
people’s.
aliquando, adv., at some
time, once, sometimes, at
length.
iii
aliquot, indecl. adj., several,
some few, some.
alius, -a, -ud, pron, and adj.j
another, other ; followed by
quam, other than ; alii . . .
alii, some . . . others.
alligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a,
(ad + ligo), tie to, tie up.
alter, -a, -um, pron. and adj.,
ono of two, the other of
two, the second {in a series
of more than two, IV. ii. 6).
alticinctus, -a, -um, ad), (al-
tus + cingo), high-girded,
with the loins girt up.
altus, -a, -um, adj., high ;
in alta quercu, high in an
oak.
alveolus, -i, m. {dim. of
alveus), small vessel, tub,
saucer.
alvus, -i, m., stomach ; pl.,
bee-hjve.
ambo, -ae, -o, num., both.
amicus, -a, -um, adj. (amo),
friendly ; suhs., friend.
amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v.a. (a -i- mitto),throwaway,
fail to win, lose.
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
love.
amphora, -ae,/., wine-jar.
an, conj., (i) whether {in
single questions) ; (2) or {in
second question of a pair, or
any of several questions, the
first excepted).
angustus, -a, -um, adj.,
narrow, limited.
anhelo, -are, -avi, -aturii,
V. n., pant, be breathless.
anima, -ae, /., soul, bouquet
{ofwine),
animus, -i, m., mind, feeling,
heart, desire, goodwilJ,
H 2
iv
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
disposition, temper, juclg-
ment, attention ; pZ., ani-
mi, feelings.
animadverto, -ere, -ti, -sum,
v.a. (animus + adverto), pay
attention to, observe.
annus, -i, w., year ;
age.
anus, -i, /., old woman.
ante, prep. with acc., and adv.j
before ; adv., sometimes
followed hy quam, as if com-
parative (cf. alius), earlier ;
hence ante . . . quam {Hke a
conjunctiori) ere, before.
antehac (clissyllahie), adi\j
formerly.
antidotum, -i, n., (dPTi +
biScoyi), a thing given to
counteract, antidote,
aper, -pri, m., wild boar.
apertus, -a, -um, adj. {part. of
aperio), visible, evident,
unmistakable.
apis, or-es, -is,/., bee.
appareo, -ere, -ui, -itum.,
V. n. (ad -1- pareo), become
evident.
aqua, -ae, /., water.
aquila, -ae,/., eagle.
ara, -ae, /, altar,
araneum, -i, n. (aranea,
spider;, spiders web.
arbitrium, -i, n, (arbiter),
jiidgment, award.
arbor, -oris,/., tree.
arcus, -us, m., bow.
ardelio, -onis, m. (ardeo), a
busybody, one wlio burns
with zeal.
ardeo, -ere, -si, -sum, v, w.,
burn, be alight.
argentum, -i, n., sil ver ;
hence artistic work in
silver, piate.
argumentum, -i, n, (arguo) ^
(i) proof ; (2) moral (0/
faUe) ; (3) fable.
arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, r. a.,
accuse.
ars, -tis, /., art, skill ; aU.,
arte, skillully ; pl., Artes,
the Muses.
artifex, -icis, m, (ars + facio),
producer, artist ; artifex
laudis, notoriety-hunter.
artus, -us, m., a limb.
artus (sometimes written arc-
tus), -a, -um, adj.y narrow.
arx, -cis,/., citadel.
as, assis, m., small coin, in
vahie between a farthing and
a halfpenny.
asellus, -i,?7i. (clhn, o/asinus),
(i) a young ass ; (2) a
miserable ass ; (3) an ass.
asinus, -i, m., an ass.
asper, -a, -um, adj., rough,
Sharp, hard, formidable,
difficult.
assero, -ere, -ui, -tum, t\
assert.
astrum, -i, n., star ; pL,
heaven.
at or ast, conj., but, on the
other hand, contrary to
expectation.
Athenae, -arum, /., the city
of Athens, was in early
times governed by the
family of Cecropidae, after-
wards by tbat of Codrus.
In the eighth century
B.c. an oppressive olig-
archy had obtained sway.
About 594 Solon brought
in a republican constitu-
tion, which for a time so
mended matteis that it
could be referred to (I. ii. i)
VOCABULARY
V
as a state of ^cqual laws.’
But much misery arose
from continua! party quar-
rels : in 560 Pisistratus
seized tlie Acropdlis, or
citadel-liiil of Athens, and
became tyrant. Theresults
of bis government were
favourable on tlie whole,
yet the people were ne ver
contented, and the repub-
lic Avas restored in b.c.
511-
atque, conj.^ (i) and (?nore
cmphatic than et) ; (2) forth-
with ; (3) and j^et.
atriensis, -e, aclj. (atrium),
belonging to the hall ; as
suhs., Avaiter in the hall.
attempto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (ad + tempto), make
trial of ; hence attack.
attendo, -ere, -i, -tum, v. a.
(ad + tendo), bend (the
minei) to ; hence attend.
Attici, -orum, w., the in-
habitants of Attica, or of
its capital Athens (I. ii. 6).
attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum,
r. a, (ad -h tango), get hold
of, reach, attain.
auctor, -ris, m., maker, in-
ventor, author.
auctoritas, -atis,/. , influence,
prestige, weight.
audacia, -ae,/. (audax), pre-
sumption.
audacter, aclv, (audax),
boldly.
audeo, -ere, ausus, v, w.,
dare, be bold, presume.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a.,
hear, listen to.
aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ab-
latum, V. a, (au = ab + fero),
carry away, carry off, re-
move, Avithhold (I. vii. 4).
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum,
V. a.y increase.
augurium, -i, n. (augur),
power of augury.
aura, -ae, /., breeze ; pl.j the
air, popular applause,
auris, -is,/., an ear,attenticn,
a hearing (esp. inphircd).
auritulus, -i, m. (diin, cf
auritus, from auris), the
little creature with the
ears.
aut, conj,j either, or ; aut . . .,
aut . . ., either . . ., or . . .
autem, conj,, but, whilst
(weaker than sed or at), now
(at the heginnmg of an ex-
planat ion),
auxilium, -i, n., help, relief.
aviditas, -atis, /. (avidus),
greed.
avidus, -a, -um, aclj, (aveo),
greedy, hungry.
avis, -is,/., a bird.
baiulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(baiulus, a porter), carry
(0/ a heavy hurclen).
barbatus, -a, -um, adj,
(barba), bearded ; as a
suhs., the bearded one, for
he-goat
beneficium, -i, n. (bene +
facio), favour, benefit,
benficium := beneficium,
benignitas, -atis, /. (be-
nignus), kindness.
bestia, -ae, /., brute, beast,
animal.
bibo, -ere, bibi, v, a., drink.
bilinguis, -e, adj. (bis -j-
lingua), double - tongued,
deceiving.
\1
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
binus, -a, -iim, num. aclj.,
(i) two apiece ; (2) with
worcls having no singular,
two.
bis, num. aclv., twice, doubly.
bonitas, -atis, /. (bonus},
excellence.
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good ;
quasi-subs., bonus, a good
imm ; neut, bonum, good
thing, good, good stuff,
good fortune, blessing, &c.
b5s, bovis, m. and /., bull,
ox, cow.
bovile, -is, n. (bos), cattle-
stall.
brevis, -e, adj.j short, fleet-
ing ; abi., brevi, briefly.
brevitas, -atis,/., brevity.
breviter, adv. (brevis),
shortly.
bubulcus, -i, m, (bos), neat-
lierd.
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind,
lieadlong.
caedes, -is, /., beating, kill-
ing, fighting, violence,
bloodshed, blood.
Caesar Tiberius (more fully
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Caesar}, Emperor of Rome,
A.D. 14-37, never lived in
the capital after 26 a.d.,
but retired first to Cam-
pania, and lived upon the
bay of Naples, then in the
island of Capreae, now Ca-
pri. He ultimately died
in his villa at Misenum.
Many dark stories circu-
lated about the vices of his
retirement : it is certain
that at ali periods of his
life he had a gift of bitter
speech and a deep insight
into human nature (II. v).
calamitas, -atis, /., disaster,
misfortune.
calceo, -are, -avi,-atum, v. a.
(calceus), furnish with
shoes.
callidus, -a, -um, adj. (calleo),
shrewd, crafty.
calumniator, -oris, m.
(calumnior), (i) person
who makes a false claim ;
(2) person who brings a
false charge, false accuser,
calumnior, -ari, -atus, v. dep.
a. (calumnia), (i) make
a false claim ; (2) bring
a false charge, critici ze
captiously, find unfair
fault with, cavil at.
calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald ;
subs., calvus, a bald man.
calx, -cis,/., heel.
camara, -ae, /., vaulted ceil-
ing.
campus, -i, m., plain.
canis, -is, m. and /, dog.
cantus, -us, m. (cano), sing-
ing, music.
capax, -acis, adj. (capio),
capacious.
capella, -ae, /. (dim., caper)^
she-goat.
capillus, -i, m., a hair.
capio, -ere, cepi, captum,
V. a., take, capture, receive,
enjoy, captivate, charm,
enthral, deceive.
caput, -itis, n.j (i) head ;
(2) life.
carbo, -onis, m., charcoal
(dead or burning).
careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n.,
not ha ve, lack, do withr
out.
VOCABULARY
cariosus, -a, -um, adj, (caries,
dry rottenness), rotten,
decayed.
caro, -nis, /., flesh, piece of
meat.
carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, v. a.,
gather, culi, enjoy, carp
at.
caseus, -i, m., cheese, a
cheese.
casus, -us, m. (cado'^, fall,
hence (i) chance ; (2) mis-
chance, misfortune.
catena, -ae, /., chain.
catulus, -i, m. (i) young of
dog, puppy ; (2) young of
wild animals, whelps, &c.
cauda, -ae, /., tail.
causa, -ae, /., cause, renson,
explanation, pretext, mo-
ti ve ; aU.j causa mea, tua,
&c., for my, your sake,
&c.
cautus, -a, -um, adj, (caveo),
wary.
caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum,
V, n.y take precautions ;
with dat., take precautions
for, take thought for.
caverna, -ae, /. (cavus), a
hollow (as in a tree).
cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow ;
subs., cavum, also cavus,
a hole.
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, v.n.,
yield.
cedo, old im^ierative, give me,
let me have (V. ii. 6).
celeritas, -atis, /. (celer),
swiftness, speed.
celeriter, adv. (celer), swiftly.
celo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. «.,
conceal, hide, secrete,
celsus, -a, -um, adj., lofty,
uptossed, haughty.
vii
cena, -ae, /., dinner, supper,
censor, -oris, m. (censeo), an
officer at Rome icho Jiad to
judge the property and morals
of dtizens, censor ; hemo
stern critic.
centum, nnm. adj. indecl., a
hundred.
cera, -ae,/., wax; pl., honey^
comb.
cerebrum, -i, n., brain.
cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum,
V. a., see clearly, see
through.
certamen, -inis, n. (certo),
contest.
certatim, adv. (certo), emu-
lously, in rivalry, eagerl}'.
certe, adv. (certus), assuredly,
at least.
certo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.,
strive, contend.
certus, -a, -um, adj., assured,
certain, fixed, stipulated.
cervus, -i, m., stag.
cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n^
(freq., cedo), linger, make
holiday.
cibus, -i, m., food, meat,
ciconia, -ae, /., stork.
cieo, -ere, civi, citum, v. a.,
call up, utter.
cinis, -eris, in., ashes ; hence
a dead person.
circum, prep. with acc., round,
round about, in the neigh-
bourhood of ; also adv.,
about.
circumdo, -dare, -dedi,
-datum, V, a. (circum -f do),
(1) put round; (2) sur-
round.
cirrus, -i, m , curi ; pl.,
fringe (II. v. 13).
citius, cowp. of cito, adv.
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
viii
cito, -are, -avi, -atam, v. a,
(cieo), cause to move
quickly ; hence summon
into court, call.
cito, adv. (citus, sivifi), soon ;
comp.y citius, more quickly.
civis, -is, m., Citizen, fellow-
citizen.
civitas, -atis, /. (civis), (i)
body of citizens, popula-
tion ; (2) the citizens as a
hody poUtiCj tlie state, corn-
munity.
clamito, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n. {freq., clamo), ciy
out.
clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. w.,
make a loud noise, cry
out.
clamor, -oris, m., crying out,
uproar, shout, braying or
roaring of an anmial ; pl,
applause.
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum,
V. a., shut, imprison.
clitellae, -arum, /., pack-
saddle, pair of panniers.
coepi, -isse, coeptum (present
tense coepio not in best
aiithors), v. n., begin.
cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a,
(co + agito), think, think
out, think to.
cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum,
V. a. (co + ago), drive to-
gether, drive liard, compel ;
coactus fame, hard pressed
by hunger.
collum, -i, n.j neck, of mulej
withers.
color, -oris, m., colour,
colouring.
colubra, -ae, /., female
snake, snake.
columba, -ae./., dove, pigeon.
comedo, -ere, -edi, -esum or
-estum, V. a, (con + edo),
eat up (contr. infin., comesse,
I. xiii. 4, I. XX. 4).
comes, -itis, m. and /. (con-f
eo), companion, comrade,
fellow.
comis, -e, adj ^ gentle, kind,
attentive.
comminuo, -ere, -ui, -utum,
t?. a, (con+ minuo), break
in pieces, fracture,
committo, -ere, -misi, -mis-
sum, V, a. (con + mitto),
place somewliere ; hence
trust, entrust {dat ofperson
to whom).
commodo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (commodus, suitable\
cause to fit, lend for con-
venience, lend.
communis, -e, adj,, common
to, shared by, shared with;
subs., commune, common
property ; in commune, for
common use, halves ! (V.
■yi- 3)-
commuto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (con + muto), com-
pletely change, change.
compello, ^ere, -puli, -pul-
sum, V. a. (con + pello),
drive together, drive hard,
compel {(f. cogo).
comperio,-Ire,-peri, -perturn,
V. a,, discover.
compesco, -ere, -iii, v. a.
(con -I- pasco), confine, re-
strain.
compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum,
i\ a., completely fili, fili,
comprendo, -ere, -di, -sum,
V, a. (con + prehendo), ap-
prehend, seize.
comprimo, -ere, -pressi,
VOCABULARY
IX
^ -pressum, v. a. (con +
premo), squeeze hard.
concinno, -are, -avi, -atum,
i\ a. j arrange so as to work
in harmony, organize, con-
trive.
concito, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (freq. concieo), rouse,
violently stir.
concurro, -ere, concurri,
concursum, v, n. (con +
curro), run together.
concurso, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n. {freq. concurro), run
hither and thither, run
about.
ccn dicio, -onis, /. (con -f-
dico), terms o/ a hargain,
terms of any settlement or
appointmenty con di t ion s.
conditio = condicio,
condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
V. a. (con + do, put), ( i) put
together, hence build up,
found ; (2) put anywhere,
hence hide, stow^, put aw^ay,
put up.
conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
V. a. (con + facio), finish,
exhaust ; macie confectus,
starved (III. vii. 2).
confiteor, -eri, -fessus, v. dep.
a. (con + fateor),completely
acknowledge, confess.
confodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossum,
V. a. (con + fodio), dig hard
into, gore.
congero,-ere, -gessi, -gestum,
V. a. (con + gero), gather
into a heap, store up, bring
together, shower {of blows\
(IV. i. II).
conm- and conp-. See comm-
and comp-.
conrodo, -ere, -rosi, -rosum,
V. a. (con -h rodo), eat away,
wear away.
consiliator, -oris, m. (con-
silium), adviser.
consilium, -i, n., counsel,
plan.
conspectus, -us, m. (con-
spicio), siglit, view, pre-
sence.
conspergo, -ere, -spersi,
-spersum, v, a. (con +
spargo), besprinkle.
conspicio, -ere, -spexi,
-spectum, V, a., behold,
espy.
conspicor, -ari, -atus, v, dep,
a., catch sight of, descry,
conspicuus, -a, -um, adj,
(conspicio), easily seen,
conspicuous.
conspiro, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n, (con + spiro), plot,
conspire, unite ; con-
spiratus, having conspired
(I. ii. 4\
constans, -tis, adj. (con +
stans), of good courage, in
good heart.
contego, -ere, -texi, -tectum,
V. a. (con + tego), cover up,
conceal.
contemno, -ere, -mpsi,-ptum,
V. a. (con + temno), despise,
scorn, turn a deaf ear to.
contendo, -ere, -di, -tum,
V. a. and n. (con + tendo),
(i) debate ; (2) maintain,
claim.
contentus, -a, -um, adj.
(properJy par#, of contineo),
restraining oneself ; hence
contented {takes aU.).
conterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum,
V. a. (con + terreo), stai tle,
terrify.
X
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
contineo, -ere, -ni, -tentum,
V. a. (con + teneo), restrain,
limit, curb, confine, con-
tain.
contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum,
V. a. and n. (con + tango),
(1) at t a in an object of desire ;
(2) of good fortune, happen.
contio, -onis, /. (co + ventio^
meeting of the people.
contra, adv., on the other
hand, in resistance, on the
other side, in answer (the
verh of speaking often unex-
pressef) ; as prep. with acc.^
against ; contra se, against
one’s own interest (IV.
xix. 3).
contubernium, -i, (taberna,
tent) tent-companionship,
hence fellowship, associa-
tion in ahode.
contumax, -acis, adj., stub-
born.
contumelia, -ae, /., insuit,
rebuft*, personal affront.
convenio,-ire, -veni, -ventum,
V. n. (con + venio), suit,
befit, be suited to.
conviva, -ae, m. andf. (vivo),
giiest.
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum,
V, a. (con -h voco), call to-
gether.
copiosus, -a, -um, adj. (copia),
(i) plentiful ; (2) spacious.
coram, prep. with abJ., in the
presence of.
corcodilus, -i, w., a croco-
dile.
corium, -i, n., hide.
corneus, -a, -um, adj. (cornu),
of horn, horny.
cornix, -icis,/., crow.
cornu, -us, n., horn, antler.
corpus, -oris, n., body; hence
stature, comeliness, flesli
(III. Yii. 5).
corripio,-ere,-ripui, -reptum,
v.~ a. (con -r rapio), seize.
corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup-
tum, V. a. (con + rumpo)^
break up ; hence spoil, cor-
rupt, shame ; corruptus
{of cattle), out of condition.
cortex, -icis, /. in Phaedrus,
rind ; hence shell of tortoise.
corvus, -i, m., raven.
cotidie, adv., every day.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
V. a.j (i) put trust in, be-
lieve a person {with dat.) ;
(2) en trust {with acc. of
thing and dat. of person) ;
(3) believe {with acc. and
inf). .
credulitas, -atis, /. (credul us),
credulity.
crepusculum, -i, ??., dusk.
crimen, -inis, w., a charge,
accusation, wickedness,
misdeed.
crudelis, -e, «d/, cruel, ty-
rannical.
eruor, -oris, m., blood, esp.
icheyi shed.
crus, cruris, n , leg, shank.
crux, crucis, /., cross, cruci-
fixion, the gallows.
cubile, -is, n. (cubo), lair,
hole of a wild animal.
culpa, -ae, /., fault, esp.
of omission, short-coming,
weakness.
cultrix, -icis,/, (colo), female
inhabitant.
cum, prep. with abl.y with,
together with, in common
with, to the accompani-
ment of (V. v. 33).
VOCABULARY
XI
cum, conj.^ xisually imth subj.,
when, because, although.
cunctus, -a, -um, adj. (co +
iunctus), all together, ali
without distinction ; pl.,
cuncti, everybody, all the
World.
cupidus, -a, -um, adj, (cupio),
desirous (fakes gen. of ohject),
cupio, -ere, -Ivi or -ii, -itum,
V. a., desire.
cur, adv.^ why.
cura, -ae, /., (i) thouglit,
care ; (2) literary labour,
art ; (3) tendance (II. ii.
8).
curo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
take care {followed by dlrect
siibj.j V. ii. 6).
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum,
V. n.j run, trot.
cursus, -us, m. (curro), run-
ning, gallop, speed, voyage.
custos, -odis, w , a watcher.
cutis, -is, /., skin Qiuman or
other).
Cybebe or Cybele, -ae, /.,
wife of Cronos, and mother
of Zeus and the Olympian
gods, was a goddess of tlie
powers of nature, to whom
the pine-tree 'svas sacred,
as well as the vine. Her
worship was wild and en-
thusiastic, with its chief
Seat in Galatia, in Asia
Minor ; her priests were
the Galli (IV. i. 4).
damno, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a.y condemn, blame.
damnum, -i, n., loss, injury;
abi., damno, at the cost of.
[daps], -is, /., feast.
de, pre]?. vnth abi., concern-
ing, about, for, from, out
of.
debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, r. a.,
owe, ought, must ; pass.,
be due, be in store for.
debilis, -e, adj. (de + liabilis),
unfit ; hence feeble, weak.
decem, num. adj. indecL, ten.
decido, -ere, -eidi, v. n. (de
+ cado), fall down, fall
from.
decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
V. a. (de -h capio), take in,
outwit.
declaro, -afe, -avi, -atum^
V. a. (clarus), make ciear,
show.
decor, -oris, m., grace.
decurro, -ere, decucurri and
decurri, decursum, v. n,
and a. (de + curro\ (i) run
down ; (2) run through to
, the end, spend to the last^
run all the way to a destina-
tion.
dedecus, -oris, n. (de + decus),
. discredit, reproach, dis-
honour.
deduco, -ere, -duxi, -duc-
tum, V. a. (de + duco),
bring to a destination ; (of a
road), bring out ; bring into
{court).
deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
V. n. and a. (de + facio^y
(1) fail ; defectus, inmiddle
sense, failing ; pilis defectus,
short of hair (Y. vi. 2) ;
(2) fail a persoyi, prove in-
sufficient for (V. v. 12 \
d ego, -ere, degi, v. a. (de +
ago), of Ume, spend.
degrunnio, -ire, v, n. . (de +
grunnio), grunt hard.
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
xii
d^n, atU,^ theii, straight-
way, next.
d^nde, adv. , and then, next,
secondly.
deicio, -ere, deieci, deiec-
tum, V. a,' (de + iacio),
bring down (o/ game).
delicium, -i, n., pet, dar-
ling.
delinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum,
V. n. (de + linquo), be in
default.
delirus, -a, -um, adj. (lira),
out of tlie furrow ; Jience
lunatic.
deludo, -ere, -lusi, -lusum,
V. a. (de + ludo), mock, de-
ceive, disappoint.
demens, -tis, adj, (de +
mens), out of one’s mind,
foolish, shortsighted. '
dementia, -ae, /. (demens),
folly, madness.
demitto, -ere, -misi, missum,
V. a. (^de + mitto), lean
down.
demum, adv., at last.
dens, -tis, m., tooth, fang,
tusk.
dependeo, -ere, ?>. n. (de +
pendeo), liang down.
deperditus, -a, -um, adj.
{part. of deperdo), ruined,
lost ; deperditus inopia,
sunk in poverty.
deploro, -are, -avi, «atum,
V. a. (de + ploro), lament,
weep over i
deprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres-
sum, V. a. (de + premo),
press down, weigli down,
sink.
depugno, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n. (de + pugno), fight to
the end, bear tlie brunt.
derepo, -ere, -repsi, v. n.
(de + repo), creep down,
steal down.
derideo, -ere, -risi, -risum,
V. a. and n. (de + rideo), (i)
laugli at, Iciugh to scorn,
hold up to ridicule, deride ;
(2) jeer.
derisor, -oris, m. (derideo),
one who derides, scoffer.
derisus, -us, m. (derideo),
mockery, ridicule.
descendo, -ere, -di, -sum,
V. n. (do + scando), come
down.
describo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip-
tum, V. a. (do + scribo),
mark out for recognition,
describe.
desero, -ere, -ui, -tum, v. a.,
forsake, abandon, turn
one’s back on.
desideo, -ere, -sedi, v. n.
(de + sedeo), continue sit-
ting, sit idle.
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a.j feel want of, miss,
desire vainly, expect to
get, look for.
despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
tum, V. a., look down on,
despise.
destituo, -ere, -ui, -utum,
V. a. (de + statuo), leave in
the lurch, fail.
destringo, -ere, -strinxi,
-strictum, v. a. (de +
stringo), draw away, draw
back.
desum, -esse, -fui, v, n. (de -1-
sum), be absent, wanting,
short, fail to appear.
detraho, -ere, -traxi, -trac-
tum, V. a. (de + traho), draw
off, drag olf.
VOCABULARY
detritus, -a, -um, adj, {part
o/ detero), rubbed smooth.
deus, -i, m. , a god ; contr. pl.
forms^ di, deum, dis.
devenio, -ire, -veni, -ven-
tum, r. n, (de + venio),
come down, come to a
place.
devoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a,
(de + voco'), call out of the
way, lead astray, allure,
entice.
devoro, -are, -avi, -atum,
a. (de + voro), eat up,
swallow, devour.
dexter, -a, -um, aUo dextra,
dextrum, adj.^ right, as op-
posed to left.
dextera, -ae, /., the right
hand, as denoiing gallantry.
dico, -ere, -xi, -ctum, v. a.,
teli, say, affirm, call, ap-
point, decide ; hora dicta,
the appointed hour.
dies, -ei, m. and /, day, date,
as of payment (I. xvi. 7) ;
weather.
dignus, -a, -um, adj., de-
serving (takes aU.), suit-
able.
dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
V, a. (dis + mitto), let go
from one, leave hold of, let
slip, part from.
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
V. n, (dis + cedo), go away.
disco, -ere, didici, v. a.,
learn ; wifh infin., learn to.
dispergo, -ere, -spersi, -sper-
sum, V. a, (dis + spargo),
spread abroad.
dissideo, -ere, -sMi, -ses-
sum, V. n. (dis + sedeo),
disagree.
dissolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,
xiii
r. a, (dis + solvo), unbind,
slacken, scatter, break in
pieces.
diu, adv., for a long time,
long.
diutius, adv,j comp. of diu,
longer, for some long time,
diversus, -a, -um, adj, (di-
verto), removed from,
apart, ditferent.
dives, -itis, ad/, rich ; sids.,
a rich man.
divido, -ere, -visi, -visum,
v. a., divide, tear, set aside
a share (II. vi. 15).
do, dare, dedi, datum, v. a.,
give, offer, grant, assigii,
put, place (IV. X. 2) ; dare
leto, put to death.
docilis, -is, adj. (doceo), apt
to learn, patient,
documentum, -i, n. (doceo),
proof, illustration.
doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, r. n.,
feel or suffer pain, smart,
be angry, annoyed, grieved.
dolor, -oris, m., pain ; hence
the smart of misfortune or
grief.
dolosus, -a, -um, adj, (dolus),
crafty, wily, guileful.
dolus, -i, m., guile.
domesticus, -a, -um, adj.
(domus), belonging to the
house, personal, private,
dominus, -i, m., master,
owner.
domus, -us, /., house, abode,
horne ; acc., domum, afier
verb ofmotion, to one’s horne,
horne.
dduatio, -onis,/. (dono),gift.
dorsum, -i, n., back.
dos, dotis, /., marriager
portion ; hence gift, endow-
x\v
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
ment, quality, advant-
age.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.
(dubius), be in doubt,
hesitate {icith infin.').
dubius, -a, -um, aclj., doubt-
ful ; re dubia, wlien tliings
are undecided (V. ii. 15);
in dubium venire, come
into question (III. xiii. 7).
duco, -ere, -xi, -etum, v. a.,
lead, bring; ad derisum
ducere, bring into ridicule;
bring to a place, as horne ;
ducere uxorem, marry (pf
. the man) ; ducere aevum,
spend one’s days.
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet,
pleasant ; hence preclous,
• seductive, loving ; of ivater^
sweet, good to drink.
dum, conj.j while, whilst, in
the process of, in the
attempt to {iisually with
pres. indic., lut see I. iv. 2,
note) ; dummodo, if only,
provided that {luith subj.).
duo, duae, duo, num. adj.,
two.
duplex, -icis, adj. (duo + plico,
fold), double, two-fold.
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard,
tough, solid, cruel, stern.
dux, ducis, m. and /., leader
ivar, commandor, the
emperor.
e, ex, prep. ivith abi, out of,
of, from, by consideration
of (III. xiii. to).
ebibo, -ere, ebibi, ebibitum,
V. a. (e + bibo), drink off,
drain.
ecce, inierj. or dem. adv., be-
hold !
edo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. a.
(e + do), utter, say.
effectus, -us, m. (efficio),
working out, performance,
success.
effi.eio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
. V, a. (ex + facio), make to
be, make.
effigies, -ei, /., figure, image.
effugio, -ere, -fugi, v, a. and
n. (ex + fugio), escape from,
get safe away.
effugium, -i, n. (fugio),
means of escape, escape.
ego, mbi, pron. istpers., I.
egregius, -a, -um, adj. (grex),
out of the common herd, ex-
cellent.
elegantia, -ae, /. (elegans),
grace, refinement, ele-
gance.
elevo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(e + levo), raise up, hence
lighten, hence make liglit
of, dispara ge.
eludo, -ere, -lusi, -lusum,
V. a., cheat, evade, outdo,
outstrip.
emendo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (menda, fault), ciear
of faults, correct, amend,
improve.
emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
V. a. (e + mitto), let go,
drop.
en, inter j., lo! behold ! {may
be followed by accusative).
enim, (i) conj., for ; (2) adv.,
indeed ; neque enim, for
. . . not, nor indeed.
enimvero, strengthened form of
enim (2), assuredly, I
warrant (II. v. 21).
epotus, -a, -um,parf. 0/ epoto,
drunk empty.
VOCABULARY
XV
eques, -itis, m. (equus),
horseman, knight.
equidem, adv.^ indeed ; ivith
special applicatiori io ist per s.^
I indeed.
equus, -i, m., horse.
erg5, adv., therefore, then.
eripio, -ere, -ui, ereptum,
V, a. (e + rapio), tear away,
take away, snatch from,
rescue, delirer,
error, -oris, m., wandering,
hence error, mistake.
erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
V. n. (e + rumpo), break
cover {of gam e).
esca, -ae, /. (edo), food, a
morsel of food.
esurio, -ire, -Itum, v.n. {desid.y
edo), be liungry.
et, (i) ionj., and, et . . . et . . .,
both . . ., and . . . ; (2) adv.,
also (precedes the icord injlu-
encecT).
etiam, conj. ayid adv., also,
' even {precedes the word
injluenced) .
evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum,
V. n. (e + vado), get out.
evagor, -ari, -atus, i\ dep. n.
(e + vagor), roam abroad.
evello, -ere, -vulsi, -vulsum,
V. a. (e + vello), pluck
out.
eventus, -us, m. (evenio),
issue, resuit.
everto, -ere, -ti, -sum, v. a.
(e -H verto), overturn, root
up, overthrow, destroy,
ruin.
evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(e + voco) , call out, summon
forth.
excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
V. a. (ex + capio), take from
another, take over, take
up^ receive from danger,
shelter.
excito, -are, -avi, -atum, i\ a.
(ex -H cito), call out, call,
summon, startle, put up (0/
game) ; stimulate, rouse (0/
emotion).
excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum
(ex + quatio), sliake out,
open out, search.
exemplum, -i, n., example,
procedent, warning ex-
ample, instance, illustra-
tive story, fable, moral.
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n,
(ex-i-eo), go out.
exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. <x.,
make active, bring into
play, bring to bear.
exercitus, -us, w., a drilled
body of men, army.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (ex + aestimo), tliink,
deem, siippose.
exitium, -i, n. (exeo), ruin,
destruction, death.
exitus, -us, m. (exeo), way
out, exit.
exorno, -are, -avi, -atum,
V, a, (ex -f- orno), furnish
abundantly, fully provide,
deck out, adorn, embellisb,
trick out.
expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum,
V. a, (pes), remove obstacles
from the feet, make easy,
forward, explain.
experior, -iri, -tus, i\ dep.
experience, learn by ex-
perience, test by experi-
ence.
expers, -tis, adj. (ex -f pars),
without part in, lacking
{gen.follows).
xvi
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
expstOj -ere, -Ivi, -itum, v. a.
(ex + peto), seek, make
one’s object to.
explico, -are, -ui, -itum (also
-avi, -atum), r. a, (ex -f-
plico), urifold, open out,
expand, expound, explain.
exploro, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a., view, explore, sur-
vey.
exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres-
sum, V. a. (ex + premo), ex-
tort, elicit.
exspectatio, -onis, /. (ex-
specto), cxpectation, sus-
pense.
exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum,r. n.
(ex + spiro), breatlie one’s
last.
extraho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, v. a.
(ex + traho), draw forth,
extract.
extremus, -a, -um, aclj. (sup.
o/ exter), last.
extrico, -are, -avi, -atum,r. a.
(tricae, perplexities), bring
out of confusion, bring to
perfection.
extundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum,
v.a. (extundo), beat through,
batter in.
fabella, -ae, /. (d/m., fabula),
short story, fable.
faber, -bri, m., a ivorker in
wood, stone^ metaly ctc.,
smith.
fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum,
v, a, (faber), fashion.
fabula, -ae, /. (for = speak),
story, fable, legend.
facile, adv, (facilis), at one’s
ease.
facilis, -e, adj, (facio), easy.
easily secured, ready, com-
fortable.
facinus, -oris, n, (facio),
deed, esp. evil deed.
facio, -ere, feci, factum, v. «.,
(1) make, build, construet ;
facere corpus, make flesh ;
facere lucrum, make profit ;
(2) do, perform ; facere
medicinam, practise medi-
cine or surgery ; facere
satis (ivith dat.), satisfy ;
facere viam, journey ; (3)
cause to be ; facere moram,
delay ; facere silentium,
procure silence ; facere
ludos, give games ; (with acc.
of thing and abi. of person)
do something w^ith a
person.
factio, -onis, /. (facio), a
number of persons acting
together, political party,
faction.
faex, faecis, /., lees of ivine.
Falernus Ager, a district in
the north of Campania,
famous for its wine, which
was among the finest pro-
duced in Italy (III. i. 2).
fallacia, -ae,/. (fallo), deceit-
fulness, crafty trick.
fallo, -ore, fefelli, falsum,
V. a.j deceive, take in, play
false ; pass., deceive one-
self, be mista ken.
falso, ady. (falsus), falsely.
falsus, -a, -um, adj. (part,
fallo), pretended, false,
ftoa, -ae, /. (for = speak),
report, reputation, fame,
renown.
fames, -is,/., hunger ; ablative
in Phaedrus and elseivherey
fame.
VOCABULARY
XV ii
familia, -ae, /. (famulus, ser-
vant), establishment of
slaves, the slaves, the ser-
va nts.
farina, -ae, /. (far), ground
corn, meal, flour.
fastidio, -ire, -ivi, -itum,
V. a. (fastidium), dislike,
not like.
Tata, -orum, n., are the
Greek Moirae, or goddesses
of fate, Clotho, the Spin-
ner ; Lachesis^ the Dis-
tributor ; and Atropos, the
Undeviating. It was their
business to see that each
man received his proper
destiny : even Jupiter can-
not overrule their ordin-
ances (III. xviii. lo).
fatum, -i, n. (for = speak), the
spoken word, fate, destiny,
lot ; pLi destinies, fate,
death.
faux, faucis, /., throat, hun-
ger. {The singii/ar, though
founcl in Phaedrus, is un-
usual.)
faveo, -ere, favi, fautum,
V. n., be favourable to,
look kindly on, take the
side of {with dat).
favor, -oris, m, (faveo),
partizanship.
favus, -i, m , honeycomb.
fax, facis, /., blazing
faggot.
feles, -is, /., cat.
femina, -ae, woman, female.
fenestra, -ae, /., hole for
ventilation, window.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a.,
(i) bring ; ferre auxilium,
succour; (2) bring before
the World, declare ; ius
rilAED. SEL.
ferre, pronounce judgment
(III. xiii. 13) ; (3) bear,
endure ; indigne fero, think
a thing hard, be discon-
tented ; (4) 2-assive, move
quickly, (0/ ships) run be-
fore the wind.
ferrum, -i, ??., iron, a weapon
of iron, esp. sword or
spear.
ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild ;
siibs:, ferus, a wild crea-
ture, also, more commonly,
fera.
fessus, -a, -um, aclj., weary.
fetus, -us, m., offspring.
fictus, -a, -um, part. of fingo,
fidelis, -e, adj. (fides), trust-
worthy.
fides, -ei,/., (i)belief, credit ;
(2) fidelity, truth ; (3) pro-
mise, bargain.
fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum,
V. a., invent, devise, put
together, feign, imagine,
put into shape, beautify,
smarten (II. ii. 8).
fio, fieri, factus, r. n., servmg
as passive to facio, be made,
become, happen ; fit turba,
a crowd gathers.
flagito, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a., demand.
flamma, -ae,/., fiame.
fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, v. a.
and n. , weep, lament, weep
for.
fletus, -us, m. (fleo), weeping,
lamentation.
flexus, -us, m. (flecto), wind-
ing, bye-path.
floreo, -ere, -ui, v. n. (flos),
flourish, be at one’s best.
flumen, -inis, n.(fluo),stream,
river.
I
xviii FABLES OF
fluvius, -i, m, (fluo), stream.
foedus, -eris, n., treaty.
fodio, -ere, fodi, fossum, r.
dig, dig up.
fons, -tis, m., spring, drink-
ing- place (I. xii. 3).
foras, adv. (prig. acc. pl.j fora),
out of doors, after a verb of
motion.
forma, -ae, /., shape, build,
beauty.
formosus, -a, -um, adj.
(forma), handsome, goodly,
pretty, personable.
forsan, adv. ( properJy fors
[sitjan), perhaps.
forte, adv. {abi., fors), as it
chanced, by chance, ex-
pressing correspondence of Ume
or place,
fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave,
energetic, stanch ; subs.,
fortes, the strong.
fortuitus, -a, -um, adj. (forte),
accidental.
fortuna, -ae, /. (fors), for-
tuno.
forum, -i, n., the market-
place ; esp. to a Roman, the
forum, where law and oiher
public business was trans-
acted ; lis ad forum deducta
est, the case came into
court.
fovea, -ae, /. (fodio), ditch,
pit.
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, v, a.,
cherish.
fraudator, -oris, m. (fraudo),
a cheat.
fraus, -dis,/., deceit, trickery,
knavery.
frenum, -i, n., bridle, bit,
curb, restraint, plural, both
freni and frena.
PHAEDRUS
frons, -dis,/., leaf, leavcs, in
quantity (II. viii. 22).
frons, -tis, /., brovi^, appear-
ance, Icoks, face, appear-
ances, exterior,
fructus, -us,m. (fruor),enjoy-
nient, use of a thing, fruit,
fruits of labour, profit.
fruor, -i, fi uctus and fruitus,
V, dep. n., enjoy {takes
abi.).
frustra, adv., in vain, that
is, with something to defeat
effort.
frustum, -i, n., piece, scrap.
frutex, -icis, m., bush, bushes.
fucatus, -a, -um, adj. {part.
of fuco, dye), imitated,
counterfeit.
fucus, -i, m., {of bees) a
drone.
fugax, -acis, adj., apt to flee,
eager to escape.
fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum,
V. a. and n., flee from, flee,
shrink from.
fugito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a,
{freq., fugio), attempt to
flee from.
fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
drive away, put to flight.
fulmineus, -a, -um, adj. (ful-
men), like lightning.
funditus, adv. (fundus\ from
the bottom, completely,
entirely.
fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(fundus), lay the founda-
tions of, found.
fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, v. a. ,
pour, shed.
fur, furis, m, and /., thief,
burglar, dishonest person.
furor, -oris, m. (furo), mad-
ness, wild passion.
VOCABULARY
XIX
furtim, aclv, (fur), stealthily,
iii secret.
furtum, -i, n. (fur), theft.
futilis, -e, adj. (fundo), that
easily pours out, useless.
gallinacous, -a, -um, adj.
(gallina), belonging to
domestic fowl ; pullus
gallinaceus, chicken.
Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul. But
as in tlie third century
B.c. a detachment of Gauls
found its way into the
middle of Asia Minor, the
naine Galatia stands for
the country in which they
settled. The worship of
Cybele flourished particu-
larly there, and her priests
became known, in conse-
quence, as Galli (IV. i. 4).
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus, v. n.
and a., rejoice, delight in.
gaudium, -i, n, (gaudeo), joy,
delight.
gelus, -us, m., frost, cold.
gemitus, -us, m. (gemo),
groaning, groan.
gemmeus, -a, -um, adj.
(gemma), (i) like buds or
eyes ; (2) like precious
stones ; full of the same.
genus, -eris, n. (gigno), birth,
descent, origln, race, people,
family, kind, class, de-
scendants, kindred.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, v.a.
wear, carry.
gladius, -i, m.^ sword.
gloria, -ae, /., boast, glory,
reputation, honour, pomp,
Show, achievements (I.
xi. i).
glorior, -ari, -atus, v. dep. 7^.,
boast, take pride in {with
abi.).
graculus, -i, m. {from its cry
^ gra-gra ’), jackdaw, daw.
gratia, -ae,/. (gratus), favour,
friendly feeling, courtesy ;
pZ., thanks ; atZ., gratia,
for the sake of, ivith gen. ;
abi. pl. contracted, gratis,
for thanks, for nothing,
without payment.
gratus, -a, -um, adj., accept-
able, pleasing.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, loaded,
serious, diflficult, unfortu-
nate, severe, oppressive,
sore.
grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd,
company, litter 0/ pigs,
muster ofpeacocks, &c.
gruis, -is,/., erane (I. viii. 7\
(grus is the usual form).
gula, -ae, /., throat, gullet, as
used for swallowing.
gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
taste.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a.,
(1) have, hold, possess ;
(2) occasion, cause (I. xii.
15)-
habitus, -us, m. (habeo),
dress, externals, condition,
character.
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum,
V. n., stick, stick fast, be in
difficulty.
haustus, -us, m. (haurio),
drinking.
heia, interj., expressing^ sin-
cerely or ironically, pleased
surprise, what ho ! ah,
indeed !
I 2
XX
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
hercle, atZy., indeed, see note
on I. i. 12.
heres, -edis, m. and /., lieir.
heu, interj,^ alas !
heus, inter to call attention^
ho ! ho there ! holloa !
hic, adv, of place and tirnCy (i)
here ; (2) hereupon.
hic, haec, hoc, pron, and adj.,
tliis, this one, he, she, it,
&c. ; hic . . . ille, the one
. . .the otlier, with special
reference to the last mentioned,
hinc, adv, (hic), hence.
hircus, -i, m., he-goat.
hispidus, -a, -um, adj,j
bristling, hairy, shaggy.
historia, -ae, /. , story.
homo, -inis, m. and /., man,
as opposed to brute ; a person,
the person, sometimes con-
iemptuous, sometimes merely
replacing the pronoun is ; pl^
people, mankind.
honor, -oris, m., mark of dis-
tinction, honour, office,
position, renown.
honos, old form of honor, stili
common in Cicero^ hut nearly
obsolete m Phaedrus* time.
horrendus, -a, -um, adj,
{gerundive of horreo), to be
shuddered at, awful.
hospitium, -i, n, (hospes),
hospitality.
hostilis, -e, adj, (hostis), be-
longing to a foe.
hostis, -is, m, and /., enemy,
foe, in vader.
humilis, -e, adj, (humus),
low, lowly.
humus, -i, /., the earth, the
ground ; humi, 011 the
ground.
hydrus, -i, m., water-snake.
iaceo, -ere, iacui, iacilum,
V, n., lie, lie stili, be cast
down, lie sick, be cast
aside.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(freq., iacio), toss, fling,
flourish in anotheFs eyes,
flaunt, boast of, boast.
iactito, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a,
(double freq,^ iacio), display,
show off.
iam, adv., already, forthwith,
from this time forth, when
things have come to this,
by this time, nowadays.
ibi, adv, (is), there, on that
occasion, thereupon.
[ico], -ere, ici, ictum, v, a,,
strike ; icto foedere, a
treaty being struck or
made (I. xxxi. 8).
ictus, -us, m. (ico), stroke,
blow.
ictus, -a, -um, part. of ico,
struck.
idem, eadem, idem, pron, and
adj., the same, the very,
he also, yet he, &c.
ideo, adv., on that account,
therefore.
igitur, conj., therefore, ac-
cordingly, and so.
ignavus, -a, -um, adj. (iuT-
gnavus), spiritless, mean.
ignis, -is, m., fire, a light.
igndro, -are, -avi, -atum,?; a.,
not know, be ignorant of.
ignotus, -a, -um, adj. (in -h
gnotus = notus), (1) 11 n-
known ; (2) not know-
ing, iinacquainted with
(I. xi. 2).
ille, -a, -ud, adj. and pron.,
that yonder, that, he, she,
it, &c. ; the other, conirasf-
VOCABULARY
XXI
ing icith hic ; lie, &c., em~
phatic ; o/ ihe remote cr greatj
that, the famous, &c.
imber, -bris, m., rain.
imitor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a.j
imitate, rival, vie with.
immolo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a.j of^er a victim io death,
slay.
impar, -paris, adj, (in + par),
unequal, no match for.
impedio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum,
V. a. (pes), put obstacles
in the way of, hinder,
delay, keep fast.
impegerat, see impingo,
imperium, -i, n., authority,
power, rui e.
impetus, -us, m. (in + peto),
forward rush,rapidmotion,
onslaught, charge, onrush,
flight ; poetic afflatus,
impingo, -ere, -pegi, -pac-
tum, V, a. (in + pango},
cause to strike, hurl some-
thing at.
impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, v.a,
(in + pleo), fili,
impono, -ere, -posui, -posi-
tum, V. a. (in + pono), place
upon, put upon.
importo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (in + porto), bring
upon.
improbitas, -atis, /. (impro-
bus), unscrupulousness,
self-assertion, selfishness.
improbus, -a, -um, adj. (in +
probus), without scruple
or conscience, unscrupu-
lous, wicked, illegal,
makiug a false claim, get-
ting more than his rights,
self-assertive, selfish, ra-
venous, audacious, reckless.
imprudens, -tis, adj. (in -f-
prudens), incautious, un-
practical ; suhs.j impru-
dentes, fools.
imprudentius, adv. comp.
(imprudens), somewhat in-
cautiously.
impudens, -tis, adj. (in + pu-
dens), presuming, shame-
less.
impudentia, -ae, /. (impu-
dens), presumption, ef-
frontery.
impune, adv. (poena), with-
out punishment, scot-free,
without retribution.
imputo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (in + puto), set down
to the account of, im-
pute.
imus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of
inferus), lowest ; in agree-
ment icith siihs.j the bottom
of.
iiiyprep. (i) with acc., to, into,
against, towards, with
reference to, with a view
to (lY. i. 4) ; leading to,
causing ; accipere in contu-
meliam, accipere in bonas
partes, take as an insuit,
take in good part ; (2)
loHh aU., in, upon, in the
midst of, in the time of,
during.
inanis, -e, adj., empty, silly,
groundless, unsubstantial,
unreal.
incido, -ere, -eidi, -casum,
V. n. (in + cado\ happen
upon, fall in with (‘ with ’
expressed hy a second ‘in").
incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
V. n. (in + capio), begin,
attempt.
XXll
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
incito, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.
(in + cito), provoke, stir up,
excite.
incola, -ae, m. and f, (incolo),
inhabitant, dweller.
incolumis, -e, adfj., un-
hurt, safe, preserved from
harm.
inconveniens, -tis, adj. (in 4-
conveniens), unlike.
inde, ado., thence, of place ;
then, next, of time,
indico, -are, -avi, -atum,
Show.
indigne, adv. (indignus), un-
worthily ; indigne fero,
icith acc. + infin., find it hard
that (I. xxi. io).
indignor, -ari, -atus, v, dep.
n, (indignus), deem un-
worthy of oneself, bear re-
sentment, feel aggrieved,
express resentment, mur-
mur, complain.
indignus, -a, -um, adj. fin +
dignus), unworthy, unbe-
coming ; suhs.., indigni, un-
worthy persons, the unde-
serving.
induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
V. a, (in + duco), lead on,
persuade.
inedia, -ae, /. (edo), want
of food, starvation.
inermis, -e, adj. (in + arma),
unarmed, defenceless.
iners, -tis, adj. (ars), with-
out skill, helpless, lazy,
dull, lifeless ; aU. occa-
sionallyj inerti.
infelix, -Icis, adj. (in -f felix' ,
unfruitful, unfortunate,
unhappy.
inferior, -us, adj, {comp, of
inferus), lower.
infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
V, a, (in + fero), bring in,
bring forward, bring
against, introduco,
infestus, -a, -um, adj.^
dangerous, ready to attack ;
infestis cornibus, with
horns in rest (I. xxi. 7).
inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.
(in 4- flo), blow into, blow
up.
infundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum,
V, a. (in + fundo), pour in.
ingemo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v, a,
and n., groan over, groan,
groan loudly (c/. insono),
ingratus, -a, -um, adj, (in4-
gratus), imgrateful.
ingravo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a,
(in + gravo), lie heavy on,
weigh down.
iniuria, -ae, /. (ius), in-
justice, wrong, violence.
iniustus, -a, -um, adj,
(in 4- iustus), unjust, un-
righteous.
inlicio, -ere, -lexi, -lectum,
V. a,, entice, teinpt, induce.
inlido, -ere, -si, -sum, v, a,
(in 4- laedo), dash upon.
inmanis, -e, ad;., monstrous,
appalling.
inmisceo, -ere, -ui, -mixtum
and -mistum, r, a., mingle
with, join to.
inmitto,-ere, -misi, -missum,
V, a, (in 4- mitto), send in ;
inmisit se, leaped down
(IV. ix. 10).
innocens, -tis, adj. (in 4- no-
cens), innocent, harmless,
inoffensive.
innotesco, -ere, -notui, v. n.
(in 4- notesco), become
known.
VOCABULARY
XXlll
innoxius, -a, -um, adj. (in +
noxius), harmless, unof-
fending.
inopia, -ae, /. (inops),
poverty.
inops, -is, adj. (ops), without
resource, weak, poor.
inp-. For words heginning thus
see imp-.
inquino, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a,, defile, pollute,
inquit, ^rd pers, sing. of
inquam.
inrideo, -ere, -risi, -risum,
V, a. (in + rideo), mock at.
inritus, -a, -um, adj, (in +
ratus), not settled, vain,
fruitless.
inscius, -a, -um, adj. (scio),
not knowing ; quasi-ad-
rerhial, through ignorance
(IV. ix. 3)-
insero, -ere, -ui, -tum, v. a.
(in + sero), thrust in, in-
serfc.
insidiae, -arum, /. (insideo),
ambush, trick.
insidiosus, -a, -um, adj, (in-
sidiae), crafty, scheming.
insignis, -e, adj. (signum),
remarkable.
insilio, -ire, -ui, v. n. (in -i-
salio), leap upon.
insolens, -tis, adj. (soleo),
contrary to custom, pre-
sumptuous, arrogant,
insto, -are, -stiti, -statum,
V. a , stand upon, press
upon, threaten, be at hand,
impend.
insuetus, -a, -um, adj. (part.
o/ in suesco), unaccust omed
to (I. ii. 8).
insulto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V/ a. (freq.j insilio), leap
upon, trample upon, in-
suit.
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum,
V. a. (inter + lego), see
into, perceive, understand,
grasp, learn.
intendo, -ere, -di, -tum and
-sum, V. a. (in + tendo),
strain.
inter, prep, icith acc. , be-
tween, among ; after iis
case (II. viii. 20).
interdiu, adv. (dies), during
the day.
interficio, -ere, -feci, -fec-
tum, V. a. (inter -f facio),
kill, slay.
interpono, -ere, -posui, -posi-
tum, V. a. (inter + pono),
put between, hence of time,
allow to pass, put among,
hence introduce.
interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (inter -f rogo), ask,
question, put a question.
intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ven-
tum, V. n. (inter + venio),
come among, come upon
the scene, come up.
intritus, -a, -um, part. of
intero.
intueor, -eri, -itus, v. dep. a.
(in + tueor), look upon,
behold, watch, study.
inutilis, -e, adj. (in -h utilis),
useless, ineffective.
invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
V. a. (in + venio), come
upon, meet with, find (by
accident, experience or de-
sign), obtain.
invicem, adv. (in + vicem),
taking one’s turn, in
one’s turn, by turns,
mutually.
XXIV
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
invidia, >ae, /. (invidu3),
jealousy,envy,rcsentment,
unpopularity, odium,
invidus, -a, -um, adj. (in-
video), jealous, envious.
invito, -are, -avi,“atum, i\ a.y
invite.
invitus, -a, -um, adj.^ un-
'willing.
involvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,r?. a.
(in + volvo), roll in, con-
ceal.
iocor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n,
(iocus), jest, joke, make
inerry.
iocundus, -a, -um, adj,
(iocus), delightful.
iocus, -i, m.y jest, merri-
ment, amusing story,
laughing-stock (I. xxi. 2) ;
. p?., ioci, rallying, trifling.
ipse, -a, -um, pronoun and
' adj., himself, herself, itself,
. &c., the very, even.
iracundus, -a, -um, adj. (ira),
passionale.
iratus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
irascor), angry.
is, ea, id, pron. and adj.y he,
slie, it, &c., tlie, that.
iste, -a, -ud, pron. .and adj.,
. tliat one near you, tliat of
. yours, that, your.
ita, adv. (is), in this way,
, thus, accordingly; ita si,
uponconditionthat; atque
ita, and so speaking (I. i.
13 ; IV. iv. 9).
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum,
V. a., bid, require, de-
mand.
iudex, -icis, m. and /. (ius
dico), judge, umpire.
indicium, -i, n. (iudex),
judgment, criticism.
Inno, -onis, /., wife of Ju-
piter, and his sister, the
queen of heaven, with the
peacock as her sacred bird
(III. xviii. i).
luppiter, lovis, m., origin-
ally god of the bright or
open sky : consequently of
everything which appears
in the sky, especially light-
ning, He is supreme in
heaven, and by conse-
quence on earth : hence
he is the original creator,
^vh.o settles the conditions
under which men (IV. x. i)
and animals (I. ii. ii)
shall live. He is the
governor of the world, and
punishes impiety.
iure iurando =--= iureiurando,
abi. 0/ iusiurandum.
iurgium, -i, n. (ius), hiwsuit,
quarrel.
ius, iuris, n., justice ; ius
ferre, do justice, deliver
sentence.
iusiurandum, -i, n. (ius -f-
iurandum), oath, affidavit.
iuvencus, -i, m. (iuvenis),
bullock.
iuvenis, -is, m, and /., young
man, young woman (II.
ii- 5).
labor, -i, lapsus, v, n , slip,
' fall into error,
labor, -oris, m., hard work,
toil, trouble, suffering.
laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.
(labor), toil, suffer, st rive
for an objeci,
lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(lacer), tear, tear in pieces.
VOCABULARY
XXV
Lacon, *onis, m., a Lacedae-
mon ian, or Spartan, from
Lacedaemon at tlie south
of peninsular Greece. A
famous breed of hounds
was obtained from this
country : whence the name
in V. X. 7.
lacrima, -ae, /., tear.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum,
v. a.j liurt, injure, wound,
esp. as the aggressor j at-
tack.
laetor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n.
(laetus), rejoice, followed
by accits. and infin, (IV.
iv. 7).
laevus, -a, -um, adj., belonging
to the left side ; (0/ omens)
unfavourable.
lagona, -ae, /., flagon {com~
monerformj lagena),
lambo, -ere, -i, -itum, r. a.,
lick ; {pf a dog) lap.
langueo, -ere, v. n., fail,
slacken, weaken.
laniger, -a, -um, adj. (lana +
gero), wool-bearing, woolly ;
as siihs., the fleecy one, or
sheep.
lapis, -idis, m., stone.
laqueus, -i, m. , noose, springe.
i^arge, adv. (largus), bounti-
fully.
largus, -a, -um, adj , bounti-
ful, abundant.
lasso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(lassus), weary.
late, adv. (latus), abroad,
around, far and wide.
lateo, -ere, -ui, v. n.^ be hid,
be in hiding, lie snug,
escape observation.
latibulum, -i, n. (lateo),
hiding-place, lair.
latro, -onis, w., brigand,
ruffian.
latro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.,
bark.
latus, -a, -um, adj., wide,
brcad.
laudabilis, -e, adj. (laudo),
praiseworthy, admirable.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(laus^, praise, approve.
laus, -dis, /., praise, fame,
reputation, pancgyric ;
desire of fame ; merito-
rious action, merit.
_axo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(laxus), relax, unstring.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, v. a.,
(1) pick out, galher,
choose ; (2) read.
lentus, -a, -um, adj.^ slow;
hence (i) hard to move ;
(2) tough, leathery.
leo, -onis, m., lion.
lepus, -Olis, m., bare.
letum, -i, n.j death.
levis, -e, adj., light, light-
some, trifling.
levo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(levis\ raise, carry.
lex, legis, /., law, terms of
settlement, conditions ofUfe.
libellus, -i, m. (liber), littie
book, modest volume.
liber, -bri, m., book.
liber, -a, -um, adj., free ;
(0/ the mind) unoccupied,
unbarassed ; pl., those ivho
are free, children.
liberalis, -e, adj. (liber), be-
longing to the free, generous.
libertas, -atis, /. (liber), fiee-
• dom to do or speak as one
pleases, liberly.
libet, libuit and libitum est,
V. n. and iwpers , it pleases
xxvi
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
{person pleased in accusa-
Uve)»
licentia, -ae,/., freedom from
restraint, licence, poetic
licence, lea ve to do a ihing
(III. vii. 25).
ligneus, -a, -um, adj, (lig-
num), of wood.
lignum, -i, n., wood, a baulk
of timber, log.
ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
bind up, bind.
Fima, -ae, /., file,
limen, -inis, n., threshold,
doorway.
limus, -i, m., mud.
lingua, -ae, /., tongue, bark
of a dog.
linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum,
V. a., leave, leave behind.
linteum, -i, n. (linum^, linen
^ cloth.
liquidus, -a,-um, adj. (liqueo) ,
fluid.
liquor, -oris, m., fluid, water.
lis, litis,/., dispute, quarrel.
locus, -i, m., spot, place,
situation ; loca, irreg. pl,
places, room in a theatre
(V. V. 12) ; aU. sing.j loco,
in lieu of.
longe, adv. (longus), far, far
ofiF, afar, by far, ivith com-
parative.
longitudo, -inis, /. (longus),
length.
loquor, -i, locutus, v. dep. n.
^ and a., speak, say.
lucrum, -i, n., gain, profit,
advaptage.
luctus, -us, m. (lugeo),
mourning, sorrow, esp. for
death.
Lucullus, -i, m. Lucius
Licinius Lucullus, the con-
queror of Mithridates and
a famous general, was born
about iio B. c. and died
about 57 B.c. He acquired
enormous wealth by his
victories, and had a sump-
tuous villa at Misenum,
north of Neapolis, the
modern Naples, with won-
derful gardens about it.
The villa came later into
the possession of the Em-
peror Tiberius, who spent
mueli time there during
his later years of retire-
ment from Eome, and
ultimately met his miser-
able end in it (II. v. 10).
ludo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. n.
(ludus), play, make merry ;
nucibus ludere, play at
nuts (III. xiv. i).
ludus, -i, m., play, gamo,
recreation ; pl.y puKic
games.
luo, -ere, lui, v. a., release,
discharge, pay, atone for.
lupus, -i, m., wolf.
luscinius, -i, ?w., nightingale
(common form luscinia),
lux, lucis, /., light, the light
of day, the world.
lympha, -ae, /., water ; pl.,
waters (I. iv. 3).
macies, -ei, /. (macer), lean-
ness.
maereo, -ere, v. n. and a.,
mourn, lament.
maestus, -a, -um, adj.
(maereo), sorrowful.
magistra, -ae, /. (magis), a
superior, especially teacher,
instructress.
VOCABULARY
xxvii
magnitudo, -inis, /. (mag-
nus), greatness, size, sta-
ture.
magnus, -a, -um, acZj., great,
of great moment, grave ;
comp., maior ; superi.^ maxi-
mus.
maiestas, -atis, /. (magnus),
greatness, majesty.
maior, -us, adj., comp. of
magnus, greater, of greater
moment ; maioris vene-
unt, sell at a liigher price
(II. V. 25).
male, «fZr. (malus), (i)badly;
male dicere, with dat, speak
ili of, slander ; (2) not.
maleficus, -a, -um, adj,
(male + facio), evil-doing ;
as suhs.j an evildoer (II.
iii. 2),
maleficium, -i, n, (male-
ficus), evil-doing, misdeed.
malitia, -ae, /. (malus), evil
contrivance, malice, in-
t rigue.
malum, -i, n, (malus), evil,
mischief, misfortune, fail-
ing, suffering, painful
thing, inconvenience ; pl.,
ravages ; ahL , alterius malo,
at another’s cost or ex-
pense.
malus, -a, -um, adj., bad of
its kind, bad generally.
mandatum, -i, n. (mando),
any thing entrusted, mes-
sage.
manifestus, -a, -um, adj.
(manus -f- fendo), struck by
the hand, palpable, ciear ;
res manifesta, hard fact
(V. V. 3).
manus, -us, /., hand : ahL,
manu, by the agency of.
mare, -is, n., sea.
margarita, -ae, /., pearl.
margo, -inis, m. and /., edge,
{ofa welT) sides,
marmor, -oris, n., marble,
iimuorked or sculptured.
mater, -ris, /., mother, dam.
materia, -ae, /. (mater), raw
material, t imber, subject,
ofpoem, dc,
maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe,
early ripe, early.
maxime, ado. (maximus^,
very greatly, most, esjDeci-
ally, chiefly.
maximus, -a, -um, adj.,
superi, (/magnus,
me, acc. and al i. of ego.
mecum = cum me, with
me.
medicina, -ae, /. (medeor),
medical treatment, sur-
gery.
medicus, -a, -um, adj. (me-
deor\ healing, medicinal,
of medicine.
medius, -a, -um, adj., iniddle,
mid, midmost ; media ae-
tas, middle age ; agreesicith
suhs., middle of ; medio
sole, in broad daylight.
mehercul9,«di’., by Hercules,
upon my word, mehercule
III. V. 4.
mehercules, adv , so help me
Hercules ! by Hercules,
upon my word, mehercules
III. xvii. 8.
mei, mellis, n., honey.
melior, -us, adj. comp. (positive
in use, bonus, si/p. optimus^,
better ; pl. as sm&s., better
men, more efficient, better
cff.
melius, adv. (melior)^ better.
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
xxviii
melos, -i, n., melody,
poetry.
memini, -isse, v.n. dcf., have
recollected, remember.
mendax,- acis, adj. (mentior),
lying.
mens, -tis, /., mind, heart,
feelings, &c., intelligence,
intention.
mensa, -ae, /, table.
mensis, -is, m., month.
merces, -edis, /., lee, hire,
wages, reward.
Mercurius, -i, w., a Roman
divinity of comme ree and
gain, identified later with
the Greek Hermes, mes-
senger of the gods, who
carried the caduceus, a
special herald’s wand, and
wore the winged sandals,
talaria (I. ii. 27).
mergo, -ere, -si, -sum, r.
plunge, overwhelm.
merito, adv. (meritus\ de-
servedly, with good reason,
naturally.
meritum, -i, n. (part. of
- mereor), desert, Service,
' good deed, merit.
metuo, -ere, -ui, metutum,
, V, a., dread, apprehend {of
a Corning occurremG\
metus, -us, m. (metuo), dread,
, apprehension.
meus, -a, -um, poss, adj., my,
mine, or emphatic, my own.
mi = mihi, dat. ofego.
miles, -itis, m., common
soldier, soldier.
miluus, -i, m., also milvus,
kite.
minor, -ari, -atus, v. dtp. n.j
threaten, promise boast-
fully (IV. xxiii. 4).
minutus, -a, -um, adj,
(minuo), little.
miraculum, -i, n. (miror),
wondrous thing.
miror, -ari, -atus, v. dep, a.
and n., admire, wonder.
misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum
and mistum, v. a,, mix,
mingle, join, confuse,
bring into confusion.
Misenum, -i, n., a promon-
tory to the north of the
modern Bay of Naples, stili
called Punta di Miseno.
On it stocd the famous
villa of Lucullus. Adj,
Misenensis (II. v. 8).
miser, -a, -um,«(f)., wretched,
poor, miserable.
miseria, -ae, /. (miser),
wretchedness.
misericordia, -ae, /. (miseri-
cors), pity.
misericors, -dis, adj.(miser -f
cor), pitiful-hearted, merci-
ful, compassionate.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum,
V. r<., send, fling, cast, utter
(III. xviii. 4).
modestia, -ae, /. (modestus),
modesty {in asking).
modius, -i, m., Boman mcasure
of capacity, amounting to ahout
two gallons, a peck.
modo, adv., (i) only ; non
modo, not only . . ., verum
or sed, but ; (2) lately.
modus, -i, m., measure,
limit, manner, method,
means.
molestus, -a, -um, adj,
(moles), troublesome, tire-
some.
molior, -Iri, -itus, v, dep. a,
(moles), do anything tvhich
VOCABULARY
XXIX
takes troublej as contrive
(IV. ix. 7).
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a.
{conn. mens), put in mind
of, advise, warn, recom-
mend.
monitum, -i, w. {part, moneo),
advice, warning.
mons, -tis, m. , mountain,
hili.
monstro, -are, -avi, -atum,
i\ a. {conn. moneo), point
out, sliow.
morbus, -i, m., sickness.
mordax, -acis, adj. (mordeo),
in the habit of biting,
biting ; coinp., mordacior,
a better biter (IV. viii. i).
mordeo, -ere, momordi, mor-
sum, V. a., bite,
morior, -i, mortuus, v, dep.
n., die.
mors, -tis,/., death.
morsus, -us, m. (mordeo),
biting, bite.
mortalis, -e, adj. (mors),
subject to death, mortal ;
pl. as suhs., mankind.
mortuus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
morior), dead.
mos, moris, m., custom, law,
institutions, tradition,
method ; pl., character,
motus, -us, m. (moveo),
mo vernent.
moveo, -ere, movi, motum,
V. a., move, cause to move,
stir, excite, influence.
mox, adv., soon, next.
mulco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
handle roughly, maltreat
(I. iii. 9).
mulier, -ris, /., woman.
multo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(multa), punish, pay out.
multus, -a, -um, adj., much,
many ; neut, multum,
adverhialhj, much ; ahl.,
multo, ivith comp., by much,
much ; ncut. pl., many
things, cdso many words,
or quasi-adv., much ; quid
multa? what need of many
words ? (II. iv. 23).
munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a.
(moenia), build a wall
round, protect, arm.
munus, -eris, n., Service,
duty, gift, oifering, privi-
lege.
mus, muris, m. and /em.,
mouse.
muscipulum, -i, n. (mus -f-
capio), mouse-trap.
mustela, -ae,/. (mus), weasel.
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(moveo), change, reform.
mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb,
voiceless.
Myron, -onis, m., a Boeotian
artist who tlourished about
431 B. c., the date of the
beginning of the Pelopon-
nesi an war. He commonly
worked in bronze, though
Phaedrus speaks of silver ;
and his most famous works
were the ‘ Discobolus ’ or
Quoit-thrower, of which a
marble copyis in theBritish
Museum, and the ‘ Cow
on the market- place at
Athens.* He excelled in
the representation of life
and movement (V. Prol. 7).
nam, conj., for.
namque, conj., for truly, for.
nanciscor, -i, nactus and
XXX
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
nanctus, i’. dcp. a., obtain,
find, take possession of.
naris, usually in pl.j nares,
-ium, /. , nostrils.
narratio, -onis, /. (narro),
story.
narro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(gnarus), make known, re-
late, teli, say.
nascor, -i, natus, v, dep, n.,
be born.
natio, -onis, /. (nascor), hody
of persons connected hy lirth^
tribe, horde.
nato, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.
(freq.j no), swiin.
natura, -ae,/ (nascor), birth,
nature, as consequent on
hirth ; nature, as conferring
qualities, fortanoj d:c., at
hirth.
natus, -1, m. {part.j nascor),
son, child.
ne, {priginally adv. meaning
not) (i), with suhj.f that . . .
not, lest, not to ; (2), with
imper.j not ; (3) after ut,
not.
-ne [^0 he carefuUy distinguished
froin ne above], partiere,
attached to some other loord,
usually first of its clause ; is
equivalent to the English mark
of interrogat ion.
Weapolis, -is, /., the modern
Naples (II. V. 7).
nec, or neque, conj., and not,
nor ; nec . . . nec, neitlier
. . . nor.
nec, adv.^ in nec opinus, nec
opinans, negotium, negle-
go, nequiquam, &c., not.
neco, -are, -avi (necui, IV. xix.
4), -atum, V. a, (nex), slay,
put to death.
necopinans, adj. (nec + opi-
nans), not thinking, by
inadvertence.
nec opinans = necopinans,
necopinus, -a, -um, adj. (nec
+ opinor), not exjjecting (I.
ix. 6).
neglegenter, adv. (neglegens),
carelessly, in a careless
attitude (IV. ii. 4\
nego, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
and n., say no, deny, re-
fuse (pf a request).
nemo, -inis, m. and f. (ne-H
homo), no man, nobody.
(N.B. — In Classical Latin
nullius tised for neminis,
nullo for nemine.)
nemoricultrix,-icis,/. (nemus
+ cultrix), dweller in the
woods (uncertain reading in
II. iv. 3).
nempe, conj., indeed, truly,
aye, assuredly, verily.
nemorosus, -a, -um, adj.
(nemus), woody.
nemus, -oris, n., grove, wood,
forest.
nequiquam, adv, (ne + qui-
quam), without resuit, in
vain.
nequitia, -ae, /. (nequam),
w^orthlessness, wickedness.
nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v, a.
(ne + scio), be ignorant,
know not ; nescio quis,
somebody ; nescioquid,
something, with genitive.
nescioquid, see nescio,
nex, necis,/, (neco), violent
death, death, slaughter.
nidus, -i, m., nest, eyry.
nihil, n. indecl. (ne -h hilum),
nothing ; adv., not at
all.
VOCABULARY
XXXJ
nil = nihil.
Nilus, -i, m., tlie river Nile
(I. XXV. 3}.
nimius, -a, -um, aclj. (nimis),
excessive, too great.
nisi, conj, (ne + si), if not,
unless.
nisus, -us, m. (nitor), effort,
struggle.
niteo, -ere, v. n., shine, be
sleek (III. vii. 4).
nitor, -oris, m. (niteo), bright
hue.
nitor, -i, nisus and nixus, v.
dep. n.j rest, lean, support
oneself on, with ahl. ; nixa
celsis cornibus, using his
tali horns as a foot rest
(IV. ix. ii).
nix, nivis, /., snow.
nobilis, -e, adj. (nosco),
known, well known, fa-
mous, notable ; pL as suhs.^
thc notable people ; with
ahl., famous for.
noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n.,
do barin, be prejudicial,
do injury ; with dat., injure,
hurt, &c.
nocivus, -a, -um, adj. (noceo),
harmful.
noctu, adv. (nox), at night,
in tbe night.
nocturnus, -a, -um, adj.
(nox), belonging to the
night, Corning by night.
nolo, nolle, nolui, v.n. (ne +
volo), be unwilling ; imper.,
noli, with injin., do not.
noli, imper. o/ nolo,
nomen, -inis, n. (nosco),
name, reputation, pre-
tence, ground.
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (nomen), name.
non, add,, not.
nondum, adv., not yet.
n5s, nostri and nostrum,
nobis, pron., we, us.
nobis, dat. and ahl. o/nos.
nosco, -ere, novi, notum,
V. a., learn ; pft , novi, have
learned, know.
noster, -tra, -trum, adj.
(nos), onr, ours ; for meus,
iny, mine.
nota, -ae, /. (nosco^, mark,
mark of distinction, mark
of disapproval, humilia-
tion, slight.
notus, -a, -um, adj. (part. of
nosco), (i) known, well
known, famous, familiar ;
(2) knowing, acquainted
with (I. xi. 2).
novitas, -atis, f. (novus), a
novelty.
novus, -a, -um, adj., new,
newly made, brand new,
new-fashioned.
novissime, adv. (novissimus,
novus), last, at last,
for the last time, lastly.
nox, noctis,/, night.
nullus, -a, -um, adj. (ne +
ullus), no, not any, none ;
as suhs., for nemo, no one,
esp. in gen., nullius and ahl.
nullo,/., nulla,
num, adv.f used in direct ques-
tions expecting a negative
answer, is it true that ? ; also
in indirect questions with the
simple meaning of whether.
numquam, adv. (ne + un-
quam), never.
nunc, adv., now, and now,
but now, as things are
now, under the present
circumstances.
XXXll
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
niiper, acU., lately, of late,
nux, nucis, /., nut ; nucibus
ludere, play at nuts.
o, inter j.^ (i) of address ivith
voc. ; (2) expressing aston^
ishinent, loithout case.
6bicio,-ere, obieci, obiectum,
V. a.y throw or put before,
put in the way of, offer,
hold out the hope of, cause
to face.
obiectus, part.from obicio.
obitus, -us, m. (obeo\ de-
struction, ruin, death.
obiurgo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a., chide, blame, reprove,
reproach.
obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark.
obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectum,
V. a. (ob + tego), cover, con-
ceal.
obtero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum,
V. a. (ob + tero), trample
upon, crush.
occasio, -onis, /. (occido),
a falling out, happening,
an opportunity.
occido, -ere, -cldi, -cisum,
V. a. (ob + caedo\ slay.
occido, -ere, -eidi, -casum,
V. n. (ob + cado), perish.
occumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tum, V. n. (ob -I- cumbo), fall
a victim to, with dat. (IV.
ii. 5).
occupatus, part. of occupo,
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (ob capio), seize to the
exclusion of another, seize
beforehand, anticipate ;
occupatus, prepossessed,
busy, engrossed.
occurro,-ere, -curri (-cucurri,
III. vi i. 3\ -cursum, v, n.,
run to meet, meet, fall into
the hands of.
oculus, -i, m., eye.
odiosus, -a, -um, adj. (odium),
hateful.
odor, -oris, m., smell, frag-
rance, perfume.
officina, -ae, /. (opus facio^,
workshop.
officium, -i, n. (opus facio),
(i) voluntary Service, at-
tention, politeness ; (2)
obligatory Service, duty,
Work ; pl,j business.
offundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum,
V. a. (ob -i- fundo), pour
over ; terrorem offundere
alicui, inspire a person
with fear.
olim, adv.j at that (remote)
time ; (i) long ago, once,
once upon a time ; (2) by-
and-by ; (3) sometimes.
omen, -inis, n. (os, mouth),
foreboding, omen,
omnis, -e, adj., all, every,
all manner of ; pL as subs.,
everybody, &c.
onero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(onus), load, weigh down ;
onerare laudibus, over-
whelm with praises, pelt.
onus, -eris, n , load, burden.
opera, -ae,/., trouble, pains,
assistance, brings out, as
compared with opus, fhe volun-
tary side of Idbour ; pretium
est operae, it isworthwhile
(II. V. 6).
[ops], opis, /., power; pl,
opes, opum,wealth, riches,
resources, power.
opimus, -a, -um, adj. (ops),
rich, dainty.
opinans. See nec opinans.
VOCABULARY
opportunus, -a, -um, adj.
(ob + portus'!, suitable,
timely, convenient,
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres-
sum, V, a. (ob-f premo),
overpower, crush, over-
whelm, swoop down upon,
seize.
oppugno, -are, -avi, -a tum,
V. a. (ob + pugno), fight
against, besiege, lay siege
to.
. opus, -eris, w., work, thing
prodnced, work of art, art,
jDoetic work, poem ; opus
est, there is need.
orior, -iri, ortus, v. dep, n.,
arise, begin.
os, oris, n., mouth, counten-
ance, face,
os, ossis, w., bone,
ostendo, -ere, -di, -sum and
-tum, V. a. (obs + tendo),
spread before, show, ex-
hibit, hold up to view,
illustrate, make plain,
show off.
otiosus, -a, -um, adj. (otium),
free from labour, at rest,
at ease.
otium, -i, n., leisure, vacant
time, rest, ease, peace, idle-
ness.
ovis, -is,/., sheep.
pactum, -i, n. (pactus), bar-
gain ; aU., pacto, means,
m an ner ; as quo pacto,
ullo pacto, &c.
pactus, -a, -um,part. of pacis-
co morecommonpsLGistor),
covenanted, plighted.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
paenula, -ae, /., long cloak,
worn on journeys.
xxxiii
pallium, -i, n., the Greek
cloak 07' mantle.
palus, -udis, /., marsh, fen,
pool.
panis, -is, m., bread, food in
genei'al.
par, paris, ad/, equal, simi-
lar, well-matched, of equal
age, a match for.
paratus, -a, -um, adj. {part
of paro), prepared, ready,
willing, with infiyi.
parco, -ere, peperci, parsum,
V. a., spare.
pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v, w.,
obey, be obedient to.
pario, -ere, peperi, partum,
V. a. a7id n.j bring forth
young, give birth to.
parxter, adv. (par), equally.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
prepare, devise, contrive.
pars, -tis, /, part, share,
fiaction, division, side ;
pl. , contendingparties (III.
xiii. 5) ; part to play (III.
xviii. 10).
parturio, -ire, -ivi, -itum,
V. a. {desid.y pario), desire
to bring forth, be in
labour.
parum, suhs. indecl. and adv.^
too little ; often icith gen.. as
parum frondis (II. viii.
22).
parvus, -a, -um, adj.y small,
little, puny.
pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum,
V. a., cause to eat, feed,
keep ; pascor, qnasi-
77iiddle, feed on, live on
{tvith ahl.).
passer, -eris, m., sparrow.
pater, -tris, w., father,
sire.
PHAED. SEL.
K
XXX IV
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
patina, -ae, /. (pateo), shal-
low dish.
patior, -i, passus, v, a., suffer,
endure, undergo, put up
with, submit to, be ex-
posed to.
paucus, -a, -um, adj., few,
little ; pL, pauci, a few,
but few, few.
paullo, adv, {abi, of paullum),
bylittle, little, withcompara-
iives or quasi-comparatives^
such as ante.
pauper, -is, adj., poor; subs.,
poor man.
paupertas, -atis, /. (pauper),
poverty.
paveo, -ere, pavi, v, n.,
tremble with fear.
pavidus, -a, -um, adj, (paveo),
trembling, frightened.
pavo, -onis, m., peacock.
pavor, -oris, m. (paveo),
extreme fear, dread,
alarm.
pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.,
do amiss, err.
pecten, -inis, m. (pecto),
comb, for the hair.
pectus, -oris, n., breast,
breast, as seat of understand-
ing, mind, attention.
pellis, -is, /., skin of an
animal^ pelt, hide.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum,
V, a., drive, drive away,
banish.
Pelusium, -i, n., a town on
the eastern branch of the
Nile at itsmouth, two miles
and a half from the sea.
From it the fine Egyptian
linen came to the Romans,
to be made up into their
under-garments or tunics
(II. V. 12). Adj. Pelusius,
-a, -um.
penna, -ae, /., feather, wing.
per, prep, with acc., through,
over, by means of, with
the aid of.
pera, -ae, /., wallet.
perambulo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (per + ambulo), walk
through, among.
perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
V, a,, lose, Waste,
peregrinus, -a, -um, adj.
(peregre), foreign.
pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. w.,
come to nothing, be lost,
perish, die.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
V. ct., bear to the end.
periclitor, -ari, -atus,r. dep. n.
(periculum), run risks, be
in danger.
periculosus, -a, -um, adj.
(periculum), perilous.
periculum, -i, ?^., experi-
ment, hazard, danger,
perii.
periclum = periculum,
peritus, -a, -um, adj., ex-
perienced, skilled, cau-
tious.
pernicies, -ei, /. (perneco),
destruction, ruin, disaster.
pernicitas, -atis, /. (pernix),
swiftness, nimbleness.
peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(per + oro), finish pleading.
perpastus, -a, -um {part., per-
pascor), well-fed.
persequor, -i, -secutus, v. dep.
a. (per + sequor), follow to
the end, continue to
follow.
persona, -ae, /., mask, usccl
at the theatre.
VOCABULARY
XXXV
persolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,
V. a. (per -h solvo), pay in
full.
persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sum,
V. a. (per -f- suadeo), con-
vince, succcssfully per-
suade, succeed in inducing,
with dat.
persuasus, -a, -um (par^.,
persuadeo), persuaded.
pertineo, -ere, -ui, v. n. (per-f
teneo), extend to, belong
to, concern, apply to.
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. a. ( per -f turbo), trouble,
disturb, stir, amaze, im-
press.
pervello, -ere, -i, 'o. a. (per -i-
vello', pluck hnrd, pinch,
give a sharp tweak to.
pes, pedis, w.., foot.
peto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, v. «.,
endeavour to reach, go to,
make for, throw at, ask
for, claim, seek to accom-
plish, strive to obtaiii ;
saxo petere, throw stones
at.
petulans, -tis, adj. {conn,
peto), forward, daring,
presumptuous, unman-
nerly.
pictus, -a, -um, adj. {part.^
pingo), painted, en-
amelled.
pignus, -oris and -eris, n.,
pledge, proof, evidence.
pilus, -i, m., a hair.
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum,
v. a., paint, depict.
placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n.,
please, be chosen by, be
accepted by, with dat, ; im-
pers., fatis placet, it is
ordained by the fafces.
placidus, -a, -um, adj,
(placeo), pleasing, mild (o/
mmi), aifable, meek, un-
disturbed.
plaga, -a e, /. (conn, plango),
blow, stroke.
planus, -a, -um, adj.^ level ;
in plano, on the level.
plane, adv. fplanus), simply,
cleaiiy, evidently, quite,
very.
plaudo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a,
and n., clap, strike, clap
hands, applaud.
plausus, -us, m, (plaudo),
clapping, or other applause,
plebes, -is {old form of usual
plebs), /., common folk.
plecto, -ere, v, a., beat,
punish. {The active post-
classical : only passive class-
ical, )
plenus, -a, -um, adj. (pleo),
full, filled.
pluma, -ae, /., featber.
plurimum, adv, (plurimus,
sup, o/plus), most.
plus, pluris, comp. in use
of multus {the superi, hemg
plurimus), more ; neut.^
plus, as subs, and as adv.^
more ; pluris esse, be of
greater worth ; plures,
several, the greater num-
ber, others (II. ii i. 7).
poena, -ae, /., satisfaction,
penalty, punishment ;
poenas dare, yield satis-
faction, be punished ;
poenas persolvere, pay full
penalty.
poenitentia, -ae, /. (poe ni-
teo), repentance.
poeniteo, -ere, -ui, v. a. and
impers. (poena), cause to
K 2
xxxvi
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
repent ; ad poenitendum,
to change of mind (V.
V. 3\
polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, r. a.,
polish, iinish, adorn.
p5no, -ere, posui, positum,
V, a., put, place, set, lay,
deposit, build, erect, lay
aside, offer (a reward), put
on table, serve up, pro-
pound (a ricldle).
pontus, -i, m., the sea.
populus, -i, /., poplar-tree.
populus, -i, m., the people,
populace, a popular gather-
ing.
porta, -ae, /., gate (o/ a city
or fortress).
porto, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a.,
carry.
porcellus,-!, m. (dm., porcus),
little pig, porker.
posco, -ere, poposci, v. a.,
request, call for, claim.
possum, posse, potui, v. 7i.,
(potis + sum), be able, have
power, have the assurance
to, bring oneself to (III.
vii. 8).
post, prep. with acc.,, after,
since.
postquam, conj. (post +
quam), since, when.
postridie, adv. (posterus
dies), on the morrow.
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a., demand, request.
potens, -tis, adj. (part.^ pos-
sum), powerful, mighty,
influential, rich ; quasi-
suhs., the powerful.
potior, -us, adj,(comp., potis),
preferable.
potius, adv. (potior), rather,
by preference.
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum,
V. a. (prae + habeo), hold
out, supply, furnish, af-
ford.
praecludo, -ere, -si, -sum,
V. a. (prae -i- claudo), shub
out, shut, bar ; vocem
praecludere, choke utter-
ance (I. ii. 26).
praecurro, -ere, -cucurri,
-cursum, v. n. (prae -i-
curro), run ahead.
praeda, -ae, /., something
captured, booty, prey,
quarry, a find, a prize.
praedator, -oris, m. (prae-
dor), hunter.
praefulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, v. n.
(prae -f fulgeo), shine con-
spicuously.
praemetuo, -ere, v. a. (prae +
metuo), fear in advance,
suspect.
praemium, -i, n., reward, re-
compense, hi re, prize.
praepono, -ere, posui, posi-
tum, V. a. (prae -i- pono),
place before, prefer.
praesens, -tis, adj. {part.y
praesum), present, belong-
ing to the present
day.
praesentia, -ae,/. (praesens),
presence.
praesepe, -is, n., enclosure,
cattle-byre, stall.
praesidium, -i, n. (prae-
sideo), protection, shelter.
praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum,
{also -stavi, -statum), v. a.
(prae -1- sto), stand in front
of, guarantee, perform (0/
duty) ; hospitium prae-
stare, Show hospitality
(II. viii. 16).
VOCABULARY
XXXVll
praeter, prep. with acc. ,beyond,
besides, except.
praetereo, -ire, -ii {also -Ivi\
-itum, V. a. (praeter -H eo),
pass over.
pratum, -i, w., meadow,
pasture (I. xv. 4).
pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked,
distorted, misshapen, mis-
guided.
Praxiteles, -is, m., thefamous
Greek sculptor. He was
born, probably in Athens,
about 390 B. o., and may
be said to have flourislied
there from about the year
364. He excelled in re-
presenting ideal beauty,
especially of the female
form, and chiefly employed
marble. We have probably
but one original work of
his in existence, the muti-
lated statue of ‘Hermes
carrying the infant Dio-
nysus,* discovered in 1877.
But his ‘ Eros,’ and his
‘Venus’ at Cnidos, were
more famou^. It is not
probable that the Venus
de’ Medici, the Townley
Venus of the Bi itish Mu-
seum, or even the ‘Venus
of Melos ’ in the Louvre at
Paris, are really the vrork
of Praxiteles (V. Proh 6),
premo, -ere, pressi, pressum,
V. a., check, suppress, press
hard, press upon.
prendo, -ere, -di, -sum, v. a.
{short form of prehendo),
grasp.
pretium, -i, n , money spent
for anything, cost, reward,
wages, fee, bribe.
[prex, precis], /., entreaty.
The abi. sing. and the plural
only in common use.
pridem, adv., long since, long
ago.
primo, adv. (primus), (i) of
prior ity in time., first ; (2)
firstly {in enumeraiions),
first.
primum, adv. (primus), (i)
of priority in choice, fir.:it ;
(2) firstly (m enumera-
tions), first.
primus, -a, -um, adj. supeil.
(prior being comp.), first,
the first ; {of seais), front.
princeps, principis, adj. as
subs. (primus capio), leader,
chieftain, the emptror ; pl.,
the leading men.
principatus, -us, m. (prin-
ceps), lordship, kingship,
royal power.
prior, -us, adj. comp. {sup.
being piimus), first of two,
earlier ; {ofdegree), superior,
priores, subs.^ our prede-
cessors.
prius, adv. (prior), before,
earlier ; prius . . . cjuam,
earlier . . . than, le-
fore.
pristinus, -a, -um, adj.^ be-
longing to early times,
pi-imitive, former.
privatus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
privo), apart from the
State, private.
pro, prep. icith abi., for, in
behalf of, instead of ; stare
pro, stand up for.
probo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(probus), prove good, es-
tablish by proof, bring
horne (a charge).
xxxviii FABLES OF
procax, -acis, adj. (proco),
forward, presuming.
procedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces-
sum, V. n. (pro + cedo), go
forward, go on.
procul, adv.^ afar off, far.
proculco, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (pro + calco), tread
under foofc, tread down.
prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n.
(pro + eo), come forth, ad-
vance, go forth, go out of
doors, come before the
World, come on the
stage.
proelium, -i, n,, battle.
profero, -ferre, -tuli, -IMum,
V, a. (pro + fero), put forth,
produce {from concealmcnt,
or publicly), pronounce
sentence.
professus, -a, -um, adj. {part.
of profiteor, used passiveJy),
acknowledged, manifest,
open.
profiteor, -eri, -fessus, v. dep.
a. (pro + fateor), acknow-
ledge or proclaim publicly,
promise openly, loudly
avow.
profugio, -ere, -fugi, v. n.
(pro + fugio), run away.
progenies, -ei, /. (progigno),
offspring.
proles, -is, /. (pro + alo), off-
spring, family.
proloQLUor, -i, -locutus, v. a.
(pro + loquor), say publicly,
set forth.
promitto, -ere, -misi, -mis-
sum, V. a. (pro + mitto),
hold out a hope, promise,
engage oneself.
propono, -ere, posui, posi-
tum, V. a. (pro + pono).
PHAEDRUS
offer publicly, announce,
lay before, propose.
propositum, -i, n. {part.., pro-
pono), whatis put forward,
statement, wliat is put be-
fore the mind, object, aim,
theme, purpose.
proprius, -a, -um, adj., one’s
own, personal, private,
especial.
propter, (i) adu., near ; (2)
prep. with acc., on account
of, for the benefit of.
prorsus, adv. (pro + versus),
certainly, utterly, ab-
solutely.
prosequor, -i, -secutus, v. a.
(pro + sequor), follow forth,
accompany, escort.
prospecto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. {freq.., prospicio \ look
forth over.
prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
tum, V. 71., look forth, look
out.
prosum, prodesse, -fui, v. n.
(pro + sum), be useful, pro-
fitable ; with dat, benefit,
da good to.
protinus, adv. (pro + tenus),
forthwith.
proximus, -a, -um, adj.,
superi, (prope), nearest,
very near, connected with
(I. X. 5) ; comp., pro-
pior.
prudens, -tis, adj. ( for pro-
videns), far-seeing, pru-
dent, wise.
prudentia, -ae, /. (prudens),
practical wisdom, skill.
pudor, -oris, m. (pudeo),
sense of shame, modesty,
moderation, sense of de-
cency, honour.
VOCABULARY
XXXIX
puer, pueri, m., boy ; pZ.,
children.
pugna, -ae, /., a fight be-
tween individuals, battle,
contest.
pulcher, -ra, -rum, adj.^
beautiful, handsome.
pulchre, adv. (pulcher),
finely, fully, well, utterly.
pullus, -i, m. (conn. puer),
young creature, esp. young
bird.
pulmentarium, -i, n. (pul-
mentum, contr.from pulpa-
mentum), any relish eaten
with bread, food, a piece
of food.
pulsus, part. o/ pello,
pulvis, -eris, w., dust.
purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.
(purum + ago), make clean,
ciear.
puteus, -i, m., well.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
reckon, hold, deem, sup-
pose, think, fancy ; with
tivo acciisativeSy think to be
so and so, take for (IV. ii.
4).
qua, adv. {abi. fem.^ qui and
quis),by which way, where,
relative and interrogative.
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm,
V. a., seek, seek to get, be-
seech, earn, seek to know,
enquire, ask, seek to do,
make one’s object.
quaeso, old form of quaero,
mostly used in istperson sing,,
and in the sense of ^ I
beseech,* entreat,’
‘ prithee.’
quaestio, -onis, /. (quaero'',
enquiry, riddle, problem.
quaestus, -us, m. (quaero),
money-making, source of
gain, gain.
qualis, pron, adj., (i) interr.,
of what kind ; (2) rel.y
after talis, of which kind,
as.
quam, adv.., (i) interr., how ;
(2) after comparatives and
quasi- compar ativesj than j
(3) ctfter tam, as.
quamlibet, adv. (quam -i-
libet), how you please, as
you please, freely.
quamvis (quam + vis), (i)
adv., as you will, howso-
ever, although, albeit, with
part. or adj. ; (2) conj., with
subj., although, albeit.
quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj.,
interr. and rei., how great,
how much ; after tantus,
as ; neut, quantum, as
siibs., how much, frequently
with partitive genitive.
quapropter, rei. and interr.
adv., wherefore.
quare, rei. and interr. adv.
(qua + re), for what reason,
wherefore.
quartus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
fourth, the fourth.
quasi, adv. (quam -f si), as if,
with (i) subj., (2) part. or
adj.
-que, copulative particle, attached
to the Word it connects, or, in
case of a phrase, usually to the
first Word of it, and ; que . . .
que, or que ... et, both . . .
and.
quercus, -us, /., oak-tree.
querela, -ae,/. (queror), com-
plaint, grumbling, discon-
tent.
xl
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
queror, -i, questus, v. dep. n.
and (X., complain, complain
of.
questus, -us, m. (queror), com-
plainiiig, remonstrance.
qui, quae, quod, {^i.) pron. rei.,
who, which, &c. ; (2) adj.
interr.j wliich, what kind
of.
qui, adv. (quis), how, interr.
and rei. ; takes sub, with sense
of purpose or consequence.
quia, conj., because {of motive).
quicquam, see quisquam,
quicunque, quaecunque,
quodcunque, pron. rei.
(qui + cunque), whosoever,
&c.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam
(subs. , quiddam) , pron. indef. ,
a certain, a certain one,
somebody, &c.
quidem, adv., indeed, conces-
sive.
quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum, v. n.
(quies), rest, repose, keep
quiet.
quietus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
quiesco, in middle sense),
calm, quiet, silent,
quin, conj. (qui + ne), why
not, but ; quin etiam, nay
more {also frequently with
subj., but, but tliat).
quippe, adv., truly, in the
belief that, doubtless, evi-
dently ; ivith part., inso-
much as, for.
quis, quae and qua, quid and
quod {for use of the alterna-
tive forms, see grammars),
interr. and indef. pron., who,
what, which, any, some,
any one, some one, &c. ;
neut., as adv., quid, why.
quis, for quibus, from quis
and qui.
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam,
pron. interr. (quis -t- nam),
pray who, what.
quisquam, quaequam, quic-
quam or quidquam, indef.
pron., any, any one, any-
thing, something, &c., esp.
in negative and quasi- negative
clauses ; .neut., quicquam,
as adv., at all.
quisque, quaeque, quodque^
and subs., quicque, indef
pron., ivhoever or ivhatever it
be, each, every, each one,
every one.
quisquis, quaeque, quodquod,
and subs., quicquid, quid-
quid ; pron. rei., whoever,
&c.
quo, adv. (quis), interr. and
rei., whither, to what
purpose, to the end that,
whereby, in order that,
replacing ut where a com-
parative is present in the
clause.
quod, conj. {neut., qui), be-
cause, namely that, as for
the fact that, whereas ;
quod si, but if, now if.
quondam, adv. (quom = cum
H- dam\ at a certain time,
once, once upon a time.
quoniam, conj. (quom -fiam),
since now, because.
quoque, conj., after the emphatic
Word, also.
ramosus, -a, -um, adj. (ra-
mus\ full of branches,
branching.
ramus, -i, m., branch.
rana, -ae, /., frog.
VOCABULARY
xli
rapina, -ae, /. (rapio), carry-
ing off, raid, descent (o/ an
enemy).
rapio, -ere, -ui, -tum, i\ a.,
carry oif, seize, snap up,
snatch away, clutch,
plunder, pillage.
raptor, -oris, m., robber.
rarus, -a, -um,ad;., farapart,
seldom found, rare,
recido {often spelt reccido,
when the first syllaUe is long),
-ere, reccidi, recasum, v. n.
(re -f- cado) fall back, sink
back (III. xviii. 15).
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -cepfcum,
V. a. (re + capio), (i) take to
oneself, admit, welcome,
receive ; (2) take back,
rescue.
recuso, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. and n. (re + causa), show
cause against, beg not to,
refuse, repudiate,
reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. a.
(re + do), gAe what is due,
give back, restore, deliver,
pay.
redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n.
(re + eo), come back, come
again, return ; 0/ time,
come round, come horne ;
eunt et redeunt, go and
come (II. viii. 12).
refero, -ferre, rettuli, rela-
tum, V. a, (re -1- fero), carry
back, give back, draw back,
set fortli again, relate, teli
a story, carry to its propei*
place, refer ; pedem referre,
retire ; gratiam referre,
return a favour ; ad ani-
mum referre, take to heart.
reficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
V, a. (re -f- facio), re-make,
renew, revive ; reficior, in
middle sense, revive (IV.
xix. 4).
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n.
(regnum), be a king, rule
absolutely.
regnum, -i, n. (rex\ kingly
government, kingdom ; pL,
government of a king.
reicio, -ere, reieci, reiectum,
V. a. (re + iacio), throw
back, throw off, drive off,
reject.
relicuus, -a, -um, more
commonly reliquus, adj. (re-
^linquo), remaining, left.
religio, -onis, /. (religo),
scrupulousness, scrupi e,
reverence for the gods, duty,
&c.
relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum,
V. a. (re -f linquo), leave
^behind, leave, bequeath.
reliquiae, -arum, /. (relin-
quo), remnants, dregs.
reliquus = relicuus,
remedium,-!, (re + medeor),
means of healing, remedy,
anodyne.
repello, -ere, reppuli, repul-
sum, V. a. (re -1- pello),
drive back, repel, defeat,
batfie, reject.
repente, adv. (repens), sud-
denly, rapidly.
reperio, -ire, repperi, reper-
tum, V. a. (re -f pario), find
again, discoyer (accidentally
^or after search), invent.
repleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum,
V. a. (re -f pleo), fili up, fili,
gorge, satisfy.
repulsus, part of repello,
requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -qulsl-
tum, V, a. (re + quaero),
xlii
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
seek again, look for, feel
the need of.
res, rei, /, thing, requires to
he translated according to the
sense of the particular passage .
Common meanings are busi-
ness, property, facfc ; hut
passages in this hook will he
found 'wliere one of the follow-
ing tvords ivill he useful :
aifairs, interest, matters,
possession, undertaking,
battle, hour, action, offence,
question, moral ; hac re,
for this cause (lY. x.
reses, -idis, adj, (resideo),
quiet, inactive.
resideo, -ere, -sedi, v, n. (re +
sedeo), sit at ease.
respondeo, -ere, -di, -sum,
V. n. (re + spondeo), answer,
reply.
restituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v a.
(re -I- statuo), re-place, re-
store.
resto, -are, -stiti, v. n. (re -f-
sto), stand stili, halt,
linger, stand one’s ground.
retensus, -a, -um, part (re-
tendo), unstrung.
retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum,
V. a. (re + teneo), hold back,
detain, catch.
retorridus, -a, -um, adj.,
dried up, wrinkled, expe-
^rienced.
retro, adv., backwards, back.
revoco, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (re + voco), invite in
return.
rex, regis, m., king.
rideo, -ere, risi, risum, v. n.,
laugh.
rigeo, -ere, v. n., to be stitf;
part, rigens, as adj., stiff,
benumbed.
risus, -us, m. (rideo),
laughter.
rivus, -i, m., stream.
rodo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a.,
gnaw, nibble.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
and n., ask for, beg for,
beg, claim, supplicate,
pray.
Roma, -ae, /., the city of
Rome.
rostrum, -i, n. (rodo), beak.
rudis, -e, uninstructed,
inexperienced, artless.
rugosus, -a, -um, adj. (ruga),
wrinkled.
ruina, -ae,/. (ruo), fall, down-
fall.
rumor, -oris, m., rumour,
report.
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum,
V. a., break, burst.
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, v. n.,
(1) fall down, be ruiiied ;
(2) rush, hurry to a place.
rursus, adv. (re -h versus),
again.
rusticus, -a, -um, adj. (rus),
belonging to the country ;
suhs., rusticus, a country
fellow; rustica, a country
woman.
saepe, adv., often, many
times ; comp. , saepius, more
often, pretty frequently.
saevio, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n.
(saevus), act savagely,
wreak vengeance.
saevus, -a, -um, adj., savage,
cruel, bloody.
sal, salis, n., salt, wit, jesting.
VOCABULARY
xliii
salio, -ire, -ui, -tum, v. n.,
leap.
saltem, adv., at least, only.
saltus, -us, m. (salio), leap,
spring of a beast of preij.
saltus, -us, m., woodland
pasture, forest-glade, forest.
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.
(salus), vs^ish good health,
salute, greet.
salvus, -a, -um, adj., saved,
preserved, unliarmed, safe.
sanguis, -inis, m., blood,
kindred, descendants.
sapiens, -tis, adj. (sapio),
w^ise, prudent ; subs., philo-
sophor, sage.
sapio, -ere, -Ivi, v, n., be a
person of judgment.
sapor, -oris, m. (sapio), taste,
flavour.
sarcina, -ae, /. (sarcio), load;
pL, baggage. ^
satio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(satis), fili, glut, satisfy ;
pass., take one’s fili,
satis, adv.j enough, fully,
eftectually, quite,
scando, -ere, v. a., climb.
scelestus, -a, -um, adj,
(scelus), criminal, wicked.
scena, -ae, /., background ;
hence stage.
scilicet, adv. (scire + licet), as
a matter of fact, in truth.
scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a.,
become aware, recognize,
be aware, know.
scopulus, -i, m., pointed
rock, rock.
scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, v. a.,
write ; with dat., write for
the benefit of( IV. xxiii. 3).
scriptor, -oris, m. (scribo),
writer, author.
scrutor, -ari, -atus, v. dep a.
(scruta, rags), peer into,
examine.
scurra, -ae, m,, buffoon, comic
man.
scyphus, -i, m., Greek ivord
for cup, goblet.
se (acc.) and sese, sui, pers.
pron. 3rd pers. reflex., no
nom., dat., sibi ; abL, se and
sese, himself, themselves,
&c. ; as subjectio infn.yhim,
them, &c.
secerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
V. a. (se, apart, + cerno), set
apart, separate.
secretus, -a, -um, adj. {part.,
secerno), apart, retired,
secret ; subs., secretum,
retired place, retirement.
seculum, -i, n., generat ion,
lifetime, the people living
at a certain time, the
times.
secundus, -a, -um, adj. {part.,
sequor), following, second,
the second, favourable ; re
secunda, in the hour of
victory (but for construction
see noteY. ii. 15) ; secundo,
in the second place,
secondly.
securus, -a, -um, adj, (se,
apart, + cura),without care,
at one’s ease, without
thought, heedless, without
fear.
sed, conj., but.
sedoo, -ere, sedi, sessum,
V. n., sit, sit in judgment
(I. X. 6), take one’s seat,
settle.
sedes, -is, /. (sedeo), seat,
horne, abode.
sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.
xliv
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
(sedeo), cause to sit, lay,
allay (dust), quench
(thirst), appease.
semanimus, -a, -um, adj.
(seini -f- animus), half allve,
half dead.
semel, adv.^ once, once oiily,
once for all.
semper, adv.^ always.
senarius, -a, -um, adj. (seni),
consisting of six each, that
is of six feet, iambic.
senecta, -ae, /. (senex), old
age.
senex, senis, adj., f^g^d, old,
iisually of 7nan, hut applied to
a dog (V. x. 7) ; of a
literary liero in the past
(III. XLV. 4).
sensus, -us, m. (sentio), per-
ception, sense ; pl., povvers
of thought (II. iv. ii).
sententia, -ae, /. (sentio),
opinion, sentiment, sen-
tence (0/ a judge), subject,
sentiment (0/ a song).
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum,
V. a., perceive (with the
senses) ; perceive, feel,
realize, understand, recog-
nize, observe (a fact or
truth).
separo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(se, apart, + paro), disjoin,
set apart, separate,
sequor, -i, secutus, v. a.,
follow, come to, be devoted
to.
serus, -a, -um, adj., late, too
late.
servio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, v. n.,
be a slave ; ivith dat, be in
slavery to, be in subjection
to, be of Service to, do a
Service for.
servitus, -utis, /. (servio),
slavery, bondage.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
keep unharmed, keep, keep
to, be faithful to.
sese= se.
setosus, -a, -um, xtdj. (seta),
bristly.
seventas, -atis, /. (severus),
sternness.
sex, num. indecl., six.
si, conj., if. See also note oii
IV. viii. 4.
sibi, dat. and abi. of se.
sic, adv., thus, so, as follows.
sicuhi, adv. (si + cubi = ubi),
if anyvvhere.
significo, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (signum f facio), show
by signs, signify, mean.
signum, -i, n., sign, Standard
{in battle).
silentium, -i, n. (sileo),
silence.
silva, -ae, /., forest, wood-
land.
similis, -e, adj., like, similar,
parallel, true to nature,
similiter, adv, (similis), in
like manner, in the same
vvay, naturally ; comp., si-
milius, more like nature,
simius, -i, 7n., for the more
common simia, an ape.
simpliciter, adv. (simplex),
simply, naively, inno-
cently.
simul, (i) adv., at the same
time, at once, also ; (2) conj.,
for simul ac, with indic., as
soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n. (simulo),
likeness, image, reflec-
tion.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum,
VOCABULARY
xlv
v. a. (similis), make like,
pretend, feign, assume,
sine, prep. loith ahl., without.
singuli, -ae, -a, num. distrib.
adj,, one to each, one by
one, each individually ;
subs., each aud all, all and
sin gula r (I. viii. 5)
sinus, -us, m., a fold, the
bosom ; pL, recesses, daik
places.
siquis = si quis, if any.
siquo = si quo, if to any
place.
sitio, -ire, -Ivi, v. n. (sitis),
be thirsty, thirst.
sitis, -is,/., thirst.
smaragdus, -i, /., emerald,
jasper, inalachite, &c.,
usiially emerald.
societas, -atis, /. (socius),
partnership, alliance.
socius, -i, m., partner, ally.
Socrates, -is, m., born 469
B. c. at Aihens, began life
at his father"s art of sculp-
ture, but gave it up early
for philosophy. He was
poor, but indifferent to cir-
cumstances. Equally in-
different to populari ty, he
devoted himself to the
exposure of all shams,
consciousand unconscious,
in life and thought. His
friends were devoted to
him : not so the multitude
without, whose irritation,
gathering for years, at last
made him a prey to ene-
mies who got him con-
demned on a charge of
impiety and of corrupting
youth. Ho died by a
draught of hemlock in
B. c. 399, as calm, unself-
ish, and independent as
he h?d lived. No man has
affected the world more
profoundly, altliough not
a single woik from his pen
is in existence (III. ix).
sol, solis, m.j sun, sunshine.
solacium, -i,n. (solor), sooth-
ing, comfort, consolation.
soleo, -ere, solitus, v. n., be
accustomed, be wont.
solitus, -a, -um, part. of soleo,
sollertia, -ae, /. (sollers),
skill, craft.
sollicitus, -a, -um, ad/, dis-
turbed, troubled.
solus, -a, -um, ad/, alone.
solutus, part.j solvo,
solvo, -ere, -vi, -utum, v. a.
(se, apart, + luo), loosen,
dissolve, slacken, release,
set free, free from debl,
hence pay ; free from care,
sonipes, -edis, ad/ (sono +
pes), used as subs., the
sounding-hoofed one, the
horse.
sonus, -i, m. (sono), sound,
splash, voice.
sophus, -i, w., Greek word for
wise, a wise man, philoso-
phor, savant.
sorbitio, -onis, /. (sorbeo), a
supping up ; hence soup,
broth, pottage.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, spar-
sum, i\ a., strew, spread,
sprinkle.
spatium, -i, n., room, ex-
tent.
species, -ei,/., face, exterior,
magnificence.
spectaculum, -i, n. (spesto),
exhibition, show.
xlvi
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
gaze at, look on at.
speculum, -i, w., that in which
one sees oneself^ mirror.
specus, -us, m., cave, grot.
spes, spei,/., hope.
spiritus, -us, m. (spiro),
breath, the breath of life,
life, soul.
splendor, -oris, w., brilli-
ance, splendour.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (spolium), rob, de-
spoil.
spondeo, -ere, spopondi,
sponsum, v. a., go baii,
become security for.
sponsor, -oris, m. (spondeo),
one who becomes security,
bail.
stagnum, -i, n.^ standing
water, pool.
statim, adv. (sto), on the
spot, forthwith, at once.
statio, -onis, /. (sto), station,
abode.
sterquilinum, -i, n. (stercus),
dung-heap, mixen.
sto, -are, steti, statum, v. n.,
stand.
stramentum, -i, n. (sterno),
littering, bedding {for
cattle).
stringo, -ere, strinxi, stric-
tum, V. a., draw tight,
draw forth, draw.
stropha, -ae, /., Greek word for
trick, turn.
stulte, adv. (stultus), blindly,
foolishly.
stultitia, -ae, /. (stultus),
foolishness, stupidity, lack
of discretion.
stultus, -a, -um, foolish,
dull of under standing.
short-sighted,blind towhat
one is doing.
stupor, -oris, m. (stupeo), stu-
pidity, amazement, blind
admiration.
suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum,
V. a.j ad vise, urge ; with
dat, and usually ut and
subj. , hut in I. xv. 6 infin.
suavis, -e, adj., agreeable to
the senses, pleasant, de-
lightful.
sub, prep. (i) with abt, under,
concealed in ; (2) with acc.^
of motion to the place of shelter
or concealmentj up to.
subdolus, -a, -um, adj., (sub
-f dolus), crafty.
subinde, adv. , just after, next,
one after the other, re-
peatedly.
subito, adv. (subitus), sud-
denly.
subitus, -a, -um, adj. {party
subeo), sudden, unex-
pected.
sublatus, part , tollo,
sublimis, -e, adj.j lofty; {of
station) highly-placed ; in
sublime, up aloft.
submoveo, -ere, -movi, -mo-
tum, V. a. (sub -H moveo),
remove, banish.
subripio, -ere, -ripui, -rep-
tum, V. a. (sub + rapio),
take away secretly, filch.
subsum, -esse, v. n. (sub -f-
sum), be under,
successus, -us, m. (succedo),
success.
succumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cu-
bitum, V. n. (sub -f cumbo),
lie down, surrender, give
in, give up.
succurro, -ere, -curri, -cur-
VOCABULARY
xlvii
sum, V, n. (sub + curro),
run up to, run to the help
of, aid,help, cometorescue,
with dat
sui, gen. of se.
sum, esse, fui {fut. partj
futurus), V. n.y be, happen ;
quodcunque fuerit, what-
ever betide.
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sump-
tum, V. a. (sub + emo), take
up, take, take by violence,
gather, choose, take with
one.
summus, -a, -um, adj. superi,
{pos. superus ; comp. su-
perior), highest ; of Jupi-
ter, Most High ; summis
viribus, with his utmost
strength (IV. iii. 2) ; mons
summus, top of a hili
(II. V. 9).
super, (i) prep. with acc., over,
in attitude of defence (II. i.
i) ; over, of extent ; on to,
with motion to the position
takeyi ; may follow its case
(II. vi. ii) ; 'inay take abi.
also, if motion to is not
implied\ (2) adv., more-
over.
superbia, -ae, /. (superbus),
pride, affectation, inso-
lence, presumption, pre-
tence, haughtiness, stub-
bornness.
superbus, -a, -um, adj.
(super), proud, haughty.
superior, -us, adj. comp.
{pos. superus ; sup. sum-
mus), high er.
superus, -a, -um, adj. (super),
upper ; subs., superi, the
gods above.
supplex, -icis, adj. (sub + pli-
co), bending the knees, sup-
plicating, entreating, sup-
pliant.
supplicium, -i, n. (supplex),
a bending for punishment,
punishment.
supra, prep., on to the top of
(I. ii. 20).
sus, suis, m. and /., swine,
hog, sow.
suscito, - are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(sub + cito), raise up,
awaken, rouse.
suspendo, -ere, -di, -sum,
V. a. (sub -f- pendo), hang
up, suspend.
suspensus, -a, -um, adj.
{parf. suspendo), sus-
pended, ligbt, noiseless.
sustineo, -ere, -ui, susten-
tum, V. a. (sub -f teneo),
hold up, support, sustain,
put up with, brook, en-
dure ; sometimes with acc. -H
infin. as object.
sustuli, perf. of tollo.
sutor, -oris, m. (suo), stitcher,
cobbler.
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. srd.
person (se), his, her, its,
their, &c., acc. to subject of
sentence, emphatic, his,&c.,
own; pl. assw6s.,hispeople,
&c.
taberna, -ae, /., booth, hut,
tavern.
tabula, -ae, /., plank, board,
panel, painting (on panel),
picture.
tacite, adr. (tacitus), silenti y,
without speaking.
talis, -e, adj., of such a kind,
such, such as the preced-
ing, such as the following.
xlviii
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
tam, adi\^ so, so very.
tamen, adv., yet, neverfclie-
less ; in spife of something
understood from the contexty
after all (II. v. 5).
tandem, adv.^ at length.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum,
V. a.j touch, handle, meddle
with, reachjstrike ; invidia
tactus, stung with envy
(I. xxiv. 3).
tantum, adv. (tantus^, so
much, merely, only.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so
great, such, as great, so
much, such, as much ;
tantum, subs.<, so much,
with gen. ; tanti, of such
value ; tanto, by so much.
tartareus, -a, -um, adj. (Tar-
tarus), like Tartarus {fhe
abode of the lost), Tartarean.
taurus, -i, m., bull, steer.
te, acc. and abi. of tu.
tectum, -i, n. (tego), cover,
roof, abode.
telum, -i, n , any weapon used
at a distance, esp. if thrown,
missile.
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (/re?., tendo), handle ;
make trial of, try to find
out.
tempus, -oris, n., time ; so
p?., appointed time, critica!
time, time of need.
Tempus = time personifed,
Time.
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tensum,
v.a. (teneo), stretch,strain,
stretch out, spread.
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, v. <x.,
hold, hold fast, have safe,
possess, detain, stay, at-
tract, charm.
tener, tenera, tenerum, adj.,
Soft, delicate, young,
tensus, part. of tendo,
tenuitas, -atis, /. (tenuis),
slenderness, slimness, slen-
der resources, poverty.
tergum, -i, n., the back (0/
men or beasts).
tergus, -oris, n., the back,
the skin upon it, hide.
tero, -ere, trivi, tritum, v. a.,
rub.
terra, -ae, /., earth, soil,
land ; pl., the earth.
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a.,
alarm, rouse, terrify.
terror, -oris, m. (terreo),
fear, panic, alarm.
tertius, -a, -um, num. adj.
(ter, tres), third, the third ;
tertia pars, third part.
testa, -ae, /. ( = tosta from
torreo), burned clay,
earthenware, a piece of
earthenware.
testimonium, -i, n. (testor),
evidence, testimony.
testis, -is, m. and /, a wit-
ness. *
testor, -ari, -atns, v. dep. a.
(testis), bear witness to.
testudo, -inis, /. (testa), a
tortoise.
theatrum, -i, n., Greek word
for tlieatre.
thesaurus, -i, m., Greek loord
for treasure ; so pl.
tibia, -ae, /., the large shin-
bone, a musical instru-
ment, the pipe (priginalhj
made from the shin-bone'^ .
tibicen, -inis, m. (tibia +
cano), one who plays upon
the tibia, piper,
tigillum, -i, n. {dim., tig-/
VOCABULARY
xlix
num), sniall beam, log,
baulk {of Umber).
timeo, -ere, -ui, v. a. and n.,
fear, be afraid ; with dat. ,
be afraid for.
timidus, -a, -um, adj. (timeo),
fearful, timid, cowardly.
timor, -oris, m. (timeo),
fear.
tinctus, part. of tingiio.
tinguo, -ere, tinxi, tinctum,
V. a.j wet, soak, dip.
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sub-
latum, V. a.f lift, pick up,
take up, carry up, take
away, take, remove, carry
oif, raise {a cry).
torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum,
V. a.j tvvist, torture, tor-
ment, puzzle.
totus, -a, -um, adj., wliole,
the whole.
toxicum, -i, n., Greek word
for arrow-poison, poison.
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
V. a. (trans + do), liand
over, deliver up, hand
down, commit to, report;
traditum est, it is a tradi-
tion.
tragicus, -a, -um, adj., be-
longing to tragedy, tragic.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum,
V. a., draw, sniff, lead,
drag out.
transeo, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, v. a.
andn. (trans f eo), pass by,
pass (pf time).
trepide, adv. (trepidus),
eagerly, excitedly, in
alarm.
trepido, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. n. (trepidus), be in
alarm, unsettled, fluttered,
be in confusion, rout.
tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum,r.
give, bestow, assign, allot,
yield.
tristis, -e, adj., gloomy, sad,
sorry, miserable, painful,
bi tter ,unfortuiiate , la ment-
able.
triticum, -i, n., wheat.
tritus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
tero), rubbed, burnislied,
smooth, polished.
trivium,-i, w.(ter + via), place
u^here three roads meet,
public way.
trudo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a.,
thrust ; trudere foras,
thrust out of doors.
tu, tui, pron. 2nd. pers., tliou,
you.
tueor, -eri, tuitus, v. a.,
watch, protect.
tum, adv., at that time, tlien,
next in order, tJiereupon.
tumeo, -ere, v. n , be swollen,
be inhated.
tunc, adv. (tum -f ce), at that
time, then, next in order,
thereupon.
tunica, -ae, /, under gar-
ment, tunic.
turba, -ae, /., turmoil, a dis-
orderlymultitude,an eager
throng, an uproarious
company.
turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.
(turba), throw into con-
fusion, strike with panic,
turn to flight, confound.
turbulentus, -a, -um, adj.
(turba), disturbed (o/
loater).
turpis, -e, adj , ugly, awk-
ward, unbecoming, humili-
ating,shameful jdishonour-
able.
PHAED. SEL.
L
1
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
turpiter, ac??;, (turpis), sliame-
fully.
tus, turis, n., incense.
Tuscum mare, the Etrurian
Sea, is that enclosed by
Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and
Corsica : called also Tyr-
rhenum mare and Inferum
mare (II. v. lo).
tutela, -ae, /. (tutor), pro-
tection.
tutor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a.
{freq.^ tueor), protect,
watch ; passive (I. xxxi. i).
tutus, -a, -um, adj. {part,
tueor), protected, safe,
secure.
tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., thy,
thine, yours, your.
tympanum, -i, w., Greek word
for drum, timbrel, tam-
bourine.
tyrannus, -i, m., Greek word
for absolute and therefore
severe ruler, tyrant, des-
pot.
ubi, adv. and conj., where,
when.
ullus, -a, -um, adj. (c?m.,
unus), any, any one, ex-
clusive, in negative or ‘ if ’
cJauses.
ultimus, -a, -um, adj. {conn.
uls, ultra), farthest, last ;
comp. ulterior.
ultro, adv. (conn. uls, ultra),
to the farther side, beyond
expectation, even,actually,
wantonly.
umerus, -i, m., upper arm,
shoulder.
una, adv. (unus), in the same
place, in company, to-
gether.
unde, adv., from what place,
when ce, from whom, from
what cause.
unguis, -is, m., nail, claw,
talon.
unus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
one.
urbanus, -a, -um, adj. (urbs),
of the City, witty, polished.
urbs, -is, /., a walled town,
City.
ut, adv. and conj,, (i) ivith
indic., how, as, whereas,
since, when ; sic . . . ut,
so surely as ; (2) with subj.,
in order that (of purpose),
so that (of conseqiience) ;
hence upon condition that.
utcumque, adv., by what-
ever means, one way or
other, on some pretext or
other (IL ii. 1).
uterque, Qtraque, utrum-
que, pron., each of two,
both.
utilis, -e, adj. (utor), capable
of use, useful, serviceable.
utilitas, -atis,/. (utilis), use-
fulness, Service, interest.
utinam, adv. , in wishes,
would that ! oh that ! ;
subj. follows.
uva, -ae, /., grape, cluster of
grapes.
vacuus, -a, -um, adj. (vaco),
devoid of, without oc'
cupant, forsaken.
vadum, -i, w., a ford, shallow
place for drinking, bottom
of water, bottom of a well,
water, the sea.
vagor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n.
(vagus), roam.
VOCABULARY
li
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.
be strong or well ; valeas,
farewell ! ; with have
streiigtli to, be able.
validius, adv, (validior, comp.
of validus), more vigor-
ously, more lustily.
validus, -a, -um, adj. (valeo),
strong.
.vanus, -a, -um, adj.^ empty,
unreal ; (o/ threats) unsup-
ported.
vastus, -a, -um, adj.y unoc-
cupied, desert, vast.
-ve, disjunctive particle, enclitic,
or, leaving choice free hetween
tivo things or hetween severat.
vehemens, -tis, adj., furi-
ous.
velox, -ocis, adj. (co7in. volo,
fly), speedy, rapid, swift.
venator, -oris, m. (venor),
hunter.
vendito, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. {freq., vendo), attempt
to sell.
vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
V. a. (venum -I- do), put up
for sale, sell, barter.
veneo, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, v. n.
(venum + eo), go to sale, be
sold.
venia, -ae, /., indulgence,
pardon.
venio, -ire, veni, ventum,
V. 71., go, come, make pro-
gress, (o/ tiTne) arrive ;
venire in dubium, become
doubtful (III. xiii. 7).
venor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a.,
hunt, Chase,
venter, -tris, m., belly.
verbosus, -a, -um, adj. (ver-
bum), wordy.
verbum, -i, 7i., word.
vere, adv. (verus), truly,
really.
vereor, -eri, -itus, v. dep. n.
and a., fear, be afraid.
veritas, -atis, /. (verus),
trutb.
vero, adv. (verus), in very
trutb, verily, but ; lencis
e7nphasis.
versus, -us, m. (verto), a
turning, line, verse ; pl.,
poems.
verto, -ere, -ti, -sum, v. a.,
turn ; pass. in iiiiddle sense,
move about in, be in (II.
viii. 19).
verum, ach). (verus), but
truly, but (hrings forward
a new a7'gume7it or conside7'a-
tion).
verus, -a, -um, adj., true,
real, genuine ; su5s , verum,
tlie trutb.
vescor, -i, v. dep. n. and a.,
feed, feed on, enjoy ; icith
aU., hut I. xxxi. ii with
accusative.
vespa, -ae,/., wasp.
vester, vestra, vestrum, 790S.9.
pron., your, yours.
vestimentum, -i, n. (vestis),
article of clothing ; pl.,
apparel.
vetus, -eris, adj., old, aged,
long-standing.
vetustas, -atis, /. (vetustus),
antiquity, age.
vetustus, -a, -um, adj.
(vetus), ancient.
via, -ae, /., road, bigbway,
path, journey.
viator, -oris, w. (vio, travel),
traveller, wayfarer.
vicem, -is, 7io 7i07n.,f., change,
reverse; pl., succession,
L 2
lii
FABLES OF PHAEDRUS
alternation, the round of
duty, duty.
victor, -oris, m, (vinco), con-
queror, victor, victor (?n
games).
victus, -us, m. (vivo), means
of living, food, livelihood.
video, -ere, vidi, visum,
V, a., see, observe, per-
ceive, realize, understand ;
'passive, videor, -eri, visus,
seem, be thought, seem
good ; videtur, iwpers.,
it seems good, it is deter-
mined.
vigilia, -ae,/. (vigil), watch-
fulness.
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, n,
(vigil), be awake, on the
watch, be on one’s guard.
vilicus, -i, m. (villa), farm-
bailiif.
villa, -ae, /., country-house,
liomestead.
vinco, -ere, vici, victum,
V. a. and n., conquer, over-
come, be victorious, sur-
pass, be superior to.
vindico, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (vim -H dico), claim,
deliver, defend, avenge,
punish.
vindicta, -ae, /. (vindico),
vengeance, revenge.
vinea, -ae, /. (vinum), vine-
yard, vine.
vipera, -ae, /. (vivus -t- pario,
that hrings forth living yowng),
viper.
vir, viri, m., man {as opposed
to woman), brave man, dis-
tinguished man.
viridis, -e, adj. ( vireo), green ;
pl., viridia, green herbage,
&c., greenery.
virtus, -utis, /. (vir), manli-
ness, courage, valour, vir-
tue, merit, vigour, power
to support one's words.
vis, 2,nd pers. smg., volo, wish.
vis, vis, /., force, violence,
literary ability ; aU. ,vi ,with
a strong hand ; pl., vires,
strength, power, energy.
vita, -ae, /. (vivo), life, way,
mode of life.
vitium, -i, n. , fault, blemish,
shortcoming, failure.
vito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
avoid,shun, provide against
(II. iv. 22).
vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. a. (vitium -f paro), find
fault with, blame.
vix, adv., scarcely.
vobis, dat, a'nd ahl. pl. of tu,
voco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.,
call, invite.
volo, velle, volui, v. irreg, a,
and n., wish, choose, be
willing ; non vis, won't
you ? ; velim, with subj., I
would have you ; sibi velle,
wish for oneself, mean.
volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n,,
fly.
volucer, -eris, -cre, adj. (volo,
fly), flying, swift ; fem.,
volucris, as suhs., bird,
insect.
voluptas, -atis, /., delight,
pleasure, desire, appetite
(IV. ix. 9).
voluto, -are, -avi, -atum,
V, a. {freq., volvo), turn
over, roll.
vos, nom. and acc. pl. of tu.
vox, vocis, /. (voco), sound,
utterance, voice, cry (0/ a
hmiter), squeak {ofaporker),
VOCABULARY
liii
exclamation, power of
speech, musical tone.
vulgMs, -e, adj. (vulgus),
belonging to the multitude,
general, everyday, com-
mon.
vulgus, -i, n, {occasionally
masculine), the multitude,
common people.
vulnus, -eris, n., w^ound.
vulpecula, -ae, /. {dim.,
vulpes) ,littlefox,craftyfox.
vulpes, -is,/., fox.
vulpinus, -a, -um, adj.
(vulpes), belonging to a
fox, fox’s.
vult, srd. pers. sing. of volo,
wdsh.
vultus, -us, m. (volo), ex-
pression of countenance,
countenance, expression,
mien.
xystus, -i, m., Greek word for
covered gallery, Roman for
open colonnade, or Avalk
planted with trees, avenue.
Zeuxis, -idis and -is, m., one
of the celebrated Greek
painters. Few precise
dates are known in his
life, but he ‘ flourished ’
from B. c. 424 to 400, and
lived in various parts of
Greece, largely at Athens.
He excelled in accurate
representation of natural
objects, and the story of
his grapes which were
pecked at by birds is v^^ell
known. But his work
had originality, grace, and
charm, as w^ell as ac-
curacy, and he was a mas-
ter, above his predecessors,
of light and shade. He
painted chiefly on panels.
None of his Work survives ;
it was rare in the time of
Cicero, and very little
could have been preserved
to the days of Phaedrus
(V. Proh 7).
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