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COMPRISING A

HISTORICAL DESDRIPTION OF ALL THE VARIETIES OF THAT NOBLE.
AND USEFUL ANIMAL,

THE HORSE, ,

GIVING INSTRUCTIONS IN ALL THINGS THAT RELATE TO HIM; HIS REARING,
FEEDING, TRAINING, FATTENING AND TREATMENT; WITH A

DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE DISEASES TO WHICH HE IS LIABLE,
THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT,

And the best remedies to be applied to restore the animal to health;
accompanied with the Annals of the Turf, American Stud Book,
Rules for Training, Racing, &c.

WITH A
PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES AND THEIR COMPARATIVE VALUE,

INTERSPERSED WITH NOTES ;

now TH) ACN ACP PN DX.

CONTAINING AN ADDITIONAL NUMBER OF ORIGINAL AND SELECTED RECEIPTS
FOR THE CURE OF THE VARIOUS DISEASES IN

HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS, DOGS & POULTRY,

Comprising every thing necessary to be known in relation to their
Rearage and Treatment, and Cures of the various Diseases
to which they are severally liable,

mn 3 34 ALSO:
Rie : ADDENDA,

DESCRIBING ONE HUNDRED & FIFTY PLANTS AND MEDICINES.

ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVERAL PLATES.

Selected, compiled and translated from the best German & English
works extant on this subject, with numerous additions, &c., &c.

i yk Se Ee ¥
BY I’ DANIEL RUPP.
. PUBLISHED

#
BY [SAAC L. ESHLEMAN, LANCASTER, PA.,
1844. .

Tae to | Sats ti j vil 4s ae ch
ee MER ht Se NO ES eT RD Tse Be OO
RE SER CAPD (DIY Fate PED Cds AOMEE nik ai a pb

Rett ¥
:
Z (
*
EnTERED according to the act of Congress, in the year 1842, by
| GILBERT HILLS, : |
‘in the Clerk’s office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Penn-
| sylvania. . .
¥

RQ Od, ie
4 ; ; i 5 iene i
“JOHIN H. PEARSOL, PRINTER, LANCASTER, PA.
fal we St ' i *
‘ my ;
, ; "| 1) 5 es el Oh a

PREFACE,

_ I seems necessary, on this occasion, to detain the reader with
a word or two, by way of preface to this compilation.

When the compiler was called on to prepare a “ Horse Doctor
Book,”’ he was taken by surprise—it was with much diffidence he
consented to undertake the task. However, having had access
to some of the best works extant on this subject, and possessing a
‘considerable collection of original receipts, which were furnished
him while editor of the “ Practica Farmer,” he soon resolved
to comply with the wishes of the Publisher; and he produced a
book, which, in the estimation of some, is considered to» be a
useful work.

The Authors he consulted, are the following: Farmer’s and
Sportsman’s Vade-Mecum; Smith, on Breeding; American Far-
mer; Annals of the Turf; Loudon, on the Varieties of the Horse;
Mason’s Improved Farrier; G. S. Winter’s Pferde Arzt; Genesee
Farmer; J. M. Jefferey’s Horse Farrier; Montague’s Farrier;
Pocket Farrier; Barnum’s American Farrier; Diegendesh’s Ross
Arzt; Duvall, on Training Horses; S. W. Pomeroy, on the Mule; —
Farmer’s Cabinet ; Loudon’s Treatise on Cattle; Memoire sur le

_ Vormissement, par T. Girard; Loudon’s Agricultural Encyclpe-

Oe wa LY Le

(

iv _ PREFACE.

dia; Dr. Vandeveer, on Dogs; Baltimore Farmer and Gardener ;.
M’Kenziey’s Five Thousand Receipts; Journal Pratique, Zuend’s.
Thier Arzenei; Complete Farrier; besides many others. Of all.
of these, the best use has been made.

With these remarks, the book is disposed.

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tea GENERAL INDEX
Pectin dasisbed: page'64 aedids, liniment for, page 179
Age of a horse, how opens ~~ 27 | Burdon’s ointment, 343
Altechi horse, _ Seeds | SHAHOB, on the color of horses, PRS
American horse, eet |
_ Anodyne for pains of the ear, 78 | Chest, diseases of, 119
_ Anticor, or swelled throat, esc eS warbles wad sitfasts; 119
Annals of the turf, 15) chest founder, — 120
| ae stud book, fie «225 |°°. dropsy, ¥ : 122
Appetite, loss of, i in horses, > 205]. diseases of the heart, - +123
Apoplexy, Feakcr: Gineay inflammation, 124
bebe esertted pl oe fever. S- 127
Ascaris or thread worms, 167 - . diseases of the heen 130
Astringent igent drinks—K “qi, 166; ~—__ lungs, inflammation of, —y3l
“ae Sonia ae 98, 120, 178, POD] ox pleurisy, 138
Sage 491 -_-eatarrh, or common cold, 139
cd Sey RET NCCE. 3 “malignant epidemic, 142
i 55 | Chinese horse, account of, Saas 3
‘| Carriage horse, SRO
Conestoga horse, a1
| Castrating, 35, 224
Colts should be handled young, 37
Color of horses, ‘ ‘92, 25
ae alternative, pre cee : Canker, MS NB, 109
diuretic, ===: 122 | Catarrh or cold, BRS) as 139, 149
“te Ses chronic cough, 443 | Chronic cough, 143
- expectorant 149 | Cough, how to cure, » 149
= 161 | Cicuta maculata, 152
v 170 | Cardialgy, - 123
; s 175 | Cranium, description of, - §l
ing E eens -806 | Cataract of the eye, . 83
NOT -Caceethas crescendi morborum, 106
Maid ier, ae See of 175 | Coffin joints, strains of, - 183
Blaze or star, to make eige: 206 | Curb, inflammation of, v 185
Bleeding, how to be done, OLE Civonic founder, ear ee 194
x Seats cero eS SO eorns, Behe SOB
a —— Bliste i Pa ~ 214) Crib biting, « 4 49; 204.
a 32 Condition of a horse, — 207
, 45} %* to bring a horse into, 208 —
ae 129 Clystering a horse, 215 —
eo 129 | Capulet, ' 184
oe oe ding of horses, iB Ros 817) Carpus or wrist, . sn)
Se breeding mares, —, of, $1 Colic, spasmodic, * oo FSS, Soe
~~ ~ Broke ‘eames 5) 446) Clysters, ps 13975, 79,88; 159
Bronchitis, digesta Neue ieee 139 | Catarrhal fever, or distemper, 139,141
\ ae Bronche omy, siperadlon ‘off iinenil. & 148: Cure for bite of mad dog, 386, 387
ect Bots, various eis 153, “156, 331 | Concave shoe, 226
ia i

iv
Calkins, . page 230
Clips, _« 231
Charcoal for hogs, 377
Cross-breeding of turf horse, 241
Costiveness, 333
Cramp, 332
Cud, loss of, 354
Canine actin, 377
madness, —6 383
Calves, raising of, 364
Cows and oxen, diseases of, 350

304
377

Cords, or gut-tie, -
Cutting, or spaying,

Diseased condition of a horse, 209
Diseases, infectious ones, to prevent, 43
Digestion, how impeded,

Diseases of horses, arrangement of, 67
of the head, 67
of the neck, ; 112
of the stomach, 151
of the legs, 177
of the feet, 193
of the skin, 199

Diseases of the heart, 123
Diaphragm, ‘ 151
Diabetes or profuse staling, 174, 333
Dropsy of the skin, 122

Diarrhea,

Drinks, how to give,
Driving horses,

_ Dongola horse, account of,
‘Draught horse,

Dark stables hurtful,
Diuretic powders and balls, 122
Distemper or fever, 127, 139, 333

Drenches, 78, 84, 101, 155, 156, 137
160, 161, 165, 174, 194, 205

Docking, operation of, 224
Dissertation on the mule, 310
Ducks, raising of, 390
Dogs, diseases of, 377
Egyptian domesticated pas 10
East India horse, 14
English horse, .<18
Epilepsy or fits; 76
Ear, diseases of, 78
Eye, described, Seis 62, 80
e, diseases ee a he eis: 81
Epidemic, malignant, Sgt 1 42
Exercise of horses, important, to BO
Eye-soundness, criteria of, 63
Eyes, W inter’s omar on, . 83
_ Eye-salve, * 84
Eye-water, _ 84, 85, 334
‘Escharotics, » _ “DT
‘Embrocation, 77,82, 120, 121, 181

182, 206, 334

GENERAL. INDEX.

Expanded shoe, page 233
Elfshotten cattle, 355
Feet, and their diseases, 193
founder, 193
pumiced feet, 195
corns, S286:
thrush, “496
pricking a horse, “197

~ quittor, 198
narrow heels, 199

Food of horses, various, 35
French horse, account of, 16
Findland horse, : wid
Flemish horse, SS ae 17
Farmer’s horse, 20
Feeding cf horses, 13)
Fattening of horses, 38
Farcy, ~103
Fever powders, 129
Facial bones described, 63
Femur, or thigh bone, 69
Fomentations, 176, 212.
Fungus wash, 108
Fistula, eae 112, 335.
Foxing, operation of 223
Felt, or leather soles, 234
Film in a horse’s eye, 334
Fever among cattle, 356
Fits, dogs subject to, see
Gangrene succeeds inflammation, ae
Gelding of colts, 34
“Gutta serena, ee MBS

Glanders, 305 88, 335

contagious, — AS 94

_ prevention of, 96
Gullet, stricture of, 118°
Gleet, nasal, 87
Grease, 190, 336
Gemntn! horses, account of, Fee
Glass eyes, 2h 83
Glands, swollen, plaster for, = 99
Gall bladder, horse has none, 66, 168
Grubs or bots, 2.163
remedies for, 155

to prevent, 156

Grain sickness, 357
Glanders and strangles, how distin- — ‘
- guished, oie: |
Galls, or windgalls, - 335
| Gigs, small tumors, 335
Gripes or gullion, 336
Geese, raising of, 389
Hair, shedding of, —-203—
Head, horse’s, diseases of, ECoGr
hemicrania, 70
staggers, 92

& nad ba Bisse

GENERAL INDEX.

Head, diseases of the nose, page 86
diseases of the mouth, 108
Heaves, how to cure effectually, 150
Horse, history and variety of, 9.3
good qualities of, 22

age, to tell by feeling, 29
Hemicrania, 70
Hooks, cutting of, 85
Heart, diseases of, 123
Highblower, 149
Horse powder, Strasburgian, 207
Horses, wild ones, _ 11
Holland horse, . 17
Homer quoted, 10
Hock, liable tv injuries, 185, 186
Humurus or arm bone, 57
Horse ointment, 199
Hiera picra, 78
Hinder shoe, how to form, 231
Hidebound, 201, 336
Hinny, how. known from the mule, 309
Handy Cap races, ~ © 306
Horse spice, : 337
Heels, kibed, 337
Hydrophobia, _ 386
Stoy’s cure for, 387

Hydatids in sheep, 369
Horn distemper, 357
Hoves, or fog sickness, 358
Inflammation of the lungs, causes of, 137
Iceland horse, account of, 16
Infectious diseases prevented, 43
Italian horses, - 17
Ischius described, 59
Imposthumes, © 78
Intestines, diseases of, 158, 338
Inflammation treated of, 124, 128
of the lungs, c 137
of the kidneys, 172

Ives, or vives, 111, 112, 337
Jaundice or yellows, 169
Jockeys, to guard against them, 30
tricks of, 28, 96

Jcb’s description of a war horse, 10
Journey, a horse on, how to treat, 39
Joint oil, loss of, 359
Kalmuck horse, description of, 15
Kadischi horse, ia
Kidneys described, 65
inflammation of, 172

Knees broken, 178, 338
King of ails, 211
Kernels under the throat, 338
Kicks, how cured, 338
Knots, fleshy ones 338
Kidney worms, 376

Vv

Legs, the diseases of, page 177
sprains of shoulders, f 177
splent or splint, 180
sinews sprained, 18h
rupture of tendons, 182
fetlocks and coffins strained, 183

bog spavin; — 185

bone spavin, 186
springhalt or stringhalt, 188
swelled legs, i893
Locked jaw or tetanus, _ 74
Laxative drink, 107, 128, 137
Lampas, 108
Liniment for bruises, 179
Lax or scouring, 164, 338, 339
Lambs, diseases of, 8368
Liquid opodeldoe, 343
Lice in cattle, _ 359
Management, general, of the horse, 31

to endure great fatigue, 42

to prevent. infectious
diseases, 43
of race horses, 44.
mode of rajsing, 45
Mare, breeding properties of, 31, 33
Mare with foal, 32
Mad staggers, 73
Mouth, diseases of, 86
Mares generally have no tushes, 27
‘Manger feeding, common, 35
Muscles and nerves, 61
Membrana nictitans, 86
Malanders, 187, 340
Moulting, shedding of hair, 203
Moon blindness, 82
Murray’s remarks on hooks, 86
Markham’s moss-water prepared, 102
Milk fever in cows, 360
Malignant epidemic, 144, 342
Milt or spleen, 65
Montague on glanders, 102
Medicines, remarks on, 66
Mash, 340
Mule, description of, 309
Maggots in the head, 369
Morfounder, 340
Medicines and drugs deseribed, 393
Madness, 381
Murrain cured, 35L
Measles in hogs, 376
Manke, in horses, 200, 339
cattle, © 360
swine,..4)* 376
dogs, 385

Neck, diseases to which the horse
is liable, ¢ 112
poll-evil, 113

Vi GENERAL INDEX.

Native place of the horse, page 10
Norwegian horse, 17
Nasal gleet, 87
Narrow heels, 199
Nether joint strain, 343
Nail prick, 342
Nicking and pullying,. 218
Nipples, sore ones, 369

Oats, when not to be given, 37
Opthalmia, 8i
Occipal bones,

Ossa tali described,

Oil, king of,

Ointments, for nasal gleet,
for cure of vives,
to cure wounds,
for swellmg,
for blistering, 179, 343
for broken knees,
horse ointment,
Turner’s ointment,

Opodeldoe, two kinds,

Oil, British, 343
_ of spike, 343
Persian horse,. 14

Portuguese horse, 16

Polish horse, 17
Phrenitis, or mad stargers, 73, 344
Palsy, 77
Poly pus, 106
Poll-evil, 175, 344
Poultices, 212, '7'7
Pleurisy, 138
Poison destroys few horses, 152, 345
_ Pipers, horses so called,, 148
Pumiced foot, © 195
Pricks or punctures, 197
Physicking, 215

Physics, 71, 73, '74, 76, '79, 98, 101, 105

Piss, to fanke a horse, 345
Plaster, to cure deep sores, 345
Poison, test of, 152, 153
cattle, how cured, 361
Powder for chronic cough, 144
for sore eyes, 84
for cleansing, 99, 100
diuretic powders, 122
for fever, 129
cough powders, 150
for sand cracks, “So7
Pendro, or turnsick, 369
Purchasing and selling a horse, 26
Posterior extremities, 59

Parotid glands or vives, 64

Pullying and nicking, 218
Pricking of a horse, 223
Poultry, raising of, 388, 390

‘Russian horses,

Poultry, fattening of, page 392
Pomeroy on the mule, 310
) Pelt rot, 370
‘Purging in sheep, 370
‘Quittorbone, 345
Quantity of food for a horse, 36
-Quadrupeds, their base, 51
Quinsy or anticor, 114
Quittor, 198

Race horses, 18, 238, 296
17

Rearing of horses, __ 34
‘Roots, good food for horses, 36
Roaring in horses, 116
Rheumatism, 121
Rack, remarks on, 49
Rowel, to form one, 135, 213
Rupture of tendons, 182
Ringbone, 183, 345
Rat-tails, 188
Reining tight, improper, 117
Race horses, improvement of, 238
instruction, training, 296

from A. T. Reg. 301

by C. Duvall, 299

‘Racing, rules to be observed, 303
English rules of, 307

Red water in cattle, 361
in sheep, 370

Rot in sheep, 371

‘Stomach and intestines, diseases of, 151

inflammation of bowels, 161

of liver, i168

of kidneys, 172

ae in the bladder, 175

_ swelled sheath, -176
Spanish horse, description of, 16
‘Swedish horse, 16

South American horse, 11

Soft water best for horses,, 36
Stables, construction of, AT
should be airy, &e., 47, 151

Staggers, diseases of horses and cattle, 72

Strangles, T09, 346
Sitfasts, ~ 119
Spavin, 129
Synovia, or joint oil, 61
Scours or scowers, 164
Strangury, 173, 174
Stone in the bladder, 175
Sheath, swelled, 176
Shoulder sprain, 177, 346
Splent or splint, 180
Sinews, sprains of, 181
Spavin, bog, 185

bone, 186

*

GENERAL INDEX.

Salanders, page 187
Springhalt or stringhalt, 188
Swelled legs, 171, 189:
Sand cracks, 197

Skin, diseases of, 199

Shoeing in winter, how done,

Surfeiting a horse, 202
Shedding hair, 203°
Star or blaze, how made, 206
Salivation, or slavering in horses, 206
Slavering, to prevent, 206
Spotting a white horse black, 206:
Stifle, remarks on, 184
Skin, diseases of, 199 to 203
Stumbling of a horse, 346
Setons are useful, 3 213i
Sprain plaster—and blister, 178
Sprains, embrocations for, 181
Salves to cure swelling, 121,
Scratches, 846
Sheep, comparative value, 374.
Shoeing, directions for, 226
Swellings of the back, 346
Sheep, diseases of, 366°
Stoy’s cure for hydrophobia, 387
Swine, diseases of, 375
Salt, not to be given to chickens, 392
Sturdiness, 372

Treatment of a horse when fatigued, 42
on a journey, 39

Toorkoman herse, 15.
Tartar horse, 15.
Training of horses, Way
Tricks of horse jockeys, 28, 30, 96
Tetanus or locked jaw, 74
_ Tongue, sore one, 109
Test for poison, 152, 153
Teeth of a horse, 53.
Thorax or chest, 56, 102
Tapeworm, 167
Tendons, rupture of, 182
Thorough-pin, 184
Turer’s cerate, 187
Thrush, running one, 196
Thick-wind, 144
Tonic physic, 88, 101
Tubercles, in the cells of the nose, 92
Tips, or short shoes, 233
Turpentine, the best diuretic, 172
Teats, sore ones, 362
Tumors, 347

205,

vi

Turkeys, page 339
Tail sickness in cows, 362
Tag, disease in sheep, 372
Throat stoppage, 373
UlIna described, 5G
Ulcers, 347
Urine, to provoke in a horse, 348
Veterinary operations, 210
treatment of wounds, 210

balls and drinks, 211

mode of giving drinks, 212
fomentations, poultices, 212

setons and rowels, als

blistering and firing, 214

clystering and physicing, 215

physicing process, 216
bronchotomy, 118

Vomiting, in cattle, 363
Vives akin to strangles, 111, 112
Vertebre, 54, 55
Viscera, 64
Varieties of glanders, 100
Veins, cording of, 103
Vermifuge, 167
Veterinary school at Toulouse, 89
Vomit, to make a horse, 348
Wild horses gregarious, it
Water, soft best for horses, 36
Wanrbles and sitfasts, 119
Wheezer and whistler, 148
Wind-thick horse, 144
W ind-broken horse, cure for, 14%
Worms, 167, 349
W indgalls, 182
Whirl bone, strain of, 183
Warts, 202, 348
Wounds, treatment of, 210, 349
Worm embrocation, 121
W ood-evil, 373
Whortleberry used in diabetes, 174
Worms in horses, 167, 349
in cattle, 364

in sheep, 378

in swine, 276

in dogs, 385
Worming of whelps, 385
Yellow water, 170, 349
Yellows or jaundice in sheep, 368

GERMAN INDEX.

[ For German names of Medicine, see Appznna, p. 393.]_

Abwerfung des Haars, page 203
Augen mengel, 81
Bluth-spath, 129
Beesartiges Flussfieber, 142
Blasen Stein, 175
Bruch der Beinsehnen, 182
der Flechsen, 182
Chronischer Husten, 143
Druesen Geschwulst, 109
Der Magen, 151
Durchlauff, 164
Der ausgegletete Fuss, 195
Entzuendung, 124
der Blase, 175

hintern Kniegelenks, 185

Engerlinge, 153
Hingeweide Derme, 157
Frosch, 108
Feifel, 111
Fistel, 112
Fieber, 127
Fussreude, 190
Grosskopf, 67
Gliederlehmung, 77
Geschwueren in den Ohren, 78
Geschwulst der Brust, 114
Gelbsucht, 169
Geschwollene Beine, 189
Harnstrenge, 173
Halbseitiges Kopfweh, 70
Hirnwuth, %3
Hinfallende Sucht, 76
Hartneckige Sattel-drucke, 119
Herzkrankheiten, 123
Harnfluss, 174
Hahnentritt, 188
Huehneraugen, 195
Keichen, 11
Kataarh Verkeltung, 8335)
Kataarhal-fieber, 139
Krempfige Kolik, 158
Kniebruch, 178
Kapsel Erweitung, 184
Knochen spath, 186
Kanker, and Kronen Geschwulst, 198
Lampas, 108

Lungen Beschwerde, page 13
Entzuendung, 131

Luftrehr Beschwerde, 139
Leber Entzuendung, 168
Leichdornen, . 195
Maulsperre, 74
Maulgeschwulst, 108
Mauken und Reude, 187
Mundfeule, 196
Naseiter, 87
Nacken-Geschwulst, 113
Nieren-Entzuendung, 172
Ohrenkrankheiten, 78
Rotz, 88
Reude, 103
Reehrgeschwuer, 112
Rehe der Brust, 120
Rehe, 201
Schlagfluss, 71
Schwindel, 72
Starrkrampf, 74
Schlag, 77
Schnuder, 88
Schlund’s Zusammenziehung, 118
Sumpfspath, 129
Seiten Entzuendung, 138
Schlaug- Geschwulst, 176
Sandritzen, 197
Steifheit, 193
Doeerban am Schenkel, 180
Ueberfuetterung, 202
Ueberbein, 183
Verrenkungen der Schultern, 177

der Ruecken Sehnen, 181

‘der Kniescheibe, 183

der Flechsen des
Fussgelenks, 183
Vernagelungen, 197
Wasserscheu, 386
W assersucht, 122
Wartzen, 202
Windgalle, 182
Windbruch, 146
W uermer, 166
Wuth im Mensch oder Vieh, 387
| Zasergewechs, 106

al
oe

PART FIRST.

\

In this part of the treatise before us, the horse, by far the most im-
portant of the brute creation as a servant to man, ‘‘ Lord of fowl and
brute,’ is historically, physically, and anatomically described. The
diseases and accidents to which he is liable, noticed; the remedies, so.
far as known, specified; and the treatment to be pursued, to restore
the diseased animal to wonted health, pointed out. The whole inter-
spersed with plain, practical directions relative to the general treat-
ment of the horse, that the most common reader cannot fail to derive
much valuable knowledge of lasting utility in relation to this animal.
We have also added The American Annals of the Turf and Stud
book; directions on racing, &c. The whole forming a Farmer’s and
Sportsman’s Vade Mecum.

CHAPTER I.
HISTORY AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HORSE.

Sect. 1.

The horse is not only justly considered as the noblest of quadru-
peds, but among the great variety of animals, he stands next to man,
as an illustrious instance of creating power andadisplay of goodness.
To him, we are indebted for our main assistance to plough our fields
—to haul home the fruits of our harvests into our barns and cellars.
It is the horse principally that conveys all what we need, even our
persons from one place to another—from the interior to the most re-
mote parts of our country—thus administering to our necessities, our
happiness, pleasure and health. _ Friends and relatives at a distance,
he carries with speed and safety. The remotest parts acquire by
his speed, a kind of proximity, in aiding to transport men and ‘‘ com-
munications ’’ from one place to another, though ever so distant.

Sect. 2.

The horse, on account of his transcendant services to man, in every
possible stage of human existence, and for his beautiful shape, his
powerful muscular strength, his ambitious spirit, his great agility, his
speed, “ swifter than the eagles,” (Hab. 1: 8,) his docility, generosi-
ty and bravery, has been the theme of ancient bards ; of inspired wri-

2

10 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER>

ters, and of the modern pen. ‘‘ The general beauty, the harmony of
proportion’ and his stateliness could not fail to attract the attention
of a Job of ancient days, so as to constrain him interrogatively to ex-
claim: Hast thou given the horse strength? Hast thou clothed his
neck with thunder ? Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper?
The glory of his nostrils is terrible. He paweth in the valley, and
rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men.
He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted: neither turneth he back
from the sword. The quiver ratileth ageinst him, the glittering
spear and the shield. He swalloweth the ground with fierceness
and rage: neither believeth he that tt is the sound of the trumpet.
He saith among the trumpets, Ha, has; and he smelleth the battle
afar off, the thunder of the captains and the shouting.—Job 39: 19.

Sect. 3.

To have tamed a horse, from his wildness, was in days of yore,
reckoned a high honor—this was the boast of sceptered princes ;
and, indeed, among the highest eulogies that Homer, the rapturous
Grecian bard, could. possibly bestow upon Aggamemnon, the com-
mander-in-chief of the Grecian armies before ‘Troy, was, ‘‘ he was @
tamer of horses.” He passed the same encomium upon Pelops, a
prince of high distinction.

Sect. 4.

The Horse’s native place cannot be determined with any certainty.
We may gather from the sacred seriptures, that about 3500 years
ago, or about 1660 before the birth of Christ, the horse had been do-
mesticated by the Egyptians. For we read, when Joseph removed
his father’s remains from Egypt to Canaan, “‘there went up with
him both chariots and horsemen.”—Gen. 50: 9.

And about a century and a half after this period, the horse formed.
the principal strength of the Egyptian army. Exod. 14: 7.—We
yead that Pharaoh, took six hundred chosen chariots—and in verses
23, 26, That Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots, and his horsemen per-
ished.

The horse rapidly spread abroad. ‘The Thessalians, the Argo-
sites and the Athenians were colonists from Egypt, and without doubt
carried the horse with them. From the sacred volume it appears the:
horse was greatly multiplied and rapidly spread abroad; for when
the Israelites returned to Canaan, we read, the Canaanites went out to:
fight against Israel with chariots and horsemen very many.—Jos. 11: 4.

Sect. 5.

Arabia, although now so celebrated for horses, and by whose breed
_ of horses those of other countries have been greatly improved, is not,.
we believe, the native place of the horse. In support of our opinion,
we would remark, that in the days of King Solomon, about 1000 years
before Christ, Arabia abounded with silver, gold and spices, and

ooo

* HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. VW

Solomon himself imported much of these from that country.—2
Chron. 9: 14. Wedo not read that he imported any horses thence;
but, we read, 2 Chron. 1 :—that he imported all his horses for his
own cavalry and chariots from Egypt—and, indeed, some at enor-
mous prices. In the chapter referred to, it is stated, that a horse
brought from Egypt cost one hundred and fifty shekels of silver,
which is but a fraction less than seventy-six dollars.

Even so late as A. D. 600, the Arabs had few horses of value.
That the horses of Arabia, and of the southern parts of Europe, are
derived from Egypt, is generally admitted by those who have inves-
tigated the subject ; but whether Egypt is their native place, or wheth-
er they have been imported from the southwestern parts of Asia, or
which is still more probable, that they were brought from the north-
ern coasts of Africa, is still somewhat problematical, at least, it can-
not be determined with certainty.

CHAPTER II.

WILD HORSES.
Sect. 6.

This noble quadruped is found in a wild state in the deserts of
Great Tartary, in the southern parts of Siberia, in other parts of
Asia, 1 in the interior of Africa, andin South America. It is the opin-
ion of Zoographers that the horse is not an original of either Great
Tartary or of South America; but both varieties of these countries
are the descendants of the European race, and that they had escaped
from the dominion of a master. |

Horses were unknown in America, and in the islands of the Paci-
fic, until they were carried there by Europeans, and those of Tar-
tary have been satisfactorily traced to those which were turned loose
at the siege of Asoph, Russia, A. D. 1657.

Sect. 7.

Wild horses are gregarious, for they have been seen numerously
and in large companies by travellers who have crossed the plains be-
tween the shores of La Plata and Peco ‘Some affirm that they
have seen ten thousand in one troop. They appear to be under the
command of a leader, the strongest and boldest of the company,
whom they implicitly obey. A secret instinct teaches them that their
safety consists in their union, and in a principle of subordination.
The lion, tiger and leopard, are their principal enemies, At some
signal, intelligible to them all, they either close in a dense mass, and
trample the enemy to death; or placing the mares and foals in the
centre, they form themselves into a circle and welcome the enemy
with their horn-mounted heels. In the attack, their leader is the first
to confront the danger, and when prudence demands a retreat, they
follow his flight with the speed of the wind.”

12 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 8.

These animals are celebrated for limbs and gracefulness of motion,
full of spirit and courage, strongly resembling the Spanish horses
from which they have descended. It is said they are easily to be ta-
med, and that they become gentle, docile and affectionate to their
masters. They are capable of enduring much fatigue. They may
be ridden from sixty, seventy, and even one hundred miles, without
drawing the bit, and this occasionally at twelve miles in an hour.
They know of no intermediate pace between the walk and gallop. ©

The wild horses of South America differ from those of Tartary ;
these are also readily tamed, but in many respects inferior. ‘They
never equal the domestic horse in form, strength or speed.

CHAPTER Iil.
VARIETIES OF THE HORSE AND COMPARATIVE VALUE.
Sect. 9.

Tn the close of Sect. 4, we stated that the horse was probably derived
from the northern part of Africa; we shall, therefore, to follow a na-
tural order, in giving an account of the most celebrated breeds of dif-
ferent countries, begin with those of Africa. ‘The varieties of the
horse are numerous. ‘The indigenous horse of every country, oper-
ated on by climate, assumes that form best adapted to its locality.
Man, however, who is prone to change, would soon be led to mix
with the native, that variety which presented in its original state the
finest form and most valuable qualifications, and thus produced a Va-
riety of the domestic horse.

Sect. 10.

Tue Bars.—He may be justly placed at the head of the Advan
and appropriately at the head of all other breeds. He is obtained
from Morocco, Fez, and particularly Barbary, whence he takes his
name, THE BARB. He is celebrated for his fine and graceful action.
He is not as high as our common farm horse; perhaps never exceed-
ing fourteen hands and a-half. ‘‘'The shoulders are flat, the chest
round, the joints inclined to be long, and the head particularly beau-
tiful. The Barb is decidedly superior to the Arabian form, but not
his spirit or speed or countenance. ‘lhe Barb has contributed to the
excellence of the Spanish horse as wellas the English.” The much
talked of Godolphin Arabian, who was the origin of some of the
best racing blood in England, was a Barb.—4m. Farmer, vol. 9,
p. 134. :

Seet. 11.

Tue Doncors.—In the kingdom of Dongola and the adjacent
regions of Egypt and Abyssinia, is a horse differing from all other

‘

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 13

eastern horses. This is the Dongola, full sixteen hands high, ‘but

the length of the body, from the shoulders to the quarters, is consid-

erably less: Their form, therefore, is opposite to that of the Arabian

or English thorough-bred, which are longer by some inches than high.

The neck is long and slender, the crest fine, and the withers sharp
and high, giving a beautiful forehead; but the breast is too narrow, the

quarters and flanks too flat, and the back car ped. They constitute

excellent war horses, from their speed, durability and size.” Several,
says Goodrich, have been lately imported into Europe, but they are
little valued.— Fun. Eincy., p. 293.

Sect. 12.

Tur Arasran.—In Section 5, we stated that the Arabians so late
as A. D. 600, had few horses. From their neighbors they obtained
some Cappadocian and other horses, which they propagated with
much care. ‘The Arabian horse soon gained, and has for a long time
retained unrivalled celebrity. . Arabian horses are remarkable for the
surprising swiftness with which they escape the hottest pursuit of
their enemies.

Three distinct breeds or varieties of the Arabian horse are noticed
by writers: The ltechi, or inferior breed; the Aadischt, or un-
known race; a mixed breed; and the Kotchlani, the most valuable
breed, whose genealogical pedigree has been carefully kept in wri-
ting for nearly five hundred years. ‘lhe Kotchlani race is reared by
the Bedouin Arabs in the remote deserts.

The female, it seems, is preferred to the males, by the Arabians,
because she is more gentle, silent and able to endure fatigue, hunger, —
and thirst; qualities, in which, they have found from experience, the
female excels the male. Hence it is truly said: ‘‘from an Arabian
a stallion may be procured by paying a high price, but a mare can
never be obtained except by fraud and bribery. In the time of Dela
Roque, the Great Emir of Mount Carmel, had a mare which he val-
ued at more than 5000 crowns. ‘The mare which this prince rode,
had carried him three days and three nights together, without eating
or drinking, and by this means saved him from the pursuit of his ene-
mies.—Harmar’s Observations.

In Maleom’s sketches of Persia, the reader will find many inter-
esting anecdotes, showing the mutual attachment of the Arab and his .
horse. Space does not allow us to relate any here. ‘Those who are
curious on this subject can consult Smith on Breeding, p. 80, and
Malcom, vol. 1, p. 41.

Sect. 13.

**’The Arabian horse would not be acknowledged by every judge
to possess a perfect form ; his head, however, is inimitable. He may
however, be readily characterized by the broadness and squareness
of the forehead, shortness and fineness of the muzzle, the promi-
nence and sparkling brilliancy of the eye, the smallness of the ears,
and the beautiful course of the veins in ‘he head. It might be objected

+

14 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

by some that his body is too light, and his chest too narrow ; but be-
hind the arms, the barrel generally swells out, and leaves sufficient
room for the play of the lungs. In the formation of the shoulder,
next to that of the head, the Arab is superior to any otherbreed. The
withers are high, and the shoulder blade inclined backward, and so
nearly adjusted, that in descending a hill, the point or edge of the
ham never ruffles the skin. He may notbe thought sufficiently high;
he is seldom more than fourteen hands and a-half. The fineness of
his legs, and the oblique position of his pasterns, may be supposed
to lessen his apparent strength, but the leg, although small, is flat and
wiry ; anatomists know that the bone has more than a common den-
sity, and the starting muscles of the forearm and the thigh, indicate
that he is fully capable of accomplishing many of the feats which are
recorded of him. He presents the true combination of speed and
bottom—strength enough to carry more than a light weight, and cou-
rage that would cause him to die rather than to give up-

Sect. 14.

Tue East Inp1an Horst.—A gentleman, and judge of the horse,
who was present at a sale of some, at Hissan, in Hindostan, Asia,
describes this variety in a few words :—‘“‘ Not less than one thousand
horses were shown. ‘They were all above fourteen hands and a-half
in height, high crested, and showy fooking horses. ‘The great defect
seemed a want of bone below the knee, which is indeed general to
all ihe native horses of India; and also so great tendency to fulness
in the hocks, that, in England, it would be thought half of them had
blood spavins.’’

The East India horses, like the Arabian, (Sect. 12,) are divided by
writers, into several varieties, viz: the Toorky, beautiful in form,
graceful in action, and docile in temper; the renee, well limbed, ears
large and loose, and wanting spirit; the Covakee, patient, docile, large
head, well calculated for severe services; the J/ojinnis, spirited,
beautiful, fleet, and persevering, and the Vazsee, irritable in temper,
hollow backed, and therefore deficient in strength; yet sought after
on account of his easiness of pace.

~ Sect. 15.

Tur Curegse Horsr.—The horse of China, is dwarfish. He is
a ‘degenerate’ from a noble race. His very external appearance
indicates that he lacks greatly what constitutes his species, the paragon
of the brute animal. He is of a diminutive size—badly formed—
he lacks both strength and spirit.

Sect. 16.

Tue Pirsian Horsr.—The Persian was celebrated long before
the Arab existed. Persia, which was subject to Babylon, afforded
horses to supply the armies of their monarch, and are alluded to by
the prophet Jeremiah, 4: 13, ‘‘ Behold, he shall come up as clouds,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 15

and his chariots shall be as a whirlwind; his horses are swifter than
eagles.” Wis whole frame is even more perfectly developed than that
of the Arabian. The head is equally, symmetrically beautiful, the
“erupper superior; in fleetness he is equal, but cannot endure so mnch
fatigue. He never exceeds fourteen hands and a-half. ‘Those of the
desert and country about Hillah, are small, but are full of bone and
“very fleet of pace.
Sect. 17.

Tue Toorxoman Horsr.—In the south part of Tartary, north of
the Caspian sea, is ‘i‘urkistan, which has been celebrated from a
remote pericd. for a valuable breed of horses, called the Zoorkomans,
which are serviceable, very swift, and inexhaustible under fatigue.—
Some of them have travelled nine hundred miles in eleven successive
days. They are from fifteen to sixteen hands high. ‘They are
rather small in the barrel, and legs too long. Some are ewe-necked,
and have very large heads; but their good qualities atone for all these
defects. One of pure blood, is worth two or three hundred pounds,
even in that.country.

Sect. 18.

‘Tue Tartar anp Katmvuckx Horsze.—This race is found in the
plains of Central Asia, and in some parts of European Russia, and
are only one remove above those in a wild state. ‘They are small
and badly made, but exceedingly hardy, and capable of supporting
long and rapid journeys, on fare teo scanty for the ass or jack.

Sect. 19.

‘Tue Turxisn Horses.—These are principally descended from the
Arab, crossed by the Persian and other blood, and have contributed
matorially to the improvement of the English and American breed.
The Turkish, of all others, is the most gentle and docile. Perhaps
this may be owing much to the fact that they are treated with great
lenity. ‘This treatment of the horse makes him love and respect his
master. ‘They resemble the horses of Arabia, only that the body is
much longer, and the crupper higher than the Arabian.

Sect. 20.

Tar German Horse.—Germany, says Loudon, is not destitute
of good horses. The native breeds received their first improvement
from admixture with Asiatic horses. In after times, the Germans
obtained still finer breeds from the Arabs, Turks and Barbary states,
which they still preserve with some care as stallions. German
‘horses are generally large, heavy and slow, better fitted for the
manege, than for racing or hunting. The Hungarian may be an
exception, being lighter and speedier ; and they are better propor-
tioned and having considerable endurance, but are still deficient in
speed.

16 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 21.

Tue Spanisn Horses.—These have been highly esteemed. The
invasion of the Moors, in A. D. 710, brought a vast influx of eastern
blood into Spain. ‘The Andalusian charger and Spanish jennet, so
long celebrated for elegance, sprightliness and durability, are familiar
to all readers of romance. One of the Spanish breeds is celebrated
for being finely carcassed, well limbed, active, ready, easy in pace,
docile, full of spirit and courage, but well tempered with mildness
and good nature—this was the favorite war-horse of the Knight;
while another racer, carrying the Esquire, somewhat inferior in
elegance, but possessed of great strength and endurance. The
Spanish horse of the present day, is not much unlike the Yorkshire _
half-breed—perhaps with flatter legs and better feet, but far seth vii
figure.

Sect. 22.

-

Tue Porrucurse Horses.—Portuguese horses, in many respects,
like the Spanish, were famous of old, for being very fleet and long-
winded; but owing to the want of attention to keep up the improve-
ment of the breed, it is said they are very much degenerated !

Sect. 23.

THe Frencn# Horsze.—France abounds in horses of all kinds,
whose origin may be traced to a mixture of their native breeds with
the Asiatic, introduced by the irruption of the Goths, and originally
received from the Scythians, and the true eastern blood received from
Spain, Barbary and Arabia. Much attention is now paid to the
improvement of horses in France. They import yearly from Eng-
Jand, particularly hunters and high-bred carriage horses. Limousin:
SRR good saddle horses and hunters. Auvergne, Poitou and
Burgundy, furnish good bidets, ponies. Lower Normandy and the
district of Contentin furnish tolerable coach horses. Although the
horses of France are deemed inferior to those of England “in beauty,
strength and fleetness,’’ still they have a noble race of draught
horses, equal to any in England, and among which the chesnut color.
seems to prevail. The French horses generally are apt to have their
shoulders, although oblique, yet too loose and open, as those of the
Barbs, (Sect. 10,) are usually too confined and narrow.

Sect. 24.

Tus Icktanp Horse.—This horse is small, strong and. swift. -
The island abounds in troops of horses, which live upon the moun-
tains, where they obtain only a scanty living. A few are usually
kept in the stable, but when the peasant wants more, he catches as
many as he needs, and shoes them himself, and that sometimes msi
a sheep’s horn.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 17

Sect. 25.

Tue Swepisn, Finnanp anp Norwecran Horsks, are small,
handsome, and remarkable for speed and spirit.. ‘They seldom exceed
twelve hands in height. They will trot, with ease, twelve miles in
an hour. ‘The peasants take them from the forests, when they are
wanted for travellers. Although apparently wild, they are easily
controlled, and made obey perfectly.

Sect. 26.

Tue Fremish Horses are large, and strongly and beautifully
formed. 'They have usually large, heavy heads and necks; their
feet, also, are immoderately large and flat, and their legs subject to
watery humors and swellings.

Sect. 27.

‘Tue Horianp anp Poxrish Horses.—Holland furnishes a race
of horses, principally serviceable in light draught work. ‘The best
come from Friesland.

The Polish horses are hardy, strong, and useful, but they are
generally of a middling size. In the marshy parts of Prussia, and
towards the mouth of the Vistula, there is a breed of strong horses,
resembling those of Friesland, but of inferior value.

Sect. 28.

Tuer Horses or Russia, are but little regarded by other nations.
They are small but hardy, and capable of enduring great fatigue.—
Great attention is, however, paid to such as are very fast in their trot,
and such a breed is much encouraged for trotting matches, on the
snow and ice. ‘Those of the Turkish breed, are handsome and
finely shaped, but too slight and weak for heavy cavalry. They
subsist, summer and winter, solely upon grass in the great deserts,
between the rivers Don, Volga and Yaik, where they are collected in
great herds, of from six hundred to a thousand. They are excellent
swimmers, and pass the river Volga, where it is from one to two
miles broad, with apparently great ease.

Sect. 29.

Tue Iratian Horses, although highly celebrated at one time,
particularly the Neapolitans, have, through neglect and mismanage-
ment, sadly degenerated. One circumstance has mainly contributed
to this degeneracy, viz: that the breed has been kept up by occasional
intermixture of European blood, instead of the eastern. A few of
the Neapolitan horses, from their superior size and stateliness, are
well adapted for the carriage.

i8 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 30.

Tue Encuisn Horse.—‘ The British variety of the saddle horse,”
‘says Loudon, ‘‘ may be reduced to the racer, the hunter, the improved
hackney, the old English road horse, the galloway, and the poney.’
Three of these we shall briefly notice, after attending to the history
of the horse in England. ‘The earliest record of the horse in Great
Britain, is contained in the history given by Julius Cesar, of his
invasion of that island, before Christ, 55. By the introduction of
the Roman cavalry, the English horse received its first cross. ‘This
conqueror, when on his return home, carried some of the horses of
the island to Rome, and for along time afterwards, British horses
were in demand in different parts of the Roman empire.

Soon after the time of Alfred, the Great, some attention appears to
have been paid to the improvement of horses, by Athelston, his son,
and the second in succession to him. This was about A. D. 930.
With William, the Conqueror, about A. D. 1050, the horse was
in England, considerably improved; and about 1066, was used for
field purposes. In the reign of Henry I., A. D. 1121, the first
Arabian horse was introduced. Subsequently, in the reign of Ed-
ward II., some war and heavy cavalry horses were imported from —
Lombardy, Italy and Spain. Horses for agriculture were principally
procured from Flanders. Until the time of Henry VIII., the Eng-
lish horse advanced very gradually.

The finer and better sort of modern English horses are descended
from Arabians and Barbs, and frequently resemble their sires in looks
and appearance, but differ from them considerably in size and mould,
being better proportioned, stout and lusty. In general, they are
strong, nimble, of good courage, capable of enduring much fatigue,
and both in perseverance and speed surpass all horses in the world.
This great improvement of the horse is owing to a judicious admix-
ture and proportion of blood.—See introductory remarks to the
“Annals of the Turf,” Cuar. XVI.

Sect. 31.

We shall now give a brief view of the racer, hunter, and improved
hackney of England. A description of these may be interesting to
the reader, and many of the observations will be alike pertinent to
the horse of the United States, because our stock of horses is chiefly
derived from the different breeds of English horses, as will appear on
inspecting the ‘‘Annals of the Turf.”

Sect. a2.

Tue Race Horse is descended, says Loudon, nearly in a direct
line from the Arabian, the Persian, and the Barb. In an agricultural
point of view, this celebrated breed might, at first sight, appear of
little importance; but it is probable, that to the amusement afforded
by it to the rich and powerful, we are indebted for the principal im-
provements in every other variety of this most valuable animal. It

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 19

is not alone owing to the foreign extraction of this horse, that he is so
perfect and unsurpassed, but the climate of England and British
skill, have made the thorough-bred horse what he is.

"The racer is generally distinguished by his beautiful Arabian
head—his fine and finely set-on neck—his oblique, lengthened
shoulders—well bent hinder legs, rather short from the knees down-
ward, although not always so deep as they should be—and his long
and elastic pastern.” ‘lo judge of a good racer, look well to two
unerring points—“well placed shoulders’’—“well bent hinder legs.”’
SEE Cuap. IV., Sect. 41, 45.

Sect. 33.

Tue Honter is derived from horses of entire blood, or such as
are but little removed from it, uniting with mares of substance,
correct form and good action. In some instances hunters are derived
from large mares, of the pure breed, propagating with powerful
stallions of the old English road horse. ‘This favorite and valuable
breed is a happy combination of the fleetness of the Arabian, with
the durability of the native horse. More extended in form, but
framed on the same principles, he is able to carry a considerable
weight through heavy grounds, with a swiftness equalled only by the
animal he pursues, and with a perseverance astonishing to all.—
Hence, the extreme demand for this breed of horses in every Eu-
ropean country.— Loudon.

Sect. 34.

Tue Improvep Hacxney is Cerived, like the hunter, from a judi-
cious mixture of blood breed with the native horse, but exhibiting a
greater proportion of the latter. Hackneys are now, however, most-
ly bred from stallions possessing nearly the same proportion of blood
with the hunter; but with a form, and qualities somewhat differegt.
In the hackney, safety and speed should be combined: we should look
particularly to the foreparts, to see that they are high and well placed ;
that the headis not heavy, nor the neck disproportionately long or
short; that the legs stand straight; and that the elbows turn out.—
Loudon. ) dite fs

Sect. 35.

“The Hackney is of the greatest importance to the farmer, whether
used for riding over his farm, or for the performance of journeys of
business and pleasure. To select one, that is worth kaving, see to it
that he does not carry his legs too high. 'The axiom, “let him lift
his legs well and he will never come down,’ is not literally correct ;
** for in proportion as a horse lifts his legs high, will be the force with
which he puts them down, the jolting of the rider and the wear and
tear of the feet of the animal. Too much knee action will impede
his speed, and renders him unpleasant to the rider. Itshould be re-
collected that the safety of the horse depends much more on the man-

20 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

ner he puts his feet down, than on that in which he lifts them up :—
more on the foot being placed at once flat on the ground, or perhaps
the heel coming first in contact with it, than on the highest and most
splendid action. If the toe first touches the ground, the horse will
be apt to topple over, particularlv if any unexpected obstacle presents
itself. If again, the toe digs into the ground before the foot is firmly
_ placed, a very small obstacle will cause the horse to trip and perhaps

- fall. You had better mount him and try, before you buy. ‘Take up

his feet and examine them. If the shoe after having been on a week
or a fortnight, is not necessarily worn at the toes, you feel him put
his foot flat on the ground, do not scruple to buy him, nay, esteem
_ him a choice-gifted hackney, although he may not have the lofty ac-
tion which some have erroneously thought necessary. For further
directions i in ehooping a Lseed hove, | SEE Cuap. IV. anp V.

Sect. 36. - ee é

eg Carrrace Moses, in ite a tiga, for the carriage, : re-
gard should be had, both to the points that distinguish a good one, and
to the habits and dispositions ofthe horse. ‘The points of a good
coach horse are, substance well placed, a deep and well proportioned
body, bone under the knee, and sound, open, tough feet. ‘They .
should be free from starting, stumbling, aa kicking. Great attention
should be paid to their dispositions, A horse, says Mason, that has
once been frightened in harness, never again is safe for that employ-
ment. So retentive are their memories, that they do not forget an
alarm of that kind during their whole lives. For wantof experience
on this subject, horses that had been affrighted in harness, have been
hitched to carriages, which too often were the cause of the untimely
death of many amiable females eo helpless children.”

| Sect. 87. me ' geet

THE eee s Horse is an iinet of all eae? * vie vite oc-
casionally to market or for pleasure, but to be principally employed
for draught. He should be higher than the road horse ; about fifteen
hands and a-half is a good standard. A horse with ashoulder thick-
er, lower or less slanting than would be chosen in a hackney, will
better suit the collar; and collar work will be chiefly required of him.
A stout compact horse should be selected, yet not a heavy cloddy one.
Some blood would be desirable, but the half bred horse will general-
ly best suit the farmer’s purposes. He should have weight enough
to throw into the collar, and sufficient activity to get over the ground
tolerably well. Mares are preferable to geldings both for riding and
driving. They cost less originally than geldings, and will perform
more work. ‘Taking their bulk for bulk, they are stronger and more
durable ; and, in addition to this, the profit of breeding is also to be
taken into the account.

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Sect. 38.

Heavy Dravent Horses.—A horse of this kind should have a
broad breast, and thick and upright shoulders—the more upright the
collar stands on him the better—should have alow forehead, deep and
round barrel, loins broad and high, ample quarters, thick fore-arms
and thighs, short legs, round hoofs, broad at the heels, and soles not
flat. For the shaft, particularly the dray, on badly paved streets,
these heavy horses have a decided advantage in being able to with-
stand the shaking and battering unavoidable in drawing heavy loads.
In England the largest of this breed are used for dray-horses. ‘The
next in size are sold as wagon-horses ; and a smaller variety, and
with more blood, constitute a considerable part of the cavalry.

For other varieties of horses under this head, such as the Gallo-
ways, the Irish horse, Welch poney, the Highland, the Shetland,
the reader is referred to Loudon on the Varieties of the Horse.

Sect. 39.

‘Tue American Horse.—The limits of our chapter will not: per-
mit us to notice at large, the several breeds of horses found in the
extensive territory and varied climate of our continent. We have
already in Sect. 6 and 7, briefly noticed the wild horse of America.

The blood of the American stock of horses is principally from
England, except that of the Canadian horse. ‘‘ He is principally
found in Canada and the northern states. He is, it is believed of
French descent, and many of the celebrated trotters are of this breed.
This species of horse is generally small, but remarkably compact,
and hardy. He will keep in good condition, and even grow fat on
indifferent fare.

_ Sect. 40.

- Baaseresn: Hoiice. This horse is found in Pennsylvania and

in the middle states. He is generally long in theleg, and rather light
in the carcass ; sometimes seventeen hands and a-half in height—
he is used for the plough and carriage—he is an excellent carriage
horse. Those of a middle size, when well made, are much used for
the saddle, and are useful for hunting. ”’

For improved breeds, and the English horses in the United States,
the reader is respectfully referred to Cuap. XVI., “ Annals of the
Turf,” where he will find a list of some of our most celebrated
blooded horses and mares, and of those imported.

er

22 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

CHAPTER IV.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD HORSE.
Sect. 41.

The general rules, laws or principles of the qualities of a good
horse are derived from an inspection of his outward appearance, and
by trial. In this chapter we shall lay down some general criteria
for inspection of his outward appearance; and in Cnap. V., submit
some hints to decide the character of the horse by trial. .

As it regards the color of the horse, long experience, says Lou-
don, has shown that certain tints are usually accompanied by certain
qualities of form and disposition. As a general rule, dark-colored
horses are certainly the best. This, however, is not the case with
those entirely black—there are comparatively few jet black that are
very good horses. Light shades appear unfavorable to strength and
durability ; they are frequently irritable and perverse. Something
like a general law in the animal economy seems to prevail, to make
white a distinctive mark of weakness. It is a fact well known that
the legs and feet when white are more subject to disease than those
of a darker hue. ‘TheArabs remark, that light chesnut horses have
soft tender feet. |

Grey horses are, however, in some degree, an exception to the
rule ; for there are many good greys. Bay and brown are also es-
teemed as indicative of a good horse.—See Sect. 45.

Sect. 42.

‘¢The ability to form a correct opinion of the qualities of a horse,
from his external appearance, although the aim of every horseman
is possessed but by few persons, and by these only attained on close
observation and much study.’’ <A brief detail of those points and
marks, may prove both interesting and advantageous to the farmer.

‘« The ears in blood horses are usually small and sharp, or point-
ed and approaching each other at the ends, while in the common or
heavy horse, they are large and badly formed, frequently inclining
from each other. From the ears an Opinion is formed of the spirit
and temper of the animal. It has been remarked, that a horse which
carries one ear backward and the other forward, is generally hardy
and lasting. When the horse is either playful or vicious, the ears
are usually laid flat upon his neck.

“The eyes are objects of beauty, utility and expression. - In the
blood horse, the sockets of the eyes are ‘‘ more prominent and more
inclined, by which the axis of the eyes diverge more from each other,
than those of the heavy breed.”’ ‘This prominence gives both beauty
and expression to the head. The cavities above the eyes, called eye-
pits, increase in size in proportion to the age of the horse.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 23
Sect. 43.

The face of the blood horse either presents a straight line, or one
slightly curved inward towards the lower part: in the common breeds
it is frequently curved outwards.

The lips, mouth and nostrils compose the muzzle, and the darker
the color of these parts, the more highly the horse is esteemed, ex-
cept in very dark brown horses, when the muzzle is ordinarily of a
tan color, and this is deemed an excellence.

Thin, firm lips are good indications: those which are heavy and
hanging, give evidence of sluggish or aged horses.

The mouth should be deep.

The mane being purely ornamental, is supposed to afford no in-
dex of character or quality.

The u pper surface of the neck should form a ‘‘ moderate but grace-
ful curve.’

The neck, on the under surface, should be nearly straight. When
the crest of the neck is thick and heavy in mares and geldings, it is
an evidence of asluggish disposition. In stallions it forms a distinct-
ive sexual mark. In a horse finely proportioned, the length of the
neck, the length of the head, and of the angle uniting the two, should
give the height of the withers from the ground.

The shoulders should be muscular and narrow, but not heavy.

The breast should be moderately wide and extended: when other-
wise, although the horse may be fleet, he is seldom durable or strong.
It should not, however, except in the heavy draught horse, hang over
or project beyond the perpendicular of the fore limbs.

The back should only be moderately long. Horses with long
backs move easily, but what is gained in elasticity is lostin strength.
The back should be nearly straight. When the incurvation inwards
is considerable, the horse is called saddle-backed, and is considered
weak: in such cases, the crest is usually good: such horses com-
monly ride pleasantly. When the back curves upwards, it is called
roach-backed, and if it be considerable, it is deemed unfavorable to
liberty of action. Short backed horses seldom have much speed.

The width of the loins is of much importance to the strength of
the animal.

The croup extends from the loins to the setting on of the tail.—
When long and slightly rounded, it is an evidence of the blood of the
‘animal. A long croup is in every point of view the most perfect.

An extensive flank is indicative of weakness.

In speaking of the belly, we may remark that, anteriorly, ‘‘ the
ribs should be wide upwards, and as much deepened below as possi-
ble, which affords what is termed great depth in the girth.”’ “ Pos-
teriorly, the ribs should form the body as much as possible into a cir-
cular figure, that being of all others the most extended, and affording
the best surface for the absorption of nutriment. Hence, barrelled
horses are always much admired.”’

24 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Sect. 44.
The arm of the horse should be muscular and extensive in length

and breadth, and its obliquity proportionate to that of the shoulder:
from whence it follows, ‘‘that the more acute the angle between

them, the greater will be the extent of the motion gained by the flex-

ion and extension of the parts.”

‘The fore arm is placed upright to counteract the angular position
of the real arm and shoulder bones. It is always long in animals of
great speed. It should be large and well marked.

The knee should be broad, that the surface of contact may be in--

creased and stability be augmented. Horses that are stumblers, gen-
erally manifest it on the knees by scars.

The shank carries the limb down, light, straight and strong. Views

ed laterally, it should be wide; in front, thin.

A short and upright pastern is elastic, and horses bearing it are
unpleasant and unsafe riders. - should be free from puffs or wind-
galls.

The hoof will be deseribed in treating of the agate of the horse.
Sree Cuap. XI.

Viewed anteriorly, *‘ the fore legs should stand rather widest at the

upper part, inclining a little inwards below; but, when viewed later-
ally, they should present a perpendicular from the arm downwards ;
and the toe should place itself directly under the point of the shoul-

ders as itis called. If the foot should stand beyond this, which is

seldom the case, the action will be confined, for the limb will have
already passed over a point of its ground; such a horse, however,
generally treads even, flat and safe; and, in proportion as it stands in
the direct line downwards, he generally inherits these desirable quali-
ties. When the foot stands behind the perpendicular line, the defect
is considerable, by the removal of the centre of gravity too much
forward, by which an increased tendency to stumble and fallis en-
tailed.”’

In examining the hinder extremities, the leg, commonly called Sele
thigh, in well formed horses, is powerfully furnished with muscles,
and very extended in its figure; it should also make a considerable
angle with the femur or real thigh, and form a direct line under the
hip or haunch; for the same reasons that make it desirable to have a
long arm in the fore extremities ; it is also advantageous that the leg
should be so likewise, and which is the form usual sone all quad-
rupeds of speed.”

The hock is that part below the leg, or thigh, as it is commonly
called, and may be considered the most complex and important part
of the body. It should be broad and extended. It is subject to nu-
merous diseases, particularly blood spavin, similar to wind-galls before

spoken of. .The ligaments of the hock are sometimes strained or

extended: the ligaments frequently become diseased: by an atten-

tive examination from behind, these maladies may generally be de-

tected.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 25

Sect. 45.

Buffon has divided the colors of a horse into simple, compound
and extraordinary. ‘‘'The simple colors are bay, chesnut, dun, sorrel,
white and black; bay, is a prevailing tint among European horses,
and admits of many shades, but is admired in all: there are bright
bays, blood bays, dark and dappled bays; brown bay is a very
esteemed color, and consists of bay and-black in unequal proportions
in different horses; brown horses are highly prized; the darker
varieties have usually beautiful tan markings, as about the muzzle,
&e.; they have commonly, also, black manes and tails, with legs and
feet of the same hue; and it may be here remarked, that horses of
compound colors, of whatsoever tint their mane and tail may be, will
be found invariably formed of one of the compounding colors; thus,
light greys, which are a compound of black and white, with a small
proportion of red, have also frequently white manes and tails—
chesnut, which is also a very common color, admits of almost as
many shades as the bay, from the lightest tint to the deepest tone.
Very light chesnuts have frequently still lighter manes and tails, with
mealy legs and high feet; so marked, they are certainly not to be
chosen for strength, durability, or pliancy of temper. Dark chesnuts
are considered, and with justice, as fiery in their dispositions; they
are also more subject to contracted feet, than horses of any other hue.
Dun is a color that has several varieties; it is sometimes accompanied
with a white mane and tail, at others, they are seen even darker than
the rest of the hair, Dun horses do not appear to be at all influenced
in their qualities by their color, or rather no criteria are offered by it,
‘for there are good, bad and indifferent, in all the varieties of shade.
The sorrel is a variety of the chesnut, but not a favorite one. White,
as a native color, is not much in estimation, neither is it very common.
Black is a very usual color, and in the large, heavy northern breed, it
seems to be an original tint. ‘The tempers of black horses are com-
monly in the extreme, either sluggish to stupidity, or fiery to excess.”’

“The compound colors are where the hairs are compounded, but
not the colors themselves. Of this kind, the roan and grey are the
principal. The darker kind of greys are generally esteemed, the
lighter kind are not held in much repute. In the extraordinary
colors, white is uniformly the relieving tint. Flea-bitten, is grey or
white, with small bay spots. ‘The pied or piebald, is also one of
the extraordinary colors held in light repute.”

3

26 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

CHAPTER V.
HOW TO CHOOSE A GOOD HORSE. |

Sect, 46.

If you have attended to the most prominent points 0 or marl de-
tailed in the preceding chapter, you should, when a horse is offered
for sale, never fail to ask the following questions in presence of one
or more competent witnesses of him who offers the horse: ‘(Js the
horse you offer for sale, in all respects, perfectly sound: ? Has he
no vicious or bad habits?” |

Should a cheat be practiced on you, an action would lie against the
seller, and damages could be recoverable; but be your own judge,
not permitting any declaration that may be made by the seller, to alter
your opinion of form, age, condition, movements, action, &c. As
the eyes of a horse are the most important organ, first let him under-
go a strict examination, [in open day light; ; | ascertain his age, examine >
his figure and action, guarding yourself against being too much pleased
or fascinated with the appearance of a new object; view his feet and
legs; large ridges on the hoofs, or very flat feet, discover a horse to
be subject to founder: large gouty legs, with enlarged tendons, indicate
strains and other injuries. Examine his hind legs with great atten-
tion, just below the hock, and inside the hind knee: if there is any
unnatural prominence, or knot, unlike the other knee, it wears the —
appearance of a spavin, which renders a horse of but little value.—
Splint, which appears on the inside of the fore legs, and wind-galls,
upon the ancles, are unpleasant to the eye, but seldom produce serious
lameness ; they furnish plain proof that a horse has been serviceable,
and are very seldom productive of any other injury than stiffness, as
he advances in years. Ride yourself, for the purpose of trying his
gaits and qualities-—as a rider, accustomed to a horse by private signs,
manner of riding, bearing on the bit, leaning forward or backward,
holding the heels close to his sides, &c., can make a dull horse ap-
pear gay and spirited, a wild horse gentle, a stumbler clear footed;
one that is blind, appear to see; and a starting horse free from that
great objection, &c. Before mounting him, examine his knees, to
discover if they are skinned, the hair off, or scarred; those are strong
symptoms of his politeness to a fault. Ride with your bridle loose
over any uneven ground: if he is in the habit of stumbling, he will
very readily inform you—-then approach some object offensive to the
sight: if he appears much alarmed, stopping suddenly, and attempt
to turn round, paying but little respect to the bearing of the bridle,
you may judge he has long been in the habit of that bad practice.——-
Ride him in all his different gaits, to ascertain if they are smooth,
easy, and agreeable; move him about a mile, out and back, in fully
half speed; frequently stopping him suddenly to try his wind, also
if he is spavined. If his wind has been injured, he will blow un-
naturally; making a loud wheezing noise, with great difficulty of

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 27

breathing. While warm, ride him in cold water above the belly ;
after which let him cool fifteen or twenty minutes, and if he is
-spavined, and has received temporary relief by applications of any
kind, the disease will make its appearance so plain, that you will
discover evident marks of lameness. ‘The spavin is often relieved
for a time; and in a few instances, has been permanently cured by
blistering, bathing with double distilled spirits, &c. ‘The brisk exer-
cise, &&c., is intended to bring on a return of its effects, in case the
animal should have had temporary relief from that distressing disease.

When a horse is rode by any person for you to judge of his gaits,
you should have him moved towards you, from you, and finally by
you; as you may have the opportunity of discovering if there is any
turning in and out about his knees and ancles, before or behind, which
is very objectionable. A well shaped horse ‘will track as true, or his
legs will follow each other in as direct a line as the wheels of a well
constructed carriage. For him to be considered a good riding horse,
he should move with ease to himself, and pass over the sround with
ereat rapidity. Hard steps, short going, and great apparent labor, is
offensive to the sight, unpleasant to the rider, and fatiguing to the
horse himself.

‘CHAPTER VI.
HOW TO KNOW A HORSE’S AGE. ‘
7 Sect. 47.

The age of a horse, it is sufficiently well known, is only deter-
minable with precision, by his teeth ; and-that rule fails after a certain
period, and is sometimes equivocal and uncertain, even within that
period. A horse has forty teeth; namely, twenty-four double teeth,
or grinders, four tushes, or single teeth, and twelve front teeth, or
gatherers. Mares have no tushes in general. ‘The mark, which
discovers the age, is to be found in the front teeth, next the tushes.*
In a few weeks, with some, the foal’s twelve fore teeth begin to
shoot; these are short, round, white, and easily distinguishable from
the adult or horse’s. teeth, with which they come afterwards to be
mixed. At some period between two and three years old, the colt
changes his teeth; that is to say, he sheds the four middle fore teeth,
two above and two below, which are sometime after replaced with
horse’s teeth. After three years old, two others are changed, one on
each side the former; he has then eight colt’s and four horse’s teeth.
After four years old, he cuts four new teeth, one on each side those
last replaced, and has at that age, eight horse’s and four foal’s teeth.
These last new teeth are slow growers, compared with the preceding;
_ they are the corner teeth, next the tushes, are called pincers, and are
those which bear the mark : this mark consists in the tooth being
hollow, and in the cavity bearing a black spot, resembling the eye of

* See Frontispiece.

28 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

a bean. ‘The tushes may then be felt. At four years and a-half old,
these mark teeth are just visible above the gum, and the cavity is
very conspicuous. At five years old, the horse has shed his remain-
ing four colt’s teeth, and his tushes appear. At six, his tushes are
up, and appear white, small, and sharp, near about which is obser-
vable a small circle of young growing flesh; the horse’s mouth is now
eomplete, and the black mark has arrived at, or very near the upper
extremity of the corner teeth. At seven, the two middle teeth fill
up. Between the seventh and eighth year, all the teeth are filled up,
the black mark hath vanished, and the horse is then said to be aged,
and his mouth full.

From that time forward, the age of the horse can only. be guessed
at from certain indications; but these guesses are usually made with
considerable accuracy by experienced people. If his teeth shut
elose, and meet even, are tolerably white, not over long, and his
gums appear plump, you may conelude he is not nine years old. At
that age, and as he advanees, his teeth become yellow and foul, and
appear to lengthen, from the shrinking and receding of the gums.—
The tushes are blunt at nine; but at ten years old the cavity or chan-
nel on the inside in the upper tushes, until that period to be felt by
the finger, are entirely filled up. At eleven, the teeth will be very
long, black, and foul, but will generally meet even; at twelve, his
upper-jaw teeth will overhang the nether; at thirteen and upwards,
his tushes will be either worn to the stumps, or long, black, and foul,
like those of an old boar. Beside those exhibited by the mouth,
nature furnishes a variety of signals, denoting the approach of old
age and decay, throughout the bodies of all animals. After a horse
has passed his prime, a hollowness of his temples will be perceived ;
his muscles will be continually losing something of the plumpness ;
and his hair that gloss and burnish which is the characteristic of
youth and prime, will look dead, faded, or entirely lose its color in
various parts.. In proportion to the excess of these appearances, will
be the horse’s age. a

Sect. 48.

The following are among the devices practiced by a set of unfeel-
ing rascals, who have no other rule of conduct than their supposed
interest to counterfeit the marks of age in horses. At four years old,
they will frequently knock out the remaining colt’s teeth, in order to
make the horse appear five; but you will be convinced of the fraud
by the non-appearance of the tushes ; and if it be a mare, by a short-
ness and smallness of the corner teeth, and indeed of the teeth in
general. ‘To give an old horse the mark, is termed, , to bishop him;
from the name of a noted operator. ‘They burn a hole in each of the
eorner teeth, and make the shell fine and thin, with some iron instru-
ment, scraping all the teeth to make them white; sometimes they
even file them all down short and even. To this, they add another
operation; they pierce the skin over the hollows of the eye, and
blow it up with a quill: but such manceuvres can deceive only the in-
experienced, and in case of dispute, would be detected in an instant.

HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. AS]

Sect, 49.5
To tell an old Horse’s age by feeling.
| [From the American Farmer.]

Shure the age of that noble animal, the horse, aftera certain period
of life, that is after the marks in his incisors and cuspidatt are en-
tirely obliterated, to be able to ascertain his age with any tolerable
degree of certainty, appears to be generally of “horse age judges,”
a subject of very much uncertainty. i now take the liberty of lay-
ing before the public, through the medium of your paper, an infallible
method (subject to very few exceptions) of ascertaining it in such
a manner, after a horse looses his teeth marks, or after he arrives
to the age of nine years or over, so that any person concerned in
horses, of even common capacity, may not be imposed upon in a
horse’s age, from nine years of age and over, more than three years
at farthest, until the animal arrives at the age of twenty years and up-
_ wards, by just feeling thie submaxillary bone, or the bone of the
tower jaw.

‘This method I discovered, by making many anatomical observa-
tions on the skulls of dead horses: and repeated dissections. In or-
a therefore, to elucidate the above, 1 must beg leave to remark :
that the submaxillary, or lower jaw bone of all young horses, about
four or five years old, immediately above the bifurcation (fork of the
jaw bone) is invariably thick and very round atthe bottom; the cavi-
ty of said bone being very small, contains a good deal of marrow,
and generally continues in this state until the animal arrives at that
period which is generally termed an “aged horse,” or until the ani-
mal acquires his full size in height or thickness; or, according to
sporting language, is completely furnished, with very little variation.
But, after this period, the cavity, as aforesaid, becomes larger, and
_ more marrow is contained therein. Hence the submaxillary bone
becomes thinner and sharper a little above the bifurcation or fork.

This indelible mark may always be observed in a small degree in
horses above eight years of age ; ; butat nine years old it is still more
perceptible. It continues growing a little thinner and sharper at the
bottom until twelve years of age. From thence until fifteen, it is
still thinner and sharper at the bottom until twelve years of age.
"From thence until fifteen, it is still thinner, and about as sharp as the
back of a case knife near the handle. From this period until the
ages of eighteen, nineteen, twenty, and upwards, it is exceedingly
so; and is assharp, in many subjects, as the dull edge of a knife.

Sect. 50.-
Rules to determine by feeling.

1. Put your three fingers about half an inch, or an inch immedi-
ately above the bifurcation, and grasp the submaxillary bone, or
lower jawbone. If it is thick at the sides, and very round indeed at
the bottom, the animal is most certainly under nine years of age.

30 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

2. If the bone is not very thick, and it is perceivably not very
round at the bottom, he is from nine to twelve years old, and so on.
From twelve to fifteen, the bone is sharper at the bottom, and thin-
ner at the sides, the bottom is generally as sharp as the back of a
case knife; and from fifteen to eighteen, nineteen, twenty, and up-
wards, without many exceptions, the bone, when divested of its in-
teguments, is as sharp as the dull edge of the instrument. —

3. Allowances must always be made between heavy, large west-—
ern or wagon horses, or carriage horses, and fine blood ones. —

By practicing and strictly attending to the above rules, upon all
description of horses, the performer in a little time will become very
acvurate in the accomplishment of his desires, more especially if he
attentively observes the lower j oes bone of dead ae

CHAPTER VII.
HOW TO GUARD AGAINST THE TRICKS AND ARTS OF HORSE JOCKEYS.

Sect. Bt,

ar you purchase a horse from a ‘“‘ socxry,”’ always bear in mind
that it is his trade to buy and to sell horses to the unsuspecting for
large gain. ‘To deceive, or to take an undue advantage, belongs to the
jockey’s trade. \t is, says Mason, to be much lamented, that men
who entertain a proper idea of honor in all common affairs of life,
so soon as they become the owner of a horse, feel at liberty (how
does the inured jockey feel?) without being sensible of doing vio-
lence to the morals, to knock off two or three years from the real
age of the horse, and express themselves, with apparent delight, of
services, gaits, and qualities, to which he never had any sort of .
claim or pretension ; carefully keeping a secret every vice and defect -
to which he is subject. I do not say this is the case with all who ex-
change or sell horses ; but that it has often occurred, no person will
deny. If a fraud can be practiced at all, itis sufficient reason for
the inexperienced and unsuspecting to be placed on their guard.

When a horse is offered for sale, never fail to follow the directions

given in Cuap. V. Put the questions in the presence of competent
witnesses, to the jockey or horse dealer: Is the horse you offer for
sale, in all respects, perfectly sound? TJs he not wind-broken?
Subject to staggers? &c. Has he no vicious or bad habits? But
after all, if you have not a favorable opinion of the horse and are
fully satisfied. he will, in all respects, answer your purpose, do not
purchase from a jockey. Suffer not his declarations, his free assev-
erations, to alter your opinion, before you have fully examined the
horse and tested him according to the directions laid down in preced-
ing chapters. If you will carefully attend to the directions given in
Sect. 46, 47, 48, 49, 50; and a trick noticed, in Sect. 155, which
see,——we are fully persuaded, you will be led to discover the material
defects in a horse offered: you for sale by a jockey. ‘‘ Were 1 in.

_ THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 31

pursuit,’’ says an experienced Virginian, ‘‘ of truth and honor, I never
would seek them in the lower class of dealers in horses or horse
jockeys. Whenever they have a horse to dispose of, they assure a
‘purchaser he possesses every desirable quality, &c., and whenever
- they have effected a sale, they smile at their success, and expose
every, vice to which the horse was addicted, to the next ipeeson they
eee

CHAPTER VIII:
GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND MANNER OF TREATING HORSES.
Sect. 52,

The importance of this subject must strike every one. And with
‘a view to render the hints given in this chapter, of use to the master
or owner of the horse, and especially to the farmer, we will arrange
the most important points of the manner of treating, and the general
management of the horse under the following heads, viz: I.—Preed-
ing. W.—Rearing. W1.—Feeding. 1V.—Training. V.—Fat-
tening Horses. V\.—Treatment ona journey. VI1.—How to be
treated to endure excessive fatigue without injury. VIll.—To
eae societal diseases.

|.—BREEDING.
‘Sect. 53.

“ That like produces like,’ is an axiom, which has been, and is
‘still believed by nearly all. It is admitted that the. progeny, or ofi-
spring, will inherit the qualities of the parent—and the mingled quali-
ties of the parents. EXven the peculiarity of form and constitution
will be inherited. ‘This is a very important consideration and should
ever be borne in mind, when selecting the ‘‘breeds.”” ‘The farmer
should be scrupulously careful, that the essential points of the sire
‘and dam, should be good; for the peculiarity of form and constitu-
tion, as remarked above, are inherited from both parents ; that the
excellency of the mare is a point.of as much, if not more, as that of
“the horse.

From an imperfect mare, be the hee ever 80 perfect, a good foal
will doves be produced.

Sect. 54..

The general properties in a breeding mare, are a good shape, a
gentle disposition, a large carcass proportioned to her height, and bel-
ly well let down; she must be perfectly free from all sorts of blem-
ishes and defects. She should be-as nearly perfect as possible.
The size, frame, bone, strength and blood, will of course be regula-
ted- by the. purpose of the breeder—he will: have regard to the kind
of stock to be bred. None but the very best stock should be raised.

12 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-
Sect. BB:

(Aithopel more depends upon the mare, than on the horse to pro-
duce a good foal, yet it is very essential, to ensure a likely colt, that
the horse should be equally as free from defects as the mare. Itis
then also important to ascertain the temper and disposition of the sire,
in order to avoid the procreation of blemishes, vices and imperfec-

tions. Some deem it even necessary to descend to the minutie of —
symmetry in the head, neck, shoulder, forehead, ribs, back, loins,
joints, pasterns, attending even a strict uniformity in the Guu, make
and texture of the hoof. The horse should have those qualities. =
seriptive of the paces kind of a wanted.

Sect. 56.

ebay. popular, but certainly a very erroneous opinion prevails, that
the breed of animals is improved by the largest males. The great
object of breeding, by whatever mode, is the improvement of form,
and experience has proved, that crossing has only succeeded in an
eminent degree, in those instances in which the females were larger,
than in the usual proportions of females to males, and that it has gen-
erally failed when the males were disproportionably large.” A fated
error, thats very prevalent, arises from the great neglect that is mani--
fested in the selection of well formed and kindly tempered sires and
dams, especially in the latter. |

Sect. 57.

A mare is capable of breeding at three or four years old. But she
should never be put to a horse before she is three, or before her form
or strength is sufficiently developed. Early breeding will materially
interfere with both form and strength. ‘The mare comes in heatin ©
the early part of spring. She is said to go with foal eleven months;
but there is some times a strange irregularity in this. Some have
been known to foal five weeks earlier, while the time of others has
extended six weeks beyond the average time of eleven months.
From the time of covering to that of foaling, the mare may be kept
at moderate work—this is an advantage. The work may be continu-
ed up to the very time when she is expected to foal. She generally |
gives thirty or forty hours notice of it.

When nearly half the time of pregnancy has Ais the mare
should have a little better food than before. She should be allowed
one or two feeds of cornin the day; or oats three times. Good feed-

ing, and gentle exercise, at this time, are necessary io prevent slink-
ing, or miscarrying.

Sect gene

In passing, we would here remark, that, for two or three months
previous to the period when the stallion is expected to perform his
office to mares, itis expedient that he should be fed with the best of
food—sound nutriment; and he should have plenty of water, and ex-

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‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. _ 33

ercise by walking every day. Unless strict attention be paid to these —
matters, the colts will be weakly and of little or no value at all. ‘The
period when mares should be covered, is varied by circumstances;
_ but the beginning of May is the most convenient in the middle and
western states. The mare would then foal in the early part of next
April, when there will be sufficient green food for her and her colt,
without confining them to the stable. And the temperature of the air
and state of weather will be favorable to the dam and foal. The
flies will not be so troublesome to the colt as ney aoe be, if foal-
ed much later in ‘the summer, :

‘Sect. 59.

“nti” a mare has brought. forth, it is proper that she shad
have several weeks rest, before she is again put to work, the foal
~ being allowed to suck at pleasure. The mare should also be kept on
nourishing fare. ‘To stint the mare is false economy—you stint the
colt by such usage. It is the most important time in the life of the
horse; and if, from false economy, his growth be arrested now, his .
puny form. ‘and want of endurance will ever afterwards testify the er-
‘Tor that has been committed. The corn or oats should be given on
the ground, that the foal may partake of it with the mother. When
the new grass is flush and plenty, the corn or oats may be gradually
discontinued ; or at least may be diminished j in mananiy

Sect. 60.

- The mare may be put to work again a month after foaling. If the
€oli is strong enough to follow the mare, it should be suffered to do
so; for it will be better for the colt and mare to be together—the

: work, if not too severe, the mother performs, and the exercise the
- colt takes, will contribute to their health; besides, the foal will more

_ frequently draw the milk, and thrive better ; ; and will become hardy

and tractable, and gradually familiarize with the objects among which
itis afterwards tolive. While the mother, powers) is thus worked,
_ she and the foal should be well fed.

_ Themare will usually, if healthy and generously ond be found
“et heat at or before the expiration of thirty days from the time of

-foaling, when, if she be kept principally for breeding, she may be

_put again to the horse. Mares. frequently produce colts at fourteen
or fifteen years of age, and sometimes at twenty ; but from five to
_ twelve years of age, from experiments made, if appears to be the
most valuable part of a mare’s life for raising colts.

When the coltis six months old, it should be weaned. The Wath.
er should be put to harder work, and have drier food. Should her
milk be troublesome, or if she should pine after her foal, a physic
will be very useful.

34 ‘THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

II.—ReEarine.

Sect. 61.

‘As to feeding a colt, there is a diversity of opinion. Some are for |
‘Sstinting, to make the horse hardy, others for pampering, to ate
him large and strong. Both extremes should be avoided.

_Give neither too much nor too little food—feed liberate not ex-
travagantly ; ; much care should be taken in feeding the colt at this time.
The first food which is given, should be the sweetest hay that can be
procured, or good grass; bruised oats or bran, also, should form a
part of daily provender. ‘The farmer may be assured that money is
well laid out, which is expended on the liberal nourishment of the
growing colt: while, however, he is well fed, he should not be ren-
dered delicate by excessive care. The practice which prevails with
some in the United States, to put up the colt in a warm and illy ven-
tilated stable, is a very bad one.

Weaned colts generally thrive better if kept in lots eee the day,
and even at night, unless it is in a rainy and wet night, when they —
should be put up in a dry, open, airy stable, or an open shed.

Sect. 62.

We may safely assume it as an axiom, that here’ is no greater
error in breeding animals, than the common one, “of stinting them
during the early period of their growth.” It is then that animals
require the greatest nourishment; and if it be withheld, they will be
injured in their constitution, and consequently in their value, to a far
greater extent than any saving that can be effected in their food; but
to no animal does this remark apply more strongly than to the horse.

Sect. 63.

* Colts, if properly treated, will have acquired strength and hardi-
hood before the second winter, to brave the wind, blast and snow, —
with their concomitant inclemencies, without any other food than
good hay, or any other covering than the epidermic one, with which
nature has provided them. ‘The following summer, the colts should
be allowed the range of the best pastures—not the worst, which is
too common a practice—and in autumn, they should be taken in for
the purpose of being gradually broken for labor. Even previous to
this time, the colt should be occasionally handled—should be haltered
or bridled, now and then, and led about—and repeatedly rubbed with
a wisp of straw. It will thus become accustomed to be handled in
time.

Sect. 64.

The time for gelding or castrating is sometimes deferred until
the colt is about one vear old, or eighteen months. Some defer it
longer, thinking that the later the operation is performed, the more
strength and spirit he will have acquired; but it is attended with great

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 35

danger at that late period; andi it is much to be doubted whether it may
not even be prejudicial to his temper... It is, besides, to be observed,
that the severity of the operation occasions a check to his growth,
_which is more felt and of more consequence at an advanced period,
than when he is quite young. Hence, for the agricultural horse, the
age of five or six months will be most advisable, « or at least, before he
is weaned. Very few horses are lost when altered at that age. The
weather, however, should not be too hot, nor the flies too numerous.

If castrated when five or six months old, suffer the colt to run with
the mare; the exercise of following her, will promote suppuration,
which will be assisted by the warmth of the milk. If the operation
is performed at a more advanced age of the colt, he should be guarded
from wet—all recently castrated colts should be thus guarded—and
not allowed to drink cold water until the suppuration is completed.

ls to the operation of castrating, Sex Cuar. XIIl.—Veterinary
x wat i article Castration.

I

Il. —Fuxpine.

Sect. 65.

‘The feeding of horses, peaeely: is an important point in their
management. Every country has its peculiar products; and the
horse, as well as other animals, shares in his fare according to the
products and customs of the country in which ‘‘he labors.’’ In this
country, he fares upon hay, cornfodder, straw, oats, rye, corn,
potatoes, beans, é&c., but most generally, hay and oats constitute
“his staff of life.’ (n some sterile countries, horses are forced to
subsist on dry fish, and even vegetable mould. In Arabia, he feasts
on milk, flesh-balls, eggs, broth, &c. In Persia, he is fed on barley.
In some parts of India, salt, pepper, and other spices are made up
into balls as big as an ordinary sized goose egg, with flour and butter,
and thrust down the animal’s throat. In Bengal, he feeds on vetches
and tares. In the West Indies, he is fed on maize, (corn,) and sugar
cane tops, and in some instances, on the sugar itself, in the form of
molasses. In France, Spain and Italy, besides the grasses, the leaves
of limes, vines, the tops of acacia, the seeds of the sane? ined; &c.,
are used. .

Sect. 66.

~The system of manger-feeding is very common in the United
States. There is great economy in this system, for there are few
horses which do not habitually waste a portion of the hay, and if there
is not a trough or manger, (Sect. 88,) sufficiently large to prevent the
hay, when pulled from the rack, from falling down, the greater part
will be pulled down and trampled under foot. The rack, however,
should be in a perpendicular, instead, as is too common, in a slanting
or oblique position. And hay should never be given in large quan-
tities at a time to horses, inasmuch as they breathe upon it, and soon
become disgusted with it. ‘They will also, if it be very good, eat

36 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

too much, and distend their stomachs. It is a bad practice to keep
hay in too large quantities in a stable, for it is very liable to be im-
pregnated with the volatile alkali of the stale or urine, d&c.; and is
thus injured so that the horses will refuse to eat it. Barley, ’ wheaten
and oaten straw, is sometimes substituted for hay; but it is a ae
substitute—a poor treat to ne deserving animal.

Sect. 67.

The food aoe horses, in this country, ee of herbage, grain,
roots and mixtures. When grain is fed, especially corn or rye, it
should be ground or chopped, or mixed wath a portion of cut straw
or clean chaff. By this means, the animal is compelled to chew his
food; and while he is forced to grind that down, the oats, or Indian
corn, if not finely broken, is ground by the process of mastication,
with the cut straw or chaff, and it yields more nourishment; the
stomach is more closely filled, and therefore acts better on its contents,
and is not so likely to be overloaded ; ; and the increased quantity of
saliva thrown out in the grinding of this mixture, softens it and ren-
ders it more fit for digestion. Besides, horses are very fond of this
provender—the majority of them, after having been accustomed to it,
will leave the best oats given to them, for the sake of this mixture.
He can also satisfy his appetite, on this kind of food, in less time,
and has more time to oe to rest, and be the sooner ey for
labor. ; 3 eve

Sect. 68. :

Aone the roots that are. ceeaciousily used fae dhe, fea of the
horse, carrots stand at the head of the list. They are not only
highly nutritious, but exert a peculiar influence on the skin and hair
of animals. It is said, by those who have tried them, that they not
only generate good flesh, but strengthen the wind of the horse, by
exercising a favorable influence on the lungs. The parsnep, ruta
baga and beet, may also be used to advantage. ‘The use of roots, as
a food, occasionally, affords a change of food, and this, as is known,
to all ‘observing horse masters, the horse delights j in. Besides the
influence roots exert upon the skin, in making it. loose, and the hair
glossy, they at the same time, if fed in proper quantities, cool the
general system of the horse; often without resort to medicine, cor-
‘recting the jnee condition of his bowels, and see his sae

Sevt. 69.

The quantity of food to be given to a horse, aapeudl upon cir-
cumstances. It must be increased in proportion to the amount of
exertion and labor required of him. Great care is required not to
give it in too great quantities, for by so doing, the stomach becomes
distended and incapable of performing its functions in a healthy man-
ner. A horse in full work, will ordinarily eat from eight to ten pounds
of hay per day. The largest portion, both of this article and his
oats, should be given at night. ‘The watering of horses is an impor-

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 37

tant matter. ‘It is. equally erroneous to debad them from it, as it is
to allow. them. too much ; and the former is much the commonest evil.

In summer, or when, from great perspiration, the animal juices are
wasted, it generates fevers and weakens the strength and spirits. All
horses prefer soft water, and as nature is unerring, there is no doubt
but it is the most wholesome. As some horses drink quicker than
others, it is not a good custom to take riding horses to the pond,

unless at night, when the quantity cannot harm them.’ Horses should
never be galloped after drinking, it being apt to produce gripes, inflam-
mation and broken wind.”

Sect. '70.

The common practice of giving dry grain, oats or corn, to horses,
when pastured, or fed with green grass, is a bad one; for the grain,
thus given, is never perfectly digested, on account of the watery
juices of the grass tmpeding digestion. When oats or corn, or dry
grain is fed, at the time the horse is in pasture, or is fed on grass in
the stable, as much interval should be allowed between the dry and
green food as circumstances will admit. Besides feeding, grooming
or dressing of horses is indispensably necessary. The reader will
find some general remarks on this point, in Cuap. X,—Construction
of stables and erecnns of horses.

1V.— ee

Sect. 71.

The process of training horses is of great importance. The
chief and best means are gentleness and patience. Much equani-
mity of temper is requisite. Be patient, ‘‘ swavitor in modo, forti-
tor im re,” is a good maxim, when you attempt to train a horse.—
The horse is an aniinal of observation, capable of great attachment,
and equally strong resentment. If treated with kindness, he becomes
docile; but severity generally fails of its object, and renders him ob-
stinately stubborn, altogether intractable. ‘There is certainly much
difference in their natural temper, some requiring much more care
and time to reduce them to obedience than others; but even the most
restive may be rendered manageable by mild usage.—Fam. Ency.

Sect. y

The foal, as soon as it is weaned, should be accustomed to the
halter, and, as remarked in Sect. 63, to be wisped over, and occasion-
ally tied up; but this should be done by the same person who feeds
it, and that care should never be trusted to lads, who will, “as we well
know by experience,” probably tease the animal and teach it tricks,
or to any hasty, ill-tempered man, who would be likely to ill-treat it,

‘The colt will thus early become accustomed to be handled, and
will consequently occasion much less trouble, than if it had been pre-
viously neglected. After being haltered a day or two, a bridle should

38 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

be put on; but with a small bit at first, instead of the large one
usually employed by horse-breakers, and which, by the horse’s camp-
ing on it with impatience, sometimes occasions the mouth to become -
callous. He should then be led about, and accustomed to obey the
rein in turning and stopping, which he will very soon iearn; and,
after a few days, he should be completely harnessed, and hitched
beside a steady, well trained horse. Care should, however, be taken
neither to whip him, nor to force him to draw, but leave him quietly
to walk with other horses in the wagon, and in a very short time he
will imitate them, and begin to pull. It may then be well to let
some one mount him, even if he should not be intended for the saddle,
as it will render him more docile; but it had better be done while
hitched in the team, as the other horses will prevent him from plung-
ing. Let no violence be used; nor let no cowardly rider back him.
The horse is too noble an animal to be tampered with by a poltroon.

V.—FAtTrEeninG Horsss. ~
Sect. 73.

To fatten a horse in a short time, has generally been considered a
very great art, and attended with much difficulty. Some authors are
of opinion, it is necessary for a horse to swallow a certain quantity
of medicine to produce the desired effect, while others rely on an
uncommon or peculiar kind of food; but experience has proved that
both opinions are erroneous, and that the few simples which I shall
here recommend, together with good rubbing and a particular manner
of feeding, will accomplish the fattening of a horse that is not a car-
rion, or extremely poor, within three or four weeks. After your
stable is prepared, provide a plenty of good sweet corn, hommony, oats,
bran and fodder; also a sufficient quantity of straw to keep him with
a comfortable and clean bed; then notice the condition of the animal,
for the purpose of bleeding in the neck. Should he be very poor,
take from him only one quart of blood; if in tolerable plight, two
quarts—repeating the bleeding at the expiration of eight or ten days,
until he is fat. ‘Take of flaxseed, one pint, boil it to a strong tea of
one quart: take of powdered brimstone, one table spoonful; salt-
petre, one tea spoonful; of bran, one and a-half gallons: mix them
all together, scalding the bran with the tea, forming a mash; which
may be given every eight days: not permitting the horse to drink
cold water for eight or ten hours afterwards. Take of asafetida,
(which can be procured from any apothecary’s shop,) half an ounce;
wrap it in a clean linen rag and nail it to the bottom of the manger
where the animal is fed; at first, the horse will eat unwillingly where
it is placed, but in a few days he will grow remarkably fond of it. —

Sect. 74. ir wea “F

When you commence kind treatment towards a horse that has been
cruelly used, let it be with great caution, or you may produce a foun-
der or some other injury; those serviceable animals being too often

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER, | 39

hard used and half starved. For three or four ae allowance, a
horse (you contemplate fattening,) to two and a-half gallons a day,
Six or eight bundles of fodder, or an equal quantity of hay; after
which you may keep your rack constantly full of long food, and never
permit the manger to be entirely empty ; taking care to change the
food every day, giving the largest proportion of bran, viz: bran and
hommony, bran and corn, bran alone, oats, corn, hommony, é&c., &c.
The food, moistened occasionally with strong sassafras tea, produces
an admirable effect; it whets the appetite, enriches the blood, and
opens the bowels. Whenever a horse is fed, all dust, sour food, &e.
should be removed from his manger, which should be washed twice
a week, with vinegar and salt; this kind of attention will aid the ap-
petite and keep the manger sweet and clean. If the season of the
year you undertake to fatten in, affords green food of any kind, a
little, about twelve o’clock, would assist you much in accom plishing
your object. In the bucket in which you water, throw a handful of
salt, two or three times a week; it becomes very grateful to the taste,
after a few days confinement, and will prevent his pawing and ealing
dirt. If the object is to fatten a horse as speedily as possible, giving
to him unusual life and spirits, he should not be brought out of the
stable, nor even led to water. But if flesh is to be placed upon a
horse to render hard service, I would recommend moderate exercise
once every three days, carefully avoiding fretting or alarming him;
more injury may be done a horse by fretting him one day, than you
can remove in a week by the kindest treatment. The hoofs should
be cleaned out every morning and evening; stuffed with clay and
salt, or fresh cow manure, to keep the feet cool and prevent a swell-
ing in the legs. A plenty of good rubbing is absolutely necessary
for the placing of flesh speedily on a horse; a blanket as a covering,
at any time, except the summer months, will place on his coat of hair
a beautiful gloss, and add much to his comfort and apparent value.—
Pocket ee |

Vi. TREATMENT OF A Honk ON A JOURNEY.
Sect. 7

To perform a long journey, says Mason, with comfort and ease to
a horse, and satisfaction to the rider, requires some attention to the
feeding, for eight or ten days previous to setting out.

A horse uncommonly fat, running in a lot at grass, fed with un-
substantial food, such as bran, &c., or unaccustomed to exercise and
fatigue, i is very unfit to perform a journey on, unless prepared by be-
ing fed, for eight or ten days, such as corn, fodder, oats, or hay, and
given moderate exercise.

“A horse about half fat is in the best situation to bear the fatigue and
labor of a journey, by following the mode of treatment I shall here
recommend. if he is only a tolerably good one, by the time he
reaches his journey’s end, should it last four or five weeks, his con-
dition will be much improved, if he is not entirely fat.

40 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Ist. It is necessary for you to see to it, to have your horse well
shod with a very good and substantial set of shoes, taking care
that they fit easy, set well, and are not placed so near the inside of
the foot as to cut the ankles in travelling, which often produces stiff-
ness, considerable swelling of the legs, and sometimes lameness. 2d.
Examine your saddle, valise, portmanteau, harness, &c., as the case
may be, to discover if they fit with ease and comfort to your horse,
taking care to let them undergo the same examination every two or
three days. For a saddle to fit properly, it must be neither wide
enough in the tree to slip upon the shoulders, or so narrow as to pinch
or break the skin on the withers; the bolstering or stuffing in the
pannels should be adapted to the hollow spaces on each side of the
back bone or spine. When thus properly fitted, a crupper will be
useless. 3d. Your valise should be fastened on by passing two
straps underneath two pieces confined to the valise pad, and through
two loops at the back of the saddle; by which means it will be kept
steadily in its proper place, and the rider will not be perplexed by its
Swinging first on one side, and then on the other, and the danger of
the horse having a sore back from friction will be avoided. The only
difference between the customary way of fastening a valise and the
one I here recommend, is the passing straps ie | the loops to the
back of the saddle.

Sect. 76.

On the night previous to your commencing your journey, after your
horse is placed on a good bed of straw, and is well rubbed, feed with
two gallons of oats,and one and a-half gallons of old corn and hom-
mony, and eight or ten bundles of fodder, or a quantity of hay equal
to it. In the morning, feed with half a gallon of oats, after which
offer a bucket of water. It is customary for horses to be watered.
before being fed; but it is much better not to water them until after-
wards; a large draught of water very often destroys the appetite,
and makes a horse dull and sluggish for a whole day afterwards.
When he is watered in this way, he seldom drinks too much, and his
mouth is washed clean and is moist when he commences his journey.
It also measurably destroys his inclination to drink out of every stream
he may cross in the road, which is so tiresome and unpleasant to the
rider.

Sect. 77.

Being now completely prepared for the contemplated journey, the
following rules must be strictly observed:—Ist. Never permit your
horse, while travelling, to drink cold branch, well, or pond water, or
more than is necessary to wet or moisten his mouth. 2d. Every
time you stop to feed, (which will be morning, breakfast and dinner
time,) give him a partes of water, made a little salt, with about two
handfuls of corn meal stirred in it; he will very soon grow fond of it,
and indeed prefer it to any other drink ; it cools the system, relieves
thirst, and contains considerable nutriment. 38d. Whenever you

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 4}

stop for the purpose of breakfasting, let your horse cool about ten
minutes ; then feed with a-half a gallon of oats or corn, and two bun-
dles of fodder, not forgetting to offer him again the water, meal, and
salt. 4th. At dinner time observe the same treatment as directed
at breakfast. 5th. At night (having arrived at the place you intend
stopping at) have your horse turned into a lot, for the purpose of wal-
lowing, cooling, &c. 6th. With soap and water have all dirt remo-
ved from his legs. 7th. Have him placed on a good bed of straw,
then take of. spirits of any kind half a pint, of vinegar half a pint,
mix them together, and let his legs be rubbed with the mixture until
they are dry. 8th. Let him be well curried, brushed and rubbed
with straw. 9th. Water him plentifully. 10th. Feed him with twe
gallons of oats, or one and a-half gallons of corn or hommony, and
eight or ten bundles of fodder. ith. Let his hoofs be nicely clean-
ed out and stuffed with fresh cow manure; this application keeps
them tough, moist, and cool. 12th. Change your food as often as
possible, carefully avoiding using any that is new, or just gathered.
Observe the above rules to your journey’s end, except your horse
should prove a great feeder, and in that case you may indulge him a
little ; but the quantity I have here recommended, is enough for any
common horse when travelling. It may not be amiss to remind the
young traveller to inspect his horse’s shoes once a day, and what-
ever appears amiss about them to have immediately rectified. It
frequently happens that the skin of young horses, unaccustomed to
‘travel, is chafed and scalded by the friction of the girth; the part,
washed clean with a little soap and water, and then washed with a
little salt and water, will immediately cure and toughen the skin.

It often happens at little baiting places or.country taverns, (met with
on the road by travellers,) that towards the end of harvest, servants
are apt to feed with green oats or wheat, in consequence of the scar-
city of fodder, unless otherwise directed; food of this kind is poison
to a travelling horse, and will produce a diarrhea and extreme debili-
ty. It would be much better he should not have long food for two
weeks, than to give it to him green from the field. When persons
travelling are not attentive to their horses, they are frequently given
mouldy oats or corn, which is productive of the worst effects; there
being but few kinds of food that can be given a horse, that will ter-
minate his existence more speedily. Many of those valuable ani-
mals have been destroyed by such means, when the owners have been
frequently at a loss to know with what disease or from what cause they
had died.

42 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

VIL- a ae TO TREAT A HorsE TO ENDURE EXCESSIVE FATIGUE wirH

ay

Paint Pi Fe NO ee UB ay AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT.

Sect. 78.

[From Mason’ s Improved Farrier] LG ee

es. pte

Bor a Bae to undergo very great fatigue without i injury, requires

at least one week’s: preparation. Previous to entering him on his
journey, he should be fed plentifully on solid food, such as corn, fod-

der, hay or oats, and smartly exercised from five to ten miles a day.

He should be well rubbed two or three times every twenty-four hours,
which will very readily have the effect of making his flesh not only
firm, but hard. 1 have no doubt, from the experiments I have made,
that any tolerable good and active horse may be rode one hundred
miles, in a pleasant long day, without receiving any permanent inju-
ry, by observing the treatment I shall here recommend. Experience
has proved that | rainy or drizzly weather is more favorable to the per-
formance of an excessive ride, than a day that is fair or sultry, with
sunshine; rain has the effect of keeping him cool, suppling his limbs,
of moistening and refreshing him.

On the night previous to his engaging in this laborious undertaking,
fae your horse with one and a-half gallon of eats, er one gallon of
eorn and six bundles of fodder ; in the morning feed with one quart
of oats or corn only, and offer some salt and water, of which a horse
is apt to drink but little early in the morning. You then set out on
your journey, in such speed as is proportioned to the distance you
contemplate going in the day. A rider who is compelled to perform
along journey in haste,.and with certainty, in a given time, should
be extremely particular in his manner of riding. He should bear
lightly and steadily on his bridle and stirrups, never jerking, check-
ing, or stopping his horse suddenly, or change his gaits too frequent-
ly; all these things have a tendency to weaken and fatigue a horse
extremely. A good rider will more resemble the light and airy move-
ments of a feather, than the dull and leaden gravity of a bullet ;—
the same horse can convey a good rider twenty miles further in a
day than he can one unskilled in this necessary accomplishment.
After progressing about fifteen or eighteen miles, refreshment will
be necessary, not only for the horse, but the el also. You will
then give him a bucket of salt and-water with two handfuls of corn
meal thrown therein, and one quart of oats or-corn ; at twelve o’clock
and at dinner time, feed and water in the same manner. Great care
should be taken to prevent your horse from drinking cold pond or
well water, or indulge in any inviting rivulet he may meet in his
road, more than to moisten his mouth. It is a practice among host-
lers, when they have no particular directions, to plunge horses
that are tired and heated at twelve o’clock, into cold pond water; in
preference to which I would advise that their legs should be well rub-
bed with about half a pint of any kind of spirits.

Your last feed being at two o’clock, or dinner time, your horse will
require nothing more until night. The day’s ride being performed,

ae ed

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 43

Dighen Fh ohh” Leah FBGh es
turn him i ito a lot to cool and iar jee after which let him be placed
in a stall on a good bed of straw. Ist. Offer him a bucket of water.
2d: ‘Remove dirt and dust from his legs and ancles with soap and
warm water. 3d. Bathe him from his belly to his hoofs with equal
parts’ ‘of | vinegar and spirits, to which adda little sweet oil, fresh
butter, or hog’s Ss lard, stewing them altogether, and make use: of the
mixtare as warm as the hand can bear it. 4th. He must be well
curried, brushed, and finally polished with a sheepskin or woolen
cloth. 5th. His feet should be nicely cleaned out, and stuffed with
clay ‘and salt, or fresh cow manure. 6th. He should be fed with one
gallon of ‘old corn, or one and a-half gallons of oats, and six bundles
of old fodder. Your horse being now in possession of every atten-
tion and comfort you could offer. him, will soon be refreshed, forget
his hard service, and be again prepared, by the next morning, to obey
you whither you may direct his footsteps. If you have more than
one ‘day’s journey to perform with great rapidity, observe the same
rules of feeding, watering, and attention, as directed for the first day,
except the feed at twelve o’clock, which quantity must be doubled.
Many elegant and high spirited horses have been ruined and rendered
useless by persons wanting expérience on the above subject, who
were disposed to treat those faithful animals with every kindness in
their power; yet being under the necessity of performing a long
journey in a limited time, and not knowing that the will of a heated
and fatigued horse should be controlled, they have permitted him to
eat as much as he pleased, or when heated, to drink as much cold
pond or branch water as his great thirst would indace him; 3 which
have often been the means of producing cholic, founder and other
diseases, that too frequently prove fatal in the hands of the common
farrier, to which title every hostler, blacksmith, and every blockhead
of a servant, who does not even understand the eurrying of a horse,
have pretensions. 'The loss of two or three quarts of blood, to a
horse that has undergone excessive fatigue, will remove the soreness
and stiffness of ‘his Jimbs, the natural Aes le a of violent eX-
ertions.

7“

aie) iz ay”

~ VITi.—To pRrevENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES. —

Seet. 79.
As most diseases, observes Mason, that are infectious, endanger
the life of a horse, T consider it important to every owner of those
useful animals, to be able to use a medicine that will act against or
prevent those diseases that are contagious. I have been in the habit
of owning from one to eight horses at a time, for fifteen years, and
in all that time never lost a horse. I cannot help believing my suc-
cess, in this respect, has been much indebted to the constant use of
er ae which I consider one of the most valuable and innocent
medicines ever used amongst horses. It not only drives off diseases
of almost every kind, but it keeps up the appetite, produces a remark-
able fineness ’ in iii coat of ole and gives such - and i ee as to

44 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

induce even an old ete to pS the attitudes and movements of
the gay and mettled racer.

The value: of the asafetida is at present but little isieons for the
use of horses ; but whenever it shall have been used or brought inte
notice, its ection bile effects, no doubt, will prove what I now say..
Its virtues. are acknowledged and remembered with. pleasure, by all
those who have used it in their stables.

The: asafetida.is produced from. a plant called. perennial, and is 2
native of Persia: it has, however, borne fertile seeds, in the open
air, in the botanical garden of Edinburgh. The gum resin.is pro-
duced from: the roots of plants which are at least four years old.—
When the leaves: begin to decay, the stalk is twisted off and the
earth removed from about their large tapering roots. ‘The top of the
root is sometime afterwards cut off transversely, and forty-eight hours
afterwards the juice which has exsuded, is seraped off, and a second
transverse: incision is: made: this operation is repeated until the root
is entirely exhausted of juice: after being scraped off, the juice is
exposed to the sun to harden. It-is brought to us in large, irregulaz
masses, composed of various: little shining lumps or grains, which
are partly of a whitish color, partly reddish, and partly of a violet
hue; those masses are accounted best whieh are clear, or a. pale red-
dish color, and variegated with a number of elegant white tears.—
‘This drug has a strong fetid smell, somewhat like that of the garlic,
and a bitter acid, biting taste. T’he smell resides entirely in the
essential oil, which arises in distillation. It is the most powerful of —
all the fetid gums, and is a most valuable medicine. It acts as a
stimulant, anti-spasmodic, expectorant, emmenagogue, and anthel-
mintic, and its action is quick and penetrating.

When a small piece of the asafetida has been. placed. in ers
ef a horse in health, I have known him to stand for months in a Stall
next to one violently diseased, without taking the infeetion, or any
ill consequence resulting from their contiguous situation.

Preventive.—Yake of asafetida, one ounce, divide it and wrap each
piece in a clean linen rag; nail one in the bottom of the manger the
horse is fed in, the other in the bottom of the bucket in which he is
watered. The above quantity will last about three months; at the
expiration of which time it must be replenished. |

A small piece confined to the bridle bit, will have the same effect,
when a. horse goes from home, or r enters on a journey..

CHAPTER IX.
RAISING BLOODED HORSES, AND MANAGEMENT OF RACE HORSES.
Sect. 80.

The nature of the eaihjeets of this chapter, is- sia that, to do justice,
so far as our limits will permit, we cannot possibly avoid repeating
what has been substantially said, in some preceding sections. We

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 45

shall, however, aim at perspicuity and brevity, and in doing so, we
believe that our end will be more fuily accomplished by submitting
some able articles that have presented themselves, already prepared,
than to detain the reader with what we might compile from various
authors, because we find on comparing, them, that they all agree in
the eeiepoink.

Sect. 81. s

“Mode of raising a blooded forse.

[From the American Farnier.]

' “Tp the first blige be particular m selecting a good stock to breed
from. When the mare is near foaling, let her be to herself, and if
early in the season, let her have a good roomy stable to foal in; and
an good weather, let her ‘and her colt be turned into a lot, (of wheat
I prefer.) Wean the colt the first of October, ina stable, until it is
done snickering after its dam; then turn it in a lot; if you have more
than one, they will do best together.

“Stable them at night, and turn them out in the day, except in
very bad weather: force them all you can the first winter. ‘I'o do
this, their principal food should be cut oats, moistened with a.due
proportion of corn meal sprinkled over and mixed with them. Most
foals are apt to be too delicate; foreing them, and keeping them warm
at night, will increase the size of their lim bs in proportion te the
weight of their bodies. After they are one year old, they should net
be kept so fat, nor yet permitted to get poor. A stud colt, which is
intended to be kept as such, should be separated from other horses
at a year old, and stabled of nights; his rack and manger should be
so high as to strain him a little to get food; the windows of the stable
should also be high, as he will be looking out at them: by these
means his shoulders will be thrown back, and his withers raised. If
it be wished to increase his quarters, enlarge his muscles, and other
material parts, keep him in the stable frequently, for several days
together, which will animate him; then turn him out in a lot, and
encourage him to run and exert himself all you can, as his parts wall
acquire size and strength in proportion to the use made of them.

““} would recommend a mare of good form and thorough blood,
though she cost the most, because her colts would. cost no more to
raise them than those from an ordinary mare, and would probably
sell for more than three or four times as much. ‘The reason I would
wean in a stable is, that in the usual way of weaning in cornfields,
&c., the colts run themselves poor before they are weaned. I prefer
wheat lots for mares and colts, because they like it better than any
thing else, and I think it agrees better with them. I find oats made
use of as above stated, not only the most healthy and best, but also
the cheapest food for mares and colts. In pursuing the course which
has been laid down, I obtained the following results:

‘**T selected a mare which I knew to be of good stock, but from
improper raising was only four feet six inches: high, and. very deli-

See

fae ESR AA FE ye ha ? yr pelgeke eS Wt Pat hao
ce THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:-
Re * i di cdg

eate: “The aati edad oe = was. Fa pow iba Fe ag ake cegnent
removal, five feet; the third was five feet two inches; the sfiietly Was
five feet six inches dee EE. Broadnax, Vas. 66 eho |

; Sect. 82,. : j ; Pe cy rad 5a bs PAG

How to choose a good race Horse.

p88
[From the American Farmer. ]
A a. HORSE. o—— RULES.-

ist. Draw a base line from the stifle joint along the bottom aii the:
chest to the extreme: point.of the elbow, and to the shoulder-blade
point.
: 2diy. Draw @ line from the curb-or hock by the ip joint, above
the back, to an imaginary point. .

3dly. Draw another line from the point of the shoulder, ranging
with the shoulder, and passing above the back, until it intersects the:
line at the imaginary point.

4thly. Draw a line from the intersecting point of the shoulders,,

giving the same deelension until it intersects the base line. |

5thly. From the stifle to the point of the buttock thence to the hip:
yoint, thence declining to the stifle..

6thly.. Draw a line from the hip to the base line, right angular de-
elension, then to the shoulder up to the chest.

7thly. "Fhen draw @ straight line, regardless of the curve of the
back, to a straight line intersecting at the shoulder at the beginning
of the crest. :

8thly. Fhen take a line from the point of the shoulder, and angu-
jar degree, ranging with the shoulder-blade to the top of the erest.

9thly. 'Fhen, regardless of the rising of the crest, draw a straight

line from the top of the shouider-blade, to intersect with the poanh of

the former line.

Thus the real symmetry of a grand and ese es fare possessed
with muscular powers and strength, is formed by a right-angle trian-
gle; and the farther from it a race ‘horse’ s form is, the less preten-
sions that horse has to beauty, Ns bottom, or lpstimgpeniy ability
to carry weight, or activity.

A thick, upright shoulder, is a very certain mark of a “ stumbler,”
and is fit for no use whatever but the slow draft.

A low coupling in the back, is a true mark of. weakness ; it de-
aotes want of strength, lastingness, ability to carry weight, or speed.

A low loin, is a certain mark of weakness, and a meakly 4 waehy
constitution.

But a rising loin, of ability to carry weight, speed, activity, ‘and
lastingness, anda good constitution, symmetry, beauty, and muscular
strength.

A race horse’s legs cannot be too short.

A great declivity, and thin shoulders, denotes speed...

A narrow breast weakness.

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. AY

' Avhorse’s breast bone, formed like that of the rabbit, denotes also
‘speed, and itis the best form for a race horse.

© A short, ‘broad hock, denotes strength; a broad stifle, well let
‘down to the curb or hock, denotes bottom or lastingness, strength and
vactivity.

~~ There are not two race horses in five hundred, properly formed in
‘the knees; which should be small, divested of superfluous appenda-
‘ges, and strong; they denote activity and strength.

A lax, bending pastern, denotes also speed; along horse is pre-
ferable to a short one, because he can cover a great deal of ground,
and can bear pressing better and longer. |

The race horse upon the whole, whose form in general, is compos-
edof the essential properties of the following animals, viz: the rab-
bit, grey hound, and ostrich—is the best.—Gorwood.

Pah De ATE Ye Sect. 83.

The management of race horses, i. e., the preparation of the
horse, the rider, instructions for training; the after treatment of 2
horse after the race ; rules and regulations for racing in America and
England; and things that every sportsman should know, will be
presented fully in Cuar. XVI., to which the reader is respectfully
-_teferred.

CHAPTER X.
CONSTRUCTION OF STABLES AND GROOMING OF HORSES.
Sect. 84.

- The proper construction of stables, stabling of horses, and their
attendance, or grooming, are generally, too little regarded. ‘hese
things are of the utmost importance ; if neglected, the consequences
are fraught with incalculable disadvantages both to the owner and to
“the horse. Evils arising from a neglect in these things, are of far
“greater consequences than is generally imagined.

The horse’s native element is the uncontaminated, pure air, and
“he naturally prefers to range unrestrained by the walls of a murky
stall. ‘To stable him, is a deviation from nature; hence the great
importance in the proper construction of stables, and a judicious
course of grooming, lest this deviation from nature, which is, even
under the most judicious management, liable to produce some de-
parture from health, does not produce diseases, and premature death

‘in that animal, which lives for our comfort, and which demands noth-
ing in exchange for services rendered, but “food sufficient, shelter
and kind treatment.”

eNeer Bh.

The situation of a stable should be elevated——open and airy, and as
free as possible from mud and wetness. ‘The stable should be large.

48 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

cool and airy. ‘Fhere is perhaps, in the construction of stables no
circumstance more worthy of attention than that of ventilation, or of
having contrivances for the free admission of fresh air, and for the
escape of the impure, which has been rendered so by the breathing
of confined horses. It is a common mistake to suppose that warmth
is so congenial to horses, that they cannot be kept too hot.. From
keeping stables too close and warm, arises the long catalogue of dis-
eases 1o which this injudicious warming up of horses, subjects this
noble animal. How can a horse be healthy when he is immersed in
a foul atmosphere, which is produced in a close stable? How can
he, with any degree of impunity, inhale the tainted atmosphere, the
unwholesome vapors from the litter? ‘To be eonvineed that close and
warm stables produce disease, let him that doubts enter one of these
close stables ‘in the morning, and see whether he can breathe in it,

many minutes without profuse perspiration, and besides, he will ex-
perience very unpleasant, if not a pamful sensation m the eyes, and
so violent a cough, as will soon remove his scepticism, and afford him
a convincing proof of the noxious and stimulating nature of such an
atmosphere. In this atmosphere the horse stands hour upon hours,
and should he not suffer ?

Sect. 86.

The stable should be lofty,if it can be conveniently done—it should
be from ten to twelve feet in the clear; the foul air, rendered such by
the breathing of the horse, the unwholesome vapors from the litter,
and by the steams of the perspiration of the skin, will then circulate
in the higher parts, and the animal will not be constantly breathing
the infectious atmosphere, which he is forced to do when the stable is
not of sufficient height. Here the question presents itself, would it
not be advisable, when practicable, to have openings in the ceilings,
communicating with the atmosphere by square wooden tubes so as
to permit the foul air to escape, without letting in rain ?

‘The stable should by all means be so constructed as to admit pure-
air, and regulate the temperature, or heat of the stable, which should |
never exceed fifty degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer in nate —
sixty-five in summier.

The stable should not only be lofty, airy, and the wancieigile
well regulated, but it should be light also. Light is a thing of so
much importance, that the windows should be so constructed as to
admit light and air, without producing a current of wind on the
bodies of horses. Darkened stables are hurtful to the eyes of horses.
‘The transition from adarkened stable to the light of the sun, out
doors, is too great; and it is to be perceived that when a horse is led
from the murky stall, into the light, that, it at first irritates the eye
and gives pain. ‘To illustrate this, reference may be made to the un-
pleasant feeling and the utterimpossibility of seeing distinctly, when
a man suddenly emerges from a dark place into the full blaze of day.

‘Though a light stable is desirable, the sunshine should not be allow-
ed to fall on the eye of a horse as he stands in his stall; nor should

THE ‘FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 49

that part of the stable which is before the horse’s head be of too glar-
ing acolor. ‘The constant reflection from a white wall or partition,
will act as a stimulus on the eyes and renders them weak. As to
asian “9 a stone or dove color is the most preferable.

PREM ' ‘

aaa " ' 6s fies | . Sect. 87.

“Tn fitting up the interior of a stable, great attention should be paid
to the size of the stalls, the floor, rack and manger, or trough. ‘The
stalls should be fifteen feet long and not less than six or seven feet
wide, and the sides or partitions, eight feet high, so as to prevent any
sort of contact or communication between the horses. ‘The floor of
the stalls should be made of a durable material. Some prefer planks,
other hard bricks. Of whatever material you should prefer to make
the floor of the stable, be careful, not to commit an error, as to the
declivity or descent of the floor. ‘The declivity we think the best,
should be just sufficiently great to drain off the urine. We know
this is a disputed point. When the declivity is great, the sinews of
the back are too much on the stretch, and the horse becomes fatigued.
When the fall is very considerable, unnecessary exertion is created
in the muscles of the hind-leg, and the ligaments are constantly kept
in a tense state. Some recommend a drain in the middle of the stall
whereby the hind-feet and fore-feet of the horse may stand on a level.

The best mode, says an experienced writer, of carrying off the
urine is by means of a small grating to each stall, communicating
with a cesspool without doors, which should be closed up, that a cur-
rent of air may not come through the grating. Such a contrivance
will effectually carry off the water, and prevent the volatile alkali of
the urine from impregnating the air.

Sect. 88.

The rack and manger should be attended to. ‘The rack should be
made of wood, that is perfectly free from splinters, which sometimes
injure the mouth. The common sloping racks are not the best—
they are the worst. ‘They are disadvantageous in many respects;
the dust and fine particles of hay fall into the horses’ eyes and the
manes—much of the best and nutritious part of the hay, is lost. If
placed in a slanting position, they must be elevated so as to give the
horse room to put his head in between the trough and rack, and by
this means usually placed so high, as to put the horse’s neck, when
pulling hay, injuriously on the stretch. The rack should be placed
perpendicularly, and on a line with the manger, so that the horse
may feed as he does in a state of nature, without being put to the
stretch. ‘The manger should be wide and deep, and so contrived,
as to slide like a drawer, that it may be put out of the way while the
groom is wisping, brushing or currying him, so that he will have
nothing to lay hold of with his mouth, by which practice horses
often become crib-biters. The same remarks as to the height of the
manger, that are made above of the rack, are applicable. The height
should be such as to enable the horse to feed with ease.

50 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Sect. 89.
The litter of horses should be kept as dry as psttici: consequent-

ly, it should be removed daily. When it is suffered to remain long,

\

under the erroneous notion of making better manure, the horse may

suffer many serious inconveniences—he may be ruined. Neither is
the manure, as is supposed by some, improved; for when it is remov-
ed to the dung-hill, if that is properly constructed, (it should be a
dung-pit,) the close confinement in the pit, im proves ‘it more than the
open exposure in a properly. ventilated stable, where it parts its salts,
on which its properties as a manure partly depend. Nor should a
heap of fermenting dung be suffered to remain during the day i in the
corner or in any part of the stable.

Sect. 90.

The currying or rubbing of horses is generally attended to, there-

fore little need be said on this point. Horses that are left run out

into the pasture, after the labor is done, need but little brushing.—
But the horse which is confined to the stable, not much worked, and

highly fed, requires considerable currying. Good rubbing with the

brush or eurryeomb, opens the pores of the skin, and circulates the

‘blood to the extremities of the body, and through the minute vessels

of the skin, and produces free and healthy perspiration, and will an-
swer the purpose of exercise. The legs, especially of horses, should

“be kept clean and free from dit. Working or riding horses are soon

stiffened, unless the legs are well rubbed. Dirt, suffered to form a
lodgment, or wet remaining upon the legs in cold weather, will fret
the skin, and cause cracked heels, grease, mallenders, &c.—such a
train of stable pieguer as may baffle the skill and efforts to cure, of
the best fourier.

j Sect. 91.

Stabled horses should be carefully and regularly exercised—it is
essential to their health. High feeding, heated stables, and unna-
tural clothing with thick blankets, require the horse to be considerably

exercised to prevent injurious consequences. Without regular exer-
cise, horses become pursive, fat, heavy, and greased; for when the

secretions do not find themselves natural vents by perspiration, &c.,
they will find themselves artificial ones. Exercise keeps down fat,
and it also hardens and condenses the muscles, by drawing the fibres
nearer together; it likewise enlarges the muscles. It improves the
horse in every respect, in usefulness and value. The quantity of
exercise necessarily must be regulated by a variety of circumstances,
as age, constitution, condition, and his ordinary work. And a great
deal depends upon the manner in which it is given. ‘T'o' preserve
the temper, and to promote health, it should be moderate, at aha at
the ais ek and the termination.

eo Feo ae thc ee SO Dh. Ra dee soph » ‘ a
SAN SR RY eas De Pe, ee ee i

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 51 .

* dipesteies" .

FE ie tet * Fie ye : ae :
Seen asiests “OHANPER Ek
Ss ie: Riise wat HA ;
- THE ANATOMY OR OSSEOUS STRUCTURE OF THE HORSE.
fe ae eee i eer . ‘

- “Sect. 92.

~ Anatomy. explains, if taken in its widest sense, the nature, office,
and structure of every part of an animal. Animal anatomy has been
appropriately divided, by writers, into three grand divisions, the
osseous, the muscular, and the nervous structure of animals. The
osseous is that which we shall now treat of. |

All guadrupeds are formed of an earthy base, called bone; and
the assemblage of bony parts, is called a skeleton. Bones are com-

posed of earth and lime, held together by means of gelatin, a kind
of glue, secreted by appropriate vessels.. Bones are covered by a
thin skin, called the periostewm, which bears the same relation to the
bone as the skin to the body, serving as a covering for its surface,
ame a igual: for the different cavities which enter it.

1 Bonde elagae Sect. 93.

— are all of them, except very flat ones, more or r less hollow:
within their caverns an oily fluid is secreted, called marrow or me-
dulla, which serves for their support, and that of the constitution
“generally. Bones have nerves, blood vessels and absorbents. | Bones
are capable of reproduction. They are connected together by articu-
lation, which, when moveable, is termed a joint. In some cases, as
in the skull, bees articulate by indentation of the parts, this union
ds termed a suture. Bones may be classed in the following manner:

1. Cylindrical bones, as in the fore-arms.
2. #lat—as in the shoulder-blades.
3. RM the ribs and bones of the akiith

see Hite bones, possessing marrow.
#0 Flat—nearly destitute of marrow, if not altogether.
‘A skeleton is an assemblage of the osseous, or bony part of an
“ttl and is usually divided, when treated of, into:
L—The head.
~ I.— The trunk.
peri’ —The extremities.

Sect. 94.

First Diviston.—There are, by counting, the ten facial pairs as
twenty bones, seventy-one bones entering into the composition of the
head of the horse, including forty teeth, the usual number of a horse.
The mare has usually four less than the horse. ‘The tushes are
wanting.

The head may be divided into two parts, ‘the cranium or skull,
and the face.

52 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The bones which compose the cranium, and which contain and
protect the brain, are nine in number. These nine bones are sepa-
rate in the foal, at an early period of its existence, but soon after
birth, they are united by what anatomists call sutures, a kind of dove-
tail union, as a cabinet maker would express himself. This suture
union becomes so firm, that a fracture will occur in any other part
more readily than over a suture.

Number and names of the bones of the cranium.

The occipital bone, technically called—os occipitis.
Two frontal bones—ossa frontis.

Two parietal bones—ossa_ parietalia.

Two temporal bones—ossa temporum.

The sphenoid bone—os sphenoides.

The ethmoid bone—os ethmoides.

Description of the bones of the cranium.—T he occipal bone is,
of all the cranial bones, the largest, thickest, and most compact; and
in the colt, is composed of several pieces which unite by age. It is
at the upper, and back part of the head, and articulates with the first
cervical or neck vertebra, called the atlas. At its posterior surface it
is perforated by a large hole, which gives passage to the spinal marrow.

The frontal bones constitute the forehead, and behind them is
lodged the anterior and inferior portion of the brain. A division of
their bony surfaces forms two cavities, called the frontal sinuses,
which are lined by the nasal membrane throughout. ‘These bones
are united by a suture called the sagittal suture. | |

The parietalia, or wall bones, lie on each side of the head, to
which the posterior or lower jaw articulates.

The two temporals, divided into a squamous and petrous portion,
within which is situated the internal ear.

The sphenoid bone, in form, writers have generally compared it
with a bat—is hollow and irregular, and with the ethmozdes, serves
to intersect and attach the others; and also, to assist by their cavities
in extending the pitustary, or smelling membrane. It is called eth-
moides, or sieve-like, because it is perforated with many holes.—
Through the numerous orifices, fine threads of nerves—the o/facto-
ries—pass into the nasal cavities, to constitute the sense of smell.

Sect. 95.

The bones of the face, or facial eateca are ten pairs and two
single bones.

Number and names of the bones of the face.

Nasal pair, technically called—ossa nasi.

Two angulars—ossa lachrymalia.

Two jugal—ossa malarum.

Superior maxillary—ossa maxillaria superioria.
Superior palatines—ossa palatina superioria.
Inferior palatines—ossa palatina inferioria.

" my mi /

‘GSUOH UHL JO MVOLVNV

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 53

‘The pterygoides—ossa pterygoida.

‘The anterior turbinated—ossa turbinata antertoria.
“The posterior turbinated—ossa turbinata posterioria.
Vomer bune—os vomer.

Posterior maxillary—os mazillare inferius.

The hyoid bone—os hyoides.

~ Intermaxillary bones—these are wanting in man.

Description of the bones of the face.—The nasal bones are slen-
Ger pieces, meeting in the middle, which thus enables the horse to
resist hard blows—within their union, they hold the septum narium,
or cartilaginous plate—the vomer, which separates one nostril from
another. ‘The bones also greatly assist to extend the surface of the
smelling organ. ‘The fossz or cavities within these bones, are the
principal seat of glanders, one of the most formidable diseases to
which the horse is subject.

The two angular bones, or ossa lachrymalia, form a considerable
portion of the orbits of the eyes, and are of the size of a shilling, or
rather larger, having a groove to conduct the tears into the nose.

The two jugal, malar or cheek bones, occupy also a portion of the
orbits. The superior maxillary, or upper jaw bones, are the largest
of the facial bones, and contain all the upper molar teeth, or grinders.
The inferior, or intermaxillary bones are wanting in man, in whom
the face is short—these bones concur with the superior maaillary in
forming the alveoli or sockets, in which the teeth are deeply and
firmly fixed.

The superior palatines, the inferior palatines, the pterygoids, the
two anterior and the two posterror turbinated bones, with the vomer,
make up the remaining facial bones, with the exception of the poste-
rior maxillary, which, on its anterior edge, is pierced to lodge the
teeth. At the upper part it extends itself into two angular branches,
each of which ends in two processes and an intermediate groove.—
This bone, throughout, shows the most admirable mechanism; the
molar or grinding teeth, on which most is dependent, and whose eX-
ertions is the greatest, are placed near the centre of motion—and as
the upper jaw, in most animals, is fixed, or nearly so, it was necessary
that the lower should have considerable extent of motion, for the pur-
pose of grinding; and it is accordingly so formed as to admit of
motion in every direction.

The os hyoides—shaped much like the capital U—is a bone situ-
ated within the head, at the root of the tongue, to which it serves as
a support, and for the attachment of the muscles.

Sect. 96.

The teeth of the horse are the hardest and most compact bones of
the body, of all animals. There are usually forty of them in the
horse, and there are thirty-six in the mare. In the latter the tushes
are usually wanting.

Division, names and number of teeth.—They are usually divided
into three classes, viz:

54 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
1. Nippers—ZJncisores, twelve of them.
2. Tushes—Cuspidati, four. — : Piney Vo &
3. Grinders—Molares, twenty-four—which numbers are equally
divided between the two jaws, ~

Sect. 97.

Szconp Division or Bones oF THE Trunx.—The trunk of. the
skeleton consists of the spine, the pelvis, and the chest or thoraz, com-
posed of the ribs and sternum. — |

The bony column, called the spine, consists of fifty bones, include
ing fourteen tail-bones, viz : baat

Seven neck, or cervical.

Eighteen back, or dorsal.

Six loin, or lumbar.

Five rump, or sacrad vertebrae, with the addition of thirteen or
fourteen small tail bones, called caudal vertfebre.
The pelvis or basin consists of five bones, viz:

The lower spinal bone, called os sacrum.
Two broad hip bones—ossa innominata. .
The two lowest points of the spinal bone—ossa coccygis.

The thorax or chest consists of thirty-seven bones, viz:

The breast bone, called sternum. ee ai al
Thirty-six ribs—cosiz. :

It is on this bony column, or the spine, that the horse is to carry
the burden or weight placed on him, and there are two principal things
to be considered; easiness of carriage and strength. If the spine
were to be composed of unyielding materials, if it resembled a bar
of wood, the jar or jolting of the animal could not possibly be en-
dured. ‘To avoid this, the back is so constructed as to meet the end
for which the horse was made—the spine is both flexible; and the
parts well united with peculiar firmness to afford strength to the ani-
mal.

ra r oe aad rs

Sect. 98.

‘In this Section, and in Scol: 99 to 103, as minute a description as
our limits will allow, is given of the bones of the trunk. .

The neck, or cervical vertebre, called by farriers and butchers, the
““rack foneae are seven in number, and differ somewhat in figure;
especially do the first and second, and present some peculiarities.
The first is the only one to which the great suspensory ligament of
the neck does not attach itself, which would have interfered with that
freedom of motion which is so graceful in this noble animal. It ar-
ticulates with the second by receiving its tubercular process within it,
and from which process the second of these bones has been. called
dentata, or tooth-like bones. ‘The first bone of the neck is called the
atlas, so named from supporting the head, as #flas, the philosopher,
was supposed (fabulously) to support the world. Between these two
neck bones, the atlas and dentata, is situated apart, where the spinal
marrow is exposed from any bony covering; at which part butchers

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 55
plunge.a pointed knife into what they call the pith of the neck, when
they. want t to kill an animal instantaneously, and without efasina of
blood ; whence it is called pithing. The remaining five cervical
verre: resemble each other.

4“

ine Sect. 99.

‘The back bones, or dorsal vertebra, are nearly alike in structure,
except in the length of the spinous process of the first seven or eight.
It is owing to these elongated spines that we owe the height of the
withers ; and as the intention of these parts seems principally to
serve as levers for the muscles of the back inserted into them, so we
ean readily understand why their increased or diminished height is
favorable or unfavorabletomoving. ‘These, like the former, articulate
with each other by processes, as well as by the anterior and posterior
surfaces of their bodies ; between each of which is an intervening
substance, exceedingly elastic, semi-cartilaginous in its structure, con-
vex on both sides, thicker in the centre than at the edges, which is
analagous to.a small cushion, thus permitting an easy motion of spine,
from its peculiar form and compressibility.

= Sect. 100.

The six loin or dwmbar vertebre, differ from the dorsal in being
larger, and having very long transverse processes to make up for the
deficiency of the ribs in the loin. These bones often unite by the
pressure of heavy weights, and spontaneously by age, and thus we
need not be surprised at the stiffness with which some old horses rise
up. The union of the back and the loins should be carefully re-
marked. ‘There is sometimes a depression between them ; a kind of
line is drawn across which shows imperfection in the construction of
the hota and may be regarded as a sure sign of weakness.

Sect. 101.

The five rump or sacral vertebra, are united into one to give
strength to the column, and to serve as a fixed support to the pelvis,
or the hinder and lower part of the abdomen, in which the bladder and
rectum are contained, or basin, with which it is interwedged. From
this compact and firm union, it will appear how admirably this spiral
column is adapted to its important functions of serving as a flexible
but powerful support to the machine; and how by the formation of a
large foramen or opening within the substance of each vertebre, a
bony canal is offered for the safeguard of the spinal marrow, from
which, through lateral openings in the vertebra, the spinal nerves
ramify, or are given off in pairs.

The pelvis or basin supported by this osseous column, is compo-
sed of the os sacrum, ossa innominata and ossa coccygis. ‘The ossa
innominata in the feetal colt before birth, are each composed of the ili-
um, the ischium, and the pubis, all traces of which divisions are lost
before birth. ‘Ihe ilium is the most considerable, and forms the

56 ~ ‘HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

haunches by a large unequal protuberance which, when prominent,
occasions the horse to be called ragged hipped. The next largest
bone is the ischium, or hip bone, on each side. The pubis or share-
bone is the least of the three: in conjunction with the ischium, forms the
acetabulum, or cup-like cavity, in which the head of the thigh bone
lodges. ‘The pelvis, as above remarked, is supported by the sacral
vertebre, and attached to the sacrum, by ligaments of prodigious
strength ; but has no bony union, by which means, as in the fore ex-
tremities, some play is given, and the jar of pure bony connexion is
avoided. ial

The two extreme sacral vertebre are termed ossa coceygis. The
elongation of the spine, or caudal vertebrae, are generally about fifteen.
These are sometimes called twirl bones, from the convolutary mo-
tion afforded the animal in switching flies and other insects.

Sect. 102.

The thoraz or chest, which contains the heart and lungs, compri-
ses the sternum or breast bone. ‘The sternum of the horse is inclin-
ed, like the keel of a ship, to which the ribs are attached by strong
ties. The coste or ribs are usually eighteen, in a few instances nine-
teen or twenty, to each side: eight articulate with the sternum, and
are called true ribs, while the remaining ten, uniting together by inter-
vening cartilages, are called false ribs. ‘The centrals are the longest,
those anterior and posterior are shortest. ‘The firstis placed perpen-
dicularly, the second less so; and their obliquity, as well as dimen-
sions, increase as they advance, so as to enlarge the chest to an al-
most circular form, which is the most desirable ; but when they are
less arched, the belly partakes of the defect, and a flat sided one is
commonly a bad carcassed horse.

Sect. 103. :

Tue tuirpD Division, or bones of the extremities.—In the bones
of the extremities there is such a peculiar adaptedness, displaying a
mechanism as ought to excite admiration. Of a truth, we are ba to
exclaim, this animal is ‘ wonderfully made.”

Names of the bones of the anterior extremities.

The two shoulder-blades—ossa scapule.

Two arm-bones—ossa radii and ossa ulne, forming the humurus.
Two wrists—ossa carpi.

Two canons, or shanks—ossa metacarpi.

Four splint bones—ossa additamente.

Pasterns—ossa tali.

Four Sesamoids—ossa_sesamoides.

Lesser pasterns—ossa coronis.

Coffin-bones—ossa tragii, or astraguli.

Shuttle-bones—ossa naviculare.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 57

es of the bones of the posterior extremities.

_ The upper thigh bones—called ossa femoris.

_ Stifle bones—ossa patelle.

_ Lower thigh bones—ossa tibie. 3
Outside bones of the les—ossa fibule.

Hock bones—ossa tarsi, formed by six bones.

Beat

aula 44 i at als Sect. 104.

_ “interior extremities.—The scapula or shoulder-blade, situated
forward on the side of the chest, is a broad, flat, and somewhat tri-
angular shaped bone. It does not much resemble the human scapula.
Its superior surface is furnished with a considerable cartilage, by
means of which its surface is greatly enlarged, without increasing
much in weight. The posterior surface ends in a superficial cavity,
called glenoid or shallow cavity, which receives the head of the hu-
murus or the arm bone. It is divided in its upper surface by its
spine. The shoulder-blade has neither bony nor ligamentous union,
but is held in its situation by very powerful muscles. Its usual situ-
ation is to a plane perpendicular to the horizon, at an angle of thirty
degrees ; and it has a motion in its greatest extent of twenty degrees ;
hence as it does not pass beyond the perpendicular backwards, so the
more oblique its natural situation is, the more extensive are its motion.

Sect. 105.

The humurus or arm bone is so concealed by muscles as to be
overlooked by a cursory observer, and hence the radius or next bone
below, is usually called the arm. It extends from what is called the
point of the shoulder, but which, in fact, is a protuberance of its
own elbow, forming an angle with the scapula, and extending oblique-
ly backwards as that does forwards. Near its upper extremity it
sends off a very powerful head to articulate with the shoulder-blade.
The motions of the humurus are necessarily confined to a removal
from its inclined point backward to the perpendicular line of the
body.

: Sect. 106.

The radius and ulna or fore-arm.—The fore-arm is strictly speak-
ing, composed of the radius and an appendage, the w/na united to it.
The wlna in man is a distinct bone, but as the leg of the horse re-
quires a rotary motion, it was unnecessary to be a distinct bone in
him. We here, however, remark, that in the colt, the ulna is really
distinct ; and in the adult horse unites with the radius, and serves as
an attachment to muscles. On the slightest inspection of the skele-
ton, it will appear how much the motions of the fore-leg must depend
on the length and obliquity of this part of the bone or process, which
acting on the principle of a lever in the extension of the arm, must
necessarily, as it is either long or short, make all the difference be-
tween a long and a short purchase in its mechanical power. The

os

58 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

breadth of the arm, as it is called, at this part, will, from this reason-
img, be seen to be very important. A full and swelling fore-arm, all
agree, is the characteristic of every thorough-bred none png for speed
and continuance is unequalled. sy

Sect. 107.

The carpus or wrist, called the knee, is composed of seven bones,
whose principal uses appear to be to extend the surface of attach-
ment of ligaments and tendons, and by their interruptions to lesson
the shocks of moving or of progression. ‘The carpal or wrist bones
articulate with each other, and have one investing capsular, or chest-
like ligament, by which means the smallest wound of the knee which
penetrates this ligament, has the effect of opening the whole joint;
hence the quantity of synovia or joint oil, whieh escapes in these ca-
ses, and, hence also the dangerous consequences which ensue.

Sect. 108.

The metacarpus, shank or canon, is formed of one large metacar-
pal bone and two small ones called splint bones, which are united
with it by strong ligamentary attachments, converted by age into a
bony one. ‘The inner splint bone is placed nearer the centre of the
weight of the body than the other, and from the nature of its eonnect-
ion with the bones of the knee, actually receives more of the weight
than does the outer bone, and therefore is more liable to injury and
inflammation, and the consequent displacing the bone. The inner
bone receives the whole of the weight transmitted to one of the small
bones of the knee. [tis the only support of that bone. A portion
only of one of the bones rests on the outer splint bone, and the weight
is shared between it and the shank.

Sect. 109.

The pasterns or ossa fali, between the mefacarpus and the hoof, —

constitute the extremity below the common shank, and consists of
one phalange only, comprising all the mechanism and a double por-
. tion of complexity of all the phalanges in the digitated or fingered
tribes. Four bones enter into its composition with two small bones,
resembling an Indian bean, called sesamoides, to each fetlock ; placed
there, not only to act as a spring and prevent concussion, but to throw
the tendon of the foot which runs over them farther from the centre
of motion. The pastern bone, or ostalis, is situated obliquely for-
ward, and on this obliquity depends the ease and elasticity of the
motion of the animal: nevertheless, when it is too long, it requires
great efforts in the tendons and ligaments to preserve it in its situa-
tion ; and thus long-jointed horses must be more subject to iy 6
and to strains than others.

Sect. 110. 5

The lesser pastern or coronary bone receives the greater, and be-
low expands into a considerable surface articulating with the coffin

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 59

and navicular bones. The coffin bone forms the third phalange, and
corresponds in shape with the hoof. Itis very porous, and laterally
eceives two prominent cartilages. It is around the outer surface of
this bone that the sensible laminz are attached; and the inferior sur-
face receives the flex or tendon. The navicular nut or shuttle bone,
is situated at the posterior part of the coffin, and unites with that and
the preceding bone. _ “ee y
_ The importance of a more minute description of the foot of the
horse, is acknowledged; because of all the diseases to which the
horse is liable, none are so difficult to cure as those that attack the
foot ; but the limits in this chapter, and the plan of the work will not
allow us to enlarge here; however, when we shall speak of the dis-
eases of the extremities, in Cuap. XIJ., we will treat more at large of
both the anatomy and physiology of the foot.

Secf. 111.

Posterior extremities.—The posterior differ much from the ante-
rior, net only in their superior strength, and in their different lengths
and directions of the parts, but also in some degree in their uses.

In our description of the hinder extremities, we will begin with
the haunch bone, which is composed of three bones, the ilium, ischi-
um, and pubis. ‘The first is principally concerned in the formation
of the haunch. Its extended branches behind fe flanks are promi-
nent in every horse, and when they are mor7 than usually wide, the
animal is said to be ragged-hipped. A brach runs up to the spine
at the commencement of the sacral vert®T®, and here the haunch-
bones are firmly united with the bone of the spine. 'T he ischius
or hip-bone, is behind and below thelium. ‘The pubis unites with
the two former below and behind. oh

Sect. Ly

The femur ox thigh bone is the ee of the body, its vast in-
dentations and risings, almost p on 7 itself, show the great
strength of the muscles inserted he ian eile with the ace-
tabulum, the socket for the hea I re 1g bone, or hip joint, by a
strong head called a whirl bone ™™ j nee aa itis held not only
by a powerful capsular liga me Phe ca powerful muscles,
but by an admirable contriva’ | Kadi ae a ligamentary rope,
which springs immediately/) 3 - ‘ its head, and is firmly
fixed within the socket ikommus ae na situation it is not per-
pendicular as in the hungone ah a wees to an angle of about
forty-five degrees. Thy rj ih i nee protuberances for the
attachment of very p, ..,7/ oe es called trochanters, from the
Greek, frochao, to m4. 4 : Watioe it exhibits a mechanism
uniting combined on Speed and ‘strength unknown to other

‘mals. The Mae of this bone is received by its condyles,
pe lk to the deep depressions of the tibia, while the

(knots of joints, slides over th |
patella or knee f rte anterior portions of both bones.

60 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

ii Sect. 113. fe

The patella, answering to the knee-pan in the human subject, and
which is called in common language, the stifle, is nearly angular, and
serves for the insertion of some of the strongest muscles of the thigh,
which are then continued down the leg. It thus appears to act as a
pulley. . tah:

The ¢zbia, or leg bone, is usually in horsemen’s language, called
the thigh. Itis a bone formed of a large epiphysis, (a process attached
to a bone, and not a part of the same,) with a smail attached part
called the fibula, a long body, and an irregular lower end, adapted to
the peculiarities in shape of the principal bones of the back, with
which it articulates. ‘The obliquity in the situation of this bone cor-
responds with that of the femur, being as oblique backwards as the
former is forwards. ‘The length of the é¢bza is a prominent character
in all animals of speed; in this respect it corresponds with the fore-
arm, and the remarks made on tiat apply, with even more force,
to this—that length is advantageous to speed, but less to ease of
motion.

Sect. 1 14,

The fibula forms a prominent instance, in common with splint
bones, of what we kmarked above, in our detail of the extremities—
that many parts, whos yses did not strike the unobservant, would be
found to be organs of hemony, placed in the body to prevent inter-
ruption to completing the general plan of animal organization. In
this way the fibula appears b¢ a process springing from the posterior

part of the tibia, forming butthe rudiments of the human bone of
that name. |

a 4 Sects 115.

The tarsus, or the hock © the ho
perfect mechanism displayetin the
animal. It is formed by aX. Semp]

of seven. As the human analy» is generally received as the stan-
dard of comparison, we must, Myider to g proper consideration of
the hock, consider it as the instep,.q hee). and all the parts beyond
it as the foot. ‘The human tarsus, ).4. 4 right angle with the tibia
in standing or walking ; bu, an the orse, the hock makes one open
angle with the tibia, and is far aor ed from the ground. In him,
and the greater part of the upright ‘\drupeds, all the bones from
the hock downwards are much elong, , and form a part of the

upright pillar of the limb. In the NOTs therefore, the point of the

hock is the true point of the heel, and, in the human figure, the
great twisted tendons of the Te age Cee belly peri leg)

muscles are inserted into it: but the appe: or tendo Achilles
would be rather forced here. A broad hock alread wobsenved in

j i r till h
the exterior conformation, may be now s ;
very important to strength and speed; for the plainly seen to be

-er the calcaneum
or heel bone of the hock, the longer must be ogi ‘heed ernonmet:

rse, is a striking instance of the
bony structure of this admired
y of six bones, and sometimes

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 61

cles of the thigh act by; and a very slight increase or diminution in
its length must make a very great difference in the power of the
joint. It is by this tendon acting on this mechanism, that, when the
animal has ‘inclined the angle between the canon and the tibia, or, in
other words, when the extremities are bent under him in the gallop
or trot, he is enabled to open it again.

>» The bones of the hock, like those of the knee, are united together
By strong ligamentous fibres; and it is an inflammation of those uniting
the calcanewm and cuboid baie that the disease called a curb, is to be
attributed ; and to a similar inflammatory affection of the ligaments i in
the front hocks, that spavins of the first stage are owing: in the latter
stages the peritoneum and bones themselves become affected. The
remainder of the bones below do not differ so essentially from the
corresponding bones in the fore-legs as to need a separate descrip-
tion.

Sect. 116.

We shall here close our remarks on the bony base of the horse,
and add a few brief extracts on the appendages of the bones, and
define the names of the muscular and nervous structure of animals.
The limits of the work do not allow us to enter systematically into
a detail of those parts. But when we treat of diseases, we shall, as
the nature and case may demand, describe more fully the muscular
and nervous structure with their constituents.

The appendages to the bones are cartilage and gristle, the perios-
teum, the marrow, the ligaments,and the synovia or joint oil.

The ligaments are compact, fibrous substances, which serve as a
connecting medium between the bones. ‘They possess great strength,
and are common to every part of the body.

The synovia or joint oil is secreted from the living membrane of
the joints, and affords a slippery medium that enables the bones to
glide readily over each other.

Muscle is that part of the body of the horse termed fiesh, to dis-
tinguish it from the skin, gristle, bone, ligament, &c. The muscles
are composed of reddish fibres. All the motions of the animal are
performed by means of the muscles.

Tendons are inelastic, tough, fibrous substances, of a whitish
color.

The arteries are long membraneous canals. They gradually de-
crease in their diameter, as they proceed from the heart. ‘They ter-
minate in veins and in exhalent openings, by means of which sweat
is produced. The use of the arteries is to convey blood from the
heart to different parts of the body.

The veins are vessels which return the blood of the body which
has been distributed to it. They are less solid, and more numerous
than the arteries.

‘The absorbent system of the horse is composed of the lymphatics
and lacteals, which are thin and transparent, having great strength
and power of contractibility. Where they become very minute, they
are termed capillaries. |

eZ THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

The nervous system of the horse is composed of white medullary
eords springing from the brain and spinal marrow. Their internal
structure is fibrous, and they spread themselves over every part of
the body. The brain is considered the seat of sensation and volition,
and the nerves are deemed the messengers to convey it aeeitnet
the system.

The glands are a numerous set of secretory bodies, eomposed of
all the different vessels, enclosed in the membrane.

Sect. 117.

Hair is the clothing of brutes. It is a production of the skin. It
varies in color, and is designed both for ornament and use. _

The cuticle is placed immediately under the hair, and is a hard
insensible covering.

The cutis, or true skin, is situated immediately nie the hair and
cuticle, It is the general investiture of the body, possesses exqui-
site sensibility, and constitutes the true organ of touch. It is gelati-
nous, and is used in the manufacture of glue.

The cellular membrane and fat constitute considerable portions of
most animals. ‘The adipose membrane is cellular, and extends over
most parts of the body. ‘The cells communicate with each other. —
The fat is the unctuous juice secreted in these cells.

The brain is situated in the hollow of the skull, surrounded by
two coverings, between which lies a third membrane. ‘The brain
has four ventricles or cavities, together with many prominences.
The analogy between the human brain and that of the horse is very
strong.

The ear of the horse, in its internal condition, differs but little
from the same organ in man.

Sect. 118.

The eyes of the horse are not, like those in man, placed directly
in front, but inclining laterally. ‘The eyelids are an upper and an
under, moved by muscles, and forming an admirable curtain to pro-
tect the eye from extraneous matter. ‘The globe of the eye is com-
posed of coats, chambers and humors. ‘The cornea, whieh is trans-
parent, is formed of thin concentric plates of different degrees of
convexity in different animals. ‘The cornea is full of vessels, and
in an inflamed state admits the red blood, as may be seen by the uni-
versal redness over the whole,

The pupil of the eye is the perforation fick 3 is seen, annular in
human, oblong in the horse, ox and sheep, and perpendicular in the
eat. It is an aperture in the membrane, termed the iris, on which
the color of the eye depends. In the horse it is usually brown, ocea-
sionally white, when the animal is said to be wall-eyed.

The humors of the eye are, the vitreous, the chrystaline, and the
aqueous. The vitreous humor is of a jelly-like consistence, and
occupies all the globe, except those parts taken up by the other
humors. The chrystaline humor forms a lenticular body of mode-

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 63

rate consistence, and is properly termed a lens. It is doubly convex.
It is.a diseased opacity of this body that forms a cataract. The
aqueous humor is a limpid fluid that fills up the spaces not occupied
by those already described...

_. The motions of the eye-ball are made by means of seven mus-
eles.

.. “The criteria of soundness in the eyes are gained by a careful
examination of them, and which experience has shown to be best
made by placing the horse within a stable, with his head nearly ap-
proaching the stable door, which should be fully open. Small eyes
are found more prone to inflammation than large, and large goggling
eyes are liable ‘to accompany a starting horse more than lesser ones ;
and when the convexity is extreme, not only is the starting in pro-
portion, but such eyes are more liable than others to become affected
with the disease popularly termed glass-eyes, but correctly gutta
serena. It is not, however, to be understood that all starters have
defective eyes; many are so from natural timidity, and still more
from hard usage and bad management in breaking and handling.
The eyes should be examined together, not only to observe whether
each presents an equal degree of clearness in the transparent part
and within the pupil, but also that an equal degree of contraction
exists between each of the pupils. This is of much consequence:
if an inequality in size and form be observable between the pupils,
the least of them has been in some way affected, and will probably
become so again. It is even more suspicious when a ee milki-
ness appears on any part of the transparent portion; and equally so,
when the inferior part looks other than clear; or in a very strong
light, with a lively blueish tinge. When it is all turbid, viewed
under yarious aspects, regard it attentively, and there may probably
be found an inward speck of perfect white, which is the nucleus or
central point of an incipient cataract.’”” A glassy greenish cast in the
eye should always excite suspicion. Such eyes are not unfrequently

totally blind.
| . Sect. 119.

_. The nose or organ of smell, in most quadrupeds, is next in import-
ance to that of the eye. Its sensibility is derived from the olfactory
nerves, spread over its surface. It is this membrane which is the
seat of the glanders.. ‘The horse breathes in all ordinary cases
through the nostrils.

The external parts of the mouth are the lips, cheeks and beard.
The lips are fleshy masses, covered with skin, and forming the organ
of touch. The cheeks are muscular and moveable, and furnished
with hair.

The internal parts of the mouth are the teeth, the gums, the alveo-
lary edges, the palate, the tongue, and the parts of the great posterior
cavity. The gums are a spongy substance, which hold fast the
teeth. The palate forms a bony arch, covered by membraneous folds,
which are apt, when the stomach is affected, to become swollen, and
this is called the lampers.

64 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The tongue is a long fleshy mass, adapting itself below, to the
form of the channel, and above, to the arch of the Palate. It is a
principal organ in mastication.

The pharynx is formed by the termination ve the mouth: aiid nose.
’ The larynx is placed at the posterior part of the former cavity,
and forms a kind of cartilaginous box, or entrance to the wind pipe,
furnished with a moveable door, which fills up the cavity formed by
the arch of the palate curtain, thereby closing the cavity of the —o
and forcing the animal to breathe through his nose. ;

Sect. 120.

The parotid glands, or in the language of farriers, the vives, are
two pretty large bodies on each side of the head, extending from the
base of the ear around the angle of the jaw. Each parotid gland has
little ducts, uniting into one and entering the mouth about the second
molar tooth. ‘These glands furnish saliva for the use of the mouth,
and it is a gathering in them that constitutes the strangles in young
horses. ‘T’he external parts of the neck are the common coverings,
the cervical ligament, the muscles, and the jugular or neck veins.

The internal parts of the neck are the vertebree, which pass the
spinal marrow ; the carotid arteries, which pass up under the jugular
veins ; the trachea or wind-pipe, for the transmission of air; and the
esophagus, a continuation of the funnel-like cavity of the pharynx.

When the chest of the horse is opened, a smooth polished mem-
brane is seen, covering its contents, which is called the pleura.

The diaphragm or midriff, divides the chest from the belly by its
disk, and is a very important part of the body of the horse.

The heart is the great agent of circulation, and is composed of
membraneous and muscular fibres, having four principal cavities and
several openings.

The lungs are spungy masses, divided into right and left, with
lesser divisions termed lobes. Their color, in a colt, is a light lively
pink; in a full grown horse, they approach to a gray tint. These
parts are extremely liable to inflammation.

Sect. 121.

The viscera of the abdomen include the stomach, the lobes of the
liver; the omentum or cawl to the whole inferior curvature of the
stomach ; the spleen, the kidneys; the rectum ; the ovaria; the uterus;
the bladder; the diaphram ; the gullet; the trachea, &ec.

The abdomen, or cavity of the belly, forms an oval vault, and is
the largest cavity of the body. It is elastic and strong.

The horse has but one stomach, and that is a small one. It is pe-
euliarly constructed. It is immediately contiguous to the diaphragm,
or great breathing muscle. ‘This accounts for the difficulty of respi-
ration after a full meal.

The intestines are not merely secreting organs, but possess a diges-
tive character; and may be considered as continuations of the stom-
achic viscera. This is more particularly the case with the small
intestines.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 65

The spleen or milt, is a very spungy body situated at the greater
extremity of the stomach.

The kidneys are two excremental glands, placed in the lumbar re-
gion, the right more anterior than the left. From the cavities of the
kidneys, the duct termed the ureter passes out, and carries off the
urine secreted within them. ‘These ureters convey the urine to the
bladder.

The bladder of the horse is a membraneous sack for the deception
of the urine, resting on the pubis, immediately under the rectam.—
To the bladder is attached a membraneous pipe called the urethra,
which passes through the penis, and by that means ejects the urine.

ya Sect. 122.

The male organs of generation in the horse, are the testicles, which
are two in number.

The penis or yard, is a long body, in one part nearly prismatic,
and in another cylindrical. It is composed of two flattened portions
closely connected, a spongy canal, which is the urethra above men-
tioned, and the glands or head.

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS TO WHICH THE HORSE IS LIABLE, AND MEDI-
CAL TREATMENT WHEN IN A DISEASED CONDITION.

Sect. 123.

No animal in a state of nature is freer from disease than the horse ;
but no sooner is he made to yield to the dominion of the lord of the
brute creation, and treated according to the laws or customs deviating
from nature, than he is liable to have his health impaired—his dis-
eases begin and increase till they are as numerous and complicated,
as is his harmonious, yet complex structure.

Man, who in his desire to subdue all to his dominion, is the author
of nearly all the sufferings of this noble animal, the horse; but man
too is bound from a principle of gratitude, aside from considerations of
gain, to study the nature and cause of the diseases of the horse, and
all domesticated animals; and also to attend to both the prevention
and cure of diseases. From a principle of gratitude we owe it to the
horse to attend to his health. He lives exclusively for our benefit.
He lives not to hoard up dollars and cents, and add lots to fields and
farms, for his offspring toenjoy. He labors faithfully, if kindly treat-
ed, and for all his important services his demands are reasonable—he
asks neither wages nor clothing; but reasonably, I had almost said,
he religiously demands, besides food and shelter, kind and skilful
treatment when sick. And should not all who have a horse be ready
and willing to discharge this debt they owe? ‘To study his diseases,
the nature of efficient remedies, and come to his relief, is man’s duty.

66 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE, FARRIER.

To aid those who feel disposed to discharge this duty, we here
place, so far as the limits before us permit, within their reach, the
means of informing themselves on this important subject.

Sect. 124.

¢

When studying the nature of the diseases of horses, never lose
sight of this important fact, that a knowledge of the diseases of ani-
mals in general, cannot be inferred with any degree of certainty from
a knowledge of the diseases of any one particular species of animals.
This may be owing in a great degree to the anatomy and physiology
of the animals, and their manner of living, and the food they subsist
upon. A man may be well acquainted with the diseases of a horse,
and he would not from this circumstance be fully prepared to pre-
scribe correctly for the diseases of quadrupeds generally. There are
many things to be taken into consideration—the differences are great.
For example, the dog, as is well known, has no sensible perspiration.

Again, the mouth of the horse performs but one office, that of con-
veying food to the stomach. It conveys nothing to the lungs, or from
them. It has nothing to do with the modulation of the voice, as in
most quadrupeds, and especially as in man. The passage to the
lungs and the stomach in the horse are distinct.

The horse, unlike most other quadrupeds, has no gall-bladder,
notwithstanding the prevailing notions of some, and the assertion of
those who have used the skin of the gall-bladder of a horse to cure
cancers, to the contrary.*

Sect. 125.

We stated above, that the diseases of animals differ as much as
their anatomy and physiology, &c. Medicine, as to its specific ac-
tion, also affects animals differently. Glauber salts, in doses of one
pound, operate on the ox as a cathartic, but on the horse they operate
as a diuretic. Opium does not produce its specific-effect upon the
horse. In man it has an anodyne effect. In the horse it operaies
merely as an astringent. It will not mitigate pain.

Barks produce no sensible effect upon the horse. ‘There are no
medicines that operate on the horse as ipecacuanha and tartar emetic
do upon man. ‘Tartar emetic, in doses of four ounces, will some-
times occasion a little nausea and purging ; but in smaller doses it has
no sensible effect. No preparation of mercury will produce saliva-
tion or ptyalism in the horse. His gums may be made sore by
mercury, but ptyalism cannot be produced.

Sugar of lead, which is poisonous to man, the horse can take with
impunity. 'Tobacco has no deleterious effect upon the horse. Spirit
of turpentine, which a child may handle without injury, operates as
a caustic when applied to the skin of a horse, although it may be ap-
plied to sores of horses and fungous flesh on him without producing

* We neither allude to D. B. of pow-ow-ing memory, nor to Doctor Talpin,
perhaps a relation of B., and author of a Farriery, in which he gives long ac-
counts of the gall and gall: -bladder, and gall-diseases.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 67

pain. ‘These hints on this subject may suffice to direct the enquiring
reader, to investigate more fully, what has been said in reference to
diseases and medicines.

Sect. 126.

To compress as much matter of lasting utility as we possibly can,
within the limits prescribed us, and to render the work a practical
one, we shall arrange the remarks submitted on the diseases, cures
and treatment of horses, under the following general heads:

A.—The diseases of the head.
~ B.—The diseases of the neck.
C.— The diseases of the chest.
D.—The diseases of the stomach.
_ E.— Diseases of the extremities or legs.
pe — Diseases of the foot.
~ G.— Diseases of the skin.
, — Miscellaneous :

and conelude this chapter with a few general remarks on the sound-
ness of the horse. This arrangement, with a very slight variation, is
the one adopted by H. L. Barnum, who has written the most sys-
tematic Farrier that we have seen, and to whom we are greatly in-
debted for much useful matter.

In our remarks on diseases and their general treatment, we have
followed the celebrated G. S. Winters, one of the best practical wri-
ters on Farriery in the German language, from whose invaluable work
we have selected and translated much that is useful.

Sect. 127,

A.—THE DISEASES OF THE HEAD.
a— big head.

This is a disease of very frequent occurrence in the western States,
especially in Kentucky. We submit the following, on this disease,
from the American Farmer:—I have noticed, says the writer of the
extract, several valuable essays in your valuable paper, the American
Farmer, on the subject of b1g head in horses, and as I have never
seen any description of this disease, or any cure recommended, I will
endeavor to communicate what my limited experience on that subject
has taught me.

_ About twelve years ago, the disease made its appearance in this
neighborhood, and before a remedy was found out, many losses were
sustained, by the death of horses which were diseased. One of my
neighbors lost horses to the value of six or seven thousand dollars,
among them, some of the best blooded mares and colts. I lost one
only, and the first and only one, a brood mare, which had it about
that time. Various applications were made to cure it, such as driving
in spirits of turpentine, by rubbing the parts affected, and holding a
red hot iron near the place; burning, bruising, and cutting, were also

68 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

resorted to, but in every case that I saw or heard of, the disease ter-
minated in the death of the animal. At length, white arsenic was
recommended, but by whom it was first discovered, I am ignorant.—
I had occasion, about four years ago, to try it on a fine Archy mare,
then in foal by Archy; she was affected on both sides of the face,
and I succeeded in curing her: she produced a horse colt, whilst she
was under the operation of the arsenic. At about two years old the
colt was affected on one side of the face. I had recourse to the arsenic,
and completely eradicated the disorder, leaving only a slight scar,
though the mucus membrane of the nostril was so much injured as to
cause a difficulty-of breathing through it. The mare was still more
affected, as both nostrils were nearly closed, and her head continued
to be much larger than before she was taken with the disease, though
generally in good order, and occasionally worked. She has, how-
ever, produced three fine colts since, none of which has as yet, been
affected with the big head. I designed to have trained her first colt,
but in consequence of the affection of his nostril, I declined the idea.
He is now four years old, enjoying fine health, and possessing great
vigor as a stallion. Iam thus particular in detailing the character of
the animals who have been cured, that it may be seen how little
horses are affected by the disease after it has been cured. I have
known the arsenic exhibited in at least twenty cases, in all of which
it effected a cure, and [ think I can say, that it is an infallible remedy.
T will now endeavor to describe the disease, and the recipe.

Symptoms.—Loss of appetite, a drooping of the head, and a dis-
inclination to move about—a slight weeping from the eye on the side
affected—in a short time a local swelling appears on the side of the
face in a direct line between the eye and nostril, which, on being
pressed hard with the finger, causes the animal to wince, and by
rubbing it gently with the hand, appears to give ease to him—an en-
largement of the jaw-bone, and a considerable decline m flesh. I
have not discovered that the disease is attended with fever; if it is
suffered to run long, it causes an affection of the joints—they become
puffed, as if inflated with wind, and in a short time those swellings
become filled with pus, and ultimately break, and a discharge of
purulent matter issues from the joints, and the animal falls, to rise no
more without help. It is supposed to be infectious only in this last
state of the disease.

Cure.—As soon as the swelling on the side of the face aijsiptats
take a piece of white arsenic about the size of a common field pea,
(or about six or eight grains pulverized and wrapped in fine paper, of
a size only sufficient to contain it,) make an incision in the skin,
immediately over the hard tumor, insert the arsenic, (or the paper
containing it,) and with a needle and thread make one suture or stitch,
tie the ends of the thread in a hard knot, bleed the horse, and turn
him out alone in a good pasture, or if it is cold weather, put him in
a stable, removed from other horses, and feed him on light food—in
a few days the effects of the arsenic will be discoverable by a con-
siderable swelling of the head, nose, and face, which will inerease
until the power of the arsenic is exhausted—if both sides of the face

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 69

are operated on at the same time, the head will swell to an enormous
size—in about a month, or six weeks, the arsenic will have developed
its efficacy, by the appearance of a circular piece of skin, and the
porous bone of the face which extends as far as the seat of the dis-
ease, or the influence of the arsenic on the affected part; this circular
development extends as far as the affected part only, and is quite
callous and nearly detached from the sound skin, leaving the whole-
some flesh in its natural state. In a month or six weeks longer, this
circular part becomes entirely detached on its periphery from the
sound skin, and adheres to the side of the face by a few slight integu-
ments about its centre, which soon decays, (or it may be cut off,) and
the diseased parts drop out in a mass, leaving a hideous wound; then
may be seen the porous bone of the face, resembling honeycomb,
which soon becomes covered with sound flesh and skin: the wound
may be soon healed by using common applications, though I have
made use of what we farmers in the country call pot liquor, as a
wash, and anointing the place with an ointment made by bruising the
leaves of the common poke-weed, (phytolucca decandra,) and ex-
tracting the juice by pressure, and stewing it in hog’s lard, or of the
Jamestown weed, or thorn apple, (datura stramonium,) prepared in
the same way. ‘These applications may be made use of with advan-
tage as soon as it is discovered that the parts begin to separate. If
the weather be warm, it may be necessary to anoint the parts with a
mixture of common tar and hog’s lard, or the juice of elder stewed
in hog’s lard, in order to keep away the blow fly, which will be
attracted to the parts by the offensiveness of the scent emitted. It
cannot be expected that a horse which has thus been operated upon,
will regain the beauty of his head, particularly if he be an old horse,
or has been affected on both sides of the face, or the disease has been
suffered to run too long before applying the remedy: this is evidenced
by the appearance of my mare. 1 suffered the disease to run too
long, because I was fearful that the arsenic might injure the foal, but
was induced to risk it rather than lose the mare: the stallion, on the
contrary, exhibits the effects of it in but a slight degree. It may be
proper to remark, that a less quantity of arsenic will answer for a
colt than for an old horse; and that it ought to be inserted as high up
on the face as the seat of the disease will admit of; perhaps on the .
upper edge of the swelled part will answer the same end.

Another remedy has been communicated to me, which is much
more simple; and if it be a remedy, certainly possesses great advan-
tages over the one on which I have been treating. I have never
known it tried, but I am induced to believe that it is a remedy, both
from its analogy to the arsenic, and from the authority from which I
derived my information. It is this: Instead of the arsenic, take half
a pint of strong ashes, (hickory, I suppose,) put them into a tin cup,
(of about a pint measure,) smaller at the mouth than at the bottom.
say about one and a-half inches at the mouth in diameter; fill the cup
or pot with water, and let it boil for half an hour, or until the water
has been evaporated, or absorbed by the ashes, cord the horse’s nose
in the usual way, or otherwise confine him, in order that he may be

70 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

still, and apply the mouth of the cup to the part affected, with the
ashes quite hot and nearly dry, having previously covered it with a
thin cloth, to prevent the ashes from coming in contact with the skin
of the horse, and hold it in that*position until the heat has subsided,
when it may be removed: in a day or two the parts will exhibit a
gluey exudation, which will disappear in the course of a week, leav-
ing an inconsiderable sore, like a burn, which may be cured by treating
it as such. It may be necessary, in some cases, to make a second
application. ‘The horse may be used as usual at the time, and when
the wound heals up, scarcely any scar will remain.

Or take blood from the neck vein and bathe the swelled parts with
spirits of turpentine once or twice a week, rubbing it with a hard
brush until you discover the swelling is stopped : the lumps remain,
but as they cease to grow, the horse gets better.

Or give stramonium, (Jamestown or Jimson weed,) in doses of one
drachm, mixed with his feed for several days, then turning him out
for two or three months.

We add the following from R. B. Harrison, of Dallas county,
Alabama, April 18, 1836.

Take one quart of hog’s lard, one quart of tar, and one pound of
sulphur of brimstone; put all together in a pot over a slow fire, and
boil it till the brimstone disappears; then make a mop on a strong
stick, and rub the horse’s head from the eyes to the nostrils, once a
day until the mixture is all gone, and it will make a cure. Ihave
tried it.

Sect. 128.
b.—Hemicrania—Halbseitiges Kopfweh.—Ger.

Hemicrania.—A species of headache ; a pain generally affecting
one side of the head, towards the eye or temple, either on the right
or left side of the head. .

Causes.—This disease may be caused by too violent exercise in a
hot day, and the horse being fat and full of blood, more than a usual
quantity of blood will be sent to the brain. It may also arise from
the collar being too small, or the curb-rein too tight, which prevent the
blood returning from the head; and thus the larger vessels of the
brain will be too long and injuriously distended, and produce hemi-
crania, and if the affection is violent, it produces megrim or vertigo.

Symptoms.—In simple hemicrania, the horse will occasionally stop
and shake his head, staggering some; in a few minutes he will pass
on, but he will droop the ears, and the eyes are considerably inflamed.
But if the attack is more violent, the horse will fall without the slight-
est warning, or suddenly run round once or twice and then fall. He
will either lie in a state of complete insensibility, or struggle with the
utmost violence. He will sometimes recover in from five to fifteen
minutes, and rise and proceed on his journey.

Thisis, however, often a fatal disease—the horse will occasionally
die on the spot.

Treatment.—At the moment of the attack, the horse should be

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. : 71

bled at the neck; three or four quarts of blood should be taken. Or
he should be bled profusely in the mouth by cutting the bars of the
palate.* And as soon as possible he should be physicked, his food
should be moist and cooling and he will soon recover ; if it be i in the
winter, he should be kept warm.

twtr tee Noe 1. — Physic or purgative.t

“Take of the best Barbadoes aloes, five drams; prepared natron,
two drams ; aromatic powder, one dram; oil of caraways, ten drops;
syrup enough to form a ball for one dose.

Another.

Take Barbadoes aloes, one ounce; prepared natron, two drams ;
aromatic powder, one dram ; oil of aniseed, ten drops ; syrup enough
to form a ball for one dose.

No. 2.-—Another, a liquid purge.

Toke agarie and aloes of each, one-half ounce ; extract of acacia
bark and gentian, one ounce ; a of turpentine, one dram; honey,
one pound; elecampane and bittersweet, each, one sabe two
quarts of water, the whole mixed and given at once.

No 3. Another liquid purge.

Take epsom salts, dissolved, eight ounces; castor oil, or linseed,
four ounces ; watery tincture of aloes, eight ounces; mix the whole.

The watery tincture of aloes is made by beating powdered aloes
with the yelk of an egg, adding water by degrees; by these means
half an ounce of aloes may be suspended in eight ounces of water,
and such a purge is useful when a ball cannot be got down, as in par-
tial locked jaw.

No. 4.—Another—A very good common physic.

A strong decoction of the herb, called the mother-wort, which is
very common: let the decoction be mixed with Indian or corn meal,
or given through a bottle if the horse refuse the meal when mixed
with the decoction.

Any of the above physics or purges may be given in this disease.

Sect. 129.
c.—Apoplexy— Schlag fiuss.—-Ger.

Apoplexy is a sudden deprivation of all sense and voluntary mo-
tion, the subject lying in a dormant state; when the attack is even
severe, the action of the heart, as well as respiration, still go on.

G. 8. Winters, divides this disease into two different kinds, viz:

* Directions for bleeding will be given in Cuav. XIII., under the pad: of Veter.
tnary operations, which see.
+ Directions for physicing or purging, Srz Cuar. XU.

72 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

The milder form, and the more violent, called peravutus, but says
very little of its symptoms or of the remedies. He considers it a
fatal disease. ‘The violent form generally proves fatal.

Cause.——Severe colds, over exertion, when there is general pletho-
ra, contribute to this sees :

Symptoms.——In the violent form the horse usually falls at once,
though he may sometimes be attacked by this form and manifest the
following symptoms. He will hold his head low—-lean against the
manger or some object. If moved, he appears as if he would fall.
Both his sight and hearing are affected. He sometimes continues for
hours in this state. He then falls—grinds his teeth-—his eyes are
open, protruded, and fixed——the pupil i is dilated——there are twitch-
ings about the frame—the muzzle is cold—the vein of the neck is
evidently swelled——he is unable to swallow—-strong convulsions fol-
low, and death closes the scene.

Treatment.—-If there be time to do any thing at all—bleed copi-
ously——take from eight to ten quarts of blood from the jugular vein.
Next, back-rake, or remove the dung from the lower intestines with
the hand, and give a a strong dose of physic, but the case is usually
hopeless.

Sect. 130.
d.--Stag gers——Schwindel.—-Ger.

Staggers is a disease of both horses and eattle, attended with
giddiness, reeling to and fro, thrusting the head against the wall, and
refusing to eat.

There are several varieties of staggers—the sleepy or stomach-
staggers,* and the madstaggers. They are mainly, only two differ-
ent stages of the same disease, or varying in the causes that produce
them.

Causes.-—These are various. ‘The immediate causes are either an
original accumulation of blood within the brain, or the translation of the
inflammation of some organ to the brain. ‘The remote causes are some-
times full or over- -feeding, without sufficient exercise. Sudden cold,
violence, d&c., may bring it on.

Symptoms.——If the horse is turned iewande the sun he cannot well
face the sun; begins to stagger, look around vacantly. Walks to
one side of the road, and moves totteringly till he falls, and some-
times drops down dead: or the sleepiness passes off, and delirium
comes on again, falls, rises, drops, beats himself about, and dies in
convulsions.

Treatment.——Blood should be let in large Hiara tie by opening
the jugulars, and letting the horse bleed from ten to twelve quarts;
with one or more repeatings till the delirium abates or ceases. Ad-
minister a strong physic. But before you give a physic, back-rake
or remove the dung from the intestine, and administer a laxative
celyster.

*This disease, we believe, arises from a paralytic affection of the stomach.— Com.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 73

ver No. 5.—Clyster.

ee aA. eee

Take thin gruel or broth, five quarts; epsom or common salt, six
apace ; and inject without delay. Keep the horse from all food.
The general treatment should be the same as in febrile infections.
The following has been repeatedly tried, and proved effectual:
~ Take of the expressed juice of garlic, six spoonfuls, which pour
down the horse’s throat by means of a horn, or give it to him in
a drench. If the first dose should not relieve him, or he should
appear to be maze-headed, (confused,) repeat it after an intermedium
of two or three hours. ‘The juice of the leek or onion, given in
rather larger quantities, produce nearly the same effect. .
Mr. White recommends the following:

No. 6.—Clysier.

Take hot water, one gallon; common salt, one-half pound; olive
oil, four ounces.
As a purgative he recommends:

No. 7.—Physic.

Take Barbadoes aloes, powdered, one ounce; calomel, one-half
ounce; cascarilla, finely powdered, three drams; syrup enough to
form a ball.

Sect. 131.

e.—Madstaggers or phrenitis—Hirn-Wuth.—Ger.

Madstaggers are not at first easily distinguished from the stomach
or sleepy-staggers, But by observing the symptoms of each closely,
this disease may be distinguished from the former. |

~ Cause.—Over exertion, when the horse is full of blood, or espe-
cially during hot weather, is a frequent cause of inflammation of the
brain; but whatever will produce general fever, may be the cause of
madstaggers. |

_ Symptoms.—The horse suddenly starts, and begins to heave at
the flanks—his nostrils expand—his eyes unclose—he has a wild,
horrid, vacant stare, and delirium comes on much more rapidly than
in the sleepy-staggers- He dashes himself furiously about—he be-
comes frantic. He will rave till it is succeeded by stupor, or till he
has exhausted himself by struggles.

Treatment.—He should be bled till he faints, at both of the neck
veins. An active physic should be administered. The Croton nut
pulverized, and given in drink, in the dose of a half dram, has been
highly recommended. A dose of ten grains should be repeated till
the bowels are moved; at the same time injections of warm water
and soap, until the bowels are well opened.

“If Croton is not at hand, aloes may be given, but dissolved in
hot water—an ounce of aloes at the first dose, afterwards a quarter
of an ounce every four hours, until purging is produced. This being

74 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.-

effected, those medicines should be given which have a strong ten-
dency to lessen the force of circulation, and epmeoquently, the deter-
mination of blood to the head.

“The most powerful of these are foxglove and tartar emetic, in
doses of a dram each, three or four times in the iaclat Sins of
the head should also be attendedto. >
_ G. S. Winters recommends the use of the following physic after
the horse has been profusely bled :

No, 8.—Physic. —

Take twenty pepper grains; two eggs; honey, one ounce; dacwe:
tion of elder blossoms, one quart; mix it well, and give it at once.

A very common and efficient physic.—Take human excrements,
and one pint of wine or vinegar, well shaken, and administered as a
drench, has proved beneficial.

Sect. 132.
f.—Tetanus, or Locked-jaw—Maulsperre—Starrkrampf.—Ger.

Tetanus.—There are several varieties of tetanus. But the variety
under consideration is Lrismus, or the locked-jaw ; it is so called
because the muscles of the jaw are first and most powerfully affected.
Tetanus is a constant spasm of all the voluntary muscles, and par-
ticularly of the neck, the spine, and the head. It is very slow and
treacherous in its attack.

Causes. —Locked-jaw generally arises from a wound, and oftenest
a wound of a tendonous or legamentous part; but not depending on
the extent of the wound, or the degree of inflammation. ‘The time
of attack is uncertain. It will sometimes not appear or affect the
subject until the wound is nearly; or quite healed. It sometimes
arises from excessive fatigue ; from worms ; pricks in shoeing, nick-
ing, docking, cropping, and from severe and long exposure to cold;
water droppmg upon the back through openings in the roof of a shed
or stable.

It is slow sometimes in its attack. The horse seems to complain
for a day or two; he does not feed as usual; partly chews his food,
and drops it; and gulps his water; the jaws become gradually stiff;
and some saliva is drizzling from his mouth. ‘These are all ie
monitory signs.

Symptoms.—The jaws are usually fixed, and the neck is very
stiff; a difficulty in bringing the head round; and all the muscles
resist to yield, being very prominent and hard; the muscles become
very cramped, or may be considered as in a high state of action,
giving the horse a peculiar look of energy, as though immediately
stopped from full speed, with his nostrils extended, his head raised,
and his nose carried forward; his legs straddle wide, and his tail
cocked and quivers, as after iblent exercise. ‘lhe jaws will be found,
if not closed, yet nearly so, when he is called jow-set.

Treatment.—This i is not often successful, but it succeeds in some
cases: hence, deserves some considerable attention. The treatment

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 75

and remedies are various—some of them diametrically opposite. The
rational method would seem to be, first, to remove the local cause;
but this will seldom avail much. © The irritation has become general ;
and the spasmodic action constitutional. Itis well, however, to ascer-
tain the local cause, and remove that if possible.

Blame says copious bleedings have succeeded. In this disease it
is well enough; nay, it is necessary to tranquilize the system by
bleeding, which is generally the most powerful agent. ‘There is no
more powerful means of allaying general irritation. ‘Temporary re-
laxation of the spasm will at least follow, and that will give an oppor-
tunity to move, or open the bowels. ‘The speediest and most active,
and that which can be reduced to the smallest compass, is the Croton.

The first dose should be a-half dram, and the medicine repeated
every six hours, in doses of ten grains, until it operates. The ope-
ration of physic should be aided by repeated injections, each con-
taining a dram of aloes dissolved in warm water. The following
elyster has been found very useful in this disease:

No. 9.—Clyster.

Take fresh, warm milk, one quart; yolk of eight eggs; spirits of
ammonia, one ounce; common salt, ene ounce; spirits of turpentine,
two ounces; linseed oil, one ounce; mixed, warmed, and injected.

“Then, as it is a disease of the nerves, proceeding from the spinal
marrow, the whole of the spine should be blistered, three or four
inches wide. As a general blister, and a good one in this disease,
the following has been used with good effect:

No. 10.—4lister.

Take Spanish flies, powdered, two ounces ; Venice turpentine, two
ounces; resin, two ounces; palm oil or lard, two pounds ; melt the
three latter articles together, and when not too hot, stir in the can-
tharides or Spanish flies.

The horse shouid be placed in a warm stable, yet with pure air,
and should be clothed with three or four thick blankets or rugs to
keep up a temperature of blood heat, if possible.

Having bled largely, and physicked and blistered, seek for other
means to lull the irritation, and we have none at hand, small in bulk,
potent in energy, that excels opium. Give at once a quarter of an
ounce, reduced to powder, and made into a drink with gruel, or in a
small ball, (in its crude state it would be too long in dissolving in the
stomach,) and give an additional dram every six hours. If the jaw
should be quite fixed, administer it in injections. ‘The bowels must be
attended to during the exhibition of the opium, and aloes given in
small doses, to keep them ina lax state. Camphor and asafetida may
be given by those who please; we are not aware that they will do
injury, but opium is the sheet anchor of the veterinary practitioner.

Great caution and patience are requisite in administering the drinks,
for the elevating of the head seems to be extremely painful to the
horse. A ball may be divided into small pieces, and with a piece of

76 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

cane or whalebone conveyed to the back part of the mouth, where it:
will be dissolved and must be swallowed. o asta

As soon as possible, the strength should be supported by nutritive
food. ‘The appetite seldom fails in this disease ; and it is painful to
see the repeated eager efforts of the poor animal to allay his hunger.
When his jaws are most firmly fixed, he will sometimes be able to
suck in the liquid from a moist mash—if he has the slightest com-
mand over them, he will contrive to swallow the greater part of the
mash; and should there be room to introduce the mouth of a small
horn, he will thankfully take as much gruel as his attendant will give
him. Until the jaws are firmly locked, he may be suffered to have
hay, although he should only chew it and drop it from the mouth;
for this action of the museles of the jaws may delay or prevent their
total closure. Little medicine will be wanted as he gets better; nour-
ishing food, not too liberally administered, will constitute the best
tonic; and should the weather be sufficiently warm, few things will
do him more good than to turn him out for two or three hours in the
middle of the day. It will extend the muscles of his neck, and bring
him to the use of his limbs.

Against one mode of treatment we enter our protest, from its cruel-
ty and its inutility—the application of cold. Some turn the animal
out uncovered in a frosty night. We have no faith in the practice of
this ; but placing the poor horse under a pump, and letting the water
flow upon his spasmed limbs for hours together, or dashing it violent-
ly upon him, while he crouches and groans all the while, is both _
eruel and useless.”

Sect. 133. :
g.—Lpilepsy or fits—Hinfallende Sucht.—Ger.

Epilepsy is so called because it seizes upon the subject with sud-
denness ; and from him falling suddenly it is called falling sickness.
Fortunately the horse is not often afflicted by this disease. i

Cause.—This disease, like its kindred one, the staggers, is gene-
rally the consequence of too full a habit; or by worms and bots in
the stomach.—Srxz Svuspivision D.—a.

Symptoms.—The horse stops—trembles—looks vacantly around
—falls, and then contorts and constricts his body most violently —
Especially the head and fore part of the horse are greatly effected—
gnashes his teeth—breathes heavily, and as soon as the convulsions
cease, he gets up, looks around stupidly ; shakes his ears, urines—
soon begins to eat as before. . |

Treatment.—If the attack continues ten or twelve minutes, the
gums should be cut, and be bled under the tongue, allowing the blood
to run down the throat; and as soon as possible administer a physic,
No. 2 or 3, Sect. 128, may be given; or the following :

No. 11.—Physic.

Take aloes, eight drams; scammony, two drams; cremor tartar,
one ounce ; anise and fennel, of each, two drams; put these ingredi-
ents into one quart of warm water, and administer the whole at once.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 77

Barnum says the only hope of cure consists in discovering the
cause of the fits, and an experienced practitioner must be consulted,
if the animal be valuable—generally speaking, however, the cause is
so difficult to discover, and the habit of fits is so soon formed, and
they will so frequently return, even at a great distance of time, that
he who values his own safety, or the lives of his family, will cease
to use an epileptic horse.

7 Sect. 134.
h.—Palsy— Ghederlehmung, Schlag.—Ger.

Palsy is a disease in which the power of voluntary motion is great-
ly impaired, if not wholly lost, effecting certain parts of the body,
often accompanied with drowsy dullness; in some cases the disease
is confined to a particular part, but it usually happens that one entire
side of the body is affected. ‘The power of the muscles is unimpair-
_ed, but the nervous energy is deficient. In the horse it is usually
confined to the hinder limbs.

Cause.—When purging has been suddenly stopped, he becomes
palsied. It is sometimes the consequence of violent inflammation of
the bowels. It is produced by falls, blows on the loins, injury in
casting, and turning in a narrow stall. In these latter cases the spine
has evidently been injured.

Treatment.—Bleeding, physicing, antimonial medicines, and stim-
alating embrocations are the most likely means of a cure.

The following, as an external application, has proved beneficial :

No. 12.-——Poultice. r

Take St. John’s wort, celandine, speecwell, winter-green, thyme,
camomile, of each, a handful; decoct the whole in salt water, and
apply it as a poultice on the part affected. ‘This should be repeated
three times a day. Apply itas warm as the horse will bear it.

The following treatment and application have been highly recom-
mended. First physic the animal well; then scarify with a fleam or
strong cupping instrument, the croup or crupper, the parts about the
hips and rump, which is usually the seat of disease, and apply the
composition recommended below, as warm as the horse will suffer it.

No. 13.——Plaster.

Take deer or sheep tallow, mastic, frankincense, of each one pound,
and one ounce of myrrh; mix and heat it over a slow fire, or live
coals. .

The following embrocation has been of service, by moistening
and rubbing the diseased part with cloth, or a spunge dipped into it:

No. 14.--E'mbrocation.

Take bay salt, bruised, one-half pound; crude sal ammoniac, two
ounces ; sugar of lead, a quarter of an ounce; vinegar, one pint and a
half; water, one pint; mixed. |

See Aprenpix-——/?rticle, Embrocations.

78 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-
Sect. 135. Cie le
i.—Diseases of the ear.—Ohrenkrankheiten.——Ger. )

The horse, as well as man, is subject to the disease of the ear, such
as exeruciating pain in the internal ear, partial deafness from cold,
and symptomatic pains arising from uleers or imposthumes, &c. —

In treating of this subject, we shall first speak of deafness ; then of
the pains of the ear, caused by imposthumes.

Cause.——Partial or entire deafness arises from violent colds, and
slight inflammation of the eustachian tube, an opening at the upper
and anterior edge of the hollow of the tympanum, forming a duct
which is in part bony, and in part cartilaginous, extending from the
tympanum to a large peculiar cavity at the posterior part of the nasal
fossa. When this tube is inflamed, the vibratory functions are im-
paired. Sometimes, though the ear is well guarded, foreign substan-
ces get or fall into it, and create pain or disease. _

Symptoms. —The horse, when 2 noise is made near him, will hold
his head to one side, prick up his ears, start and take fright very
easily, if he has been ever so tame or docile before.

Treatment.—A horse thus afflicted should be put into a well ven-
tilated stable; kept free from stale dung, &c.; should be fed on
manger meat and bran mashes for several days before you begin the
cure, then give him the following potion as a drench:

No. 15.—Drench.

Take hiera picra,* one-half ounce; agaric, one ounce; bitter apple,
one-half ounce; lard, one pound; olive oil, two pounds; mixed, and
warmed over live els or a slow fire.

Afterwards drop a small ee from six to ten drops, of the fol-
lowing into the ear:

No. 16.—ar anodyne.

"Fake eel oil, one-half ounce; laurel oil, spike oil, of each, two
ounces; and castoreum, one ounce; mixed. This should be re-
peated two or three times every twenty-four hours.

No. 17.—Another ear anodyne. e

Take wormwooed oil, spike oil, oil of camomile, castoreum, ox-
gall, of each, one dram, and one-half ounce of tallow, well mixed;
administered as above.

Sect. 136,
k.—-Pains of the ear arising from imposthumes—- Geschwueren—-Ger.

The pains arising from imposthumes, &c., are equally as excrucia-
ting as those from cold, &e.
Cause.—The causes are internal and external. The former, such

* Hiera picra is prepared by mixing socotorine aloes, one pound, with three
ounces of white canella.—Hooper.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 79

as febrile vicidity of the brain, internal posthumes; the latter, such
as blows and contusions upon the head, pricking about the ear, which
cause external and internal posthumes.
_ Symptoms.—tif the disease arises from internal cause, the horse
pain hang his head down, dropping the pained ear, or bending it
backwards, according to the seat of the pain in the ear; ea re-
peated attempts to scratch or rub it with the feet, if he cannot rub it
againstsomething. ‘I'he ears are sometimes swollen, and feel feverish ;
discharging vicid pus, which is quite offensive to the smell. _
Brenton. —Bleeding at the head; injections given ; then well
physicked,

No. 18.—Physic.

Take hiera picra, bennet, (benedictus,) agaric, of each, one-half
ounce; turbinth and scammony, of each, one-fourth ounce; gum gam-
boge, one dram ; mix the whole in one quart of warm water, infused
with the bark of the elder tree, and give it at one draught.

The following clyster should then be injected as warm as the
animal can bear it:

No. 19.—Clyster. ,

Take the extract of acacia bark, one ounce; hiera picra, one-half
ounce; the yolk of two eggs; olive oil, four ounces; common salt,
one-half ounce. :

If the ear is considerably swelled, or there should be a posthume
internally or externally, the following cataplasm should be applied to
the swelling or posthume:

Take bran, bruised flax-seed, of each three ounces, and of the
seeds of goats’ thorn, two ounces, to be triturated, well ground, and
mixed with lard, and applied; it will act as a discutient, and dis-
perse the tumor. But should suppuration take place, the ear must
be kept as free as possible from pus.

Of the following composition, from ten to twelve drops may be
poured or squirted into the ear with a syringe:

Juice of rue, one ounce; juice of olive leaves, one-half ounce ;
of the rind of pomegranate, two drams, and two ounces of vinegar ;
mixed, and squirted into the ear.

It sometimes happens that a certain fly will deposite nits, and the
purulent matter, as a congenial nidus, soon generates hundreds of
worms in the sore of the ear. In such a ease, fill the ear with cen-
taury, well bruised, suffer it to remain for one day, then squirt the
following into the ear, wound, or tumor. ‘This will kill the worms,
which must then be removed with a hooked instrument.

The juice of bitter apple, or wild cucumber, and juice of peach
leaves, of each, one ounce, and one-half ounce of olive oil; mixed.

86 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:-

Sect. 187. hs
1.— The eye. :

‘The eye is one of the nicest pieces of mechanism that haatuman
understanding can contemplate. It is one of those organs upon
whose sound condition much of the value of the horse depends.
We regret it, that both the limits of thesbook, and the want of time,
preclude us to devote either space or time to present the reader a =
description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye. ;

We present below an extract from Mason’s Farrier, as prefatory to
the description of the various diseases of this important organ.

The eye is the organ of sight, whereby the ideas of all outward
objects are represented to the common sensory ; its form is a convex
globular, covered by its proper lids, and enclosed within an orbit or
socket: the eyelids preserve the eye from dust or external injury,
and an expansion of the muscles and skin, the inner membrane
being of an exquisite contexture, that it may in no manner hurt or
impair the surface of the eye: their edges have a cartilaginous or
gristly rim, by which they are so fitted as to meet close together at
pressure: the orbit or cavity in which the eye is situated, is lined
with a very pliable, loose fat, which is not only easy to the eye in its
various motions, but serves to keep it sufficiently moist, as the lach-
rymal glands, seated in the outer corner of the eye, serve to moisten
its surface, or wash off any dust or dirt that may happen to get into
it: at the inner corner of the eye, next the nose, is a carbunele,
which, some are of opinion, is placed to keep that corner of the eye
from being entirely closed, that any tears or gummy matter may be
discharged even in time of sleep, or into the punctua lachrymala,
which are little holes for the purpose of carrying off any superfluous
moisture or tears into the nose: the eye has four coats or membranes,
and three humors; the first membrane is called tunica adnata, and
covers all that part of the eye that in a man appears white, but in a
horse is variegated with streaks and spots of brown, and being re-
flected back, lines the inside of the eyelids, and by that inversion
becomes the means to prevent moies, dust, small flies, or any extra-
* neous matter getting behind the eye-ball into the orbit, which would
be extremely dangerous: this coat is full of blood vessels, which
appear in little red streaks on the human eye when inflamed; and
when there is but little white in the eyes of horses, they appear
fiery, and the eyelids, when open and turned back, look red: the
second coat has its forepart very strong and transparent, like horn,
and is therefore called the corneas; and the other part, which is
opaque and dark, is called the schlerotis ; under the cornea lies the
iris, which in a horse inclines to cinnamon color: the middle of this
membrane, or coat, is perforated for the admission of the rays of light,
and is called the pupil: under the iris lies the processes ciliares,
which go off in little rays, and in a sound eye are plainly to be seen.
As often as these processes contract, they dilate the pupil, which
may always be observed in places where the light is small; but ina
strong light, the circular fibres of the iris act as a sphincter muscle,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 81

and lessen the size of the pupil; and therefore a dilated and wide
pupil, in a strong light, is generally an evidence of a badeye. Under
the schlerotis lies the choroides, which is the third coat of the eye:
in men, it is of a dusky brown, but in horses, the greater part of this
coat is white, which enables them to see bodies of all colors better
than men in the night, as white reflects all colors. 3

» But horses and other animals that feed on grass, have some parts
of this membrane of a light green, which enables them to see with
little light, and makes grass an object that they can discern with great-
est strength, and therefore it is sometimes called tunica uvea, from
its resembling a grape. The innermost or fourth coat is called the
membrana retina, which is only an expansion of the optic nerve upon
the choroides, and encompasseth the glossy humor like a net. By
the continuation of the rays of light upon the fine filaments of this
membrane, all the external images are conveyed by the optic nerves
to the brain. Within the coats of the eye are seated the three hu-
mours that chiefly compose the eyeball; the first is the aqueous or
watery humor, which lies foremost and seems chiefly as a proper
medium to preserve the crystaline humors from injuries in case of
wounds, bruises, or any other external cause. Behind the aqueous
humour lies the crystaline lens, in a very firm membrane called are-
na, being like a spider’s web—its use is to refract the rays of light
that pass through it, so that all the rays proceeding from the same
point of any object, being first refracted on the cornea, may be united
on the retina—-the vitreous humor lies behind the crystaline, being
coneave on its foreside to make a convenient lodgement for the crys-
taline, and its hinder part convex agreeable to the globular form of
the eye, upon which the tunica retina and choroides are spread; this
humor possesses a space larger than the other two, and being of a
hue like a light colored green glass, is a proper medium, not only to
keep the erystaline humor and the retina at a proper distance from
each other, but by its color, to prevent the rays of light falling too for-
eibly upon the latter, which might weaken -or impair the sight.—-
See Appenpix—/frticle, Eye.

Sect. 138.
m.——Diseases of the eye-—-Augenmengal.—Ger.

The diseases of the eye are not numerous, but frequent in their
appearance, sadly obstinate ; baffling all skill, andoften very destruc-
tive. The eye of the horse is more disposed to disease than that of
any other domesticated animal. The varieties of treatment are very
numerous; and many, we believe, are undoubtedly at variance with
common sense——they certainly are opposed to each other! We shall
not attempt to reconcile these differences in the treatment of diseas-
ed eyes.

On this topic, we shall submit an extract of J. C. Loudon’s Far-
rier; then add some selections from several popular German authors,
leaving the reader to judge, choose and decide for himself.

The principal diseases of the eye are opthalmia and gutta serena—
Mondaugen and Staar—Ger.

82 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The opthalmia, lunatic, or moon-blindness, is a very peculiar
disease among horses, affecting their eyes generally about their full
growth, but sometimes later, and sometimes earlier. It is but little
known among mules and asses, and unknown in oxen and sheep. It
does not, however, appear to bea disease natural to the horse, as wild,
or even horses subjected to artificial restraints are not observed sub-
ject to it. But among others, itis become so common as to have the
tendency handed down in the breed; the progeny of some stallions
being more prone to it than others. It is often very sudden in its at-
tack, the eyelids being found swelled and almost closed to avoid the
light; they are also very red within, and the haw is half drawn over
the surface; the tears flow down the face perpetually, and the whole
head is hot; now and then these appearances come on gradually.
The suddenness of the attack makes the complaint to be attributed to
accident, as blows, hay seeds within the eye, &c., and it is frequent-
ly difficult to get the owner of such a horse to believe that a constitu-
tional attack, as it usually is, can come on so suddenly. Sometimes
as it comes on, so it goes off quickly, the eye from being opaque and
milky, in twenty-four hours becoming clear and almost well. When
such an attack has taken place, even if nothing be done, the horse
sooner or later amends, and the eye or eyes, for it is sometimes one
and sometimes both that are so attacked, become again clear and well,
and remain so an indefinite period, from five or six weeks to as many
months. Another attack, however, sooner or later follows, to which
others succeed, each leaving increased milkiness on the outer coats,
and some dimness within the pupil, either speck-like or diffused; and
finally the horse becomes blind from cataract. When one eye goes
blind totally before the other, it is often a means of preventing the
future attack on the remaining one; which has given rise to a cus-
tom of putting out one eye to serve the other, and which has succeed-
ed. As this is a constitutional disease, brought on by artificial hab-
its, as over action, close unhealthy confinement, and heating food ;
it is clear the abstraction of all these are necessary to remove the
complaint, and to prevent a recurrence; but particularly the close,
dark, and unventilated state of the stable should be attended to, as
well as the removal of the litter, which retains the volatile alkali of
the urine, and irritates the eyes most injuriously. The food should
be mild and cooling, and the exercise moderate but long continued.
Under the height ae the attack, however, rest is advisable, with mod-
erate light, which may be still further moderated by keeping over the
eye or eyes a thick cloth, wet with Goulard water.

The Goulard water is a very useful embrocation in inflammations,
and is made of the following ingredients, viz:

No. 20.—E'mbrocations.

Goulard’s* extract, half an ounce ; spirit of wine or brandy, one
ounce; soft water, one quart—or mindererus spirit,t four ounces ;
water, twelve ounces.

* Goulard’s extract is a saturated solution of the acetate of lead.
+ A solution of the acetate of ammonia; formerly called Agua amonizx nectar,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 83

Sometimes one quart of vinegar to three quarts of water has been
found a useful application, and which ever is used, the eyes and eye-
brows should be kept continually wet with it, which by exciting
evaporation will keep the part cool. A seton may be introduced un-
der the eye orjaw. In some cases, blistering the forehead or cheek
is found useful; but in every instance bleeding is proper, which
should be repeated until the disease lessens. When the horse is very
full and gross, physic and alteratives assist the cure. When blister-
ing is used in any part of the eye, the greatest care is requisite to
prevent the blistering matter from being rubbed into it.

Sect. 139.

Gutta serena or glass eyes, so called from the peculiar glassy ap-
pearance of the eye, arises from a paralysis of the optic nerve. As
the eye is not materially altered in appearance, a horse often becomes
blind without its being noticed, until his cautious stepping, quick
motion of his ears, &c., give notice of the case. On examination it
will be found that the pupil remains dilated, however great the light,
and the eye is irrecoverably lost. In the very early stages, blisters
to the forehead and stimulants to the eyes, (as white vitriol, a dram ;
water, four ounces,) may be tried, but with faint hopes of success.

Sect. 140.

Extract from George Simon Winters’ Wohlerfahrner Pferde-Arzt.—Car. 18.—
Von den Augen.

Winters says, the causes of diseased eyes, are internal and exter-
nal; the internal are rheumy and humid complexions, (Complezxio-
nen ;) plethora, bilious acridness of the blood.

The external causes may be smoke, dust, air, intense or great heat,
strong penetrating wind, cold, and giving powerful stimuli.

If the seat of pain is in one eye, the other will soon suffer with the
other. ‘The frequent return of pains, will cause specks or spots ;
and often blindness.

There are three kinds of cataracts of the eye, viz: the white, the
grey, and the black; the last is incurable.

If the cataract is only slightly opaque and not altogether of a milk
color, or white, it may be cured by paying strict attention to the treat-
ment and remedies prescribed below.

Treatment.—The first thing to be attended to, is to clyster the
animal.

No, 21.—The Clyster.

Take linseed oil, one-half pound; honey, two ounces ; bitter apple
and agaric, of each, one-half ounce; aleppo scammony, one dram ;
extract of acacia bark, two ounces; common salt, a handful; and
as much water as is necessary—decoct it well—then take the filtered
liquor, two quarts, and inject it warm.

Feed the horse for ten days upon wheat bran, mixed with seeds of
goat’s thorn, agaric and honey; or, you may administer, for several
days in succession, the following drench: ?

84 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

» Now22.—-4 drench.

Spicewood, gentian, birthwort, agaric and elecampane, of each, one-
half ounce: mixed, triturated—and add thereto two ounces infusion
of violets; and betony, one quart; and give it at once. Or give the
following:

No. 23.—-Another drench.

Jalap, one-half ounce; scammony, four drams; gum gamboge,
fennel and anise, of each, one dram; and one quart of wine warmed ;
mixed and administered at once.

After the horse is clystered and physicked, make boluses of the
size of a hen’s egg, and give the horse two of them every other day;
three hours after administering them, lead or ride him about.

No. 24.-—Boluses.

Turpentine and honey, of each. two ounces; infusion of fennel,
four ounces; and one pound of barley meal; mixed and formed into
boluses.

Before you administer the boluses, put asafetida and tar in a srinall
bag, and fasten it upon the bit of the bridle, so that the horse may
champ on it while taking exercise.

No. 25.--ELye salve.

Pellitory, celandine, red poppy, of each, four drams; and two
ounces of honey.
~The following ointment or salve, should be applied to the diseased
eyes: Take honey, olive oil, fennel juice, of each, one-half ounce—
simmer it over a slow fire until it is reduced or diminished one-third,
then apply it.
The following powder may be substituted :

No. 26.—Powder for sore eyes.

Calcined oyster shells, one ounce; white vitriol, two drams; and
one dram of ginger, well triturated; blow daily a small portion into
the affected eye. Mix burdock root with his feed.

Nachrichter recommends the following as a celebrated eye water:

No. 27.—LHye water.

Infusion of celandine, fennel, eyebright, of each, one ounce; pul-
verized ginger, one-half dram; vitriol, sal ammoniae, of each, one-half
dram; and camphor, one scruple—well mixed in a vial, and apply
it to the eye two or three times a day.

No. 28.—Lye water.
[From the Genesee Farmer.]

Take one ounce of sulphate of iron, or copperas; one-half ounce
sulphate of zinc, or white vitriol; one pint of soft water.

Care should be taken to obtain the ingredients pure, and to filter
the solution through filtering paper, or several thicknesses of cloth,

THE ‘FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 85

in order to purify and free it from the feruginous coloring matter of
the copperas.

The following lotion from White’s Farrier, may be applied an
the eye is highly inflamed:

No. 29.—Lye water.

Take tincture of opium, two drams; water of hes, he litharge,
one dram; pure water, eight ounces; mixed. Or the following:
wa No. 30.—Eye water. |
Take extract of hyoseiamus or henbane, one dram; pure water,
eight ounces; rub them together in a mortar, pouring on the water -
gradually; and, when perfectly mixed, add, of the water of acetated
litharge, one dram. The following, from Loudon, is said to be good:

No. 31.—Lye water.

Take brandy, one ounce; infusion of green tea, four ounces;
tincture of opium, two drams; infusion of red roses, four ounces.

Sect. 141.

We shall close this subject by an extract from Mason, on what is
appropriately called ‘“‘hoaks!’’ hooks or haws.

The hooks or haws in a horse, is the growing of_a horny substance
upon the inner edge of the washer or caruncle of the eye, which may
be found in the inner corner, next to the nose. When this disease
makes its appearance, the washer or caruncle is enlarged with great
rapidity, and the ligament that runs along the edge of its membrane,
becomes extremely hard, or like a cartilage; and whenever it arises
to this state, it draws, compresses, and causes great pain to the eyes,
produces a tightness of the skin, a stiffness of the hind-legs, and
finally a general spasmodic affection throughout the whole system.

As the eyes of a horse are often inflamed, and sometimes diseased,
without their having the hooks, for the purpose of ascertaining the
fact, take hold of the bridle, and raise the horse’s head as high as you
can with convenience reach: if he is diseased with the hooks, the
washer or caruncle of the eye, while his head is raised up, will cover
at least one-half the surface of the eye ball. When this is the case,
take a common sized needle with a strong thread, place on the horse’s
nose a twitch;.to prevent his moving; then take in your thumb and
finger the washer or caruncle of the eye, and pass the needle through
it about a quarter of an inch from the outer edge, and inside the
horny substance: draw it gently with the needle and thread, until
you have a fair chance of performing the operation ; then with a
sharp knife cut the piece out, taken up with the needle, which must
not be larger than one-fourth the size of a fourpence half-penny ;
wash the eyes for two or three mornings with salt and water, bathe
his legs up to his belly in equal parts of warm vinegar, spirit and oil,
or fresh butter, and give a mash of one and a-half gallons of bran or
oats, one table spoonful flour of sulphur, one tea spoonful saltpetre,

_

86 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

and the cure will be performed in all probability in four or five days.
Great care should be taken not to cut too large a piece from the
earuncle, as it disfigures the eyes, and sometimes produces blindness.

On cutting out Hooks or Haws.

[From the American Farmer.]

‘‘ Before I was acquainted with this subject, two years ago, I had
two fine young horses sacrificed to this mistaken and ruinous opera-
tion. Ignorant quacks do not know that the horse has a membrane*
peculiar to the animal, which is at pleasure drawn over the eye. The
enlargement of this, by a fever, produces the appearance, which, in
jockey slang, is called the hooks. Reduce the fever by depletion,
such as bleeding plentifully, purging, &c., and have the horse well
rubbed, and the hooks will disappear; that is, the membrane is re-
stored to its natural size and office, which is to clear the eye from
dust, &c., accidentally entering it. I need not mention the cutting
out of this useful membrane unnecessary, as I have proved the use-
lessness of this operation, by restoring a horse without it a few days
ago.

W. V. MURRAY.

Sect. 142.
n.—Diseases of the nose and mouth.

The horse, as we remarked some pages back, is subject to many
complicated diseases, in a domesticated state; nearly every part of
minutest anatomical description, appears to be the seat of some, and
of several nearly allied diseases.

Before we proceed to speak of the diseases of the nose, we shall
add a remark of some importance.

The horse can breathe only through the nose; all the air which
goes and returns from the lungs must pass through the nostril: hence,
as is well known to intelligent persons, that the nose, and its mem-
branes, presenting an extensive surface, are excellent criteria, when
sufficient attention is paid thereto, to judge of the character and
degree of many diseases. The sympathy of this organ is greater
than almost of any other; and the changes produced by disease are
more striking and more conclusive, than those of the eyelids, by

-

* This membrane is commonly called the haw. The membrana nictitans is
one of the most striking pieces of mechanism in existence; it is a third eyelid giv-
en to those animals that have no hands, or have not the power of reaching their
eyes with their limbs, to remove dirt or small particles from their eyes. Men and
monkeys, who are furnished with hands, are denied the nictating membrane ; the
horse and most other quadrupeds are furnished with this eye-wiper. It is an indis-
pensable and important membrane ; it can be distinctly seen when the eye is drawn
inwards, but it is at all other times hidden within the fatly matter surrounding the
globe of the eye. Whenever the eye becomes, from some internal or external
cause, inflamed, this cartilaginous membrane shows itself, and is then frequently
cut off, by quacks, under a suspicion that it is the cause of the disease of the
eye!! The horse then usually goes blind afterwards—Compziler.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 87

which many judge. In the healthy state of the horse, the mem-
brane of the Mose is uniform pale pink. When the system is some-
what excited, then the color is of an increased blush of red. The
blush becomes streaked red when inflammation begins and threatens
to increase. In acute inflammation, the membrane is of an intense
florid red. When it presents a pale ground, with patches of vivid
red, it shows that the fever is half subdued, but still some existing
fever. “The uniform color, although somewhat redder than natural,
predicting a return to a healthy circulation; the paleness approach-
ing the white, marking the stage of debility, and sometimes inter-
mingled with radiations of crimson, inducing the suspicion of lurking
mischief; and the dark livid color, of approaching stagnation of the
vital current:—These, with all their shades of difference, will be
guides to his opinion and treatment, which every one, who has stu-
died them, will highly appreciate.”

“Sect. 143.
_ Nasal-gleet—Nas-Eiter.—Ger.

The gleet is a diseased state of the nasal cavity, discharging a
slimy mucus or viscid fluid. ‘This may be properly called nasal
gleet; we would choose to call it ‘‘the incipient stage of glanders ;”’
for, if not controlled in this stage, it will terminate in glanders.
There is a constant secretion of fluid to lubricate and moisten the
membrane which lines the cavity of the nose, which, under catarrh
or cold, is increased in quantity, and altered in appearance and con-
sistence. This will properly belong to catarrh or cold. But the
gleet is a continued, and oftentimes profuse discharge, when every
symptom of catarrh and fever has passed away; an almost incredible
quantity of thickened mucus, of different colors, is discharged, much
resembling the color of the food he eats. If he feeds on grass, the
color is green; if he is stabled, it will be white, straw colored,
brown, or even bloody, and sometimes mingled with pus; and either
constantly running, or snorting out in masses many times in the day;
teasing the horse; and a perfect nuisance in the stable and the
rider. It continues for months sometimes, and eventually destroys
the horse.

Cause.— Winters ascribes this, and kindred diseases, to a viciation
of the sanguineous, lymphatic and excrementitious fluids, which
may be corrupted by too violent exercise of the animal, overfeeding,
&c. ‘The books we have consulted, say very little about the causes
of this disease.

Symptoms.—'These we have already given in the attempt to define
the disease. ‘To distinguish the gleet from catarrh, pay attention to
the discharge; if it is a ‘‘thickened mucus of different colors, and
the discharge continues,” it is gleet.

Treatment and cure.—Bleed, and give physic No. 3 or 4, Sect.
128. Then give him one dram, once a day, of the following tonic
preparation: :

88 ; THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER,

No. 32, Tonic alterative.

_ Take gentian, aloes, ginger, blue vitriol, of each, two drams; oak
- or dogwood bark, powdered, one ounce; mix, and give it ina mash.
Prepare the following lotion or wash, squirt it into the nostrils,
and wash them well:
Take vinegar or wine, one quart; salt and alum, of each, one
ounce. After using the wash for several days, prepare the following
ointment; use as directed below:

No. 33.—Ointment.

Take unslaked lime, four ounces; ashes and honey, of each, two
ounces ; vinegar and wine, of each, as much as is necessary; mix it,
make a liquid ointment, and with a sponge on the end of a stick,
anoint the parts affected. |

No. 34.—Another ointment—to be used as No. 33.

Take alum and salt, of each, one ounce; calcined lead, one and a-
half ounces; sal ammonia, one-half ounce; ceruse, two ounces; mix
it with as much vinegar and honey as to make a soft ointment. A
few hours after the application of these ointments, the nostrils should
be carefully washed with warm milk, fresh from ane cow, by means
of a syringe.

We have been assured by an experienced ake that the aire
has been tried and attended with success, when all other cures had
failed.

Sect. 144.
Glanders—Rotz or Schnuder.—Ger.

This monstrous disease has been called by various names; by way
of distinction, it is styled ‘‘the opprobrium medicorum,” by writers
on the diseases of horses. Loudon says that all attempts hitherto,
have failed to cure the glanders. If this is true, it may properly be
considered the most formidable disease to which the noblest of
quadrupeds is liable.

After examining from six to ten different authors, with a view to
select something to the point, we have concluded to insert an article
from the Library of Useful Knowledge, modified by Mr. Barnum,
editor of the Farmer’s Reporter—and we shall add something from
various English and German books; then conclude with an extract
from our German author, Dr. Winters, believing that the reader will be
instructed in much that is worth knowing i in reference to this disease.
Barnum’s article we shall insert, as it stands, without changing it to
conform to our general order, as to disease, cause, symptom, &e.

Sect. 145.

Glanders.—It was described by writers fifteen hundred years ago,
and it was then, and is now, not only a loathsome, but an incurable

A

a

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 8S

disease; we shall therefore principally confine ourselves to the con-
sideration of its symptoms, nature, and causes, and prevention, and
degree of contagion, and these will afford much matter of interest to
the farmer.

Symptoms.—If we could obtain an authentic history of the glan-
dered horse, we should find that, in the majority of instances, if the
disease were bred in him, he had been dull, off his feed, losing flesh,
‘and his coat staring; and that these appearances had for several weeks
preceded the characteristic symptoms of glanders. ‘These symptoms,
however, may lead to, or be the causes of other diseases, or they may
pass away, and the horse may return to perfect health. ‘That which
would be considered as the earliest, and an unquestionable symptom
of glanders, would be an increased discharge from one or both nos-
trils; different from the discharge of catarrh, because it is usually
lighter and clearer in its color, and more glutinous or sticky. When
rubbed between the fingers it has, even in an early stage, a peculiar,
clammy, bird-limy feel. It is not discharged occasionally, and in
large quantities, like the mucus of catarrh, but it is constantly run-
ning from the nostril.

It is a singular circumstance, for which no satisfactory account has
yet been given, that when one nostril alone is attacked, it is, na
great majority of cases, the near or left. M. Dupuy, the Director
of the Veterinary School at Toulouse, gives a most singular account
of this. He says that out of eight hundred cases of glanders that
came under his notice, only one was affected in the right nostril.

This discharge, in cases of infection, may continue, and in so
slight a degree, as to be scarcely perceptible for many weeks or
months, before the health and capabilities of the horse seem to be
injured. It will remain for a long time almost transparent, yet
gluey; and then it will begin to be mingled with pus; retaining,
however, its sticky character, and being rarely offensive in the early
stages. The constant flow of this secretion, and its stickiness, with
the absence of cough either before or during the discharge, will be
the only symptoms. In process of time, however, pus mingles with
the discharge, and then. another and a characteristic symptom appears.
Some of this is absorbed, and the neighboring glands become affected ;
and, if there be discharge from both nostrils, the glands within the
under jaw will be on both sides enlarged. If the discharge be from
one nostril only, the swelled gland will be found on that side alone.
Glanders, however, will frequently exist at an early stage without
these swelled glands, and some other diseases, as catarrh, will pro-
duce them. Then we must look out for some peculiarity about these
glands, and we shall readily find it. The swelling may be at first
somewhat large and diffused, but the surrounding enlargement soon
goes off, and one or two small distinct glands remain; and they are
not in the centre of the channel, but adhere closely to the jaw on the
affected side.

7

30 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-
Sect. 146.
To judge from the nasal membrane.

The membrane of the nose may now be examined, and will mate-
rially guide our opinion. It will either be of a dark purplish hue,
or almost of a leaden color, or of any shade between the two; or,
if there be some of the redness of inflammation, it will have a purple
tinge ; but there will never be the faint pink blush of health, or the
intense and vivid red of usual inflammation. Spots of ulceration will
probably appear on the membrane covering the cartilage of the nose ;
not simple sore places, or streaks of abrasion, and quite superficial,
but small ulcers usually approaching to a cireular form, deep, with the
edges abrupt and prominent. When these appearances are observ-
ed, there can be no doubt about the matter. Care should be taken,
however, to ascertain that these ulcers do actually exist, for spots
of mucus adhering to the membrane have been more than onee taken
for them. The finger should, if possible, be passed over the sup-
posed ulcer, to determine whether it can be wiped away; and it
should be recollected, as we have already hinted when describing the
duct that conveys the tears to the nose, that the orifice of that duct,.
just within the nostril, and on the inner side of it, has been mistaken
for a cancerous uleer. This orifice is on the continuation of the com-
mon skin of the muzzle which runs a little way up the nostril, while
the ulcer of glanders is on the proper membrane of the nose above 3.
and the line of separation between the two is evident on the slightest
inspection. ;

{tis proper to state that this discharge has continued unattended by
any other disease, or even by ulceration of the nostril for two or three
years, and yet the horse was decidedly glandered from the beginning,
and capable of propagating the malady. i

When ulcers on the membrane of the nose have appeared, the con-
stitution will be evidently affected. 'The horse will lose flesh; his
belly will be tucked up; his coat will be unthrifty, and readily come
off; cough will be heard; the appetite will be impaired ; the strength
will fail; the discharge from the nose will grow more purulent, dis-
colored, bloody, stinking ; the ulcers in the nose will be larger and
more numerous; and the air-passages being obstructed, a grating,
choking noise will be heard at every act of breathing.* The lungs
are now diseased; they are filled with tubercles or ulcerations ; and
the horse at length dies, an emaciated and loathsome object.

Sect. 147.
Variation of symptoms.

The symptoms frequently vary, and to a most puzzling degree.
The discharge will be so slight as scarcely to be perceived, and known
only by its stickiness; and the glands will not be in the least degree
enlarged. At other times a very small enlarged gland may be found,
adhering to the jaw, and may be stationary month after month, and

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 9]

the surgeon may be told that there has never been discharge from the
nose. He will, however, be wrongly informed here; it has most as-
suredly existed, although perhaps to no great degree, at some former
period,and he will generally, without much difficulty discover it then,
although perhaps in so small a quantity that the groom or carter will
deny its existence; and he will principally satisfy himself with re-
spect to it, by its gluey feeling. 2

Sect. 148.
How distinguished from strangles. —

Glanders have often been confounded with strangles, and by those
who ought to have known better. Strangles are peculiar to young
horses. ‘The early stage resembles common cold, with some degree
of fever and sore throat; generally with distressing cough, or at least
frequent wheezing ; and when the enlargement appears beneath the
jaw, it is not a single small gland, but a swelling of the whole of the
substance between the jaws; growing harder towards the middle;
and after a while appearing to contain a fluid, and breaking. In
strangles, the membrane of the nose will be intensely red, and the dis-
charge from the nose profuse, and purulent, or mixed with matter
almost from the first; and when the tumor has burst, the fever will
abate, and the horse will speedily get well.

Should the discharge from the nose continue for a considerable
time after the horse has recovered from strangles, as it sometimes
does, there is no cause for fear. Simple strangles need never degen-
erate into glanders. Good keep, and small doses of the blue vitriol
given internally, will gradually make all right.

Glanders have been confounded with catarrh or cold, but the dis-
tinction between them is plain enough. Fever accompanies cold,
and loss of appetite, and sore throat; the quidding of the food, and
gulping of the water are sufficient indications of the latter of these ;
the discharge from the nose is profuse, and perhaps purulent; and
the glands under the jaw, if swelled, are moveable, and there is a
thickening around them, and they are tender and hot. With proper
treatment the fever abates ; the cough disappears; the swellings under
the throat subside, and the discharge from the nose gradually ceases ;
or, if it remain, it is usually very different from that which character-
izes glanders. {In glanders, there is seldom cough of any consequence,
and, generally, no cough at all. ~~

A running from the nose, small in quantity, and from the smallness
of its quantity drying about the edges of the nostril, andso presenting
some appearance of stickiness, will, in a few cases, remain after se-
vere catarrh, and especially after the influenza of spring; and these
have gradually assumed the character of glanders, and more particu-
larly, when they have been accompanied by enlarged glands and
ulceration in the nose. Here the aid of a judicious veterinary sur-
geon is indispensable; and he perhaps will experience considerable
difficulty in deciding the case. One circumstance will principally
guide him. No disease will run on to glanders which has not, to a

92 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

considerable and palpable degree, impaired and broken down the con-
stitution; and every disease that does this will run on to glanders.
He will look then to the general state and condition of the horse, as
well as to the situation of the glands, the nature of the discharge and
character of the ulceration. Kise:

if, after all, he is in doubt, an experiment may be resorted to,
which wears indeed the appearance of cruelty, and which only the
safety of a valuable animal, or of a whole team, can justify ; he will
inoculate an ass or a horse already condemned to the hounds with
the matter discharged from the nose. If the horse be glandered, the
symptoms of glanders or farcy will appear in the inoculated animal
in the course of a few days. Bs cote ys

Sect. 149.
Tubercles.

The history we have given of the symptoms of glanders will pretty
clearly point out its nature, It is an affection of the membrane of
the nose. Some say that it is the production of tubercles, or minute
tumors in the upper cells of the nose, which may long exist undetect-
ed, and hard to be detected except by a scarcely perceptible running
from the nostril, caused by the slight irritation which they occasion.
These tubercles gradually become more numerous; they cluster to-
gether, suppurate, and break; and small ulcerations are formed. The
ulcers discharge a poisonous matter, which is absorbed and taken up
by the neighboring glands, and which, with greater or less rapidity,
vitiates the constitution of the animal, and is capable of communicat-
ing the disease to others. Other surgeons content themselves with
saying that it is an inflammation of the membrane of the nose, which
may assume an acute or chronic form, or in a very short time, or ex-
ceeding slowly, run on to ulceration.

The malady proceeds as we have already described it, but, before
its termination, becomes connected with farcy. Few horses die of
glanders without exhibiting some appearance of farcy ; and farcy in
its latter stages, is almost invariably accompanied by glanders:—they
are different forms or stages of the same disease.

There can be no doubt that the membrane of the nose is the origi-
nal seat of glanders; that the disease is for a time purely local ; that
the inflammation of the tubercles must proceed to suppuration before
that matter is formed on which the poisoning of the constitution de-
pends; that the whole circulation does at length become empoisoned ;
and that the horse is destroyed by the general irritation and disease
produced. |

Glanders may be either bred in the horse, or communicated by con-'
tagion. What we have further to remark on this malady will be
arranged under these two heads :

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 93

Sect. 150.
Contracting the disease.

Baicastapes stable. management we e believe to be a far more frequent
‘cause of glanders than contagion. ‘The air which is necessary to
Tespiration is changed and empoisoned in its passage through the
lungs, and a fresh supply i is necessary for the support of life. ‘That
supply may be sufficient, barely to support life, but not to prevent
the vitiated air from again and again passing to the lungs, and produc-
ing irritation and disease. ‘The membrane of the nose, possessed
of extreme sensibility for the purposes of smell, is easily irritated by
this poison, and close and ill-ventilated stables oftenest witness the
ravages of glanders. Professor Coleman relates a case which proves
to demonstration the rapid and fatal agency of this cause. ‘in the
expedition to Quiberon, the horses had not been long on board the
transports, before it became necessary to shut down the hatchways
(we believe for a few hours only ;) the consequence of this was, that
some of them were suffocated, and that all the rest were disembark-
edeither glandered or farcied.””—Percival.

In a close stable, the air is not only poisoned by being repeatedly
breathed, but there are other and more powerful sources of mischief.
The dung and the urine are suffered to remain fermenting, and giving
out injurious gases. In many dark andill-managed stables a portion
of the dung may be swept away, but the urine lies for days at the
bottom of the bed, the disgusting and putrefying nature of which is
ill concealed by a little fresh straw which the lazy horsekeeper scat-
ters over the top.

Sect. 151.
Importance of keeping stables clean.

The stables of the gentleman are generally kept hot enough, and
far too hot, although, in many of them, a more rational mode of treat-
ment is beginning to be adopted; but they are lofty and roomy, and
the horses are not too much crowded together, and a most scrupu-
lous regard is paid to cleanliness. Glanders seldom prevail there.
The stables of the farmer are ill-managed and filthy enough, and the
ordure and urine sometimes remain from week to week, until the
horse lies on a perfect dunghill, while there is no declivity to drain
away the moisture, nor any regular pavement to prevent it from
soaking into the earth, nor any water to clean even the surface, but
the only instrument of purification is an old stumped broom. Glan-
ders seldom prevail there; for the same carelessness which permits
the filth to accumulate leaves many a cranny for the wind to enter,
and sweep away the deleterious fumes from this badly roofed and
unceiled place.

The stables of the horse-dealer are hot enough; but a principle of
strict cleanliness is enforced, for there must be nothing to offend the
eye or the nose of the customer; and there glanders are seldom

©

94 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

found. But if the stables of many of our post-horses, and of those
employed on our canals, be examined, almost too low for a tall horse
to stand upright; too dark for the accumulation of filth to be perceived;
too far from the eye of the master; ill-drained, and ill-paved; and
governed by a false principle of economy, which begrudges the labor
of the man, and the cleanliness and comfort of the animal; these will
be the very hot-beds of the disease, and in many of these establish-
ments it is an almost constant resident.

When speaking of inflammation of the eye, and the effect of ill-
ventilated stables in producing it, we remarked that the urine of the
horse contained an unusually large quantity of hartshorn; and the
litter wetted by it was disposed most rapidly to ferment, and that the
gases extricated must be extremely prejudicial to so delicate an organ.
It may, then, be easily imagined that the constant presence of those
pungent fumes, and the irritation which they would cause on that
membrane which is the very seat of smell, must predispose for, and
often generate a disease which is primarily an affection of this mem-
brane.

Glanders may be produced by any thing that injures, or fora length
of time acts upon, and weakens the vital energy of this membrane.
They have been known to follow a fracture of the bones of the nose.
They have been the consequence of violent catarrh, and particularly
the long continued discharge from the nostrils, of which we have
spoken. They have been produeed by the injection of stimulating
and aerid substances up the nostril; and every thing that weakens
the constitution generally, will lead to glanders. It is not only from
bad stable management, but from the hardships which they endure,
and the exhausted state of their constitution, that post and machine
horses are so subject to glanders; and there is scarcely any inflamma-
tory disease to which the horse is subject, that is not occasionally
wound up and terminated by the appearance of glanders.

Sect. 152.

Glanders, however, are highly Contasitons: The farmer cannot be
too well aware of this; and, considering the degree to which they
often prevail, the legislature would be justified in interfering by some
severe enactments, as they have done in the case of the small pox in
the human subject. ‘The early and marked symptom of glanders is
a discharge from the nostrils of a peculiar character; and if that,
even before it becomes purulent, be rubbed on a wound, or on a
mucous surface, as the nostrils, it will produce a similar disease.—
Glanders are not communicated by the air or breath. If the division
between two horses were sufficiently high to prevent all smelling and
snorting at each other, and contact of every kind, and they drunk not
out of the same pail, a sound horse might live for years, uninfected,
by the side of a glandered one. ‘The matter of glanders has been
mixed up into a ball, and given to a healthy horse, without effect;
_ yet in another experiment of the same kind, the poor animal died.—

The mouth or gullet had probably some small wounds or ulcers in it.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 95

Some horses have eaten the hay left by those that were glandered,

and no bad consequence has followed; but others have been speedily
infected. The glanderous matter must come in contact with a wound,

or fall on some membrane, thin and delicate like that of the nose, Ar
through which it may be absorbed. It is easy, then, accustomed as
horses are to smell each other, and to recognize each other by the —
smell; eating out of the same manger, and drinking from the same
pail, to imagine that the disease may be very readily communicated.

One horse has passed another when he was in the act of snorting,
and has become glandered. Some fillies have received the infection,
from the matter blown by the wind across a lane, when a glandered
horse, in the opposite field, has claimed acquaintance by neighing or |
snorting. tis almost impossible for an infected horse to remain long <
in a stable with others, without irreparable mischief.

__ If some persons underrate the danger, it is because the disease may
remain unrecognized in the infected horse for some months, or even
years; and therefore when it appears, it is attributed to other causes,
or to after inoculation. .We would deeply impress it on the mind of
the farmer, that no glandered horse should be employed on his farm,
in any kind of work, or permitted to remain for a day on his pre-
mises: nor should a glandered horse be permitted to work on any road,
or even to pasture on any field. He may be capable of work for years
after the disease has become undoubted, but mischief may so easily
_ and extensively be effected, that the public interest demands that every
infected animal should be summarily destroyed, or given over for expe-
riment to a veterinary surgeon, or recognized veterinary establishment.

Sect. 153.

_ Remedy.—Our opinion of the treatment of glanders is implied in
what we have just stated. ‘There are a few instances of the sponta-
neous cure of chronic glanders, or glanders long established and slow
in their progress. ‘The discharge has existed for a considerable time;
at length it has gradually diminished, and has ceased without medical
treatment; but im the majority of these supposed cases, the matter
was only pent up for a while, and then, bursting from its confinement,
flowed again in double quantity: or if glanders have not re-appeared,
the horse, in eighteen or twenty-four months, has become farcied, or
consumptive, and died. We view these cures with much suspicion:
but even allowing that some have occurred, they are so few and far
between, that our expressed opinion of the incurable nature of the
disease, in the present state of veterinary knowledge, is scarcely
affected. 2s for medicine, there is scarcely a drug to which a fair
trial has not been given, and many of them have had a temporary
reputation; but they have passed away, one after the other, and are
no longer used. he blue vitriol and the Spanish-fly have held out
longest, and in a few cases, either nature, or these medicines, have
done wonders; but, in the majority of instances, they have palpably
failed. Where the life of a valuable animal is at stake, and the owner
takes every precaution to prevent infection, he may subject the horse
to medical treatment; but we indignantly object to the slitting of the

—

96 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

nostril, and scraping of the cartilage, and searing of the gland, and
firing of the frontal and nasal bones, and to those injections of pep-
per and mustard, corrosive sublimate and vitriol, by which the horse
has been tortured, and the practitioner disgraced. At the veterinary
school, and by veterinary surgeons, it will be most desirable that
every experiment should be tried to discover a remedy for this pest;
but, in ordinary instances, he is not faithful to his own interest or that
of his neighbors, who does not remove the possibility of danger in
the most summary way. : os

Sect. 154.
Infection left in the stable.

Supposing that glanders have made their appearance m the stables
of a farmer, is there any danger after he has removed or destroyed
the infected horse? Certainly there is, but not to the extent that is
eommonly supposed. There is no necessity for pulling down the
racks and mangers, or even the stable itself, as some have done. The
poison resides not in the breath of the animal, but in the nasal dis-
eharge, and that can only reach certain parts of the stable; and if the
mangers, and racks, and bales, and partitions, are first well scraped,
and next scoured with soap and water, and then thoroughly washed
with a solution of the chloride of lime, (one pint of the chloride to a
pailful of water,) and the walls are lime-washed, and the head-gear
burned, and the clothing baked and washed, and the pails new painted,
and the iron-work exposed to a red heat, all danger will cease.

Sect. 155.
Jockey’s tricks.

The tricks which some dealers resort to at fairs and markets, in
order to conceal the existence of glanders, are most infamous, and
should be visited with the severest penalty of the law. Having given
the horse a brushing gallop, that he may thoroughly clear the nose,
some of them blow powdered alum up the nostrils a little while be-

fore he is shown; others use white vitriol; and although the horse

may be sadly tortured, about which they care nothing, the discharge
is for some hours stayed. Others roll up a pledget of tow, and intro-
duce it into the nostril, sufficiently high to escape common observa-
tion. Both these tricks may be discovered by the uneasiness of the
animal, and his repeated efforts to sneeze, as well as by his general —
appearance, and if the disease be far advanced, most assuredly by the
red or raw appearance of the nose, and by the stinking breath.

", Sect. 156.

“Prevention of glanders.

Happy should we be, if we could say anything satisfactory of the
prevention of glanders. ‘The danger from exposure to infection can
scarcely be avoided by those who travel much, and whose horses

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 97
must stand in stables, the inmates of which are so promiscuous, and
so frequently changed. Although we cannot prevent contagion, we
have more power in preventing the disease from occurring without
contagion, and that is a point of importance, at least if the opinion
of Professor Coleman be correct, that not one horse in a thousand
receives the disease from contagion. ‘To this, however, we cannot
‘subscribe, for not only the history of cavalry regiments, but the ex-
perience of every breeder and proprietor of horses will prove the
infectious nature of the complaint.

No fact is more certain, than that he who will keep a glandered
horse in his stable, or work him in his team, will sooner or later lose
the greater part of his stud. However, the generation of the disease
may certainly be much prevented, and the first and most effectual
mode of prevention will be to keep the stables cool and well ventila-
ted, for the hot and poisoned air of low and confined stables is one of
the most prevalent causes of glanders.

_ Next to ventilation stands cleanliness; for the foul air from the fer-
menting litter, and urine and dung, must not only be highly injurious
to health generally, but irritate and predispose to inflammation that
delicate membrane, which is the primary seat of the disease. If to
this be added regular exercise, and occasional green meat during the
summer, and carrots in the winter, we shall have stated all that can
be done in the way of prevention. The farmer’s horse, in his cool
or cold stable, and during the greater part of the year running loose
when not at work, would be exempt from glanders, if, at the market
and the fair, he were not so much exposed to contagion. In truth,
glanders may be considered as the consequence of the stabling of the
horse. In South America and in Arabia, they are unknown; but
wherever the European plan of stabling has been introduced, glanders
have followed in its train: and therefore if any means are resorted to
for the cure of glanders, the first, and perhaps the only effectual one
would be to remove every exciting cause of the disease; to restore
the horse almost to a state of nature; to turn him out for a long time,
or at least to throw open his stable as much as the season and the
weather will permit. Experience, however, tells us, that although
the symptoms have disappeared when the exciting causes of disease
have been removed, and the horse has returned to his stable after a
twelve month’s run, apparently sound, every symptom has gradually
shown itself again, when these causes have been once more called
into action.

Sect. 157.

From a careful examination of English and German authors on
this subject, we are strongly inclined to think that the glanders are
not wholly incurable. We find a few well attested cases; these should
therefore encourage the owner of a horse, if he is a valuable one, to
make an attempt to save the animal. This attempt should be made
in the earliest stage of the disease; if it becomes chronic, there is no
remedy—various are recommended. White recommends the mildest
preparations of mercury, as #thiops mineral; under the conviction

98 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE. FARRIER.

that the more acrid preparations disturb the powers of the constitu-
tion so much, as to destroy it as effectually as the disease.

Clark recommends the daily administration of a drink or ball,
composed of the following ingredients: ; meet

No. 35.—Glander ball or drink.

“Take sulphate of zine, fifteen grains ; cantharides, powdered, seven
grains; allspice, powdered, fifteen grains; of which he gives one or
two extraordinary proofs of utility.

Sect. 158.

The following is from J. M. G. Jefferies’ book, cnaindeit.
edition, page 306:

For the glanders.

“ The remedy.—Take goose grease, any quantity you like, and
rub it on the poll and nape of the neck as occasion requires ; I have
in a preat degree experienced its efficacy in some sort in this disorder,
yet not in a case of desperacy, with success. I am quite of opinion,
provided the spine is not too far ulcerated, that this remedy, and
fuming at the nostrils with asafetida and castor, and two or three
drinks of the decoction of sassafras root, a quarter of an ounce of gum
guaiacum dissolved in it, given lukewarm, will perfect a speedy cure.
This remedy seems to be nearly calculated for the disorder in despe-
rate cases ; the goose grease thus used, will cause any common run-
ning at the nostrils speedily to evacuate, disperse and dry up, which
I proved.” —Proved.

Sect. 159.

Dr. Nachrichter is of opinion that the cause of glanders in the
horse, is in its general character, not unlike the venerial poison in
the human subject; that it is a disease which disorders the whole
body most violently ; that it spreads and diffuses itself by a kind of
fermentation and assimilation of matter; and that the nose is the place ~
of discharge. His course of treatment is to purify the blood and
correct the lymphatic system.

No. 36.—Physic.

Take burdock root, two handfuls; guaiacum wood and sassafras
root, of each, one-half pound; rhubarb, four ounces; senna leaves,
one ounce; sedlizer salt or epsom salts, one and a-half ounce; jalap,
pulverized, one and a-half ounce; fennel, one-half ounce.

The burdock, guaiacum and sassafras, put into a crock with three
quarts of water, and boil it slowly for one hour; then put in the other
ingredients, and add four ounces of honey ; let it stand ten hours;
then filtrate, and drench the horse on an empty stomach. Every third
day, repeat this drink, and instead of feeding the horse oats, give him
bran mixed with hot water; ride the horse one hour every day.

Further, make an astringent wash of the following ingredients :

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 99
No. 87.—Astringent wash.

Take alum and white vitriol, of each, four ounces; calcine them ;
put the compound into a vessel; add three pints of rose water; then
dissolve one ounce and a-half of camphor in rye whiskey, till it is
_ saturated; pour this solution into the other vessel. Take of this
mixture and squirt a portion of it three times a day into the horse’s
nose; this will increase the flow of matter, till it is wholly evacuated,
and will effect a cure in many instances. But if the glands about the
jaw-bone are swollen, or can be felt, the horse is not cured; the dregs
of this disease are still there. Hence, it is necessary to cause the
swollen parts to suppurate, and thus remove the virus. Make the
following plaster, and apply it externally over the swollen glands:

No. 38.—Plaster for swollen glands.

Take flaxseed, one-half pound; and the seed of goats’ thorn, four
ounces; pulverize it; put it into a crock containing three. pints;
place it over a slow fire till the contents are reduced to a pulp; add
to the pulp a-half pound of salve of marshmallows; make a poul-
tice, and apply it. This will cause it either to suppurate, or it will
act as a diseutient. If it has not. this effect, the glands must be cut
out. ‘The wound is to be treated as directed in Cuap. XIII.—
Article, Treatment of wounds. SEE atso AppEnDIx.—./Zriicle,
Glanders..

Sect. 160.

amines ewtract from the same author, headed ‘‘ Die beste und
sicherste methode:’’ “'The best and safest method.”’

1. Bleed the diseased horse freely ; early the first day; open both
the bronchial and jugular veins.

2. The second and third day, give him a purifying powder in his
feed, or as a drink. Do not suffer him to eat or drink afterwards for
several hours. From one to two ounces of the following powder
should be given at one time: c

No. 39.—Cleansing powder.

Take hazelwort, carline thistle, white gentian root, fenugreek, of
each, four ounces ; anise, bay berries, black hellebore, of each, one-
half ounce; juniper berries, half a handful; flaxseed, four ounces ;
reduce the whole to a powder, and feed from one to two ounces at a
time.

3. The third day, if the powder has operated, it may be omitted
being given.

4. The fourth day, the following mercurial preparation is used or
adhibited :

No. 40.—Mercurial preparation.

Take mercur. viv., one ounce; laurel oil, three ounces; fat of a
dog, three ounces; olive oil, eight ounces.

~

100 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The mercury must be rubbed in a mortar with spirits of turpen-
tine till it is completely dissolved; then mix with it the dog’s fat
and olive oil, and give it to the horse early next morning, and ride
or lead him about till he becomes warm. He should have nothing
to eat in the forenoon. He should be well covered with eke,
and kept warm.

N. B.—In relation to the dose, the age and streneys of the horse
must be consulted.

5. No medicine is to be cureantolered the fifth, sith: and, aceat
ing to circumstances, the seventh day. —

6.. The seventh and eighth day the horse is to be bled as before, but
on the other side of the neck; upon which, give the following powder

with his first feed in the morning—dose, from one to two ounces:

No. 41.—Cleansing powder.

Take brimstone, four ounces; asafetida, one and a-half ounce; Bar- .
badoes aloes, one ounce; cremor tartar, one ounce; ground ivy, a
handful; savine, four ounces; bay berries, four ounces; lungwort,
‘two handfuls; centaury, two handfuls; hazelwort and black helle-
bore, two ounces; woundwort, betony, fennel, hyssop, of each, one
ounce; crude antimony, eight ounces; pulverized, and mixed.

7. This powder is to be given for ten or twelve days. ‘The horse
is to be bled again in the same veins where the cure was commenced.
At the expiration of ten days, give the powder every second or third
day, till the horse is cured.

Remarks.

1. The herbs and roots must be of the best that can be procured,
and be well pulverized.

2. If the disease is deeply rooted, continue longer with the cleans-
ing powders.

3. The throat, jaws, and affected parts, to be daily apd or
greased with laurel oil, or a warm poultice to be applied, made of
scorphularia, or some other emollient poultice.

4, The horse should not be suffered to drink cold water. Should
be fed on moist food, manger meat, or green food.

5. While the mercurial preparation is given, the horse must not be
exposed to wet or cold; but be kept in a warm stable, and be moved
about in the stable, or a covered shed, to afford him exercise. _

6. Should the diseased animal be a mare with foal, divide the
doses.

7. The stable must be kept perfectly clean; well ventilated.

Sect. 161.

Dr. Winters says there are two varieties of glanders.. The one
is incurable; the other curable if not too long neglected. The cause
of this disease is a great irregularity of the sensorial functions.

The symptoms of both varieties are nearly alike. He enume-
rates the following:

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 101.

‘1. If the horse has been ridden till warm, and if you compress
the pacer he seems to ‘Suffocate.
sins to the hétionn:
3. The flow of matter is unceasing.
4. If the matter is white, and not offensive to the smell, the disease
is curable.
5. if the pus is yellow, or reddish, or tinged with load: it is Ineur-
able. :
6. Howie affected with glanders will eructate occasionally a foul
pe een
He will let much of the water pass from the mouth as he is
dciniieg mingled with pus.
8. Hang the head low, and droop the ears.
9. Breathe with difficulty, or heavily.
10. Refuse occasionally to drink or eat.
11. Affected with cough; drawing in the flanks very much.
12. The nostrils feel cold.
13. Become lean and lazy.
14. The mane is easily puiled, or sheds spontaneously.
15. An offensive smell passes from the mouth and nose.
Treatment.—Bleed at the neck; not too largely. The next day
oe the eens potion:

No. 42. — Drench.

Take fennel, one ounce; licorice wood, two ounces; colt’s foot,
three handfuls; honey, six ounces; wine or water, three quarts—
mixed; simmered over a slow fire; filtrated, and administer it warm
in two doses.

Then give physic No. 17, Sect. 136. After which, give the horse
of the following preparation:

No. 43.—Tonic physic.

Take eee four fous birthwort and gentian, of each, eight
drams ; laurel and sarsaparilla, of each, two ounces; jalap and sol-
danel, of each, one ounce; agaric, two ounces; honey, twelve
ounces; wine, two quarts—mix; divide it into four portions; give a
dose each day, for four days.

Stable attendance should be the best. ‘The horse should be ridden,
or moved about, daily. ‘The food should be moistened oats or bran.
His daily drink should be as given below.

No. 44.--Glanders-drink.

Take centaury, three handfuls; garlic and ginger, of each, three
ounces; garden cress seed, two ounces; calamus, four ounces; lico-
rice root, one pound; agaric, two ounces; turbith, one ounce; elder
root, two ounces; honey, two quarts. Add to these sixteen gallons -
of water, and put it into a kettle, slowly simmered. Of this decoc-
tion, mix the horses drink daily. His drink should not be cold.

102 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

N. B.—A friend has just handed us a ‘‘leaf”’ from a little work
by P. Montague, Gent., printed Dublin, Ireland, 1763, which we
here subjoin. The “leaf” is part of a ee between the doctor
and the groom.

Groom.-—-What method do you —_ to cure “this distressing
disease, the glanders ?

Dr. P. Montague.—-The method of cure I shall ie anne has
lately cured upwards of fifty horses, out of three-score; and pro-
vided my directions are carefully observed, I very much question
if one in a hundred would miss of a cure. You are first to procure
a close warm stable; keep the horse a day or two with small quan-
tities of choice hay, and scalded bran; then, over night blow up his
nostrils as much asarabacca, in fine powder, as will lie on a six-
pence, and repeat it again in the morning; his drink to be a weak
lime-water; and this you may follow four or five days: then take
two ounces of elecampane roots; boil them in a quart of milk till
they are soft enough to mingle with it, which you are to give to the
horse while it is warm; continue these three or four days; and after-
wards give Markham’s moss-water, which is thus prepared: Take
two handfuls of white moss, which grows on old oaken pales, and
boil it in two quarts of milk till near one quart be wasted; then strain
it, squeeze the moss well, and give it the horse milk warm: this you
may continue four or five days; and about an hour after you have given
the drink each day, proceed as follows: ‘Take the quantity of a pullet’s
egg of good sweet butter, and about half an ounce of brimstone, well
powdered, and work these very well together into asalve; then take
two clean goose feathers, the longest you can procure, and make a
hole in each, at the nliceme and fasten two long threads thereto;
having done thus, anoint the feathers with your salve till they are well
soaked therewith; and after this, roll them in dry powder of brim-
stone. You are now to open the horse’s nostrils, and thrust up the
feather ends into his head; and the threads which are at the quill-
ends you are to fasten on the top of the horse’s head, which keeps the
feathers from dropping out. It is requisite, if the weather be mild,
to ride your horse for an hour or two, morning and evening; and
when you bring him to his stable, let him stand about half an hour
before you take out the feathers; then give him a little hay, sprinkled
with urine; and after that, a little scalded bran. During this opera-
tion, it would forward the cure if you bathe his head with spirits of
wine, camphorated; and afterwards confine his head over a tub of
hot grains, in such a manner, as he may have the benefit of the
steam arising from them. Proceed in this manner for eight or nine
days, and you need not doubt of a complete cure. But to prevent a
relapse, and to decoy the humors from their own channel, I advise a
rowel ; after which, give one of the following alterative balls ened
other ees for a. week :

“THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 108
+itbabs ee SH No. 45.—.Alterative bail.

-Turbith mineral, one dram; diapente, one ounce; make into a ball
with honey.

_ You may then let your horse rest four or five days, and after, give
him about two ounces of nitre a day, either in his corn, water, or a
ball, as you like best; but, however given, it must be finely pow-
dered. If made into a ball, itis to be done with honey, and thus
you have a Sure cure, at a trifling expense, and very little trouble.

Sect. 162.
m.—Farcy—Raeude.—Ger.

Farcy is a disease closely allied with the glanders. Mr. White
has shown satisfactorily, that farey and glanders will mutually pro-
duce each other. ‘The farcy, however, is a disease more easily cured
than the glanders, of which daily experience delivers convincing
proofs, Mr. Mills calls this disease a cording of the veins, and the
appearance of small tumors in several parts of the body.

~The farcy is a contagious disease among horses, and is more to be
dreaded than any other malady to which they are subject.

—Symptoms.—It sometimes makes its appearance on a particular
part, while at other times it spreads its horrid ravages through the
whole system. It may be found in the neighborhood of each blood
vessel, following the track of the vems, and when inveterate, appears
to thicken their coats and integuments. Its characteristics are a ful-
ness and hardness of the veins, a number of small lumps or buds on
the limbs or lower parts of the body, which at first appearance are
hard, but soon turn into soft blisters, and which (when broken) dis-
charge an oily or bloody ichor, and turn into foul, spreading ulcers.
In some horses it appears in the head only, in others near the exter-
nal jugular or plate veins, inside the fore-arms, on the hind parts,
near the large veins inside the thighs, about the pasterns, and particu-
larly about the knees of the horse, which are itn swelled until
they appear c deformed.

“The poison of the farcy appears to be slow in its operation, as a
horse will frequently linger and dwindle away for six or nine months,
and the ulcers increase in number and size, until the flesh appears
almost disposed to fall from the bones, before life is destroyed. The
appetite of a horse thus diseased is generally good to the last, but his
hair looks dead, and his eyes sad and desponding.

The farcy, in its first stage, readily admits of a cure: but after
running on a horse for a length of time, and the absorbents or lym-
phaties about the ulcers become inflamed from an absorption of poi-
sonous matter, the cure is rendered extremely difficult.

Whenever the farcy rises on the spine, it shows great malignancy,
and is considered dangerous, particularly to horses that are fat, and
full of blood. When it is general in the system, as is sometimes the
case, it rises on several parts of the body at once, forming many
large and foul ulcers, causing a profuse running of greenish cor-

104 THE FARMER’ S COMPLETE FARRIER.

rupted matter rom both ee and soon terminates the existence
of the animal by general mortification.

In the lower limbs the farcy sometimes remains concealed for a
great length of time, and makes so slow a progress that it is often
mistaken for a wound, or some other disease. A single bud will some-
times appear opposite the pastern joint, anc run upwards in an uneven
and knotty form; and unless some steps are taken to check its pro-.
gress, it will slowly steal upon the animal until it becomes general in.
the system, and finally centres in the lungs; shortly after which a
gangrene ensues, and the horse is unburdened of a life that is not
only painful to himself, but to all that behold him.

Treatment.—To effect a cure in this distressing disease, in its first
stage, bleed three times the first week, taking half a gallon of blood
at each bleeding, feed principally on bran, oats, or any food easily
digested, and the long food green, (if to be had;) remove all filth from
or about-the stable, taking care to keep it neat and clean afterwards ;
give three mashes a week, of bran, scalded with sassafras tea, one.
table spoonful of powdered brimstone, and one tea spoonful of salt-
petre, (not permitting the horse to drink for six hours afterwards,)
take half an ounce of asafetida, which can be procured in any apothe-
cary’s shop; wrap it in a clean linen rag, and nail it in the bottom of
the manger in which he is fed; all his drink must be equal quantities
of sassafras boiled in water to a strong decoction, and half an ounce
of asafetida should be placed in his watering bucket, in the same
manner as directed for the manger; the buds or ulcers should be
washed once a day with blue stone or copperas water, and if the
knees or ancles are swelled, spread on a piece of buckskin mercurial
ointment, and bind them up as tight as possible without giving pain.

The second week bleed twice, taking half a gallon of blood each
bleeding, if the horse is in tolerable order; or if poor, only half the
quantity ; give the same number of mashes as directed for the first
week, also the same drink, taking care to renew the asafetida in the
manger and bucket, should it be sufficiently exhausted to require it.

The third week bleed but once, taking one quart of blood: in other re-
spects observe the same treatment as directed for the first and second.
weeks. ‘The horse should be moderately exercised about a mile,
twice a day, and occasionally should be offered a little hommony, as
a change of food, to keep up his appetite.

By the time your attentions for the third week expire, if the dis-_
ease is only local, it will not only be removed, but the plight of the
horse will be much improved.

When the farcy makes its appearance epidemically, the cure is
rendered difficult, and will require the aid of more active medicine.
Prepare and give to a horse thus diseased, a ball, every night. for
a week, composed of twenty-five grains of calomel, a quarter of an
ounce of powdered fennel seed, a small quantity “of syrup of any
kind, and as much crumb of loaf bread as will make a ball about the
size i an English walnut; all buds or ulcers should be washed
clean in blue-stone water, after which they should be well rubbed
around with mercurial ointment once a day ; a narrow pitch plaster

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 105

should be laid on at the joining of the head and neck, in the direction
of the throat latch, for the purpose of taking off the hair, which will
Happen in two or three days; after which, a lump of mercurial oint-
ment, about the size of a hickory nut, must be rubbed on the naked
part, amongst the large glands of the throat, until it is entirely absorb-
ed, every night and morning, until the expiration of the week;
added to which, the treatment generally may be the same as before
recommended in the more simple stage of the farey, with these excep-
tions; the drink should never be cold, but the air taken off, or milk
warm; the mashes without sulphur, during the week the balls are
given, as the sulphur counteracis the effects of the calomel and oint-
ment; he should not be bled, and great care should be used to pre-
vent his getting wet,.and eatching cold in any way while under the
course of physic.

At the expiration of the first week, stop with the balls and oint-
ment for a week, adding sulphur to the mashes, as directed in the first
stage of farcy. At the expiration of the second week, stop with the
sulphur, and again commence with the balls and ointment. Go onin
this manner, continuing to change the medicine each week until the
eure is performed.

It may sometimes happen that a horse’s mouth will be sore before
the expiration of a week, when taking the balls and using the oint-
ment. Whenever this is discovered, stop with the balls, and add
sulphur to the mashes, which will readily remove the soreness about
the mouth.—Wason.

The disease is contagious, and those who have more than one
horse, to them it is recommended, to use asafetida in the manger,
watering bucket, and to the bridle bit, to prevent its contagious
effect. Mason says he made a fair experiment of the asafetida as a
preventive, by placing a horse violently affected with farey, and
which fell a victim to it, in the same stable with one in health, with-
out any ill consequences resulting from their contiguous situation.

Sect. 163.

George Jefferies, of Chester county, Pa. recommends the following:
for a farcy.

First bleed in those veins that most feed the farcy; then give him

this drink :
No. 46.—Physie.

Take aloes, one ounce; boil it in three quarts of water until re-
duced to a quart; add to it one gill of molasses, as much of soft soap,
and half as much yeast, and give it to the horse lukewarm.

Ride him a mile before and after it, and keep him warm for two or
three days until the physic has done working.

Sect. 164,

Blaine professes to have received great benefit from the use of the
following course of treatment, after depletion :

4

®

106 | '€HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER%.
No. 47.—farcy bail.

Take oxmuriate of quicksilver, eight grains; oxide of arsenic,
eight grains; subacetate of copper, eight grains; sublimate of cop-
per, one scruple; made into a: ball and given every morning, care-
fully watching the effects; and if it be found to occasion cecatuag
divide and give half, night and morning.

After the ball is given, administer the following.

No. 48.—arcy draught.

T'ake the expressed juice of clevers, or goose grass, Six ounces ;
a strong decoction of hemp-seed and sassafras, six ounces..

He adds: ‘‘ whatever treatment is pursued, it will be rendered
doubly efficacious if green meat (food, such as grass, &c.,) be procur-
ed, and the horse be fed wholly on it; provided the bowels will
bear such food; but if the medicines gripe, by being joined with
green food, add to the diet bean meal.’”” Bran or oat meal will
answer.

Writers on diseases and their treatment, seem io be infected with
a kind of cacoethas crescendi morborum, hence many have called a
certain dropsical affection of the skin or chest, the watery farcy. We
shall dismiss the watery farcy, and direct the readers attention to
something more tangible—not so evanescent..

Sect. 165.

n.—Polypus—Zaserzewxchs.—Ger.

Of the polypus, which occupies the horse’s nose, and sometimes
increases to an enormous size, obstructing the breathing and sadly
annoying the horse, nothing is said by any of the English anthers
on farriery, that we have examined.

In Winters’ Wohlerfahrner Pferde-Arzt, Lebanon edition, p. 176,
we find a chapter from which we shall present an extract in an Eng-
lish dress, after submitting a few words of our own.

We shall not detain the reader by a description of the different
kinds of polypi, nor inquire into the different causes that produce
them. ‘Fhe polypus under consideration is that which has its seat
in the nose, whether arising from a swelling of the pituitary mem-
brane, or from an ulcer produced by a caries of some of the nasal
bones. Polypi are of different texture and constitution; some are
soft, easily lacerated and bleed on the least touch ; others are firm or
compact, while some are of a scirrhous nature. It is not their nature,
but their size that intercepts the passage of the air through the nostrils,
and when large, often force the septum narium into the opposite
nostril, so that the afflicted horse cannot breathe,-and death is the
consequence, for the nostrils in this animal are the only apertures to
admit air into the lungs; hence the importance of a remedy or cure.

- ‘i FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 407
: Sect. 166.

‘The polypus distresses the horse which is afflicted with it, and, as
a consequence, greatly emaciates him. it cannot be mistaken by its
symptoms. it-can be seen and felt. It often enlarges so much that
it will protrude from the nostrils. Tio cure or remove it, as prepara-
tory, feed the horse agaric, mixed with his feed, for eight days; then
administer the following purgative:

No. 49.—Purgative.

Take agaric and jalap, of each, one-half ounce; hiera picra and
gum gamboge, of each, one ounce; scammony, one dram; turbinth,
one-half dram—mixed; put into two quarts ef honey water, and
given in one draught. me
_ This purgative must be given every fourth day, till a cure is effected;
‘and an injection-once a week. As soon as the first physic has ope-
rated, cauterize the polypus with a hot iron, or apply escharotics, as
the following:

No. 50.—A’scharotiéc.

‘Take the juice of marjoram, carduus-benedictus, of each, one
‘ounce; calamus, pulverized, red coriander, pulverized, of each, one
dram—mixed; squirted into the nose. Another:

No. 51.—Escharotic.

Take the juice of snake root, two ounces; the seeds of dragon-wort,
pulverized, four drams——mixed; applied with asponge. Another:

No. 52.—Lscherotic.

Take sandarae, pulverized, one ounce; seeds of snake root, pul-
yerized, one-half ounce—mixed; put on wool, and applied. An-
other :

No. 53.—Hscharotic wash.

Take unslaked lime, eight ounces; sulphate of copper, sal am-
monia, of each, one ounce—mixed; add fresn water sufficient; then
filtrate, and apply it with a syringe.

If the escharotics are not first applied, before the polypus is re-
moved by an operation, they should be applied to the seat of the
polypus, after the operation, which will effectually remove the re-
mains; or the following may be used:

, No. 54.--Escharotic.
_ Take the juice of the herb wound-wort, (laserpitium,) mix it-with
honey, and apply it; or apply vitriol. Another:
No. 55.—Lscharotic.

Take unslaked lime, mixed with vinegar, or vitriol, or pulverized
snake root, or the salve of vitriol and honey, mixed, and apply.
But the most effectual escharotic is the juice of marjoram.

108 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Note.—We think common caustic—potassa fusa—-is a more
powerful escharotic, It dissolves readily, both in water and alcohol,
and might, perhaps, be used with advantage. The following is Lou-
don’s formula of fungus wash; but he recommends lunar caustic:

No. 56.—Fungus wash.

Take lunar caustic, one dram; water, two ounces, mixed. —Com-
piler.
Touching treatment.

1. The stable should be tolerably warm, perfectly dry, and not
exposed to wind.

2. The feed should be free from dust, and mixed with some
betony or bole armeniac.

3. The drink, lukewarm, infused with goats’ thorn seed, betony
and wound-wort, or saracene comfrey.

Sect. 167.

o.— Diseases of the mouth--Lampas, canker, sore tongue. aan
- pas—-Frosch, or Maulgeschwulst.—-Ger.

Lampas is an excrescence in the roof of the mouth which hinders
a horse from feeding, and to which all horses, but particularly very
young ones, are liable. ‘The late Judge Peters is of opinion that
lampas is caused by fever in the horse; that the swelling should be
allayed by reducing the fever; that we should never suffer a horse
to be burned in the mouth.

This disease is, in some instances, not only confined to the ridges,
or ruge of the palate, but occasionally affects the whole passage of
the mouth, throat and stomach, which suffer by sympathy. “The bar-
barous practice of burning should yield to the more mild and efficient
cure of physic, No. 3, Sect. 128, or gentle alteratives, No. 1, Sect.
128; to which may be added rubbing the part with salt and vinegar.

To relieve the inflammation, and cause the swelling to subside, an
experienced farrier has recommended, that besides physicing, a few
slight incisions across the bars ait a lancet or knife, should be
made. This will certainly do no harm. But the operator should be
eareful not to cut the principal artery and vein of the palate.

A certain French writer recommends a transverse cutting of the
gums; and to apply pulverized verdigris, salt and soot, every six
hours.

Nachrichter says, after cutting or scarification of the rugs, rub the
place well with salt; afterwards wash with the following lotion:

No. 57.--Wash for lampas.

Take savin, two ounces; myrrh, two ounces; one pint of vine-
gar, mixed ; boiled—and then wash. |

HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 109

Sect. 168.

Me eae Canker and wounds in the mouth.

Phe mouth is injured much oftener than the careless owner sus-
pects, by the pressure of a sharp bit. Not only are the bars wounded
and deeply ulcerated, but the lower jaw, between the tush and the
grinders, is sometimes torn even to the bone, and the bone itself
affected, and portions of it come away. It may be necessary to
have a sharp bit for the headstrong and obstinate beast; yet if that
be severely and unjustifiably called into exercise, the animal may
rear, and endanger himself and rider. But there can be no oceasion
fer a thousandth part of the torment which the trappings of the
mouth inflict on a willing and docile servant, and which either render
the mouth hard, and destroy the pleasure of riding, or cause the
horse to become fretful or vicious. If the mouth becomes sore from
the bridle, touch daily with egptiacum, and cover the bit with
leather, unless total rest can be sees

Mixture for canker in the mouth. ’

Take of wine vinegar, one-half pint; burnt alum and common
salt, of each, one ounce; bole armeniac, one-half ounce—mix ;. and
shake them together in a ‘bottle, for use.

It will be proper to dress the horse’s mouth with this mixture
every morning and evening, in the following manner; ‘Take a small
cane, or a piece of whale-bone, half a yard | long, and tie a linen rag;
or a little tow, round one end; then dip it inte the mixture, and pass
it up his mouth, and gently remove it to all the affected parts: let him
champ it well about in his mouth: after which, let him fast an hour;
then give food as usual.

Secé. 169.

- Cure for sore tongues.

By making use of a little tar, once a day, rubbed on the tongue of
the sound horses with a mop, is an effectual preventive; for the
diseased horse, take a common table spoonful of spirits of turpentine,
and pourit on the tongue, as far down as practicable; then with a mop
well saturated with the spirits of turpentine, mop every part of the
tongue; after this, make use of the tar as in the way above men-
tioned, as a preventive: this done once or twice a day, for two or
three days, has never failed making a cure.

Sect. 1790.

p.— Strangles—Drusen.—Ger.

This disease generally attacks young horses between the third and
fifth years of their age, and consists in an inflammation of the mem-
brane of the throat and nose, and swelling of the glands under the
throat, accompanied with cough, and a discharge of white, thick mat-
ter from the nostrils ; sometimes there are likewise a soreness of the

T10: THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

throat, and difficulty in swallowing. The inflamed glands commonly
suppurate in a short time, and burst, discharging a large quantity of
matter. When this has taken place, the cough and other symptoms
generally go off, the sore gradually heals, and the horse speedily re-
covers. In some cases the strangles assume a more formidable ap-
pearance, are attended with a considerable degree of fever, and the
throat is sometimes so much inflamed, that the horse is incapable of
swallowing either food or water ; but however violent the attack may
be, I have always found that, by adopting a proper mode of treatment,
every unpleasant symptom may be easily removed, and a speedy re-
covery effected. it is not a very uncommon cireumstance for the
strangles to attack young horses while at grass; and then they are
frequently not perceived until nature has nearly effected a cure. —

The approach of strangles may be known by a dullness of counte-
nance, watery eyes, cough, and a slight degree of swelling in the
glands under the jaw. As soon as discovered, let the hair be ecare-
fully clipped off from the inflamed glands and contiguous parts of the
throat ; let a large poultice be then applied to the throat, in doing
which it is necessary to take care that it is so secured as to be con-
stantly in contact with the throat; for unless this is attended to, the
poultice will be but of little service. I have generally found, that by
rubbing a small quantity of some stimulating ointment on the inflamed
glands, previous to the application of each poultice, suppuration has
been considerably promoted ; for this purpose the following formula
will be found useful :

Camphor, two drams; oil of origanum, one dram ; spermaceti oint-
ment, two ounces; mixed.

When matter is completely formed in the glands, which may be
known by the tumor becommg larger, and by the skin feeling tense

and somewhat elastic, an opening should be made with a lancet, and _

its contents evacuated ; this plan is certainly preferable to that of wait-
ing until it bursts spontaneously, as the animal is instantly relieved
by it, and the cure more speedily effected. ‘To evacuate the matter
perfectly, it is necessary to use moderate pressure with the fingers ;
and when this has been done, let a piece of lint, dipped in digestive
liniment, be inserted for the purpose of keeping the lips of the wound
open, and allowing the matter to escape freely ; the poultice is to be
continued until the swelling is perfecily reduced. When strangles
attack the internal parts of the throat, so as to render the horse inca-
pable of swallowing, and particularly if the external swelling be not
considerable, it will be advisable to apply a blister and keep the
bowels open with clysters. It is very necessary, in every case of
strangles, to steam the head well ; that is to put hot bran mashes into:
the manger frequently, so that the horse may inhale its vapors.

It is of consequence to distinguish cases of incipient strangles from
common colds. In the latter, bleeding is a useful remedy ; but in the
former [ believe it does much harm, by interrupting a process of
nature. I cannot, by any argument, show why bleeding should be
improper in the strangles; indeed, if our practice were guided by
theory only, we should be led to consider it as a case of common

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. {22

anflammation, and consequently adopt that mode of treatment which
would tend to remove it most expeditiously, and prevent suppuration ;
and with this view, we should have recourse to bleeding and purga-
tives: experience, however, certainly sanctions a different treatment,
and has, I think, fully proved the propriety of using every means for
encouraging suppuration. [I have seen several hundred cases in
which this plan has been pursued, and not one of them terminated
unfavorabiy. Should the inflammation, however, spread to the lungs,
oecasioning great difliculty in breathing and fever, and particularly if
the horse be past the age of five, bleeding must not be omitted; and
af a laxative drink can be given, it will be found of great service. A
rowel in the chest will also do good.

Should a cough or any unpleasantsymptom remain after the stran-
‘gles are healed, let the following alternative ball be given every morn-
‘ing, until moderate purging is produced; and if it be found necessary,
‘let it be repeated after an interval of four or five days. It is almost
‘superfluous to add, that great aitention must be paid by the groom;
the head, neck and chest, as well as the body, should be clothed ;
‘warm water should be given frequently in small quantities ; a large
quantity of litter should be allowed; and hand-rubbing to the legs
‘should never be omitted.

Alternative ball.
Barbadoes- aloes, one and a-half dram; emetic tartar and castile
‘soap, of each, two drams; to be made into a ball for one dose.

Beck: V7.1.

Bertgis says, physic the horse, and feed him for one or two days
‘on bran mashes; give him warm drink, and administer the following
»as directed below::

No. 58.—Cure for strangles—a drink.

Take juniper berries, pulverized, one-half ounce ; cinnamon, twe
«drams; cloves, Spanish pepper, of each, one dram; laurel berries,
one-half ounce; brandy or whisky, half a pint; mix—divide it into
“two portions; give a portion each day, followed by one gill of sweet
-or olive oil; bleed freely the third day.

Jefferies says, for the strangles, bleed under the tongue, and fume
swith the decoction of camomile; poultice with bran, vinegar, salt,
cand hog’s lard, and it will soon-cure.—Proved.

Sect. 172.
q.— Vives—Feifel.—-Ger.

The vives is a disease in horses, which is much akin with the
strangles, differing only in this, that the swellings of the kernels un-
der the ears of the horse, (the parts at first chiefly affected,) seldom
‘gather or come to matter, but by degrees perspire off and disperse, by
warm clothing, .anoimting with the marshmallow ointment, and a
moderate bleeding or two. But should the inflammation continue,
notwithstanding these means, a suppuration must be promoted.

112 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

When these swellings appear in an old or full aged horse, they are
signs of great malignity, and often of an inward decay, a as wells ag
forerunners of the glanders.

The following cure has been recommended as effectual:

No. 59.—Vive ointment.

"Take crude mercury or quicksilver, one ounce; Venice turpentine,
one-half ounce ; rub together in a mortar till the globules of the mer-
eury are no longer visible ; then add two ounces of hog’s lard.
~ Some authors recommend this ointment to be used at first, in order
to disperse the swellings, and prevent their coming to matter; bleed-
ing and purging at the same time for that purpose ; but as in young
horses they seem to be critical, the practice by suppuration is certain-
ly more eligible and safe: for want of properly affecting which, the
humors frequently settle, or are translated to the lungs, and other
bowels, or falling on the fleshy part of the hind quarters, form deep-
imposthumes between the muscles, which discharge such large quan-
tities of matter as sometimes kill the horse, and very often endanger
his lifes

Sect. 173.
Jefferies’ cure for the vives.

Take a little pepper; a spoonful of swine’s grease ; the juice of a
handful of rue; two spoonfuls of vinegar; mix them together, and
put them equally into the ‘horse’s ear, and tie them up with two flat
laces ; shut the ears that the medicine may go down ; then let the horse
blood in the neck and temple veins.

Another from the same author :

Shave off the hair, then take shoemakers’ wax and spread it on &
piece of alumed leather, and put it on the sore: do not remove it
until it break it; renew it, and it will both heal and dry it.

Sect. 174.
B.—DISEASES OF THE NECK.

The neck of the horse is liable to several diseases which proceed
from some external cause, such as blows and bruises—the principal
ones are fistula and poll-evil.

a.—fistula—Rehrgeschwuer or fistel.—Ger.

The fistulais a deep narrow ulcer, generally arising from abscesses.
This disease is so calied from its similarity to a pipe or reed.

The fistula in the withers, generally proceeds from some blow or
bruise, and is the most disagreeable disease to which a horse is sub=
yect. I would recommend it to every person, whose situation will
admit of the sacrifice, to dispose of a horse thus unfortunately affect-
ed, for whatever sum he would bring, or even give him away, sooner
than be at the expense and trouble, and run the risk of performing a
cure which, if completed, would be tedious, and the horse be muclx

am

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 113:

lessened in value in consequence of being disfigured by the scar
which unavoidably will be left. The remedy here recommended is
severe, but it will have the desired effect more speedily than any
other. .

So soon as the fistula assumes a formidable appearance, fomenta-
tions of bitter herbs should be employed, such as wormwood, camo-
mile, bay leaves, mullen, life-everlasting, &c. boiled in water to astrong
decoction, and after being strained, should be applied hot as the horse
ean bear it without giving pain, by means of large woolen cloths.
This application promotes suppuration, and when matter is formed,
let the tumor be opened, so that its contents may be completely evacu-
ated; after which, let the sore be nicely washed with strong soap-
suds, and apply the following ointment once a day: Take of verdi-
gris, half an ounce; copperas, half an ounce; oil turpentine, one
ounce; ointment of yellow rosin, four ounces; to be well mixed to-
gether. As soon as healthy matter is discharged from the fistula, the
ointment may be discontinued, and nothing more will be necessary,
except keeping it perfectly clean with strong soap-suds.— Mason.

Arsenic is almost a certain cure; take as much as will he on the
point of a penknife and apply it tothe opened wound. Repeat every
third day for nine days.

I took, says a writer inthe Genesee Farmer, a small piece of cloth,
wet it, and rolled it over and over in dry arsenic, and in the shape of a
small roll, thrust it to the bottom of the tube and secured it there about
ten hours. At the end of tlie time, finding the tube detached from
the animal, except a little at the bottom, I then separated it from the
horse with a sharp penknife. It readily healed. I have, he adds,

-much faith in the use of arsenic. —Srr Aprenpix—./rticle, Fistula.

When the fistula first makes its appearance, it may be removed or
prevented by placing a rowel orseton in each shoulder, just below the
swelled or inflamed part which should be kept running two or three
weeks,

Sect. 175.
b.—Poll-evil.— Nacken— Geschwulst.— Ger.

The poll-evil, like the fistula, proceeds from some blow, bruise, or
external injury, and its consequences are much to be dreaded. A
horse thus diseased would be well sold almost at any price, though
the cure is tolerably certain, yet extremely slow. ‘The poll-evil is
an abscess or swelling found in the sinews, between the noll bone
and the uppermost vertebre of the neck, immediately on the poll or
nape of the neck. When this swelling first makes its appearance,
bathe it frequently with hot vinegar; and if the hair be fretted off
with an oozing through the skin, make use of equal parts of vinegar
and spirits of wine; but if there be an itching, with heat and inflam-
mation, the safest way will be to bleed plentifully, and apply a red
oak poultice, which will sometimes disperse the swelling and put an
end to the disease. But whenever the tumor is critical, having all the
signs of matter, and appears not benefited by the applications already

114 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE TARRIER.

recommended, it will be advisable to bring it to a head as speedily as
possible, with the following poultice: corn meal, marshmallows, oil —
turpentine, and hog’s lard. When the tumor becomes ripe or full of
matter, it may be either opened or permitted to break of itself; if
opened with a knife, great care should be used to prevent wounding
the tendinous ligament that runs along the neck under the mane.
When the matter appears to be on both sides, the tumors must be
opened on both sides, and the ligament between remain undivided; if
the matter flows in great quantities, resembling melted glue, and is of
an oily consistence, it will require a second incision, especially if any
cavities are discovered by the fingers or probe; these should be open-
ed by the knife, and the wound should be dressed with spirits of tur-.
pentine, honey, and tincture of myrrh, until light and thick colored
matter is found. Cleanse the sore well with strong soap-suds and 2
sponge; then take of verdigris, half an ounce; oil of turpentine,
four ounces; of blue stone, two ounces; of green copperas, half an
ounce; mix’them well together, and hold them over a fire until they
are as hot as the horse can bear them; then pour them into the
abscess, and close the lips by several stitches. This is to remain for
several days without any other dressing, except bathing with spirits
of wine. Should matter flow in great abundance, and of thin con-
sistency, the above application must again be repeated until the matter
decreases in quantity, and becomes of a whitish color and healthy

* appearance.—-Mason.

Sect. 176.

‘The following is said to be a never-failing cure of this disease:

When it is broken open, take oil of St. John’s wort, pour it into
the open abscess; continue until the ulcer is beginning to heal; then
omit the use of the oil, and wash the wound with the followimg
embrocation:

No. 60.—Embrocation for poll-evil. ~

Take blue vitriol, virdigris, alum, copperas, gall-nuts, of each, one
ounce; strong vinegar, two quarts; put all these ingredients into an
earthen crock, place it over a slow fire, until it is reduced one-third;
when sufficiently boiled and cool, bottle it—then apply it.—SzE
Appenpix—/rticle, Poll-evil.

Sect. 177.
e.— Anticor—Geschwulst der Brust.—Ger.

Those who have suffered by, or understand the nature and charac-
ter of cynanche tonsillaris—inflammatory quincey, may form a pretty
correct idea of the anticor, a swelling of the horse’s throat and gullet.
This disease is noticed by Mr. Gibson, who says. the cure must be
begun by bleeding, and need not be very sparing, for this disease sel-
dom happens to horses that are poor and low. And here we also
approve of sticking one or other of the veins in the hind parts, to
make revulsion. After bleeding, take two. handfuls of barley; two

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 115

ounces of sal polychrest, reduced to fine powder; boil them in two
quarts of water, for a quarter of an hour; add to the decoction a pint
of wine, four ounces of fresh butter, and two ounces of oil of rue.
Let this be given bloodwarm, and repeated twice a day, or oftener.
If he takes to food, nothing must be given him but moistened hay,
and sealded bran; or whatever else, must be chiefly such things as
are proper to keep down the heat and inflammation, and abate the
feverish symptoms; for which purpose we recommend, after bleeding,
those things that are proper to promote sweat. Therefore, let the
following drench be prepared for him: :

Take treacle water and carduus water, of each, one pint; dissolve
in these, two ounces of Venice treacle: and after this has been given,
clothe him well, and give him a little warm water to drink. © Instead
of the treacle and carduus water, a pint of stale beer, mixed with
small beer, may be used. Nothing is so effectual to remove inflam-
mation, especially after bleeding, as sweating: therefore, if you find
it difficult to promote sweat, you may give the following ball: ~

Take old Venice treacle, two ounces; volatile salt of hartshorn,
fifteen grains; Matthews’ pill, one dram; camphor, in powder, six
grains; powder of licorice, or sassafras in powder, as much as is
sufficient to make it into a paste. Let this be given after the opera-
tion of the clyster is over.

If the symptoms begin to a you may venture to give your
horse a gentle purge.

If the: swelling appears outwards, and if the othersymptoms abate,
you may leave off purging: for what is intended by that evacuation,
is chiefly to disperse the inward disorder. Next, you are only to
apply ripening cataplasms, allowing him sal prunelle, nitre, or the
sal polychrestum, dissolved in his drink.

Cow’s dung alone, applied warm to the part, with lard or ointment
of marshmallows, may be sufficient to bring the swelling to maturity.

When the matter seems ready for a discharge, it may be opened in
the dependent lowermost part, by the application of a hot iron; after-
wards keeping a dossel in the mouth of the wound till the running
abates; and applying compresses and convenient bandage to keep
the elevated skin close to the flesh, that it may be the sooner united.
But if the cavity-of the imposthumation be large, it will not be amiss
to lay it open an inch or more.

The cure may be finished with applying only the unguentum basi-
licum ; or a digestive made with turpentine, the yolks of eggs, or
honey, with a moderate mixture of brandy, or spirits of wine. And
if any foulness appears, or if it heal too fast, or if spongy soft flesh
arise, pledgets dipped in copperas water, or a solution of blue vitriol,
may be applied, which will keep it smooth and even.

But if the: swelling increase fast, with no tendency to digestion,
and if it rise wp towards the neck, affecting all the muscles of the
part, the horse will be in danger of suffocation, unless a course
different from the former be taken.

Besides repeated bleeding, if he is not too much worn out, take a
hot searing iron, and apply it to five or six places on the lower part

116 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

of the swelling, cauterizing those parts, that they may be speedily
brought to matter, which may be dressed with flax dipped in tar and
turpentine, mixed before the fire and applied warm. Fer, by giving
‘pain in those dependent and inferior parts, you cause the humors to
flow downwards from the swelling; and by making vents you pre-
vent excessive violence of pain. . Nor need you be afraid of the
swelling that may happen in the fore-legs, d&c., by cauterizing; for
that cannot be of so ill consequence as when it is upon the neck and
throat; nor will it be of any consequence, if care be taken of the
vents.

Solleysell recommends the making of small incisions with a fleam
or lancet, in eight or ten places, on the swelling; and to thrust into
the holes, between the skin and the flesh, pieces of the root of black
hellebore: and if the tumor be very large, he recommends the use of
white hellebore; at the same time chafling the part with the oint-
ments of agrippa and marshmallows. ‘The roots, by their hot quality,
draw down and increase the swelling; and the ointments are to ripen
the inclosed matter, and fit it for a discharge.

The same author also recommends the use of ruptories, for draw-
ing an immediate flux of moisture from the diseased part. ‘These
are ointments of the same nature as those made to draw blisters on
the human body, and composed of the same materials. The way to
apply them is, to spread them by little at a time on the part affected,
holding a bar of hot iron to make them sink in.

Sect. 178.
d.—Roaring—Keichen.—Ger.

This disease, which has its seat in the larynx, the upper part of
the wind pipe, is so called from a peculiar sound uttered by the horse,
when briskly trotted or galloped, particularly uphill. In moderate
exercise it is scarcely or not at all perceived, but when the animal is
in brisk exercise it may be heard at the distance of several yards. It
may be easily detected by striking the horse suddenly, or even threat-
ening him with a stick, when he will utter a singular grunt or groan.

It usually is explained as the consequence of inflammation of the
part. A fluid, rapidly changing into a tough viscid substance, is thrown
out, and adheres to the sides of the larynx and upper part of the wind-
pipe, materially obstructing the passage, and sometimes running across
itin bands. When the horse is blown, or his breathing much hurried,
the air whistles throuch these obstructions. We believe this to be the
most general cause of the disease, and a roarer is evidently unsound,
for he is incapable of the exertion which may not only be occasionally,
but ordinarily required of him.

Cause.—Much light, however, has lately been thrown on other
causes of this complaint.. Many roarers have been examined after
death, and no vestige of these bands has been found; but some have
had the shape of the larynx and upper part of the windpipe materi-
ally deformed, crooked, and compressed; and others have presented
no appearance of disease. Then we have been compelled to look

HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 117

out for other causes of roaring, and some very probable ones have
been readily found. ‘The parts may have been subject to inflamma-
tion, and some parts of the air-tube may have become thickened and
inelastic. In this way the inflammation of strangles may have been
communicated to the larynx or windpipe, followed by some alteration
of structure. Roaring is no unusual consequence of strangles.

_ A more frequent cause, and previously unsuspected, is tight reining.
There can be no doubt that many more carriage horses become roarers,
than those that are used for the saddle alone; and the explanation of
this at once presents itself in the continued and painful pressure on
these parts, caused by reining in the carriage horse, and teaching him
to bear himself well. We have seen the larynx, and that portion of
the windpipe immediately beneath it, flattened and bent, and twisted
in the strangest way, which could not have been produced by disease,
but by mechanical injury alone. ‘The mischief is usually done with
young horses. ‘I'he arched neck and elevated head of the carriage
horse is an unnatural position, from which the animal most habituated
to it, is eager to be relieved. Horse-breakers, and coachmen and
carters, should be made to understand, that when the horse’s head is
first confined by the bearing rein, great gentleness, and care, and
caution, are necessary. Injury must be done if the throat be violently
pressed upon, and especially when it is exposed to additional danger,
from the impatience of the animal, unused to control, and suffering
pain. ‘The head of the riding horse is gradually brought to its proper
place by the hands of the teacher, who skilfully increases or relaxes
the pressure, and humors and plays with the mouth; but the poor
carriage horse is confined by a rein that never slackens, and his nose
is bent in at the expense of the larynx and windpipe, and the injury
is materially increased, if the head be not naturally well set on, or if
the neck be thick, or the jaws narrow.

The shape of the larynx and windpipe will occasionally be altered
if they be thus squeezed between the jaws, and the bones of the neck,
or the muscles which expand the opening into the windpipe for the
purpose of natural breathing, and especially of quick and hurried
breathing, will be so compressed, that they will be incapable of full
action, and by degrees will lose the power of action, even when not
pressed upon, and, in fact, become palsied; and therefore, the open-
ing not being sufficiently enlarged during the rapid breathing of the
animal, moving with speed, the air will rush violently through the
diminished aperture, and the sound termed roaring will be produced.

It is a common opinion that crib-biting frequently terminates in
roaring. There is nothing in crib-biting that can possibly lead to
roaring; but there is a method adopted to cure crib-biting, than which
nothing can be more likely to produce it: we mean the straps which
are so tightly buckled round the upper part of the neck, and which
must compress, and sometimes distort or paralyze the larynx.

‘The habit of coughing a horse, to ascertain the state of his wind,
is an occasional cause of roaring. ‘lhe larynx or trachea is violently
and painfully squeezed in this operation; and the violence pete often
repeated, inflammation and injury may ensue.

118 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

The treatment of roaring is very unsatisfactory. If we have been
correct in our account of the nature and cause of the disease, a cure
seems to be perfectly out of the question. If it arise from a distorted
larynx, there is no mechanical contrivance that can restore the natural
and perfect structure; if from a band or ring of lymph diminishing
the size of the passage, we know not by what means that can be re-
moved; or if the muscles of the larynx be palsied, we know not the
Saaules that can rouse them again to action, or the manner in which
that stimulus is to be applied.

Treatment.—In the early stage of the disease, whether it proceed
from violent pressure on the part by improper curbing, or be con-
nected with, or consequent on catarrh or strangles, or the enlargement
of some neighboring part, inflammation will be present, and we shall
be justified in having recourse to those measures which will abate
inflammation. Bleeding will not be improper, if roaring is the conse-
quence of previous disease; it will be indispensable, if it be connected
with present disease of the chest. 'The degree to which the bleed-
ing should be carried, will depend on the degree of general or local
inflammation. To bleeding should succeed purging, and to this, me-
dicines that will lessen the force of the circulation—as nitre, emetic
tartar, and digitalis. ‘These should be followed by blisters, to remove
the inflammation, if possible, from an internal and important part to
the skin. ‘The blisters may at first be confined to the upper part of
the throat, but, if unsuccessful there, they should extend over the»
whole length of the windpipe. In extreme cases, and where the ob-
struction seems to threaten suffocation, we may be justified in cutting
into the windpipe, and either introducing a tube into the opening, or
cutting out a portion of one of the rings. This operation, however,
should be performed by one who understands his business. It is
called bronchotomy. By means of it, the animal will be enabled to
breathe through an aperture below the seat of inflammation, or the
distorted or obstructed part, and time wi be given for the adoption of
other modes of relief or cure.

Sect 179.
e.— Stricture of the gullet-—Zusammenziehung des Schlund.—Ger.

The gullet or esophagus, as is well known, extends from the back
part of the stomach, and conveys the masticated food from one to the
other. This has, in a few instances, been strictured by some spas-
modic or morbid contraction, so that the food could only be swallowed
in small quantities, and with much difficulty. If the stricture is not
too far from the entrance above, relief may in many instances be af-
forded, but should the stricture be near the cardiac orifice, or at the
entrance of the stomach, there is no remedy; the efforts of the most
skilful veterinary surgeon must fail. “ ee

Substances have sometimes stuck in the gullet. Bran and chaff
swallowed greedily, or too large or hard a ball, have remained in some
part of the gullet, and caused very alarming symptoms. 'The tube
used for the hove in cattle, will sometimes dislodge this substance;

~

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 11g

but should this be impracticable, the gullet must be opened by a skilful
and seientifie practitioner—quacks, hands off!

Sect. 180.

Mr. Deigendesch, in his Ross Arzneibuch, p. 87, on the subject of
smaller things being in the gullet, and producing swelling or tumefac-
tion, says: “If there be presumption, or if there is a certainty, when
the neck is swollen, that there is something (etwass) in the gullet,
apply the following externally: dog’s fat, three ounces; and ceruse,
one ounce; mix it well and make a salve, and grease the horse’s neck
four times aday. Having prepared the following: honey, vinegar,
of each, one gill; one ounce of salt; mix—then cast or throw the
horse—having a mop ready made of some soft substance, dip it into
the solution, and use it as you do the tube for hove in cattle, which
will readily remove the obstruction; this done, drench the horse with
the liquid left.

Sect. 181.
C.—DisEAsEs OF THE CHEST.

The chest, which contains the heart and lungs, the one employed
_ in circulating the blood, and the other in restoring to it the power of
supporting life, is liable to many complex diseases. ‘These should
be well understood, and the remedies to remove them, because the
value of the horse depends principally on the soundness of the organs
in the chest and the appendages belonging to it. ‘The diseases are
external and internal; we include. accidents, to which the horse is
liable.

a.—Warbles and sitfasts—Hartnechige sattel druecke.—Ger.

We remarked, when speaking of the fistula and of poll-evil, that they
proceed from blows or bruises; the warbles, sitfasts and saddle galls,
proceed also from bruises or irregular and violent pressure, and unless
attended to in time, may become very troublesome tumors and ulcers.

The little tumors resulting from the pressure of the saddle, are
called warbles, and when they ulcerate, they frequently become
sitfasts.

The siéfast, if it remains for some length of time, acquires a por-
tion of callous skin in the centre, resembling leather in appearance,
and so closely adhering, as not to be separated without great force or
absolute dissection, if a permanent cure is to be made. If a sitfast
has become obstinately seated, apply the knife. Never fear a fresh
wound; this may be healed with the greatest ease, in a very short
tume, by using either of the following mixtures: -

No. 61.—Ointment to cure wounds.

Take one pint of sour vinegar, and put into it one-quarter of a
pound of litharge; simmer it gently for several hours, stirring it

i

~

120 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.-

occasionally ; put it into an earthen crock, and add one pound and a-
half of lard; mix the whole completely ; stir it until it becomes a
consistent salve; then apply it warm to the wound, with a soft brush
or sponge. —

No. 62.—Wash for sores.

Take of brandy, half a pint; honey, half a pint; alum, two ounces ;
and apply. >
S No. 63.—Another wound wash.

Take of blue stone, a quarter of an ounce; spirits of turpentine,
two table spoonfuls ; spring water, one pint—apply.

No. 64.—Another wash for fresh sores.

Take sugar of lead, half an ounce; alum, one ounce ; copperas,
half an ounce; let them be well mixed, and the seat of sitfasts wash-
ed twice a day, after the wound is washed clean with soap and
water.

Saddle galls are generally occasioned by the unequal pressure of a
hard saddle. As soon as the inflamed tumors are discovered, if ap-
plied profusely, cold water will frequently disperse and drive them
away. Should the tumors not be discovered soon, the mixtures below,
if applied two or three times a day, will perform a cure:

‘Take sharp vinegar, one gill; spirits of any kind, one gill; sweet
oil or fresh butter, one table spoonful ; to be well mixed before used ;
or use No, 59.

No, 65.—Ambrocation.

Take muriate of ammonia, one-half ounce; muriatic acid, two
drams ; water, one ounce-—mix ; wash with a sponge.

No. 66.— Astringent wash.

Take a handful of the inner bark of white oak, and some comfrey
root; decoct or boil in three quarts of lye, till it is reduced one-third ;
then take it from the fire; filtrate it into a clean earthen crock; add
four ounces of alum; let it stand till lukewarm before you apply it;
wash the sore three times a day ; after washing the saddle gall, apply
a mixture of like quantities of spike and stone oil.

One of the best applications that we know for saddle galls, is
strong salt and water, mixed with a fourth part of tincture of myrrh.

Secf. 182.
b.— Chest founder—Brust-Rehe.—Ger.

This disease is sometimes confounded with anticor, (Sect. 177.)
The true anticor and breast founder differ in some material points——
though as to the causes, they may proceed mainly from the same;
but as to the seat of the disease, anticor is confined rather more to-
wards the neck, and the other toward the chest, whence its name.
Mason thinks the seat of this disease is in the lungs.

“

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 121

The muscles in the chest are accompanied with a great deal of ten-
derness, which gives facility to contracting this singular and somewhat
mysterious disease. ‘The muscles occasionally swell, the horse feels
stiff, which is by some considered the result of hoof founder; but if
the disease is not removed, breast founder will show itself by the sen-
sible diminution or waste of the muscles about this part of the body.
* Cause of this disease, it is believed by eminent farriers, to be pro-
duced by suffering the horse to remain too long tied up, and exposed
to the cold, or riding him against a very bleak wind. _ We think it is
more apt to be produced by giving him cold water to drink when he
is hot; full feeding, thus causing a stagnation of blood, and constitu-
ting a severe rheumatism.

This disease is in some cases accompanied by fever; if it is vio-
lent, physic; give No. 11, Sect. 133; or No. 4, Sect. 128 ; and bleed ;
apply warm embroeations over the parts affected; if very obstinate a
rowel in the chest; warm stabling and warm clothing; give a few
doses of a dram or two of antimonial powders; it will soon remove
the complaint.

No. 67.—Warm embrocation.

‘Take nightshade, mugwort, camomile, celandine, of each, two
handfuls; cut it and make a very strong decoction ; bathe the parts
affected. ;

After washing the parts, annoint with the following ointment,
which will lend great assistance to remove all swelling and allay pain
or stiffness.

No. 68.— Swelling saive.

Take oil of white lillies, two ounces ; ceruse or white lead, one
_ ounce; rose water, or tincture of roses, one ounce; common pow-
der, one-half ounce; saffron, one dram; rub the ceruse and powder
in a mortar, mix it with the other ingredients, and apply it as soon as
the embrocation is dried. It will be advisable to repeat the warm
wash soon after the salve has been applied—should be repeated twice
aday. — |

Sect. 183.

The following has proved itself an excellent remedy in chest found-
er, especially when rheumatism has been severe. After the horse
has been physicked, give him one pint of the following mixture every
other day—bleed once or twice for one week.

No. 69.—Cure for chest rheumatism.

Take gum guaiacum, one-half ounce; fennel seed, one ounce;
senna, four ounces; rhubarb, pulverized, four ounces; gamboge,
one-half ounce ; put these ingredients into two quarts of rye whis-
ky or brandy, and let it stand two days in the sun or on a warm
stove, when it will be fit for use—give one pint at once.

9

T22 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER:

_ On the day when the above drink is not given, the following shoulé
be given. Give the foundered horse'a drink made of one quart of
strong sassafras tea, in which one-half ounce: of saltpetre, and two
drams of asafetida have been dissolved, but do not suffer him to drink
anything for five or six hours afterwards. Feed him on: green food
or bran. mashes. aa fhe

Some writers consider chest founder to be ‘encaechlei "Mason says

“it is beyond: a possibility of doubt that the chest founder is one of
those dreadful diseases to which the herse is subject, that porarionived
mo cure.” vs

Sect. 184.
e.—Dropsy of skin of the chest—Wassersucht.—Ger.

Dropsical swellings often appear between the fore-legs, and on the
chest. ‘They are effusions of fluid underneath the skin. They ac-
company. various diseases, particularly when the animal is: weakened
by them, and sometimes appear when there is no other disease than
the debility, which in the spring and fall of the year, accompanies:
the changing coat.

The treatment is as various as the causes al. the affections or the
accompanying disease. Small punctures with the laneet will seldom
do harm—friction of the part, if itean be borne, is very serviceable ;
strong lotions of Cyanne pepper have been used with good effect; mild
exercise should be used; diuretics given, mixed with some cordial,
with liberal food, as carrots, bran mashes, bruised oats, and occasion-
ally a very mild dose of physic: No. 4, Sect. 128; and that follow-
ed by tonics and cordials, with diuretics. ‘The best vegetable tonics
are gentian and colombo with ginger: No. 32, Seet. 143.

No. 70.—Diuretic powders.

Take yellow resin, powdered, four ounces; nitre, eight ounces; —
eremor tartar, four ounces; dose, six, eight, or ten drams pecnaee
which some horses will readily eat. .

No. 71.—Diuretic balls.

Take yellow resin, one pound; nitre, one-half pound ; fae Gis
pentine, one-half pound; yellow soap, one-quarter of a pound;
melt the resin, soap, and turpentine over a slow fire; when cooling,
add the nitre. For a strong dose, an ounce and a-half; for a mild.
one, anounce. It should be kept in mind, that mild diuretics are al-
ways equal to what is required ; and strong ones are generally hurtful.

Fomentations in connection with the above treatment, have been
found very beneficial. ‘These are made of various herbs, such as rue,
camomile, St. John’s wort, wormwood, bay leaves, &c., but the
principal virtue of fomentations is to be found in warmth and mois-
ture, which unload the vessels.

‘The method of applying fomentations is cone icin dines by
means of two large woolen cloths wrung out of the heated liquors $
as one is cooling the other should be ready to be applied.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 123
RR ren rosin y Set. (185. l

d—Diseases of the heart—Herz-krankheiten. —Ger.

The heart is placed between a doubling of the pleura, and is like-
wise sufrounded by a membrane or bag of its own, called the pericar-
dium about the heart. When. the pericardium or the heart itself
becomes inflamed, its secretions are much increased and so much fluid
accumulates as to obstruct the beating of the heart. ‘This disease is
called dropsy of the heart. Itis not easily distinguished from inflam-=
mation of the lungs; but thisis a matter of little consequence, for the
treatment would be nearly the same in both.

The heart is the engine by which the blood is circulated through
the frame. It is compvsed of four cavities, two above called auricles,
from their supposed resemblance to a dog’s ear, and two ventricles or
little belkes, occupying the substance of the heart. ‘The blood which
has circulated through the frame, and nourished it, returns to the heart
through the veins. [t enters the auricle on the right side, where it
accumulates as in a reservoir, until there is enough to fill the ventricle
below. ‘ihe auricle then contracts, and threws the blood into the ven-
tricle. ‘That contracts in its turn. and drives-the-blood, not back again
into the auricle, for there is as complete a valve as: “tfatziu the sina lce
of apump to prevent this, but through an aperture that leads to the lungs.
The blood traverses, as we shall presently see,-all_the little vessels
and cells of the lungs, and:'undergoes an inportant change there, and
is carried to the left auricle; thenee ‘it. descends. to the left ventricle,
ard by the powerful closing of the ventricle;asspropelled into the ar-
teries. ‘The first artery, the aorta, rises from the left ventricle, and
the blood, by the foree communicated to it, by the sudden contraction
of the ventricle and assisted by the elastic power of the arteries
which keeps them open and free from obstruction, and also by the
pressure of the muscular and elastic coats, endeavoring to return to
their former dimensions, pursues its course thy ough every part of the
frame.

The heart is subject to disease. It powerfully sympathizes with
the maladies of every part. An injury of the foot will speedily dou-
ble the quickness of the beating of the pulsations of the heart. I¢
sometimes is inflamed, without previous affection of any other part.
This is nota frequent, but a most dangerous disease, and is character-
ized by a pulse quick and strong, and a bounding action of the heart
that may eccasionally be seen at the side, and even heard at the dis-
tance of several yards. ‘There is also a peculiar alertness and quick-
ness in every motion of the animal; and an energy of expression in
the countenance exceedingly remarkable. Speedy and copious blood-
letting will alone avail to save the horse; for the heart, over excited
and called on to perform this double work, must soon be exhausted.

Cardialsy, Herzgesperr of our German authors, is not, strictly a
disease of the heart. It arises in most instances from the worms or
bots gnawing and vellicating the coats of the stomach. When the
horse is affected with this disease, if it may be called such, heaves

$24 THE TFARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

greatly, and sweats profusely. Dr. Winters ee purgatives,
as No. 4, Sect. 128, or the following: asafetida, one-half ounce ; salt-
petre, one ounce; honey, two ounces; wine and vinegar, of eaiehi one
pint; mixed—drench the horse ; give all at one time.

Or give the following: mustard, asafetida, of each, one dram;
honey, four ounces ; water and vinegar, of each, one pint; een
drenched. Mets

Sect. 186,
e.—Inflammation—Entzuendung.—Ger.

Local inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and
pain. The redness proceeds from the increased quantity of blood
flowing through the part, occasioned by the increased action of the
vessels. ‘The swelling arises from the same cause, and from the de-
posit of the fluid in the neighboring substance. The natural heat of
the body is produced by the gradual change which takes place in the
blood, in passing from an arterial to a venous state. If more blood.
be driven through the capillaries of an inflamed part, and in which
this change is effected, more heat will necessarily be produced there ;
and the pain is easily accounted for, by the distension and pressure
which must be produced, and the participation of the nerves in the
disturbance of the surrounding parts.

Treatment.—lIf inflammation consist of increased flow af blood to
and through the part, the ready way to abate the inflammation is to
lessen the quantity of blood. If we take away the fuel, the fire will
go out. All other means are comparatively unimportant, compared
with bleeding. Blood may be taken from the jugular, and so the
general quantity may be lessened; but if it can be taken from the
neighborhood of the part, it will be productive of tenfold benefit.—
One quart of blood taken from the foot in acute founder, by unload-
ing the vessels of the inflamed part, and enabling them to contract,
and, in that contraction, to acquire tone and power to resist future
distension, will do more good than five quarts taken from the general
circulation. An ounce of blood obtained by searifying the swelled
vessels of the inflamed eye, will give as much relief as a copious
bleeding from the jugular. It is a principle in the animal frame
which should never be lost sight of by the veterinary surgeon, or the
horseman, that if by bleeding, the process of inflammation can once
be checked—if it can be suspended but for a little while—although it
may return, it never returns with the same degree of violence, and in
many cases it is got rid of at once. Hence the necessity of bleeding
early, and bleeding largely, in inflammation of the lungs, or of the
bowels, or of the brain, or of any important organ. Many horses
are lest for want of bleeding, or from insufficient bleeding, but we
never knew one materially injured by the most copious abstraction
of blood in the early stage of acute inflammation. The horse will
bear, and with advantage, the loss of an almost incredible quantity of

blood. Four quarts taken from him, will be comparatively little more

than one pound taken from the human being. ave can scarcely con-

at
Ree

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 125

ceive a considerable inflammation of any part of the horse, either
proceeding from sprains, contusions, or any other cause, in which
bleeding, local (if possible) or general, or both, will not be of essen-
tial service.

_ Next in importance to bleeding is purging. Something may be
removed from the bowels, the retention of which would inerease the
general irritation and fever—the blood will be materially lessened, for
the quantity of serous or watery fluid which is separated from it by
a brisk purge, the action of which in the horse continues probably
for more than twenty-four hours, is enormous, and while the blood is
thus determined to the bowels, less even of that which remains will
flow through the inflamed part. When the circulation is directed to
one set of vessels, it is proportionably diminished in other parts. It
was first directed to the inflamed parts, and they were overloaded and
injured ; it is now directed to the bowels, and the inflamed parts are
relieved. While the purging continues, there is also some degree of
languor and sickness felt, and the force of the circulation is thereby
diminished, and the general excitement lessened. The farmer will,
therefore, see the importance of physic in every case of considerable
external inflammation. If the horse is laid by for a few days from
injury of the foot, or sprain, or poll-evil, or wound, or almost any
cause of inflammation, a physic ball should be given.

In eases of internal inflammation, much judgment is required to
determine when a purgative may be beneficial or injurious. In in-
flammation of the lungs or bowels it should never be given. ‘There
is so strong a sym pathy between the various contents of the cavity of
the chest, that no one of them can be inflamed to any great extent,
without all the others being disposed to become inflamed; and, there-
fore, a dose of physic in inflamed. lungs would be frequently as fatal
as a dose of poison. ‘The excitement produced on the bowels by the
purgative will soon run on to inflammation, which no medical skill
ean stop.

The means of abating external inflammation are varicus and seem-
ingly contradictory. ‘The heat of the part very naturally and pro-
perly led to the application of cold embrocations and lotions. Heat
has a strong tendency to equalize itself. or to leave that substance
which has a too great quantity of it, or little capacity to retain it, for
another which has less of it, or more capacity to retain it. Hence
the advantage of cold applications, by which a great deal of unnatu-
ral heat is speedily taken away from the inflamed part. ‘The foot
laboring under inflammation is put into cold water; or the horse is
made to stand in water or wet clay, and various cold applications are
used to sprains. The part is wetted with diluted vinegar or goulard,
or salt and water. We believe that when benefit is derived: from
these applications, it is to be attributed to their coldness alone, and that

water, and when especially cooled below the natural temperature, is
quite as good as any thing else. An ounce of nitre, dissolved ina
pint of water, will lower the tem perature of the fluid many degrees;
but the lotion must be applied immediately after the salt has been dis-
solved, and it should be applied in such a way that the inflamed part

126 —- THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

may be fully exposed to the process of evaporation. While the fluid
is converted into vapor, by the heat of the skin, a considerable degree
of cold is produced. Let the limb or the part have the full benefit of
this, by being uncovered. A bandage may be afterwards applied to
Strengthen the limb, but during the continuance of active inflamma-
tion it will only confine the heat of the part, or prevent the past from
benefiting by the salutary influenee of the cold produced by =
evaporation of the water.

Sometimes, however, we resort to warm feta iia if
benefit be derived from their use, it is to be traced to the warmth of
the fluid, and not to any medical property in it; and warm water will
do as eee good to the horse who has so thick a skin, as a decoction
of camomile, or marshmallow, or even of poppy heads, or any
nostrum that the farrier may recommend. Fomentations imerease the
warmth of the skin, and open the pores of it, and promote perspira-
tion, and so lesson the tension and swelling of the part, assuage pain,
and relieve inflammation. Fomentations, to be useful, should be
long and frequently employed, and at as great.a degree of heat as can
be used without giving the animal pain. Poultices are nothing but
more permanent, or longer continued fomentations. The part is ex-
posed to the influence of warmth and moisture for many hours or
days without intermission, and perspiration being so long kept up,
the distended vessels will be very materially relieved. The advan-
tage derived from a poultice is attributed to the heat and moisture,
which, by means of it, can bé long applied to the skin, and it should
be composed of materials which will best afford this heat and mois-
ture. ‘Ihe bran poultice of the farrier will therefore be objectionable.
It is never perfectly in contact with the surface of the skin, and it
be:ones nearly dry in a few hours, and then is injurious. Linseed
meal is a much better material for a poultice ; it will remain moist for
twenty-four hours. ‘The poultice is easily made by pouring hot
water on the meal, a little at a time, and moulding it well with the
hand until the cataplasm attains its proper consistence.

It is often very difficult to decide when a cold or hot application is
to be used, and no general rule can be laid down, except that in eases
of superficial inflammation, and in the early stage, cold lotions will
be preferable ; but when the inflammation is deeper seated, or fully
established, warm fomentations may be most serviceable.

Stimulating applications are frequently used in local inflammation.
When the inflammation is deeply seated, a stimulating application to
the skin will cause some irritation and inflammation there, and lessen
or sometimes remove the original one, hence the use of rowels and
blisters in inflammation of the chest. Inflammation to a high degree
cannot exist in parts so near to each other. If we excite it in one,
we shall abate it in the other, and also by the discharge which we
establish from the one, we shall lessen the determination of blood to
the other.

With one caution, we will dismiss this part of our subject ; stimu-
lating and blistermg applications should never be applied to a part
already inflamed. We shall not put out a fire by heaping more fuel

YHE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 127

upon it. Hence the mischief which the farrier often does by rubbing
his abominable oils on a recent sprain, hot and tender. Many a
horse ‘has been ruined by this absurd treatment. When the heat and
tenderness have disappeared by the use of cold lotions or fomenta-
tions, and the leg or sprained part remains enlarged, or even bony
matter threatens to be deposited, we may be justified in exciting in-
flammation of the skin by a blister, in order to rouse the deeper
‘seated absorbents to action, and enable them to take up this deposit 3
but we would again state it as a principle that, except to hasten the

natural process and effects of inflammation, a blister, or stimulating _.

application, should, in the treatment-of the horse, never be applied to
‘a part already inflamed.

Sect. 187.
e.— Fever— Fieber.—Ger.

Fever is general increased arterial action, either without any local
affection, or in consequence of the sympathy of the system with
inflammation in some particular part.

Idiopathic, or pure fever.—Some have denied that it exists in the
horse, but they must have been strangely careless observers of the
diseases of that animal.* The truth of the matter is, that the usual
stable management and general treatment of the horse are so absurd,
that varieus parts of him are rendered so liable to take on inferaaee
tion, that pure fever will exist but a very little time without degene-
rating into inflammation of these parts. ‘The lungs are so weakened
by the heated and foul air of the ill-ventilated stable, and by sudden
changes from almost insufferable heat to intense cold; and the feet are
#0 injured by hard usage and injudicious shoeing, that, sharing from
ihe beginning in the general vascular excitement which characterizes
fever, they soon become excited far beyond other portions of the
frame; and that which commenced as fever becomes inflammation of
the lungs-er feet. Pure fever, however, ts sometimes seen, and runs
its course as fever. —

Symptoms.—lt begins frequently with a.cold, shivering fit, although
this is not-essential to fever. ‘The horse is dull, unwilling to move,
with a staring coat, and cold legs and feet. “This is succeeded by
warmth of the body ; unequal distribution of warmth to the legs; one
hot, and the other three cold, or some unraturally warm, and others
unusually cold, although not the deathy coldness of inflammation of
the lungs; the pulse quick, soft, and often indistinct ; breathing some-
what laborious ; but no cough, or pawing, or looking at the flanks.—

*The author of the Farmer’s Receipt Book, by Fisk & Chase of Boston, says:
“the horse is not subject to fever, i.e. he has no simple, idiopathic fever, no cold, hot
and sweating stage, as man has. The feverish action, which the heart and arteries
of the horse sometimes assume is sympathetic. (symptomatic,) and is always pre-
ceded by local affection. Itis a disease of irritation.” White contends for idiopa-
Ahic fever.— White's Farricr, page 19-21.

“ When doctors disagree,
Then .compilers are free.” —Comp.

128 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER>

The animal will scarcely eat, and is very costive. While the state
ef pure fever lasts, the shivering fit returns at nearly the same hour
every day, and is succeeded by the warn one, and that often by a very
slight sweating one; and this goes on for several days until local in-
flammation appears, or the fever gradually subsides. No horse ever
died of pure fever; if he is not “destroyed by inflammation of the
lungs, or feet, or bowels, succeeding to the fever, he gradually re-
covers.

What we have said of the treatment of inflammation will =u (lusleans
by indicate that which we should recommend: in fever. Fever is:
generally increased action of the heart and arteries, and therefore evi-
dently appears the necessity for bleeding, regulating the quantity of
blood taken by the degree of fever, and usually continuing to take it
(the finger being kept on the artery) until some impression is made
upon the system. ‘The bowels should be gently opened, but the
danger of inflammation of the lungs, and the uniformly injurious
consequence of purgation in that disease, will prevent tie administra
tion of an active purgative. One dram and a-half of aloes may be
given morning and night with the proper fever medicine, until the
bowels are slightly relaxed, after which nothing more of an aperient
quality should be administered. Digitalis, emetic tartar, and nitre,
should be given morning and night, in proportions regulated by the
eircumstances of the case, and these should give way to white helle-
bore in doses of half a dram twice in the day, if symptoms of inflam-
mation of the lungs should appear. ‘Fhe horse should be warmly
elothed, but be placed i in a coc) and well ventilated stable.

Symptomatic fever is generally increased arterial action, proceeding
from some local cause. No organ of consequence can be long dis-
ordered -or inflamed without the neighboring parts being disturbed,
and the whole system gradually participating in the disturbance.
Inflammation of the feet or of the lungs never existed long as to any
material extent, without being accompanied by some degree of fever.

Treatment.—TVhe treatment of symptomatic fever should resem-
ble that of simple fever, except that particular attention should be
paid to the state of the part originally diseased. If the inflammation
which existed there can be subdued, the general disturbance will
usually cease.

Depletion should be first attended to, and if the horse be costive,
give a pint of olive or castor oil, and let a clyster of warm water
stuel be injected.

The following laxative drink has been found very useful in febrile
diseases:

No. 72.—Laxative drink.

Take Barbadoes aloes, powdered, three drams; prepared kali,
one and a quarter dram; castor oil, five ounces; simple mint water
and pure water, of each, four ounces; mix for one dose.

After the operation of the laxative, the fever powder is to be givem
once in twelve hours.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 129

oe Now 73. — Fever powders.
- Take tartar emetic, two drams; nitre, five drams.
E ioke ne ; $ ;

oe ee! sae No. 74,

‘Take antimonial powder, two drams ; cremor tartar, and nitre, of
each, four drams.

No. 75.

Take antimonial powder, three drams; camphor, onedram. The
following fever drink should be given once every other day :

No. 76.—Fever drink.

Take sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; minderuses spirit, six
ounces; water, four ounces, In epidemic fever give:

No. 77.--Epidemic fever drink.

_ Take sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; simple oxymel, six
ounces ; tartar emetic, three drams.. Or give:

No. 78.—Malignant epidemic fever drink.

Take simple oxymel, minderuses spirit, yeast, of each, four ounces ;
sweet spirit of nitre, one ounce.

Sect. 188.
f.-_Bog and blood-spavin-—-Sumpfund Blutspath.--Ger.

The veins of the horse, although their coats are thin compared with
those of the arteries, are not subject to the enlargements (varicose
veins) which are so frequent, and often so painful, in the legs of the
human being. ‘The legs of the horse may exhibit many of the inju-
rious consequences of hard work, but the veins will, with one excep-
tion, be unaltered in structure. Attached to the extremities of most
of the tendons, and between the tendons and other parts, are little
bags containing a mucous substance to enable the tendons to slide
over each other without friction, and to move easily on the neighbor-
ing parts. From violent exercise these little bags are liable to enlarge.
Windgalls and thoroughpins are instances of this. There is one of
them on the inside of the hock at its bending: this sometimes be-
comes considerably increased in size, and the enlargement is called a
bog-spavin. A vein passes over this bag, which is pressed between
the enlargement and the skin, and the passage of the blood through
it is impeded; the vein is consequently distended by the accumulated
blood, and the distension reaches from this bag as low down as the
next valve. ‘This is called a blood-spavin. Blood-spavin then is the
consequence of bog-spavin. It very rarely occurs, and is, in the ma-
jority of instances, confounded with bog-spavin.

Blood-spavin does not always cause lameness, except the horse is
very hard worked, and then it is doubtful whether the lameness should
not be attributed to the enlarged mucous bag rather than to the distend-

NS

130 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. :

ed vein. Both of these diseases, however, render a horse unsound,
and materially lessen his value.

Old farriers used to tie the vein, and so cut off altogether the flow
of the blood. Some of them, a little more rational, used to dissect
out the bag which caused the distension of the vein: but the modern
and more prudent way is to endeavor to promote the absorption of
the contents of the bag. This may be attempted by pressure long
applied. A bandage may be contrived to take in the whole of the
hock except. its point; and a compress made of folded linen being
placed on the bog-spavin, may confine the principal pressure to that
part. It is, however, very difficult to adapt a bandage to a joint
which admits of such extensive motion; therefore most practitioners
apply two or three successive blisters over tne enlargement, when it
usually disappears ; but gts eee it returns again if any extraor-
dinary exertion is required from the horse.

We shall add an extract from a communication, or article written
by Dr. Bracken.

The doctor says a bog-spavin is an ineysted tumor on the inside of
the hough ; a collection of brownish gelatinous matter, contained in
a bag or cyst, which he thinks to be lubricating matter of the joint
altered, the common membrane that encloses it, forming the cyst
This case he has taken great pains to illustrate in a young colt of his
own, where, he says, when the spavin was pressed hard on the in-
side of the hough, there was a small tumor on the outside, which
convinced him the fluid was within side of the joint. He says, that
he cut into it, discharged a large quantity of gelatinous matter; he
dressed the sore with dossils dipped in oil of turpentine, putting into
it, once in three or four days, a powder made of calcined vitriol,
alum, and bole. By this method of dressing, the bog sloughed ok,
and came away, and the cure was successfully completed without
any visible sear.

Dr. Winters, among many other cures, recommends the following:
Cauterize with a heated iron, afterwards apply the following compo-
Sition:

No. 79.—To cure spavin.

Take honey, one-half a pound; vitriol, one and a-half ounces;
alum, verdigris, of each, one and a-half ounce; vinegar, of the best,
one pint—mixed, and applied.

Sect. 189.
g.—Diseases of the lungs—Lungen Beschwerde.—Ger.

The lungs, on account of the office which they discharge, are very
important; and perhaps there is no organ of importance in the horse
that is more liable of being disurdered than the lungs. We shall
here present the reader a well written article from the pen of Mr.
Barzum, on the disorders of the lungs: add a few remarks of our
own, and conclude with an extract or two from Winters.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 131
Inflammation of the lungs—Lungen-Entzundung.—Ger.

_ There is no animal among all those subdued that previous to his
breaking in, is so free from disease as the horse; there is no animal
which, after he has been enlisted in our service, is so liable to disease,
and especially at the lungs. How do we account for this? Pew
things can be more injurious to the delicate membrane that lines the
dels: of the lungs, than the sudden change from heat to cold to which,
under the usual stable management, the horse is subject. In the
spring and autuion, the temperature or heat of most stables is several
degrees higher than that of the open air; in winter it is frequently
more than thirty degrees. ‘The necessary effect of this must be to
weaken and exhaust the energies of the parts most exposed to the
influence of these changes, and they are the lungs. It is, however,
not only heated but empoisoned air that the horse respires; compos-
ed of his own contaminated breath, and of vapours from his dung,
and particularly from his urine, strongly impregnated with hartshorn,
painful to the eyes and irritating to the chest.—Sre Cnap. X.

There is likewise an intimate connexion between the lungs and the
functions of the skin. When the insensible perspiration is suddenly
stopped, cold and cough are the first consequences. What must in-
evitably happen to the horse that stands, twenty hours out of the four
and twenty, in.a heated atmosphere, and stands there warmly cloth-
ed, and every pore of his skin opened, and the insensible perspira-
tion, and the sensible too, profusely pouring out, and then, with his
coat stripped from his back, is turned shivering into a nipping win-
ter’s air? ‘The discharge from the skin is at once arrested, and the
revulsion, or pernicious effect of the sudden stoppage of a natural
~ evacuation, falls on the lungs, too much weakened, and disposed to
inflammation by heated air and poisonous fumes.

These simple observations are pregnant with interest and instruc-
tion to all connected with horses. He who would have his stud free
from disease, and especially disease of the lungs, must pursue two
objects, coolness and cleanliness. In the gentleman’s stable, the first
of these is studiously avoided, from the prejudice or the idleness of
the groom, and from these stables proceed most of the cases of in-
flamed lungs; especially when’this heat is combined with that tem-
porary but mischievous nuisance; the repeated breathing of the same
air during the night, and that air“more vitiated by the fumes of the
dung and urine. In the stables of the post-rider, where not only
closeness and heat, but the filth that would not be endured in a gen-
tleman’s establishment, are found, both inflammation of the lungs and
glanders prevail; and in the stables of many agriculturists, cool enough
from the poverty or the carelessness of the owner, but choked with
filth, inflammation of the lungs is seldom seen, but mange, glanders,
and farey abound.

Symptoms.—Intlammation of the substance of the lungs is some-
times sudden in its attack, but generally preceded by symptoms of
fever. ‘The pulse is occasionally not much increased in frequency,
but oppressed and indistinct; the artery is plainly to be felt under

132 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

the finger, and of its usual size, but the pulse no longer indicates the
expansion of the vessel, as it yields to the gush of blood, and its con-
traction when the blood has passed; it is rather a vibration or thrill,
communicated to a fluid already over-distending the artery; in a few
cases, even this almost eludes the most delicate touch, and seareely any
pulsation is to be detected. ‘The extremities are cold; the nostril is
expanded; the head thrust out, and the flanks begin to eee There
is a peculiarity in the working of the flank. It is not the deep labori-
ous breathing of fever, nor the irregular beating of the broken wind,

in which the air appears to be drawn in by one effort, while two seem
to be necessary to expel it; but it is a quick hurried motion, evidently
expressive of pain, and of inability to complete the action, on account
of the pain, or of some mechanical obstruction. ‘The membrane of
the nose is of an intensely florid red—more vivid in the inside corners
of the nostrils, and remaining concentrated there, if at times it should
seem to fade away higher up. The countenance is singularly anxious,
and indicative of suffering, and many a mournful look_is directed at
the flanks. ‘The horse stands in a singular manner, stiff, with his
fore-legs abroad, that the chest may be expanded as much as possible,
and he is unwilling to move, lest for a moment he should lose the
assistance of the muscles of the arms and shoulders, in producing

that expansion; and. for the same reason, he obstinately stands up.

day after day, and night after night; or if he lies down from absolute
fatigue, it is but for a moment.

In many instances, however, the approach of the disease is very
treacherous, and the most careful practitioner may be deceived. The
groom may perceive that the horse is somewhat off his feed, and dull,
but he pays little attention to it; or if it arrests his notice, he only
finds that the coat stares a little, that the legs are colder than usual,
and the breathing in a slight degree quickened and shortened. In
other cases, the symptoms are those of common fever, catarrh, or dis-
temper: and the characteristics of true inflammation of the lungs
appear late and unexpectedly. The cold leg and ear, the quickened,
not deepened inspiration, the disinclination to lie down, and the
anxious countenance, will always alarm the experienced observer.

Whatever may be the state of the pulse at first, it soon becomes
_oppressed, irregular, indistinct, and at length almost imperceptible.
The heart is laboring in vain to push on the column of blood with
which the vessels are distended, and the flow of which is obstructed
by the clogged-up passages of the lungs. ‘The legs and ears, which
were cold before, become more intensely so—it is a clayey, deathy
coldness. ‘I'he mouth soon participates in it, and the breath too.—
The bright red of the nostril tades away, or darkens to a livid purple.
The animal grinds his teeth. He still persists in standing, although
he often staggers and almost falls; at length he drops, and after a few
struggles dies.

Sect. 190.

The duration of the disease is singularly uncertain. It will
occasionally destroy in less than twenty-four hours, and then the

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 133

lungs present one confused and disorganized mass of blackness, and
would lead the inexperienced person to imagine that long inflamma-
tion had gradually so completely broken down the substance of the
lungs. Such a horse is said to die rotten, and many attempts have
been made to prove that he must have been unsound for a great while,
and probably before he came into his last owner’s possession, and
some expensive law suits have been instituted on this ground. Let
our readers, however, be assured, that this black, decomposed appear-
ance of the lungs proves no disease of long standing, but inflammation
intense in its nature, and that has very speedily run its course. ‘The
horse has died from suffocation, every portion of the lungs being
choked up with this black blood, which has even broken into and
filled all the air-cells by means of which it should have been purified.

More frequently the disease lasts a little longer. ‘The lungs are
sufficiently pervious for some blood to be transmitted; but the inflam-
mation is too great to be subdued, or proper means have not been
taken to subdue it; and it runs its usual course, and proceeds to actual
mortification, and the lungs are found not only black, but putrid.—
This, too, would prove recent and violent inflammation, and not any
old and unsuspected disease. ‘This termination would be indicated,
a day or two before the death of the animal, by the stinking breath,
and the offensive discharge from the nose.

A frequent, and to the practitioner and the owner, a most annoying
termination of inflammation of the lungs, is dropsy in the chest.—
The disease seems to be subdued; the horse is more lively; his appe-
tite returns; his legs and ears become warm; and those about him
are deceived into the belief that he is doing well: nay, the most skilful
surgeon is sometimes deceived. The anxiety to save his patient.
makes him hope the best, although the coat continues unhealthy,
there is a yellow discharge from the nostrils, the pulse irregular, and
the horse is frightened if suddenly moved, and especially if his head
be considerably raised in the act of drenching, and he rarely or never
lies down. Many days cr some weeks will pass on, with these con-
tradictory and unsatisfactory appearances; and a judgment of the
result can only be formed by balancing them against each other. At’
length the patient shivers, the old symptoms return, and he very soon
dies. On opening him, both sides of the chest are found nearly filled
with fluid, impeding the pulsation of the heart, and the expansion of
the lungs, and destroying the horse by suffocation.

Although the life of the horse may be saved, the consequences of
inflammation of the lungs may often materially lessen, or even destroy
the usefulness of the animal. As in many external inflammations
considerable thickening of the part long remains, so a deposite of the
eoagulable portion of the blood may be left in the substance of the
lungs, occupying the place of many of the air-cells, and preventing
the contraction and closing of others. This produces the peculiarity
of breathing, almost incompatible with speed or continuance, called
thick winds; and frequently precedes broken wind, when, from the
violent action of the lungs, and that action thus impeded by the ob-
struction we have described, some of the air-cells become ruptured.

134 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Too frequently, considerable irritability remains in the membrane
lining the air-cells, and in other portions of the air-passages, and a
cough is established, which, from its continuance, and the difficulty
of its removal, is called chronic cough. We have already considered
inflammation of the lungs, as one of the causes of roaring.—See
Sect. 178.

Sect. 191.

_ Treatment.—The treatment of inflammation of the lungs must
evidently be of the most decisive kind. We have to struggle with a
disease intense. in its character, and we must attempt radically to cure,
and not merely to palliate it. We must look to the future usefulness
of the horse, and not to the possibility of his being enabled to drag
on an existence almost uncomfortable to himself. Supposing the at-
tack to have just commenced, the horse should be bled, not only
uniil fhe pulse begins to rise, but untilit afterwards bevins to flutter
or to stop,or the animal is evidently faint. ‘The effect of the bleed-
ing, and not the quantity of the blood taken, should be regarded; for
the inflammation being subdued, the lost blood will soon be supplied
again. ‘This is one of the cases in which it is absolutely necessary
that tne surgeon, or the owner, should stand by with his finger on the
pulse, and mark the effect that is produced. If, six hours afterwards,
the horse continues to stand stiff, and heaves as quickly and as labo-
riously as. before, and the legs are as intensely cold, and the mem-
brane of the nose as red, the bleeding should be repeated, until the
same effect again follows. In the majority of cases the inflammation
will be now subdued. A third bleeding may, however, sometimes be
necessary, but must not be carried to the same extent, for it is possi-
ble, by too great evacuation of blood, to subdue not merely the disease,
but the powers of nature. If, after this, the legs become cold, and
the heaving returns, and the meimbrane of the nose reddens, Ae the
horse persists in standing, bleedings to the extent of two or three
quarts will be advisable, to prevent the re-establishment of the disease.
In all these bleedings, let not the necessity of a broad shouldered fleam
or lancet, and a full stream of blood be forgotten. These are cireum-
stances of far more importance than is generally imagined. ‘The
appearance of the blood will be some guide in our treatment of the
case. ‘lhe thickness of the adhesive buffy, yellow colored coat,
which in a few hours will appear on it, will mark with some degree
of accuracy, the extent of the inflammation. No regardless of the
appearance of the blood, but not putting too much faith in it, we must
look to the horse to determine how far that inflammation may have
been diminished, or a repetition of the bleeding be necessary.

Vhen the bleeding has evidently taken effect, we must consider by
what means we may further abate, or prevent the return of the in-
flammation. We should blister the whole of the brisket, and the
sides, as high up asthe elbows. Sisters are far preferable to rowels.
They act on a more extensive surface; they produce a great deal
more inflammation; and they are speedier i in their action.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 135

To ensure the full operation of the blister, the hair must be vio
shaved, and an ointment composed of one part of powdered Spanish
flies, and four of lard and one of resin, well rubbed in. ‘The lard
and the resin should be melted together, and the powdered flies
~ afterwards added.

Sect. 192.

To form a rowel, the skin is raised between the finger and thumb,
and, with a laneet, or with scissors contrived for the purpose, a slit is

ut an inch in length. Into this a piece of tow is inserted, sufficient
to fill it, and previously smeared with blister ointment. ‘This causes
considerable inflammation and discharge. If a little of the tow be
left sticking out of the incision, the discharge will conveniently dribble
down it. "The tow should be changed every day, with or without the
ointment, according to the action of the rowel, or the urgency of the
case. ‘The large piece of stiff leather, with a hole in its centre, used
by the farrier, is objectionable, as not being easily changed, and tre-
quently, in the extraction of it, tearing the skin so as to cause a lasting
blemish.

The blister sometimes will not rise. It will not when the inflam-
mation of the chest is at its greatest intensity ; too much action is
going on there, for any to be excited elsewhere. ‘Ihe blister oe-
easionally will not act in the later st: iges of the disease, because the

“powers of nature are exhausted. It is always a most unfavorable

symptom when the blisters or the rowels do not take effect. ‘Ihe best
time for the application of the blister, is when the inflammation is
somewhat subdued by the bleeding; and then by the irritation which
it excites, and in a part so near the original seat of disease, the inflam-
mation of the chest is either abated or transferred to the skin; for, it
is an important law of nature, that no two violent actions of different
kinds can take place in the frame at the same time.

Sect. 193.
ns 3
oe ext comes the aid of medicine. If the patient was a human
ears the surgeon would immediately purge him. We must not do
this; for from sympathy between the bowels and the lungs in the
horse, we should either produce a fatal extension of inflammation, or
a transferring of it ma more violent form, and the horse would as-
suredly die. We must back-rake, administer clysters, or perhaps
give eight ounces of epsom salts, dissolved in warm gruel. No cas-
tor oi must be given. It may be a mild and safe aperient for the
human being: it is a very dangerous one for the horse.

Having a little relaxed the bowels, we eagerly turn to cooling or
sedative medicines. ‘The farrier gives his cordial to support the ani-
mal, and prevent rottenness. He adds fuel to the fire, and no wonder
that the edifice is frequently destroyed. Nitre, digitalis, and emetic
tartar, should be given in the doses already recommended, and per-
sisted in until an intermittent state of the pulse is produced. Many
practitioners give hellebore in doses of half a dram, or two scruples,

136 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

every six or eight hours, and they say with considerable advantage.
It is continued until the horse hangs his head, and saliva drivels from
his mouth, and he becomes half stupid, and half delirious. ‘These
symptoms pass over in afew hours, and the inflammation of the chest
is found to be abated. If it be so, it is on the principle of the blister:
the determination of blood to the head, and the temporary excitement
of the brain or its membranes, divert the inflammation or a portion of
it, from its original seat, and give time for the parts soméwhat to re-
cover their tone. We confess that we prefer the digitalis, emetic tar-
tar, and nitre: they considerably lower the pulse, and are safe.

It is of importance that we determine the blood, or a portion of it,
from the inflamed and over-distended part to some other region. On
this principle we warmly clothe the horse laboring under this disease,
that we may cause the blood to circulate freely through the vessels of
the skin, and that we may keep up the insensible perspiration, and
perhaps produce some sweating. Butdo we put the horse in a warm
place! No; for then we should bring the heated and poisoned air in
contact with the inflamed lungs, and increase the excitement, already
too great. It is an absurd practice to shut up every door and window,
and exclude, if possible, every breath of air; rather let every door
and window be thrown open, and let pure and cold air find access to
these heated parts. It is interesting to see how eagerly the horse
avails himself of the relief which this affords him. If no direct draft

blows upon him, he can searcely be placed in too cool astall or stable.

Now and then the whole skin of the horse may be rubbed with the
brush, if it does not tease and worry him; but itis indispensable that
the legs should be frequently and well hand-rubbed to restore the cir-
culation in them, and they should be covered with thick flannel
bandages. As to food, we do not want him to take any at first, and
most certainly the horse should not be coaxed to eat. A very small
quantity of hay may be given to amuse him, or a cold mash, or green
meat, (food,) but not a particle of corn.

In eight-and-forty hours the fate of the patient will generally be
decided. If there be no remission of symptoms, the inflammation
will run on to congestion of the lungs, and consequent suffocation, or
to gangrene. We must, in this case, give the medicines more fre-
quently ; repeat the blister; bleed if the state of the animal will bear
it; and rub the legs or even scald them. If the strength now rapidly
declines, the horse may be drenched with gruel, and tonic medicine
may be ‘tried, as camomile at first, and, this not recalling or inecreas-
ing the fever, a little ginger and gentian may be added.

Should the heaving gradually subside, and the legs get warm, and.
the horse lie down, and the inflammation be apparently subsiding, let
not the owner or the practitioner be in too great haste fo get the ani-
mal well. Nature will slowly, but surely and safely, restore the
appetite and strength ; and it is very easy to bring back the malady
in allits violence by attempting to hurry her. The food should be the
same, cold mashes, green meat, or a little hay, if green meat cannot
be procured, and thin gruel drunk from the pail—not given as a
drench. Should the horse be very weak, or scarcely eat, tonics may

SHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 137

be tried. The way should be felt very cautiously with the camomile,
and the sedative medicine again be immediately resorted to if there
be the slightest return of fever. To the camomile, the gentian and
ginger may be gradually added, but no mineral tonic. After a while,
hay may be offered, and a little corn, and the horse be suffered very
gradually to return to his former habits.

Sect. 194.

The causes of inflammation of the lungs are changes from cold to

heat, or heat to cold ; exposure to cold while the horse is hots; wash-
ing with cold water immediately after exercise ; sudden exposure to
cold, after coming from a very hot stable; travelling in the face of a
cold wind; the transference of general fever to the lungs previously
disposed to inflammation from the usual stable management; and
neglected catarrh, or catarrh treated with stimulants instead of cooling
medicines. Any change from heat to cold, or from cold to heat, will
produce it with almost equal certainty; the removal from a warm
stable to a cold one, or from a cold one to a warmer: from grass to
the stabie, and from the stable to grass will equally give rise to disease
of the lungs. itis generally the effect of our erroneous system of
Management.
_ We shall presently state the symptoms by which inflammation of
the lungs may be distinguished from catarrhal fever. It may be dis-
iinguished from inflammation of the bowels by the pulse, which, in
the latter disease, is small and wiry; by the membrane of the nose,
which is not then so much reddened; by the indications of pain, as
kicking at the belly, stamping, and rolling; by his eager scraping of
the litter, and by the belly being painful to the touch, and also hot,
when the bowels are inflamed.

*

Sect. 195.

We are, from our limited knowledge of physiology, aware that there
is a great sympathy between the bowels and Ivxg's in the horse, and
believe that the practice of violent pyrging would prove fatal in most
eases of pneumonia, or inflamziation of the lungs in the horse, yet
we believe that the great via or opening, should be unobstructed when
the subject labors under this disease. Drastic purgatives are at all
times more injurious than beneficial.

The treatment of this disease varies in many particulars, but the
general one is, depletion; free blood Jetting, and emollient laxatives.
If this course is pursued in the first stage of the disease, the animal
may recover; but if let run on a short timé, the horse must die.

Dr. Winters recommends copious bleeding, then follow it by 2
mild purgative.

| No. 80.—Laxative.

Take liquid bacon, (lard,) one-quarter of a pound; olive oil, one-

half pound; extract of acacia bark, four ounces; wine, one pint;

drench the horse. If this does not operate by night, inject the follow-
10 “

a Ye Sea ee ah a |
5 ee Eee ie

138 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

ing clyster, and repeat the laxative immediately afterwards.—No. 6,
Sect. 130.—.2 clyster.
The next day after the physic has operated, administer the follow-
ing drink : .
No. 81.--Drink for heaving of lungs.

Take hysop, dill, of each two handfuls ; fleur-de-lis, (flag-flower,)
one ounce; horehound, origan, of each, one-half ounce; licorice
root, two ounces; butter, one-quarter of a pound, and one quart of
honey water; mix—decoct, and administer one-half of it at once.

The breast of the horse should be daily greased with the following
ointment : .

Duck oil, one ounce; butter, one-quarter of a pound; oil of rue,
and flag-flowers, of each, four drams ; mix—anoint. This should be
succeeded by giving the following drink every other day: ‘The yolk
of ten eggs, and one quart of mutton broth ; mixed—given lukewarm.

Sect. 196.
Pleurisy— Seitenentzuendigung.—Ger.

Hitherto we have spoken of inflammation of the substance of the
lungs ; but inflammation may attack the membrane covering them and
lining the side of the chest, (the pleura,) and be principally or entirely
confined to that membrane. This is termed pleurisy. The causes
are the same as in inflammation of the substance of the lungs, and
the symptoms are not very dissimilar. ‘The guiding distmetion will
be the pulse. As the blood in this disease still traverses the lungs
without obstruction, we have not the oppressed pulse, but rather the
hard, full pulse, characteristic of inflammation; the extremities are
cold, but not much so; the membrane of the nose intensely red in
the former disease, because it is a continuation of the inflamed lining
of the air cells of the lungs, is here but little reddened, because there
is no connection between them; if the sides are pressed upon in
pleurisy, pain will be felt, which the horse will express by a kind of
grunt, and which is easily oxplained by the pressure being applied so
close to the seat of disease. ‘lhe manner of standing, however, will
remain the same, and the obstinacy of standing the same, and the
extension of the neck, and the protrusion of the nostril. After death,
the pleura of the ribs and the lungs will exhibit stripes or patches of
inflammation, and the chest will be generally filled with serous fluid.

Copious bleeding is indicated here, as in inflammation of the sub-
stance of the lungs. Blisters and sedative medicines must likowise
be resorted to. The fever powders, No. 73-74, and fever drinks, No.
75, Section 188, are highly recommended in pleurisy as sedatives, by
adding a small quantity of hyosciamus, one dram to each formula;
they form an efficient sedative. The only important difference is,
that aperients may be administered with more safety than in the
_ former disease. Puncturing of the chest to give escape to the fluid
that is thrown out in it may be attempted. It cannot do harm, but it
has very seldom saved or much prolonged the life of the animal. _ If

2 ie SERS ae
ae ae ee f
Pal ts Ba

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 139

‘the operation be attempted, it should be as soon as the presence of
the fluid is suspected, and the means by which this may be ascertain-
ed we have already described. ‘The opening should be effected with
the common trocar used for tapping in dropsy in the human being,
and should be made between the eighth and ninth ribs, and close to
the cartilages. Diuretic medicines, combined with tonics, should be
administered. 3

“ Seci. 197.

Catarrh, or common cold—Kataarh Verkzltung.—Ger.

This is a complaint of frequent occurrence, generally subdued
without much difficulty, but often becoming of serious consequence,
if neglected. It is accompanied by a little increase of pulse ; a slight
discharge from the nose and eyes; a coat somewhat roughened; a
diminution of appetite, and cough sometimes painful and frequents—
A little warmth, a few mashes, and some doses of the medicine recom-
mended under inflammation of the lungs, will speedily effect a cure.
Should the cough be very painful and obstinate, it may be necessary
to bleed; but then the disease is degenerating into bronchitis or ca-
_tarrhal fever.

The divisions of the windpipe just before it enters the lungs,
and the numerous vessels into which it immediately afterwards
branches out, are called the bronchial tubes, and inflammation of the
membrane that lines them is termed:

| Sect. 198.
Bronchitis—Luftrehr-Beschwerde.—Ger,

It is catarrh extending to the entrance of the lungs. It is charac-
terized by quicker and harder breathing than catarrh usually pre-
sents, and by a peculiar wheezing, which is relieved by the coughing
up of mucous. ;

It is to be treated by bleeding, far less copious than in inflamma-
-tion of the lungs, or even in catarrh. The horse will bear to lose
only a very small quantity of blood when laboring under inflamma-
tion of the bronchial passages. ‘The chest should be blistered, and
digitalis given, and the other treatment similar to that for inflamed
lungs, with the exception of the bleeding. Thick-wind is a frequent.
consequence of neglected bronchitis.

Sect. 199.
-Catarrhal fever—Katarrhal-fieber.—Gev.

This malady has various names among horsemen, as epidemic
eatarrh, influenza, distemper. By the latter name it is generally dis-
tinguished in racing stables. !

Symptoms.—It usually commences, like inflammation of the lungs
and fever, with a shivering fit ; to which rapidly succeed a hot mouth,

140 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER,

greater heat of the skin than is natural, heaving of the flanks, and
eough. ‘The eyes are red and heavy, and the membrane of thenose
red, but considerably paler than that of inflammation of the lungs,
and even occasionally bordering ona livid hue. From the very com-
mencement of the disease there is some discharge from the nose; at
_ first, of a mere watery nature, but soon thickening, and containing
flakes, some of which stick to the membrane of the nose, and have
been mistaken for ulcers. This discharge, at no great distance of
time, becomes mattery and offensive. -The glands likewise -of the
throat and under-jaw become enlarged, and the membranes of the
nostril and the throat are inflamed and tender, and therefore the food
is “‘quidded,”’ and there is difficulty even in swallowing water, par-
ticularly if it be cold. ‘The horse sips and slavers in the pail, and re-
peatedly coughs as-he drinks. ‘The cough is sometimes frequent and
painful; so much so, that the horse repeatedly stamps with his feet,
and shows signs of impatience and suffering in the act of coughing.
To these symptoms rapidly suceeeds very great weakness. ‘The
horse staggers, and sometimes almost falls as he moves about his
box; or he supports himself by leaning his sides or his quarters
against the stall. To the inexperienced observer, this early and ex-
cessive weakness will be very alarming, and he will give up the horse
as lost. The legs generally swell, and enlargements appear on the
chest and belly. ‘These, however, generally are favorable. The
pulse is quickened. It rises to sixty or seventy, but the number of
its beatings, and the character of the pulse, which is seldom very
hard, depend much on the degree of fever which aceompanies the
disease.

After a few days the cough becomes less frequent and painful; the
glands of the. throat diminished; the horse begins to eat a little green
meat, and is more cheerful. In some eases, however, the membrane
of the nose reddens, or streaks of red run through the lividness ; and
the legs become cold, and the countenance haggard, and inflammation
of the lungs is at hand. At other times the breath is offensive; the
discharge fron: the nose bloedy ; the evacuations loose, and slimy, and

‘bloody; and the animal is speedily destroyed. The cause of this
disease is obscure. It may be the consequence of common cold ; or
it will more frequently depend on some unexplained influence of the

atmosphere. About the middle of spring and the commencement of
autumn it is most frequent. Many horses in the same district, or in
almost every part of the country, will be attacked by it. If the
spring or autumn be wet and variable, almost every cold will degene-
rate into it; and there are too many cireumstances which lead us to
conclude that it is infectious. A lot of horses was hought at one of
the fairs. They were all but one sent immediately to the residence
of the purchaser at a considerable distance. ‘The remaining one was
employed for some purpose, and afterwards sent on a journey. He
was seized with distemper, and on recovering sufficiently to travel, he
was taken home. Three months had now elapsed since the purchase,

and the other horses had been perfectly healthy ; but in less than 2

fortnight after this horse arrived, they all sickened with distemper.

Nip” 5 ti aCe™ Wrenn
Gh ene

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE ‘FARRIER. 141

The treatment of catarthal fever requires much judgment. It is
dlearly febrile'in its commencement; but it speedily assumes the
character of weakness. We will suppose that the disease is discover-
ed at its very commencement. Bleeding will then be indispensable,
regulated in quantity by the degree of fever ; rarely exceeding four
quarts, never intentionally pursued until the animal is faint, and im-
tmhédiately stopped when there is the slightest appearance of faintness.
The bleeding should be repeated if the pulse is frequent and strong ;
or if the membrane of the nose is getting red, and the legs cold, and
even although weakness should be rapidly coming on; but it should
be in small quantity, and the effect of it carefully watched.

If the disease has been suffered to run on for two or three days,
and the horse begins to stagger, the practitioner or the owner will
consider all the symptoms well before he ventures to bleed. Redness
of the nostril, heat of the mouth, quickness and force of pulse, heav-
ing of the flanks, or coldness of the legs, will require the loss of
blood, notwithstanding considerable weakness; but if the animal is
quite ‘off his feed, and the inside of the nose is livid, and he 1s fast
losing condition a8 well as strength, bleeding will be better avoided.

It is of importance that the bowels should be evacuated; and there
is not so much danger in the use of a little purgative medicine as in
inflammation of the lungs. Two drams of Barbadoes aloes may be
given in the form of a ball, or in solution; and in twelve hours an-
other dram may be given, and even a third dose twelve hours after
that, if the feces have not been loosened; taking care to back-rake
the animal, and to administer injections of thin gruel.

The sedative medicines at first exhibited should be the same as in
imflammation of the lungs, and in the same quantity ; but as soon as
the fever begins to remit, two drams of the spirit of nitrous ether’
should be added to each dose’: and, the weakness increasing, and the
fever still more subsiding, the ‘camomile may be ventured on, but with
eaution. Warm clothing is necessary, and particularly about the
head; and although the box should still be airy, it should not be so
cool as in inflammation of the lungs. If the throat be so sore that
the animal will not eat, either the parotid or the submaxillary glands,
or both, should be Ghacred It will be far better to blister them at
once, than to lose time by the use of weaker and ineffective applica-
tions. ‘The discharge from the nose should be promoted, and the
natural progress of the inflammation of the membrane of the nose
and throat hastened by hot mashes being frequently put in the man-
ger, or, if the horse is not too much fistressed by it, hung under his
nostrils in a common nose-bag. When this is resorted to, a hood
about the head will be particularly necessary.

A great deal of weakness soon follows an attack of catarrhal fever,
and it will then be necessary, even while we are subduing the fever,
to support the strength of the animal. He should be offered bran-
mashes, malt-mashes, damped hay, green meat, or carrots. If he re-
fuses to take them, they should be insinuated between his grinders,
svhen, being compelled to bruise them a little in endeavoring to get
rid of them, and thus experiencing their taste, he will often be induced

142 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

to eat several little portions. If he obstinately refuses to feed, he must
be drenched with thick gruel; but this will seldom be necessary if all
water be refused him from the earliest period of the disease, and a
pail with thinner gruel be suspended in some part of his stall.—
When he finds that he can get nothing else, he will drink sufficient
of this to afford him all the nutriment we require. ‘The preservation
of due warmth in the extremities is as necessary here as in inflamma-
tion of the lungs, and should be attempted by warm banaaen and:
frequent hand-rubbing.

The terminations of this disease most to be dreaded are inflamma-
tion of the lungs, and putrid fever. We know how to guard against
the former, and_we skall presently speak of the latter. . When, how-
ever, the disease hangs long upon the horse, there is usually much
mischief done in the chest, although the animal may recover. Thick-
wind, broken-wind, and chronic cough are its occasional consequen-
ees; and likewise, as the disease has affected so great a portion of
the air-passages, a peculiar liability to cold and cough, and, not un-
frequently, an unpleasant and troublesome discharge from the nose
will remain. Of the latter we have spoken under the title of nasal
gleet; the others will presently come under consideration. The far-
mer will not forget the infectious nature of this disease, and. will

immediately separate the sick animal from his companions. -

The disease with which catarrhal fever is most likely to be con-
founded is inflammation of the lungs; and as the treatment of the
two is in some particulars so different, the farmer should be enabled
readily to distinguish between them. [If a little care be used this will
not be difficult. The febrile character of the pulse; the early dis-
charge from the nose; the want of intense redness im the-lining of
the nose; the frequent and painful cough; the enlargement of the
glands, and soreness of the throat; the rapid loss of strength, the
sometimes constant, and at other times variable warmth of the legs;
the fidgettiness and pawing, will sufficiently distinguish catarrhal fever
from the oppressed pulse, red nostril, heaving flank, little cough, fix-
edness of limbs, and coldness of the extremities which spcpaseiin
and characterize inflammation of the lungs.

Sect. 200.
The malignant epidemic—Besartiges Flussfieber.—Ger.

This commences with nearly the same symptoms as catarrhal fever :
it probably at the beginning is catarrhal fever, but more than usually
violent, and sooner exhausting the powers of the frame.

ts symptoms are rapid loss of strength, stinking breath, foetid dis-
charge from the nostrils, all the evacuations becoming highly offensive,
the pulse rapid, small a: weak, and the animal obstinately refusing
“to eat. It soon runs its course. Gangrene soon succeeds to inflam-
mation, and rapidly spreads from the part first inflamed through the
whole of the cellular substance, and over every portion of the frame..
When veterinary science was in its infancy, this pest used periodically

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 143
to appear, and carry off hundreds of horses; and that breeder is for-
tunate, who does not now sometimes suffer frgm its ravages. The
treatment of it is very unsatisfactory. The prevention may be a little
more in our power, by endeavoring to get rid of the previous disease
by one bleeding, when, in some seasons, catarrhal fever appears under
a form more than usually violent; and by bleeding with extreme cau-
tion, or not bleeding at all, when debility begins to appear. A mild
purgative may be first administered to carry off a portion of the offen-
sive matter contained in the bowels; after which, chalk, and ginger,
and opium, and gentian, and colombo, with port-wine, may be plenti-
fully given, with green meat, or thick gruel; but except the horse be
valuable, the chance of saving him is so slight, and probably the dan-
ger of spreading the pest so great, that prudence will prompt his
destruction.

‘Most frequent in occurrence among the consequences of catarrhal
fever, and inflammation of the lungs, is chronic cough.

Sect. 201.
Chronic cough—Chronischer Husten.—Ger.

It would occupy more space than we can devote to this part of our
subject, to speak of all the causes of obstinate cough. The irritabil-
ity of so great a portion of the air-passages, occasioned by previous
and violent inflammation of them, is the most frequent. It is some-
‘times connecied with worms. There is much sympathy between:
the lungs and the intestines, and the one very readily participates in.
the irritation produced in the other.. That it is cansed by glanders,
can be easily imagined, because that disease is, in its early stage,
seated in or near the principal air-passages, and little time passes
before the lungs become affected. It is the necessary attendant of
thick-wind and broken-wind, for these proceed from alterations of
the structure of the lungs. |

Remedy.—Notwithstanding the clearness of the cause, the cure is
not so evident. If a harsh, hollow cough be accompanied by a sta-
ring coat, and the appearance of worms; a few worm-balls may ex-
pel these parasites, and remove the irritation of the intestinal canal.
If it proceed from irritability of the air-passages, which will be dis-
covered by the horse coughing after drinking, or when he first goes
out of the stable in the morning, or by his occasional throwing out
thick mucous from the nose, medicines may be given, and sometimes
with advantage, to diminish irritation generally. Half-doses of the
digitalis, emetic tartar, and nitre, given every night, have had a very
beneficial effect, especially when made up with tar, which seems to
have a powerful influence in allaying these irritations. These balls
should be regularly given for a considerable time. .

The following for chronic cough, have been found beneficial :

No. 82.—Chronic cough balls.

"Take one seruple of calomel; gum ammoniacum, horse radish,
each, two drams; balsam of Tolu, squills, each, one dram; beat all

144 THE. FARMER’S ‘COMPLETE FARRIER.-

together, and make into a ball with ours and give Lace morning,
fasone. .

No. 83.—Chronic eeu drink.

e Pale tar water, lime water, of each, half a. pint; tincture of fsquills, 3

half an ounce.

No. $1 Powder for chronic cough.

Take tartar emetic, two drams; powdered fox-glove, one-half
dram ; powdered squiils, one-half dram; calomel, one scruple ; : nitre,

three drame : ; give every night ina ialt-mash.

A blister, extending from the root of one ear to that of the other,
taking in the whole of the channel, and reaching six or eight inches
down the windpipe, has been tried, and not without good effect, on
the supposition that the irritation may existin the fauces or the larynx ; :
and the blister has sometimes been extended through the = course
of the windpipe, until it enters the chest.

Feeding has much influence oa this complaint. Too sith dry
meat, and especially chaff, increases it. It is aggravated when the
free is suffered to eat his litter. Carrots afford decided relief.

The seat of the disease, however, is so uncertain, and all our means
and applications so ineflicacious, and the cough itself so little interfer-
ing, and sometimes interfermg tot at all with the health of the animal,

‘that it is scarcely worth while to persevere in any mode of treatment.

that is not evidently attended with speedy benefit. ‘The principal
consideration to induce us to meddle at all with chronie cough is the
knowledge that horses afflicted with it are more liable than ethers to be
aifected by changes of temperature, and that inflammation of the lungs,
or of the respiratory passages, often assumes in them a very alarm-

ing character; to which, perhaps, we may add, that a horse with

chronic cough cannot legally or properly be warranted sound.
When chronic cough chiefly occurs after eating, the seat of the dis-

ease is evidently in the substance of the lungs. The stomach dis- -

tended with food presses upon the diaphragm, the diaphragm upon
the lungs; and the lungs, already laboring under some congestion;
are less capable of transmitting the air. In the violent effort to dis-
charge their function, irritation is produced ; and the act of coughing

is the consequence of that irritation. This is allied with, or soon -

~ runs ito thick-wind.
Seck. 202.

Thick-wind consists in short, frequent, and laborious breathings,
and.especially when the animal is in exercise; the inspirations and
expirations often succeeding each other so rapidly as evidently to ex-
press distress, and occasionally almost to threaten suffocation. Some
degree of it frequently exists in round-chested and fat horses, that
have little or no breedmg. The reason of this is sufficiently plain.
The circular chest affords. sufficient room for the expansion of the
lungs when the animal is at rest, and sufficient room for the ac-

a

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 145

cumulation of a great deal of fat and flesh; but when the horse
is strongly exercised, the circulation of the blood is hurried, and its
change from arterial to venous, or from vital to empoisoned blood, is
more rapid. ‘The circular chest cannot then enlarge to any great
degree: yet the blood must be purified in greater quantity, and there-
fore what cannot be done by increase of surface, must be accomplish-
ed by frequency of action. Heavy draught horses are invariably
thick-winded, and so are almost all horses violently exercised ona
full stomach.

A horse laboring under any inflammatory affection of the lungs is
thick-winded, because the pain which he feels in the act of breathing
will not permit him to respire deeply, and therefore, he must breathe
quickly. A horse unused to exercise is thick-winded, because. the
lungs will not soon accommodate themselves to a new and laborious
action.

_The principal cause, however, of thick-wind is previous inflam-
mation, and particularly inflammation of the bronchial passages.—
The throwing out of some fluid, which is capable of coagulation, is
the result, or the natural termination of inflammation. This deposit
in the substance of the lungs, or in the bronchial tubes, from inflam-
mation of these organs, must close many of the air-cells, and lessen
the dimensions of others. Then if the cells, fewer in nin ber and
contracted in size, be left for the purposes of breathing, the rapid and
laborious action of the lungs must supply the deficiency, and especi-
ally when the animal is put in that state in which he requires a rapid
change of blood.

The examination of thick-winded horses has thrown considerable
light onthe nature of thedisease. In the majority of instances some
of the small air-cells have been found filled up with a dense substance
of a blue or darker color. In others, the minute passages leading to
the cells have been diminished, and almost obliterated, the linings of
these passages being unnaturally thickened, or covered with hardened
mucous; and where neither of these appearances could be observed,
the lining of the cells has exhibited evident marks of inflammation,
so that absolute pain prevented the full Ses or contraction of
the lungs..

Thick-wind is often the forerunner of broken-wind. It is easy to
understand this; for if so much labor is necessary to contract the air-
cells, and to force out the wind, and the lungs work so rapidly and so
violently in effecting this, some of the cells, weakened by disease,
will probably be ruptured.

Of the treatment of thick-wind we have little to say. Attention to
diet, and the prevention of the overloading of the stomach, and the
avoidance of exercise soon after a meal, may in some degree palliate
the disease, and so may constant exercise, carried to the extent of the
horse’s power, without too much distressing him. ‘The capability of
exertion will thus daily improve, and the breathing of the horse will
become freer and deeper. ‘This is the process of training a horse for
the course: and this constitutes all the difference between a horse
that has been well and one that has been badly trained.

146 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 203.
Broken-wind—Windbruch .—Ger.

~ This is easily distinguished from thick-wind. In thick-wind the

breathing is rapid and laborious, but the inspiration and expiration are
equally so, and occupy precisely the same time. In broken-wind the

inspiration is performed by one effort; the expiration by two, which

is plainly to be distinguished by observing the flanks, and which oc-
cupies double the time. The reason of this may easily be stated.
Broken-wind is the rupture or running together of some of the air-
cells. When the lungs are expanded, the air will-rush in easily
enough, and one effort of the muscles of respiration is sufficient for

the purpose ; but when these cells have run into each other, the cav-
ity is so irreeular, and contains so many corners and blind pouches,

that it is exceedingly difficult to force it out again, and two efforts are
scarcely competent fully to effect 1t.

'This disease is also accompanied by a dry and husky cough of a
peculiar sound, which cannot easily be described, but is recognized
by every one accustomed to horses. It is the consequence of thick-
wind, and of those alterations of structure consequent on inflamma-
tion. If a portion of the lung be lost to the animal, and the same

quantity of pure blood must be supplied, while there is not the same:

surface to supply it, it is easy to suppose that, in the violent efforts
which such a horse is compelled to make, some of the cells may be
broken.

Broken-wind may, however, occur without much previous disease.
Suppose a horse to be a gross feeder, and to have filled his stomach
with straw and hay, and provender, that occupies a great bulk, and
contains little nourishment, the lungs are squeezed into a less than
the natural compass. Let the horse be now suddenly and smartly
exercised; more blood must be purified, and in the violent effort to
accomplish this, some of tlie cells give way. Therefore we do not
find broken-winded horses on the race-course, for although every ex-
ertion of speed is required from them, their food les in small com-
pass, and the stomach is not distended, and the lungs have room to

play, and care is taken that their exertion shall be required when the.

stomach is nearly empty. Carriage and coach horses are seldom

broken-winded, unless they bring the disease to their work, for they

too live principally on corn, and their work is regular, and care is
taken that they shall not be fed immediately before their work. The
majority of horses thus affected, come from the stables of those for

whose use these pages are principally designed. ‘The farmer’s horse .
is the broken-winded horse, because that on which he is fed is bulky,

and too often selected on account of its cheapness; because there is
little regularity in the management of most of the farmer’s stables, or

the work of his teams ; and because after many an hour’s fasting the

horses are often suffered to gorge themselves with this bulky food;

and then, the stomach pressing upon the lungs, and almost impeding

ordinary respiration, they are put again to work, and sometimes to
that which requires considerable exertion. ,

¢

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 147.

A profitable lesson may be learnt from this statement. 'The farmer
perhaps may contrive to give his horses a little more corn, and a little
less hay, and straw, and chaff, without much additional expense; he
may contrive, too, to shorten the period of fasting, and therefore pre-
vent the ravenous manner in which agricultural horses often feed;
and more regularity may take place between the periods of feeding
and of work. We have recommended the nose-bag, as a preventive of
stomach-staggers ; 3 we can as earnestly recommend it as a preventive
of broken-wind.

Cause.—This disease depends as much upon the cramped state of
the lungs, from the pressure of an over-gorged stomach in the ordinary
state of the animal, as on the effects of over-exertion. ‘The agricul-
turist knows that many a horse becomes broken-winded in the straw
yard. ‘There is little nutriment in the provender which he there finds,
and to obtain enough for the support of life, he is compelled to keep
the stomach constantly full, and pressing upon the lungs. Some have
come up from grass broken-winded, that went out perfectly sound.
The explanation of this case is the same. The stomach was habitu-
ally gorged with coarse and innutritive herbage, and its pressure on
the lungs cramped and confined their action, and produced those
violent efforts which burst some of the air-cells, and especially when
in their gambols in the straw-yard or in the field, or sometimes being
wantonly driven about, the lungs were suddenly called upon to per-
form extraordinary work. ‘There are difficulties attending this expla-
nation of the disease, but it cannot be denied that the dissection of
of horses which had broken-wind has almost invariably presented
these enlarged air-cells, one of which occupy the space of a ena
many of their natural dimensions.

~The cure of «a broken-winded horse no one ever witnessed; yet
much may be done in the way of paliation.* The food of the animal
should consist of much nutriment condensed into a small compass;
the quantity of oats should be increased, and that of hay proportion-
ably diminished; the bowels should be gently relaxed by the frequent
use of mashes; the water should be given sparingly through the day,
although at night the thirst of the animal should be fully satisfied;
and exercise should never be taken when the stomach is full. It will
searcely be believed how much relief these simple measures will af-
ford to the broken-winded horse, and of how much exertion he may
be gradually rendered capable. Some treated on this plan have even
been hunted, and have acquitted themselves well in the field. Carrots
are very useful to the broken-winded horse, not only as containing
much nutriment and considerable moisture, so that less water may be
required, but from some property which they possess, rendering them
beneficial in every chest affection. A broken-winded horse turned
out to grass will never improve, on account of the almost constant

* We know an instance where a wind-broken horse had been kept in a field
where there was not any water, except in the bottom of a lime-kiln, and recovered
his wind. The horse got no other water to drink for five cr six weeks, and he
perfectly recovered wind, and continues free from cough.— Practical Farmer.

148 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

distension of the stomach; but he may be fed on more succulent sub-
stances, as turneps and mangel-wurzel, with evident advantage. ” ee
are easy of digestion, and soon pass out of the stomach.

Medical treatment is of little avail, except that organs so vinloriely
excited as the lungs of broken-winded horses frequently are, must be
subject to inflammation, and the difficulty of breathing in these horses
is sometimes sadly increased. A little blood may then be subtracted,
and other means taken which have been recommended for inflamma-
tory affections of the chest. In case of frequent or periodical returns
of difficulty of breathing, to which these horses are very subject, a
course of mild aperients, united with mercury, have been given with
decided advantage. Two drams of.aloes, and one of calomel, may
be given twice in the week. The barbarous practice of some farriers
of making holes near the anus, and sometimes in other parts, to let
out the broken-wind, cannot be too strongly reprobated.

We here insert an article from our Jrish book, by Montague.
It is given without comment.

Ball for broken-winded horses, that ‘ie made a perfect. cure at
upwards of seven hundred, in less than nine months: Myrrh, ele-
campane, and licorice root, mn fine powder, three ounces each; saffron,
three drams; asafetida, one ounce; sulphur, squills, and cinnabar of
antiinony, of each, two ounces; aurum mosaicum, one and a-half
ounce; oil of aniseed, eighty drops; makeit into a paste, with either
treacle or honey, and give the horse the quantity of a hen’s egg, every
morning for a week, and afterwards, every other morning, until the
disorder is removed.

Thick-wind and broken-wind exist in various degrees, and many
shades of difference. Dealers and horsemen generally have charae-
terized them by names that can boast no elegance, but are considera-
bly expressive of the state of the animal. Our readers should not be
ignorant of them. Some horses make a shrill noise when in quick
action—they are said to be Pipers. ‘This is a species of roaring.
There is usually a ring of coagulated matter round the inside of the
windpipe, by which the cavity is materially diminished, and the
sound produced in quick breathing must evidently be shriller. Some-
times the piping is produced by a contraction of the small pareegen
of the lungs,

Secé. 204.

The Wuerezer utters a sound not unlike that of an asthmatic per-
son when alittle hurried. ‘This isa kind of thick-wind, and is caused
by the lodgment of some mucous fluid in the small passages of the
lungs. It frequently accompanies bronchitis. Wheezing can be
heard at all times, even when the horse is at rest in the stable; roaring

is confined to the inereased breathing of considerable exertion.

The WuisTLer utters.a shriller sound than the wheezer, but only
when in exercise, and that of some continuance. A sudden motion
will not always produce it. It seems to be referable to some con-
traction in the windpipe or the larynx. The sound isa great nuisance

| THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 149

to the rider, and the. whistler very speedily becomes geepsaed: A
sharp gallop up hill will speedily deteet the whistler.

When the obstruction seems to be principally in the nose, “thé
horse loudly puffs and blows, and the nostrils are dilated to the
utmost, while the flanks are comparatively quiet. This animal is
said to be a high-blower. With all his apparent distress, he often
possesses great speed and endurance, ‘The sound is sissies but
the lungs may be perfectly sound. 7

Every. horse violently exercised on a full stomach, or when over-
loaded with fat, will grunt very much like a hog. . The pressure of
the stomach on the lungs, or that of the fat accumulated about the
. heart, will so much impede the breathing, that the act of forcible expi-
ration will be accompanied by this kind of sound, if suddenly touched
with the spur or whip. They are called grunters, and should be
avoided. ‘There is some altered structure of the lungs, which pre-
vents them from suddenly accommodating themselves to an unex-
pected demand for exertion. It is the consequence of a previous
disease, and i is frequently followed by thick or broken-wind.

Sect. 205.

_ Before we proceed to speak of the diseases of the stomach, we
shall select and translate a few remedies or cures for cough, cold, &c.
-Mr. White recommends in catarrh or cold, bleeding and laxatives.
The following, he says, will be found a very useful remedy, and may
be repeated at an interval of a few days, should it appear necessary.
It will generally prevent those obstinate and even incurable coughs
which so often remain after a cold, and which not unfrequently
terminate in broken-wind.

= No. 85.—Lazative ball.

Take Barbadoes aloes, three drams to one-half ounce; emetic tartar,
one and a-half dram; castile- -soap, two drams ; ; syrup enough to form
a ball for one dose.

_ White recommends the following as an expectorant ball:

No. 86.—£ xpectorant ball. -

‘Take gum ammoniacum, from three to five drams ; powdered
squills, one dram; opium, one-half dram; powdered ginger, one
dram ; ee enough for a ball for one dose.

Cure for cough in horses.
[From the Pocket Farrier.]

One-half pound of nitre, one-quarter pound of crocus metallorum,
i. e. black regulus of antimony; two ounces of antimony; mix well
in a mortar, and make it up into doses of one ounce, each. Give the
horse one dose in a cold mash, mixed, every night in mild. weather,
for three nights; then omit it for a week. If he does not get better
of his cough, repeat it. Care is necessary that the horse should not

150 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

be exposed while warm, to stand in a cold wind: otherwise exercise
him gently, and heat him as usual.
Dr. Deigendesch recommends the following cough powder:

No. 87.—Cough powder.

Take lungwort, tansy, fenugreek, of each, one ounce; laurel ber-
ries, bole armeniac, and sulphur, of each, one-half ounce; mix; give
the horse a spoonful every morning and evening, in his feed.

If the cough is caused from feeding musty feed, or by —
stagnant water, give the following:

No. 88.—Cough powder.

Take septfoil, or tormentil, elecampane, white jalap, of each, two
ounces; marshmallows, licorice root, noble liverwort, each, one
ounce; mullen, horehound, of each, one-half ounce; laurel berries,
fennelseed, aniseed, sulphur, one-half ounce; mix; pulverize ; give
the horse twice a day, each time a spoonful, with his feed. :

John Schneyder recommends the following pane mixture:

No. 89.—Liquid cough mixture.

Take lungwort, a handful; wild spikenard, two ounces; barley cad
flaxseed, of each, one quart; water, three gallons; boil the whole
until it is reduced one-third, and give the horse daily some of it with
his feed. | ees.

Dr. Winters recommends, after bleeding , physicing and clystering,
the following cough powder : .

No. 90.—Cough powder.

Take elecampane, one and a-half ounce; gentian, three ounces;
bitter cucumber root, one and a-half ounce; agaric, three ounces;
birthwort, three ounces; jalap, one and a-half ounce; scammony, one
ounce.

Pulverize, and feed the horse daily one-half ounce of the mixture ;
or take one-half ounce of it with a pint of wine, and Bye it to the
horse at one draught.

Nachrichter recommends for a wind-broken horse, besides pege
tives and bleeding, the following as an excellent powder :

No. 91.—Powder for wind-broken horse.

Take elecampane, masterwort, of each, one ounce; sage, lungwort,
speedwell, fenugreek, zedoary, and sulphur, of each, one ounce.

Mixed, pulverized; give the horse in the morning and evening a
spoonful with his feed.

Heaves.—This disease in horses is characterized by difficult and
laborious respiration or breathing. It is a very afflicting disease.—
The following remedy for this disease has never failed. ‘The receipt
for the cure has been selling at five dollars to the eastward, where
the efficacy of the medicine recommended, has been proved in the
cure of a number of cases of the most obstinate heaves.

ee eget te" Sa RS eae ee

thn a5 ai aap alaa

ae Pe Sn eT ’
th “

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 151
No. 92.—Remedy for heaves.

‘Take one pound and a-half of good ginger, for a horse. Give two
table spoonfuls a day—one in the morning and the other in the even-

ing, mixed with wheat bran.

Sect. 206.
~D.—DIsEAsEs OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES.

The stomach—Der Magen.—Ger.

The stomach is found on the left side of the belly, lying upon the
large intestines ; its fore-part close to the liver; and its left side in
contact with the diaphragm.* This situation of the stomach will at
once explain the reason why a horse is so much distressed, and some-
times irreparably injured if worked hard immediately after a full meal.

~The stomach must be displaced and driven back in the belly by every

contraction of the diaphragm or act of inspiration; then in proportion
to the fulness of the stomach will be the weight to be overcome, and
the labour of the diaphragm, and the exhaustion of the animal. If the
stomach be much distended, it may be too weighty to be forced sufh-
ciently far back to make room for the quantity of air which the ani-
mal, in a state of exertion, requires. Hence the frequency and labor
of the breath, and the quickness with which such a horse is blown,

or, possibly, destroyed. Hence the folly of giving too full a meal,
or too much water before the horse starts on a journey; and hence,

likewise, the absurdity and danger of that unpardonable custom of
some grooms to gallop the horse after his drink, in order to warm it
in his belly, and prevent gripes.

The horse was destined to be the servant of man, and to serve him
at all hours, and whether fasting or full; it would seem, therefore,
ihat to lessen the inconvenience or danger of the pressure of the
stomach on the diaphragm, a smaller stomach, in proportion to his
size, is given to the horse than to almost any other animal. ‘The
bulk of the horse, and the services required of him, demand much
nutriment; and his nutriment is of such a nature that it must occupy
a very considerable space, yet his stomach, compared with his bulk,
is not half so large as that of the human being; and therefore, al-
though he, like every other animal, feels inconvenience from great
exertion immediately after a full meal, he feels not so much as other

animals, for his stomach is small, and a great proportion of what he

eats rapidly passes through it, and descends to a part of the intestines
distant from the diaphragm, and where the existence and pressure of
the food cannot cause him any annoyance.

* The diaphragm or midriff separates the chest from the abdomen or belly, ex-
tending obliquely from the loins to the breast bone. The great artery which con-
yeys the blood from the heart to the hinder part of the frame, the great vein which
carries the blood from the hinder parts and the liver to the heart, and the gullet, all
pass through the diaphragm, It is one of the most important muscles of the horse.

| Compiler.

152 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The stomach of the horse being small, the wonderful change which
is effected in the food, and the nature of which has never been thor-
oughly understood, proceeds very rapidly. The horse, in some in-
stances, will eat a great deal more than the stomach will hold, and
room can only be made for the reception of the fresh food by that
which had been previously received being discharged through the
pyloric orifice.

Of one disease of the stomach, arising from over distention, stom-
ach-staggers, we have already spoken.—Srr susprviston A. In a
few instances the stomach has been known to be distended with air,
but there are no characteristic symptoms by which this may be distin-
guished from distension by food, and the treatment would | _be the
same.

Of inflammation of the stomach in the wrens except from poison-
ous herbs or drugs, we know but little. It very rarely occurs, and
then can with difficulty be distinguished from inflammation of the
bowels.

- Few horses are destroyed by poisonous plants.* Natural instinet
teaches them to avoid those which would be injurious. ©

Of the mineral poisons we will mention only two. Arsenic was
formerly celebrated as a tonic and a destroyer of worms in the horse;
and doses sufficient to kill three or four men used to be daily adminis-
tered, and generally with impunity ; the dose has, however, in some
eases been too strong, and the animal has died. ‘There are better
tonics and vermifuges, and the drug will probably soon be discarded
from veterinary practice. Corrosive sublimate is given internally,
and often with advantage in farcy. It is used externally to destroy
vermin, to cure mange, and to dispose deep and fistulous ulcers to
heal. ‘The symptoms of an over-dose of either are loss of appetite,
discharge of saliva from the mouth, pawing, looking eagerly at the
flanks, rolling, profuse perspiration, ‘thready. pulse, rapid bs cno
violent purging and straining, convulsions, and death.

The stomach will be found intensely inflamed, with patches. of yet
greater inflammation. 'The whole course of the intestine will be in-
flamed, with particular parts black and gangrenous.

The antidote, if it be not too late to administer it, on be, for
arsenic, lime water, or chalk and water, or soap and water, or pearl
ashes, given in great quantities with the stomach-pump; and for cor-
rosive sublimate, the white of eggs mixed with water, or thick starch,
arrow-root or linseed tea. If the poisoning be malicious, arsenic may
be most readily detected by mixing a little of the fluid taken from the
intestines with a weak solution of blue vitriol, to which a little harts-
horn has been added—the mixture will gradually become green; or,
if a little of the more solid contents of the stomach or small intestines
be thrown on a red hot iron, a smell of garlic will be perceived.

For corrosive sublimate there is a simpler test. Place a drop of
the suspected fluid on a piece of gold, let the stem of a small key

* A gentleman of Chester county, Pa., informed us, in 1834, that he Jost seve-
ral horses which had eaten cicuta maculata,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 1538

‘touch the gold while the handle is brought into contact with the drop,
and the gold will immediately be stained; or mix a little of the sus-
pected fluid with lime water, and the corrosive sublimate, if there be
any, will be thrown to the bottom, of an orange color; or if hartshorn
be used, the precipitate will be white.

Sect. 207.

t

a.— Grubs or bots—Engerlinge.—Ger.

In the spring and early part of the summer, horses are much
troubled by a grub or caterpillar, which crawls out of the anus, fas-
tens itself under the tail, and seems to cause a great deal of itching
or uneasiness. ‘Grooms are sometimes alarmed at the appearance of
these insects. Their history is curious, and will dispel every fear
with regard to them.

A species of gad-fly, is in the latter part of summer exceedingly
busy about the horse. ‘They are observed to be darting with vreat
rapidity towards the knees and sides of the animal. The femaies are
depositing their eggs on the hair, and which adhere to it by meaus of
a glutinous fluid with which they are surrounded. In a few days the
eggs are ready to be hatched, and the slightest application of warmth
and moisture will liberate the little animals which they contain. ‘The
horse in licking himself touches the egg, it bursts, and a small worm
escapes, which adheres to the tongue, and is conveyed with the food
into the stomach,* there it clings, by means of a hook on either side
of its mouth, to the cuticular portion of the stomach, and its hold is
so firm and so obstinate, that it will be broken before it will be de-
tached. It remains feeding there on the mucous of the stomach

’ during the whole of the winter, and to the end of the ensuing spring ;
when, having attained a considerable size, and being destined to un--
dergo a certain transformation, it disengages itself from the cuticular
coat, is carried into the villous portion of the stomach with the food,
passes out of it with the chyme, and is at length evacuated with the
dung.

The larva or maggot being thus thrown out, seeks shelter in the
ground, contracts in size, and becomes a-chrysalis or grub; in which
state it lies inactive for a few weeks, and then, bursting from its con-
finement, assumes the form of a fly. ‘The female, becoming impreg-
nated, quickly deposits her eggs on those parts of the horse which he
is most likely to lick, and so the species is perpetuated.

* Mason says, the horse swallows the eggs, which by heat of the stomach are
brought into life, and are sometimes so numerous as to eat their way entirely
through the stomach and destroy the animal.— Compiler.

The Oestrus equi deposits its eggs on the hair of the horse in such a situation
that in licking himself, more or less of them will come in contact with the tongue,
the warmth and moisture instantly hatch them, they remain attached to the sur-
face of the tongue until they are swallowed with the saliva and food into the stom-
ach; here they pass the larva and chrysalis state, and when voided by the animal,
are soon ready for the final transformation to the perfect insect, the Oestrus equi.

Eaton.
11

154 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER>

‘There are several plain conelusions from this history.

1, The bots cannot, while they inhabit the stomach of the horse;
give the animal any pain, for they are fastened on the cuticular and
insensible coat.

2. They cannot stimulate the stomach and increase its digestive
power, for they are not on the digestive portion of the stomach.

3. ‘They cannot, by their roughness, assist the trituration or rubbing
down of the food, for no such office is performed in that part of the’
stomach—the food is softened, not rubbed down.

4. ‘They cannot be injurious to the horse, for he enjoys the most
perfect health when the cuticular part of his stomach is filled with
them, and their presence is not even suspected until they ae at
the anus, .

5. They cannot be removed by medicine, because they are not in:
that part of the-stomach to which medicine is usually conveyed; and if
they were, their mouths are too deeply buried in the mucous for any
medicine, that can safely be administered, to affect them.

6. And, last of all, in due course of time they detach themselves,.
and come away. There liane, the wise man will leave them to them-
selves, or content himself with picking them off when they collect
under the tail and annoy the animal.

Remarks.—Above we have the conclusions of an association of
one hundred and fifty eminent agriculturists of Europe. We will
add a remark or two on the conclusions, to show a diversity of |
opinion on bots or grubs, and how far the gentlemen above agree
with others.

1. Sometimes the bofs attach themselves to the sensible part of the:
stomach and do great injury to that important organ, producing irrita- °
tion, emaciation, éoc.—/Mason. :

4, I have met with several instances of their destroying the horse,
by ulcerating the stomach in a considerable degree; and cases are
recorded where they have penetrated quite through the stemach.—-
White.

Indeed they seldom fail to attack a horse with great violence, when-
ever his stomach is empty, and endangers his life-—/Mason.

5. It appears that they will live in any medicine that can be given
to a horse, nearly as long as they can without eating.—Mason. _

Since there appears to be no specific remedy against the bots, only
so far as to expel those mischievously employed in gnawing and tor-
menting the horse’s stomach, we shall describe the symptoms attend-
ing the grubs, then offer some remedies to save the horse’s life when
this internal army is planning and working the destruction of this
noble animal.

Symptoms.—When the grubs are at their destructive work, the
horse frequently lies down and looks round to his shoulders, groans,.
whisps his tail between his hind-legs, frequently turns up his upper
lip, and has a very hot fever, which may be discovered by the ear..

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 155

No. 938.—Remedies for bots.

a.—Take copperas, two table spoonfuls; water, milk-warm, one
pint; dissolve the copperas, and give it as a drench. If the horse is
not relieved in fifteen minutes, repeat the dose.

b.—Take of linseed or sturgeon’s oil, one pint, and give it as a
drench. If the horse is not relieved in fifteen minutes, repeat the
dose.

e.— Take of molasses, one pint; milk, one pint; give it as a drench,
and repeat the dose.

d.—Take of fresh meat, of any kind, (raw,) half a pound, cut it inte
four or five pieces, and force it down the horse’s throat; it wilt imme-
diately induce the grubs to break their hold.

e.— Take two ounces of Avthiop’s mineral, and give it to your horse
in his feed, and in a day or two afterwards give him a purge; then
you may give him a decoction of bitter herbs, to prevent their return.

f. —Give your horse (after taking molasses and milk) a quart or two
of fish or beef brine, as a drench. From recent experiments, salt
appears to have the property of killing worms: these insects placed
in a solution of this substance die immediately.

e@.—Drench the horse with half an ounce of saltpetre dissolved in
common water, and in about fifteen minutes drench with half an
ounce of alum dissolved in like manner. Let the horse have no
water for twenty-four hours after.

An active purge will be absolutely necessary, immediately after the
use of either of the above remedies. One pint of soft soap, added
to a pint of molasses, with a handful of salt, will answer very well.
Repeat the dose, should it not operate in four or five hours.

No. 94.—Remedies for bots.

Dr. Loomis, of North Carolina, recommends, to make a drench,
composed of half a pint of new milk; @ gill of molasses; an ounce
of copperas; two spoonfuls of common salt; and a half pint of warm
water. Give this to the horse once or twice a day, for a few days,
and it will completely expel the bots.

No. 95.—Another.

In the morning, upon an empty stomach—let two pints of mo-
lasses be dissolved in three pints of new milk, and given; prevent
the horse from taking any food for nearly two hours; then add an
ounce and a-half of laudanum, to about three pints of warm water;
after it is given, let him be walked about for nearly an hour and a-half,
then let a dose of strong physic be given, and worked off in the usual
way.

No. 96.—AAnother.

Dr. Morgan, of New Jersey, says: Take a table spoonful of un-.
slaked lime, and let it be given with the feed of the horse, at night
and morning, regularly, for three, four, or five days, and it will com-
pletely expel ‘the bots.

156 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

No. 97.—Another..

Mr. Houser, an experienced farmer, says: Take a handful of alum,
dissolved in one quart of water, and drench the horse.—Proved.

No. 98.—/Another.

When a horse has bots, it may often be known by his biting his
sides: when he has many they often throw him into great pain, and.
he lays down, rolls, and if not cured soon, dies. When itis believed
that a horse has the bots, by the above symptoms, give a pint of
sweetened milk, which the bots are fond of, and they will let go their
hold on the horse, and feast on the milk. Immediately give the horse
a small quantity of oats and other provender, in which put two-thirds.
of a common fig of tobacco pulverized. If lie refuses the provender
thus mixed, s'eep the same quantity of tobacco in a pint of boiling
or warm water, until the strength is out as we say, then put in enough
cold water, so that the whole will fill a common junk bottle, and turn
it into the horse. When it reaches the bots it ki'ls them, as all will
believe, who have ever spit tobacco juice on a worm or other similar
imsect. ‘The horse, in less than twenty hours, will void all his bots;
there is no mistake in this, though no patent has been obtained. ‘The
writer would not have it tried on an old poor horse in the fall or first
of winter, for he would certainly recover to the damage of his owner.
If one worth curing is affected with bots, and the symptoms are

severe, never stop for the milk, but in with the tobacco—this is the
kill-all.— Maine Farmer.

No. 99.—7o prevent bots.

Mix a little wood ashes with the drink or feed of the horse; this
will prevent the bots, if it is given three times a week.

No. 100.—“Another. 7

Willich’s Encyclopedia says: Bots may be cured by giving the
horse a spoonful of savin, cut small, once or twice a day, in oats or
bran, moistened; to which may be added five or six cloves of garlic.
Purges of aloes and jalap, likewise to be given at intervals.

Diegendesch recommends the following:

No. 101.—Another.

Take unslaked lime, slake it with strong vinegar; take one-half
pint, add the shells of ten or twelve hen’s eggs, pulverized; and
drench the horse.

a4

No. 102.—Another.

Nachrichter says: Take pulverized savin, and tansy, of each,
two drams; and one dram of asafetida; to be well mixed, and given
in a-half pint of vinegar; and a-half pint of olive or sweet oil to
follow immediately. This is a never failing cure.

As a means of guarding against bots, something may be accom-
plished by both destroying the parent insect, while buzzing about the

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 157

horse, or by destroying the eggs when deposited. The latter may
_be done by scraping them off occasionally, from those places most
liable to be bit or licked by the animal, or by washing the legs at
times, with such substances as will destroy the nits, without injuring
the horse. ‘This a decoction of tobacco will do, as will the smooth-
ing down the hair with a rag moistened with spirits of turpentine.

Sect. 208.
Intestines—Eingeweide-Derme.—Ger.

The food having been partially digested in the stomach, and con-
verted into chyme, passes through the pyloric orifice, into the
intestines.

The intestines of a full grown horse are not less than ninety feet
in length. ‘The length of the intestines in different animals depends
on the nature of the food. ‘The nutritive matter is with much more
difficulty extracted from vegetable than animal substances, therefore
the alimentary canal is large, long, and complicated, in those which,
like the horse, are fed on herbs alone. ‘They are divided into the
small and large intestines; the former of which occupy about sixty-
six feet, and the latter twenty-four. The intestines like the stomach,
are composed of three coats. ‘The outer coat consists of the perito-
neum, covering the contents of the belly. By means of this coat
the bowels are confined in their proper situations; and, this mem-
brane being smooth and moist, all friction and concussion are avoided.
Did the bowels float loosely in the belly they would be subject to con-
stant entanglement and injury amid the rapid and violent motions of
the horse.

The middle coat, like that of the stomach, is muscular, and compo-

sed of two layers of fibres, one running longitudinally, and the other
circularly; and by means of these muscles, which are continually
contracting and relaxing from the upper part downward, the food is
forced along the bowels. ‘The inner coat is the mucous or villous;
mucous, because it abounds with small glands which pour out a mu-
cous fluid to lubricate the passage and defend it from irritating or
acrimonious substances; and villous from its soft velvet feel. ‘This
coat is crowded with innumerable little mouths, which are the com-
mencement of minute vessels, by which the nutritive part of the food
is taken up; and these vessels, uniting and passing over the mesente-
ry, carry this nutritive matter to a receptacle for it, whence it is con-
veyed into the circulation and distributed to every part.
_ The intestines are more particularly retained in their places by the
mesentery, (middle of the intestines,) which is a doubling of the peri-
toneum, including the intestine in its bottom, and likewise inclosing
between its folds the arteries and veins, and nerves, and the vessels
which convey the nutriment from the intestines to the circulation.

~

158 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 209.
DisEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
b.—Spasmodic colic—Arempige-Kolik.—Ger.

We have said, that the passage of the food through the intestinal
eanal is effected by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the
muscular coat of the intestines. When that action is simply increas-
ed through the whole of the canal, the food passes more rapidly, and
purging is produced; but the muscles of every part of the frame are
Hable to irregular and spasmodic action, and the muscular coat of
some portion of the intestines may be thus affected. A species of
eramp may attack a portion of the intestines. The spasm may be
confined to a small part of the canal. The gut has been found, after
death, strangely contracted in various places, contraction not extend-
ing above five or sixinches in any of them. In the horse, the ileum,
last portion of the small intestines, is the usual seat of this disease. It
7s of much importance to distinguish between spasmodic colic and
inflammation of the bowels, for the symptoms have considerable re-
semblance, although the mode of treatment should be very different.

Symptoms.—The attack of colic is usually very sudden. There
is often not the slightest warning. ‘The horse begins to shift his
po Jook round at his flanks, paw violently, strike his belly with

his feet, lie down, roll, and that frequently on his back. Ina few
minutes the pain seems to cease, the horse shakes himself, and begins
to feed; but, on a sudden, the spasm returns more violently, every
indication of pain is increased, he heaves at the flanks, breaks out into
a profuse perspiration, and throws himself more violently about. In
the space of an hour or two, either the spasms begin to relax, and ithe
remissions are of longer duration, or-the torture is augmented at every
paroxysm, the intervals of ease are fewer and less marked, and in-
flammation and death supervene.

Of the symptoms by which it may best be distinguished from in-
flammation of the bowels, see note below.*

Cause.—Among the causes of colic are, the drinking of cold water
when the horse is heated. ‘There is not a surer cause of violent

*A Taste for distinguishing between the Corre or Gripes, and inflammation of
the bowels of horses, by the symptoms that mark the character of each.

Spasmodic or fiatulent eolie. Inflammation of the bowels.

1. Pulse natural, though sometimes a 1. Pulse very quick and small.
little lower.
2. The horse lies down and rolls upon 2. He lies down and suddenly rises up
his back. again, seldom rolling upon his back.

3. The legs and ears are generally 3. Legs and ears generally ecld.
warm. 4

4, Attacks suddenly, is never preceded, 4. In general, attacks gradually, is
and seldom accompanied by any symp- commonly preceded, and always accom-
toms of fever. panied by symptoms of fever.

5. There are frequently short intermis- 5, No intermissions can be observed..
sions.

_.. ‘HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 159
‘spasm than this, Colic will sometimes follow the exposure of a
horse to the cold air, or a cold wind after violent exercise. Green
food, although, generally speaking, most beneficial to the horse, yet
given in too large a quantity, or when the horse is hot, will frequent-
ly produce gripes. In some horses there seems to be a constitutional
predisposition to colic. ‘They cannot be hardly worked, or exposed
to unusual cold, without a fit of it. In many cases, when these horses
have died, stones have been found in some part of the alimentary
canal.

Cure.—Fortunately, we are acquainted with several medicines that
allay these spasims ; and the disease often ceases almost as suddenly
as itappeared. ‘Turpentine is one of the most powerful remedies,
especially if given in union with opium. Three ounces of spirit or
oil of turpentine, with an ounce of laudanum, given in a pint of warm
ale, will frequently have an almost instantaneous effect. If relief be
not obtained in half an hour, it will be prudent to bleed, because the
eontinuance of violent spasm will produce inflammation. Some
practitioners bleed at first, and it is far from bad practice ; for although
the majority of cases will yield to turpentine, opium, and aloes, an
‘early bleeding may occasionally prevent the recurrence of inflamma-
tion, or at least mitigate it. If it be clearly a case of colic, half of
the first dose may be repeated, with a full ounce of Barbadoes aloes
dissolved in warm water. ‘lhe stimulus produced on the inner sur-
face of the bowels by the purgative may counteract the irritation
which caused the spasm. The belly should be well rubbed with a
brush or warmed cloth. ‘The horse should be walked about or trot-
ted moderately. ‘Ihe motion thus produced in the bowels, and the
friction of one intestine over the other, may relax the spasm, but the
hasty gallop may speedily cause inflammation to succeed to colic.
-Clysters of warm water, or containing a solution of aloes, will be in-
jected—and the horse kept in a warm stall, and have bran mashes
for the next two or three days, and drink only lukewarm water.

Secf. 210.

Remedies for spasmodic colic, from the American Turf Register
and Stud Magazine:

No. 103. eee for colic.

a.—Take from the neck vein, half a gallon of blood; take of lauda-
num, one ounce, or mint tea, one quart, milk warm; mix them well
in a bottle, and give the contents as a drench: let the horse be well
rubbed under the belly, and prepare and give an injection of meal,
water, molasses, salt, and hog’s lard, milk warm.

b.—Take of mint tea, one and a-half pint; gin, or any spirituous
liquor ; one-half pint; mix them well in a bottle, and give them asa
drench, taking care to rub him well. Should it not have the desired
effect in fifteen minutes, repeat the dose.

c.—Take of camphor, a quarter of an ounce; oil of turpentine,
one-half ounce; mint tea, one pint; mix them in a bottle, and give

160 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

them as a drench. Confine the horse in a close stable, cover hing
with three or four blankets, and under his belly place a tub of boiling
water, which will readily throw him into a profuse sweat, and relieve
him from pain.

d.—In addition to the above, clysters ought to be administered, by
injecting the following ingredients, viz: water, one-half gallon; salt,
one handful ; oil of any kind, one pint; molasses, one pint; mix the
whole, and inject it; and repeat it every half hour, until the bowels:
are well opened.

Sect. 211.
We shall add the following clipt from the Practical Farmer:
No. 104.—Remedies for the colic.

a.—Drench.

Take anise, fennel, cumin, and wormwood seed, one-half ounce,
of each, and decoct it in wine, and give the horse one quart of the
mixture at one drenching.

b.—Another drench.

‘Take alcohol, rectified spirits of nitre, one ounce of each, and put
them into a quart of warm water; drench the horse with it; ride him
then until he sweats freely, and rub him off carefully; and apply to
his abdomen, bags with the following ingredients in them, well warm-
ed: Eight handfuls of bran; rue, cumin and aniseed, of each, one
ounce; calamint, three handtuls; and the whole well mixed and
warmed, and applied immediately.

c.— Another.

‘Take of Venice turpentine, one ounce; beat it up with the yolk of
anegg, and then add of peppermint water or even of cinnamon water,
if the other is not at hand, one pint and a-half, and two ounces of
whisky or gin, and give it to the horse.

Or:

Take of table beer, a little warmed, one and a-half pint; common
pepper or powdered ginger, one tea spoonful ; gin, whisky, or rum,
from two to four ounces, or from one to two glasses full; these mix-
ed together for one dose.

d.— Another.

Take oil of turpentine, one ounce; and water gruel, one and a-
half pint, mixed for a dose.

‘The editor of the Southern Agriculturist says, the following dose
has been administered, when the horse was perfectly cold and stiff,
and it restored him:

e.—Take of laudanum, six or seven table spoonfuls; of mustard
the larger portion of a bottle ; mix these in a pint of whisky, or water,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 161

and give the mixture in a horn or bottle to the horse. When the
severe pain has been alleviated, a dose of oil should be given. One
pint will answer a dose.

The following, called White’s ball for gripes, is highly recom-
mended. ‘The ball is composed of the following ingredients:

f.—Castile soap, three drams; camphor, two drams; ginger, one
and a-half dram; and Venice turpentine, six drams; to be made into
a ball for one dose.

This ball may be preserved for a long time, if carefully wrapped
up in a piece of bladder.

The following has proved itself a good remedy in the colic, as a -
drench :

g.—Take balsam copaiva, one ounce; oil of juniper, one dram ;
spirit of nitrous ether, one-half ounce; mint water, one pint; mix
for one dose.

We shall conclude this article by adding, that Clark, who has ex-
pressly written on colic or gripes, extols the virtues of the following
mixture so highly, that no agriculturist, coach master or owner of a
horse should be without it:

h.—Take half a pound of ground allspice; of spirits of wine, and
of water, each, a pint and a-half; infuse these together, and keep it
for use. Give a quarter of a pint every hour until relief is obtained;
hand-rubbing, wisping, or fomenting the bowels with hot water at the
same time. ‘

Sect. 212.
No. 105.—For colic.

Take tincture of colt’s foot, six ounces; treacle, or theriac, one-
half ounce; anise and fennel oil, of each, twenty-five drops ; give it
at one time as a drench.

No. 106.—Another.

Schneyder says: Take a large table spoonful of turnep or mustard
seed, bruised, and put into one gill of rum or spirits; mixed with a
strong decoction of sassafras root, one pint, and give at once—it will
afford instant relief.

Sect. 213.
e.—Inflammation of bowels—Entzuendung der Eingeweide.—Ger.

There are two varieties of this malady. The first is inflamma-
tion of the external coats of the intestines, accompanied by con-
siderable fever and costiveness. The second is that of the internal -
or mucous coat, usually the consequence of an over-dose of physic,
accompanied by violent purging. We will here speak of the first of
these affections. It has been divided into inflammation of the peri-
toneal coat, and that of the muscular: but the causes, symptoms, and
treatment of both are so much alike, that it would be raising unneces-
sary difficulties to endeavor to distinguish between them. Inflamma-

162 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIBR.

tion of the external coats of the stomach, whether the peritoneal or
muscular, or both, is a very frequent and fatal disease. It speedily
runs its course, and it is of great consequence that its early symptoms
should be known. If the horse has been carefully observed, restless-
ness and fever will have been seen to precede the attack ; in many
eases a direct shivering fit will be observed: the mouth will be hot,
and the nose red. ‘The horse will soon express the most dreadful
pain by pawing, striking at his belly, looking wildly at his flanks,
groaning and rolling. ‘The pulse will be quickened and small; the
ears and legs cold; the belly tender and sometimes hot; the breath-
ing quickened ; the bowels costive ; and the horse becoming rapidly
and fearfully weak.

It may be useful to give a short table of the distinguishing symp-
toms of colic and inflammation of the bowels, because the treatment
recommended for the former would often be fatal to the latter.

Colic. Inflammation of the bowels.

1, Sudden in its attack. 1. Gradual in its approach, with pre-—

vious indications of fever.

2. Palse rarely much quickenedinthe 2. Pulse very much quickened, but
early period of the disease, and during the small, and often scarcely to be felt.
intervals of disease: but evidently fuller.

3. Legs and ears of the natural tem- 3. Legs and ears cold.

perature,
4. Relief obtained from rubbing the 4. Belly exceedingly tender and pain-
belly. ful to the touch.
5. Relief obtained from motion. 5. Motion evidently increasing the pain.
6. Intervals of rest. 6. Constant pain.
7. Strength scarcely affected. 7. Rapid and great weakness.

Causes.—The causes of this disease are, first of all, and most fre-
quently, sudden exposure to cold. If a horse that has been highly
fed, carefully groomed, and kept in a warm stable, be heated with
exercise, and have been for some hours without food; and in this
state of exhaustion be suffered to drink freely of cold water, or be
drenched with rain, or have his legs and belly washed with cold. wa- —
ter, an attack of inflammation of the bowels will often follow. An
over-fed horse subjected to severe and long-continued exertion, if his
lungs were previously weak, will probably be attacked by inflamma-
tion of them ; butif the lungs were sound, the bowels will on the fol-
lowing day be the seat of disease. Stones in the intestines are an
occasional cause of inflammation, and colic neglected, or wrongly
treated, will terminate it.

The treatment of inflammation of the bowels, like that of the lungs,
should be prompt and energetic. ‘The first and most powerful means
of eure will be bleeding. From six to eight or ten quarts of blood
should be taken as soon as possible, and the bleeding repeated to the
extent of four or five quarts more if the pain be not relieved, and the
pulse have not become rounder and fuller. The speedy weakness
that accompanies this disease should not deter from bleeding largely.
It is the weakness that is the consequence of violent inflammation of
these parts, and if that inflammation be subdued by the loss of blood,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 163

the weakness will disappear. The bleeding should be effected on the
first appearance of the disease, for there is no malady that so quickly
runs its course.

Next to bleeding will follow clysters. Although the bowels are
usually confined, we cannot administer a strong purgative; the intes-
tines are already in far too irritable astate. ‘The clyster may consist
of warm water, or very thin gruel, in which half a pound of epsom
salts, or half an ounce of aloes has been dissolved, and too much fluid

ygan searcely be thrown up. If the common ox-bladder and pipe be
used, it should be frequently replenished. ‘The horse may likewise
be encouraged to drink plentifully of warm water or thin gruel; and
draughts, each containing a couple of drams of dissolved aloes, may
be given every six hours, until the bowels are freely opened.

Next, it will be prudent to endeavor to excite considerable external
inflammation, as near as possible to the seat of internal disease, and
therefore the whole of the belly should be blistered. In a well-marked

- ease of this inflammation, no time should be lost in applying fomenta-

tions, but the blister should be at once resorted to. The tincture of
Spanish flies, whether made of spirit of wine or turpentine, should
be rubbed well in. ‘The legs should be well bandaged, to restore the
circulation to them, and thus lessen the flow of blood to the inflamed
part, and for the same reason the horse should be warmly clothed, but
the air of the stable should be cool.

Nocorn or hay should be given during the disease, but bran mashes,
and green food if it can be procured. ‘The latter will be the best of all
food, and may be given without the slightest apprehension of danger.
When the horse begins to recover, he may get a handful of corn two
or three times in ihe day, and, if the weather. be warm, may be turned
into a small enclosure for a few hours, in the middle of the day.
Clysters of gruel should be continued for three or four days after the
inflammation is beginning to subside, and good hand-rubbing applied
to the legs. |

The second variety of inflammation of the bowels affects the inter-
nal or mucous coat, and is generally the consequence of physic given
in too great quantity, or of an improper kind. ‘The purging is more
violent, and continues longer than was intended; the animal shows
that he is suffering great pain ; he frequently looks around at his flanks;
his breathing is laborious, and the pulse is quick and small; not so
small, however, as in inflammation of the peritoneal coat, and, contrary
to some of the most frequent and characteristic symptoms of that dis-
ease, the mouth is hot, and the legs and ears are warm. Unless the
purging is excessive, and the pain and distress great, we should hesi-
tate at administering any astringent medicine at first. We should
plentifully administer gruel, or thin starch, or arrow-root, by the mouth
and by elyster, removing all hay and corn, and particularly green
food. We should endeavor thus to sheath the irritated-surface of the
bowels, while we permit any remains of the medicine to be carried
off. _ If, however, twelve hours should pass, and the purging and the
pain remain undiminished, we should continue the gruel, but add to it
chalk, catechu, and opium, in doses of an ounce of the first, a quarter

164 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

of an ounce of the second, and two scruples of the last, repeated
every six hours. As soon as the purging begins to subside, the as-
tringent medicine should be lessened in quantity, and gradually dis-
continued, Bleeding willrarely be necessary unless the inflammation
be very great, and attended by symptoms of general fever. The
horse should be warmly clothed, and be placed in a warm stable, and
his legs should be hand-rubbed and bandaged.

Violent purging, and attended with much inflammation and fever,
will sometimes occur from other causes. Green food will sometimes
purge. A horse worked hard upon green food will scour. ‘The
remedy is change of diet, or less labor. Young horses will scour,
and sometimes without any apparent cause. Astringents should be
used with much caution here. It is probably an effort of nature to
get rid of something that offends. A few doses of gruel will assist
in effecting this purpose, and the purging will cease without the use
of astringent medicine.

As this disease has lately prevailed, in some parts of the United
States, we will add a section on scouring.

Sect. 214.
d.— Scours or scowers—Durchlauf/.—Ger.

This disease has heretofore been more prevalent among cows and
oxen than among horses; some four or five years, it prevailed to an
alarming extent in Cayuga, Onondaga, and other counties in New
York, and proved very destructive. The editor of the Genesee
Farmer says, the scours resembles in its attack the cholera or dysen-
tery of the human race; it reduces the flesh rapidly, prostrates all
strength at once, and unless checked soon, is speedily fatal. Some
few may live, or may be relieved from the ravages of this fatal dis-
ease, if the remedial treatment is commenced in season; though
more die than recover, of the whole number attacked by the diseases.
No remedy that can be termed a specific has as yet been discovered ;
and in severe cases, large doses of opium administered in substance,
have proved most successful in checking the disease, and giving nature
time to rally. No certain cause of the disease can be assigned; but
itis generally supposed to be in some way produced by the effect of
the season on vegetation, as those kept in stables and fed on hay or
grain, are rarely ever attacked. May not the same atmospheric
changes that so derange the nutritive functions in wheat as to produce
rust, operate so extensively on the grasses, as to injure them as food
and render them liable to occasion disease and death in the animal ?

S. Porter Rhoades recommends the following :

No. 108.—Scours in horses.

If the horse is in a good condition, take two or three quarts of
blood, and then take one ounce of each, anise seed, caraway seed,
and grains of paradise in powder; and half an ounce aromatic con-
fection, and two ounces balsam of sulphur; beat the balsam of sul-
phur up with the yolk of an egg, then mix the powders, and give the

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 165

whole in a pint of gruel, with a wine glass of brandy, and two table
spoonfuls of sugar, and give the above mixture once a day for three
days in succession.

From whatever cause the scours may proceed—in its successful
treatment, warm clothing on the horse is particularly required in this
complaint, and exercise should not be neglected.

No, 109.—Scouring or diarrhea.
[ Genesee Farmer, Vol. II., p. 149.]

I lately had the care of a horse that was very ill with diarrhea or
scouring ; and as the disease proved obstinate, it may be useful to
others to know how we eventually succeeded. He had been sick for
ten ortwelvedays. His ears, nose, legs, became cold ; and his owner
expected him to die.

Castor oil, opium, brandy, and alkaline medicine were all exhibited
by drenching, and some others by injection; but the disease continu-
ed, attended with great thirst. Water was not allowed except when
medicated: had it been, I think he must soon have died, for the
symptoms were aggravated whenever he was indulged ; but within a
day or two after the following plan was strictly adhered to, he grew
better. He was confined to the stable, covered with a blanket, and
allowed nothing but hay, oats, and slippery elm drink.

At first he had but very little appetite, and no relish for such drink;
but when green food and cold water were withheld, the occasional
cause of the disease was removed; and with his appetite, the natural
heat returned.

In procuring elm bark, the dry rough part should be removed, as it
renders the drink more unpalatable. A hatful is enough at one time.
Put it into a pail, and pour on scalding water; stir it to diffuse the
mucilage ; and when cool enough, it may be set before the horse ; but
he will be in no hurry to drink it. The same bark will do for several
times. This method is better than to make five pailfuls at once in
an iron kettle, as it would soon ferment in hot weather, and the metal
impart a disagreeable taste.

On inquiry, I find that horses are not unfrequently lost in this dis-
ease; and a sense of duty has overcome my reluctance to hold the
pen. Oxen are also occasionally seized with the same complaint.
My next neighbor effected a cure the other day, by putting dry flour
in a bag and boiling it thoroughly. When cold it was pulverized
and a quart given for a dose. ‘The ox is generally willing to take it,
and one dose has proved sufficient.—a FARMER.

The cure above recommended was subsequently tried, and proved
effectual.—See Gen. Farmer, Vol. II., p. 179, for the year 1837-38.

Diegendesch recommends the following:

No. 110.—7To cure scouring in horses.

Take burnt or calcined bones of. a horse, six ounces ; root of tor-
mentil or septfoil, powdered, three ounces; give the horse three
spoonfuls in his feed daily.

166 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The following is strongly recominended for the lax or scouring in
horses : ;

No. 111.—Laz or scouring.

Take glauber salts, two ounces ; epsom salts, one ounce ; ao
vitriol, four grains; gruel, one-half pint.

When the lax approaches to dysentery or molten grease, the fol-
lowing drink should be first given:

No. 112.— Astringent drink.

Take castor oil, four ounces; glauber salts, dissolved, two ounces ;
powdered rhubarb, half a dram ; powdered opium; gruel, one pint ;
mixed.

Secéi. 215.
e.—-WVorms—Wuermer.—Ger.

Worms of different kinds inhabit the intestines; but except when
they exist in very great numbers, they are not so hurtful as is gene-
rally supposed, although the groom may trace to them hidebound,
and cough, and loss of appetite, and gripes, and megrims, and a va-
riety of other ailments. Of the origin or mode of propagation of
these parasitical animals we will say nothing; neither writers on
medicine, nor even on natural history, have given us any satisfactary
account of the matter.

The long white worm (lumbricus teres) much resembling the com-
mon earth worm, and, being from six to ten inches long, inhabits the
small intestines. It is a formidable looking animal, and if there are
many of them they may consume more than can be spared of the nu-
tritive part of the food or the mucous of the bowels; and we think
that we have seen a tight skin, and rough coat, and tucked up belly,
connected with their presence. ‘They have then, however, been
voided in large quantities, and when they are not thus voided we
should be disposed to trace these appearances to other causes. A
dose of physic will sometimes bring away almost incredible quantities
of them. Calomel is frequently given as a vermifuge. ‘The less
frequently this drug is administered to the horse the better. Itis the
principal ingredient in some quack medicines for the expulsion of |
worms in the human subject, and thence, perhaps, it came to be used
for the horse, but in him we believe it to be inert as a vermifuge, or
only useful as quickening the operation of the aloes. When the
horse can be spared, a strong dose of physic is an excellent vermi-
fuge, so far as the long round worm is concerned; but perhaps a bet-
ter medicine, and not interfering with either the feeding or work of
the horse, is two drams of emetic tartar, with a scruple of ginger,
made into a ball, with linseed meal and molasses, and given every
morning half an hour before the horse is fed.

A smaller, darker colored worm, called the needle worm, or asca-
ris, inhabits the large intestines. Hundreds of them sometimes de-
scend into the rectum, and immense quantities have been found in

THE .FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 167°

the. cecum... These are a more serious nuisance than the former, for
they cause a very troublesome irritation about the fundament, which
sometimes sadly annoys the horse. ‘Their existence can generally
be discovered, by a small portion of mucous, which hardening, is
eonverted into a powder, and is found about the anus. Physic will
sometimes bring away great numbers of these worms, but when there
is much irritation about the tail, and much of this mucous indicating
that they have descended into the rectum, an injection of a quart of
linseed oil, or of an ounce of aloes dissolved in warm water, will be
a more effectual remedy. }

The tenia or the tape worm, is seldom found in the horse.

Remedies.—The best remedy is the spigelia Marylandica or Car-
olina pink, in daily doses of half an ounce, to draw off or expel the
teres. Every part of the spigelia Marylandica is possessed of anthel- .
mintie properties, though the root is most active.

The ascaris or thread worms, are best removed by mercurial pur-
gatives. Blaine recommends the following vermifuge :

No. 113.—Vermifuge.

Take powdered arsenic, eight grains; tin finely scraped, one-half
ounce; made into a ball, and given every morning.

In Dr. Bartlet’s Farriery, we find the following recommended to
free the animal from worms:

No. 114.—Cure for bots and worms.

Take quicksilver, two drams; Venice turpentine, one-half ounce:
rub the quicksilver till no glistening appears; then take an ounce of
aloes, a dram of grated ginger, thirty drops of oil of savin, and syrup
of buckthorn enough to make the whole into a ball; one of these
balls may be given every six days, with the usual precautions with ,
regard to mercurial physic; and the following powders intermedi-
ately :

Take powdered tin and AXthiop’s mineral, of each, an ounce, and
give it every night in a mash, or in corn. ‘These remedies should be
continued several weeks.

To expel the tenia or tape worm, if any now and then exist, give
weekly doses of the oil of turpentine, three ounces at a time, mixed
by means of the yolk of an ege, with a-half pint of ale.

The following is from a ‘‘ Dutch book,” by Von Froostein, page
943: -

No. 115.—Remedy to expel worms.

Take savin, tansy, agaric or boletus, of each, one-half ounce ;
chalk, asafetida, of each, one-half ounce; caleined or burnt deer’s
horn, three ounces; Cyanne pepper, one-half ounce; spigelia Mary-
landica, pulverized, two ounces, mixed; put into two quarts of wine,
simmered over a slow fire till it is boiled down to three pints, where-
of give the horse one pint every other morning before the horse has

168 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

eaten any thing. Cure never failed, if continued for several weeks.
Sep Appenpix—/rticle, Worms or bots.

Sect. 216.
The liver.

Between the stomach and the diaphragm, its right lobe or division
in contact with the diaphragm, the duodenum and the right kidney
and the middle and left divisions with the stomach, is the liver. It
is an irregular shaped, reddish-brown substance of considerable bulk,
and performs a very singular and important office.

The blood, which has been conveyed to the different parts of the
body by the arteries, is carried back to the heart by the veins; but
that which is returned from the stomach and intestines, and spleen,
and pancreas, and mesentery, instead of flowing directly to the heart,
passes first through the liver. It enters by two large vessels which
spread by means of innumerable minute branches through every part
of the liver. As the blood traverses this organ, a fluid is separated
. from it, called the bile. ‘This is probably a kind of excrement, the
continuance of which in the blood would be injurious; but while this
is thrown off, another important purpose is answered; the process of
digestion is promoted, and particularly by the bile changing the nutri-
tive part of the food from chyme into chyle, and separating it from
that which, containing little or no nutriment, is voided as excrement.

The bile, thus formed, is in most animals received into a reservoir,
the gall-bladder, whence it is conveyed into the duodenum at the
times, and in the quantities, which the purposes of digestion require 5
but the horse has no gall-bladder, and, consequently, the bile flows
into the intestine as fast as it is separated from the blood. ‘The rea-
son of this is plain; a small stomach was given to the horse, that the
food might quickly pass out of it, and the diaphragm and the lungs
might not be injuriously pressed upon, when we require his utmost
speed; and that we might use him with little danger compared with
that which would attach to other animals, even when his stomach is
distended with food. ‘Then the stomach, so small, and so speedily
emptied, must be oftener replenished; the horse must be oftener eat-
ing, and food must be oftener passing out of his stomach; and, con-
sequently, there is no necessity for this reservoir. The ox occupies
a long time in filling his paunch, and it is only during rumination that
the food passes into the true stomach to be digested. ‘The meal of
‘the dog is speedily swallowed. ‘They need a gall-bladder to contain
the bile which continues to be secreted when it cannot be used; but
to the horse, so frequently eating, it would be useless:

Sect. 217.
f.—Inflammation of the liver—Leber Entzuendung.—Ger.

Is a disease of rare occurrence in the horse. He is not expdsed
to the causes which produce that complaint in other animals. Al-

*

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 169

#hough his food is sometimes highly nutritive, the work which is
“exacted from him prevents it from ‘unduly stimulating this important
organ; and When inflammation of the liver dces occur, it is with so
auch difficulty distinguished from that of the bowels, ‘that if the yel-
lowness of the eyes and ‘skin are not present, even the professional
man is liable to be deceived.

Bleeding from, or rupture of the liver, is another disease of old
horses, and especially of those that have been highly fed. [iis cene-
rally fatal, but of unfrequent occurrence; it is recognized by the fre-
‘quent and feeble pulse, the pawing and sighing of the animal, the
‘coldness of the extremities, whiteness of the eye and mouth, fulness
of the belly, and speedy debility.

_ Sect. 218.
g—ZJaundice— Gelbsucht.—Ger.

Commonly called the yellows, is a more tractable disease, and a
little more frequent. Itis the introduction of bile into the general
circulation, and which is usually caused by some obstruction in the
‘ducts or tubes which convey the bile from the liver to the intestines.
The horse, however, has but one duct, through which the bile usually
flows as quickly as it is formed, and there is no gall-bladder in which
at can beceme thickened, and even hardened ‘into ‘masses so hard -as
to be very appropriately called gall-stones. Jaundice does, however,
‘occasionally appear-either from an increased flow or altered quality
of the bile, or obstruction even in this simple tube. The yellowness:
of the eyes and mouth, and of the skin where it is not covered with
hair, mark it sufficiently plainly. The dung is small and hard; the
urine high colored; the horse languid, and the appetite impaired.

It is first necessary to inquire whether this affection of the liver be
not the consequence of the sympathy of this organ with some other
part; for, to a very considerable degree, it frequently accompanies
inflammation of the bowels and the lungs. These diseases being sub-
dued, jaundice will disappear. If there be no other disease to any
great extent, we must endeavor to restore the natural passage of the
bile by purgatives, not consisting of large doses, lest there should be
some undetected inflammation of the lungs or bowels, in either of
which a strong purgative would be dangerous; but given in small
quantities, repeated at short intervals, and until the bowels are freely
opened.. Two drams of aloes, and one of calomel, given twice every
day, will be as much as can at all times be administered with safety.
Bleeding should always be resorted to, regulated according to the
apparent degree of inflammation, and the occasional stupor of the
animal. Plenty of water slightly warmed, or thin gruel, should be
given; the horse should be warmly clothed, and the stable well ven-
tilated, but not éold. Carrots or green food will be very beneficial,
Should the purging, when once excited, prove violent, we should be
in no haste to stop if, unless inflammation is beginning to be connect-
ed with it, or the horse is very weak. ‘The medicine recommended
under scouring may then be given. A few slight tonics should be

12

176 THE FARMER'S: COMPLETE FARRIER.

given when the horse is recovering from an attack of strangles.. Two
drams each of gentian and camomile, with one of ginger, will form»
a useful ball.

Besides the remedies already recommended, the following wilk
prove beneficial :

If costiveness, which is a general attendant upon: this disease, give
No. 116, every morning, until moderate purging is produced; but if
the bowels are already open, or in a stage of purging, give No. 117%,
every morning. ‘The horse’s strength should be supported by 3
water gruel of. malt-or Indian corn.

No. 116.—Jaundice ball.

Take calomel, one-half dram; Barbadoes aloes, one and a-half dram ;-
Castile soap and rhubarb, of each, three drams » to be made into a
ball with syrup, for one dose.

No: 117.—Another..

Take calomel and opium, of each, one dram; Colombo root, pow-
dered, three drams ; powdered ginger, one-half dram; to be made into
a ball with syrup for one dose.

No. 118.—/nother.

Take one-quarter ounce gamboge; one-half ounce saltpetre; one
ounce alum; one ounce copperas. Pulverize all these meredients,
and put the whole into a bottle with four gills of cold water; stop it
tight, shake it well, and let it stand one night; it is then fit for use.

Give one table spoonful of the mixture three mornings running,
then omitting three mornings, repeat the dose as before, and so on
until the horse has taken nine doses. A rowel is to be made in the
breast as soon as the use of the medicine commences, turning it once
a day.

Working the horse or bleeding him within three months is rie
bidden.

No. ibe AUER

Take of walnut tree bark, red oak bark, sassafras roots, spicewood.
twigs, young pine tops, the running black briar roots, of each, as
much as can be grasped in both hands; boil in four gallons of water
to two; then add half a pint of soft soap; dose a quart of this decoc-
tion morning and evening, adding to each dose a tea spoonful of cop-
peras. ‘The horse should be stabled at night. ‘This receipt is com-
municated by one of the principal planters of Wake, who assures us
that he has repeatedly witnessed its efficacy.

No. 120.—To cure the yellow water.

Take one quart of wine or sour cider; one bottle of mustard seedy. |
mix it together, and give it to the horse in two doses, one in the
morning, the other in the evening; as soon as the dose is adealitinicire
ed move him fill he gets warm.. rin! ne

JHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 171

» Schneyder recommends the following as an infallible cure :
Rayner es No. 121.—Cure for yellows.

_ Take Venice soap, juniper oil, saltpetre, nitrate of potassa, sweet
spirits of nitre, of each, one ounce; take powdered licorice root, and
make the mixture into balls of two ounces weight each, and give one
ball at a time, and repeat at pleasure till a cure is effected. If fever
or heat accompany, bleed gently ; keep the horse in a cool stable, and
feed him manger meat, or bran and oats mashes.—Proved.

No. 122.—J/aundice drink.

Bartlet says: Take madder root and turmeric, of each, four ounces;
burdock root sliced, half a pound; Monk’s rhubarb, four ounces; lico-
rice sliced, two ounces. Boil in a gallon of rain or river water te
three quarts; strain off and sweeten with honey; give a pint of the
decoction daily on a gentle physic.—Sru Aprenpix—./réicle, Yellow
water.

™~

mech. 219.
The kidneys.

The kidneys are two large glandular bodies whose office it is te
secrete the urine, the right one is most forward, lying under the liver,
the left one, is pushed more backward by the stomach and spleen.

_. The fluid separated by the kidneys varies materially both in quan-
tity and composition, even during health. There is no animal in
which it varies so much as in the horse. ‘There is no organ in that
animal so much under our command as the kidney, and no medicines
are so useful, or may be so injurious, as diuretics. In speaking of
fever and inflammation of the lungs, and indeed inflammation gener-
ally, we have recommended the use of nitre and digitalis, not only
on account of their febrifuge or sedative effects, but because they act
as diuretics. They stimulate the kidneys to separate more aqueous
fluid than they otherwise would do, and thus lessen the quantity of
blood; the quantity which the heart is laboring to circulate through
the frame, and the quantity which is determined or driven to a part
already overloaded. The main objects we have to accomplish in
these diseases is to reduce the force of the circulation, and te calm
the violence of excitement, and diuretics, by lessening the quantity of
blood, are useful assistants in accomplishing these purposes. It is,
however, in the varicties of dropsy that their benefit is most evident.
The horse is more subject to effusions of fluid in particular parts
than any other domestic animal. Swelled legs is a disease peculiar
to him. ‘The ox, the sheep, the dog, the ass, and even the mule,
have it very seldom; and for the removal of this deposit of fluid in
the cellular substance of the legs we have recourse to diuretics. The
kidneys are stimulated to separate more than the usual quantity of
water from the blood. In order to make up this deficiency in quan-
tity, the absorbents set to work, and they take up and pour into the
circulation the fluid which had been effused in the legs. ‘The legs

172 THE TARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

of many horses eannot be rendered fine, or kept so, without the use
ef diuretics; nor ean grease, often connected with these swellings,
producing them or caused by them, be otherwise subdued. We
therefore rank diuretics among the most useful of the veterinary
medicines.

In injudicious hands, however, these medicines are sadly abused..
Among. the absurdities of stable management there is nothing so inju-
rious as the frequent wse of diuretics. Not oniy are the kidneys so
often over-excited, weakened, disposed to disease, but the whole frame’
becomes debilitated, for the absorbents. have earried away a great.
part of that which was necessary to the health and eondition of the
horse, in order to supply the deficiency of blood occasioned by the
inordinate discharge of urine. There is likewise one important fact
of whieh the groom or the horsemar seldom thinks; that when he
is removing these humors by the imprudent use of diureties, he is
only attacking a symptom or consequence of disease, and-not the
disease itself. ‘Ihe legs will fill agam, and the grease will return.
While the cause remains, the effect will be produced. We shall say
more of this when we treat particularly of these diseases of the ex-
tremities. .

In the adnainistration of diuretics there are two things to be chiefly
attended to. ‘The first is that which seems to be contradictory, but
the good effect of which the testimony of every intelligent man will
eonfirm 5 let the horse have plenty to drink. Not only will inflamma-
tion be prevented, but the operation of the medicine will be much
promoted.- If more water than usual be drunk, a great deal more
will be evacuated. ‘lhe next caution is, that during the administra-
tion of a diuretic, neither the clothing nor the stable should be too
warm, otherwise that whieh was intended to stimulate the kidney wilk
pass off by perspiration ; for it-seems to be a law of the frame, that
what inereases the discharge from the skin proportionably lessens the
action of the kidneys. ta

The best diuretic, and which given simply to promote an increased
secretion from the kidneys, supersedes every other, is turpentine;
either the common liquid turpentine in doses of half an ounce, and
made into a ball with lmseed meal, and half a dram of ginger; or,
what is better, the same quantity of powdered rosin, with two drams
of linseed meal, and half a dram of ginger, formed into a mass with
palm oil. In cases of inflammation or fever, nitre or digitalis should
be used. The spirit of nitrous ether, cremor tartar, and balsam of
eopaiva, have some diuretic effect.

Sect. 220.
h.—Jnflammation of the kidney-—Nieren-Entzuendung.—Ger.
Symptoms.—The early symptoms are those of fever generally,
but the seat of the disease soon becomes evident. ‘The horse looks:

. anxiously round at his flanks ; stands with his hinder-legs wide apart ¢
straddles as he walks; expresses pain in turning; shrinks when the

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 173

Yoins are pressed, and:some degree of heat ‘is felt there. The urine
is voided in small quantities, and frequently it is high colored, and
sometimes bloody. The attempt to urinate becomes more frequent,
and the quantity voided smaller; until the ‘animal straims painfully
and violently, but the discharge is nearly, or quite suppressed.* ‘The
pulse is quick and hard; full in the early stage of the disease, but
rapidly becoming small, yet not losing its character of hardness.—
These symptoms clearly indicate an affection of the urinary organs;
‘but they do not distinguish inflammation of the kidney from that of
the bladder. ‘The hand must be introduced into the rectum. If the
bladder be felt full and hard under the rectum, there is inflammation
of the neck of the bladder: if the bladder be empty, yet on the por-
tion of the intestines immediately over it there is more than natural
heat and tenderness, there is inflammation of the bedy of the bladder;
but if the bladder be empty, and there is no increased heat or tender-
mess, there is inflammation of the kidney.

* Causes.—Among the causes are improper food. There is no more
frequent cause than hay that has been mow-burnt, or oats that are
musty. The farmer should look well to this. Oats that have been
dried on the kiln acquire a diuretic property, and if horses are long
fed on them, the continual excitement of this organ which they pro-
duce will degenerate into inflammation. ‘Too powerful, or too often
repeated diuretics produce inflammation of the kidney; or a degree
of irritation and weakness of that.organ, that disposes to inflamma-
tion frem causes that would otherwise have no injurious effect. Ifa
horse is strained in the loins, by bemg urged on, far or fast, by a
heavy rider, or by being suddenly pulled up on his haunches, the in-
flammation of the muscles of the loins is often speedily transferred
to the kidneys, with which they lie in contact. Eixposure to cold is
another frequent origin of this malady, especially if the horse be
drenched with rain, or the wet drips upon his lomss and more par-
ticularly, if he were previously disposed to inflammation, or these
organs had been previously weakened. For this reason hackney-
coach horses and others, exposed to tne vicissitudes of the weather,
and often fed on unwholesome provender, have, or should have, their
loins protected by a leather or a cloth.

The treatment will only vary from that of inflammation of other
parts, by the consideration of the peculiarity of the organ affected.
Bleeding must be promptly resorted to, and carried to its full extent.
An active purge should next be administered ; and a counter-inflam-
mation excited as near as possible to the seat of the disease. For
this purpose, the loins should be fomented with hot water, or covered
with a mustard poultice; but no cantharides or turpentine must be
used, and, most of all, must no diuretic be given internally. When
the groom finds this difficulty or suppression of staling, he immedi-

* This disease is called strangury or ischuria ; harnstrenge,in German. Wri-
ters on disease, say there are four species of ischuria, or suppression of urine.
We have not space in a nofe to describe them: When the urine is nearly sup-

pressed, the disease is called dyswria ; there are five species of this.

oa

V74 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER;

ately has recourse to « diuretic ball, to foree on the urine; and by
thus farther irritating a part already too much excited, he adds fuel te
fire, and frequently destroys the horse. When the action of the pur-
gative begins a little to cease, white hellebore may be administered,
in doses of a scruple three times a day, with or without emetic tartar.
The horse should be warmly clothed; his legs well bandaged, and
plenty of water offered to him. ‘The food should be carefully ex-
amined, and any thing that could have excited, or that may praeey
the irritation, carefully removed.

We are aware that internal diureties, do aeully more hurt than
good. We can, however, safely recommend the following, which
has been used frequently with advantage : . i

No. 123.—Cure for strangury.

‘Fake dulcamara or bitter-sweet, make a strong infusion, one quart 5
a strong infusion of flaxseed, one pint; an infusion of pumpkin seed,
one pint; mixed; give the horse the whole at one dose; repeat a
similar dose every twelve hours, for four days—bleeding the horse
every morning; take from three to five pints of blood.—-Proved.

Sect. 221.
i--Diabetes, or profuse staling——Harnfluss.——Ger.

This is comparatively a rare disease. It is the consequence, gen-
erally, of undue irritation of the kidney, by bad food or strong diu-
retics; and sometimes follows inflammation of the kidney. It can
seldom be traced in the horse to any disease of the digestive organs.
The treatment is obscure, and the result often uncertain. It is evi- |
dently increased action of the kidney, and therefore the most rational
plan of treatment is to endeavor to abate that action; and nearly the
same course should be pursued in the early stage of diabetes, as in
actual inflammation; but the lowering system should not be carried
to so great an extent. To bleeding, purging, and counter-irritation,
medicines of an astringent quality should succeed, as catechu, the
powdered leaf of the whortle-berry, and opium, in doses of two
drams each of the two first, and half a dram of the last. Very care-
ful attention should be paid to the food. ‘The hay and oats should
be of the best quality; and green food, especially carrots, will be
very serviceable.

No. 124.—-Cure for diabetes.

Blaine recommends: Liver of sulphur, two drams; uva.ursi, four
drams; oak bark, one ounce; catechu, one and a-half ounce; alum,
one-half dram; given asa daily drink in a pint of water.

Dr. Winters recommends the following:

No. 125.--Cure for diabetes.

Take juniper berries, one gill; burdock root, three ounces ; Tica
mallows, one handful; garlic, two ounces; three pints of vinegar ;
mix—filtrate ; given as a drench,

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 175

— White recommends the following:

lt ME No. 126. ——Balls for diabetes.

a.— Take emetic tartar, two drams; opium, one dram; ‘tobe iid
‘ito a ball for one dose.
b.—Salt of hartshorn, two drams; opium, half a dram; powdered
ginger, ene dram; licorice root, powdered, three drams; to be made
into a ball for one ‘dose.
e.—-Powdered Colombo root, three drams ; cascarilla, two drams;
‘salt of steel, two and a-half drams; prepared kali, one and a-half
‘dram ; tincture of opium, one-half ounce; to be mixed with strong
beer, and given as a drink at once.

re Sect. 222.
j-—Inflammation of the bladder—Enitzuendung der Blase.-—Ger.

There are two varieties of this disease, inflammation of the body
of the bladder, and of its neck. The symptoms are nearly the same
with those of inflammation of the kidney, except that there is rarely
a total suppression of urine, and there.is heat felt in the rectum over
the situation of the bladder. The causes are the presence of some -
acrid or irritant matter in the urine, or of calculus or stone in the blad-
der. The treatment will be the same as in inflammation of the kidney,
except that it is of more consequence that the horse should drink
freely of water or thin gruel.

In inflammation of the neck of the bladder, there is the same fre-
quent voiding of urine in small quantities, generally appearing in an
advanced stage of the disease, and often ending in almost total sup-
pression.

‘It is spasm of the part, closing the neck of the bladder so power-_
fully, that the contraction of the bladder, and the pressure of the
muscles, are unable to force out the urme.

Here the object to be attempted is sufficiently plain. ‘This spasm
must be relaxed. ‘The most likely means | to effect a cure is copious
bleeding and physic.

Should not this speedily have effect, another mode of abating
spasm must be tried. A dram of the powdered opium, made into a
ball or drink, may be given every two or three hours; while an active
blister is applied externally. _

Sect. 223.
k.— Stone in the bladder-— Blasenstein.—Ger.

Calculous concretions are not uncommon in man, but are seldom
formed in the bladder of the horse, and there is some reason to believe
that though gravel is a commen term in the farrier’s list, that it occurs
to do much injury. ‘The injuries to which the kidneys are liable, are
usually mistaken for stone in the bladder. Horses generally void the
gravel, if any exists, before it has formed into concretions sufficiently

E76 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER:

large to do injury. Should it be perceived that a horse voids occa
sionally some gravel, the following may be administered with advan-
tage, asit will increase the flow of urine, and: possibly pass the small:
particles so as to prevent conerctions : ,

No. 126.—U rine drink.

Take glauber salts, three ounces ; nitre, eight drams; dissolve im
a quart of warm water.

Sect. 224.
1.— Swelled sheath—Schlauchgeschwuist.—Ger.

‘Fhe sheath of the penis is sometimes considerably enlarged.—
When at the close of acute diseases, there are swellings and effusions
of fluid, under the chest and belly, this part seldom eseapes. Diuret-
ics, mixed with a small portion of cordial medicine, will be beneficial,
although in some extreme cases slight svarifications may be neeessary..
The inside of the sheath is often the seat of disease; the mucous
Matter naturally secreted there to defend the part from the aerimony
of the urine, accumulates and becomes exeeedingly offensive, and
produces swelling, tenderness, and even excoriation, and sometimes
eonsiderable discharge. A little fomentation with warm water, and
the cleansing of the part with soap and water, aided perhaps by 2
diuretic ball, will speedily remove every inconvenience. Carters are
much too apt to negleet cleanlmess in this respect.

Diegendesch recommends the following treatment:

If the sheath is swollen, heat a brick and place it hot upon a eold
brick, a wooden or other eonvenient vessel; take garlic, cut fine, put
into a pint of sweet milk, and pour the contents on the hot brick,
having previously thtown a large rug or blanket over the horse, and
placed the vessel under him, so as to fumigate the part affeeted; after-
wards apply the following ointment:

No. 127.—Ointment for swelling.

Take oil of white lillies, two ounces; white lead and tincture of
roses, of each, one ounce; common powder, one-half ounce ; saffron;
one dram ; triturate or rub the whole in a mortar, and grease the sheath
well. Afterwards apply the following fomentation :

No. 128.—fomentation for swelling.

Take nightshade, mugwort, camomile and celandine, of each, two
handfuls; cut fine, bruised, and as much warm water as to make a
strong decoction, and foment.—Srz Apprnpix—./?rticle, Swellings.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 177

ee oe ee ee Sect. 225.
E.—DIsnasts oF EXTREMITIES; OF THE FORE AND ninDER-is,
a— Sprain of the shoulders— Verrenkungen der Schultern.—Ger.

Sprains or strains of shoulder are not half as frequent as is usually
supposed; most of the lameness attributed to the shoulder, has its
seat elsewhere; other parts are affected; particularly the feet. Out
of one hundred and twenty cases of lameness before, Blaine found
that three only arose from ligamentary or muscular extension of the
shoulder, or rather of the abductor and sustaining muscles; when
shoulder strain does happen, it is commonly the consequence of some
slip, by which the arm is forced violently forwards. It is less to be
wondered at than at first seems probable, that farriers mistake foot
Jameness for shoulder strains, when we reflect that a contracted foot
occasions inaction, and favoring of the limb; which thus wastes the
muscles of the shoulder. Seeing that one shoulder is smaller than
the other, the evil is attributed to that, and it is pegged, blistered,
swam, and fired, to the torture of the animal and the increase of the
foot’s contraction by the confinement. In real shoulder strains, the
toe is dragged along the ground while in motion; at rest it is planted
forward, but resting on the point of the toe. When the lameness is
in the foot, the horse points his foot forward also, but he does so with
the whole limb unbent, and the foot flat. These differences are
highly necessary to be attended to, as well as the peculiar difficulty
there is in moving down hill, which he does with reluctance, and by
swinging his leg round to avoid flexing it. ‘This lameness may be
further brought to the test by lifting up the fore-leg considerably,
which, if the evil be in the shoulder, will give evident pain. ‘The
muscles between the fore-legs are likewise tumefied and tender in these
cases.

-Treatment.—In sprain of the internal muscles of the shoulder,
few local measures can be adopted. The horse should be bled from
the vein on the inside of the arm, because the blood is then abstract-
ed more immediately from the inflamed part. ‘A dose of physic
should be given, and fomentations applied, and principally on the
inside of the arm, close to the chest; while the horse is kept as quiet
as possible. ‘I'he injury is too deeply seated for external stimulants
to have very great effect, yet a blister will very properly be resorted
to, if the lameness is not speedily removed. ‘The swimming of the
horse is an inhuman practice; it tortures the animal, and increases
the inflammation. The pegging of the shoulder (puncturing the skin,
and blowing into the cellular structure beneath, until it is considera-
bly puffed up) is another relic of ignorance and barbarity.

Loudon’s treatment, in the main, agrees with the above. The
treatment, he says, consists, when the sprain is recent, in bleeding
in the plate vein, rowelling in the chest, and fomenting with hot water
two or three times a day. When the heat and tenderness have sub-
~ sided, first bathe daily with the astringent wash, No. 129, for a week ;

i78 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

and afterwards, if necessary, proceed to blister with No. 130, in the
usual manner,

rs

No. 129.—Astringent wash.

Take sugar of lead, two drams; white vitriol, one dram; strong
infusion of oak, or elm bark, one pint; mix, apply.

No. 130.—Sprain blister.

Take euphorbium, powdered, one ounce; oil of vitriol, two seru-
ples; Spanish flies, six ounces; palm oil or lard, resin, ie each, one
pound ; oil of turpentine, three ounces. Melt the resin with lard or
palm oil. Having previously mixed the oil of vitriol with an ounce
of water, gradually add this mixture to the melted mass ; which again
set on a very slow fire for ten minutes more ; afterwards remove the
whole, and when beginning to cool, add the powders ata domi
mixed together.

Nachrichter recommends the following plete: for shoulder sprains.
Before applying the plaster, shave the hair clean from the seat of pain:

No. 131.— Sprain plaster.

Take one-half pound of resin; turpentine, four ounces; damwort,
or wallwort, powdered, three ounces; goat’s beard root, two ounces;
and bole pulverized, three ounces ; aloes, one-half ounce; mastic, one
ounce. Melt the resin and turpentine; let it cool some, then add the
other ingredients to the melted mass; set it over a slow fire for a few
minutes ; take it off and stir, till it is formed into a consistent plaster,
which spread on a piece of leather, or strong linen cloth, and apply it
to the shaven part.

Sect. 226.
b.—Broken knees—Kniebruch.—Ger.

ae

Broken knees occur frequently, and their proper treatment is a ce
ject of no small importance; for many horses are rendered useless, and
others are sadly blemished by wounds in the knee joint. ‘The horse
when falling, naturally throws his knees forward; being placed in
this position, they receive the whole weight and impetus of the horse,
and are sometimes extensively lacerated or greatly bruised and
wounded. If this is the case, the first thing to be attended to, is care-
fully to wash the injured parts with warm water, to cleanse the wound
from all gravel and dirt. It should then be ascertained whether the
joint is penetrated; or if it be at all deep or extensive, or much bruis-
ed, a poultice of linseed meal, should be applied, by means of the
leg of a woolen or worsted stocking, taking care to renew it twice a
day, that it may be constantly soft and moist. This in two or three
days, will give the wound a healing appearance, and cause a white
healthy matter to flow; it then may be discontinued, and the digest-
ive ointment applied. Should the matter assume a bad appearance,
losing its white color, becoming thin, and smelling rather offensively,
something stronger will be requisite, such as the detergent lotion

: THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 179

made hot; and if, after this, the new flesh grow too luxuriant, rising
above the skin, apply the caustic powder, and a considerable degree
of pressure, by means of a linen roller or bandage, and a bolster of
lint. By this treatment the wound will soon heal. But we must
not stop here; for unless the swelling is completely removed, and
the hair regenerated of its original color and smoothness, the horse
would be considered of very little value. As soon, therefore, as the
wound is completely healed, if any swelling be discernible, apply
the following linament, so as to excite a moderate degree of vesica-
tion, or blistering, and repeat it after this effect has perfectly subsided.

% No. 1382.—Linament for bruises.

Take powdered cantharides, two drams ; camphor, one-half ounce;
spirits of wine, four ounces. Mix them in a bottle, and let it stand
in a warm place, or place it on a warm stove for five or six days,
shaking the bottle frequently ; then filtrate, and it is fit for use.

Should the swelling, however, feel hard and callous, and be of con-
siderable size, apply blister No. 183 or 134.

No. 133.—Blistering ointment.

Take Spanish flies, powdered, one-half ounce; oil of turpentine,
one ounce; ointment of wax or hog’s lard, four ounces ; mix.

No. 134.—.4nother.

Take oil of turpentine, one cunce; to which add gradually, vitri-
olic acid, two drams; hog’s lard, four ounces; Spanish flies, powder-
ed, one ounce; mix.

It often happens, after the wound is perfectly healed, that a scar or
_ mark will be observable; and though the part may be free from any
hardness or swelling, the value of the horse will be greatly lessened
by his appearance. A variety of ointments have been recommended
for promoting growth of hair on the part, and. thereby removing the
blemish; the following has been found very effectual :

No. 135.—Ointment for broken knees.

Take ointment of wax, two ounces; camphor, two drams; oil of
rosemary; mix.

The color of this ointment should be suited to that of the contigu-
ous hair, which will so conceal the blemish, that it will not be observ-
ed, unless the part is strictly examined; and at the same time the
ointment will cause the hair to grow up gradually, until the mark is
completely removed. If the horse be of a bay color, the legs and
knees are generally blackish, in this case mix a little ivory black with
the ointment; if a chesnut color, armenia bole may be mixed with it.

N
180 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Sect. 227.

c.— Splent—Ueberbeinam Schenkel.—Ger.

Splents are bony excrescences about the shank bone, i. e. between
the fetlock joint and the knee. When the splent is forming, the horse
is frequently lame; especially when situated so near the knee or back
sinews as to interfere with tneir motion. White says, he met with sey-
eral cases of lameness, that were attributed to splents, when the cause
evidently existed in the foot.

The treatment of splents, if it be worth while to meddle with them,
is exceedingly simple. The hair should be closely shaved off round
the tumor ; a little strong mercurial ointment rubbed in for two days;
and this should be followed by an active blister. If the splent be of
recent formation, it will usually yield to this, or to a second blister.
Should it resist these applications, it can rarely be advisable to cau-
terize the part, unless the tumor interferes materially with the action
of the suspensory ligament; for it not unfrequently happens, that,
although the splent may have apparently resisted this treatment, it will
afterwards, and at no great distance of time, begin rapidly to lessen,
and quite disappear. ‘There is also a natural process by which the
greater part of splents disappear when the horse gets old.

As for the old remedies, many of them brutal enough—bruising
the splent with a hammer, boring it with a gimlet, chipping it off with
a mallet, sawing it off, slitting down the skin and periosteum over it,
sweating it down with hot oils, and passing setons over it—the voice
of humanity, and the progress of science, will consign them to speedy
oblivion.

Sect. 228.

The inside of the leg, immediately under the knee, and extending
to the head of “the inner splint-bone, is subject to injury from what is
termed the speedy cut. A horse with high action, and in the fast trot,
violently strikes this part either with his hoof or the edge of the shoe.
Sometimes bony enlargement is the result, at others great heat and
tenderness ; and the pain from the blow seems occasionally to be so
great that the horse drops as if he were shot. The only remedy is to
take care that no part of the shoe projects beyond the foot; and to let
the inner side of the shoe, have but one nail, and that near the toe.
This part of the hoof being unfettered with nails, will expand as it
comes in contact with the ground, and contract when in air and re-
lieved from the pressure of the weight of the body; and although
this contraction is to no great extent, it will be sufficient to carry the
foot harmlessly by the leg. Care should likewise be taken that the
shoe be of equal thickness at the heel and the toe, and that the bear-
ing be equal on both sides.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 181 -
Secf. 229.

d.—Sprains of the back sinews—Verrenkungen der Ruecken
Sehnen.—Ger.

Sprains of the back sinews are generally injuries done to the
sheaths of the tendons, or of the ligaments which bind them cown.
In very aggravated cases, it sometimes occurs that even the tendons
themselves are extended beyond their capacity. The heat, sweiling,
and tenderness, are first to be combatted by fomentations, and i! this
be extreme, bleed also, and give a dose of physic. Next proceed to
poultice with saturnine applications, until the heat and swelling are re-
duced; then use tonics, astringent wash No. 129; or take No. 136;
bandage and exercise very carefully. If the swelling remain after
heat, pain, and lameness are past; or when lameness only remains,
after all heat is gone, proceed to blister mildly twice. In all cases of
ligamentary extension when the heat has subsided, the part may be
considered as in a state of atony; and bandages judiciously applied
are then proper, particularly during the day.

No. 136.—Astringent wash.

Take green vitriol, one dram; infusion of galls, half a pint; mix
and wash the parts three times a day.

No. 137.—Saturnine lotion.

Take acetate of lead, four ounces; vinegar and water, each, one
pint. ;

No. 138.——Saturnine poultice.

Fine bran, one-quarter uf a peck; to be made into a thin paste,
with hot saturnine lotion; to this add as much linseed meal as will
give it a proper consistence.

We shall here add several embrocations for sprains that may be
used in all sprains, with advantage. )

No. 139.—Embrocations for sprains.

a.——T'ake oil of rosemary, and camphor, of each, two drams; soft
soap, One ounce; spirit of wine, two ounces; mix.

Ailsihar:

_ b.—Take soft soap, spirit of wine, oil of turpentine, and ointment
of elder, of each, four ounces; mix.

‘ No. 140.—Jnfallible lotion for sprains.

Take of spirit of wine, eight ounces; dissolve one ounce of cam-
phor first, in the spirit of wine; then add one ounce of oil of tur-
pentine ; one ounce of spirit of sal ammoniac; oil of origanum, half an
Ounce ; and alarge table spoonful of liquid laudanum. It must be well
rubbed in with the hand, for full a quarter of an hour, every time it is

182 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER:>

used; which must be four times each day. You will be astonished
at its efficacy.

Sect. 230.
e.—Windgalls—Windgalle.—-Ger.

Windgalls are spungy and flatulent humors, that make their ap-
pearance on both sides of the legs, just above the pastern joint or
fetlock. tis seldom that a horse is found entirely clear of them,
particularly about the hind-legs, if he be much used.

They are produced by hard usage, strains, bruises, of the back
sinews or the sheath that covers them, which by being over-stretched,
have some of their fibres ruptured; whence probably may ooze out
the fluid which is commonly found with the included air.

Cure.—When windgalls make their first appearance, they are
easily cured by a bath and bandage. Boil red oak bark to a strong
decoction, add some sharp vinegar and a little alum, let the parts be
fomented twice a day, warm as the hand can be held in it; then take
a woollen cloth, dip it in the bath, and bind the ancle up, tight as pos-
sible, without giving pain to the horse.

Should this method not succeed, after a thorough trial, the swelled
or puffed parts may be opened with a sharp knife; but blistering with
flies is less dangerous, and generally attended with equal success. —

Windgalls give to a horse a gouty and clumsy appearance; but I
have never known lameness produced by them, or any other injury,
except that of stiffening his legs as he advances in years. ‘They fur-
nish strong proof that the animal has rendered much service.

Mr. White says: I have sometimes applied rollers or bandages to
the legs with good effect, keeping them constantly moist with the fol-
lowing embrocation :

No. 141 pal es for windgalls.

Take muriate of ammonia, one ounce; muriatic acid, one-half
ounce; water, one quart; imix.

Sect. 231.

f.—Rupiure of the tendons and ligaments of the leg—Bruch der
Bein-Sehnen und Flechsen.—-Ger.

It is very seldom that the tendons themselves are ruptured, but the
suspensory ligaments are more often so, and the evil is called break-
ing down. It is usually very sudden, and the fetlock is brought
almost to the ground. A perfect cure is seldom obtained; but the
inflammation should be moderated by the means already described,
and the heels should be raised. A laced stocking or firm bandage,
when the inflammation has subsided, is necessary ; and firing is often
prudent as a permanent bandage.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 183
$i $e 4 i ‘ L Sect. 232,

g.—Strains of the ligaments of the fetlock and coffin joints—Ver-
renkungen der Flechsen der obern und untern Fuss gelenke.—Ger.

These sprains occur, and may always be distinguished by the heat,
tenderness, and swelling. ‘Treat as already described. In all strains
of the leg, attended with inflammation, a goulard poultice is a con-
venient and useful application. ‘The goulard water should be mixed
with bran, and a worsted stocking being drawn over the foot, and up
the leg, it is first tied around the foot; the poultice is then put in,
and the stocking fastened around the leg above the injury.— See
Sect. 226.

Sect. 233.
h.—Ringbone——Ueberbein.-—Ger.

The ring-bone partakes of the nature of the spavin, and frequently
proceeds from the same cause. It makes its appearance on the lower
part of the pastern, and sometimes immediately opposite the coffin
joint. It is a hard and bony substance, and generally reaches half
way round the anele, which gives to the ancle an unnatural appearance,
and. causes the horse to go stiff and lame. Its name has proceeded
from iis resemblance to a ring. It seldom admits of a cure, conse-
quently a horse diseased with it is worth but little.

When the ringbone first makes its appearance, blisters of flies
have sometimes been employed with success. But after growing to
full size, and remaining some length of time, to offer a remedy would
be deceitful and presumptuous.

fiemedy.—A strong preparation of corrosive sublimate added to
Spanish flies and Venice turpentine, and mixed with hog’s lard, will
often dissolve a ringbone, &c.

A writer in the Farmer’s Cabinet says: The remedies which have
proved most successful in the cure of ringbone are such as produce
severe irritation on, and copious discharges from the surface of the
tumor. Among these are powerful stimulants, as turpentine, oil of
origanum, oil of spike, all the blistering and caustic applications ; and
even the red hot iron.

Sect. 234.
i.— Strain of the whirl bone—Verrenkung der Kniescheibe.-—Ger.

The joint of the upper bone of the thigh with the haunch, is com- |
monly called the whirl or round bone. It has been stated, that it has,
in some rare instances, been dislocated and fractured ; it is, however,
much oftener sprained, but not so often as the groom or farrier ima-
gines. ‘There is nothing peculiar in the lameness to detect injury of
this part, except that frequently the horse will drag his leg after him
on the toe. Injury of the round bone, or hip joint, will be prinei-
pally discovered by heat and tenderness in the situation of the joint.

¢

184 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

A part so deeply seated is treated with difficulty. Fomentations
should first be used to abate the inflammation, and after that an active
blister should be applied. Strains of this joint are not always immes
diately relieved, and the muscles of the limb considerably waste; and
therefore it may be necessary to repeat the blister, while absolute rest
should accompany every stage of the treatment. It may even be re-
quisite to fire the part, or, as a last resort, a charge may be put over
the joint, and the horse turned out for two or three months.

Of the stifie—-The stifle joint is not so liable to be sprained as is
generally supposed; if strained, the a eae symptoms will
guide to the seat of injury.

In this ease the stifle joint will be found unusually hot, tender, and
sometimes swollen. ‘The remedies are fomentations, a rowel in the
thigh, and a dose of physic. When by these means the inflamma-
tion of the joint has abated considerably, and at the same time the
swelling and lameness continue, the embrocation for strains, or a blis-
ter, should be applied.

_ The muscles of the inside thigh, generally, have sometimes been
sprained ; this may be detected by diffused heat, or heat on the inside
of the thigh above the stifle. ‘The proper means of cure will be rest,
fomentations, bleeding and physic.

Sect. 235.
k.— Thorough-pin——Kapsel-Erweitung.——Ger.

The reader will bear in mind that there is placed about the joints,
certain bags, called burse mucosz, containing a mucous fluid for the
purpose of lubricating the parts. These bags, from their peculiar
structure, being composed of membranes, and many exhaling arteries
of the internal coat, do become inflamed sometimes, and are conside-
rably enlarged; this enlargement is called 4%indgall-—Section 230.
But the point to which the reader’s attention is directed, we will now
describe. A similar enlargement is found above the hock, between
the tendons of the flexor of the foot, and the extensor of the hock. As
from its situation it must necessarily project on both sides of the hock,
in the form of a round swelling, it is called a thorough-pin. It is an
indication of considerable work, but except it be of very great size,
it is rarely attended by lameness. ‘The mode of treatment must
resemble that recommended for windgalls. Although thorough-pin
cannot be pronounced to be unsoundness, yet it behooves the buyer
to examine well a horse with thorough-pin, and to ascertain whether
undue work may not have injured him in other respects.

Of the capulet.-A small barsal enlargement is sometimes found
at the very point of the hock, which enlargement is called capulet,
‘Treatment same as of windgalls.

‘YHE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 185
Sect. 236.
4.——Curb-——Entzuendung des hintern Kniegelenks.-—Ger.

_ Particular parts of the hock are liable to injuries ; from sudden and
~ver-exertion, inflammation, swelling and lameness ensue. An affec-
tion of this kind is called the curb. This affection is generally ac-
«ompanied by lameness.

‘Cure.--The first pre-requisite to effect acure is absolute rest ; then
abate the inflammation, which is most readily accomplished by cold,
evaporating lotions, frequently applied to the part. Equal portions
of spirits of wine, water and vinegar, will afford an excellent applica-
tion. It will be almost impossible to keep a bandage on. If the heat
and lameness are considerable, it will be prudent to physic the horse,
and to bleed from the subcutaneous vein. Whether the injury be of
the annular ligament, or the sheath of the tendon, more active means
‘will be necessary. to perfect the cure. Either a liquid blister should
be rubbed on the part, consisting of a vinous or turpentine tincture of
eantharides, and this daily apphed until some considerable swelling
takes piace, which should be allowed to subside, and then the lini-
ment again resorted to; or, what is the preferable plan, the hair should
be cut off, and the part blistered as soon as the heat has been subdu-
ed. ‘The blister should be repeated until the horse goes sound, and
the swelling has disappeared.

There are few complaints in which absolute and long continued
rest is more requisite than in curb. An injury so serious leaves the
parts very materially weakened, and, if the horse be soon put to»work
again, the lameness will frequently return. No horse that has had
eurbs should be put even to ordinary work, in less than a month after
the apparent cure, and even then he should very gradually resume
his former habits. |

Sect. 237. _
m.— Bog spavin— Sumpfspath.—Ger.

The hock is plentifully furnished with mucous bags, to lubricate
the different portions of this complicated joint. Some of these are
found on the inside of the joint. From over-exertion of the joint
they become inflamed, and considerably enlarged. ‘They are wind-
galls of the hock. ‘The subcutaneous vein passes over the inside of
the hock, and over some of these enlarged bags, and is compressed
between the skin and the enlarged bag; and, consequently the pass-
age of the blood through it is partially stopped. ‘The blood, how-
ever, continues to be returned from the leg and foot, and being thus
arrested in its course, a portion of the vein below the impediment and
between it and the next valve, is distended, and causes the soft tumor
on the inside of the hock, called the bog or blood spavin. This is a
very serious disease, attended with no great, -but often permanent
lameness, and is a disease too apt to return, when the enlargement has
subsided under medical treatment. It must be considered as decided

13

186 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIBR+ 2

unsoundness. In a horse for slow draught, itis scarcely worth while
even to attack it. In a horse destined to more rapid action, the pro-
bability of a relapse should not be forgotten, when the chances of
success, and the expense of treatment are calculated.

_ Treatment.—The disease (the enlarged mucous capsule) lies deep,
and is with difficulty operated upon. Uniform pressure will some-
times cause the absorption of the fluid contained in cysts or bags
hike these, but in a joint of such extensive motion as the hock, it is
difficult, or almost impossible, to confine the pressure on the precise
spot where it is required; and could it be made to bear on the enlarg=
ed bag, it would likewise press on the vein, and to a greater degree
hinder the passage of the blood, and increase the dilation below the
obstruction. The old and absurd method of passing a ligature above
and below the enlarged portion of the vein, and then dissecting out
the tumor, is not, in the advanced stage of veterinary science, prac-
ticed by any surgeon who has a regard to his reputation. The only
method of relief which holds out any promise even of temporary suc-
cess, is by exciting a great deal of inflammation on the skin, and thus
rousing the deeper seated absorbents to carry away the fluid effused
in the enlarged bag. Repeated blisters then will afford the fairest
prospect of removing the tumor, or firing may be tried; but in the
majority of cases, the disease will bid defiance to all our means, or
will return, and baffle owr hopes when we had seemed to have been
accomplishing our object. A horse with bog spavin will do very wel!
for ordinary work. He may draw in a cart, or trot fairly m alighter
earriage, with little detriment to his utility, but he never will do for
rapid or hard work, and itis in vain to attempt to make him.

Sect. 238..

n.—Bone spavin—Knochenspati.—Ger.

A still more formidable disease ranks under the name of spavin,
and is an affection of the bone of the hock-joint.

It is not unusual to see whole teams of horses, and that all the year
round, with the outer heel of the hind-foot considerably raised above
the other. ‘This unequal bearing, or distribution of the weight, can- .

not fail of being injurious; it will place an unequal strain on the liga-
ments of the joints, and particularly of the hock-joint, and increase
the tendency to spavin.

The weight and concussion which are thus thrown on the inner
splint-bone produce, in the first place, inflammation of the cartilagin-
ous substance which unites it to the shank bone. ‘The consequence
of this is, that the cartilage is absorbed, and bone deposited; the
union between the splint-bone and the shank becomes bony instead
of cartilaginous; the degree of elastic action between them is des-
troyed, and there is formed a splint of the hind-leg. This is uniformly
on the inside of the hind-leg, because the greater weight and concus-
sion are thrown on the inner splint-bones. As in the fore-leg, the
disposition to form bony matter having commenced and the cause
which produced it continuing to act, bone continues to be deposited,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 187

and it appears generally in the fornmof a tumor, where the head of
the splint-bone is united with the shank, and in front of that union.

This is called bone spavin. Inflammation of the ligaments of any of
the small bones of the hock, proceeding to bony tumor, would equally
class under the name of spavin, but, with very few exceptions, the
disease commences on the precise spot we have described.

- When spavin is forming there is always lameness, and that fre-
quently to a very great degree; but when the membrane of the bone
has accommodated itself to the tumor that extended it, the lameness
subsides, or disappears, or depends upon the degree in which the
bony deposit interferes with the motion of the joint.

_ There is always this peculiarity in the lameness of spavin, that it
abates, and sometimes disappears, on exercise ; and therefore, a horse.
with regard to which there is any suspicion of spavin, should be ex-
amined, when he is first taken from the stable.

“Spavined horses are generally capable of slow work. They are
equal to the greater part of the work of the farm, and therefore they
will not be always rejected by the small farmer, and may generally
be procured at little price. These horses are not only capable of agri-
cultural work, but they generally improve under it; they become less
Jame, and even the bony tumor to a certain degree diminishes.
There is sufficient moderate motion and friction of the limb to rouse
the absorbents to action, and cause them to take up a portion of the
bony matter thrown out, but not enough to renew or prolong inflam-
mation. We cannot say that the plough affords a cure for spavin, but
we have seen many instances in which the elle horse has very
materially improved at it.

The treatment of spavin is simple enough, but not always effectual.
The owner of the horse will neither consult his own interest, nor the
dictates of humanity, if he suffers the chisel and mallet, or the gim-
let, or the pointed iron, or arsenic to be used; yet measures of con-
siderable severity must be resorted to. Repeated blisters will usually
eause either the absorption of the bony deposit, or the abatement or
‘removal of the inflammation of theligaments. As a last resort, how-
ever, the hot iron may be applied.

Sect. 239.
o.—Malanders and Salanders--Mauken und Reude.—Ger.

Malanders and salanders are scurfy, scabby eruptions, affecting
the back of the knee, and ply to the hock; common only in coarse,
low bred, and in cart horses. Wash with soft soap every day, after
which anoint with an unguent formed of equal parts of mercurial oint-
ment, tar, and Turner’s cerate.

This cerate is formed according to this formula:

No. 142.—-Turner’s cerate.

Take oil of olive, two and a-half ounces; white wax, one and a-
half ounce; spermaceti, one ounce; prepared impure carbonate of

88 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

zinc, one ounce. Or, take olive oil, two pounds; yellow wax, and
prepared impure carbonate of zine, of each, one pound.

To cure this disease, says the author of the Pocket Farrier, wash
the cracks with warm soap-suds or old urine; then rub them twice
a day with an ointment of hog’s lard mixed with two drams of sub-
limate of mereury. Or apply a poultice of roots of marshmallows
and flaxseed, softened with linseed oil, tying it en with a roller.
Continue till the seeds fall off and the sores be clean. Afterwards @
mixture of turpentine and quicksilver will be a proper application. —

Rat-tails.—On thebaek part of the leg are sometimes exerescences,
-ealled by farriers, rat-tails, from the* appearance they give the hair.
They will generally yield to the mild mercurial ointment, butin very
obstinate cases, apply the knife. ‘The following omtment is good:

No. 143.—Heahing ointment.

‘rake ‘Turner’s cerate, two ounces; white vitriol, powdered, half
dram ; lard, four ounces; mix, and dress with every morning and
evening.

Sect. 240.
p.—Springhalt or Stringhalt—Hahnentritt.—Ger.

This is a disease peculiar to the posterior quarters of the horse; it is
an involuntary twitching of the hind-leg, or a convulsive action of the
muscles by which it is bent. When it seizes the outside muscles,
the horse straddles and throws his legs outward. But when the in-
ward muscles are affected, his legs are twitehed up to his_ belly.
Sometimes it is only in one leg, sometimesin both. tis principally
observed when the horse first comes from the stable, and gradually
eeases, in some instances, after he has been exercised a while. Itis
unpleasant to the rider, but it cannot be denominated unsoundness ;
on the contrary, common opinion has given to the horse with string-
halt a more than usual share of strength and enduranee; and if it be
an excess of nervous energy, although irregularly exerted, we shall
find no difficulty in associating it with general powerful museular ac-
tion. However this may be, the precise nature of the defect has
never been determined, nor has ever any permanent cure been discoy-
ered. All that we know, or have seen recommended, is rubbing and
fomentations, with daily moderate exercise: by which the blood and
spirits mney, be equally distributed into the disordered muscle and its
corresponding one.— See Gibson and Clark.

Sect. 241.

Before we close our remarks on the diseases of the legs, we shall
submit an extract from Barnum’s book on two very troublesome dis-
eases. ‘The one, generating the other, and both, we are strongly in-
clined to believe, the children or offspring of neglect and misman-
agement. We. hope that the importance of the subject will be a
satisfactory apology, for presenting so much on swelled legs, and
their degenerate kindred, grease.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 188

Sect. 242.

q-—Swelled legs—Geschwollne-Beine.—Ger.

_ The fore-legs are sometimes subject to considerable enlargement,
but much oftener the hind ones. Occasionally when the horse does
not seem te labor under any. other disease, and sometimes from an
apparent shifting of inflammation from other parts, (inflammation of
the lungs or the eye not unfrequently thus changes its seat,) the hind-
legs suddenly swell to an enormous degree from the hock, and almost
from the stifle to the fetlock, attended by heat, and extreme tenderness
of the skin, and excessive and very peculiar lameness. ‘The pulse
likewise becemes quick and hard, and the horse evidently labors
under considerable fever. Itis acute inflammation of the cellular
substance of the legs, and that most sudden in its attack, most vio-
lent in its degree, and therefore attended by the pouring out of a great
deal of fluid, in this cellular substance.. it occurs in young horses,
and in those which are over-fed and little exercised, without previous
inflammation in any other part. Fomentation, diuretics, or physic,
or, if there be much fever, a moderate bleeding, will often relieve the
distension almost as suddenly as it appeared.

Horses taken from grass and brought into close stables very speedily
have swelled legs, because the difference of food, and increase of nu-
triment, rapidly increase the quantity of the circulating fluid; while
the want of exercise takes away the means by which it might be got
rid of. ‘The remedy here needs not to be stated. Swelled legs, how-
ever, may proceed from general debility ; they may be the consequence
of starvation, or disease that has considerably weakened the animal ;
and these parts being farthest from the centre of circulation, are the
first to show the loss of power by the accumulation of fluid in them.
Here the means of cure would be to increase the general strength,
with which the extremities would sympathise, and mild diuretics and
tonics are evidently indicated. = >

Horses in the spring and fall are subject to swelled legs. The
powers of the constitution are principally employed in providing a
new coat for the animal, and the extremities have not their share of
vital influence. Mingled cordials and diuretics are indicated here—
the diuretic to lessen the quantity: of the circulating flood,—the cor-
dial to invigorate the frame.

-Swelled legs are most teasing in horses that are in tolerable or good
health, but whose work is somewhat irregular. ‘The cure is to give
more equable exercise; to walk the horse out daily when the usual
work is not required, and by some mechanical means to supply to
the extremities the want of the motion of the parts, and the conse-
quent urging on of the return of the fluid. Friction by hand-rubbing
is an excellent means of fining the legs, at least for a time. Bandages ~
have a greater and more durable effect, for nothing tends more to sup-
port the capillary veins, and rouse the action of the absorbents, than
moderate pressure. Hay bands will form a very good bandage for
the agricultural horse, and their effect will probably be increased by

190 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

previously dipping them in water. As to medicines, we have little
to say: the fewer of them that are given in these cases the better.

Sect. 243.

r.— Grease—fussrxude.—Ger.

-It is an inflammation of the skin of the heel, sometimes of the
fore, but oftener of the hind-foot. It is not a contagious disease,
although when it once appears in a stable it frequently goes through
it, for it is usually to be traced to bad stable management. ‘The skin
of the heel of the horse somewhat differs from that of any other
part. ‘There is a great deal of motion in the fetlock, and to prevent —
the skin from excoriation or chapping, it is necessary that it should
be kept soft and pliable; therefore, in the healthy state of the part,
the skin of the heel has a peculiar greasy feel. Under inflamma-
tion, the secretion of this greasy matter is stopped—the heels become
yed, dry, and scurfy ; and being almost constantly in motion, cracks
soon succeed: these sometimes extend, and the whole surface of the
heel becomes a mass of soreness, ulceration and fungus.

The heel is subject to this virulent inflammation, on account of its
situation, far removed from the centre of the circulation. It is like-
wise exposed to more variations of temperature than any other part
of the frame. As the horse stands in the closed stable, the heat of
the part is increased by being deeply imbedded in straw. When the
stable door is open, the heels are nearest to the door, and most pow-
erfully receive the current of cold air; and when the horse is taken
from the stable to his work, the heels are covered with mire and wet,
and chilled by the slow and long process of evaporation, which is
taking place from them. We cannot wonder then at the frequency
with which the heels are attacked with inflammation, nor the diffi-
culty there is in subduing that inflammation. In the winter season,
chaps and cracks will oecasionally appear in the best conducted sta-
bles; but where the comfort of the animal is neglected, and every
kind of filth is suffered to accumulate, the disease will be more fre-
quent and more virulent.

A great deal of error has prevailed, ‘ud it has led to much bad |
practice, in connecting grease with the notion of humors flying about
the horse, which must have vent somewhere, and which attack the
heels as the weaker parts of the frame. Thence arise the physicing,
and the long course of diuretics, which truly weaken the animal,
and often do irreparable mischief. Grease is a local complaint; it is
produced principally by causes which act locally ; and it is most sue- —
cessfully treated by local applications. Physic and diureties may be
useful in abating inflammation; but the grand object is to abate the
inflammatory action which exists in the skin of the heel, and to heal
the wounds, and remedy the mischief which it has opbasitineld

The first appearance of grease is usually a dry and seurfy state of
the skin of the heel, with redness, heat, and itchiness. ‘The heel
should be well washed with soap and water; as much of the scurf
should be detached as is easily removable; white ointment composed

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. YO

of one dram of sugar of lead, rubbed down with an ounce of lard
will usually supple and cool, and hea! the -part.

When cracks appear, the mode of treatment will depend on their
extent and depth. If they are but slight, a lotion, composed of a
solution of two drams of blue vitriol, or four of alum, in a pint of
water, will often speedily dry them up and close them.* But if the
eracks are deep, with an ichorous discharge, and the lameness con-
siderable, it will be necessary to poultice the heel. A poultice of lin-
seed meal will be the most effectual, unless the discharge is thin and
éffensive, when an ounce of finely powdered charcoal should be
mixed with the linseed meal, or a poultice may be made of carrots
boiled soft, and mashed. ‘The eflicacy of a carrot poultice is seldom
sufficiently appreciated in-cases like these.

As soon as the inflammation of the parts is subdued, apply the
following astringent paste:

No. 144.—Astringent paste.

‘Take prepared calamine, tutty, powdered, charcoal, powdered, of
each, two ounces; alum and verdigris, of each, one dram; yeast
enough to make a paste. Or use astringent washes No. 129, Sect.
225; or No. 136, Sect. 229.

When the inflammation and pain have evidently subsided, and the
eracks discharge good matter, they may be-dressed with an ointment
eomposed of one part of resin, and three of lard melted together, and
one part of calamine powder added, when these begin to get cool.
The healing will be quickened if the cracks are occasionally washed
with either the vitriol or alum solution. A mild diuretic may here
be given every third day, but a mild dose of physic will form the
best medicine that can be administered.

After the chaps or cracks have healed, the legs will sometimes con-
‘tinue gorged and swelled.t A flannel bandage evenly applied over
the whole of the swelled part will be very serviceable; or should the
season admit of it, a run at grass, particularly spring grass, should
be allowed. A blister is inadmissible, from the danger of bringing
back the inflammation of the skin, and discharge from it; but the

* Diegendesch recommends the following ointment: Take one pound of hog’s
lard ; common powder, quicksilver, of each, two ounces; brimstone, one ounce;
laurel oil, one-half ounce; first rub the quicksilver well in the laurel oil, mix the
whole, then let it stand for five days; then it will be fit for use. Apply it, and in
ten hours wash the parts affected with strong lye—repeat the ointment and washing
till a cure is effected.— Proved.

+ For this purpose the following is recommended: Take wormwood, eight
handfuls; John’s wort, centaury, camomile, of each, four handfuls ; elder flowers,
two handfuls; bayberries, half a pound. Boil them in two gallons of water till
one-third is consumed, and make a fomentation.

The horses legs are to be bathed three or four times a day, ae woolen cloths,
wrung out of the liquor, and applied as hot as he can bear them, adding a little
spirit of wine or brandy. And if they are much inflamed, as happens when the
sinews are affected, a good quantity of the ashes or the green twigs of vines, wal-
nut or oak, may be boiled in the decoction, adding more water, when the other
‘ingredients are easily to be had.— Complete Farmer,

gz THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

actual cautery, taking especial care not to penetrate the skin, must
occasionally be resorted to.

In some’ cases the cracks are not confined to the centre of the beelas
but spread over them, and extend on the fetlock, and even up the leg,.
while the legs are exceedingly swelled, and there is a watery dis-
eharge from the cracks, and apparently oozing through the skin at
other places.. ‘The parts are exceedingly tender, and sometimes hot,
and there is an appearance which the farrier thinks very decisive as:
to the state of the disease, and which the better informed man should.
not overlook; the heels smoke; the skin is so hot, that the watery fluid
partly evaporates as it runs from the cracks, or oozes through the skin..

There will be great danger in suddenly stopping this discharge.—
Inflammation of a more important part has rapidly sueceeded to the
mjudicious attempt. ‘The local application should be directed to the
abatement of the inflammation. ‘Fhe poultices just referred to should
be diligently used night and day, and especially the carrot poultice ;

-and, when the heat and tenderness and stiffness of motion have dimi=
nished, astringent lotions may be applied; either the alum lotion, or
a strong decoction of oak bark, changed, or used alternately, but not
mixed. The cracks should likewise be dressed with the ointment
above mentioned; and the moment the horse ean bear it, a- flannel
bandage should be put on, reaching from the coronet, to three or four
inches above the swelling. |

The medicine should be confined to mild diuretics, mixed with one-
third part of cordial mass, or, if the horse be gross, and the inflam-
mation run high, a dose of physic may be given. From the account
we have given, it will easily be distinguished in what cases physic is
indicated, and in what states of the constitution or disease we may
be content with diuretics. If the horse be strong, and full of flesh
and fat, physic should always precede, and sometimes supersede the
diuretics ; in cases of much debility, diuretics with aromaties or ton-
ies will be preferable.

The feeding will likewise vary with the case, but with these rules
which admit of no exception, that green meat should be given, and
more especially carrots, when they are not too expensive, and mashes,.
if the horse will eat them, and never the full allowance of corn.

Walking exercise should be resorted to as soon as the horse is able
to bear it, and this by degrees may be increased to a gentle trot.

From bad stable management at first, and neglect during the dis-
ease, a worse kind of grease is occasionally found. The ulceration
extends over the skin of the heel and the fetlock, and a fungus springs:
from the surface of both, highly sensible, bleeding at the slightest
touch, and interspersed with scabs. By degrees, portions of the fun-
gus begin to be covered with a horny substance, protruding in the
form of knobs, and collected together in bunches. ‘These are known
by the name of grapes. A stinking and very peculiar discharge pro-
ceeds from nearly the whole of the unnatural substance. The horse
evidently suffers much and is gradually worn down by the disease. >

_ Cause.—Some horses are more subject to grease than others, par-
ticularly draught horses, both heavy and light, but partieularly the

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 193

former, and if they have no degree of blood in them. It was the
experience of this which partly contributed to the gradual change of
coach and other draught horses to those of a lighter breed. It may,
however, be affirmed, without danger of error, that in the great ma-
Jonity of eases, grease arises from mismanagement and neglect.

| Every thing that has a tendency to excite inflammation in the skin
af the heel is a cause of grease. ‘The want of exercise, high feed-
ing, added to irregular or deficient exercise, will produce this disease.
Want of cleanliness in a stable is a fruitful source of this complaint.
When the heels are embedded in filth they are weakened by the con-
stant moisture surrounding them, and irritated by the acrimony of the
dung and the urine, and little prepared to endure the evaporation and
eold to which they are exposed when the horse is taken out of the
stable. We believe, however, that the absurd practice of washing
the feet and legs of horses when they come from their work, and
either carelessly spunging them down afterwards, or leaving them to
dry as they may, is by far the most eommon origin of grease. -

When the horse is warmed by his work, and the heels share in
the warmth, the momentary cold of washing may not be injurious if
the animal be immediately rubbed dry; yet even this would be better
avoided ; but to wash out the heels, and then leave them partially
dry, or perfectly wet, and suffering from the extreme cold which is
produced by evaporation from a wetted surface, is the most absurd,
dangerous, and injurious practice that can be imagined. It is worse
when the stage horse or the plough horse is plunged up to his belly
in the river or pond, immediately after his work. The owner is little
aware how many cases of inflammation of the lungs, and bowels,
and feet, and heels, follow. It would, therefore, be an excellent rule
never to sacl the peeks of these horses, when the least warm.

Sect. 243.

F.—DIsmASsES OF THE FOOT.

The foot is composed of the horny box which covers the extremi-
ties of the horse, and the contents of that box, although well secured,
is exceedingly liable to accidents and diseases.

On the diseases of feet we shall present the reader with an extract
from. Loudon’s book, London edition, 1839, p. 987, sub-section 9,
and consecutive sections 6517 to 6529, with remarks and observations
from several English and German authors.

a.— Fo ounder— Steifheit. —Ger.

Founder of the feet is of two kinds, an acute and a chronie.
Acute founder is a disease that, until lately, was less understood than
almost any other. After a very severe day’s work, or when very
much heated, if a horse get a sudden chill by standing in snow or
cold water, it is not uncommon for him to be seized with universal
stiffness, and every symptom of great fever. Such a horse is said
to be body foundered. By degrees, however, it is observed that the

194 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

animal has an extreme disinclination to remain on his feet; from
whence it will appear that the whole of them are affected, when the
horse draws his hind-feet under him, his fore only are affected, and:
when he draws his fore-feet under him, his hinder feet are the seat of
the complaint; but which is seldom the case. On feeling the feet
they will be found intensely hot, and the pastern arteries beat with
great violence. After a few days, unless the disease abate, a separa-
tion of the hoofs from the coronet takes place, and at last they fall
entirely off. :

Remedy.—-So soon as you are convinced that your horse is foun-
dered, take from his neck vein at least a gallon of blood; give a drench
of one quart strong sassafras tea, one table spoonful of saltpetre, and
a quarter of an ounce of asafetida, and do not permit him to drink
for five or six hours; at the expiration of which time, should he not
be evidently better, repeat the bleeding, taking half a gallon of blood,
and give another drench: at night offer him some bran or oats, scald-
ed with sassafras tea, and if it can be procured, let him have green
food, fresh from the field, for it has the happy effect of opening the
bowels, and cooling the system: his feet should be nicely cleaned
out, and stuffed with fresh cow manure: his drink should be at least
one-half sassafras tea, with a small handful of salt thrown therein.

By the morning, should the horse be better, nothing further is ne-
eessary, only being careful not to over feed him. But should there
be no change for the better, tie a small cord just above his knees, and
with a lancet or fleam bleed in a vein that runs around the coronet,
just above the hoof; take from each leg a pint of blood: give a pound
of salts dissolved in three half pints of water, in form of a drench;
keep his feet stuffed with fresh cow manure, and bathe his legs with
equal parts of sharp vinegar, spirits and sweet oil or lard. By atten-
tion to these directions, in two or three days the horse will again be
fit for service.

Sect. 244.

Chronic founder, contraction or fever in the feet.—The artificial
life that horses lead, subjects them to many diseases; one of the prin-
cipal of which is that of contracted feet. Blaine considers a neglect
of sufficient paring of the hoof, the application of artificial heat from
hot stables, and hot litter, the deprivation of natural moisture, consti-
tutional liability, and the existence of thrushes, as among the princi-
pal causes of this evil. It is more common among blood horses, than
to others, and he observes, that dark chesnuts are of all others most
prone to it. ;

Sect. 245.

The treatment of contraction in the feet.—it is better to prevent
than to be under the necessity of attempting to cure this great evil.
Prevention may be practiced by avoiding the acting causes. As
soon as at all suspected to be likely to occur; keep the hoofs pared
lew; never suffer the horse to stand on litter, nor allow the stable to

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 195

be too hot; feed moderately, and never allow the horse to go without
daily exercise; whatever increases the general fulness of habit flies
to the feet. Above all, keep the feet moist by means of wet cloths
tied closely round the coronet, falling over the whole hoof, but not
extending beyond the edge. ‘Then moisten repeatedly, and stop the
feet every night.

Apply the following composition :.

No. 145.— oot stopping.

Take horse and cow dung, each, about two pounds ; tar, half a pound.

When contraction has already taken place, many plans have been
recommended; as jointed shoes, by Coleman, Clark, and others, but
it is not found that mechanical expansion in this way produces per-
manent benefit. The most effectual mode is to obviate all previ-
ous causes of contraction ; and.then to thin the hoofs around the heels
from each quarter so thin as to be able to produce an impression by
means of the thumb; in fact, to remove so much of the horn as is
consistent with safety, from the coronet downwards. It is also pru-
dent to put in a score or two from above downwards, drawn a quar-
ter of an inch deep on each side towards the front of the hoof; but
whether this be done or not, the front of the hoof should be rasped
thin about an inch in width; by which means a hinge is formed
which operates most advantageously in opening the heels. © After this
is done, tips should be put on, and the horse should be turned out to
grass, where he should remain three months, by which time the new
formed heels will have reached the ground, and will bear a shoe.

Sect. 246.
b.—Pumiced foot—der ausgegletete Fuss.—Ger.

This is a very common consequence of acute founder, in which the
elasticity of the lamina becoming destroyed the support of the coffin
bone is removed, and it rests wholly on the sole, which it gradually
sinks from a concave to a convex surface, drawing with it the front
of the hoof inwards. In weak, broad heavy feet, this evil comes on
sometimes without founder; the treatment can only be palliative; a
wide webbed shoe exactly fitted to the foot, without at all pressing on
it, prevents the lameness consequent to the disease; a shoe exactly
the contrary to this has been tried in some cases with benefit, the
form of which has been one with a web so narrow as only to cover
the crust, but so thick as to remove the feet from accidental pressure.
In other cases, no shoe answers so well as a strong bar shoe.

Sect. 247.
e.—Corns—Huehneraugen, Leichdornen.—Ger.

These are troublesome aliments, to which horses are very liable,
and which injure and ruin thousands; they are wholly accidental; no
horse having any peculiartendency to them, but being always brought

196 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

on them by some improper pressure, usually of the shoe, or from
something getting between the shoe and the horny heel. A shoe too
long worn is a very common cause, and a still more frequent one is
the clubbing the heels of the shoe; neither is it necessary to the pro-
duction of corns that the shoe itself should press on the sole; but
they are equally produced when the outer horn of the heels or of the
bars, is the immediate offending part, rendered so by too luxuriant
growth, by unequal wear, or by secondary pressure from the shoe,
or by gravel working in. It is the fleshy sole itself that is bruised,
from which a speck of extravasated blood follows, and if not imme-
diately relieved, it gathers, or the part becomes habitually defective,
and instead of forming ‘healthy horn, it always afterwards forms a
spongy substance of extreme sensibility, and thus always is liable to
produce pain and lameness when exposed to pressure.

The treatment of corns is seldom difficult or unsuccessful at their
first appearance, but afterwards it canbe only palliative. Blaine di-
rects that by means of a fine drawing knife every portion of diseased
horn should be pared away, and the extravasation underneath like-
wise. Having done this, he advises to introduce some butter of an-
timony into the opening, to place over this some tow, which should be
kept in its place by means of a splint. If any contraction of the
heels be present, it will materially assist the cure to lower them, and
to thin the hoof a little around the quarters, and afterwards to put on
a shoe without heels opposed to the corn, or a shoe chambered oppo-
site the weak part: or a bar shoe may be applied so framed as com-

pletely to leave the heel untouched. Introduce the butter of antimony |

once or twice more, with the interval of two days between, and then
turn the horse out to grass; in about six weeks time the foot will be
sound. ‘The treatment of corns, when of long standing, does not
materially differ: for although they are never wholly eradicated,
they may be rendered but little troublesome. ‘The diseased part
must be carefully pared out at each shoeing, and such a shoe put on
as will completely free the heel from pressure.

Sect. 248.
d.— Thrush—Mundfeule.—-Ger.

Running thrush is always a dangerous disease, and few errors in
horse management are more glaring than the common one of suppos-

ing they are necessary to carry off humors. If less food, more exer-

cise, cool stables, and dry stancings, were substituted to correct the
fullness, instead of thrushes, which invariably contract the feet when-
ever they continue any length of time, it would save many valuable
horses. ‘T'o the cure, begin by cleaning out all the fissures of the
frog from loose ragged horn, and then introduce to the bottom of the
sinuses, by means of a thin piece of wood, some of the thrush paste
smeared on tow, which will enable it to be held within the cleft, es-
pecially if it be guarded by splints of wood passed under the shoe ;
renew the dressing daily; turning out to grass may be practiced to
great advantage for thrushes by this mode of dressing.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 197

No. 146.—Thrush paste.

‘Take prepared calamine, verdigris, of each, one-half ounce; white
vitriol, alum, of each, one-half dram; tar, three ounces; mix—ap-
ply as directed.

_ We here add a cure from Gibson:

To cure the thrush in horse’s ufeet:,

Simmer over the fire, till it turns brown, equal parts of honey,
Vinegar, and verdigris, and apply it with a feather or brush occasion-
ally to the feet. ‘Che horse at the same time should stand hard, and
all soft dung and straw be removed.— Gibson. :

Sect. 249.
e.—Sand cracks—Sandritsen.—Ger.

Sand cracks are fissures in the hoofs, commonly of those before,
and usually towards the inner, but now and then towards the outer
quarter also, from above downwards: from the crack, a little oozing
of blood or moisture is seen; and the sensible parts underneath get-
ting between the edges of horn, being pressed on, lame the horse.
White recommends to fire the fissure crossways, so as to destroy the
connection between the divided and undivided parts of the hoof.

The following for sand cracks has been frequently used with success:

No. 147.—Powder for cracks.

Take prepared calamine, one ounce; fuller’s earth, powdered, pipe
clay, powdered, of each, two ounces; mix, and put within gauze,
and daub the moist surfaces of the sores frequently.

Sect. 250.
f. —Pricks— Vernagelungen.—Ger.

Pricks or punctures of the feet are often very serious evils, either
when received by nails in shoeing, or by cne picked up in the road,
é&c. The danger arises from inflammation, which is always great
from any injury done to the sensible and viscular parts within the foot.
This inflammation quickly proceeds to suppuration; and the matter
is apt to make its way upwards, unless it find a ready vent below.
When it does not break out at the coronet, it will often penetrate
under the sole, and finally disease the bones, ligaments, or cartilages,
and produce quittor.

It is very seldom that a horse is pricked in shoeing, but that the
smith is aware of it by the peculiarity of the feel on the hammer,
and by the flinching of the animal. At such times were he to imme-
diately draw the nail a litle, enlarge the opening, and introduce some
spirit within the puncture, nothing would occur; but on the contrary,
he sends the horse home to avoid trouble, who, the next, or follow-
ing day, is found lame, with his foot hot: if the nail be not driven too
near the sensible lamina, it will only require to be removed to free

198 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

the horse from his evil; but if it have been driven through, and have
wounded them, then suppuration ensues, and on examining the foot
by the pincers oh the shoe is removed, he will flinch at = pres-
sure on the diseased part.

It is probable, on the removal of the shoe that matter will at once
flow out at the immediate nail hole, if not, the drawing knife will
soon detect the injury. If the heat be great, and instead of matter,
bloody dark ichor flows out, wrap the foot up in a poultice; but if
healthy matter flows out this will not be necessary ; sometimes it is
requisite to detach all the horn that is underrun by the matter. But
when the injury has not proceeded to this extent, apply over the part
a pledget of tow steeped in friar’s balsam; tack on the shoe lightly,
and retain the dressing by means of splints, which are thin pieces of
wood passed under the shoe: repeat the dressing daily, and avoid
moisture, which would encourage quittor.

A nail picked up on the road, and which passes through the sole
below or through the frog, is to be treated in the same manner, and
also when the matter breaks out at the coronet; but when a nail is
picked up and penetrates the coffin joint,-which is known by the
synovia or joint oil appearing, such opening should be immediately
stopped by paring towards the wounded joint, and then applying a
heated budding-iron, not to the capsular ligament itself, but to the
skin immediately near it; if this be inconvenient, put a pledget dip-
ped in a little butter of antimony, just within the opening, but do not
press it into the cavity of the joint: if this be insufficient to stop the
flew, but more particularly if the original wound be penetrated to the
bone, it is probable that the bone itself will become in some measure
diseased, which is known by the rough grating felt at the point of the
probe when passed. In this case, enlarge the opening so as to be
able to scrape the diseased bone away. Bruises of the sole, from
whatever cause, will all fall under some of these points of view, ac-
cording as the case may be.

Sect. 251.
g¢.— Quittor and canker—Kronengeschwulst und Kanker.—Ger.

Quittor and. canker are the consequences of these injuries, when
neglected, or originally extensive. In these cases either the bones,
ligaments or cartilages, or all, become diseased ; and a cure can only
be obtained by removing the diseased parts by the knife or by caustic.

Treads, over-reach, aaa wound on the coronet is not uncom-
mon from one foot being placed onthe other; or the hinder foot may
strike it, &c. First wipe away the dirt, and remove any loose edges
that cannot unite; avoid washing, unless stones and dirt are suspect-
ed to be within, and bind up, having first placed over the wound a
pledget of lint or tow moistened with balsamic tincture, or tincture
of myrrh, or of aloes, &c. Over-reaching or over-stepping, is often
an injury done to the fetlock joint before, by the hinder foot, or to the
back sinew higher up. Sometimes it is simply a violent bruise, at

THE .FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 19g

others the laceration is extensive, in which case treat as a tread; and
when no laceration has taken place, treat as a bruise or strain.

If lacerated, apply some of the horse ointment. It is an extraor-
dinary ointment for wounds or bruises; scalds, or burns of every
description, are soon healed by applying this ointment. No family
should be without it.

No. 148.— Horse cintment.

Into a clean pipkin, that holds about a quart, put the bigness of a
pullet’s ege, of yellow rosin; when it is melted over a middling fire,
add the same quantity of bees wax; when that is melted, put in half
a pound of hog’s lard; when it is dissolved, put in two ounces of
honey ; when that is dissolved, put in half a pound of common tur- -
pentine—keep it gently boiling, and stirring with a stick all the time ;
when the turpentine is dissolved, put in two ounces of verdigris,
finely powdered, but before you put in the verdigris, you must take
off the pipkin, (else it will rise into the fire in a moment,) set it on
again, and give it two or three stirrings, then strain it through a coarse
sieve into a clean vessel for use; throw away the dregs.

7 Sect. 252.

h.—Narrow heels,

Is a disease that often produces lameness without the master of the
horse knowing from what cause it proceeds; often examining his
legs, cleaning his hoofs, paring the frogs of his feet, d&c. &c. without
paying any respect to the shape of the horse’s heels, which are
always close together and unnaturally shaped.

A horse with narrow heels is unfit to travel, as he is tender footed,
and goes cramped, short, and is always subject to lameness, more or
less.

Narrow heels is the effect of shoes being permitted to remain on a
horse that is not used, for three or four months, which cause the heels
to grow together, pinching and confining the coronet.

The cure is simple, though tedious. Have his shoes taken off and
his feet cut down as small as possible, without injuring the quick;
then turn him out upon a marsh or low ground, where his hoofs may
be constantly moist for three or four months, and his heels will ex-
pand, his hoofs again assume their natural shape, and the horse will
be fit for any kind of service.

Sect. 253.
G.—DIskASES OF THE SKIN.

The skin, though apparently a simple membrane, is in reality lam-
inated, consisting of several subdivisions, namely: of three layers
or parts. ‘The outer or external. lamina is the cwficle or scarf-skin.
This part is thin, as is proved by the action of a blister when the
cuticle is raised from the true skin beneath, in the form of almost
pellucid bladders.

200 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

The second lamina, immediately beneath the cuticle, is a thin, soft
substance, on which the color of a horse depends, called rete muco-
sum, from its web-like structure, and its soft mucous consistence.—
Next to this, is the true skin, very different in different breeds; thin
and highly sensible in the blood horse; thick, and fortunately for the
animal, endowed with far less sensibility, in the common cart horse.

The skin, the ornamental pelisse of the horse, serves besides
beauty, a double purpose of protectzon and strength. Where it is
necessary that the parts should be firmly bound and knit together, it
adheres so tightly that we can scarcely raise it. Of its strength we
have abundant proof, in both the living and dead animal. Its fibres
are so complicated and interlaced, that it requires great violence to
lacerate it. ‘'o the knife itself,.it offers considerable resistance; and
so well known is its tenacity, that the dead horse is stripped, and his
tri-laminated coat converted by astringents and oleants, into leather.

The skin itself, is also lable to disease. For no sooner is the
general system deranged, and especially the digestive system, and the
vessels concerned in the proper nourishment of the animal, the skin
sympathizes, and feels the effects of derangement, and is diseased.
These diseases have various names, such as mange, hidebound, &c.

Sect. 254.
a.—Mange—Reude.—Ger.

The mange in horses, is a disease of the skin, which is generally
rough, thick, and full of wrinkles, especially about the mane, tail, and
thighs, and the little hair that remains on these parts stands up very
much like bristles.

The ears and eye-brows are sometimes attacked, and in a short
time are left quite naked. ‘The mange is an infectious disease—
indeed so much so, that if a horse is carried into a stable where one
that is mangy has been in the habit of standing, he will be almost
certain to take the infection, unless the litter has been removed, and
the stable properly cleansed and aired. Proper attention will make
the cure easy.

Remedy.—Take of powdered brimstone and hog’s lard, an equal
quantity; mix them well together and anoint the part affected twice a
day; bleed plentifully, and give two or three mashes, (composed of
bran, sulphur, saltpetre, and sassafras,) within a week, by which time
a cure will be performed.

A clean stable and nice bed of straw will aid much in accom plish-
ing the object in view.

We add the following from tlie Farmer’s Receipt Book:

Take of white precipitate, two ounces; strong mercurial ointment,
two ounces; sulphur of vivum, one pound; flour of sulphur, half a
pound; rape oil, two quarts; first grind the white precipitate in a
little oil; afterwards add the remainder, taking care that they are well
mixed.

This liniment must be well rubbed in, with a hard brush, in pike
open air, provided the day be fine, and the weather warm. If the

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 201

horse draw in a team, the inside of the collar must be washed, or
the inside of the saddle, if a saddle horse, for the disease is highly
contagious.

Sect. 255.
b.— Aidebound—Rehe.—Ger.

A horse is said to be hidebound when his skin will not slip under
the pressure of the hand, but sticks as fast to the ribs as if it was
glued.

Horses are sometimes hidebound in consequence of feeling the
effects of some violent disease, and it is often a bad symptom; but
generally, this tightness of the skin proceeds from poverty, cruel
usage, and sometimes from worms.

The first thing necessary for performing a cure is, to offer better
treatment to the animal, giving him plenty of light food, such as
bran, oats, &c. and a clean stable, with fresh litter. Then take from
the neck vein half a gallon of blood; at night give a mash composed
of one gallon of bran, scalded with sassafras tea; one table spoonful
flour of sulphur or powdered brimstone, and one tea spoonful of salt-
petre; not permitting him to drink for six hours afterwards.

On the second day, at twelve o’clock, take of copperas, two table
spoonfuls ; of warin sassafras-tea, one quart; saltpetre, one tea spoon-
fal; mix and give them as adrench. Have the horse well rubbed,
and in a few days he wil! be entirely relieved.

We here add an extract from a work, entitled Maison Rustique:

The author advises that the next day after bleeding the horse, a
fomentation be made of emollient and aromatic strengthening plants,
boiled in lees of wine, or beer, and that the whole body of the horse
be rubbed with these plants, whilst they are warm, till it is thoroughly
wet; and that the loins, belly, and neck, as well as the rest of the
body, be anointed with a mixture of one part honey, and three parts
of ointment of elder, rubbing it strongly in with the hand, that it may
penetrate the skin. This done, the horse should be covered with a
cloth dipped in the warm fomentation, and doubled, and another
covering should be put over this, tying it on with one or two surcin-
gles. ‘The horse should remain in this condition twenty-four hours,
and then be fomented, rubbed, &c., twice as before. ‘These fomenta-
tions being finished, a warm covering must be continued, lest the
horse catch cold; and he should then have an opening clyster, and
the next morning a purging medicine; continuing to wash his head
and neck, and also to rinse his mouth with the decoction.

For food, put into a pail or two of water, about half a bushel of
barley meal carefully ground; stir it well about, and let it settle.-—
When the heaviest parts-have subsided, pour the thin part off for the
horse to drink, and give him what remained at the bottom, at three
different times in the day, mixing with it a due quantity of crude an-
timony. The horse must have rest for some time, and be fed with
the best hay or grass, according to the season of the year, In spring,

14

Zz THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER:

there is nothing. better than new

grass. Enabout three weeks, he will:
begin. to mend.remarkably... ,

Sect. 256;
e.—Surfeit—Ueberfuetterung.—Ger-

The surfeit is a common disease among horses that have been:
eruelly or injudiciously treated. Sudden changes from. heat to eold,.
plunging deep into cold water and drinking plentifully after being:
excessively hard rode, unsound food, being turned from a warm and:
comfortable stable out into the cold air, night dews, dc. &c.. often:
produce surfeit. ts Ses bea

Symptoms.—The surfeit first makes its appearance with many
fine and small lumps under the skin, a partial falling off of the hair,
and: a:constent itching: at length a great number of seabs are formed,.
and some small ulcers, and unless some remedy is employed, the
whole coat of hair falls off and the horse becomes covered with
scabs: the hair in the mane’ and tail will be nearly rubbed. off, and:
the little remaining will stand erect.. .

Remedy.—Take from the neck vein on the first and fourth days of
the week, half a gallon of blood; give a mash of one gallon of bran,
one table spoonful of sulphur, one tea spoonful of saltpetre, and a:
quart of hot sassafras tea, well mixed together, three times within a
week, not permitting him to drink for six hours whenever a mash is:
taken..

Give three drenches within the week, composed of one quart of
sassafras tea, and one tea spoonful of saltpetre, each. Change the
horse’s litter frequently; keep his stable clean, and-do not permit him
to get wet. i ae ; Giri .
-"Pake of hog’s lard and sulphur, equal parts, mix them and anoint
the horse where the surfeit appears worse, once a day; and by the
expiration of a week, if the horse is not entirely well, he will be
much benefitted, and nothing more will be necessary, except giving
him food that is ight and easily digested, and. observe towards him
kind treatment..

Sect. 257.
d.—_ Warts——Wartzen.—Ger..

These are tumors of variable size, arising first from the cuticle, and
afterwards connected with the true skin,, by means of the vessels
which supply the growth of the tumors. They are found sometimes
on the eyelids, on various parts of the skin, and on the prepuce.—
They must be removed by an operation. UH the root be very small,
it may be snipped asunder with a pair of scissors, close to the skin,
and the root touched with the lunar caustic. If the pedicle or stem
be somewhat larger, a ligature of waxed silk may be passed. firmly
round it, and tightened every day. The source of nutriment being
thus cut off, the tumor will, in a few days, die and drop off. If they
axe large, or in considerable clusters, it will be necessary to cast the

Hh FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 203

horse, to cut them off close to the skin, and sear the root with a red-
‘hotiron. Unless these precautions are used, the warts will speedily
sprout again. ;
One of our German authors recommends to cut off the warts, and
apply arsenic; afterwards the following composition:
Take honey, two spoonfuls ;. olive oil, three ounces; verdigris, and
‘common gunpowder, two ounces of each; and triturate the whole
until it forms a consistent ointment; apply; repeat till healed.—Sxre
Apvprenpix—.4rticle, Warts.

er Sect. 258. |
e.—Moulting, shedding of hair—Abwerfung des Haars.—Ger.

‘Twice in the year the hair of the body of the horse is changed.
‘That of the mane and tail remains. ‘The bulbous root of the hair
does not die, but the pulpy matter seems to be removed from it, which,
thus deprived of its nourishment, perishes and drops off, and a new
hair springs at its side from the same bulb. As this is a process ex-
tending over the whole of the skin, and requiring a very considerable
expenditure of vital power, the health of the animal is generally
affected at these times. [hat energy and vital influence, which
should support the whole of the frame, is to a great degree determin-
ed to the skin, and the animal is-languid, and unequal to much hard
work. He perspires greatly with the least unusual exertion, andif he
is pressed beyond his strength becomes seriously ill. .

The treatment which the groom in this case adopts is most absurd
and dangerous. The horse from the deranged distribution of vital
power, is disposed to fever, or he labors under a slight degree of
fever, sufficiently indicated by the increased quickness of pulse, red-
ness of nose, and heat of mouth. ‘The lassitude and want of appetite
which are the accompanimenis of this febrile state, are mistaken for
debility; and cordials of various kinds, some of them exceedingly
stimulating, are unsparingly administered. Common sense would
require, that in this deranged distribution of power, excitants should
be scrupulously avoided ; not only no cordials should be given, but the
usual quantity of food should be diminished—bran mashes should be
given—a little fever or alterative medicine should be administered,
such as that which we have just described, and the horse should bea
little more warmly clothed, and sudden or too great exposure to cold
should be guarded against. There is no doubt that spices hasten the
process of moulting. The old hair is evidently more speedily thrown
off, and the new produced, but this at the expense of greater derange+
ment of the constitution—greater fever—and no little danger, if,
during this process of moulting, and while nature is thus unnaturally
forced on, disease of a febrile character should attack the animal.—
Friction may be allowed, to assist the falling off of the old hair, and
to loosen the cuticle for the appearance of the new hair, but it should
be gentle. The currycomb should by no means be used—even the
brush should not be applied too hard or too long. The old hair must
not be forced off before the young hair is ready to take its place.—

204 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

The exercise should be moderate—the clothing rather warmer than
usual, and the water chilled. Nature adapts the coat to the elimate
and to the season. ‘The Sheltie has one as long and as thick as that:
of a bear; and as the summer is short and cold too in those northern
islands, the coat is rough and shaggy during the whole of the year.
In the deserts of Arabia, where. the winter is rarely cold, the coat
remains short and glossy throughout the year. In our climate, the
short covering of summer is succeeded in autumn by one of consider- .
‘ably greater length and thickness; and that in its turn, yields in the
spring to the lighter clothing which summer requires. As a thin and
glossy coat adds to the beauty of the horse, and is identified, to a
great degree improperly, with his condition, an artificial system has
been adopted, by which the coat shall remain of nearly the same
length, and that a short one, during the year. Nature changes it with
the change of season; man prevents a change of season in the stable.
It is always summer there—always sufficiently hot to make a long
coat useless, and therefore nature, who accommodates herself to cir-
cumstances, does not give it. The exposure to cold during the few
hours of exercise may roughen the coat for a little while, but the
hot clothing and the hot air of more than twenty hours out of the
twenty-four, give the character to the covering which nature bestows
on such an animal. ‘This system is not now carried to the injurious
extent that it used to be, but it yet partakes too much of absurdity
and danger. ‘The inflammatory complaints to which these hot-house
animals are subject, and the average shortness of their lives, are suf-
ficient proofs of the error of the practice.

The farmer has, or should have, little to do with this artificial man-
agement of the coat, and he may be assured that his hackney will,
with his winter hair upon him, be to all intents and purposes in as full
condition, and as strong and as stout, as the glossiest coated horse, if
he has been sufficiently and properly fed.

Sect. 259.
H.—Miscuunaneovs,
a—-Crib biting.

Crib biting is one amongst the number of bad habits to which some
horses are addicted. It consists in his catching hold of the manger,
grunting and sucking in wind, until he is almost ready to burst. To
discover this vice, it is only necessary to have a horse fed ; whenever
they eat, at least one-half of his victuals is wasted, by their catching
hold of the manger, grunting, straining, and swallowing large quanti-
ties of wind every two or three mouthfuls, which produces the colic
and other distressing diseases.

Whenever this very bad habit is acquired, it is practiced as long as
the animal lives. Many experiments and fruitless attempts have
been made to remedy it, but without success. An elegant horse,
when once he becomes a crib biter, is reduced in value to little or

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 205

nothing. He always looks hollow, jaded, and delicate, and is incapa-
ble of rendering service in any situation.

Dr. White recommends to cure crib biting, to take a leathern strap,
buckle it tight round the neck, immediately beneath the jaw. This,
he adds, is however, seldom effectual. A better method is to cover
the edge of the manger, and every other part he can lay hold of, with
sheep skins, the wool side out, until the habit is destroyed.

b.—Loss of appetite.

Horses lose their appetites from various causes, viz :—Exxcessive
fatigue, want of a change in food, dirty fodder, mouldy corn, or a dirty
manger, &c. &c., but most frequently by the approach of some dis-

ease. So soon as you discover a horse has lost his appetite, observe
the following treatment, viz :
_ Take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood; take of asafetida,
a quarter of an ounce; salt, one table spoonful; sassafras tea, one
quart; mix and give them as a drench.
__ On the second day, take of glauber salis, one pound ; warm water,
one quart; after dissolving the salts, give it as a drench, and in two -
or three days, the appetite will be restored, unless the animal is
laboring under some disease, which ase be ascertained by the symp-
toms.

c.— Colds.

Nothing is more common than colds among horses, of all ages.—
They are frequently produced by a want of good rubbing after violent
exercise, which strikes a chilliness and’ dampness over the whole
body ; being changed from_a warm and comfortable stable to one cold
and open; standing out late in dew at night, plunging deep in cold
water while heated in a profuse perspiration; all of which have a
tendency to check the perspirable matter and contract the pores of the
skin.

Colds sometimes produce a slight running at the nose; the remedy
is simple and almost certain—bleed plentifully.

d.—Shoeing horses in winter.

/

In Canada, where the winter is never of a less duration than five
months, they shoe their horses in the following manner, which serves
for the whole winter :—The smith fixes a small piece of steel on the
forepart of each shoe, not tempered too hard, which turns up about a
quarter of an inch, in the shape of a horse’s lancet; the same to the
hinder part of the shoe, turned up a little higher than the forepart,
tempered in the same manner. In going up a hill, the forepart gives
a purchase that assists the horse, and in going down prevents. him
sliding forward.

206 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIERs

e.—To prevent the feet of horses from balling with snow...

Tf the frog in the hoof ef horses and the fetlock be cleaned, and
well rubbed with soft soap, previously to their going out in snowy
weather, it will effectually prevent their falling, from what is termed
balling the snow. A number of accidents might be palit! by this
simple precaution.

f.— Blaze or star.

When we have a pair of horses that mateh well in every respect,
except that one has a blaze or star in the face, it beeomes very inter-
esting and important to know how to make their faces mateh, and te
give them blazes or stars precisely alike. ‘This may be done in the
paste manner :

. Take a razor and shave off the hair the form and size you wish
Re blaze or star to be made: then take a small quantity of oil of
vitriol, and with a feather anoint the part onee, which will be quite
sufficient. After the application of the vitriol, the part will become
a little sore and inflamed; which may be readily removed and healed
up, by washing the sore with eopperas water. Great care should be
used to prevent the vitriol from getting on clothes, as it will entirely
destroy them.

2. Take a piece of oznaburgs the size you want the blaze or star:
spread it with warm pitch and apply it to the horse’s face: let it re-
main two or three days, by which time it will bring off the hair clean,
and make the part a little tender; then take of elixir vitriol a smalk
quantity ; then anoint the part two or three times; or, of a very com-
mon weed called asmart, a small handful; bruise it and add to it about
a gill of water; use it as a wash until the face gets well, when the hair
will grow out entirely white.

g.— Salivation in horses.

It is said that if parsley seeds are sown with clover seeds, the hay
or grass produced by the mixture will cure slavers or salivation in
horses, a troublesome complaint in which water runs profusely from
the mouths of the animals.

h.—Astringent embrocation for strains tn different parts.

‘Take of camphor, two drams, dissolved in half an ounce of strong
rectified spirit of wine; nitre, one ounce, dissolved in half a pint
of wine vinegar; spirits of turpentine, four ounces; white lead, or bole
armeniac, in powder, half an ounce; aqua fortis, one ounce; mix,,
and shake them all together in a bottle for use.

é i.—Zo0 spot a white horse with black spots.

‘Take litharage, three ounces; quick lime, six ounces; beat it fine
and mix it together ; put it into a pan and pour asharp lye over it; then
boil it, and you will have a fat substance swim on top, with which

@HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARKIER. 20%

‘anoint the horse in such places as you design to mee black, and it
will turn to the color immediately.

It has the same effect in changing hair that is red into‘a black ‘color, _
with only this difference, viz:—Take an equal quantity of lime and
litharage, and instead of boiling it with lye, boil it only with fresh
water; what swims at top, is fit for use and will answer your expect-
ation: what hairs yeu anoint with it in the evening, will be black
the next morning.

k.— Driving horses.

Ii may be generally remarked, that men who drive fast have swift
horses ; not that they drive fast because they have swift horses, but
because fast driving makes horses swift. .A horse may commonly be
trained to a dull and heavy, or to an airy and fleet gait. Nature une
questionably does much; but education does far more towards pro-
ducing the great difference in the speed of horses, than most men are
willing to allow. Horses are more frequently injured by driving them
beyond their habitual pace, than beyond their native power. The
best direction for the education of horses is, “drive fast and stop
‘ofien.” —

1—To nadie the much celebrated Strasburgian horse powder.

Take the root of goat’s beard, masterwort, of each, three ounces}
gentian, adder’s wort, carline-thistle, danewort, hazelwort, savin, lau-
rel berries, of each, two ounces; sulphur of brimstone, six ounces ;
finely pulverized and mixed. Give the horse, once or twice a week,
aspoonful. It is a general prevention of all infectious diseases, cre-
ates and preserves appetite, and will contribute much to keep a horse
in good condition. This receipt has been sold for five dollars in some
parts of the United States.

m.—Paste to stop bleeding.

Take of fresh nettles, one handful, bruise them in a mortar; add
blue vitriol, in powder, four ounces ; wheaten flour, two ounces 5
- ‘wine vinegar, one-half ounce; oil of vitriol, one-half ounce. Beat
them all together into a paste.

Let the wound be filled up with paste, and a proper pledget of tow
laid over the mouth, in order to prevent it from falling out, and then
bandage it on with a strong roller. This dressing must remain in the
wound ten or twelve hours. |
| “ Sect. 260. :

On the healthy and diseased state or condition of the horse.
[From Loudon’s Agricultural. Encyclopedia.]

Condition of horses.—Being in condition, in stable language, sig-
nifies not only perfect health internally, but such an appearance ex-
ternally, as the philosopher would call unnatural, or at least artificial ;

208 THE. FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

while the amateur considers it as an essential. requisite to the other
qualities of the horse. This external condition is denoted by a sleek,
short, shining coat, with a degree of flesh neither bordering on fat-
ness nor emaciation. Even in this sense of the term, condition must
be varied according to the uses of the animal... In the cart horse,
provided there be a.sleekness of coat, looseness. of hide, sound wind,
freedom from grease or swelled legs, with good digestion; a fulness
and rotundity of bulk, instead of detracting from his beauty or_impe-
ding. his exertions, will add to the one and assist the other. In the
coach horse, the hackney, the hunter, and the racer, a different con~
dition is expected, varying in different degrees from that of the cart
horse. In both cart horse and racer, it is equally necessary that the
various internal organs should be in a state to act uninterruptedly for
the benefit of the whole; but in addition to this, it is necessary to the
racer, that the greatest possible quantity of animal fibres should be
condensed into the smaliest possible bulk, and that the absorption of
all useless fat and other interstitial matter should be promoted by
every possible means, as essentially necessary to unite lightness of
body with full strength and elasticity. It is in the attempts to pro-
duce such a state in its full perfection, that all the secrets of training
consists: but whether a total departure from natural rules, by unna-
tural heat, deprivation of light, stimulating food, restramt from water,
and excessive clothing, are best calculated to promote it, admits of
much doubt; and it is to be observed that the dawn of reason and
science appears to be shining through the crevices of these darkened
casements; for even at Newmarket, the system has lately much re-
laxed from its artificial rigor.

Sect..261.

To bring a horse into condition, not only should the purposes he
is intended for be taken into account, but also his previous state. If
he be taken up from grass with much flesh on him, it is evident that
what is required is to remove the soft interstitial matter it may be
supposed he has gained by green food, and toreplace it by hard flesh;
and also to produce a sleekness of coat and beauty of appearance.
‘To accomplish these ends, the horse should be accustomed to clothing,
and the full heat of the stable, by degrees only; and also by degrees
only to the meditated change of food; which is best done by mashes.
In two or three days a mild dose of physic may be given, during all
which moderate exercise only should be allowed, as walking, but
which may be continued two hours at atime. After the physic has
set, begin to dress his coat, increase his exercise and his food, and
accustom him to an increase of warmth. In four or five days time,
agaia mash him for two days, and give him a second dose of physic,
a little stronger than the first. After this still further increase his
warmth, his exercise, and his food, by which his belly will be taken
up, his flesh will harden and his coat begin to fall. A third dose of
physic or urine balls, &c., are only necessary in the training of hunt-
ers, &c., and even in these, a gradual increase of exercise, rather

/

THE: FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 209

long continued than violent, with proper food, will effect the end, if
not so quickly, more beneficially to the animal.

To bring a lean horse into condition, a somewhat different plan
should be pursued. If from grass, still mash him for a day or two,
by no means stint him in his water, and with his mash let oats be
alsosoaked. If oats be speared or malted, it will produce flesh sooner.
But even here, give the horse moderate walking exercise, and if he
be not too much reduced, add a mild dose of physic to prevent his
heels flying, or his getting hidebound by the increased food; but if
great emaciation forbid the physic, give him nightly an alterative:

Take antimony, two drams; cremor tartar, flour of sulphur, each,
one-half ounce; mix.

As his appearance improves, aiddually harden his food and increase
his exercise.—See p. 38, 39.

Sect. 262.

Diseased condition of horses.—What has been already said re-
lates to that alteration from one state to another, neither being an un-
healthy one, which custom has rendered necessary: thus a man in
training for running or fighting, and a man out of training, are both
considered equally healthy. But there are circumstances that pro-
duce a morbid state of condition different from all these. Itis common
to hear persons say ‘‘my horseis sadly out of condition, and I cannot
tell either what is the matter with him, or how to get him into better
ease.’ Various are the causes that may produce this: a sudden
alteration of the food, or temperature, or of habits altogether, may
become a cause. Removing a horse from grass to a heated stable,
full feeding, and hard exercise, will often do it: therefore these changes
should always be gradual. Bad food, as mow-burnt hay, musty oats,
beans, &c., likewise mineral waters, foul air, &c., are frequent causes.
Diabetes, or profuse staling, is often brought on by these means, and
the condition of the horse becomes greatly reduced. It is requisite,
therefore, to enquire whether any of these errors are in existence,
and to immediately remove them; but it often happens that the sto-
mach has become relaxed and the hide become bound; neither of
which readily remove, even though the original evil may be amended.
When the relaxed stomach has produced lampas, treat the mouth as
described under that disease,* but the stomach itself must be princi-
pally attended to. First mash and give a dose of physic; after it
has set, commence the treatment, if the horse be of a full habit, by
moderate bleeding and a nightly alterative.—See formula, Sect. 261.
But if he be not in full, but in low flesh, commence by a daily tonic:
Take Winter’s bark, in powder, three drams ; green vitriol, powdered,
one and a-half drams; gentian, powgered, three drams; make into a
ball of honey, and give every morning ; which will gradually remove
the swelling within the mouth, and loosen the hide.

A sudden cold applied to the skin: often brings on a want of con

* See Index—Lampas.

210 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. |

dition with surfeit. In which case, bleeding, with nightly alterative,
Sect. 261, with or without an assistant dose of physic, as the habits
of the horse may require, constitute the proper treatment. Worms
form another cause of morbid condition which are to be removed as
described under the head of Worms—See Index.

Excessive fatigue is also productive of a bad state of eondition;
which often proves very obstinate. ‘Turning out to very good grass
is the quickest cure, and when that. is impracticable, soiling in the
stable, or feeding with carrots, parsneps, beet root, &e., will be eg
restoratives; as medicines give tonics daily.

It will be only necessary to add, that in considering the state of 2 a
horse’s condition, the effect is apt to be mistaken for the cause, and
the symptoms for the disease. Hidebound and lampas are not in
themselves any thing more than effects, or symptoms; the former
being commonly, and the latter always, dependent on a deranged state
of the stomach; both are therefore to be treated accordingly.— Loudon.

CHAPTER XIII.
VETERINARY OPERATIONS.

Sect. 262.

This chapter we have copied from Loudon’s Agricultural Ency-
clopedia, Book VII., Sect. VI., p. 989—consecutive sections, 6530 to
6547—and we also incorporated an extract from Mason, on Wicking.

The general practices to be here enumerated are chiefly the treat-
ment of wounds, the application of fomentations, setons, blisters,
elysters, and physicing, and the operation of castrating, | nicking,
bleeding, &c.

2»

Sect. 263.
Treatment of wounds.

A wound must be treated in some measure according to the part of
the horse’s body in which it happens: but there are some principles
to be observed alike in all horse surgery. There are likewise a few,
which, as they differ from the principles of human surgery, should
be first noticed, and which should guide the practice of those who
might be misled by analogy. The wounds of horses, however care-
fully brought together and confined in their situation, as well as shut
out from the stimulus of the external air, are seldom disposed to unite
at once, or as it is called in surgical language, by the first intention.
It is always, therefore, necessary to expect the suppurative process ;
but as the adhesive inflammation does now and then occur, we should
never wash with water or other liquids a mere laceration, if no for-
eign matter, as dirt, &c., be suspected to be lodged within it, still
less should we stuff it with candle or tents of any kind. On the

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 211

contrary, it should be carefully and smoothly brought together, and
simply bound up in its own blood; and if it do not wholly unite at
once, and by the first intention, perhaps some portion of it may ; and
at all events, its future progress will be more natural, and the disfigu-
ration less than when stuffed with tents, tow, &c., or irritated with
heating oils or spirits. When an extensively lacerated wound takes
place, it is common, and it is often necessary to insert sutures, or
stitches, into the lips of the wound: and here we have to notice ano-
ther considerable variation from the principles of human inflammation,
which is, that these stitches in the horse, ox, and dog, soon ulcerate
out, seldom remaining longer than the third or fourth day at farthest.
It therefore is the more necessary to be careful, that by perfect rest,
and the appropriation of good bandages, we secure the wound from
distortion. In this we may be assisted by strips of sticking plaster,
made with diachylon and pitch; but these strips should be guarded
from touching the wound itself by means of lint or tow first put over
it. When in addition to laceration in a wound, there is a destruction
of substance, then the caution of washing will not apply, as it will
be necessary to bathe with some warming spirit, as, tincture of myrrh,
tincture of aloes, or friar’s balsam, to assist in restoring the life of the
part, and in preventing mortification.

Bleeding must be stopped by pressure and astringents, as powdered
alum; when it is very considerable the vessel from whence the blood
comes must be taken up. When great inflammation follows wounds
or bruises, counteract it by bleeding, a cooling temperature, opening
medicines, and continual fomentations to the part itself.

Cure for wounds—King of Ouls.

This invaluable remedy for wounds in cattle or horses, particularly
the latter, has lately been brought before the public by Silas Gaylord,
of Skeneatles, and we have known some very surprising cures per-
formed by it, in the case of severe wounds in horses.’

The following are the directions given for preparing the medicine :

Take one ounce of green copperas; two ounces of white vitriol ;
two ounces of common salt; two ounces of linseed oil; eight ounces
of West India molasses; boil over a slow fire fifteen minutes, in a
pint of urine; when almost cold, add one ounce of oil of vitriol and
four ounces of spirits of turpentine. Apply it to the wound with a
quill or feather, and the cure will be speedily effected.—.Albany Cul-
tivator.—Srz Aprenpix—-/rticle, Wounds. :

28 Sect. 264.
Balls and drinks.

Mode of giving a ball.—Back the horse in his stall, and being
elevated on a stool, (not a bucket turned upside down,) gently draw
the tongue out of the mouth, so as to prevent its rising to resist the
passage of the hand: the tongue should however, not be laid hold. of
alone, but it should be held firmly by the fingers of the left hand

212 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

against the jaw. The ball previously oiled should be taken into the
right hand, which should be squeezed into as narrow a shape as pos-
sible, must be passed up close to the roof of the mouth, and the ball
placed on the root of the tongue, when both hands being withdrawn,
it will readily pass down. ‘This mode is much preferable, when: a
person is at all handy, to using a balling iron.

Mode of giving a drink.—Exactly the same process is sisal
except that a horn holding the liquid matter is forced up the mouth;
the passage being raised beyond the level line, the liquid is poured
out from the larger end of the horn, and when the tongue is loosened,
it is swallowed. Clark, however, ingeniously proposes to substitute
the smaller end of the horn, the larger being closed, by which, he
says the horn can be forced up the mouth between the teeth, ‘and
poured farther back, so as to ensure its not returning.

Sect. 265.

Fomentations and poultices. —

Fomentations are very commonly recommended of various herbs,
as rue, camomile, St. John’s wort, wormwood, bay leaves, &c., but
the principal virtue is to be found in warmth and moisture, which
unload the vessels; but this warmth ought not to be too considerable,
except when the inflammation is within, as in inflamed bowels. Here
we foment to stimulate the skin, and cannot foment too hot; but when
we do it at once to an inflamed part, it ought not to be more than of
blood heat; and it should be continued long, and when removed, the
part should be dried or covered, or cold may be taken, and the inflam-
mation increased instead of diminished. Anodyne fomentations are
made of poppy heads and of tobacco, and are frequently of great use.

The method of applying fomentations is conveniently done by
means of two large woolen cloths wrung out of the heated liquors ;
as one is cooling the other should be ready to be applied. |

Poultices act in the same way as fomentations, in allaying irritation
and inflammation; but are in other respects more convenient, because
they act continually. Itis an error to suppose that poultices, to be
beneficial, should be very hot; however hot they may be applied,
they soon become of the temperature of the surrounding parts.—
When poultices are applied to the extremities, a stocking, as has
been before stated, is a convenient method of. application. When it
is drawn over the leg and bound around the lower part of the hoof,
or of the pastern, or otherwise, the matter of the poultice may be put
within, and it may then be kept i in its situation, if high up on the ex-
tremity, by means of tape fastened to one part of it, and passed over
the withers, or back to the other side, and again fastened to the stock-
ing. In this way, also, loose bandages may be retained from slipping.
Cold poultices are often useful in the inflammations arising from
strains, &c. In these cases, bran and goulard water form a conve-
nient medium; but when the poultice is necessarily hot, a little linseed
meal added to the bran, will render it adhesive, and give it consistence.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. Fis

It is a very necessary caution in this, as in every instance where ban-
dages are wanted around the extremities, to have them broad, and
only so tight as to secure the matters contained, as in a poultice, or as
in common bandaging. - It is often. supposed that as ‘strong as a
horse,” denotes that nothing can be too strong for him, nor any
means too violent to hurt him. The horse, on the contrary, is one
of the most tender animals. alive: and a string tied very tight round
the leg would occasion first, a falling off of the hoof; next, a morti-
fication of the rest of the limb, and lastly, the death of the animal;
and all this, as certainly as though he were shot with a bullet through
the head. , ;

Sect. 266.
Setons and rowels.

Setons are often useful in keeping up a drain to draw what are
termed humors from parts; or by their irritations on one part, they
lessen the inflammation in another part not very remote, as when ap-
plied to the cheek for ophthalmia or inflamed eyes. ‘They also, in
the same way, lesson old swellings by exciting absorption. Another
useful action they have, is to make a dependent or convenient orifice
for the escape of lodged matter: thus a seton passed from the upper
part of the opening of poll-evil, through the upper part of the inte-
guments of the neck, as low as the sinuses run, will often effect a
eure without further application. ‘The same, with fistulous withers,
which sometimes run under the shoulder blade, and appear at the arm
point; in which case a blunt seton negdle, of sufficient length to be
passed down to that point, and to be then cut down upon, will form
the only efficient mode of treatment. Setons may be passed in do-
mestic farriery, with a common packing needle and a skein of thread,
or piece of tape: but in professional farriery, they are made by a
proper needle armed with tape or lamp cotton, or skeins of thread or
silk, smeared over with digestive ointment. When the seton needle
is removed, the ends of the tape should be joined together, or other-
wise knotted, to prevent them from coming out.

Rowels, in their intention, act as setons, and as irritating a larger
surface, so when a general drain is required they act better; as in
case of grease, &c., but when their action is confined to a part only,
setons are more convenient. Any person may apply a rowel by
making an incision in the loose skin about an inch separating with
the finger its adherence around, and then inserting in the opening, a
piece of round leather, with a hole in the middle, smeared with a
blistering ointment. ‘Then plug the opening with tow, and in three
days, when the suppuration has begun, remove it. The rowel leather
is afterwards to be daily removed and cleaned.

214 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Sect. 267.
Blistering and firing.

Blistering answers the same purposes as setons, and is practiced by
first cutting or shaving the hair from the part, when the blistering
ointment, (See Index, Blistering,) should be well rubbed in for ten
minutes, or a quarter of an hour. Some of the ointment, after the
rubbing, may be smeared over the part. The head of the horse
should now be tied up, to prevent his gnawing or licking. If a neck
cradle be at hand, it may also for safety be put on; in which the head
Inay be let down ‘the third day.

A neck cradle for blistered horses is very convenient fee other
occasions also, when the mouth is to be kept from licking or biting
other parts; or to keep other parts from being rubbed against the
head. It is of very simple construction, and may be made by a
dozen pieces of wood of about an inch and a-half in diameter, as old
broom handles, &c. These, bored at each end, admit a rope to pass
through; and as each is passed on, a knot may be tied to the upper
part of the pieces of the cradle, two inches apart; and those which
form the lower part, four inches; by which means the neck will be
fitted by the cradle when it is put on; and the horse will be pre-
vented from bending his head to lick or gnaw parts to be protected.
' When the lower parts of the legs, particularly the hinder, require
blistering, it is necessary to bear in mind that in gross full horses,
particularly in autumn, grease is very apt to follow blistering; and
almost certainly if the back of the heels below the fetlock be blistered.
First, therefore, smear this part over with lard or suet, and afterwards
avoid touching it with the ointment. After blistering in summer, the
horse is often turned out before the blistered parts are quite sound;
in this case, guard them from flies by some kind of covering, or they
may become fly-blown: and likewise on the fourth or fifth day rub into
the blistered part, some oil or lard, to prevent the skin from cracking.

Sweating or liquid blisters,* are only more gentle stimulants, which
are daily applied to produce the same effects on a diseased part with-
out removing the hair. Of course, less activity is expected; yet as
the action is repeated, they are often more beneficial even than blis-
tering itself; as in old strains and stiffnesses.

Firing, as requiring the assistance of an experienced practitioner, we
shall not describe; it will be prudent only to point out that it is a
more active mode of blistering; and that it acts very powerfully as a
stimulant, not only while its effects last as blisters do, but also after
its escharotic effect is over, by its pressure; and in this way it is that
it operates so favorably in bony exostosis, as splints and spavins;

* Mild Kquid or sweating blister.

r

Take an ounce of the following composition, viz: Spanish flies, powdered, one
and a-half dram; oil of origanum, one and a-half dram; oil of turpentine, four
drams; olive oil, two drams; add thereto, one ounce and a-half of goose grease,
To prepare a good blister, the Spanish flies should be steeped three wae in the
turpentine, and vista off; then mixed,

*

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 215

and in this way it is so useful in old igamentary weaknesses; because
by lessening the dilatability of the skin, it becomes a continual ban-
dage to the part.

Sect. 268.
Clystering and Physicing.

Clystering should always be preceded by back-raking, which con-
sists in oiling one hand and arm, and passing them up the fundament,
and by that means to remove all the dung balls that can be reached.
The large pewter syringe for clystering, is neither a useful or safe
machine. A much better consists in a turned box pipe, to which
may be attached a large pig or ox bladder, by which four or five
quarts of liquid can be administered at one time.* The pipe should
be previously oiled, by which means it passes more easily: the liquor
should then be steadily pressed up; and when the pipe is removed,
the tail should be held down over the fundament a little to prevent
the return of the clyster. In some cases of a spasmodic nature, as
gripes and locked jaw, great force is made by the bowels to return
the elyster, and nothing “but continued pressure over the fundament
can enable it to be retained. Clysters not only act in relaxing the
bowels, but they may be used as means of nutriment when it cannot
be taken by the mouth; as in locked jaw, wounds of the mouth,
throat, &c. &c. In locked jaw, it was observed by Gibson, that he
kept a horse alive many days by clysters alone; and by clysters also,
many medicines may be given more conveniently than by the mouth.

Physicing of horses.—It is equally an error to refrain altogether
from giving horses physic, as it is to give it on every occasion, as
some do. Neither is it necessary for horses to be bled and physicked
every spring and autumn, if they be in perfect health, and the less so,
as at this time they are generally weak and faint from the change
going on in their coats—nor is it always necessary to give to horses
physic when they come from grass or a straw yard; provided the
change from the one state to the other, be very moderately brought
about. But on such a removal, it certainly expedites all the pheno-
mena of condition, (2,) and such horses are less likely to fall to pieces,
as it is termed afterwards. (3.) In various morbid states, physic is
particularly useful, as in worms, hidebound, from too full a habit, &c.
&c. It is not advisable to physic horses in either very cold or very
warm weather. Strong physic is always hurtful; all that physic can
do is as well operated by a mild as by a strong dose, with infinitely
less hazard. No horse should be physicked whose bowels have not
been previously prepared by mashing for two days at least before.—
By these means the physic will work kindly, and a moderate quantity

* Astringent Clysters.

Tripe liquor or suet boiled in three pints of milk ; thereto add thick starch, two
pints ; laudanum, half an ounce ;

Alum whey, one quart ; boiled starch, two quarts.

216 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

only is requisite. Most of the articles put into the purging balls for
horses, to assist the aloes, are useless. Jalap will not purge a horse,
nor rhubarb either. Aloes are the only proper drug to be depended
on for this purpose, and of all the varieties of aloes the socotorine and
Cape are the best. Barbadoes- aloes are also not improper, but are
thought more rough than the socotorine. For formula of purging
balls, see below.* Blaine gives the following as the process:

Physicing process.—The horse having fasted an hour or two in
the morning from food, but having had his water as usual, give him
his purge, and two hours after offer him a little chilled, but not warm
water, as is often done, by which horses are disgusted from taking
any; it may be here remarked that in this particular much error is
frequently committed. Many horses will drink water with the chill
taken off, provided it be perfectly clean, and do not smell of smoke
from the fire, kettle or sauce-pan; but few, very few, will drink warm
or hot water ; and still fewer, if it be in the least degree greasy or
smoky.

After the ball has been given two hours, a warm bran mash may
be offered, and avery little hay. Heshould have walking exercise as
usual, moderately clothed; and altogether he should be kept rather
warmer than usual. At noon mash again, and give a little hay,
which should be repeated at night, giving him at intervals chilled
water. On the following morning the physic may be expected to
work; which if it do briskly, keep the horse quiet; but should it
not move his bowels, or only relax them, walk him quietly half an
hour, which will probably have the desired effect. Continue to give
mashes and warm water, repeating them every two or three hours to
support him. When physic gripes a horse, give a clyster of warm
water, and hand-rub the belly, as well as walk him out. If the grip-
ing prove severe, give him four ounces of ginin half a pint of strong
ale, which will soon relieve him. On the next day the physic will
probably set, but should it continue to work him severely, pour down
some boiled starch; and if this fail, turn to the directions under
diarrhea. ‘The horse should return to his usual habits of feeding and
full exercise by degrees; and if more than one dose is to be given, a
week should intervene.

It is often requisite to make the second and third doses rather
stronger than the first. A very mild dose of physic is likewise often
given to horses while at grass in svery warm weather, and without
any injury. When worms or skin foulness are present, and mercu-
rial physic is deemed necessary, it is better to give two drams of calo-
mel in a mash the previous night, than to put it into the purging ball.

* Purging medicines—Balls—very mild.

Take aloes, powdered, six drams; oil of turpentine, one dram. Or, take aloes,
powdered, eight drams; oil of turpentine, one dram.

“For strong balls.

Take aloes, powdered, ten drams; oil of turpentine, one dram. The aloes
may be beaten with treacle, to a mass, adding, during the beating, the oil oe turpen-
tine. Nothing else to be added—all spices are useless.

”

WHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRER. 219
‘Sect. 269.
Bleeding.

Bleeding is a very common, and +o the horse a very important
peration, because his inflammatory diseases, on account of the great
strength of his arterial system, run to a fatal termination very soon,
and can be only checked in the rapidity of their progress by abstract-
ing blood, which diminishes the momentum of circulation.

_ Bleeding is more particularly important in the inflammatory dis-
‘eases of the horse; because we cannot, as in the human, lower the
eirculation by readily nauseating the stomach. Bleeding also lessens
irritation, particularly in the young and plethoric, or those of full
habit; hence we bleed in spasms of the bowels, in locked jaw, &c.,
with good effect. Bleeding is general or topical. General as from
the neck, when we mean to lessen the general momentum. ‘Topical
when we bleed from a particular part, as the eye, the plate vein, the
toe, &c. Most expert practitioners use a large lancet to bleed with;
and when the habit of using itis acquired, it is by far the best instru-
ment, particularly for superficial: veins where a blow might carry the
fleam through the vessel. In common hands, the fleam as the more
general instrument, is best adapted to the usual cases requiring the
agriculturists notice. Care should, however, be taken not to strike
it with vehemence, and the hair being first wetted and smoothed down,
it should be pressed close between the hairs, so that its progress may
not be impeded by them.

A ligature should be first passed round the neck, and a hand held
over the eye, unless the operator be very expert, when the use of the
fingers will dispense with the ligature. ‘The quantity of blood taken is
usually too small. In inflammatory diseases, a large horse, particular-
ly in the early stage of a complaint, will bear to lose eight or ten quarts :
and half the quantity may be taken away two or three times after-
wards, if the violence of the symptoms seem to require it; and the
blood should be drawn in a large stream to do all the good it is capa-
ble of. After the bleeding is finished introduce a sharp pin, and avoid
drawing the skin away from the vein while pinning, which lets the
blood escape between the vein and skin; wrap round a piece of tow
or hemp, and next day remove the pin, which might otherwise in-
flame the neck. In drawing blood letit always be measured ; letting
it fall on the ground prevents the ascertaining the quantity; it also pre-
vents any observation on the state of the blood; which if it form
itself into a cup-like cavity on its surface, and exhibita tough yellow
erust over this cavity it betokens an inflammatory state of blood that
will require further bleedings, unless the weakness forbid. After the
bleeding, it now and then happens from rusty lancets, too violent a
stroke with the blood stick, or from drawing away the skin too much
while pinning up, that the orifice inflames and hardens, and ichor is
seen to ooze out between its edges. Immediately after this is dis-
covered, recourse must be had to an able veterinary surgeon, or the
horse will loose the vein, and perhaps his life.

15

*

218: THE FARMERS COMPLETE FARRIET
Sect. 269.
Nicking and pullying a horse..
[ sEB PLATE. |:

Nicking a horse has been generally believed to be attended witix
much difficulty, and to require great ingenuity and art to perform the
operation. ‘The nicking alone, is by far the easiest part, as the curing
and pullying requires considerable attention and trouble. Nieking:
is an operation performed for the purpose of making a horse earry an
elegant artificial tail, which adds much to his beauty and value. A
horse may be finely shaped, even without fault, except carrying a bad’
tail, and he will not command a larger sum than one of very loose and.
erdinary shape’ elegantly nicked. One thus operated on, will have
‘an appearance of gaiety, sprightliness, and life, which cannot be giver:
by art in any other way; indeed, it frequently happens the tail sells-
for one-fourth the value of the horse, which argues strongly in favor
of the operation being performed on every tolerable likely horse, that
is naturally deficient in that respect.

- Some are of opinion, and particularly our plain, good old farmers,
who are in the habit of raising fine horses, that nicking is injurious,
weakening the back, unstringing the tendons, relaxing the muscles.
about the hind parts, causing a horse frequently to fall and sometimes
to catch upon their ancles behind, almost breaking the rider’s back :
i all of which they are entirely mistaken, and would readily be con-
vineed of the fact, if they were to study the anatomy of the horse.
Every tendon, musele, nerve, artery, é&c., thatis separated in nicking,
is always cut in docking; and we do not find it the result of experi-
ment, that a horse with a long tail is more durable, stronger, free from.
eatching or sinking behind, than a horse that has beendocked. Nick-
ing will never make a bad horse a good one, or a good horse a bad one.

The opinion unfavorable to nicking, no doubt, has taken its rise
from many delicate, weak, long-legged horses being nicked for the
purpose of selling them. When the operation succeeds well, the
horse assumes a new appearance, being more like a dancing master
than a grave digger, after which he will continue to practice his old
habits of catching behind, or making a bow, although he appears as
if he could glide upon the wind. ‘This elegant tail causes them to
forget this is the same tender and weak horse that was in bad habits
before he was nicked; and almost proves, without reflection, that
nicking is the cause of his apparent weakness. Indeed if such opin-
ions were founded on fact, all horses that had been nicked, would
fall and catch behind, whenever they had to descend a small hill. [
have never known an instance of a horse catching behind after being
nicked, that was not in the habit previous to the operation being per-
formed.

Before I describe the operation of nicking, it may be necessary to
inquire into the effect, or how the elevation of the tail is brought about.
In order to do this, and judge of the operation with propriety, we
must consider the tail elevated or raised by one set of muscles, end-

rie
Se §

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 219

ing j in large tendons, and depressed or drawn down by another; the
muscles and tendons that elevate the tail, are stronger and more nu-
merous, and nearer to the bone than those that depress it; they are
closely connected to the bones of the tail by fleshy fibres, and ter-
minate in strong tendons at the extremity. ‘The tendons that throw
doy 11 or depress the tail, are two in number, and may be found with-
im a quarter of an inch i the outer sides of the tail, next to the hair.
There are three arteries; two large, on the outer gitle and immediate-
ly under the tendons, and one in the centre between the two nearer
the bone, all running into a longitudinal: direction, and decreasing in
size to the extreme end.

_ To perform the operation of nicking, it is first necessary the horse
cnid be well secured, to prevent his kicking or doing other injury ;
> twitch is to be put on his upper lip, but not.so high as to prevent

is breathing; a cord is to be made fast to the fetlock of one of his
hind-legs, thence carried forward and made fast to his fore-leg above
the knee, which will effectually prevent his cope? injury during the
operation.— See plate.

eg now confined, you are ready to commence the operation,

uich chiefly consists in a transverse division of those depressing ten-
dane of the tail, and such a position afterwards as will keep their
extremities - again from coming into contact; so that an intervening
callous fills up the vacuity, and elevates, erects, and props the tail.—
There are three different modes of nicking, all of which I will pro-
ceed to explain, giving an opportunity to any person, about to per-
form the “operation, to make their selection. |

- To make a horse carry an elegant tail, is attended with some un-

certainty, as much depends upon the spirit, disposition, form, size of
the bone of the tail, &c. &c. &c. A horse of good spirit, tolerable
shape, and a small bone i in the tail, can be made to carry an elegant
tail with the greatest ease ; particularly if he carried a tolerably natu-
ral tail. Buta dull, leather-headed, flop-eared horse, with a remarka-
ble large bone in his tail, will set you a task, although you may break
the bone in two o or three places—indeed there is so much difference
in horses, that some judgment must be exercised about the mode best
‘to be adopted to the foci atishiieit of the object in view.

Nothing can more disfigure. the appearance of a horse, than to be
half nicked. The form of the tail, when this unfortunately happens,
departs froin the simplicity of natures and never attains the elegance
sof art.

The first mode of nicking I shall describe, is the simplest, and at-
‘tended with the least trouble ; and although it succeeds well, twice
‘out of three times, yet I think inferior to the other two I shall pre-
sently deseribe. Being prepared with a sharp knife and a crooked
piece of iron or buck’s horn, for the purpose of performing the ope-
ae att

ving annexed.— Figure 3.
- 2d. With a strong rope, confine his left hind-leg to his left fore-leg,
above the knee.—Figures 5 & 6.

‘Ist. Have atwitch placed upon his nose as directed in the engra- |

~

225 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

3d. Plat the tail close and neatly, from the root to the ‘end, elub-
bing or turning it over a small stick.—/igure 7.

4th. ‘Turn the tail up, with a strong arm that can keep it firm and
steady, in a direct line with his rump and back-bone.—/igure 7.

5th. With a sharp knife make an incision on each side of the tail
about three inches long, in a longitudinal direction, about two inches
from the root, and about a quarter of an inch from the outer edge of
the tail, next to the hair; so soon as you get through the skin, pp
will find exposed the two large tendons.

6th. Make a second pair of incisions, similar to the frst, commenc-
ing within about two inches of the termination of the first.

7th. Make one other pair of incisions, in length proportioned to
the length of the tail, taking care to leave about two inches at the end,

Sth. With a crooked iron or horn, take up the tendons at the first
incision, as near the root of the tail as possible, and cut them smooth-
ly in two.

9th. Take up the tendons at the second incision, and by using
strength, draw those in the first incision out at the second.

10th. Draw those of the second out at the third incision, and cut
them off smoothly.

11th. Wash the tail in strong salt and water, and take from the
neck vein half a gallon of blood, three times within a week.

12th. The horse may be turned out or used moderately, and should
be fed on green or light food; his tail should be washed clean, with
soap and water, three or four times within a fortnight; by which time,
in all probability, he will be entirely well. A horse nicked in this
way will require no pullying, provided the tail is well strained up,
with a strong arm, twice a day.

The second mode of nicking is attended with more trouble than
the first; but with the greatest certainty of a horse carrying an ele-
gant tail. Having confined the horse as first directed, and meres
yourself with a sharp knife :

Ist. Make an incision entirely across the under part of the horse’s
tail, deep enough on each side to cut in two the depressors or tendons,
but shallow in the middle, and about two inches from the root of the
tail. When the depressors are entirely cut in two, one end of them
will suddenly draw towards the rump, and the other will slip or shoot
out of the wound about half an inch, which must be cut off smoothly
and even with the wound.

2d. The second incisions must be made like the first, from which
they must be distant about three inches.

3d. The third incisions should be made like the second, except
deeper. If any artery should be cut, it is no cause of alarm ' 3; as a
plentiful bleeding is of infinite service in speedily curing the tail thus

operated on, and the blood is easily stopped by wrapping the tail up
with a small quantity of salt, added to a handful of flour, or by placing
him in the pulleys; though from a gallon to a gallon and a-half of
blood would not be too much to lose.

4th, After nicking, the tail should be washed in strong salt and
water, and the horse may not be pulleyed for three or four days, at

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 221

which time all blood, dirt, &c., should be carefully removed, not only
from the under part of the tail, but from amongst the hair also, and
should be kept clean until he is cured, which will ‘be about three
weeks ; by which time should he not be fat, his condition will be
much improved.

- Sth. The tail should be taken out of the pulleys every three or four
days, unplatted, and washed clean with strong soap suds.
6th. Bleed every five or six days, taking from a-half to a gallon of
blood at each bleeding, and if the tail appears much inflamed, bleed
oftener; it will remove fever and inflammation, and cause the wountls
to heal very quick.

7th. His food should be easy of digestion, light and cool, such as
bran, oats, or green food of any kind. Ifthe root of the tail should
be inflamed, (which is very often the case after pulleying,) or should
small biles appear, apply a little tincture of myrrh, copperas, or blue-
stone water. It very often happens, that the hair in the tail of a
nicked horse shows a disposition to drop, which should be prevented
by washing the tail in sharp vinegar, and keeping it nice and clean
with soap suds. ‘lhe matter discharged from the wounds, if permit-
ted to remain amongst the hair for twenty-four hours, will take it off
as readily as a knife. [tis of very great importance to prevent this,
as the best nicked horse in the world will look ugly, if he has little
or no hair in his tail; besides, it generally takes twelve months te
replace it,

_ Horses are sometimes nicked, when their blood is in a bad state,
which is the cause of their tails swelling and showing marks of vio-
lent inflammation; to remove which, it will be only necessary to
bleed plentifully, and apply a poultice “made of a strong decoction of
red oak bark and corn meal.

If this operation should be performed in a season of the year when
flies are troublesome, the tail and buttocks of the horse should be
anointed with sturgeon’s oil, which will effectually remove them.

I shall now proceed to describe the third and best mode of nicking
every description of horses; and which, if well attended to, will
seldom or never fail to succeed.

_ Ist. The stall, pulleys, halter, and manger, should all be prepared
for the reception of a horse, previous to being nicked, as directed in
the engraving prefixed. The pulleys (figure 2) about six or eight feet
apart, and about the same distance from the stable floor, over each
_ side of the stall, and firmly fastened to the wall; a smooth and small
cord is then to be passed through each of the pulleys, and to each
end must be confined two equal weights, as figure 10; the halter
should be construcied and fastened as figure 11; the trough should
be fastened to the stall or wall, to prevent its being pulled down,
(fig. 8,) the stall should be three or three and an half feet wide, and not
deep enough to allow a horse to rub and disfigure his tail, as figure 9.

2d. The horse should be confined, as figures 5, 6, and 3, and the
tail closely and neatly platted up and clubbed at the end, or turned
over - small stick, and securely tied with a waxed string, as figures

Y and 4,

Poway THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

3d. Being provided with a sharp knife and a crooked piece of buck’s:
horn, and the tail being turned up by a strong arm, in a direct line
with the back bone, as before mentioned, commence the operation by
making a transverse incision, immediately across the tail, one and a-
half inches from the root, and deep ‘enough to separate entirely the
tendons on each side of the under part of the tail, which will be
found about a quarter of an inch from the hair on the outer edge;
this incision in the middle may be shallow. The large arteries lie
so immediately under the tendons, that they are often wounded or
separated in performing this operation, which will be a great advan-,
tage in the healing of the wounds, instead of domg injury by the loss:
of blood. But whenever a horse may have bled from one to two
gallons, the bleeding will readily stop by placing the tail im pulleys,
or by applying a small quantity of flour and salt to the wound, and
wrap the tail up moderately tight with a linen rag, from the root to
the end.

4th. Make two incisions lengthwise or longitudinally, leipachanshicte ts
about two or two and a-half inches from the cross or transverse inci-
sion,) and about three inches in poany which will Sean the lange
tendons on each side.

‘5th. Make two other incisions of the same kind, commencing
about one inch from the second, and in length running within about,
two inches of the end of the tail.

6th. Make a transverse incision within half an inch of the termin-
ation of the longitudinal ineisions, (or those made lengthwise,) pretty
deep.

7th. With a buek’s horn take up the large tendons in the second
incisions, and draw the ends out of the first; take up those in the
third, and draw the ends out of the second, and at the upper part of
the wound cut off the tendons even and smooth..

8th. With a strong arm strain up the tail opposite the second in-
cisions, until the bone slips or breaks ; treat the tail opposite the third
incisions in the same manner—also the fourth and last, which should
be made across.

9th. Wash the tail in strong salt water, and the horse may be
placed in a stall, turned in a pasture, or elsewhere, for two or three
days.

10th. Wash the wound and tail clean with strong soap suds, and:
place the horse in the pulleys, by passing a small noose (Figure 1)
over the stick confined in the hair, at the end of the tail.— Figure 4.

11th. Take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood, each week,
until he gets well; or double the quantity should the tail be much in-
flamed. He should remain in the pulleys about three weeks, in order
to give the new flesh time to get firm, and should be washed once a
day with Castile soap, so that it may be kept entirely clean. .

The tail should be taken out of the pulleys twice a week, the hair
unplatted, and permitted to remain down ali night, and the horse
changed to a clean and large stall, with a good bed of straw, for the
purpose of sleeping and refreshing himself. Before he is again con-
fined, he may be rode two or three hundred yards, slow, and without

THE. FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 223

‘peing fretted. Whilst standing in the pulleys, his legs should be
frequently | bathed with pot-liquor, i in which bacon was boiled; vine-
gar and sweet oil, or lard and spirits of any kind ; and a mash should
‘be given him at least once a week, of one gallon of bran or oats,
with a table spoonful of powdered brimstone, and one teaspoonful of
saltpetre ; not permitting him to drink for six hours afterwards. His
halter should be made of substantial. materials, to prevent his break~
ing loose whilst confined in the pulleys, pulling the hair cut of the
end of the tail, and doing himself other injury. A bucket of salt
and water may be given twice a week during his confinement, which
will be very grateful to the taste and cooling to the system.

12th. Great pains should bevaken to have the weights to the pul-
deys equal, in order to keep the tail in a perpendicular direction, and
prevent it from turning to either side during the time of healing; as
a horse that carries his tail round to one side, instead cf being elegantly
micked, is ruined. ‘The wounds, occasionally, should be washed in
blue-stone or copperas water, which will cause them to heal rapidly;
the horse should have as much green and light food as he can eat,
such as bran, oats, &e. Some horses that are nicked in this way,
‘and are pulleyed only four or five days, carry very handsome tails ;
but Lam of opinion to ensure success, it is necessary they should be
kept in the pulleys until the wounds are perfectly well.

Sect. 27 0.
Pricking.

‘The pricking -a horse has proved io ‘be as useless an operation as
it is simple, seldom or never having the desired effect; consequently
the practice should be abolished. Many nicked horses fail to carry
good tails; and much less is it to be expected from a horse that is
pricked. I would recommend that the operation should never be
performed. —

Sect. 271.
Foxin &.

To fox a ote 3 is an: operation so simple, that it-can be performed
by almost any person. ‘The only skill is, to select such horses as
will be improved by being foxed. ‘There is an instrument generally
used for this purpose; but the operation can be performed very cor-
rectly without it. The simplest and easiest mode is, to take a very
small paint-brush, and with paint that will form a contrast to the color
of the horse, mark the ears of the shape and length you prefer; then
place on his nose a twitch; have one of his fore-legs held wp; and
with a sharp knife cut off the ears, carefully following the line which
was previously made with the brush; the skin will immediately slip
down and leave the gristly part a little naked, which must be washed
an salt and water once a day for about a week, after which they should
be greased with a little sweet oil, fresh butter or hog’s lard, and they
will get entirely well in two or three weeks. A horse with a small,

224 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER>

thin, delicate head, will show with less advantage after his ears are
cut off, even if he carried. them exinpmnehir bad previous to the oper-
ation. .

Sect. 272.
Docking.

Docking a horse is an operation so simple, as to require but little’
skill or judgment in its performance. <A twitch is to be plaeed upor
the upper lip of the horse, but not so high as to prevent his breathing,
(as in the engraving for ‘nicking, figure 3,)—one of his fore-legs
must be held up'to prevent his kicking or doing other injury, and a
waxed string must be tied very tight twice round the tail, just above the
place where it is to be cut off; a large block of wood is to be placed
upon his rump, and the tail turned upand laid smoothly on the block
then, with a sharp instrument, you may cut the tail the length you
prefer, (though horses docked short generally carry the best tails,)
or after the waxed string is securely tied, take the tail none hand,
and a large knife (sharpened ona brick to give it a rough edge) in
the other, and with ease, at one stroke, you may cut the tail in two:
then take a piece of fron, moderately hot, place a little rosin in the
wound, and sear it, recollecting to cut off the waxed string two or
three days afterwards, and grease the tail with a little fresh butter or
sweet oil, which will cause it to heal quickly afterwards. When a
horse is decked, the same tendons, arteries, and nerves are separated,
that are divided in nicking; and it is very rare that a horse’s life is-
endangered or lostin. consequence of performing either operation..

Sect. 273..
[ From Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture.]
Castrating colts.

The time for eastrating or gelding of colts is usually when fey
are about a year old; although this operation is frequently suspended.
till the second year, especially when it is intended to keep them on
hand, and.without employing them in labor till the following season.
Parkinson disapproves of delaying this operation so long, and reecom-
mends twitching the colts, a practice well known to the ram breed-
ers, any time after a week old, or as soon after as the testicles are
come down; and this method, he says, he has followed himself, with
great success. Blaine’s remarks on the subject of castration- appear
worthy of notice: he says, when the breed is particularly good, and.
many considerable expectations are formed on the eolt, it is always
prudent to wait till twelve months: at this period, if his fore parts
are correspondent with his hinder, proceed to castrate; but if he be
not sufficiently well up before, or his neck be too long and thin, and
his shoulders spare, he will assuredly improve by being allowed to
remain whole six or eight months longer.

Another writer suggests for experiment, the spaying of mares,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 225

thinking they would work better, and have more wind than geldings.
But he does not appear to have been aware that this is by no means

a new experiment; for Tusser, who wrote in 1562, speaks of geld-
ing fillies as a common practice at that period.

_ The main objection to this operation is not that brood mares would
become scarce, as he supposes ; but that, by incapacitating them from
breeding, in case of accident, and in old age, the loss in this expen-
sive species of live stock would be greatly enhanced. Anoldorlame
mare would then be as worthless as an old or lame gelding is at present.

The following mode of castrating colts is taken from Mr. Skin-
ner’s American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine:

The operator must in the first place provide himself with a strong
rope, a couple of clamps for each colt, (if he intends altering more
than one,) a little paste, a ball of twine or good thread, and a phial
of the following mixture:

Take two tea spoonfuls of red precipitate; one tea spoonful of
corrosive sublimate, to be well ground separately, and then intimately
mixed.

_ The clamp is made thus: Take a piece of elder six inches long;
and from three- -quarters to one inch in diameter; bark it, and split it
through the middle, and having taken out the pith, cut one adjoining
end of each piece with a slope, from the inside outwards, about an
inch, and notch it on the outside, as also the other end that is not
sloped, that they may be securely tied together. Fill the hollows
nicely with the paste, and sprinkle over it some of the mixture in
the phial. ‘Then place the sloped ends together in such a manner,
that the other ends will be separated about an inch, and tie them by
several turns of the thread in that position.

Every preparation being made; the colt thrown and carefully tied ;
the integuments of the testicles are to be laid open, the stone pulled
out, and the epididymis separated from its adhesion to the lower end
of the testicle as in the ordinary way. ‘The cord is then caught
in one of the clamps, which is pressed hard upon it, and firmly tied
at the open end. When this is accomplished, the cord must be cut
directly off, close to the edge of the clamp, and a little more of the
above mixture should be sprinkled upon the ends exposed by the
knife. After the operation is concluded, the clamps should be suffer-
ed to remain on eighteen or twenty-four hours. ‘They may then be
taken off by penning the colt in a confined place, and cutting the
strings which tie their blunt ends.

_. Neither swelling, nor stiffness, nor any other inconvenience fol-

lows this operation, and the animal appears, after he is relieved of
the clamps, as well as ever he was. This method may, with equal
efficacy, be applied to every other animal whose age or size renders.
the old way precarious.

226 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER;

Sect. 274.
Directions for shoeing.

“‘Shoeing a horse as most commonly practiced,” says White, ‘‘has
a destructive tendency and produces a variety of diseases.” Although
we believe that the proper shoeing of a horse is of the utmost impor-
tance, and with the view to throw out some hints on it, we have added
a few sections. Still we cannot believe, that the injury done to horses
in shoeing, is not to the extent that White and others have fancied.

We had the promise, from a practical smith, of an article on shoe-
ing. A press of business has prevented him from complying. He,
however, agrees in the main, with what we subjoin below: he calls
it a good article. We think so too. /

Sect. 275.

The concave-seated shoe.

The proper form and construction of the shoe is a subject deserv-
ing of very serious inquiry, for it is most important to ascertain the
kind of shoe that will do the least mischief to the feet. j

The concave-seated shoe presents a perfectly flat surface to the
ground, to give as many points of bearing as possible, except that,
round the outer edge, there is a groove or fuller, in which the nail
holes are punched, so that, sinking into the fuller, their heads project
but a little way above, and are soon worn down level with the shoe.
The ground surface of the common shoe is somewhat convex, and
the inward rim comes first on the ground: the consequence of this is,
that the weight, instead of being borne fairly on the crust, is supported
by the nails and the clencher, which must be injurious to the crust,
and often chip and tear it.

The web of the shoe is of the same thickness throughout, from
the toe to the heel; and it is sufficiently wide to guard the sole from
bruises, and as wide at the heel as the frog will permit, in order to
cover the seat of corn. \

On the foot side it is seated. The outer part of it is accurately
flat, and of the width of the crust, and designed to support the crust,
and the crust only, for it has already been proved that by the crust
alone, or rather by the union between the numerous little plates pro-
eeeding from the crust and the covering of the coffin-bone, the whole
weight of the horse is supported. ‘Towards the heel this flattened
part is wider, and occupies the whole breadth of the web, to support
the heel of the crust and its reflected part, the bar: thus, while it de-
fends the horn included within this angle from injury, it gives that
equal pressure upon the bar and the crust, which is the best preven-
tive against corn, and a powerful obstacle to contraction.

It is fastened to the foot by nine nails, five on the outside, and four
on the inner side of the shoe; those on the outside extending a little
farther down towards the heel, because.the outside heel is thicker and
stronger, and there is more nail-hold; the last nail on the inner quar-

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. QQ:

ter being farther from the heel, on account of the weakness of that
quarter. For feet not too large, and where moderate work only is
required from the horse, four nails on the outside, and three on the
inside, will be sufficient; and the last nail being far from the heels,
will allow more expansion there.

The inside part of the web is bevelled off, or rendered concave,
that it may not press upon the sole. ‘The concave shoe prevents the
possibility of injury, because the sole can never descend in the degree
in which the shoe is bevelled. A shoe bevelled still further is neces-
sary to protect the projecting or pumiced foot.

While the horse is travelling, dirt and gravel are apt to insinuate
themselves between the web of the shoe and the sole. If the shoe
were flat they would be easily retained there, and would bruise the
. sole, and be productive of injury; but when the shoe is thus bevelled
off, it is scarcely possible for them to remain. 'They must be shaken
out every time the foot comes in contact with the ground.

The web of the shoe is likewise of that thickness, that when the
foot is properly pared, the prominent part of the frog shall lie just
within and above its ground surface, so that in the descent of the sole
the frog shall come sufficiently on the ground, to enable it to act as a
wedge, and to expand the quarters, while itis defended from the wear
and injury it would receive if it came on the ground with the first and
full shock of the weight.

The nail holes are, on the eround ane) placed. as near the cede
edge of the shoe as they can safely be, and brought out near the inner
edge of the seating. ‘The nails thus take a direction inward, resem-
bling the direction of the crust itself, and take firmer hold; while the
strain upon them in the common shoe is altogether prevented; and,
the weight of the horse being thrown on a flat surface, contraction is
not so likely to be produced.

Sect. 276.
The preparation of the foot. ,

‘We will suppose that the horse is sent to the shop to be shod. If
the master would occasionally accompany him there, he would find
it much to his advantage. ‘The old shoe must be first taken off. We
have something to observe, even on this. It was retained on the foot
by the ends of the nails being twisted off, turned down, and clenched.
These clenches should be first raised, which the smith seldom takes
the trouble thoroughly to do: but after going carelessly round the crust
and raising one or two of the clenches, he takes hold first of one heel
of the shoe, and then of the other, and by a violent wrench separates
them from the foot, and by a third wrench, applied to the middle of
the shoe, he tears it off. By this means he must enlarge every nail
hole, and weaken the future hold, and sometimes tear off portions of
the crust, and otherwise injure the foot. The horse generally shows
by his flinching, that he suffers by the violence with which this pre-
liminary operation is performed. ‘The clenches should always. be
raised.or filed off ; and where the foot is tender, or the horse is to be

228 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

examined for lameness, each nail should be partly punched out.—
Many a stub is left in the crust, the source of future annoyance, when
_ this unnecessary violence is used.

The shoe having been removed, the smith proceeds to rasp the
edges of the crust. Let not the stander-by object to the apparent vio-
lence which he uses, for fear that the foot will suffer. It is the only
means he has, with safety to his instruments, to detect whether any
stubs remain in the nail holes; and it is the most convenient method
of removing that portion of the crust into which dirt and gravel have
insinuated themselves. :

Next comes the important process of paring out, with regard to
which it is almost impossible to lay down any specific rules. ‘This,
however, we can say with confidence, that more injury has been done
by the neglect of paring, than by carrying it to too great an extent.
The act of paring is a work of much more labor than the proprietor
of the horse often imagines; the smith, except he be overlooked, will
give himself as little trouble about it as he can; and that, which in
the unshod foot would be worn away by contact with the ground, is
suffered to accumulate month after month, until the elasticity of the
sole is destroyed, and it can no longer descend, and the functions of
the foot are impeded, and foundation is laid ee corn, contraction,
navicular disease, and inflammation. ‘That portion of horn should be
left on the sole, which will defend the internal parts from being bruised,
and yet suffer the external sole to descend.

If the foot has been previously neglected, and the horn is become
very hard the owner must not object if the smith resorts to some
means to soften it a little; and if he takes one of his flat irons, and
having heated it, draws it over the sole, and keeps it a little while in
contact with it. When the sole is thick, this rude and apparently
barbarous method can do no harm, but it should never be permitted
with the sole that is regularly pared out.

The quantity of horn to be removed in order to leave the proper
degree of thickness will vary with different feet. From the strong
foot a great deal must be taken. From the concave foot the horn
may be removed, until the sole will yield to a moderate pressure.—
From the flat foot little need be pared; while the pumiced foot will
spare nothing but the ragged parts.

The paring being nearly completed, the knife and the rasp of the
smith must be a little watched, or he will reduce the crust to a level
with the sole, and thus endanger the bruising of the sole by its pres-
sure on the edge of the seating. ‘The crust should be reduced to a
perfect level, all round, but left a little higher than the sole.

The heels will require very considerable attention. From the stress
which is thrown on the inner heel, and from the weakness of the
quarter there, it usually wears considerably faster than the outer one;
and, if an equal portion of horn were pared from it, it would be left
lower than the outer heel. ‘The smith should, therefore, accommo-
date his paring to the comparative wear of the heels, and be wea
careful to leave them precisely level.

He should be checked in his almost universal fondness for opening

THE ‘FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 229

the heels, or, more truly, removing that which is the main evap anise
to contraction. That portion of the heels between the inflection of
the bar and the frog should scarcely be touched, at least nothing but
the ragged and detached parts should be cutaway. ‘The foot may
not look so pretty, but it will last longer without contraction.

- The bar, likewise, should be left fully prominent, not only at its
first inflection, but as it runs down the side of the frog. ‘The heel of
our shoe is designed to rest partly on the heel of the foot, and partly
on the bar, for reasons that have been already stated. If the bar is
weak, the growth of it should be encouraged, and it should be scarcely
touched at the shoeing, until it has attained-a level with the crust.

The horn between the crust and the bar should be carefully pared
out. Every horseman has observed the relief which is given to the
animal lame with corns, when this angle is well thinned; a relief,
however, which is but temporary, for when the horn grows again, and
the shoe presses upon it, the torture of the animal is renewed.

The degree of paring to which the frog must be subjected, will de-
pend on its prominence, and on the shape of the foot. It must be
left so far projecting and prominent, that it shall be just within and
above the lower surface of the shoe, it will then descend with the sele,
sufficiently to discharge the functions which we have attributed to it.
If it be lower, it will be bruised and injured; if it be higher, it cannot
come in contact with the ground, and thus be enabled to do its duty.
The ragged parts must be removed, and especially those occasioned
by thrush, but the degree of paring must depend entirely on this
principle.

It appears, then, that the office of the smith requires some skill and
judgment, in order to be properly discharged; and the horse proprie-
tor will find it his interest occasionally to visit the shop and complain
of the careless, or idle, or obstinate, and reward, by some trifling gra-
tuity, the expert and diligent. He should likewise remember that a
great deal more depends on the paring out of the foot, than on the
construction of the shoe; that few shoes, except they press upon the
sole, or are made outrageously bad, will lame the horse; but that he
may be very easily lamed from ignorant and improper paring out of
the foot.

-

Sect. 277.
The putting on of the shoe.

The foot ein ding prepared, the smith looks about forashoe. He
should select one that as nearly as possible fits the foot, or may be
altered to the foot. He will sometimes care little about this, for he
can easily alter the foot to the shoe. The toe-knife is a very conve-
nient instrument for him, and plenty of horn can be struck off with
it, or removed by the rasp, to make the foot as small as the shoe;
while he cares little, although by the destructive method, the crust is
materially thinned where it should receive the nail, and the danger of
puncture is increased, and the danger of pressure upon the sole is

.
“

230 ‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

increased, and a foot so artificially diminished in size will soon grow
over the shoe, to the hazard of considerable or permanent lameness.
‘A shoe, thinner at the heel than at the toe, by letting down the
heel too low, is apt to produce sprain of the flexor tendon, and a shoe
thicker at the heels than at the toe, is fit only to elevate the frog, to
the destruction of its function, and to its own certain disease, and also
to press upon, batter and bruise that part of the foot which is soonest
and most destructively injured. |

Sect. 278. ys

Calkins.

It is expedient not only that the foot and ground surface of the shoe
should be most accurately level, but that the crust should be exactly
smoothed and fitted to the shoe. Much skill and time are necessary
to do this perfectly with the drawing knife. ‘The smith has adopted
a method of more quickly and more accurately adapting the shoe to
the foot. He pares the crust as level as he can, and then he takes the
shoe, at a heat something below a red heat, and applies it to the foot,
and detects any little elevations by the deeper color of the burned
horn. ‘This practice has been much inveighed against; but it is the
abuse and not the use of the thing which is to be condemned. If the
shoe be not too hot, nor held too long on the foot, an accuracy of ad-
justment is thus obtained, which the knife would be long in producing,
or would not produce at all. If, however, the shoe is made to burn
its way to its seat, with little or no previous preparation of the foot,
the heat must be injurious both to the sensible and insensible parts of
the foot.

Nothing is more certain, than that in the horse for work, the heels,
and particularly the seat of corn, can scarcely be too well covered.—
Part of the shoe projecting outward can be of no possible good, but
rather an occasional source of mischief, and especially in a heavy
country. A shoe, the web of which projects inward as far as it can,
without touching the frog, affords protection to the angle between oe
bars and the crust.

Of the manner of attaching the shoe to the foot the owner can
scarcely be a competent judge; he can only take care that the shoe
itself shall not be heavier than the work requires—that for work a
little hard the shoe shall still be light, with a bit of steel welded into
the toe—that the nails shall be as small, and as few, and as far from the
heels, as may be consistent with the security of the shoe; and that,
for light work at least, the shoe shall not be driven on so closely and
firmly as is often done, nor the points of the nails be brought out so
high up as is generally practiced.

There are few cases in which the use of calkins (a turning up and
elevation of the heel) can be admissible in the fore-feet, except in
frosty weather, to prevent the slipping of the feet. If, however,
calkins are used, let them be placed on both feet. If the outer heel
only be raised with the calkin, as is too often the case, the weight
cannot be thrown evenly on the foot, and undue straining and injury

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 231

of some-partof the foot or of the leg must be the necessary conse-
quences. Few things deserve more the attention of the horseman
than this most absurd and injurious of all the practices of) the smith.
One quarter of an hour’s walking, with one side of the shoe or boot
vaised considerably above the other, will painfully convince us of
what the horse must suffer from this too common method of shoeing.
If the horse be ridden far to cover, or galloped over much hard and
flinty ground, he will inevitably suffer from this unequal distribution
of the weight. If the calkin be put on the outer heel to prevent the
horse from slipping, either the horn of that heel should be lowered
to a corresponding degree, or the other heel of the shoe should be
raised to the same level by a gradual thickening. Of the use of
ealkins in the hinder foot, we shall presently speak.

Sect. 279.
Clips.

_ These are portions of the upper edge of the shoe, hammered out,
and turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the crust, and which
is usually pared out a little to receive the clip. They are very use-
ful, as more securely attaching the shoe to the foot, and relieving the
erust from that stress upon the nails which would otherwise be inju-
rious. A clip at the toe is almost necessary in every draught horse,
and absolutely so in the horse of heavy draught, to prevent the shoe
from being loosened or torn off by the stress which is thrown upon
the toe in the act of drawing. A clip on the outside of each shoe at
the beginning of the quarters will give security to it. Clips are like-
wise necessary on the shoes of all heavy horses, and of all others
who are disposed to stamp, or violently paw with their feet, and thus
incur the danger of displacing the shoe; but they are evils, in that
they press upon the crust as it grows down, and should only be used
when circumstances absolutely require them.

1 AR Sect. 280.

The hinder shoe. _

In forming the hinder shoes, it should be remembered. that the hind
limbs are the principal mstruments in progression, and that in every
act of progression, except the walk, the toe is the point on which the
whole frame of the animal turns, and from which it is propelled.—
This part, then, should be strengthened as much as possible; and, -
therefore, the hinder shoes are made broader at the toe than the fore
ones, and the toe of the foot, which is naturally broader than that of
the fore-foot, is still further widened by rasping. Another good effect
is produced by this, that the hinder foot being shortened, there is less
danger of overreaching or forging, and especially if the shoe be wider
on the foot surface than on the ground one; and thus the shoe is made
to slope inward, and is a little within the toe of the crust.

. The shape of the hinder foot is somewhat different from that of the
fore-foot; it is straighter in the quarters, and the shoe must have the

232 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

same shape. For carriage and draught horses generally, calkins may
be put on the heels, because the animal will be thus enabled to dig
his toe inore firmly into the ground, and urge himself forward, and
throw his weight into the collar with greater advantage. But the
ealkins must not be too high, and they must be of an equal height on
each heel; otherwise, as has been stated with regard to the fore-feet,
the weight will not be fairly distributed over the foot, and some part
of the foot or of the leg will materially suffer. ‘The nails in the
hinder shoe may be placed nearer to the heel than in the fore-shoe,
because, from the comparative little weight and concussion thrown on
the hinder feet, there is not so much danger of contraction.

Sect. 281.
Different kinds of shoes.

The shoe will vary in substance and weight with the kind of foot,
and the nature of the work. A weak foot should never wear a heavy
shoe, nor any foot a shoe that will last longer than a month. Here
perhaps, we may be permitted to caution the horse proprietor against
having his cattle shod too much by contract, unless he binds his host-
ler to remove the shoes once at least in every month; for if the con-
tractor, by a heavy shoe, and a little steel, can cause five or six weeks
to intervene between the shoeings, he will do so, although the feet of
the horse must necessarily suffer. The shoe should never be heavier
than the work requires. An ounce or two in the weight of the shoe
will sadly tell before the end of a hard day’s work.

Sect. 282.
The bar-shoe.

A bar-shoe is a very useful contrivance. It is the continuation of
the common shoe round the heels, and by means of it the pressure
may be taken off some tender part of the foot, and thrown on another
which is better able to bear it, or more widely and equally diffused
over the whole foot. It is principally resorted to in cases of corn,
the seat of which it perfectly covers—-in pumiced feet, the soles of
which may be thus elevated above the ground and secured from pres-
sure—in sand-crack, when the pressure may be removed from the
fissure and thrown on either side of it—in thrushes, when the frog is
tender, or is become cankered, and requires to be frequently dressed,
and the dressing can by this means alone be retained. In these cases
the bar-shoe is an excellent contrivance, if worn only for one or two
shoeings, or as Jong as the disease requires it to be worn, but it must
be left off as soon as it can be dispensed with. If it be used for the
protection of a diseased foot, however it may be chambered and laid
off the frog, it will soon be flattened down upon it; or if the pressure
of it be thrown on the frog to relieve the sand-crack or the corn, that
frog must be very strong and healthy which can long bear the great
and continued pressure. More mischief is often produced in the frog

“PHE “FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. ‘993

“ivan previously existed in the part which was relieved. It will be
‘plain that in the use of the bar-shoe for-corn or sand-cra¢k, the crust
and the frog should be precisely on’a lével, and the bar should be the
“widest part of the shoe, to afford as extended bearing as possible on
‘the frog, and therefore less likely to ‘be injurious. ‘Bar-shoes are evi-
dently not safe in frosty weather; they are never safe whem much
‘speed is required from the horse, and they are apt to be wrenched off
in a heavy clayey country. |

aseet 285.
elaine os 2

Tips are short shoes, reaching only half round the foot, and worn
while the horse is at grass to prevent the crust being torn by the deca-
sional hardness of the ground, or by the pawing of the animal; an

the quarters at the same time being free, the foot disposed to contraé
has a chance of expanding and regaining its natural-shape.

‘Sect. 284.
The expanding shee.

Gur subject would not be complete if we did not destribe the sup~
posed expanding shoe. Itis either seated or concave like the com-
mon shoe, with a joint at the toe, by which the natural expansion of
the foot is said to be permitted, and the injurious consequences of
shoeing prevented. ‘There is, however, this radical defect in the
jointed shoe, that the nails oecupy the same situation as in the com-
anon shoe, and prevent, as do the nails of the common-shoe, the
gradual expansion of the sides and quarters, and allow only of a hinge-
dike motion at the toe. ‘This is a most imperfect accommodation of
the expansion of the foot to the action of its internal parts, and even
this accommodation is afforded in the slightest possible degree, or
rather can searcely be afforded at all. Either the nails fix the sides
and quarters as in the common shoe, and then the joint at the toe is
useless; or, if that jeint merely opens like a hinge, theymail holes in
the shoe can no longer correspond with those in the quarters which
are unequally expanding at every point; and, therefore, there will be
more stress on the crust at these holes, which will not only enlarge
them and destroy the fixed attachment of the shoe to the hoof, but
will often tear away portions of the crust. This has, in many. cases,
been found to be the effect of the jointed shoe: The sides and quar-
ters of the foot have been broken until it has become difficult to find
nail-hold. ‘This shoe, to answer the intended purpose, should con-
sist of many joints, running along the sides and quarters, which
would make it too complicated and expensive and frail for general
use.

While the shoe is to be attached to the foot by nails, we must be
content with the concave-seated one, taking care to place the nail-
holes as far from the heels, and particularly from the inner heel, as

16

W4 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER:-

the state of the foot and the nature of the work will admit; and where
- the country is not too heavy nor the work too severe, even omitting
the nails on the inner side of the foot. Shoes nailed on the: outer’
side, and at thetoe, are more secure than some would imagine, while
the innner quarter will be left free, to prevent contraetion, or to arrest
its progress.

The attempt, however, to:lessen the evils produced. by shoeing is:
most praiseworthy. Every contrivance permanently to fix the shoe:
on the foot without the use of nails has failed...

Sect.-285.-
Felt or leather soles.

When the foot is bruised or inflamed, the concussion or shoek pro-
duced. by the hard contact of the elastic irom om the ground gives-
the animal much pain, and causes a short and feeling step, or even
lameness, and aggravates the injury or disease. A strip of felt or
leather is sometimes placed between the seating of the shoe and the
crust, which, from its want of elasticity, deadens or materially lessens
the’ vibration or shock, and the horse treads more freely and is evi-
dently relieved. ‘This is a very good contrivance while the inflam-
mation or tenderness of the foot continues, but a.very bad practice if
constantly adopted. The nails cannot be driven so surely or so se--
curely when this substance is interposed between the shoe and the:
foot; the contraction and swelling of the felt or leather from the effect
of moisture or dryness will soon render the attachment of the shoe
less firm; there will be too much play upon the nails; the nail holes-
will enlarge, and the erust will be broken away.

After wounds or extensive bruises of the sole, or where the sole is:
thin and flat and tender, it is sometimes covered with a piece of
Teather, fitted to the sole, and nailed on with the shoe. ‘This may be
allowed as a temporary defence of the foot; but there is the same
objection to its permanent use from the insecurity of fastening, the
strain on the crust, and the frequent chipping of it: and there are:
these additional inconveniences, that if the hollow between the sole
and the leather be filled with stopping and tow, it is exceedingly
difficult to introduce them so evenly and accurately as not to produce
some partial or injurious pressure—that a few days’ work will almost
invariably so derange the padding as to produce partial pressure—
that the long contact of the sole with stopping of almost every kind,
will produce, not a healthy, elastic horn, but horn of a scaley, spongy
nature—and that if the hollow be not thus filled, gravel and dirt will
insinuate themselves, and cause unequal pressure, and eat into and
myure the foot.

"HE. FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 235

ey CHAPTER XIV.

ANNALS OF THE TURF.

In this chapter we have presented as correct an account of some
of the most celebrated blood horses, imported and raised in this coun-
try, as we had the means to do. The materials constituting the
Annals as given here, were principally taken from the American
farmer, and American Turf Register; and should have been con-
siderably enlarged if the compiler would have had access to other
sources than those furnished him by the publisher.

_ Annals of the Turf.—The transcendent consequence of the horse

to man in every possible stage ef human existence, has been the in-
variable theme of writers on the subject from the earliest records of
time. Indeed it is impossible to conceive any other, out of the vast
variety of animals destined by nature to human use, which can with
the least prospect of success, dispute with the favorite horse the palm
of his master’s predilection and attachment. It is an attachment of
a truly rational nature, and to a most worthy object. ‘The very idea
of being supported at ease by an auxilliary and borrowed animal
power, and of being safely borne from place to place, at will, with a
pleasant and gentle motion, or with the rapidity of lightning, must
have impressed the mind of the first discoverers of the mighty
benefits of the horse, with ineffable delight. Such sentiments and
feelings respecting this noble animal have been constantly entertained
and handed down to us from the earliest ages.
_ The general beauty, the harmony of proportion, the stateliness and
delicacy of the superior species of this paragon of brute animals,
could not fail of inspiring admiration in the breasts even of savage
and untutored men. ‘Time and the improving faculties of man grad-
ually developed the various uses and qualifications of the horse.
Endowed by nature with a portion of intellect, with a generous plia-
bility of disposition and fortitude of heart, with vast and energetic
bodily powers, he was found capable of bearing a sort of social part
in all the pleasures and labors of man. He was associated with his
master in the pleasures of the journey and the chase; he shares wil-
lingly and with ardor in the dangers of the martial field; and with a
steady prowess partook in the humble labors of cultivating the soil
for mutual subsistence. By the most illustrious nations of either
ancient or modern times, the horse has ever been esteemed of the
highest worth and consequence, and treated with a distinction and
attendance befitting his rank as the first of domestic avimals, approxi-
mating in society and service to human nature. It is among the most
savage and debased tribes of men only, that the breed, condition, and
comforts of this noble animal have been neglected.

This quotation from a very splendid English work on the blood
horse, is no less just in sentiment than beautiful in language. It is
proposed to treat of the value of the blood horse to our common
stocks, and of the various uses to which his conformation adapts him.

235 THE QPARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

it has at every period been fashionable with a certain class of morai-
ists, who were more rigid than correct, to decry the sports of the turf;
and, further, to contend that the breed of horses having received all
the improvement of which it is susceptible, from the blood horse,
the further propagation of the latter is useless; they would further
have horse racing abolished, and the horses applied generally as stal-
lions. But the use which these sort of reasoners would propose to
derive from the racing breed, would soon destroy itself. ‘They do
not consider that in racing the necessity for thorough blood, is obyi-
ous and imperative, and such is a sure ground of its preservation.

Were the sports of the turf to be abandoned, that unerring test, by
which to ascertain the purity of the blood, and the other requisite
qualities of the race horse, would be lost, and consequently, that glo-
Tious and matchless species, the thorough-bred courser, would in no
great length of time, become extinct among us —and with him all his
noble and valuable properties, and his place be supplied by a gross, ill-
shaped, or spider-legged mongrel, which would insure the degenera-
tion of the whole race. [ would ask, is not a cross of the blood
horse upon the common stock indispensable to insure us light footed
and quick moving saddle horses?) Where do we go for the parade
or cavalry horse if it is not the blooded stock, or to those highly im-
bued with that blood! Did not the speed and wind of the cavalry
horses of Colonels Lee and Washington, during the revolutionary
war, give those commanders a decided superiority over the enemy in
the kind of warfare they waged, where celerity of movement was all
important? And were not those horses procured in Maryland and
Virginia, and partook of the best racing blood of those states? The
value of the blood, or southern horse, from their ability to carry high
weights, was strongly exemplified in the wars of the ancients; as
they rode to war in heavy armor, and always selected and prefer-
red for this purpose their highest bred horses, which were also fre-
quently covered, like their riders, in heavy armor.

In former times in England, their hunters were only half bred
horses, but later observations and experience have fully convinced
them that only those that are thorough-bred (notwithstanding the
popular clamor of their deficiency in bone) are adequate in speed,
strength, and durability, to long and severe chases with fleet hounds,
particularly over a deep country, and that they will always break
down any horses of an opposite description that may be brought into
the field.

The value of the racing blood when crossed upon the common cart
breed is also apparent in making them superior in the plough and
wagon, provided they have the requisite size, arising from quicker
action and a better wind particularly in the long hot days of sum-
mer. ‘T’here is the same difference of motion between the racer and
the common bred horse as between a coach and a cart.

It is moreover a fact, although not generally known, that no other
horses are capable of carrying with expedition such heavy weights ;
and were ‘‘a thirty stone plate, (four hundred and twenty pounds, )
to be given, and the distance made fifty miles, it would be everlast-

Ik FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. ey

ingly won by tke thorough-bred horse. ‘here is only one way in
which a bred horse would be beat at high weights; it would be, (to
use a queer phrase,) to make it a stand still race; in that case, f
would back a cart horse; I think he would beat a race horse by
hours.”’

The strength of the race horse, and his ability to earry high weights,
arise from the ‘solidity of his bans the clese texture of his fibres,
the bulk and substance of his tendons, and from his whole peculiar
conformation. His superior speed and endurance originate from his
ebliquely placed shoulders, depth in the girth; deep oval quarters,
broad fillets, pliable sinews, and from the superior ductility and elas-
ticity of his muscular appendages.

It is also from the blood horse that we acquire fineness of skin and
hair, symmetry and regularity of proportions, elegance and grandeur.
As a proof of the latter qualities, the highest dressed horses of the
ancient emperors are invariably of the highest cast of Arabian or
Southern blood.

The object of the preceding remarks was to show the impolicy of
discouraging the sports of the turf, as being the indispensable test
by which to try the purity of eur blooded stock, and the only certain
means of insuring its preservation; that the thorough-bred horse was
beyond all question, the most useful species of the whole genus,
since he was applicable to every possible purpose of labor in which
horses are used, either for the saddle, for war, parade, hunting, the
road or quick draught, and even for the laborious services ae the
wagon and plough. It now only remains to make some remarks (as
connected with the above topics) on the standing and prospects of
future patronage which the sports ef the turf have in England and
this country. It is an undeniable fact that the high degree of im-
provement to which the blood of stock horses in England have at-
tained, is mainly owing to the liberal and weighty patronage which
has invariably been extended to the sports of the turf in that country ;
it is patronized as a national amusement by the royal favor and muni-
ficence, and directly encouraged by the most distinguished nobility
and gentry; by men who are ranked as her chief statesmen. The
decline of this sport has frequently been predicted in that country,
particularly at unfortunate periods of war and distress; but it has
been steadily maintained for more than a century, with few or ne
fluctuations, and is at this time in a high state of prosperity.

Never were so many thorough-bred stallions kept in England as at
present—never was New Market, Epsom, or Doncaster, better attend-
ed than at the late meetings. ‘The number of blood horses annually
exported from England is unusually great, and to her, Russia, France,
Austria, and the United States ef America, the East and West Indies,
have beenslong indebted for their most valuable stocks.

In Virginia the sports of the turf have been revived and ave extend-
ing over the state with great spirit, and are infusing into her citizens
a due sense of their importance in giving value to the race horse.
Virginia has long held a pre-eminence over every other state of the
Union in raising fine horses—and it is mainly to be attributed to the

238 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

passion for this fascinating and rational amusement, to the steady en-
eouragement given to it at all times, both during adverse and prosper-
ous times, since the state had its foundation in a colony. ‘To her the
Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, and ‘Tennessee, have always looked
for a supply of blooded stallions; to her they still are indebted as
well as the new states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, &c. Let
then Virginia maintain and increase this celebrity, by adopting all
means which are calculated to promote so laudable a distinction.
Let her place and extend the sports of the turf on the most hberal
and equitable basis, and let her in order to give mereased value to her
racing stock, speedily publish a Stud Book.

Origin and progressive improvement of the race horse.—It can-
not but be an interesting task to mquire inte the origin of the turf
horse, and to ascertain the means by which he has been brought to
his present high state of perfection. ‘The English writers maintain
the theory, that the horse genus was supposed to have consisted ori-
ginally of two grand divisions or species: the silken-haired, flat, and
fine bone courser, and the full bodied, coarse, and rough haired steed,
adapted to draught and the more laborious purposes.

From these two original species may fairly be derived all those
numerous varieties which we at this day witness-in different parts of
the world. Soil and climate most undoubtedly have considerable
effects, through a long course of ages, in producing varieties of form,
color, character, and properties. ‘The largest horses are generally
found to be the production of the rich low lands of the temperate eli-
mates, abounding in rich andsucculent food. ‘The fine skinned, with
elegant symmetry, dry and solid bones, large tendons, and the highest
decree of muscular energy, in faet, bearing the general characteristics
of the blood horse, are bred under warm and southern skies, upon a
dry soil, on the hills of the desert. The hypothesis is entertained,
that Arabia is the native or breeding country of the courser, and that
part of Europe, formerly denominated the Netherlands, or, Low
Countries, the original soil of thelarge draught horse. Other writers,
however, contend, that ail horses are derived from the same single
primitive species, and that varieties are purely accidental, and the
effects of varying soil and climate. ‘This opinion, however specious,
is not sanctioned by facts and experience in allowing full foree to the
arguments derived from the effect of soil and climate, yet it is equally
true there are certain landmarks and boundaries of specific character,
in both the animal and vegetable creation, which nature will never
permit to be passed.

No length of time or naturalization upon the marshy soil of Bel-
gium, it may safely be pronounced, would be sufficient to transform
the high bred, silken and bounding courser of Arabia, into the coarse,
bluff and fixed horse of the former country ; nor would the sojourn-
ment of the latter, during any number of ages, in the south, have the
effect of endowing him with these peculiar properties of body, which
distinguish the aboriginal southern horse. ‘The interchange just sup-
posed, would no doubt have the effect of increasing the bulk of the
courser and reducing that of the draught horse; but the natural charae-

THE ‘FARMER'S COMPLETE ‘FARRIER. 239

‘teristics of each, would remain unassailable by any other medium
than that of intercopulation through which we know from experience
they may be merged, and in effect annihilated.

_ Arabia Deserta is allowed te be the breeding country of the purest
and highest bred racers; ‘that is to say, possessed in the highest de-
gree of ‘those qualities which distinguish the species; and these are
sleekness and flexibility of the skin, and general symmetry from the
head to the lowest extremities. ‘The eye, full and shining; the head
joined, net abruptly, but to a curved extremity of the neck; the
shoulders capacious, deep or counter, and declining considerably into
the waist; the quarters deep, and the fore-arms and thighs long, large,
‘and muscular, with a considerable curve of the latter; the legs flat
sand clean, with the tendon ‘or sinew large and distinct; the pasterns
moderately long; the feet somewhat deep; the substance of the hoof
fine, like thet of the deer; in size not large, seldom exceeding or
weaching the height of fifteen hands.

It is in the mountainous country, among the Bedouin Arabs, that
the blood and characteristic properties of this species of the horse,
hhas been preserved pure and uncontaminated by any alien mixture
‘Or cross, as they pretend, for more than two thousand years.

It is well known that the English race horse was originally bred
from the Arabian, Barb, and ‘Turkish stocks, and contains in his
veins nearly an equal admixture of the blood of each. ‘The Barbary
horses were generally smaller than the Arabians, but carried more
depth of carcass. ‘Their most prominent points are, ears handsome
and well placed; fore-hand fine and long, and rising boldly out of
the withers; mane and tail thinly haired; with lean small head;
withers, fine and high; loins, short and straight; flanks and ribs,
round and full; witn good sized barrel; tail, placed high; haunches,
strong and elastic; thighs, well turned; legs, clean; sinews, detached
from the shank; pastern, too long and binding; foot, good and sound ;
of all colors; but grey the most common. ‘They are bred upon a
similar soil, and sprung from the desert, like the Arabians, of which
they are generally deemed a variety. In goodness of temper and do-
eility, these horses resemble the former, and are said to be very sure
footed; generally cold tempered and slow, requiring to be roused and
animated, on which they will discover great vigor, wind :and speed,
being in their gallop great striders.

The Turkish horses resembled the Barbs, and were said to be
handsome, elegantly formed, full of spirit, possessing fine hair, soft
skins, good speed, but more particularly remarkable for their unfailing
wind, enabling them to undergo much labor and fatigue.

It is a curious physical question, that the Arabian, Barb and Turk-
ish horses, should, only in particular individuals, have proved valuable
foal getters, and that these properties should Ge denied to the gener-
ality of them, and that the whole of them should so soon be laid
aside. Outof the vast number of these foreign horses, imported into
England in early times, but very few of them established their char-
acters as the propagators of high formed racers; and it may be as-
sumed as a fact, that for some mere than half a century past, not a

240 THE FARMER:S COMPLETE FARRIER.~

solitary Arabian, Barb, or. 'Turkish stallion has been. used in Engtand ¢ z
or if used at all,.were found-to be utterly worthless...

England soon discovered: that from-her fine. climate and soil, she,
had obtained in. size, form and speed, every quality. which the best
models of the original foreign breeding countries could afford to her;.
it is true she had to resort to the Arabians:and. Barbs for a foundation,.
but as soon as the stock arising. from:them had been sufficiently accli-
mated and diffused: through the country, she found. it safest to rely
upon them for all those qualities which they. themselves had acquired:
from their foreign progenitors..

The early English breeders found the Arabian stock. to constitute.
an excellent cross upon the Barb and Turk, as from the Arabian.
blood was acquired speed; stoutness and stride from the: Barb ;. {epi
and height from the Turk.

But of all the foreign stallions imported into England, in early.
times, the fame of the two great Arabians, the Darley and Godolphin,,
has swallowed up that of all the rest; and the best English horses
for nearly: a century past, have been either deeply imbued in their
blood, or entirely derived. from. it. They have produced stock of
vast size, bone and substanee, and at. the same time endowed with
such extraordinary, and before unheard of, powers of speed and con-
tinuance, as to render it.probable that individuals of them have reached
nature’s ultimate point of rerfection. The descendants of these Ara-
bians have rendered the English courser superior to all the others, not.
only in the race, where indeed he has long excelled, but as a breeding
stock.

To such of my readers who are unacquainted with. the history of.
that justly celebrated horse, the Godolphin Arabian,. the following,
particulars of him may not. be unacceptable: He was, in color, a.
brown bay, somewhat mottled on the buttocks and crest, but with no
white, excepting the off heel behind; about fifteen hands high, with
good bone and substance. ‘The fame of the Godolphin Arabian was.
greatly increased by the famous picture which was taken of him by.
the immortal Stubs, and which sold at his sale, for two hundred.
and forty-six guineas.. This portrait of the Godolphin is doubtless
an admirable piece. It represents his crest as exceedingly large,
swelling and elevated; his neck, elegantly curved at the sitting on of
the head; and his muzzle, very fine. He had considerable length;,
his capacious shoulders were in the true declining position, and of
every part materially contributary to action, nature had allowed him.
an ample measure: added to this, there is in his whole appearance,
the express image of a wild animal, such as we may suppose the.
horse of the desert. Certainly the horse was no beauty, but with
his peculiar and interesting figure before me, I cannot. help wonder-
ing, that it should not oceur to his noble proprietor, a true sportsman.
as he was, that the Arabian might be worthy of a trial as a stallion.
This horse was imported by Mr. Coke, into England, and it was.
strongly suspected that he was stolen, as no pedigree was obtained:
with him, or the least item given, as to the country where he was
bred;, the only notice given, was,.that he was foaled in 1724. Mr..

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 24h

Coke gave him to Mr. Williams, keeper of the St. James Coffee
House, who presented him to the Earl of Godolphin. In this noble
lord’s stud he was kept as a teazer to Hobgoblin, during the years
1730 and 1731, when that stallion, refusing to cover Roxana, she was
covered by the Arabian, the produce of which was Lath, not only a
very elegant and beautiful horse, but, in the general opinion, the best
which had appeared on the turf since Flying Childers. ‘The Arabian
served for the remainder of his life in the same stud, producing a
yearly succession of prodigies of the species. He died in the year
1753, in his twenty-ninth year, and was decently buried, and cakes
and ale were given at the funeral of his flesh. The following famous
horses, some of which were of great size and powers, besides many
others, with a great number of eapital racing and brood mares, de-
scended from the Godolphin Arabian, viz: Lath, Cade, Regulus,
Babram, Blank, Dismal, Bajazet, Tamerlane, ‘Tarquin, Phenix, Slug,
Blossom, Dormouse, Skewball, Sultan, Old England, Noble, the
Gower Stallion, Godolphin Colt, Cripple, Entrance.

Mr. Darley, of a sporting family in Yorkshire, being a mercantile
agent in the Levant, and belonging to a hunting club at Aleppo, made
interest to purchase a horse, one of the most valuable ever imported
into England, and which fully established the worth of the Arabian
stock. He was a bay horse, his near foot before, with his two hind
feet white; with a blaze in his face, and about fifteen hands high;
he was imported into England in the year 1703, then four years old.

_ The Darley Arabian, (for such he was called,) got Flying Childers,
Bartlett’s Childers, Almanzor, Whitelegs, Cupid, Brisk, Dzedalus,
Skipjack, Manika, Aleppo, Bully Rock, Whistlejacket, &c. This
horse had not that variety of mares which annually poured in upon
the Godolphin Arabian; indeed, he covered very few, except those of
Mr. Darley, his proprietor—but from these sprung the largest and
speediest race horses which were ever known. Flying Childers and
Eclipse, the swiftest, beyond a doubt, of all quadrupeds, were the
son and areat-prand-son of this Arabian, from which, also, through
Childers and Blaze, descended Sampson, the strongest horse that ever
raced before or since his time; and from Sampson was descended Bay
Malton, who ran at York four miles in seven minutes forty-three and
a-half seconds, being seven and a-half seconds less than it was ever
done before over the same course.

On crossing, breeding and rearing the Turf horse.—The subject
of crossing is one of the most important which has ever engaged the
attention of the breeder or amateur. and it is still left in doubt whether
we ought to adhere to remote crossing in propagating the race horse,
or that we may successively breed ‘‘in and in,” viz: putting horses
and mares together of the same family.

All that we can do is to disclose the facts which that unerring guide,
experience, has established, and the exceptions to the rule which
those facts have pointed out to us. Crossing, or intermixing the
blood of different racing breeds, has ever prevailed upon the turf, and
experience has proven it to be a rational practice, when adopted with
the view of an interchange of the requisite qualifications, external or

242 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

internal; such as the union of speed and cesar slenderness and
substance, short and long shapes.

Experience tells us that the greatest success has ever attended those
breeders, and that the most valuable stock has resulted therefrom,
who have adhered to remote crosses. ‘The finest running, and high-
est formed horses that have appeared in England, were bred from
the union of two distinct stocks, the Herod and Eclipse. ‘The
former stock was invariably remarkable for stoutness and lastingness $
the latter, for speed; and by the union of these opposite qualities,
(whereby a remote cross was taken up,) a stock was obtained in
which was blended a sufficiency of the requisite qualities of both to
make firstrate running horses. ‘There was another distinct stock in
England, which crossed well upon the Herod and Eclipse branches;
i allude to the Matehem or Godolphin Arabian stock; and it may
here be remarked, that there has not been in England, a firstrate run-
ning horse on the ‘turf, for the last seventy years, without more or less
blood of this valuable horse. However necessary a remote cross
may be considered, yet exceptions have arisen to it as a rule, as some
of the most celebrated horses in England were bred considerably in and
in—F lying Childers, for instance, considered the fleetest horse in the
world. Old Fox, also a celebrated racer and valuable stallion, had an
affinity of blood in his pedigree, as well as other high formed racers
and stallions. But these exceptions arose in Great Britain, in her
earliest days of breeding, when that country was enriched by the im-
portation of particular Barb, Turk, and Arabian horses, that had pecu-
liar and extraordinary properties as stock getters, as their immediate
descendants constituted the best racers of those days, and demon-
strated that the character of the English race horse had attained its
utmost perfection at that early date.

Ata later period, but little success had attended the efforts of those
who have bred in and in. ‘The Ear! of Egremont has occasionally
tried it, as well as Lord Derby, (the owner of Sir Peter Teazle,) but
with little encouragement. Still, the British writers are divided on
the subject. Morland, in his treatise on the genealogy of the English
blood horse, expressly says, that incestuous crosses should be avoided,
viz: putting horses and mares together of the same class; while, on
the other hand, Lawrence, in his splendid work on the “ History and
delineation of the Race Horse,”’ makes the following remark of an
opposite tendency: ‘‘An adherence to the practice (of remote cross-
ing) cannot be held indispensably necessary on any sound theory;
nor need any disadvantage be apprehended from coupling horses and
mares of the same breed or family, even the nearest relative, upon
the principles above and hereafter laid down. I have often heard of,
and indeed seen, miserable legged and spindled stock resulting from
such a course, but other very visible causes existed for the result.

‘According to the adage, ‘“‘like produces like,’’ we ought to follow
form and qualification; and if a brother and sister, or father and
daughter excel in those respects, all others within our reach, we
ought to enjoin them with good expectations, for aught I know, to the
end of the chapter: and the prejudiced fear of adopting this practice,

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 243

has often led our breeders into the error of adopting an inferior form,
from the presumed necessity of a cross.’ The present remarks are
peculiarly applicable to the breeders of the race horse in Virginia, for
they are at this very time making the experiment of breeding “in and
in,”’ or from the same family of horses, as it is well known that all
the turf horses now, and for the last ten years past, produced in that
State, are of the ‘‘Sir Archy stock.” It were to be wished that there
was a greater variety of the race blood in that state, to give breeders
a wider field for selection; a descendant of Medley or Citizen, would
¢ross well upon the present numerous stock of Sir Archy, and it
would perhaps have been a fortunate circumstance, could the celebra-
ted horse Pocolet, (who was bred and raised in Virginia,) have been
retained in that state.

The subject of breeding is the next which claims our attention.

- The business of breeding is divided into the systematic and chance
medley; the formation of regular studs and observing some fixed
principles, characterize the former; while the latter is a kind of ran-
dom affair, common to the whole country where foals are raised for
a man’s pleasure or convenience, for which no extra preparations are
made, or much reflection bestowed, further than to make use of any
mare that may chance to be in possession, and of any horse which
the vicinity affords or custom may present.

In the formation of studs, the object generally had in view is breed-
ing for the turf, and one of the first principles is to breed from no
stallions unless they be thorough-bred ; in plain terms, both their sires
and dams must be of the purest of the Turkish, Barb or Arabian
coursers exclusively, and this must be tested in an authentic pedigree,
throughout whatever number of descents or crosses.* ‘The brood
mare should be equally pure or thorough-bred, and particular atten-
tion should be paid to her form, as one of the prime causes of failure
of most breeders is confining their attention solely to the horse, with-
out paying sufficient attention to the form of the mare, and permitting
fashionable blood and the supposed necessity of a cross to have too
decided a preference to correctness of shape. ‘To constitute a tho-
rough-bred animal, and to assure the attainment of every desired
quality of perfection, both the male and female ought to possess it.
Experience has proven the correctness of the principle that ‘like
produces like ;”’ acting upon this principle, we have the best assu-
rances to expect success from a junction of the best shapes or the
greater number of good points we can combine, both in the horse
and the mare. From such junction the average will be favorable; true
form will result from the union of true form in both sire and dam ;
and the next general result will be, that every horse sufficiently well
formed, and furnished in the material points, will excel either in speed
or continuance, or will possess an advantageous mixture of both.

*There is a practice in Virginia and Nerth Carolina, in giving the pedigree of a
~ stallion, to name only one or two crosses, particularly on the dam’s side, and then
pronounce him “ the finest bred horse in the world.” Who can pronounce on a
horse’s good or bad blood unless we know the whole of it? He may trace to the
common dray breed of the country for aught we know.

244 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Blood is blood, but form is superiority.

In the rearing of turf horses, the following principles are recom-
mended by the most successful breeders; the land to be dry and
sound, the harder the better, provided it be fertile ; irregularity of sur-
face a recommendation. Fresh springs or streams, shade and shelter,
and extensive range. Sufficient number of inclosures, both for each
species, which it is necessary to keep apart, and to prevent too great
a number of any being crowded together. Houses or sheds in the
inclosures ; soft and sweet herbage for the colts and milk mares; and
finally a very liberal allowance of land in proportion to the stock, that
there may be not only ample grazing in the grass season, but an
equally ample quantity of provisions of the requisite kind during the
winter.

A firm, dry, and hard soil, will have a corresponding effect upon
the feet, limbs, and tendinous systein of horses bred upon it; as will
a dry, clear and elastic air upon their wind, animal spirits and gene-
ral habit. Such are the advantages enjoyed by the horses of the
mountain and the desert; but these advantages are greatly enhanced
in a country where abundant herbage and moderate temperature are
superadded. ;

All breeders concur in the propriety of keeping colts well the first
and second winters; for colts, from the best shaped parents, will de-
generate upon insufficient nourishment, and be stinted, from the pal-
sying effects of damp and cold in the winter, if a comfortable and
general shelter is not allowed them. Good keeping and warmth,
during the first and second years, is indispensable, in order to invigo-
rate the circulation of the animal’s blood, to expand his frame, to
plump up and enlarge his muscles, to encourage the growth of his
bones, and to impart to them that solidity and strength which pre-
serves them in the right line of symmetry.

It must be interesting to the amateur, the sportsman, and the breed-
er, to give a correct, though concise account of the most distinguished
turf stock of blood horses, which existed in Virginia between the
years 17750 and 1790, a period more remarkable for fine horses, than
perhaps any other, either prior or subsequent to that time.

It was during this period that “races were established almost at
every town and considerable place in Virginia ; when the inhabitants,
almost to a man, were devoted to this fascinating and rational amuse-
ment; when all ranks and denominations were fond of horses, espe-
cially those of the race breed; when gentlemen of fortune expended
large sums on their stud, sparing no pains or trouble in importing the
best stock, and improving the breed by judicious crossing.” The
effects of the revolutionary war put a stop to the spirit of racing until
about the year 1790, when it began to revive, and under the most
promising auspices as regarded the breed of turf horses, for just at
that time or a little previous, the capital stallion Old Medley was im-
ported, who contributed his full share to the reputation of the racing
stock, whose value had been before so well established. Previous to
the year 1800, but little degeneracy had taken place either in the

HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 245

purity of the blood, the form or performances of the Virginia race
horse; and in searching for the causes of a change for the worse,

after this period, the most prominent one was the injudicious importa-
tion of inferior stallions from England. About the period of time
last mentioned, Colonel Hoomes and many others, availing themselves
of the passion for racing, inundated Virginia with imported stallions,
bought up frequently at low prices in England, having little reputation
there, and of less approved blood, thereby greatly contaminating the
tried and approved stocks which had long and eminently distinguish-
ed themselves for their feats on the turf, their services under the sad-
dle, and as valuable cavalry horses during the revolutionary war. In
recommending renewed efforts to the Virginians, for the further im-
provement and preservation of their stock of blood horses, the neces-
sity and importance of the immediate publication of a Stud Book
(and of a Racing Calendar hereafter,) cannot be overlooked.

It is the wish of the writer, that the tendency of this, and the fol-
lowing pages, may excite a spirit and a desire for such a work, by
showing that there are valuable materials extant, only requiring dili-
gence and zeal to bring them to light, capable of being made up into
a valuable publication on this subject. ‘The want of such a work as
a Stud Book, is now lamentably seen and felt in Virginia, where few
pedigrees of any particular stock can be traced far back, before they
are lost in the mazes of uncertainty and conjecture. It may safely
be asserted that the stock of horses in Virginia never can arrive to
that degree of improvement and perfection, and more particularly high
value as to price, they otherwise would do, unless a record of this
kind is published and preserved, to be resorted to for a correct know-
ledge of their blood. In breeding for the turf and selling turf horses,
blood is every thing; as it has been found that particular strains or
pedigrees of horses of this class, are remarkable for their speed and
bottom, while others are miserably defective in these essential quali-
ties of the race horse. A Stud Book and Racing Calendar will be a
standing record, always enabling us to avoid the bad, and to cherish
those particular strains of horses, that have established their good
qualities for the turf. How has Virginia been injured in her racing
stock by some particular stallions, bred in that State? Potomac, for
instance, who, although they raced it well, yet being badly bred,
propagated an inferior race of horses.

Let me, therefore, emphatically remind the breeder of the race
horse to use great particularity and caution as to the stallions from
which he breeds; examine well into their pedigrees, and to the quali-
ties of the stock from which they are descended; as an experience of
more than a century in England has proven the fact, that where a
stallion has been stained with an inferior or ‘‘dunghill” cross, how-
ever remote in his pedigree, it is certain to lurk out and exhibit itself
in his progeny, no matter how well he may have raced it himself.

We should breed back as much as possible upon the good old
stocks of Jolly Roger, Janus, Morton’s Traveller, Fearnought, and
Medley, of which | propose to give a particular account in the suc-
ceeding pages. It has been well for us that the importation of stal-

246 . THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

lions from England has long since ceased, and I hope never to see it
revived again. ‘The sod of the Beacon course (four miles and up-
wards) is now too little trod by the English race horse ; short races
with light weights are now too common; the consequences are, that
their s sock of blood horses are rapidly losing that stamina and inhe-
rent goodness of constitution or stoutness, which enabled them in
former days to carry high weights, and to support frequent and hard
running. Fifteen or twenty years ago, the Virginians bred altogether
from imported English stallions, and at that time also, there were
more sportsmen on the turf; yet we have at this day better race horses,
under less patronage, from American bred stallions, than at that day.
Does not this prove that by adhering to our own stock, and breeding
from large highly formed, full blooded stallions, that our turf horses
will soon equal or exceed any in the world? and as our race stock is
considered stronger and more active, it will be found advisable to
breed them for the saddle, plough or wagon.

Jolly Roger, was the first horse that gave distinction to the racing
stock of Virginia. His porlormanees on the English turf, and that
of his pedigree, are recorded in the name of “ Roger of the Vale.”
After he was imported into this country he took the name by which
he is now known; he was foaled in 1741, and commenced covering in
Virginia about the year 1748. He was got by Roundhead, who was
by Flying Childers, who was by the Darley Arabian. The dam of
Houndhesd was the famous ‘plate’? mare Roxana by the Bald Gal-

oway, the dam of the celebrated racers and stallions Lath and Cade
by the Godolphin Arabian. ‘The dam of Jolly Roger was got by
Mr. Croft’s famous horse Partner, the best racer and stallion of his
day, his grandam by Woodcock—Croft’s Bay Barb; Makeless;
Brimmer; Son of Dodsworth; Burton Barb mare.

Jolly Roger got many fine racers, stallions and brood mares, and
is a favorite cross in the pedigree of the Virginia bred turf horse, and
very jusly too.

Jolly Roger got Spanking Roger, out of the imported mare Jenny
Dismal, and Longsdale out of an imported Monkey mare.

Janus was a chesnut horse, foaled in England in 1746, and got by
Janus, a bay horse foaled in 1738, full brother to Blank and Old
England, being got by the Godolphin Arabian out of the famous
‘‘LLittle Hartley mare’? by Bartlett’s Childers, son of the Darley
Arabian.

Janus was imported into Virginia by Mr. Mordecai Booth, of
Gloucester county, Va., in the year 1752; his dam was got by old
Fox, (whose name stood eminent in the English pedigree,) his grand-
dam by the Bald Galloway.

Although Janus partook of every cross in his pedigree calculated
for the distance turf horse, yet his stock were more remarkable for
speed than bottom. Janus, from his shoulders back, was considered
the most perfect formed horse ever seen in Virginia, by the most
skilful connoisseurs: he was remarkable for roundness of contour,
strength of articulation, and indicating great powers and stamina in
his whole conformation.

~

THE. FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 247

His stock partook of these qualities in an eminent degree, and for
thirty or forty years they were considered as a ‘‘ peculiar stock,” as
they invariably exhibited even in the third and fourth generations
from the old horse, the same compactness of form, strength and pow-
er. ‘The Janus stock have exceeded all others in the United States
for speed, durability and general uniformity of good form; and more
good saddle and harness horses have sprung from them than from any
ether stock.

Celer was justly considered as the best son of old Janus, as he
propagated a stock equal in every quality to those of the stoek begot-
ten by his sire. He was bred by Mr. Mead of Virginia, and foaled
in 1774, and died in 1802, aged twenty-eight years.

As the pedigree on his dam’s side is not generally known, I will
here give it. ‘The dam of Celer was got by the imported horse Aris-
toile, a brown bay, finely formed, full fifteen hands high, bred by
Mr. Bladen and got by the Cullen Arabian, his dam by Crab, his
grandam by Hobgoblin, great grandam by the Godolphin Arabian,
out of a famous mare called White Cheeks.

_ Morton’s imported horse 'Fraveller, contributed in an eminent de-

gree to the improvement of the turf stock of horses in Virginia. He

was a bay horse, foaled about the year 1748, and was a covering
stallion at Richmond court house, Virginia, as early as the year 1754.
He was bred by Mr. Crofts, at Raby in Yorkshire, (who was the for-
tunate breeder and owner of some.of the first horses in England,)
and was got by his famous horse Partner, who was a grandson of the
Byerly ‘T'urk, and was himself the grandsire of King Herod. The
dam of ‘Traveller, was by Bloody Buttocks (an Arabian) Greyhound;
Makeless; Brimmer; Place’s White Turk; Dodsworth; Layton
Barb mare. Morton’s Traveller was bred from the best running stock
in England m that day: the famous Wetherington mare was full
sister to Traveller; she bred Shepherd’s Crab and other capital racers.

Morton’s Traveller got Tryall and Yorick out of Blazella, import-
ed, and Burwell’s ‘I'raveller out of a Janus and Lycurgus; also
Lloyd’s Traveller out of a Jenny Cameron, and ‘Tristam Shandy out
of a Janus, Ariel full brother to Partner, and Partner out of Colonel
Tasker’s imported mare Selima.

Partner was the best son of Morton’s Traveller, proving to be not
only a fine race horse, but a valuable stallion. He was foaled about
the year 1755. Partner got Rockingham out of Nelson’s imported
mare Blossom, and Fitz Partner out of the dam of Celer and the
celebrated horse Mark Anthony.

Mark Anthony’s dam was by Othello, (a son of Mr. Parton’s capi-
tal English horse Crab,) his grandam the imported mare Moll Bra-
zons; she was sired by Spark, who was imported to this country by
Governor Ogle, of Maryland, and was given to him by Lord Balti-
more, who received him from Frederick, Prince of Wales.

Mark Anthony was foaled about the year 1763, and did not exceed
fifteen hands in height, and was a horse of beauty and intrinsic value,
whether viewed as a racer or stallion. In the former character he
was not excelled by any horse of his day, being ‘‘ remarkable for his

248 — {THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

- swiftness,” having at the same time good wind, enabling him to run
four mile heats in good form. In the latter character he stood de-
servedly celebrated, and propagated a stock which were held in the
highest estimation for their various valuable qualities, whether for the
turf, the saddle or the harness. Mark Anthony got Collector out of -
a Centinel, and Monarch out of a thorough-bred mare, and Romulus
out of a Valiant.

Yorick got Pilgrim out of a little Davie, and Bucephalus out Y a
Careless, and Junius out of an Othello.

Burwell’s Traveller got Southall’s Traveller out of an imported
mare, and Camillus out of a Fearnought mare.

Lloyd’s Traveller got Leonidas out of a Morton’s Traveller mare.
Junius gotSpangloss out of a Jolly Roger mare.

Fearnought holds the first claim prior to the day of wicttae’ and
is therefore entitled to the palm in preference to any stallion that had
preceded him in giving the Virginia turf stock a standing equal to
that of any running stock in the world. The blood which flowed in
the veins of old Fearnought must have been peculiarly rich in those
qualities that make up the conformation of the race horse, as not only
the whole stock got by Fearnought run well, but also his sons and
his grandsons were remarkable for generally getting good running —
stock. There was also strength and stamina universally pervading
the Fearnought stock, to which may be added good size, that made
them the best distance horses of their day. ‘The fact is, that the
Fearnoughts run well all distances, and the old horse stood higher
than any other horse on the continent for getting racers; and he got
more of them than any other—he also was the sire of more fine stal-
lions than any other horse of his day.

Old Fearnought was bred by William Warren of England, and
foaled in the year 1755. He came out of Mr. Warrengs fine brood
mare Silvertail, and was got by Regulus the best son of the Godol-
phin Arabian. Regulus, when six years old, won eight King’s plates.
He never was beat, being very superior to any horse of his day.

Silvertail, the dam of Fearnought, was foaled in 1738, and got by
fleneage 's Whitenose; her dam by Rattle; Darley’s Arabian; the

oid Child mare, got by Sir Thomas Gresley’s bay Arabian out of Mr.
Cook’s Vixen, who was got by the Helmsly Turk, out of a Royal
Barb mare.

Fearnought was imported into this country by Colonel John Bay-
lor, who advertised him in the year 1765, as “a bright bay, fifteen
hands three inches high, remarkably strong and active, and the full
brother to the late Mr. Warren’s invincible horse Careless.’? Old
Fearnought died in the fall of 1776, at the age of twenty-one years.
Among other capital stallions and racers, he got the following, viz:

Nonpareil, out of a Janus mare.

Nimrod, out of a Partner.

America, out of a Jolly Roger.

Regulus, out of the imported mare Jenny Dismal.

Godolphin, full brother to Regulus.

Shakspeare, out of an imported Cub mare.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 249

‘Gallant, out of a Stateley mare.
‘Shakspeare, out of an imported Shakspeare mare.
Apollo, out of an imported Cullen Arabian mare.
Harris’ s Eclipse, out of Baylor’s imported Shakspeare mare.
~ Laurel, out of a Fearnought.
: Matchless, out of Sober John.
King Herod, out of an Othello.

Whynot, out of an Othello.

Dandridge’s Fearnought, out of

‘Symmes’ Wildair, out of a Jolly Roger, who proved to be the best

son of old Fearnought.
Wildair got—

Commutation, out of a Yorick mare.

Highfiyer, out of a Yorick mare.

‘Chanticleer, out of a Pantaloon mare.

Chanticleer, the best son of Wildair, got—

Magog, out of a Wildair.

Prestley, (fuil sister to Magog,) the dam of Wilkes’ Madison.

Cornelia, the dam of Mr. Randolph’s Gracchus.

“The stock of old Medley may justly be ranked as among the most
remarkable and valuable that have ever signalized themselves on a
Virginia race course. ‘This stock of horses lacked nothing but size
to have made the best racers in the world; and yet their want of
size was not manifested on the turf: as their ability to carry weight ex-
ceeded any other stock; they were also more remarkable for good
wind or bottom, for fine limbs and good eyes, than any other race of
horses that have been bred in Virginia. ‘These qualities resulted in this
stock, (and were more peculiar to them than to any other,) from the
close proximity of the points of the hips to the shoulder, from the
uncommon solidity of their bones, the close texture of their sinews,
and the bulk and substance of their tendons, which always enabled
them to carry the highest weights, and io endure the greatest stress
on their bodily powers. ‘To these qualities may be added their un-
common purity of blood, derived from their sire old Medley, who
was one of the purest blooded horses ever bred in England.

Gimcrack, the sire of Medley, was one of the most remarkable
horses of his day in England. He was a grey, and called the “little
grey horse Gimcrack,” foaled in 1760, got by Cripple, a son of the
Godolphin Arabian. Gimcrack was one of the severest running and
hardest bottomed horses that ever ran in England; although small,
yet his ability to carry weight was very great, for he frequently gave
the odds as high as twenty-eight pounds, and he continued on the
turf until eleven years of age, thereby showing his uncommon hardi-
ness of constitution and firmness of limbs which he richly transmit-
ted into the veins of Medley. Gimcrack at four years old won seven
50/. plates, four miles; also in 1765, at four miles, 50/; also one
thousand guineas, two hundred and fifty guineas forfeit. He beat the
Duke of Cumberland’s Drone, four miles for five hundred guineas,
giving him twenty-one pounds.

In 1766 he was sent to France, and in 1767 returned to England,

17

Se

\
B50 EHE FARMER S COMPLETE FARKIER

and won in that year, four 50/. plates, five miles. In 1768, two 50/-
plates and the silver bowl. He beat Mr. Vernon’s Barber for three
hundred guineas, giving him twenty-eight pounds, in 1770. He
beat Lord Rockingham’s Iacho for three thousand guineas, giving him
twenty-eight pounds; also Lord Rockingham’s Pilgrim for the whip-
and two hundred guineas, the whip equal to the guineas. Gimerack.
was then ten years of age. Earl Grosvenor had two portraits taken
of Gimerack. That of Gimerack preparing to start is reckoned ex-
cellent of its kind, ‘Phe two portraits, it is said, represent this horse
in different shades of grey ; the iron grey of his youth, and the hoary’
white of his old age. Gimerack had acquired such fame and celeb-
rity that his last proprietor left him a length of time at Tattersal’s
for the inspection of the public. .

‘Ehe dam of Medley was Arminda, by Snap, (full sister to Papillon;.
the dam of Sir Peter Teazle, the best in England.) Medley acquir-
ed his beautiful symmetry and proportions from Snap, who was 2
horse of great beauty and justness of proportion, strong, vigorous,
and muscular, and was upon an equality as a racer, if not superior
to any horse of his time. Medley was imported into this country by
Malcomb Hart, in the year 1785. Among many other distinguished.
racers and stallions, Medley got the following, viz: — 7

Boxer, out of a Fearnought mare.

Opernico, out of a Lindsay Arabian mare.

Quicksilver, out of a Wildair..

Young Medley, out of a Blue and all Black.

Melzar, out of a Wiidair..

Lamplighter, out of a Longsdale.

Fitz-Medley, out of a Dandridge Fearnought mare-

Gimcrack, out of an Ariel.

Bellair, out of a Yorick.

Bellair may justly be distinguished as the best son of old Medley,
not only as being upon an equality as a racer, but as having got more
fine stallions, racers, and brood mares, and as being decidedly the |
best bred son of his distinguished sire. Bellair partook of the best
blood that has been highly valued in Virginia, viz: of Morton’s 'Tray-
eller through Yorick, Fearnought, Partner, Mark Anthony, &c.

Colonel Tasker’s famous running mare Selima, that was the dam
of Partner, was the great grandam of Bellair; and I will here take
occasion to correct an error in the pedigree of this celebrated mare,
as it has prevailed for more than thirty years in all the published
pedigrees which I have seen of Bellair. Colonel Tasker’s Selima,
is represented to have come out of a mare called Snap Dragon, by
Snap; this is a manifest error. ‘The Godolphin Arabian, who sired
Selima, died in 1753; Snap was foaled in 1750, and did not com-
mence covering until six years old, hence the first Snap mares were
not foaled till 1757, four years after the Godolphin was dead. Colo-
nel Tasker’s Selima was bred by Lord Godolphin, and came out of
a mare by old Fox, that was.the dam of Daphne, and also of the eel-
ebrated running horse Weasel, that was the property of Lord Rock-
ingham; the grandam of Selima by Flying Childers; Makeless;.
Taffolet Barb; Natural Barb mare.

{HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 251

--& would urge upon the breeders of the Virginia Turf horse to take
in, in their different crosses, as much of the blood of old Medley
and Bellair as possible, to give their stock firm limbs, very much need-
ed at this time, as the Virginia race horses of the present day train
off the turf too early.

The following letter, appropriate to the present subject, is from
that eminent breeder atid sportsman, Colonel John Tayloe, formerly
of Mount Airy, Virginia, now of Washington City :

“In reply to your favor, 1 shall be happy if any information I am
able to give you in regard to old Medley, and such of his stock asf
have owned, can be of service to you. Old Medley was imported
to this country about the year 1785, was owned by Mr. Malcomb
Hart, and stood at Hanover Court House. He was one of the most
beautiful horses IT ever saw. I cannot at this remote period pretend
to describe him further than he was a grey horse of the finest pro-
portions and not more than fourteen and a-half to fifteen hands high.
Ihave always: esteemed him one of the best horses ever imported
into the United States, and concur with you in opinion that his stock
is decidedly the best we have had. His colts were the best racers
of their day, although they were generally small; but their limbs were
remarkably fine, and they were distinguished for their ability to carry
weight. 1 owned some of the best of his colts. Bellair and Calypso
I bred; Grey Diomede and Quicksilver, 1 purchased from the profits
which Trealized from their successful performances on the turf. If
have reason to hold Medley_in grateful remembrance.

*‘As respects Bellair, he was strong built, and rather stout; good
eyes; and remarkable fine bony legs; rather above fifteen hands. I
do not think his bottem was surpassed by any horse on record; if
ever he locked his antagonist, I felt certain of success. When he ran
with Mr. Randolph’s Gimerack, he was in excessive bad order, after
a jong journey, in bad weather, from Maryland. ‘hey ran three
four mile heats, in each of which Bellair mended, and was not beat
far. I refused five hundred guineas for him immediately after the
race. J concur with you respecting. the old Virginia stock, which
should not be lost.”’

Having given an account of Col. Tasker’s imported mare Selima,
it may not here be improper to add that of Carter Braxton’s imported
mare, Kitty Fisher: as those two mares bred more fine stuck in Vir-
ginia, than any other imported mares brought to this country; it being
well known to the sportsmen and breeders for the turf, that some of the
highest formed racers and stallions bred in that state, were descended
from those two mares. ©

Kitty Fisher was a gray mare, foaled in 1'755, and imported by
Carter Braxton, in the fall of 1759. She was bought by Mr. Brax-
ton, at New Market, England, in the spring of 1759, being then the
property of the Marquis of Granby, and stood at the time engaged in
a sweepstake for £3600 for three years old fillies; but the Marquis
being abroad with the British armies, he was allowed to withdraw
himself from his racing engagements, and directed all his running

- stock to be sold, At the sale, she was purchased as above, and sent

252. THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

over to this country. She was got by Cade, (one of the finest sons
of the Godolphin Arabian,) her dam, by the Cullen Arabian, out of
the famous mare, Bald Charlotte. (Bald Charlotte was a high bred
mare, of the finest form, and winner of King’s plates.)

Kitty Fisher was trained in this country, and run, and won easily,”
several matches.

It is peculiarly pleasing to reeur to those periods in Virginia, when
the blooded horse held such a high place in the estimation of the
people; when men the most distinguished for their wealth, their
talents, or patriotism, were seen vying with each other, who should
import the finest blood horses or mares from England, or raise
them from those already imported. It was the object of the writer,
in the preceding pages, to call up those periods to review, and give
an account of the most valuable stallions and mares, from which the
Virginia stock were bred during those times, hoping it will serve to
animate the breeders of the present day, and stimulate them to emu-
late their ancestors, in their zeal and success in rearing the blood
horse.

Justice, a chesnut horse, fifteen hands high, was bred by William
Manby, of Gloucestershire, England, and got by Regulus, out of the
Bolton Sweepstakes. Justice covered in Prince George cguntye
Virginia, in 1761.

Othello, a beautiful black, fifteen hands high, very strong, was got
by Mr. Panton’s Crab, in England, out of the Duke of Somerset’s
favorite brood mare. Othello covered in Virginia, on James’ river,
in 1761, and was a most capital stallion. He got Selim, and the dam
of Mark Anthony.

Crawford, a fine dapple gray, fifteen hands high, was bred by his
royal highness, the Duke of Cumberland, and got by his Arabian.
Covered in Virginia, in 1762.

Juniper, a fine bay, fifteen hands one inch high, foaled in 1752,
was got by Babraham, one of the best sons of the Godolphin Arabian,
The dam of Juniper, by the Stamford Turk, &c. Juniper covered
in Charles City, Virginia, in 1762, and was an excellent stallion. He
is a remote cross in the Virginia pedigree.

Ranter, a beautiful bay, fifteen hands high, foaled in 1755, imported
into Virginia in 1762, by Wm. 8. Wadman. He was got by Dimple,
ason of the Godolphin Arabian; the dam of Ranter, by old Crab,
Bloody Buttocks, &c. Ranter stood in Stafford county, esos aye im
1753, and is an old cross in out pedigrees.

Aristotle, brown bay, fifteen hands high, got by the Cullen Arabian,
his dam, by old Crab, &c. Aristotle was one of the finest and high-
est formed horses imported into Virginia in his,day; he propagated a»
most valuable stock for the time he lived, having died shortly after
coming into Virginia. He stood at Berkely, Charles City county,
in 1764, :

Bucephalus, brown bay, fifteen and a-half hands hich, foaled in
1758, was got by Sir Matthew Wetherton’s horse Locust; his dam,
by old Cade, Partner, &e. Bucephalus was a very strong ‘horse, and
stood at 'Tappahannock, Virginia, in 1765.

HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 253

~ David, a bay horse, fifteen hands high, well made, very Biive, and
degiendes * from the best stock in England. Stood in Virginia in
17 5

‘Dottereli, a high formed horse, fifteen and a-half hands high, a
powerful, strong boned horse, was got by Changeling; his dam, by
a son of Winn’s Atabian, &c. Changeling was one of the finest
horses in England, of his day. Dotterell stood in Westmoreland
county, Virginia, in 1766.

Merry Tom, a beautiful bay, four feet eleven inches high, was got
by Regulus, (one of the best sons of the Godolphin Arabian,) his
dam, by Locust, a son of Crab; his grandam, by a son of Flying
Childers, &c. In 1762, he won two hundred guineas, sweepstakes,
at Richmond; in 1753, he won £50 at Durham, and the noblemen
and gentlemen’ s subscription at Cupar, in Scotland. Merry Tom
stood in Prince George county, in 1767. ne was the sire of the
noted horse, Smiling Tom.

Sterling, a fine dapple gray, foaled in 1762, was got by the Bellsize
Arabian, (which Mr. J. Simpson offered fifteen hundred guineas for,)
eut of Mr. Simpson’s Snake mare; she was got by Snake, a son of
the Lister Turk, out of the Duke of Cumberland’ famous mare, the
dam of Cato. Sterling traces down to the famous old mare bred by
Mr. Crofts, at Raby, in Yorkshire, and sold to the Duke of Cleve-
land. Sterling was a very fine horse, and became famous as a valu-
able foal getter. He was owned by William Evans, and stood in
Surry county, Virginia, in 1768. ae did not exceed fifteen and a- -
half hands in height.

Lath, a bay horse, fifteen hands one inch high, strong and bony,
was got by Shepherd’s Crab; his dam by Lath, a son of the Godol-
phin Arabian, &c. Lath was landed in this counting in 1768, and
won that year, the £50 weight for age plate, at New Market, on Long
Island. In 1769, he won the Jockey Club purse of £1060, at Phila-
delphia, beating the then best running horses in that state and from
Maryland. im 1770, he also won the £100 plate at the same place.
In 1771, he won the £100 plate at New Market, and never was beat
but once; when he ran out of condition. Lath was descended from
the most valuable blood in England, and contributed in an eminent
degree to the improvement of the stock of horses of his day.

Whirligig, was a dark bay, fifteen hands high, and was imported
from England, in the year 1773. He was got by Lord Portmore’s —
bay horse, Captain, (a son of young Cartouch,) his dam, by the De-
vonshire Blacklegs, son of Flying Childers, &c. In April, 1769,
when this fine horse was rising six years old, his owner received
forfeit of one thousand guineas, from Rapid; the same year he beat
Volunteer, for two hundred guineas. In October, 1770, he beat War-
wickshire Wag, for one hundred guineas; and the same year he beat
Atrides, for one hundred guineas, &c. Whirligig stood to mares in
Halifax county, North Carolina, in the year 1'777.

Selim.—This beautiful and valuable stallion, was a dark bay, a
little rising fifteen hands high, was got by Othello, (commonly called
Black and all Blavk,) whose sire was old Crab. ‘The dam of Selim

254 THF FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

was a beautiful mare of that name, got by the Godolphin Arabiar,
and full sister to the celebrated horse Babraham, of England. Selim
was a tried and approved racer, and a stallion of deserved celebrity.
He stood in Virginia, from the year 1770 to 1780, and propagated a
valuable race of horses.

A retrospect of the older stallions of Virginia, evinces the impor-
tant fact that they did not exceed from fifteen to fifteen and a-half
hands in height; and yet Virginia, in those days, had a stoek of
horses equal to any in the world. ‘They were remarkable for sub-
stance or fine stamina. This stock of horses was the immediate
descendants of the best Arabian, Barb, or "Turkish blood whieh had
been early imported into England from Oriental countries, and has
exhibited a degeneracy as to substance or stamina, in proportion as it
has been removed from this elder foreign blood.

The above stallions were the descendants of Oriental stoek, as well
as Janus and Fearnought, (who were the grandsons of the Godol-
phin Arabian.) During the days of those horses and their offspring,
Virginia was famed for her fine saddle horses, and their weights on
the turf was one hundred and forty-four pounds, for aged horses:
now it is proverbial that the blood horse of Virginia rarely produces
a fine saddle horse, nor have they a single turf horse capable of run-
ning four miles in good time with their former weight. All their
good races are now made by young horses carrying light weight, say
from ninety to one hundred and three pounds.

The same retrospect of the English stock discloses the same facts =
Lawrence remarks, that a ‘‘retrospect seems to evmee great superi-
ority in the foreign horses of former times, many of the best English
racers in these days, being the immediate descendants, on both sides,
of Arabs, Barbs, or Turks, or their sires and dams. ‘That union of
substance and action, which was to ibe met with in former days, has
been of late years still more scarce.’ 3

As evidence of the correctness of Lawrence’s opinion, it may be
adduced that the established weights on the English turf, m former
days were increased to one hundred and sixty-eight pounds, and it
was during this period that their horses continued to improve both in
substance and speed, and notwithstanding the great weight of one
hundred and sixty-eight pounds they had to carry, they ran four miles
from seven minutes thirty seconds, to seven minutes fifty seconds.
From the days of Eclipse, the weights were gradually reduced, and
have been brought down to one hundred and nineteen pounds, and on
no track exceeding one hundred and thirty-three pounds. Yet there
is not a racer now in England, able to run his distance in as good
time as they were in former days, with their high weights. _ :

The present rage for breeding horses to a great height should not
be so much attended to as obtaining the requisite substance, and from
the above list we see that from fifteen to fifteen and a-half hands in
height, has combined with it that necessary union*of substance and
action, which enabled the horses in former times, to run in such fine
form, and carry such high weights. The most obvious way to insure
this desirable ‘substance or stamina in our stock, is to increase the

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 255

weights of the turf to the old standard, and not to permit colts to start
in public ‘until four years old. The great superiority of the elder
English race horses is, in part, to be attributed to the favorable cir-
cumstance ef their not having started in public until five or six years
old. This delay has the obvious favorable effect of enabling the
bulk and substance of their limbs and inferior joints to become strong
im proportion to their weight, and their whole tendinous system con-
solidated and firm. F lying Childers, Bay Bolton, Brocklesby, Betty,
Bonny Black, Buckhunter, the famous Carlisle welding, Eclipse, and
@ great number of others, did not race im public until five and six
years old; and they were racers of the highest eminence, for per-
formance and heavy weight, of any on record in the English annals
of the turf.

The first step towards an American Stud Book, or collecting an
saccount of our blood horses, is to ascertain the number of stallions
amported from England, with their pedigrees annexed, because it is
to the importation of horses and mares from that kingdom, that we
are indebted not only for the foundation of our stock of turf horses,
but for their present value. There is not a pedigree of a single blood
horse or mare in this country, but what goes, in every cross, directly
or remotely back to English stock.

CHAPTER XV.
AMERICAN STUD BOOK,

ABRIDGED AS SUGGESTED BY THE PUBLISHER.—Compiler.

Abelino, g ¢ by Dragon, dam Celerrima. 1804. John Hoomes. -
Abjer, imported, got by Old Truffle, dam Briseis by Benningbrough,
er dam Lady Jane, by Sir Peter Teazle. Foaled, 1817, died
1828. Alabama. Jas. Jackson.
Adeline, b f by Henry, dam by Old Oscar. New Jersey. J. Van-
dyke. —
br m by Spread Eagle, Whistle Jacket, Rockingham, Old Cub,
&e. 1806. John Tayloe.
Young, by Topgallant, dam Adeline by Spread Eagle. 1809.—
John Tayloe.
Adelaide, b f by Thornton’s Raitler,dam Desdemona by Miner Es-
cape, &c.
Adria, b f by Pacific, dam Oceana. 1831. J. Southall.
Admiral Nelson, imported, b h by John Bull. Foaled, 1795. ‘Wil-
liam Lightfoot.
African, bl h by Careless, dam by Lloyd’s Traveller. Flatbush, 1788.
A. Giles.
Agnes, or the Thrift mare, by Bellair, dam by Wildair. Wm. Thrift.
b m by Sir Solomon, by Tickle Toby, her dam Young Romp, by
Duroc. 1822. Gen. Coles.

256 ‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Agricola, bl h by Highflyer, dam by imported Dove, gr dam Emery’s:
noted running mare. Chesterfield, Va. Reuben Short. |
Agrippa, g h by the Winter Arabian, dam by Harrison’s Pretender.

Kentucky. R. J. Breckenridge.
Alaricus, by Haskin’s Americus, dam Henderson’s Young prene
g dam, by Thornton’s Wilden &e.
Alexander, imported, was bred by Sir William Wynne, Bart, 5 got by
Lord Grosvenor’s Old Alexander. Virginia. Wm. Smalley.
Alexandria, sor m by imported Alexander, dam Black: Maria by Shark.
1811. J. Tayloe.
Imported was by Alexander, her dam by Mgodpeeres J ohn
Hoomes.
Alderman, imported, got by Pot8os, an Lady Bolingbroke, by
_ Squirrell, Cypron, the dam of King Herrod, &c. John Banks.
Mare, dk b by Alderman, dam by Clockfast, out of a Wildair mare.
1799, J. Wickham. ;
Albert, by Americus, dam by Wildair,, by Fearnought. 1798. Ro-
_bert Saunders.
Alfretta, ch f by Christian’s Hotspur, by 'Timoleon, dam Lady Al-
fred, by old Sir Alfred. 1831. Hugh Campbell.
Alice, gr f by Henry, dam Spirtmistress. Queen’s county, N ew-York.
1829. ‘Thos. Pearsall.
Alice Gray, gr f by Brilliant, dam by Sir Archy. Foaled, 1829.—
Thomas Snowden, Jun.
All Fours, imported, got by All Fours, son of Gertie ae Bol-
ton Starling—Miss Meynell by Partner—Greyhound.
All Trumps, s m by Sir Archy, dam by imported Jack Andrews.—
Richard Adams.
Alknomac, ch c by Kosciusko, dam by Buzzard. Kentielye Ed.
M. Blackburn.
Alzira, by Archduke, dam by Bedford, e« dam by Folly whetaney —
Wm. Garnett.
Amanda, by Gray Diomede, dam Amanda by Bedford. Row ietiats,
Va. Wade Mosby.
‘bm by Bedford, dam by Old Cade, ¢ dam by Col. Hickman s In-
dependence. J. Broaddus.
Duroc, b m by Duroe, dam by Sir Solomon, g dam imported Trum-
petta, &c. 1827.
Amazon, by Dietator, dam Statira by Percy, g dam Homespun by
Romulus. 1800. Wade Hampton.
Amazonia, b m by Tecumseh, Sir Harry, Celer, &c. Nash. ne
N.C. 1815. Nath. Ward.
b m by Sir Peter, dam Diana by Americus.
Americus, by imported Shark, dam by Wildair, by read ieee King
and Queen, Va. 1798. John Hoskins.
Andrew Jackson, b h by Virginian, dam by Sir Arthur, g dam by
Florizell.
Andromache, by Old Cub, her dam by Sweeper, g dam Clarissa, by
imported Ranger. Washington. 1808. Wm. Thornton.
Anna, b f by Truxton, dam Dido by Ceur de Lion. 1810.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 257

Anienciionty® by Marshal. Ney, dam Camilla by Timoleon. Ra-
leigh, N. C. 1830. C. Manly.

Anvelina, imported, b m.. Presented by Mr. O’ Celly in 1799, to
Col. J. Tayloe.

Apollo, dk b h by Old Fearnought, dam. Spotswood’s imported Cul-
len Arabian mare. 1777. Richard Elliott.

Apparition, imported b c by Spectre, dam young Cranberry (bred by
_ Earl Grosvenor.)

Arabian Lindsay’s or Ranger, presented by the Emperor of Morocco
to the captain of an English vessel, and landed in the West In-
dies, there he broke three of his legs, and was made a present to
a gentleman from Connecticut, where he went by the name of
Ranger. Captain Lindsay was sent by General Lee, in 1777-8,
who purchased him and brought him to Virginia.

_ Jones’s—A dapple grey fifteen hands high, black legs, mane and
tail. Selected in Tunis by Major Stith, American Consul there,

- and purchased for Commodore Jacob Jones of the U. S. Navy.

Selim, g h presented by Murad Bey to the late Gen. Sir F. Aber-
erombie, and after his death he became the property of Commo-
dore Barron, of whom he was purchased, and afterwards sold
and carried to Kentucky. 1815. John Tayloe.

Winter’s—Was captured during the last war, (1814,) then one
year old, by the privateer Grampus, of Baltimore, on board the
brig Doris, his Majesty’s transport, No. 650, on his passage
from Senegal in Africa, to Portsmouth, England, and was intend-
ed as a present for the then Prince Regent, late King of England.
This horse was sold, and purchased by E. J. Winter, member
of Congress, from the State of New York. This Arabian is

now white, and about four feet nine inches high.

Bagdad—Was purchased by George Barclay, Esq. of New York,
from Hassana de Gris, Minister to England from Tripoli, who
imported him to England, as a horse of the purest Arabian blood:
he was purchased by a Company in Nashville, Tennessee, for
$8,000. 1823.

Bussora—Imported from the land of Job, for which $4,000 was
paid. Stood at New York.

Ballesteros, dk br formerly the property of Ferdinand, ing of
Spain, and still bears the Royal Mark. When the French Army
got possession of Madrid, the steed belonging to the King of
Spain, was taken by the Spanish nobles, carried to Cadiz and

there sold. Amongst others was young Ballesteros—he became
the property of Richard S. Hackley, Esq. Consul at that place,
who disposed of him to Captain Singleton, of Philadelphia, who
brought him to this country, and sold him to Thomas Guy of
Richmond, Va. Broad Rock, Va. 1816. William Ball.

Arabarb, bl imported by Col. Lear, a large strong horse, well pro-
portioned but not handsome; he was the sire of the dam of Fair-
fax. Col. Lear.

Arabia, bl h by Old Janus, from a blood mare by an imported horse.
Cumberland county, Va. 1777. ‘Thomas Moody.

258 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

Arab, b h by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce, by Sir api Bruns-
wick county, Va. 1829.

‘Arabella, br f by Arab, dam by Virginian, g. dam by Old Sir Archy.
1827.

by Dare Devil, dam a Clockfast mare. Richmond. 1823. Sam-
uel McCraw.

Arch Duke, imported. A brown bay, got by Sir Peter Teazle—
Richmond. 1803. John Banks.

Archibald, imported, bred by the Duke of anil ont foaled in
1801. He was got by Walnut, son of Highflyer. William
Smalley.

Archy Sir, (Benehans,) by Old Sir Archy, dam by Eagle, or dam by
imported Druid, g g dam by Old Mark Anthony.

Ariadne, by imported Citizen, dam by Blank. Col. Holcombe.

by Ball’s. Florizelle, dam Thunderclap, (bred by Mr, Wickham,
Richmond,) g dam Ariadne, by Bedford.

Ariel, b f by Young Contention, dam Kitty by imported Whip.—

«Georgia. 1830. Charles A. Rudd.

Artless, b m by ason of imported Bedford, dam a Ratth de Cashe by
Terror. South Carolina. 1809. Harrison. |

Aspacia, gr m by Bellair, dam Polly Peachem. 1795. J. Tayloe.

Atlas, b h by imported Ranter, dam by imported Lansdale, out of an
imported mare. Balt. cy. 1787. M. Nestor.

Atalanta, ch f by Old Slouch, dam Brilliant mare. South Carolina,
1791. Wm. Alston. i

b f by Roanoake, dam Young Minikin, &c. J. Randolph.

Augusta, imported by Sattram, dam by Wildair, Clockfast, Apollo,
Janus, Jolly Roger, &c. Foaled, 1802. William Rives.

Aurora, gr m by Gov. Lloyd’s Vintzun, dam Pandora by ea Dio-
mede. ‘Thomas Emery.

Aurelia, imported by Anville, dam Augusta by Eclipse, Herod, fas
zette, de. 1800.

Aura, b f by Roanoake, dam Amy Robsart. J. Randolph.

Autocrat, imported gr h sixteen and a-half hands high, by Grand

~ Duke, dam Olivetta, (by Sir Oliver,) ¢ dam Scotini by Delphini,
Scotia by Eclipse, &c. Grand Duke by Arch Duke out of
Handmaid by John Bull, &c. _ Foaled, 1822. .

Autocrat, imported, gr c got by nnd Duke, dam Olivetta by Sir
‘Oliver—Scotina by Delphi—Scota by Eclipse—foaled, 1822.
Nee Ys We a

Babraham, by imported Juniper, dam Col. Tasker’ s imported Selima,
&ec. Philadelphia, 1780. Jacob Hittzheimer.

Babraham, imported b h fifteen hands two inches high, got by Old
Fearnought, son of Godolphin Ar.—Silver imported into Vir-
ginia, by Wm. Evans, of Surry county, and got by the Belsize
Arabian in England, and foaled, 1759. Virginia, 1765. Wm.
& Geo. Evans.

Imported b h got by Wildair, Babraham, Sloe, Bartlett’s Cisiders,
Counsellor, Snake, &c. Foaled, 1775. Va., 1783. A. Willis.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 259

Bacchus, b ¢ by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, (by Shark,) g dam by
Wildair. Wilkinson.

Badger, imported gr h by Bosphorus, (ason of Babraham,) dam by

- Black. N. Carolina, 1777. Gov. Eden.

- by imported Badger, dam by Galloway’s Selim out of an imported

mare by Spot. Maryland, 1806. Benjamin Ogle.

Bajazette, imported, by the Godolphin Arabian, dam by Whitefoot,

~~ Leedsman, Moonah, Barb Mare. 1740.

(Little Devil,) by Dare Devil, dam Miss Paumilenoy: 1801. John
Tayloe.

(Young,) b h by Bajazette, dam a Janus mare, (bred by B. Moore,
N. Carolina.) King and Queen, Va. 1774.

Bald Eagle, b c by Spread Eagle, dam Broadnax by Old Janus, &c.
J. Breckenridge.

Bally Shannon, by Wedding Day, dam Miss Fauntleroy. 1801. J.
Tayloe.

Ball Hornet, b by Black and all Black, dam Rosetta by Shylock.

Bango Seib, by Bedford dam, dam of Byron by Archy. R. Benehan.

Baronet, imported b h by Virtumnus sonof Eclipse, his dam Penul-

- tima by Snap. ‘This horse was imported into New York with
Pot80s mare, the gr dam of Am. Eclipse. »

Barefoot, imported, was by Tramp, (he by Dick Andrews out of a
Gohanna mare,) dam Rosamond by Buzzard out of Roseberry.
Sold in England for over $12,000. Foaled, 1820. Imported
by Sir Isaac Coffin, 1825-6.

Baron Bostrop, gr c by Roanoake, dam Miss Ryland. 1825. J.
Randolph.

Baron ‘Trenck, by Sir Archy, dam by Old Galatin, g dam imported
by Gov. Telfair of Georgia. Wm. Terrell, (Georgia.)

Bashaw, b h by imported Wildair, dam De Lancey’s imported Cub
mare. New Jersey.

Mare, dk ch by imported Bashaw, imported Jolly Roger, Aristotle,
Merrypintle, &c., dam an imported mare from Lord Cullen’s
Stud.

Bay Bett, b m by Ratler, dam b m bred by Isaac Duckett of Mary-
land in 1809, got by Dr. 'Thornton’s imported horse Clifden, her
dam by Richard Hall’s Tom by imported Eclipse. General C.
Irvine.

Bay Maria, b f by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot, &c.—
1831.

Bedford, imported by Dungannon, (he by Eclipse,) dam Fairy by
Highflyer, Fairy Queen by Young Cade, &c. Bowling Green,
Virginia, 1792. John Hoomes.

Mare, by imported Bedford, dam by imported Dare Devil. Foal-
ed, 1810. Greensville, Virginia. 'Thomas Spencer.

Bellissima, b f by Melzar, dam by Old Wildair, Fluvia, &c. 1807.
J. Tayloe.

Belvidera, b ¢ by Symme’s Wildair, dam by imported Clockfast, gr

_ dam by Old Yorick, &c. Brunswick county, Virginia, 1798.
Hartwell Tucker. i aig

260 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Belvidera, b f by Roanoake, dam Archy Minikin. John Randolph.

Ben Cooper, gr c by Messenger, dam ‘Temptation by Heath’s Chil-
ders. 1803. |

Benyowski, b h by Americus, (by Diomede) dam imported AvvSlite:
1802. John Tayloe.

Bertrand, b h by Sir Archy, dam Eliza by imported Bedford, g dam
Mambrino.

Junior, ch by Bertrand, dam Transport. South Carolina, 1827.

J. B. Richardson.

Bet Bounce, b f by Sir Harry, dam Atalanta by Old Medley, &e.
Foaled, 1825.

Betty, ch f by Contention, dam Flora by Ball’s Florizelle. ~ Loudon,

Va. J. Lewis.
Black Maria, by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. 1826. J.
C. Stephens. si
by Shark, dam by Clockfast, ¢ dam Maria by Regulus, &ec. 1804.
J. Tayloe.

Black Merino, by Vintzun, dam by Comet, g dam by Don Carlos,
Old Figure, &c.
Black Ghost, by imported Oscar, dam Pill Box by imported Panta-
loon, Melpomone, &c. Dr. A. Dixon, (Va.) —
Black Eyed Susan, by Sir Archy, dam by imported Druid, g darn
by imported Saltram. 1812. C. Harrison.
by Potomac, dam by Galatin, by Diomede, &c. 1819. Stephen
Hester.
Black and all Black, by Madison, dam Virago by Whip.
by imported Brunswick, dam by Ariel, g dam Brent’s Ebony g g
dam imported Selima. Pennsylvania, 1780. Elihu Hall.
Biakeford, ch c by Gov. Wright’s Silver Heels, dam Selima by 'Top-
gallant, Gabriel, Chatam, &c. Maryland. Robert Wright, Jun.
Black Rose, bl m by Stockholder, (by Sir Archy,) dam by Hamilto-
nian, by imported Diomede, g dam by Columbus, (by imported
Pantaloon,) out of Lady Northumberland, &c. Frederick coun-
ty, Va. 1826. D. H. Allen.
Blemish, b m by Gracchus, dam imported Duchess. 1819. 4H.
Burwell.
Blossom, imported, by Old Sloe, her dam by Regulus, aie! sire of
Fearnought, &c. ‘Thomas Nelson, (Va.)
Bolivar, gr h by Oscar, (by Wonder,} dam by Pacolet, bea fn &c.
by Sir Robert Wilson, dam Darning Needle.
bh by Rattler, dam by Sir Solomon. 1826. Wright.
Bompard, by imported Obscurity, dam by Pilgarlic, g dam by im-
ported Jack of Diamonds, &e.
Bonnets O’Blue, gr f by Sir Charles, dam Reality by Sir Archy.
W. R. Johnson.
Bonny Black, b f by Bagdad, dam Fancy. Tennessee. D. W.
Sumner. .
Bonnyface, imported, also called Master Stephen, dk b h got bya
son of Regulus out of the Fen mare, got by Hutton’s Royal
colt, Blunderbuss, &c. Foaled, 1768. Virginia. French.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 261
Bonny ats i Hardiman’s ) by: Jolly Ragen dam imported Bonny

Las
lagen ray Bay Bolton.
Bonaparte, b by Col. Tayloe’s Grey Diomede, dam by Matchem, ¢
dam by Marius—-Silver Heels, &c. Maryland. S. Nerwood.
Boxer, by imported Medley, dam by Baylor’s Fearnought, g dam by
Jolly Roger, &c. Goochland county. J. Curd.
by Sir Archy, dam by imported Druid—Symme’s Wildair—
Americus, &c. Ohio, 1830. P. Claiborne.
Bravo, b c by Henry, dam Gatnare, &c. Queen’s county, N. York,
1829. Thomas Pearsall.
Brenda, ch f by Gracchus, dam Manian F. B. Whiting.
b m by (Ame’s) Sir Archy, dam Madame Lavallette. Foaled,
1823. J.J. Ambler.
Britannia, imported, b m was got by Pegasus, oe Peggy, was very
fleet, but invariably bolted. 1800. John Tayloe.
Bright Picchu, full brother to Miller’s Damsel.
Brilliant, imported gr by Phenomenon, dam Faith by Pacolet—Ata-
lanta by Matehem, &c. Foaled, 1791. J. Tayloe.
br ¢ by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce. 1826. W.R. Johnson.
be by Marplot, dam Brilliant mare. 1797. Joseph Atston.
Chichester’s, by Timoleon, dam Caroline by Marshall. Fairfax
county, Virginia, 1828.
Brilliant, ch h by Eden’s imported Badger, dam by Othello, gr dam
by Morton’s Traveller, &c. ‘Towsen’s 'Tavern, Maryland, 1786.
J. R. Holliday.
Broadnax, by Old Janus, fue by Apollo, g dam by Fearnought, g¢ ¢
dam by Jolly Roger, &c. 1784. Broadnax.

Brown Filly, imported, was by Sir Peter 'Teazle out of the dam of
Horn’s. South Carolina, 1802. John M’Pherson.
Brunswick, imported, (called Lightfoot in England,) was got by Oro-

nooko, ason of Crab. J. Randolph.
Bryan O’Linn, imported by Atston, dam by De Sang—Regulus—
Partner—Brocklesby’s Betsey, by the Curwen bay Barb.—
_ Foaled, 1796. North Carolina, 1803. ‘Turner.
Buckskin, by Mark Anthony, dam Brandon. B. Harrison.
Bucephalus, imported br h got by Sir M. Witherton’s Locust, dam
by Old Cade, g dam by Partner. Foaled, 1758. Archibald
_. Ritchie. ;
bh by Symme’s Wildair, &c. 1807. Col. Edward Ward.
Buxoma, ch f by Pulaski, dam Virginia Nell. 1829. J. Blick.

Cadmus, bh by Sir Arehy, dam by Shylock. Kentucky. N. Hutch-
croft.

Cade, by Old Partner, dam imported Kitty Fisher. 1788. William
Lumpkin.

Caira, ch by Wildair, (by Fearnought,) dam by Sloe, the dam of
Grey Diomede. 1796. Richard Brooke.

Calypso, g m by Medley, dam Selimaby Yorick. 1793. J-’Tayloe.

b f by Chance Medley, dam by Vintzun. Col. Chambers. ©

962 {HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIGR.

Calista, gr f by Roanoake, dam Miss Peyton. J. Roatoleial

Calmuc, ch c by Timoleon, dam Fair Forester, &c, 1831. Doctor
Goodwin.

Camden, by Old Janus, dam Polly Haxen. King =e Aue Vea i
1782. Harry Gaines.

Camilla, by Tanner, dam Stella by Tasker’s Othello. HearsCertets

ch m by Timoleon, dam Duchess by Bedford. Halifax, N. C.—

_ Robert A. Jones. aii Oh
by Old Wildair, dam Minerva by Obscurity. Wm. Broadnax.

b m by Bolingbroke, dam by ‘Thornton’s Diomede, he by Ball’s
Florizelle, imported Whip, &c. King and Queen county, Vass
1826. Hugh Campbell.

Camillius, b h by Burwell’s Traveller, dam Camilla by Old Fear-
nought. Foaled, 1773. Prince George, Va. 1782. J. Gordon.

Candidate, b ¢ by Cosasrann dam by Men icos out of Maria, &e.
Freds. James Smock.

Carlo, imported b h by Balloon, dam own sister to Peter Pindar by
Javelin. 1809... Dr. Thornton.

by imported Carlo, dam by imported Florizelle out of a mare
raised by Col. R. K. Heath, &e. Major Gibbs.

Careless, by imported Fearnought, dam Camilla, by Dove—Othello,
Spark, &c. Maryland, 1776. Richard Sprige.

by Cormorant, dam by imported phatky gr dam Betsy Pringle, &e.
1801. J. Hoomes.

Caroline Whitefoot, b m by Oscar, on Indian Hen by Othello, g.
dam by Lloyd’s Traveller, &c. Caroline county, Virginia, 1818.
Elisha Wilson.

Caroline, b m by Old Sir Archy, dam by imported Dion, g¢ dam Miss
Seldon by Sorrel Diomede—Wildair, We. 1823. Dr. Tho.
Hall.

Carolina, b f by Saltram, dam Medley mare, g dam Old fleakiee, ée.
Marmaduke Johnson.

Carrion Crow, by Young Royalist, dam by imported Spread Eagle.
Paris, Kentucky. Jefferson Scott.

Castania, by Arch Duke, dam Castianira. 1803. J. Tayloe.

Castaway, b c by Roanoake,dam Miss Peyton. 1827. J.Randolph

Catherine the Great, b f by Roanoake, dam young Grand Duchess.

J. Randolph.

Centinel, imported, ch h by Blank out of Naylor by Cade. Foaled,
1758. :

Centaur, br h by Evan’s Starling, dam an imporieg mare. Foaled,
(1764,

Chance, imported b h by Lurcher, (son of Dungannon,) dam by Hy-
der Ally. John Tayloe.
Medley gr h by imported Chance, dam by Young Diomede.
Chanticleer, by Wildair, dam by Pantaloon. 1798. B. Wilkes.
br by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost by imported Pill Box by im-
ported Pantaloon—Morton’s ‘Traveller. James G. Green.
Charles Carroll, ch ¢ by Sir Charles, dam Susan by Bond’s is Sol-
omon, &e.

TH FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 263.

Chariot, imported b h by Highflyer, dam Potosi by Eclipse—Blank

Godolphin Arabian—Snip—Partner, &c. Foaled, 1789. N.
Carolina, 1800. J. & L. Lyne.

Charlemont, imported b ¢ (afterwards called Big Ben,) in which
name he ran many races in England, and afterwards in this
~ eountry called Traveller. Foaled, ‘1786. Manchester, Virginia.
James Strange.
Chateau Margeaux, imported dk br h got by Whalebone, best son of
~Waxay, dam Wasp by Gohanna—Highflyer—Eclipse, &e.—
Foaled, 1822. Va. 1835. J.J. Avery & Co.
Chesnut Mare, by Diomede, dam by Alderman, g dam by Clockfast,
&e. J. Wickham.
Childers, imported b by Blaze, son of the Devonshire Childers, dam
by Old Fox, &c. Stafford county, Virginia, 1759. Francis
~ Thornton.
Heath’s ch h by Baylor’s Fearnought, dam an imported mare by.
Bajazet. Richard Barnes.
Chieftain, ch ¢ by Director, dam by Hoskin’s Sir Peter, gr dam by
Highlander, &c. Richard Hill.
Cicero, by Sir Archy, dam by imported Diomede, g dam by imported
Fearnought—Jolly Roger, &c.
Mare, dam (of Trifle) by Cicero, dam by Bedford, g dam by Bell-
air—Shark, dc. 1822. Tho. Graves.

Citizen, imported b h by Pacolet, a son of Blank, a son of Godol-
phin Arabian—Fairy Queen by Young Cade, &c. Foaled,
1785.

by Pacolet,dam Fancy.. ‘Tennessee, 1818.

Cincinnatus, (Bowie? s,) by Lindsay’s Arabian, his dam by sdispented

Figure, g dam Thistle by imported Dove.
by Bay Richmond, dam Blue Skin by Baylor’s Fearnought.—
Ringold.

Claret, imported, gotby Chateau Margeaux, who was by Whalebone,
his dam by Partisan—Silvertail by Gohanna—Orville, &c.—
Foaled, 1830. N.C. Wyat Cardwell.

Mare, by Claudius, dam by Bolton, g dam Sally Wright. 1791.
J. Hoomes. :

Clermont, by Spread Eagle, dam Peggy. (Went to the South.)—

J. Tayloe.
ch c by Kosciusko, dam Josephine by Young Bedford, &c. S.
Carolina, 1824. J.J. Moore.
Clifden, imported b h by Alfred, a son of Matchem. Foaled, 1817.
Dr. Thornton. ,
(or Cliften,) ch h by Dr. Brown’s Wonder, dam Iris by Sterling,
&c. 1815. J. Lewis.
Clio, by imported Whip, dam Sultana by imported Spread Eagle,
ch m by Sir Archy, dam Beauty by Diomede, g dam Virginia by
Dare Devil. Foaled, 1817. C. W. Van Ranst.

Ceeur de Lion, imported b h by Highflyer out of Dido by Eclipse—
Spectator—Blank, &c. Foaled, 1789. (1800.) J. Hoomes.

264 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Carers by Old Mark Anthony, dam lady Legs. Died, 1813.—
S. R. Carney. Sih eerie

Collier, ch c by Sir Charles out of a Whip mare. 1826. William
Finney. he

Combination, by Gracchus, dam Evelina by Phenomenon: -

Commutation, b h by Symme’ s Wildair, dam by Woriek; = dam by
Little David, &c. 1788. John Belfield. .

Commodore, ‘imported, bl b h sixteen hands high by Caleb Maovens,
(a son of Sir Peter Teazle,) dam Mary Brown by: Guilford, &e.
Geneva, N. Y. C. A. Williamson.

Comet, ch by Tayloe’s Yorick, dam by ssi aed ¢ dam. by Dove.
John Brown. .

Constantia, b m by imported Whip, dam by imported Bedfordaeine
ported Shark, Wormly King Herod, &c. 1814. D. H. Allen.

Constellation, c h ¢ by Thornton’s Tatilen; dam N oe L.
Berkely.

Consul, by First Consul, dam by imported Aracohen, Merson 4
ee mare, &c.

Mare, by First Consul, by dam imported Obscurity, g dam Moll by
Grey Figure, &c. 1827.

Contract, imported, ch h by Cotton out of Eliza Leeds, dam ffeien
by Hamiltonian, gr dam Drowsey by Drone, ¢ ¢ dam Mr. Good-
rich’s Old English mare, &c. New- York, 1829. William
Jackson.

Constitution, by Diomede dam, (dam of Timoleon,) by imported
Saltram—Old Wildair, d&e.

Conqueror, b h by imported Wonder, Manipal, ) his dam by Saltram.
A. J. Davie.

Contest, ch c by Contention, dam Fairy ie Sir Alfred. ghee
Va. William Haxall.

Copper Bottom, ¢ ¢ by Sir Archy, dam by Buzzard, g¢ dain! dam of
Betsy Richards. Edward Parker.

Copper Head, by Kosciusko out of a Whip mare, g dam by Buzzard,
Grey Diomede, &e.

Cora, by Bedford, cam Little Moll by Medley. J. Tayloe. —

by Dr. Brown’s Godolphin, dam by Charles Fox, g dam by Hall’s
Eclipse, &c. G. W. Peter.
ch m full sister to Virago and Nettle by Wildair by Ajax.

Coriander, by Diomede, dam by Shark. W.B. Hamlin.

Corporal Trim, ch by Sir Archy, dam by Old Diomede. J. Powell.

Corporal Casey, ch c by Virginius, dam Josephine by Bland’s Bed-
ford, &c. 1826. J.J. Moore,

Crawford, imported gr h bred by the Duke of Cuinberland, and got
by his’ Arabiam, ‘(Gexered in Virginia in 1762. Robert Ruffin.

Crusader, by Sir Archy, dam Lottery by Bedford. South Carolina,

1830.

Cumberland, gr h by Pacolet, dam Virginia by Dare Devil. James
Jackson.

Cupbearer, b h bv Bedford, dam Louisa, by Harris’ oe John
Tayloe. |

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 265

Cupid Osear, b h by Edelin’s Oscar, jun. dam by Thornton’s Mer-
' eury, Prince George, Maryland, 1827. ‘Thomas N. Baden.

Dare Devil, imported b h by Magnet, dam Hebe by Chrysolite out

of Proserpine, sister to Eclipse, &c. Foaled, 1787.
Young, by imported Dare Devil, dam by a son of Old Partner out
ef a mare which was got by an imported horse. New Kent
». county, Va. 1802. John Clopton.
Dairy Maid, by Bedford, dam Racket by Medley.
sm by Sir Hal, dam by imported Oscar, ¢ dam by Old Diomede,
Bellair, &c. J. M. Botts.

Dart, ch m by Diomedon—Old Celer—Old Warning—Old Spadile,
‘&e. out of a thorough-bred mare. 1815. (Crippled. )

Darning Needle, b m by Sir Archy, dam by imported Diomede.
Foaled, 1813. E. Warfield.

- Dasher, gr ec by Cincinnatus, dam Shrewsbury Nan. Maryland.

- ‘Thos. M. Forman.

Dashall, br h by Sir Archy, dam Meg Dodds. Reeds, Caroline cy.
Messrs. Corbins.

De Kalb, bh by Arab, dam by Virginian, g dam Prudentia by
Shylock. South Carolina, 1832. A. R. Ruffin.

br c by Kosciusko, dam Virginia Coquette. 1825. J. Fergu-
son.

Desdemona, by Dare Devil, dam Lady Bolingbroke. 1800. Jokn
Tayloe. —

b m by Miner’s Escape, dam by Dare Devil, gr dam by Mask.—
1819. E.G. W. Butler.

br ch m by Virginius, dam Miss Fortune, by imported Star, g dam
Anvelina. 1818.

Delegate, ch c by imported Valentine, dam Cornelia Van Horne, &c.
1831. T. M. Forman.

Democrat, b h by Grey Diomede, dam by Hall’s Imported Eclipse,
gdam by Don Carlos. Walter Bowie.

Derby, imported dr b h sixteen and a-half hands high, got by Peter
Leley out of Urganda, formerly Lady Eleanor, she by Milo,
dam by Sorceror out of Twins, &c. Foaled, 1831. R. D.
Shepherd.

De Witt Clinton, ch h by Rattler, dam (Flirt’s dam) by Duroc, g
dam by Baronet.

Diana, gr f by Gallatin, dam by Clio by imported Whip. 1817.

Diana Vernon, br b m by Ratray, dam Cora by imported Carlo out
of Pandora. Maryland, 1817. James Parker.

Dictator, by imported Mexican, dam by imported Flimnap, g dam im-
ported. Bought at the Duke of Bridgewater’s sale in 1762.—
Foaled, 1790. Gen. John M’Pherson.

Dinwiddie, b h by Diomede, dam by Wildair, g dam by Apollo—Part-
ner, Fearnought, &c. 1804. Dr. William Cutler.

Dion, imported by Spadile, dam Faith by Pacolet, g dam Atalanta by -
Matchem—Lass of the Mill by Oronooko, Old Traveller, &c.
1795, J. Hoomes.

18

266 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

Dion mare, b m by imported Bo eye Jolly
Roger, &e. Halifax, Virginia, 1806. J. Sims. .

one imported, ch h by Florizelle, dam by Spectator, g dam
sister to Horatio by Blank. (Died in 1807, thirty years old.)

Eagle, bre by imported Eagle, dam Chesnut mare by Diomede,.
gr dam by Alderman—Wildaiy, &c. 1814. J. Wickham. |

Mare, b by imported Diomede, dam by Gimerack, (alias Ran-
dolph’s Roan.) Buckingham county, Virginia, 1815. Edward
Curd.

Mare, b by Ragland’s Diomede, imported Dion—imported High-
flyer—Apollo, &c. 1816. J. Sims.

Directress, ch m by Director, dam by Old Potomae, g dam by Gim-
crack, &e. 1822. Jackson.

Doctor, b e¢ by Pacotaligo, dam Virginia, (Coquette.) "YODOe F.
Ferguson.

Dolla Bella, b f by Roanoake, dam Bay Doll. 1825. J. Randolph.

Don Carlos, by imported Valentine, dam Fenella by Silver Heels.—

Don Juan, ch¢ by Timoleon, dam Rosemary, by imported Diomede..

Dora, b f by Kosciusko, dam Josephine. 1825. John 8. Moore.

Doubtless, by Fitz Diomede, (son of Diomede,) dam by Picture.
G, P. Tayloe,

Douce Davie, be by Roanoake, dam Cornelia. 1825. John Ran-
dolph.

Dragon, imported by Woodpecker, dam Juno by Mipaieoe . Died,
1812, aged twenty-five years. John Hoomes.

Dreadnought, eh e by imported Expedition, dam Tulip. "Phoknas
M. Forman. - :

Dubious, b c by Bertrand, dam Darning Needle, &c. 1829.

Duroc, ch h by imported Diomede, dam Amanda by Grey Diomede,
&c. Died, 1826. Powhatan county, Virginia, 1810, Wade
Mosby.

Duchess, imported bm bred by the Duke of Grafton, got by Grouse
son of Highflyer out of Georgiana, own sister to Conductor by
Matchem—Babraham—Partner, &c. 1801. John Randolph.

of New York, imported ch m got by Catton, dam by Sancho—
Coriander—Highflyer, &c. Foaled, 1821. Virginia. R.D.
Shepherd. shies.

Dumpling, ch f by Gracchus, dam Everlasting. 1818, John Ran-

dolph.

Eagle, imported b sixteen hands high, got by Volunteer (a son’ of
Eclipse,) out of a Highflyer mare. Foaled, 1796. Whitby,
Virginia, 1812. S.S. Saunders. —

br b by Spread Eagle, dam Arminda, d&e. 1801. Sold to Mr.
Alston, S. Carolina. J. Hoomes. .

br b by Old Sir Solomon, dam Aurora by Honest John, gr dam
Zelippa by imported Messenger. N. Jersey. Stephen ute.

Easter, ch f by Gohanna, dam by Napoleon, g dam by Sir Harry—
Diomede, &c. 1829. Thomas Graves.

Echo, ch f by American Eclipse, dam Maria Slamerkin. 1825.

‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 267

Eclipse, Harris’s b h by imported Fearnought, dam an imported mare
by Shakspeare, &c. Died, 1790. Raised by John Baylor.

Maryland, dk ch h by American Eclipse, dam Lady of the Lake,

g dam Maid of the Oaks. Baltimore, 1829. Samuel Briscoe.

Eclipse, by imported Eagle, dam Lauretta by imported Bedford, é&c.
Kentucky, 1825. Lewis Sheely.

Herod, by imported Driver, dam imported Miss Bennington.—

‘Washington city, 1808. William Thornton.

Election, cc by Spectator, dam Fairy by Bedford. 1811. John
Hoomes, |
Eliza, ch m by Bagdad, dam Mellwood by Topgallant. ‘Tennessee.

L. J. Polk.

b f by Justice, dam Naney Dawson. 1803. James Ferguson.
Elizabeth, by Sir Archy, dam by Robin Redbreast. Gen. Wynne.
Elvira, ch f by Bedford, dam Virginia Sorrell. (Sold to H, King.)

J. Tayloe.

Sadlecs. eh f by Gracchus, out of sister to Everlasting. 1819.—
J. Randolph.

Enterprise, b h by Diomede, dam Forlorn Hope. Henry Macklin.

Engineer, ch by imported Eagle, dam by imported Archduke out of
imported Castianira, &c. —— Broadnax.

Englishman, imported by Mr. Walter Bell of Virginia, his dam by
Eagle, also imported—Pot80s—Pegasus, Small Bones by Jus-

tee, &c. Foaled, 1812.

Equa, ch m by imported Chance, dam by Republican President, ¢
dam by imported Figure—Dove, &c. 1815. Isaac Ducket.

Escape, (or Horns,) imported ch h fifteen and a-half hands high,
was got by Precipitate, his dam by Woodpecker. Foaled,
1798. John Hoomes.

N. B.—Escape was called Horns in England, under which
name he raced.

Mare, ch bred by Dr. Thornton in 1821 by Miner’s Escape, dam

Young Adeline by Topgallant. Irvine.

Ethiopia, bl m by Tayloe’s Bedford (by Bedford) dam by Pot80s,
who was by Old Medley out of a Conductor mare, g dam Celer,

Eudora, b m by imported Dragon, dam by imported Clifden, g dam

- by Flag of Truce—Goode’s Brimmer. H. Baldwin, Jun.
Eugenius, imported ch e by Chrysolite, dam Mixbury by Regulus—

Little Bowes by a brother to Mixbury—Huitton’s Barb, &c.—
Foaled, 1770.

Exile, ch c by Coeur de Lion, dam Syren Silver, g dam Caroline by

Eclipse, &c. Davidson, Tennessee. 1806.

Expedition, or Ballinamue, imported, fifteen hands three sid a-half
inches high, was got by Pegasus, his dam Active by Wood-
pecker, gr dam Laura by Whistlejacket. Foaled, 1705. J.
Humphreys.

Express, imported, was got by Postmaster out of a Cypron mare, g
dam by Matchem. Foaled, 1785.

Fair Play, b c by Play or Pay, dam Bellaria, 1802, J. Hoomes.

268 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Fair Forester, b m by imported Chance, Celia by Symmes’ Old
Wildair—Lady Bolingbroke, &c. John Baker.

Fairfax, (afterwards called Rattler,) by Rattler, dam Laura by Ara-
barb, imported by Col. Lear, an Arabian horse.

Fair Star, b f by Torpedo, dam Betsy Wilkes. Foaled, 1831. G.
A. Blaney, U.S. A.

Fanny, ch f by Coeur de Lion, dam Fanny Foster by Wildair. —
‘Tennessee, 1808.

Fanny Foster, ch by Old Wildair, dam by Old Partner—Old Fear-
nought—Old Jolly Roger, &c. North Caralinay 1795. John
Foster.

Murray, g f own sister to Miss Peyton. 1814. J. Randolph.

Fancy, br m by Wilke’s Wonder, dam by Mark Anthony, Pear-
nought, &c. ‘Tennessee, 1809. J. Sumner.

Farmer John, b c by Sterling, dam imported Janette. Richard
Hoones.

Favourite, imported b m by Volunteer, dam by Matchem, ae
Davie—Bayton, &c., bred by Mr. Fenwick. Foaled, 1790.—
imported, 1796. John Hoomes.

Fayette, by Fitzhugh’s Regulus, dam by Othello, imported J uniper,
Morton’s Traveller, &c. Charles City county, Virginia, 1788.
Prestly Thornton. )

Fearnought, imported br bay, fifteen hands three inches high, got by
Regulus, (who was by the Godolphin Arabian,) dam Silver Tail,
by Heneague’s Whitenose, her dam by Ratler, &c. Died, 1776,
aged twenty-one years. J. Baylor. .

Feather, ch f by Rattler, dam Marianna. Frederick ee Vir-
ginia, 1827. B. F. Whiting.

Federalist, by Lath, dam by Old Fearnought out of Col. 'Tasker’s Se-
lima, raised by J. Vayloe.” J. Pryor, ,

Fenella, by Silver Heels, dam Black Merino, by Vintzun—Comet—
Don Carlos--Old Figure, &c. Kaston, Maryland. 16 CMe oP
Winder.

Fidelity, c f by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Alfred—Florizelle—Dio-
mede, &c. Pennsylvania. Edward Parker.

Figure, imported b h by Grey Figure—Old Figure by an Arabian,
his dam the dam of Bowle’s Cyrus, and got by Young Standout,
his gr dam: Old Jason, Young Figure’ s dam was Marianna
dam of Ralph Gore’s gr mare. 1767. Dr. Hamilton.

Firefly, ch f by Reigo, dam Shepherdess by Phenomenon. Rich-
ard Adams.

Firetail, imported b by Phenomenon out of Columbine by Espusike’s,
&e. 1801. Imported by Cain & Ray.

Firebrand, imported ch ¢ by Buzzard out of Fanny, own sister to
King Fergus the sire of Hamiltonian.

First Consul, by Flag of Truce, dam by imported Slender, g dam
imported Dign by famous Eclipse. Philadelphia; 1804-5. J.
P. Bond. .

Fitzpartner, by Old Partner, dam Brandon by imported Aristotle.—
Albemarle, Virginia, 1800. David Clarkson.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. ~ 969

Flagellator, chh by Sea Gull, dam Honesty by imported Expedition,
g dam by imported Messenger, &c. John Frost.

Florizelle, imported, (Helen’s,) dappled bay, sixteen hands high by
the noted Florizelle, out of a brown mare by Alfred, his g dam
Fairy Queen by Young Cade, ¢ g dam Black Eyes by Crab out
of Warlock, Galloway by Snake, &c. Imported, 1794, by He-
Ten for Ringgold & Co.

-Florizella, br f by imported Florizelle, dam Betsy Bell. Foaled,
1802. Thomas M.Forman. .

{or Grey Tail,) by Ball’s Florizelle, dam (Dr. Cutler’s race mare,}
by Wildair, g dam by Apollo—Eclipse—Mark Anthony—Im-
-ported Partner, &c.

_ Flounce, g f by Buzzard, dam Portia. Delaware, 1828. T. Massey.

Florida, b f by Comedian. dam by Francisco—Jack Andrews—

Dare Devil—Clockfast, &e.

by Old Rattler, dam Flora by Ball’s Florizelle.. 1827. J. Lewis.

Flying Dutchman, b h by John Richards, dam by Eclipse, g dam by
Tippoo Saib, imported Royalist, &c.

Flying Childers, chh by Sir Archy, dam (the dam of Sumpter) by
Robin Redbreast. Wynne.

Forester, ch h by Sir Alfred out of 2 Hornet mare. Sold Mr. Pow-
der, Frederick, Maryland. Richard Craddock. |

_ Imported by Magog, dam by Forester. (Stood in Kentucky, 1803.)

Foskari, b ¢ by Kosciusko, dam by Whip, gr dam by Columbus, &c.

Kentucky. Ed. M. Blackburn.

Francisco, by imported Hambleton, dam Nightingale by Chanticleer,
Jolly Roger, &c. John Minge.

Fylde, imported br h sixteen and a-half hands high, by Antonio out
of Fadlidinida, she by Sir Peter Teazle, her dam Fanny out of
Ambrosia by Wocdpecker, he by Herod out of Miss Ramsden,
she by Old Cade, a son of Godolphin Arabian, &c. Imported,
1832. John Avery.

Gallant, b h by Fearnought, his dam Stately by Sober John out of an
imported mare. Robert Taylor.

Gallatin, (Expectation,) by Bedford, dam Mambrina, out of a sister
of Nailor’s Sally, and sold to Col. Alston for four thousand dol-
lars. 1798. J. Tayloe.

Gamester, be by Spread Eagle, dam Sappho by Buckskin. 1803.
Richard A. Rapley.

Gascoigne, by Roanoake, dam Lady G. 1824. J. Randolph.

Gayoso, b c by Rinaldo, dam Orange. 1829. ‘Thomas Massey.

Genesis, b ¢ by Sir Archy, dam Henrietta by Sir Hal. Baltimore,
1827. Ph. Wallis.

Gentle Kitty, by Young Post Boy, dam Gen. _Ridgby’s Dairy Maid
by Bedford.

Georgiana, by Sir Archy, dam Gattellier’s mare. 1826. William
Wynne.

ch m by Napoleon, dam Old Poll by Druid. E. B. Hicks.
Gestion, by Spread Eagle, dam Calypso. 1802, J. Tayloe.

270 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Giannini, bl b m by Burwell’s Post Boy, imported horse Chariot out

of the Cumming’s mare, &c. Granville, N. Carolina, 1809. _

Giles Scroggins, by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bedford. N. Carolina,
1828. W. B. Moses.

Glider, (2d,) b ¢ by Glider, dam Temptation. 1802. T. M. Forman.

Godolphin, by imported Diomede, dam Sally Shark by Shark, g dam
Betsy Pringle. New Market, Virginia. John Baylor. —

Gohanna, br bh by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe, by Jack Andrews,
&c. 1829. Half-Sink, near Richmond. »J. M. Botts. —

Goliah, ch h by American Eclipse, dam Lady of the Lake, &e- _
1827. W. Livingston,

Golden Rod, by Mousetrap, dam Nancy Bell, bred by Gen. ‘Jones.

George’s Juniper. (See Juniper George’s,) imported.

Grace, b f by Roanoake, dam Wildfire. 1822. J. Randolph.

Gracehus, ch h by Diomede, dam Cornelia by Chanticleer, dc. 1806.
John Randolph.

Mare by Gracchus, imported horse Dion, imported Highflyer—
Apollo, &c. Halifax, Virginia, 1818. John Sims. _

Grace, b m by Ravenswood, dam Old Everlasting by Sans Culotte..
1822. John Randolph.

Grand Duchess, ch m by Gracchus, dam imported Duchess. J.
Randolph.

Greensville, g f by Bedford, dam Arminda by Medley. Sold J.
Jones, 1803. J. Eenamica:

Grecian Princess, b m by Virginian, her dam Calypso by Bellair, g
dam Irby’s Dare Devil mare, &c. 1824. G. W. Jeffries.
Grenadier, b h by Wilkes, (who was by Old Figure,) dam by ae

Britannia, &c. Petersburg, 1782. ‘Thomas Eaton.

Grey Mare, by Slouch, by imported Medley out of a full bred mare.
N. B.—The dam of the gr m was sold by W. A. Lee to Doctor
Irvine.

Grey Archy, by Old Sir Archy, dam by Grey Medley, (son of im-
ported Medley,) g dam by imported Messenger, &c. ‘Tennes-
see, 1810. 5B. Philips.

Grey Doll, by Spot, (before he was castrated,) dam by Sterling, (son
of Volunteer ») Duetta by Silver Tail. John Randolph.

Alfred, by Lindsay’s Arabian, dam by imported Tom Jones. _

Greyhound, er by imported Spread Eagle, dam Pandora by imported
Medley, &e. 1806. H. T. Thornton.

Gulnare, gr f by Duroc, dam Sportmistress. Queen’s county, N. Y.
1824. ‘Thomas Pearsail. ats a .

Hackabout, imported, got by Eclipse, dam by Cyphon and sister to
Tandem, g dam sister to Apollo by Regulus—Snip, &e. Foal-
ed, 1794. Imported, 1798. John Hoomes.

Hail Storm, b h by imported Pantaloon, dam Wingyfeet by Jolly
Roger, g dam Melpomone by Burwell’s Traveller, &e—
Charles city, 1802. Fr. H. Dancey.

Half Pone, by Rattler, dam Maid of Patuxent by Magie, g¢ dam Kitty
Fox, by a son of imported Venetian. H. G. S. Key

/

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 271

Hamiltonian, or Hamlintonian, ch h by Diomede, dam by Shark, g
dam by Spot by Apollo. 1801. J. Tayloe.

Hamlet, b e by Maryland Eclipse, dam Forest Maid. Laurenceville,

~ Virginia, 1830. R.K. Meade. ©

Hannibal, by Sir William, dam Sally Currie. 1828. J. W. Jef-

Tae.

Haphazard, by Collector, dam by Fearnought—Spadilla, &e. 1805.

£3: J. ‘Taylor. | : |

Harriet, b f by Bedford, dam Proserpine. 1804. J. Hoomes.

Hautboy, gr ¢ by Gallatin, dam Sappho by Tartar... 1815.

Haymaker, dk ch s h by imported Clifden, dam Harlot by. Hall’s
Eclipse, &e. Albany, 1829. C. M. Bennet.

N. B.—This horse was bred by Col. Lyles of Maryland.

Hazard, ch ec by Timoleon, dam by imported Royalist, gdam by Dio-
mede, &c. ‘Tennessee, 1829. John Swinney.

Hedgford, imported br by Filho da Puta, dam Miss Cragie by Orville,
«dam by Lurcher—Phenomenon, &c., Filho da Puta by Hap-
hazard, Waxey, Woodpecker, Squirrel, &c. Foaled, 1826.—
Imported, 1832. William Jackson. 3

Henrietta, br m by Sir Hal, dam Lady Burton. 1822. J. W. Eppes.

bf by Henry, dam Agnes. Baltimore, 1827. Philip Wallis.

Hephestion, red s hby Buzzard, dam Castianira. (Sold for fourteen
hundred dollars.) 1809. J. Tayloe.

Highfiyer, imported br by Tattersall’s Highflyer, his dam by Cyphon
out of Young Cade’s sister—Old Cade, Partner, Makeless—
Brimmer, &e. Foaled, 1784. (South River.) J. Craggs.

by imported Sir Harry, dam imported Pamona. Hanover, Vir-
einia, 1815. Daniel Wade, Jun.

Highflyer Mare, by imported Highflyer—Apolle—imported Jolly
Roger, &c. 1790. Halifax, Virginia. John Sims. |

Highlander, imported gr by Bordeaux, his dam (‘Teetotum) by Match-
em, g dam Lady Bolingbroke by Squirrel, g g dam Cypron, the
dam of King Herod, &c., bred by Mr. Douglass in England.—
Foaled, 1'783.

Hippona, b m by Virginian, dam by Rockingham, (by Florizelle,) ¢
dam by Magog by Chanticleer. South Carolina. P.M. Butler.

bf by Roanoake,dam Grand Duchess. 1822. J. Randolph.

Hippona, imported b f by Sir Peter, dam by Woodpecker, g dam by
Sweetbrier out of Buzzard, dam by Dux, &c. Foaled, 1802.
Gen. M’Pherson.

Honest John, imported br b by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Magnet—
Le Sang, Rib, Mother Western by (Smith’s) Son of Snake, &c.,
imported 1794. Milton, N. Jersey, 1806.

Honest John, by Tuckahoe, dam Chehoangti by imported Arab.—
Bordentown, N. Jersey, 1826. James Davidson.

Honesty, by imported Expedition, dam by imported Messenger, g
dam by imported Bay Richmond, &c. J. H. Vanmeter.
Honey Comb, by imported Jack Andrews, dam Pill Box by Panta-

loon. Dr. A. 'T. Dixon.

Hope, imported by Volunteer, imported by Dr. Tate of Philadelphia.

pia THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

Fiugo, ch c by Sir Charles, dain by imported Chance, g dam Celiz
by Symme’s Wildair—Lady Bolingbroke, &e. Richard Adams.

Hyena, br m by Young Wonder, (full brotherof Nell scp out
of Rosy Clack, &c. 1820.

Idiora, b m by imported Citizen, dam by imported Sea - Gul, er dam
by Huntsman—Old Janus, &c. Foaled,18i0. Charles Shields..
Inaugural, b ¢ by Arab, dam Jenny by Archduke. 1829. J. C.
Goode. :
Independence, by imported Fearnought, aia Dolly Fine, by os Sil-
ver Eye, &c. Col. Hickman.
Iris, ch f by Marplot, dam Nancy Dawson, &c. 1795. -
orf by imported Sterling, dam by imported Ceeur de ‘Lion, g dam
Mead’s Oracle. Loudon, Virginia, 1830. J. Lewis.
ch f by Sir William, dam Shepherdess. 1828. Richard Adams.
isabella, imported dk br f by Trumpeter, dam Demizip, sister to No-
ble, &c. 1802. Gen. John M’Pherson.
b f by Roanoake, dam Mexican. 1825. J. Randét pits
b f by Arab, dam Lady Bedford. 1827. J. W. Jeffries. —
Ivanhoe, b ¢ by Virginian, dam 0 by Archduke. 1824. J.C.
Goode. viel

Jack Andrews, imported bh fifteen and acho hands high, by Joe
Andrews, (son of Eclipse,) his dam by Highflyer—Cardinal
Puff, Tattler, Snip, Godolphin Arabian, &c. Foaled, 1794.—
Charles City county, Virginia. William Lightfoot.

Jack, the Bachelor, imported by Blaze, dam weg ae
Misia: &c. Foaled, 1753.

Jack Frost, b ¢ by Ranger, dam Betsy Bell. Rose ‘ill, 1799.—
Thomas M. Forman.

Jack of Diamonds, imported dk b h got by Cullen’s. edie
Arabian, Byerly, Turk, &c. Virginia, 1763. Ltopestet oy
Col. Spottswood. Solomon Dunn.

James Fitzjames, b c by Tariff, dam Norna, g dam Lady Talman,
(the dam Kate Kearny and Sussex.) W.D. Taylor.

Jane Shore, b mby Sir Arehy, dam Fair Rosamond. 1827. | Henry
Macklin. .

Jane Grey, gr f by Old Slouch, dam Naney Dawson.

Lowndes, by imported Driver,dam Modesty, g d Madge by Hall’s
Union.

Janus, imported bl h fifteen hands one inch high; by Old Sterling—

Old Crab, Monkey, Basto, &c. Foaled, 1754. William Hynes.
Imported ch by Janus, dam by Fox--Bald Galloway, &c» Died

1779-80, aged thirty-four. Gloucester county, Virginia. Mor-

decai Booth. |

Jeff, br ¢ by Stockholder, dam Maria Hill by Oscar. Nimrod Porter.

Jefferson, br h by Virginian, dam Old Favorite by Bellair, &c. 1825.
J. J. Harrison.

Jenny, by Archduke, dam by imported Sterling, g dam by imported
Obscurity out of Miss Slamerkin.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 273

Jenny Cameron, by Lloyd’s Traveller, dam Kitty Fisher. 1785.—
William Scott.

- Deans, chm by Gracchus, dam Cornelia. 1815. J. Randolph.

Wildflower, ch mby Bernadotte, dam Kate Cole.

_ Cockracy, ch m by Potomac, dam by imported Saltram——im ported
Wildair, Driver, Fearnought, &c. 1814. Kentucky. KE. War-
beteldee.

Fae dap gr by Pacolet, dam by Topgallant, g dam by Giey Med-
ley, &c. Col. Elliott.

Jessica, b m by Shylock, dam by imported Young Sir Peter Teazle,
g dam Castianira, (dam of Sir Archy.) Richard Adams.
Jezebel, ch f by Bedford, dam Miss Chance, &c. Messrs. Tayloes.
Jessamine, br f by Dockon, dam Virginia, (Coquette.) 1824. J.
Ferguson. :

Jet, bl f by Bluster, dam Statira. 1820. J. Randolph.

Jewess, b f by Roanoake, dam Jessica.

Jim Carr, br f by Forester, dam Forest Maid. 1831. Richard I.
Meade. |

Joan, b f by Roanoake, dam Grey Doll. J. Randolph.

John Dismal, ch by Sober John, dam Jerry Dismal.

Richards, b k by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, (by Shark,) g dam by
imported Medley—Wildair, Nonpareil, d&c.

Hancock, b c by Roanoake, dam Roanoaka by Florizelle. 1823.
John Randolph.

Stanly, b h by Sir Hal, dam Ariadne by imported Citizen, &c.--
Foaled, 1818. Pennsylvania. Edward Parker.

W, bc by Roanoake, dam Young Frenzy. 1825. J. Randolph.

Jolly Air, by Old Wildair, dam by imported Flimnap——Brimmer——
imported Valiant, &c. J. J. Harrison.

Juliet, ch by Muttnomer, (he by Tom Tough,) dam by imported Old
Bedford, @ dam by Bellair out of King’s Kitty Fisher. W.D.
Taylor.

Juniper, (George’s) imported b h fifteen hands one inch Vial, by
Babraham, (who was by Godolphin Arabian,) dam Aurora by
Stamford Turk, &c. Charles City county, Va., 1762. Robert
Harrison.

Junius, imported, bl h got by old Sterling, old Crab, Monkey, Cur-
win’s Bay Barb, Spot, &c., foaled in 1754. Va. 1759.

Junius, by (Craig’s) Yorick, dam by Othello, g dam by Monkey,
out of a Spanish mare imported by Mr. N. Harrison. Prince

Edward county, Va. 1777. Edw. Watts. ;

Juno, gr f by Gray Archy, dam Fancy by Wilkes’ Wonder, &c.
Tennessee, 1823. D. W. Sumner.

Jupiter, b h by the noted Janus, bred by Capt. James Bell of Sussex,
remarkable for swiftness, &&c. 1775. J. Mason.

Justice, imported ch h fifteen hands high, got by Regulus out of

' the Bolton Sweepstakes, &c. Prince George county, 1761.

Justice, imported b h got by Blank, dam Aura by Stamford Turk,
g dam by a brother to Conqueror, Childers, &c. Va. 1780.
Geo. Gould. :

QV74 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Kate Cole, c m by Badger’s Hickory, dam by Bucephalus, Geleg:
Fearnought, é&c. Pennsylvania, 1811. C. Irvine. —

Kearney, b f by Sir Archy, dam Lady Talman by Sir Hany, &e.
1826. Col. Wynne.

Kill Devil, late Ajax, b h by Dare Dewi: dam Atalanta by, Old. Medley.
J. Tayloe.

King Herod, (Wormley’s,) b h by Baylor’s Fearnought, dam by im-
ported Othello, out of imported Kitty Fisher. Jenpeys 1777.
Herbert Haynes. ~

Hiram, imported, was by Clay Hall, dam the Prince of “Wales,
Rockingham, g dam Yorico by Eclipse, g ¢ dam Fidget by
Spectator, &c. Prince George, Maryland, 1817, |

King William, imported red sor h got by Florizelle, dam Milliner by
Matchem, Cassandria by Blank, &c. Foaled, 1781. Mester
county, Pa. Dr. Norriss.

Kitty Fisher, imported gr m by Cade, dam by the Cullen Arabian out:
of the famous mare Bald Charlotte. 1759. Carter Braxton,

Kitty Fisher, b by Tiller’s Bedford, (by Old Bedford,) dam by Old
Bedford, Boxer, Claudius, Mexican, &c. W. D. Taylor.

Kitty Clover, b m by ‘Tom Tough, dam by Archduke, Sterling, King
Herod, &c. Enoch Mason.

Clover, bl m by American Eclipse, dam by imported Light Infant-
ry, (she is half sister to Sir Lovell.) New York, 1825. M.
Beach.

Medley, gr m by imported Medley, dam Hoskin’s Kitty Pialiér,
&c.

Lady Bug, b by Young Forizelle, dam by Jack asidhense- tat ti
Highflyer, &c. Wm. D. Taylor.

Burton, by Sir Archy, dam Sultana: she was out of the mare got
by the horse sent as a present by the Bey of Tunis to ‘Phomas
Jefferson. . 1813. J. W. Eppes.

Bedford, by impacien Bedford, dam by innpctitid Dare Deviloadhens
cury, Apollo, Jolly Roger. (See also Bedford mare) foaled,
1810. J. W. Jeffries. ?

Field, b m by Sir Archy, dam by Diomede. 1830. J.J. Har-
rison.

G. imported (Magician’s dam,) bred by Sir Thos. Gaeicalane: adt
‘by Hambletonian, Golden Locks by Delphine, Violet by Shark,
~ Quick’s Charlotte by Blank, Crab, &e. Roanoake, 1804,—
John Randolph.

Grey, imported by Gohanna, dam by oe Shine dadgeukert
Herod, Young Hag by Skim, &c. Foaled, 1803.

Granville, b m by Roanoake, dam by imported Bryan O”’ Lynn—
True Blue, Celer, Old Partner, &c. Oxford, N.C. 1827,—
Wm. M. Sneed. rein?

Jane, by Potomac, dam Anvelina.. N. Carolina, 1811. J. B.
Richardson. iE: gine

Jane, b f by Shylock, dam Dutchess by Bedford. 1826. Mark
Alexander. 3

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 27

Lady La Grange, ch f by Sir Archy, dam by imported Dragon, ¢
ae by imported Medley—Mark Anthony, &c. Laurenceville,
R. K. Meade.
of ue Lake, b m by Kosciusko, dam by Bedford—g dam Mellis-
sant by Arion—Obscurity, Valliant, &c. S. Carolina. Foaled,
1814. 5B. F. Taylor.
“Mar, gr m by a thorough-bred son of Badger’s Hickory, dam by
~ Mark Anthony—imported Dove—imported Lath, &c. 1818.
C. Irvine.
“Relief, ch f by Am. Eclipse, dam Maria Slamerkin. New Jersey,
- 1827. ‘Dr. E. A. Darcy.
Lalla Rookh, by Handel, dam Phillis by Old Topgallant. George
Chicester.
Lamballe, ch f by Kosciusko, dam Psyche by Sir Peter Teazle, &c.
South Carolina. Richard Singleton.

Lamplighter, bh by Hart’s imported Medley, dam by Lonsdale out
of Kitty Fisher, &c. Hanover Court House, 1801. Paul
Thilman.

Langford, imported br ¢ got by Starch out of Peri, by Wanderer, her
dam Thalistris, by Alexander, out of Rival by Sir Peter—Horne
Re Drone—Manilla by Goldfinder. Foaled, 1833. F.P.Cor-

Lass of the Mill, gr f by Spread Eagle, dam Araminda. J. Hoomes.

Last Chance, ch f by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bunbury. 1825. J.
Randolph.

Lavender Girl, b f by Henry, dam Ophelia by Little Medley &e.—
1832.

Lee Boo, br b by Cragg’s Highflyer, dam Captain James Betts’ mare;
she was of pure blood. Maryland, 1803. Osborn Spriggs.

Leonidas, b by Sir Archy, dam Vixen by imported Jack Andrews
raised by J. G. Green, and sold to J. M. Botts. |

Leocadia, br ch m by Virginius, dam Lady Jane by Potomac, g dam
imported Anvelina.

Leopold, ch h by Ogle’s Oscar, dam Katydid by imported Expedi-
tion. Frost.

Ticather Stockings, ch h by Rob Roy, dam Cora by Brown’s Godol-
phin. Georgetown, D. C. 1827. Peter.

Leviathan, imported (first called Mazercon,) ch got by Muley out of
a Windle mare, g dam by Anvil out of Virago by Snap—Muley
by Orville, and he by Benningbrough, and he by King Fergus

~ out of a Herod mare. Foaled, 1823. Imported to Alabama,

Lexington, b h ae Symmes’ -Wildair, dam by Lonsdale, g dam by

Jolly Roger, &c. 1800. Andrew Woodley. )

Liberty, by Sharp’s Othello, i by George’s Juniper. Maryland.
Charles Ridgley.

Light Infantry, imported by elipae; dam by Feather, g¢ dam by
Childers, g g dam Widdrington mare, she by Old Partner.
Linnet, by Trafalgar, dam Humming Bird by Tom ‘Tough.’ Messrs.

Corbins.

276 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Little David, by imported Childers, dam Jenny Cameron. dz “Tay-

loe
Billy, by Florizelle, dam by Celer. W.R. Johnson.

Lively, b m by American Eclipse, dam Haynes’ Maria by adie
Diomede, g dam Lively by Lively—Wild Goose by row Sc.
New Jersey. Henry De Groot.

Lochinvar, b ¢ by Oscar, dam Virago by Shark. 1810. J. Tayloe.

Lonsdale, by Jolly Roger, dam a bay mare imported, she by Mon-
key—Lonsdale’s Bay Arabian, &c. John Byrd.

or h by Page’s Young Medley, dam Marianna by Telemachus,
&c. 1824. F.B. Whiting.

Logan, a Mahogany bay, by Sir ‘Archy, out of the dam of Lafayette
by Virginia.

Lottery, ch f by Bedford, dam Anvelina. 1803. : WORE

Louisiana, b f by Old Rattler, dam Desdemona. 1829. E. G. W.
Butler.

Lovely Lass, b f by Timoleon, dam Lady Alfred by Old Sir Archy.
1832.

Love Lace, by Flying Childers out of an imported mare by Boapho.
rus.

Lubly Rosa, b f by Sir Archy, dam Equa. 1830. P. Wallis.

Lucy Lockett, b f by Roanoake, dam young Minikin. 1823. J.
Randolph.

Lucy Gwynn, b m by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Harry—Bedford—
Dare Devil—W ildair, &c. Messrs. Tayloes. |

Grey, b f by Washington, dam Betsey Hunter. Norfolk, 1820.
E. Townes. r

Ludee, gr f by Old Slouch, dam Nancy Dawson. 1798.

Luzborough, imported b h by Williamson’s Luzborough, (a son of
Sir Peter Teazle,) whose dam was by Dungannon, a son of
- Eclipse. Luzborough’s dam was out of a Dick Andrews mare,

sent to France and she by Whiskey out of Eleanor, &c. g g ~

dam by Diomede, &c. Greensville. (Imp’d 1832.) J. Avery.

Mab, bf by Archduke, dam Fairy by Bedford. 1809. J. Hoomes.

Mabel, dk b f by Sir James, dam Meg Merrilies. Lewis Berkley.

Macbeth, bl b by Sir Archy, dam by Shylock, g dam Lady Burton.
Foaled, 1828. D.H. Allen. -

Macedonian, b by Roanoake, dam Statira by Alexander the Great.—_

1824. J. Randolph. 3

Macaw, b f by Roanoake, dam Paroquet, &c. J. Randolph. —

Madame Lavalette, b m by Peace Maker, dam by Bedford, g dam by
Medley, &c. 1815, J. J. Ambler.

Magic, imported ch h (sold for $4000,) by Volunteer, dam Marcella
by Mambrino—Media by Sweetbrier—Angelica by Snap, Regu-
lus, &c. Prince George county, Maryland.

Magog, by Chanticleer, dam Camilla by Wildair. J. J. Harrison.

Magnetic Needle, imported b by Magnet, he by Herod, his dam sis-
ter to the dam of Eusophroyne, she by Sweetbrier, his g dam
Rarity by Matchem, &c. Foaled, 1787. Trenton, N.J., 1804.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 277

Maggy Lauder, by Dr. Hamilton’s imported Figure, dam by imported
Othello, g dam by imported Spark.

‘Maid of the Forest, gr f by Winter Arabian, dam Young Buzzard
mare by Hamiltonian, é&c.

of Warsaw, by Gohanna, dam Chesnut mare by Trafalgar, g dam
Rosalba. King William county, Virginia, 1831. Lewis Hill.

Mambrino, dk ¢ by American Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess. Dela-

ware county, Pa. 1830. Humphrey Hill.

Marcella, b f by Roanoake, dam imported Philadelphia. 1823. J.
Randolph.

Marcellus, (formerly Red Rover,) ch h by Sir Charles, dam Shep-
herdess by Phenomenon, &c. Rich. Adams. :

Marcia, gr m by Archduke, dam Celerrima by Celer. 1810. J.
Tayloe.

Maria Antoinette, g f by Andrew, (by Sir Andrew,) dam by Wiley’s
Marok, g dam by Old Gallatin—imported Medley, &c. Geor-
gia. Foaled, 1831. C. A. Redd.

Archy, b f by Old Sir Archy, dam by imported Diomede—Old
Gimerack, (alias Randolph’s Roan.) Buckingham, Virginia,
1816. Isaac Curd.

Maria Louisa, by Pacolet, dam Letitia by Truxton—Gallatin, &c.

- Tennessee. A. Shelby.

Maggy Slamerkin, (Old,) by imported Wildair, dam Delancey’s Cub

_ Mare. (Wildair and Cub mare were imported together.) Col.
Delancey.

Maria, b m by Sir Archy, dam Fornlorn Hope. Sold E. Parker,
Pa. H. Macklin. ,

b f by Monsieur Tonson, dam Eliza by Timoleon. North Caro-
lina, 1829. J. W. Jeffries.

Mary Grey, g m by Amie’s Sir Archy, dam by Old Bellair—Shark,
Aristotle, &c. Alabama. Levi Gist. .

King, g m by Muckle John, dam by Quicksilver, and he by import-
ed Medley. Georgia, 1825. Charles A. Redd.

Mary, b f by Ceur de Lion, dam Fanny Foster, &c. 1809.

ch f by Sir Archy, dam by Francisco. Wm. Minge.

Eldridge, ir gr by Napoleon 2d, dam by Pacolet, g dam by im-
ported Sir Harry—imported Dare Devil, Bett and Macklin’s
Fearnought, &c. Pulaski, Tennessee. Geo. A. Glover.

Robinson, b m by Sir Archy out of the imported Pot80s mare, &e.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania. E. Parker.

Marigold, ch m by Tom Tough, dam Hoskins’ Sir Peter, g dam by
imported Bedford—imported Dare Devil, Symmes’ Wildair, &c.

Marion, by Old Sir Archy, dam by Citizen Alderman, Reebuck,
out of a Herod mare. MHalifax, North Carolina, 1830. B.S.
Long.

Mark Time, b by Ar. Bagdad, dam by imported Spread Eagle—
Quicksilver, (by Hart’s Medley,) &c.

Mark Anthony, imported, by Spectator, dam Rachel by Bland—Re-
gulus, Soreheels, Makeless, Dr. Arcy’s royal mare, é&ec. Foal-
ed, 1767. Stood in Virginia.

278 ‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. %

Mark Anthony, (Randolph’s) bro h by Sir Archy, dam Rompe.
1826. J. Randolph.

Marlborough, by Thornton’s Rattler, dam Young Red inves g dam
by imported Bedford—imported Gasteria, dc. —

Marmaluke, b f by imported Venetian, dam Magg Lauder. Rose

| Hill, Maryland. Thos. A. Foreman, |

Marshal Ney, dap gr by Pacolet, dam Virginia by Dare Devil.

Marmion, by Virginian, dam by Sir Archy—Cotton’s Phenomenon,
(he by imported Restless) —Whirligig by aor ees:

_ &e. 1825.
Marshal Duroc, by Old Duroc, dam Maid of the Oaks. 1812. Bela
adger. ,
Ney, by American Eclipse, dam Diana by First Consul. Elkton,
Maryland, 1828. Samuel Hollingsworth.

Mars, r h by Mountaineer, dam Camilla by Peace Maker, éc. Al-
bemarle, 1829. Walter Coles.

Matilda, g m by imported Jonah, dam by Gray Diomede, Whistle
Jacket, &c. 1810. D. W. ‘Sumner,

Mary Dacre, bl f by imported Valentine, dam Wright's Sons —
1829.

Medley, imported, gr h by Gimerack, he by Cripgle; &e.; foi of
Medley was Arminda by Snap, &c. Foaled, 1776... Hanover
Court House, Virginia, 1785. Malcomb Hart. «

gr c by Sir Hal, dam Old Reality. 1824. W.R. Sohne
(Thompson’s,) by imported Medley, dam by imported Aristotle, ¢
dam by Fearnought, &c. Stood in Scott county, Kentucky, 1803.

Medora, ch f by Rattler, dam Sportmistress by Old Hickory, out of
Miller’s Damsel, &c. Butler Coles.

Meg Dodds, br m by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost by imported
Oscar, &c. Nansimond, Virginia. J. G. Green. -

Mele Mele, by Virginian, dam Lady Burton. 1826.

Melpomone, by Burwell’s Traveller, dam Virginia by Old Mark An-
thony, g dam Polly Byrd, &c.

Merryfellow; b ¢ by W. R. Johnson’s Byron, dam the dam of Ca-
milla, &e. King and Queen, Virginia, 1831. H. Campbell.

Merry Gold, b f by imported Barefoot, dam Meg Dodds. New Jer-
sey, 1831. .W. Gibbons. ies

Messenger, imported, gr h by Mambrino, dam by Turf, g dam by
Regulus out of a sister of Figurant by Sterling, out. of the Fox
mare, the dam of Snap, &c. Foaled, 1780. C. W. Van Ranst.

Duroc, dk ch by Duroc, dam Vincenta by imported Messenger—
unported Beaders nore Lath, &&c. New York, 1790. E.
and A. Stephens.

Midas, by American Eclipse, dam by Sir Robin, (he by iaonorted
Robin Redbreast,) g dam by Dare Devil, imported Shark, Apollo,
&c. 1828. Wm. Towndes.

Miller’s Damsel, by imported Messenger—dam the English Pot8os
mare by Eclipse.

Maid, full sister to American Eclipse. 1820. C. W. Van Ranst.

Mink, bf by Roanoake, dam Cut Leggs. 1829. J. Randolph.

THE “FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 279

‘Mendoza, imported, b h got by Javelin—Paymaster, Pamona by
King Herod, see Regulus, &c. Foaled, 1808. Petersburg,
> Virginia. Dunlop.

Miss Fortune, by “American Eclipse, dam the dam of Maryland

Eclipse, &c. J. Sewall.
Serab, b s) by imported Serab, dam Agnus, by Sir Solomon, &e.
pis Any ee

Midway chm by Kosciusko, dam Ruth by Big Ben, Psyche, &c.

~ 8B. F. Taylor.

Money Maker, b f by Speculator, dam Milksop by Coeur de Lion.
hon) de Bhoomiess::))

Pelham, b m by Virginian, dam Sugar by Constitution, ¢ am by

- imported Dragon, Atalanta, &c. James Bleik.

Pone, ch f by Dare Devil, dam Milksop by Coeur de Lion, &c.

, 1806. J. Hoomes.

_ Peyton, gr m by Gracchus, dam Telegraph by Old Wildair, &c.

L812s8e:

Ryland, g m by Gracchus, dam Duetta by Silvertail—Vanity by
Celer, &c. 1813. J. Randolph. ~

Tudor, b m by Hyperion, dam Logania by Medley, &c. 1808.
J. Randolph.

Modesty, by Hall’s Union, dam Madge, (by Galloway’s Selim,) ¢ dam
an imported mare by Spot, &c. Benjamin. Lowndes.

ch m by Ridgley’s Tuckahoe, dam Dairy Maid.

~Moggy, b m by Defiance, dam by Old Messenger. 1820. —

Molly Fisher, b m by Janus, dam Gemima by Bedford, g dam im-
ported Rachel by Drone. - 1814. Gen. W. Hampton.

Molton Mare, light b by Molton—Fleetwood, imported Bashaw, im-
ported Jolly Roger, Starling, é&c. out of a thorough-bred English
mare.

Monsieur Tonson, (or Sir John,) by Pacolet, (by Citizen,) dam by

_-Topgallant, g dam by Gray Medley, imported Oscar, imported
Fearnought, &c. Thos. Watson.

Monkey, imported, by the Lonsdale Arabian—Curwen’s Bay Barb,
Byerly Turk. (This horse was 22 years old when imported, and
‘stood in Virginia and North Carolina, and got some fine colts.)

Morgiana, bl f by Sir Archy, dam by Sir Hal. J. S. Garrison.

Morgan Rattler, b h by Rattler, dam Iris. 1823. J. Lewis.

Mountain Leader, ch s h by Old Wildair, dam a Mousetrap mare.
Chesterfield, 1803. Caleb Boush.

Mountaineer, by Spread Eagle, dam Spot by Bedford, &c, William
Dandridge.

ch’s h by Old So ee dam Jane by Knowsley. 1822. Ww.
Coles.

Moscow, ¢ ¢ by iAnisevican Eclipse, dam Die Vernon by Old Florizelle,
&c. Yonkers, N. Y. 1826. W. Lyles.

‘Mousetrap, or Jack Rap, imported, ch h by Young Marske out of
Gentle Kitty by Silvio, Dorimond—Portia by Regulus, Hutton’s

. Spot, Fox, Cub, &c. Foaled, 1787. North Carolina, 1793.

Murat, ch ¢ by Old Madison, dam Maria Archy. 1826.

280 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Murdoch, by Sir Charles, dam gr m by Bedford, her dam by Old
Wildair. Chesterfield, Virginia, 1830. Charles Graves.
Myrtilla, br f by Marylander, dam Desdemona by Miner’s Escape.

Foaled, 1828, Dr. Crawford.

Nameless, imported, b m by Felho da Puta, by Haphazard, out of
Miss Barnet, her dam Rosetta by Young Woodpecker—Dun-
gannon, Justice, &c. Foaled, 1825. Imported, 1829. N. Y.
Chas. Green.

Nancy, b f by Spread Eagle, dam

b m by Ball’s Florizelle, dam the Bedford mare Spat 1814.
Walter Coles.

Air, by imported Bedford, dam Annette by Old Shark, g dam by
Rockingham, Gallant, &e. Foaled, 1799. Died, 1822. James
B. Richardson.

Coleman, by Young Fearnought, dam Latonia by Old Partner, or
dam by imported Jolly Roger, &c. 1806. J. Verrell.

Napoleon, br b by imported Diomede, dam by Eclipse, g dam by
Mercury, &c. 1808. H. Cheshire.

Narcissa, by imported Shark, dam Rosetta by Wilkins’ Centinel—
Diana by Claudius, &c. J. J. Harrison.

Nelly Sparks, br m by Bertrand, dam by Whip, (by imported Whip,)
Bompard, &c. Kentucky, 1828. Edward M. Blackburn.
Nell Gwynn, ch f by Thornton’s Rattler, dam Vixen by Trafalgar.
Saunders, ch m by Wonder, dam by imported Dare Devil—im-

ported Centinel, &c.

Nettle, ch m by Wildair, dam Desdemona. Dr. E. A. Darcy.

Nettletop, by imported Spread Eagle, dam by Shark—Old J anus, de.
out of a thorough-bred mare.

ch m by Trafalgar, by imported Mufti, dam Nettletop by Spread

Eagle, &c. L. Berkley.

Nerissa, b f by Roanoake, dam Jessica by Shylock. 1825. John
Randolph.

Nicholas, imported, got by Saint Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. Foaled,
1833. KR. D. Shepherd.

Ney, b h by Mountaineer, dam Lady Eagle. 1827. Walter Coles.

Netty, imported, ch m got by Velocipede, dam Miss Rose. Foaled,
1831. RK. D. Shepherd.

Nonplus, imported b h got by Catton, dam Miss Garforth by Walton,
Hyacinthus, &c. Foaled, 1824. South Carolina. Richard
Singleton.

Nightingale, by Chanticleer, dam WW inalirg fect, (by Jolly Roger,) ¢
dam Melpomone by Burwell’s ‘Traveller.

Nili, bl m by Black and All Black, dam by Careless—Augustus, Pil-
grim, Fearnought, d&c. Tennessee. H. Baldwin, jun.

Nimrod, ch c by Baylor's Fearnought, out of a Partner mare—im-
ported Janus—imported Jolly Roger. Williamsburg, Virginia,
1775. Richard ‘Taliaferro.

Noli Me Tangere, by Richmond, dam Noli Me Tangere by Topgal-
lant. 1800. Dr. Thornton.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 281

Gakley, ch c by Crusader, dam Josephine by Bedford. South Caro-
lina, 1829. J.J. Moore.

Oceana, b f by Bagdad, dam Florida by Conqueror—Rosemary,
-(Southall’s mare,) by Diomede—Celia by Wildair. 1827. Jj.

- Southall. |

Octavia, b f by Rockingham, dam Frederica by Escape. C. 'Tayloe.

Ocean, ch c by Timoleon, dam Anna by 'Truxton. ‘Tennessee, 1828.

Orange, b m by Cooper’s Messenger, dam by Slasher, (he by Mes-
senger,) ¢ dam bred by General: Green, of Philadelphia, out of a
Virginia bred mare, &c.

Orelia, b h by Pacolet, dam by Truxton, g dam Dr. Butler’s Rosella
by imported Mendoza, &c.

Orphan Boy, b h by Am. Eclipse, dam Maid of the Oaks, &c. Bath-
gate & Purdy.

Orphan, b ec by Cormorant, dam Darlington mare by Darlington.

Onea, br f by Pacotaligo, dam Virginia “(Coquette: ye: 1821.

Opossum, g¢ m by Shark, dam by Old Twig—g dam by imported
Fearnought—Jolly Roger, &c. Mark Alexander.

Opernico, b h by imported Medley, dam by Lindsay’s Arabian, ¢
dam by imported Oscar, &c. New Castle, Virginia, 1797.
‘Nicholas Symme. _

Oscar, imported, a deep sorrel, by Young Snip, dam by Lord Mor-
ton’s Arabian, g dam by Old Crab, ¢ s-dam by the Bald Gallo-
way, &c. Cumberland county, Virginia, 1777. Wm. Gay.

(Ogle’ s,) b h by imported Gabriel, dam Vixen by Old Medley, g
dam Penelope by Yorick, &c. Bellair, Maryland, 1800.

Jun. by Ogle’s Oscar, dam Edelin’s Floretta by imported Spread
Eagle, &c. Carlisle, Pa. 1822.

Young, b h by Tuckahoe, dam by Ogle’s Oscar, g dam by Medley,
Cub, Tamerlane, &c. Maryland, 1824.. Charles Ridgley.

Ir er by Roanoake, dam Lady Eagle. 1829. Walter Coles.

Otho, dk b h by imported Shock, imported Morton’s Traveller, im-
ported Justice, imported Juniper, imported Othello, imported
Childers, out of a thorough-bred mare purchased from the stud
of King George II. Foaled, 1765. George Branham.

Othello, or Black and All Black, imported, a beautiful black, got by
Portmore’s Crab, out of the Duke of Somerset’s favorite mare,
Miss Slamerkin, &e. Foaled, 1743. Imperted, 1755-6. Gov.
‘Sharpe, (Maryland.) : |

Packingham, by Florizelle, dam by Magog, g dam by Flimnap—
Mark Anthony, &c.

Pacific, b h by Sir Archy, dam Eliza, (full sister of Gallatin,) by

imported Bedford out of imported Mambrino, &e. Nashville,
Tennessee. D. W. Sumner.

Pacolet Mare, imported, by Pacolet, dam Whiteneck by Crab—Go-
dolphin Arabian—Conyer’s Arabian, é&c.. Imported into Penn-
sylvania. Hiltzheimer.

by Pacolet, dam by Dragon, ¢ dam by Truxton—Bompard—Pill-
garlick, &c. Tennessee, 1824. Reuben Cage.
19

282. THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

~ Pacolet, by Old Pacolet, dam by Albrack, (by Truxton.) St. Louis,
Mobile. B. McMenomy. !

(Old,) by imported: Citizen, dam by Tippoo Saib, (the dam of Pa-
lafox by Old Diomede, Wilkes’ Wonder, &c.) Died, 1825,

: aged seventeen years. Sumner county, Tennessee. G. Elliott.

Parrot, b f by Roanoake, dam Paroquet. 1811. J. Randolph.

‘Paroquet, b £ by imported Merryfield, dam Popinjay, Bourbon’ s dam..

1819. J. Randolph.

Partner, imported, b h by the Duke of Hamilton’s Figure, Old
Figure, Standard, &c. Partner’s dam was Britannia, full sister
ef Col. Hopper’s Pacolet, g dam Queen Mab, &c. Hanover,,
Morris county. John Blanchard.

(Moore’s,) imported, by Croft’s Partner, dam (state to Starling, }.
by Bay Bolton, son of the Brownlow Turk by the Pulliam Ara-
bian, &c. J. Randolph.

Paragon, gh by Spread. Eagle, dam by Bellair out of Andrew Meade’s
Oracle. 1808. Ralph Wormley..

Paul, imported, ch fifteen hands high, by Saltram, dam Virago by
Snap, Paul’s dam Purity by Matchem, g dam. the Old Squiré
mare. Powhatan, Virginia, 1807. ‘Thomas: Harris, Jun.

Peacock, (Young’s,) by imported Citizen—imported Bias anal
ported Mousetrap, &c. :

(Randolph’s,) b ¢ by Reanoake, dam Roanoaka. 1828.

Peacemaker, dk b h by imported Diomede, dam Poll by Young Black
and All Black, out of a Mercury mare, g dam Nanny by Black
and All Black, g g dam by imported. Osear—Old Partner, &c.
1807. J. Tayloe.

Peggy, (Young,) ch m by Gallatin, dam 'Frumpetta by Hephestion, &
dam Peggy by Bedford. Kentucky. E. Warfield.

ch m by imported: Bedford, dam imported Peggy. 1803. Wade
Hampton. ie

Peggy Madee, er f by Sir Hal, dam Fair Rosamond, éc. 1823.

Pennsylvania Farmer, by Daitnae out of a full-bred mare. —
J. Tayloe.

Mare, by Pennsylvania Farmer, dam by Pegasus, g dam by olion,
&ec. J. Hoomes..

Pey Eye, b e by Bedford, dam Milksop, &c. 1804. -

Phenomenon, or Big Ben, by opened Wonder, dam by Dare Devil,
&c. J. Mayo.

b h by Roanoake, dam Young Frenzy. 1824. John Randolph.

Phenomena, b.f by Sir Archy, dam Lottery by Bedford, &c. 1827.
R. Singleton.

Phebe, by Bright Pheebus, (full brother of Miller’s Damsel,) dam by
Republican President, (he by Cragg’s Higflyer,) g dam by Lind-
say’s Arabian—imported Ranger, d&c.

Philadelphia, imported, b m by Washington, dam Miss Totteridge by
Dungannon—Marcella by Mambrino—Media by Sweetbrier—
Angelica by Snap, &c. 1808. J. Randolph.

Phillis, by Fearnought, dam a celebrated mare of Col, Baylor’s, got
by imported Sober John, &c..

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 283

Phillis, ch f full sister to Gohanna. 1821. John M. Botts.
by Old Topgallant, dam by Grey Diomede, g dam also by Grey
Diomede, out of a thorough-bred mare. 1811. Geo. Chicester.

Picture, by imported Shark, dam by Sweet Larry, by Spadille—
Janus, &c. -

Pocahontas, b f by Randolph’s Janus, out of the dam of Powhatan.

by Topgallant, dam Pocahontas by Vintzun. Gov. Wright.

bm by Sir Archy, dam Young Lottery, (by Sir Archy,) out of
Lottery—Bedford, out of imported Anvelina. 1819. R. Sin-
oleton. 3

Porcupine, ch by imported Diomede, dam Diana by Claudius. 1804.
Wm. E. Broadnax.

Portia, b m by Clipper, (a son of Old Messenger,) her dam the dam

of Moggy by Defiance.
b f by Shylock, dam Jessica. 1825. J. Randolph.

Post Boy, by Gabriel, dam by Hyder Ally, g dam be the Old Grey
Arabian, ¢ ¢ dam by Ariel—Othello, &c. Ridgley.

Potomac, b h by imported Diomede, dam by Pegasus, &c. Meck-
lenburg, Virginia, 1804. Rich. Dennis.

Pot8os, by Old Medley, dam by Conductor, ¢ dam by Celer, &c.

Mare, imported, was got by Eclipse, dam by Gimcrack, &c.—
Foaled, 1792. Wm. Constable. :

Powhatan, by Oscar, (he by Assiduous,) dam a Bashaw mare, Spot-
sylvania county, Virginia. John Holliday.

Powwancy, by Sir Alfred, dam Virgo by imported Young Sir Peter
Teazle, g dam Castianira.

Precipitate, imported, a sorrel horse, fifteen and a-half hands high,
bred by the Earl of Egremont, got by Mercury, dam by Herod,
e dam by Matchem, out of Mr. Pratt’s Old Squirt mare, &e.
Foaled, 1787. Imported, 1804. Wm. Lightfoot.

Prestley, by Chanticleer, dam Camilla by Wildair, g dam Minerva
by Obscurity, &c.

President, by Old Celer, dam by Mark Anthony out of Bonny Lass.

dap gr by imported Clockfast, dam Haines’ Old Poll by Fear-
nought—Moore’s Partner, &c. Dinwiddie county, Virginia,
1796. Drury Jones.

Primrose, (Dr. Stockett’s,) by Grey Medley, dam by Apollo, g dam
‘by imported Granby—Hamilton’s Figure, &c.

Prince Frederick, imported, a bay fifteen and a-half hands high, was
got by Fortunio by Flororet, dam by Lexicon, g dam by Sports-
man, g g dam Golden Locks by Oronooko—Valiant, &c. Bos-
ton, 1798. Edw. Davis.

Edward, ch by Muckle John out of a Whip mare, &c. Georgia,
1828. C. A. Rudd.

Promise, imported, ch m by Buzzard out of a Precipitate mare, the
dam of Wizard, her dam out of Lady Harriet by Mark Anthony,
&c. Wm. Haxall. .

b m by (Tennessee,) Oscar, dam by Pacolet, second Diomede by
imported Diomede—Wildair, &c. ‘Tennessee, 1823. J. C.
Guild. :

284 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER,

Psyche, imported, gr m by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Bab by Bordeaux;
out of Speranza, own sister to Saltram by Helipse—Snap, &e.
Imported by Gen. McPherson. South Carolina. Foaled, 1802.

Punch, imported, got by King Herod, dam by Old Marske—Cullen.
Arabian—Black Eyes by Beguine; Crh iaeeeees
way, &c. 1799. Wm. Powers.

Punchinella, imported, by Punch, dam Craig’s Highflyer by High-
flyer of Tattersall’s, g dam by Galloway’s Selim, &c. Wash-_
ington City, 1808. Wm. Thornton.

Purity, gr m by Sir Archy, dam by Bedford, g dam (dam of Trifle)
by Bellair—-Shark— Wildair, &c. Foaled, 1827. Chas. Botts
and 'T’. Lawson.

Pulaski, ch h by Virginian, dam Constitution (by Diovhaes e dam
the dam of Lady Lagrange by imported Dragon, Bet Bounce,
&c. ‘Thomas 8. Goodrum.

Rabbi, g c by Winter’s Arabian, dam by one of the best sons of
Hambletonian, g dam by Spread Eagle. Alabama. J. & A.
Gist.

Rachel Foster, gr m by Virginian, dam by Palafox—Betty Mufti by
imported Mufti, &e.

Raffle, ch m by Bellair, out of a full sister to Narcissa, 1798. S.
Tyler.

Randolph, gr ¢ by Rinaldo, dam (Ridgley’ s) Ophelia by little Medley,
&e.

Ranger, imported, a Milk White horse got by Regulus, (son of Go-
dolphin Arabian,) his dam by Mercury, Andrew, her dam by
Steady, &c. (Unsuccessful in racing.) Dr. Hamilton.

b c by Roanoake, dam Never Tire. John Randolph.

Ranter, imported, b foaled, 1755, got by Dimple, (son of the Godol-
phin Arabian,) dam by Crab out of Bloody Buttocks, &c, Im-
ported in 1762, and stood in Stafford county, Virginia, in 1763.

Rasselas, by Sir Archy, dam by imported Play or Pay, g dam by
Bellair, imported Pantaloon, &c. 1823.

Rattler, or (Rattle,) by imported Shark, dam Lady Leggs, (the dam of
Collector,) by Centinel—imported Fearnought and imported
mare, &c. North Carolina. Foaled, 1796. - Bignell.

ch h by Rattler, (by Sir Archy,) dam by Old Prize Fighter, g dam
Luff borough’s Spread Eagle Mare. Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
1829. Edward Parker.

Ratray, by imported Clifden, dam by Fitzpariner out of Ariminna
by Brimmer.

Rapley, gr ¢ by Bassino, dam Clio by imported Whip. Gen. Tay-
lor, (Georgia.)

Rappahannock, by Richmond, dam by Sir Alfred, g dam by Sey-
mour’s Spread Eagle, Pantaloon, &e. Pennsylv ania, 1830.
Ravenswood, dk b h by Sir Harry, Fae Duchess by Grouse. 1815.

J. Randolp h.

Reality, by Sit Archy, dam by Medley, g dam by Centinel, Mark

sldeises Janus, &c. Z

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 285

Reeruit, ch by imported Sterling, dam Citizen by Wildair, gr dam
Minerva by Obscurity, g g dam Diana by Claudius, dc. Hick-
ory Hill, 1807. Samuel Marshall.

Red Fox, by Virginian, dam by imported Knowsley.

Reform, br h by Marylander, (by 'Thornton’s Rattler,) dam by Rich-
mond—Ogle’s Oscar—Grey Diomede—Hall’s Union—Leoni-
-das, &c. Prince George county, Maryland. Geo. Simms.

Regulus, (L. Burwell’s,) imported, got by Regulus, (a son of the
Godolphin Arabian,) he was half brother to Bald Partner by
Smiling Tom out of a Partner mare, her dam by Cupid—Haut-
boy—Bustler, &c. Foaled, 1747.

Reindeer, b ¢ by Arab, dam by Marske, &e. 1827. J. J. Har-
rison.

Renovator, g c by Chichester’s Brilliant, dam Indiana by Florizelle.
1831. H. A. Tayloe.

Republican, by True Whig, dam cube Selima, sister to the noted
Chatam, &c. William Brent.

Republican President, by imported Highflyer, dam by imported Ve-
netian—Don Carlos—imported Ranger—imported Dove, &c.
1805. Isaae Duckett.

Revenge, ch c by Florizelle, dam Britannia. 1812. J. Tayloe.

Rhodian, gr m by Ragland’s Diomede, Quicksilver, imported Panta-
loon, imported Fearnought, &c. Halifax county, 1816. Ro-
bert Easley. :

Rhea, by Chatam, dam by Eclipse, (who was the sire of Brimmer,
&e.) @ dam by imported Shark, g g dam by imported Silver
Eye

ye:

Richmond, ch ¢ by Ball’s Florizelle, dam Chesnut mare by Dio-
mede, &c. Sold to Dr. Thornton. 1812. J. Wickham.
Riego, bl h by Francisco, dam by imported Sir Peter Teazle, ¢ dam

imported Castianira. Hector Davis.

Rinaldini, ch e¢ by Baronet, dam Temptation by Heath’s Childers,
&e. 1804. Thos. M. Forman.

Roan Colt, imported, got by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Mercury, g
dam Cytherea by Herod, ¢ g¢ dam by Blank, &c. Foaled, 1802.
Imported by John McPherson.

Roanoake, b h by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bunbury by Trumpeter, &c.
1817. J. Randolph.

Roanoaka, ch f by Ball’s Florizelle, dam Cornelia by Chanticleer—
Vanity by Celer, &c. 1815. J. Randolph.

Rebuck, by Sweeper, (son of Beaver’s great Divan dam by im-
ported Bajazett.

by Reebuck, (who was got by Powell’s Selim, a son of Old Selim,)
dam of Young Rebuck by imported Druid, Shark, Figure,
Mark Anthony, &c. Bremo. Foaled, 1810. John H. Cocke,
Sen.

Rob Roy, ch h by Gracchus, dam imported Lady Bunbury. John
Randolph.

Robin Adair, by Sir Archy, dam Lady Burton by Sir Archy. “Dr.
Wm. Terrell, (Geo.)

286 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Robin Redbreast, imported, b h by Sir Peter 'Teazle, his dam Wren
by Woodpecker out of Papillon by Snap, (the dam of Sir Peter
Teazle,) Woodpecker by Herod, Sir Peter by Highflyer, Herod,
é&c. Foaled, 1796, Virginia, 1800.

Roderick, by Dare Devil, dam by Bellair, g dam by Wildair. 1808.
John Thornton.

Roman, imported, b h got by Camillus, dam by Eagle, 9 ath by
Trumpeter, g g dam by Highflyer, g g g dam by Snap out of
Miss Cleveland by Regulus, &c. Imported into New York,
1823. S$. Williams, we

Rosalba, b f by Spread Eagle, dam Alexandria. 1801. J. Hoomes.

Rosabella, ch m by Topgallant, dam by imported Play or Pay, g dam
by Old Bellair—imported Pantaloon—Janus, &c. Southamp-
ton county, Va. 1819. James Rochelle. .

Rosalinda, gr m by Tayloe’s Oscar, dam by imported Expedition—
imported Grey Highlander, imported Traveller, &c. N. Jersey.
Jacob Vandyke.

Rosamunda, b f by Bedford, dam Gasteria. 1804. J. Hoomes. -

Rosemary, by imported Diomede, dam Celia by Old Wildair, g dam
Lady Bolingbroke, &e.

Rosicrucion, b c by Dragon, dam imported Anvelina. 1803. J. B.
Richardson.

Rosy Clack, by imported Saltram, dam Camilla by Wildair.

Rosy Carey, by Sir Archy, dam Sally Jones by imported Wrangler.

Rosella, b m by Obscurity, dam Maggy Lauder. 1817. 'T. M. Forman.

Rowena, br m full sister to Lafayette by Virginian.

Roxalana, gr f by Selim, (the Arabian,) dam Britannia by Pegasus,
&c. 1806. J. Tayloe.

Royalist, imported b h by Saltram, dam by King Herod, g dam by
Marske—Blank, Dizzley Driver, Smiling Tom, &c. Foaled,
1790. Died in Tennessee, aged twenty-four.

Royal Oak, bl h by imported Othello, (or Black and All Black.)
His dam was Dr. Maglather’s Lovelace by Flying Childers,
near the city of Anopolis, his gr dam an imported mare by
Bosphorus, &c. Salem county, N.J., 1777. William Riddle.

Rusty Robin, c by Diomede, dam by Shark, g dam Black Eyed Su-
san, &e. ‘Thos. Goode.

Ruler Mare, imported by Ruler, dam by Turk, (he by Regulus,) g¢
dam by Snake, &c.

Ryland, b c by Roanoake, dam Miss Ryland. 1824. J. Randolph.

Sarpadon, imported br c got by Emilius, dam Icaria by the Flyer—
Parma by Dick Andrews, &c. Foaled, 1828. Va. Meritt,
Townes & Avery.

Sally Baronet, by Dungannon, dam by Michau’s Celer, g dam by
Celer, Old Fearnought, &c.

Hope, ch f by Sir Archy, dam a bay mare imported by Dunlop of
Petersburg, was by Chance, and was own sister to Grimalkin,
that was sold to the Emperor of Austria for $7,933, her gr dam
by Phenomenon, &e.

= FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 287

Sally Hill, dk ch d by Trafalgar, dam Musidora by imported Arch-
duke, g dam Proserpine by imported Dare Devil, &c. 1818.
C. B. Berkely.

Maree, b m by Carolinian, dam by Jack Andrews—imported Drive,
Highflyer, &c.

Saltram, imported dk b h fifteen hands three inches high, (was near
twenty years old when imported,) was got by Eclipse, his dam
Virago by Snap, g dam by Regulus out of own sister to Black

~ and All Black, sire of Tuting’s Polly, &c. Foaled, 1780.—
William Lightfoot.

Saltram, by Sterling, dam Marcia by Shark. 1800. Alexander
Spotswood.

Saladin, b ¢ by Crusader, dam Onea by Dockon. 1830. James
Ferguson.

Salvador, by Singleton’s Ganymede, dam Clio by imported Whip, g
dam Sultana by Spread Eagle, &ec.

Sambo, ch c by Sir Archy, dam by imported Buzzard, g dam im-
ported Symmetry by Trumpeter. ~

Sam Patch, by Rob Roy, dam by Telegraph, g dam by Oscar, © or
dam Ridgley’ s Primrose. 1826.

Sans Culotte, ch s by Old Celer, dam Logania by imported Medley,
&e. Charlotte county, 1802. Stephen Davis.

Satellite, by Citizen, dam an imported mare by Waxy, imported by
Col. Bland of Prince George county.

Saucy Pat, f by Cormorant, dam Minerva. TEagle’s Nest, 1803.—

'B. Grymes. a

Scarious, by Roanoake, dam Miss Peyton. 1829. J. Randolph.

Sea Gull, imported by Woodpecker, dam Middlesex by Snap—Miss
Cleveland by Regulus out of Midge, &c. Foaled, 1786.
Bush.

Selah, dap gr by Bussora Arabian, dam by imported Messenger out
of a full bred mare. C. W. Van Ranst.

Selima, by Topgaliant, dam Jack Bull by Gabriel. TT. Murphy.

Serab, imported by Phantom out of Jessee, by Totteridge, é&c.—her
dany Cracker by Highflyer, out of Nutcracker by Matehem.—
Foaled, 1821. Soldin England for $14,000. S. & I. Coffin.

Shark, imported, a dk br b by Marshe, his dam by Shafton’s Snap,
g dam by Marlborough, (brother to Babraham,) out of a natural
Barb mare. Foaled, 1771. Nottingham near Fredericksburg,
Virginia, 1767. A. Spotswood.

ble by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. 1830.

Shakspeare, dk br h by Baylor’s Fearnought, dam Stella by Othello,

&c. i777. Robert Baylor.

dap gr h by Baylor’s Fearnought, dam imported, was by Cub, a
son of Old Fox, &c. Northumberland, Virginia, 1776. P. P.
‘Thornton.

bh by Virginian, dam by Shenandoah, by Potomac.

Shawnee, by Tecumseh, dam by Citizen, full sister of the dam of
Marion.

*

288 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIBR.

Shenandoah, by Potomac, dam Hill’s bay mare by imported Hebe

fuge—Grey Diomede, Wildair, &e.
gr c by Pilgrim, dam Swan by imported Eagle. 1828. Johr
Randolph.

Shepherdess, bl m by Sweeper, (by Hamilton’s Figure,) dam by
Tasker’s Othello—Morton’s ‘Traveller, &c. 1829. ‘T. gehic
Hanson.

Sidi Hamet, br b by Virginian, dam Lady Burton by Sir Arehy, &e.
Foaled, 1825. S. Davenport.

Signora, b f by Roanoake, dam Miss Peyton. 1824. J. Randolph.

Silver, imported dap gr by Mercury, (who. was by Eclipse,) dam by
Herod, g dam Young Hag by Skim, Crab, Childers, Basto, &e.
(did not succeed as a stallion.) John Drew.

by John Richards, dam by Sir Solomon, g dam Trumpeter. N. J.
1828. J. Davison.

by Jolly Friar, Whitaere’s Mark Anthony, Lee’s Old Mark An-
thony, Spadille, imported mare.

Silver Tail, by imported Clockfast, dam Young Primrose by Worm-
ley’s King Flerod, de. ,

by Sir Archy, dam Coquette. 1829. ‘Thomas Branch.

Sir Archy, or Robert Burns, b h by Old Diomede, dam imported
Castianira. J. 'Tayloe.

Archy, jun. b h by Sir Archy, dam by Albemarle, (son of Dio-
mede,) out of Penelope by Shark.

Archy, b h by Sir Archy, dam Transport by Virginius, é&e. Ken-
tucky. William Dickey.

Andrew, gr by Marske, (by Old Diomede, ) dam Virago by im-
ported Whip, Partner, dc. Georgia, 1816. John Thomas. |

Andrew, bl c by Thomas’ Sir Andrew, dam Black Eyed Susan
by Potomac. 1826.

Arthur, by Sir Archy, (Old,) dam Green’s Old Celer Mare, &c.—
W. R, Johnson.

Bolingbroke, by Selden’s Old Superior, dam by Hyde’ s imported
Pretender, Highflyer, Shark, &c. H. Campbell.

Richard, gr h full brother to Monsieur Tonson by Baegioy &e.—
Tennessee, 1830. ‘Thomas Forall.

Solomon, by imported Tickle Toby, dam Vesta by Deca dsliee
Cloeckfast, &e. Died, 1829. 1805. James Macklin.

William, by Amazon, dam Black Eyed Susan by Potomac, &c.

William, ch h (Clay’ s) by Sir Arehy, dam by Bellair, ¢ dam by
Pilgrim, &c. L. Long.

William, by Sir Archy, dam Praeeem by Virginius, &e. J. B.
Richardson.

Simon Pure, bl h by Sir Archy, dam Philadelphia. J. Randolph.

Skim, (alias Farmer, or Lord Portmore’s Skim,) imported, gr by
Starling out of Miss Mayes by Bartlet’s Childers. Foaled,
1746.

Sky Leaper, by b by Sir James, dam Vixen by Trafalgar, ——
Allens.

Slamerkin, (See Maria Slamerkin and Maggy Slamerkin.)

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 289

Slender; imported b by King Herod, dam Rachel by Blank, g dam
by Regulus, Sore Heels by Basto, Makeless, dc. Foaled, 1'799.
Sans Souci, N. Y.

Slim, imported, a dk ch by Wildman’s Babraham, dam by Roger’s
Babraham, g dam by Sedbury out of Ebony, &c. Marcus
Hook, N. Y. 1775. A. Dick.

Sloven, imported, bl h foaled, 1756, by Cub, dam sb cyte Sterling,
Godolphin Arabian, Bonny Black, &c.

Smiling 'Tom, ch ¢ by Ceeur de Lion, dam Betsy Baker by imported
Spark, &c. 1806.

Snow Storm, b h by Contention, dam Roxana by Sir Harry, ¢ dam
by Saltram, Wildair, Fearnought, &c, Foaled, 1825. E.
Warfield, (Kenty.)

Soldier, ch ¢ by Bedford, dam Raffle by Bellair. 1803. J. Hoomes.

Sophy Winn, bm by Blackburn’s Whip, dam by Buzzard, g dam
by Columbus, Celer, &c. 1822, E. Warfield.

Sourkrout, imported b by Highflyer, dam Juvell by Squirrell, Sophia
by Blank, out of Lord Leigh’s Diana by Second, &c.. Foaled
in 1786. Stood in Tennessee.

Spark, imported, was imported by Gov. Ogle, and given to him by
Lord Baltimore, who received him as a present from Frederick,
Prince of Wales; Spark’s dam was Miss Colvill.

Sportmistress, g m by Hickory, dam Miller’s Damsel by Messenger,
&c. Queen’s county, N. Y., 1818. Thomas Pearsall.

Spread Eagle, imported by Volunteer, (one of the best sons of
Eclipse,) his dam by Highflyer, Engineer, Cade, Lass of the
Mill by Old Traveller, Young Greyhound, &c. Foaled, 1792.
Bowling Green, Va. J. Hoomes.

Standard, b ¢ by Sir Archy, dam an Archy mare. 1829. Wray
& Simple. |

Star, imported dk b by Highflyer, dam by Snap, g¢ dam by Riddle by
Matchem. Foaled, 1785. Died, 1811.

St. Paul, imported sor h got by Old Saltram, dam Purity by Match-
em, Pratt’s famous Squirt mare, &c. Foaled, 1789. Va. 1804.
William Lightfoot.

Shock, imported, got by Shock, Partner, Makeless, Brimmer, &c.—

- Va., Caroline county. John Baylor.

Sir Peter Teazle, imported, roan h got by Sir Peter 'Teazle—Mer-
eury—Cythera by King Herod—Blank, &c. Foaled, 1802.—
S. Carolina. Gen. John M’Pherson.

Statira, imported, ch m by Alexander the Great, (sister to Lycurgus
by Buzzard,) Rose by Sweetbrier—-Merleton by Snap. Foaled,
1809. J. Randolph.

Sterne’s Maria, by (Gibbs ) Carlo, dam by Ridgley’s Ciiehinatios
L. Beard’s Badger out of Black Snake, &c.

Sieuben, by Kosciusko, dam Irvina by Virginian—Pandora by Bell-
air, dc. 1825. J. Ferguson.

Storm, b ¢ by Cormorant, dam cpsimectice mare by Darlington, &c.
1799. J. Hoomes.

290 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

St. George, imported, br b fifteen hands three inches high, foaled,
1789, was got by Highflyer, dam by Eclipse—Miss Spindle
Shanks by Oman—Godolphin Arabian, &c.

St. Paul, imported, ch h by Saltram, dam Purity by Matchem, out of
the Old Squirt mare. Foaledin 1791. Imported to Virginia,
1804. Harris.

Sting, by Jack Andrews, dam Marigold by Dumiodanae out of a
thorough-bred mare.

Sterling, imported, bh by Volunteer, dam Harriet by Highiflyer, g
dam by Young Cade, g g dam Childerkin by Second, out of the
dam of Old Snap, &c. Foaled, 1792. J. Hoomes.

Imported, dap gr by the Belsize Arabian out of Mr. Simpson’s
Snake mare, she by Snake out of the Duke of Cumberland’s
famous mare, dam of Cato, &c. Foaled, 1762. Surry county,
_Va., 1768. William Evans.

Strap, imported, b h by Bennington, dam by Highflyer—Tattler—
Snip, &c. Foaled, 1800. North Carolina, 1808. H. Cotton.

Stump the Dealer, by Old Diomede, dam by Shark. 1804. Thos.

Hamlin.
Sukey Tawdry, b f by imported Sterling, dam N ancy Medley.—
King George, Va., 1800. Charles Stuart.
Sultana, by Black Sultan, dam Barb mare. J. W. Eppes
by Spread Eagle, dam Orelia by Percy. S. Carolina. Richard
A. Rapley.
Sumpter, ch by Sir Archy, dam by Robin Redbreast, own sister to
the dam of Rattler, Flying Childers, &c. _
Superior, by (Cook’s) Whip, dam a Union mare. Kenteeige E.
M. Blackburn.
b h by imported Diomede, dail Lady Bolingbroke: i eee Pat
Selden.
Surprise, by Old Sir Solomon, dam Potter’s Oscar, Jun., by Ogle’s
Oscar. .
ch ec by Americus, dam Calypso. Foaled, 1801. W. Alston.
Susan, chm by Bond’s Sir Solomon, dam Columbia by imported
Baronet, Old Cub, Partner, &c.
Susan Favourite, erm by Sir Hal, dam Wynne’s Young ee aezie
by Bedford.
Susanna, ch m by Multnomer, dam by imported Knowsley, g dam
by Boxer, Symmes’ Wildair, Old Janus. W.D. Taylor.
Suwarrow, b by Columbus, dam by imported Venitian—imported
Figure, Slamerkin by Wildair, é&e.

Sweeper, by imported Figure, dam by Tasker’s Othello—Morton’s
Traveller, asker’s Selima, &c. Prince George county, Mary-
land, 1780. Joseph Pierce.

Sweet Erin, ch f by American Eclipse, dam Maria Slamerkin, &e.

New Jersey, 1829. Dr. E. A. Darcy.

Sweetest when Naked, gr m by Tattersall’s Highflyer in England,
dam gr m Virago, imported by Mr. Hyde. (She was foaled in
recht and bred by Alexander Spoiswood.) 1817. J. Tay-

oe.

- THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 291

Sylph, be by Roanoake, dam Witch. 1828. J. Randolph.

Syren, chf by Silver, dam Caroline by Eclipse. ‘Tennessee, 1800.

Symmetry, imported ch m bred by Lord Clermont, foaled, 1799, got
by Trumpeter, dam Young Doxy by Imperator, g dam Old Doxy
by King Herod.

Tranby, imported br ¢ got by Blacklock, his dam by Orville—Miss
Grimstone by Weazle—Ancaster, &c. Foaled, 1826. Virginia,
1835. J. J. Avery & Co.

Take In, b ¢ by Gracchus, dam Young Frenzy. 1823. John Ran-
dolph.

Tartar, g c by Winter Arabian, dam Young Buzzard mare.

by Diomede, dam by Celer, g dam by imported Bay Richmond.
* Amelia, Va. James Hill.
b c by Bedford, dam Atalanta by Dictator. Foaled, 1805.

Tecumseh, by Sir Archy, dam the imported Gamenut mare out of
“Allegrante by Pegasus. A. J. Davie.

Telegraph, imported br h by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Fame by Panta-
loon out of the dam of Diomede by Spectator, &c. Foaled,
1795. Baldock.

bh by Lamplighter, dam by Old Wildair, g dam by Rockingham,
&c. King William county, Va., 1800. Wm. Anderson.

Telemachus, by Old Diomede, dam by imported Dare Devil, g dam
by Commutation—Damon, &c. Brunswick, Va. Mer-
ritt.

Temptation, b by Heath’s Childers, dam Maggy fGatidey by imported
Fearnought, &c. 1786. T. M. Forman.

Terror, by Janus—Mark Anthony—out of an imported mare.

br ¢ by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. 1829. ——
Stephens.

Thaddeus, by Ball’s Florizelle, dam Dare Devil mare, g dam by Old
Wildair, &c. Edm. Irby. :
Thalestris, gr f by Elliott’s Jerry, dam Cornelia Bedford by the

Duke of Bedford, &c.

Thistle, by imported Dove, dam Stella by imported Othello, ¢ d 'Task-
er’s Selima.

Thor, b h by Diomede, dam by Wildair, g dam by Clockfast, &c.
Philip Rogers.

Tib, by Sir Archy, dam by Old Celer, g dam by Clodius, g g dam

by imported Fearnought, &c.

Tickle Toby, imported br foaled 1785, got by Alfred, dam Celia by

- Herod, out of Proserpine by Marske, &c.

Timoleon, ch ec. by Sir Archy, dam by imported Saltram—Old Wild-
air—Driver, &c.

Tom Jones, imported gr h fifteen hands high, by Croft’s Partner—
True Blue—Cyprus Arabian. Foaled, 1745. Richmond co.,
Virginia. Sir M. Beckwith.

by imported Tom Jones, dam Betsy Blazella by Blaze, &c. Mary-
~ land, 1764.
Tom, by ‘imported Eclipse, dam an imported mare. Richard Hall.

92 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Tom Tough, ch'c ¢ by imported Escape, (Horn’s,) dam Fairy by Bed-
ford, é&c.

Tom Tackle, br ¢ by Archduke, dam Fairy by Bedford. 1805:

Tom Piper, by Janus, dam Ethiopia by Bedford, (he ‘by, Teller’s
Bedford,) g dam by imported Bedford.

Topaz, ch c by Rob Roy, dam Flora by Ball’s ae 1826.—
Joseph Lewis.

bc by Roanoake, dam Jet. 1828. John Randolph.

Topgallant, b h by imported Diomede, dam by Shark—Harris’
Eclipse—Mark Anthony, Janus, &c. Foaled, 1800; J. Tay-
loe.

b by Topgallant, dam by Old Wvildadiansnisth Black and All
Black, (or Othello.)
by imported Druid, dam by Bedford, (sire of Rosabella. y:

Torpedo, by Sir Alfred, dam by Potomac out of the dam of Madison
and Monroe.

Touchstone, imported by Clothier, (by Matchem,) out of Bethell’s
mare Riot—Riot by Regulus—Matchem by Cade out of a -Part-
ner mare, &c. dam’s side not given.

Transport, br b by Virginia, dam Nancy Air. 1812. J. B. Rich-
ardson.

Traveller, (Morton’s,) imported b h by Partner, who was a grandson
of the Byerly Turk—Traveller’s dam was by Bloody Buttocks,
an Arabian, Greyhound, Makeless, &c. Richmond county, Va.
1754. Foaled, 1748.

Trouble, ch ec by Duroc, dam Sportmistress, &c. . 1821.

Tripsy, by Figure, dam Humespun by Romulus, Venus by Hero,
&ec. 1800.

Trimmer, by Hall’s Eclipse, dam by imported Slim, Old Hague, &e.
Prince George, Maryland, 1791. Wm. Lyles.

Tristram Shandy, by. Morton’s Traveller, dam by Old Janus out of a
fine English mare. Caroline county, Nata 1777. James
Upshaw.

True Whig, by Fitzhugh’s Regulus dam, dam of Apollo.

True Blue, imported b h by Walnut, dam by King Fergus, Celia by
Herod out of Proserpine by Marske. Foaled, 1785. James
Turner.

ch by 'Tormentor, dam by Expedition, Sir Solomon, Honest John,
Messenger, &e,

True Briton, b by Tasker’s Othello, dam Milley by Spark, and was
full sister to Col. Hopper’s Pacolet, her dam Queen Mab.—
1761.

‘Trumpetta, imported b m by Trumpator, dam by Highilyes: g dam
by Eclipse out of Vauxhall’s dam, who was by Young Cade.
Foaled, 1797. J. Tayloe.

by Hephestion, dam Peggy by Bedford, g dam imported Peggy by
Trumpator, &c. 1816

Trumpator, b ¢ by Dragon, dam imported Trumpetia. 1804. J.

Tayloe.

&

THE) FARMER’S COMPLETE: FARRIER. 293

Trumpator, by. Sir Solomon, dam by Hickory, g dam imported Trum-
petta. Kentucky, 1829. Samuel Davenport.

Tuckahoe, by Florizelle, dam by imported Alderman, g dam by
Clockfast, dic. Va., 1827. J. Wickham.:

Tulip, ch by Lindsay’ s White Arabian, (Ranger,) dam by imported
Othello, g dam by George’s Juniper, &c. 1782.

ch f by Alexander, dam Maria Archy. 1830.

Twig, by imported Janus, dam Puckett’s Switch, also by Janus.—

Thomas Hudson.

Unceas, ch c by Sir Archy Montario, dam Leocadia by Virginius.—
1828. J. B. Richardson.
ch ec by Stockholder, dam by Powhatan. 1827. OQ. Shelby.
Unele Sam, b by John Richards, dam Sally Baxter by Oscar, im-
ported Expedition, Old Cub. 1828. ‘Thomas M. Forman.

Valeria, b f by Monsieur Tonson, dam Betsy Wilkes, &c. 1832.
G. A. Blaney.

Valentine, imported by Magistrate, dam Miss Forester by Diomede,
Alexander, the dam of Captain Absolute by Sweet William.—
1826. ‘Thomas Connagh.

Vansickler, (Bela Richards’s,) b ¢ by John Richards, dam Covert
mare by Am. Eclipse.
Van Tromp, by Sir Hal, dam by Ceeur de Lion. Gen. R. Eaton.
Velocity, by Rob Roy, dam Simmes’ (Mab) bay mare by Ogle’s Os-
car, ¢ dam Edelin’s Floretto, &c. 1827. Simms.
Victor, ch by Contention, dam by Minor’s Escape, g dam by Sans
Culotte, Mahomet out of a thorough-bred mare.

Victorious, by imported Fearnought, dam by Clevis, (he by Fear-
nought,) g dam by Hunting Squirrell. Imported by Gen, Nelson.

Violet Fame, by Contention, dam by Tom Tough, her g dam by
Strange’s Traveller out of a full-bred Wildair mare.

Vincenta, by imported Messenger, dam by imported Slender, ¢ dam
by imported Lath, &c.

Viola, gr fby Gallatin, dam Clio by imported Whip. 1820.. Wade
Hampton.

Volante, ch f by imported Young Peter Teazle, dam Selima by
Spread Eagle, &c. 1809. J. Tayloe. |

Vinizun, by imported Diomede, dam Maria by Clockfast, Maria by
Regulus, &c. (Sold for $2,750.) Gov. Lloyd.

Virago, imported by Star, dam Virago by Panton’s Arabian out of
Crazy by Lath, which was sister to Snip, d&c. Orange county,
Va. Robert Young.

Virginia, by Skyscraper, dam Polly Ready Money by Bowie’s Cin-
cinnatus out of a Virginia mare.

Sorrel, ch m by Virginia Sorrel, dam Black Selima by Fearnought.

1798. J. Tayloe.

Virginian, b h by Sir Archy, dam Meretrix by Magog, Narcissa by
Shark, Rosetta by Centinel, Diana by Claudius, &c. Foaled,
1815. J.J. Harrison.

294 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Virginius, by imported Diomede, dam Rhea by Chatam, g dam by
Eclipse, (who was the sire of Brimmer, Wilton Roan, &c.) im-
ported Shark, Silver Eye, &c.

ch by Virginius, dam Transport. 1826. J. B. Richardson.

Violante, s m by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Selima by Sprad Eagle,

é&c. 1810. J. Tayloe.

Walnut, by imported Archibald, dam Cremona by Spread Eagle, g
dam Gasteria by Balloon.

Washington, gr by Pacolet, dam Old Rosy Clack by imported Sal-
tram, &c. O. Shelby.

ch h by Timoleon, dam Ariadne by Citizen. North Canadas,
1829.

Waxey, b by Sir Archy, dam by Sir Alfred, g dam by Hoxall’s im-
ported mare Primrose by Buzzard...

Waverley b ¢ by Sir Charles, dam Josephine by Wists Deakpn, g
dam by Hamiltonian—St. George—King Herod, de. 1829.—
Winchester, Va. J. M. Brome.

Whip, imported br h fifteen hands three inches high, got by Saltram,
his dam by King Herod, g dam by Oronooko—Cartouch, &c.
Foaled, 1794. Imported, 1801. Richard Bland. a

Whirligig, imported dk b fifteen hands high, by Lord Portmore’s
horse Captain, he by Cartouch, &c. his dam by the eee
Blacklegs, son of Flying Childers, &c. 1774. -

White Feather, by Conqueror, dam by Diomede. lL. Long.

White Leather, b c by Roanoake, dam Everlasting. 1824. J. Ran-
dolph.

White Stockings, by Silver Heels, dam Snip by Giiins out of Bri-
tannia, &c. Maryland. Robert Wright.

Why Not, b h by Old Fearnought, dam by Othello, g dam by Spark,
&c. Gloucester, New Jersey, 1780. James Tallman. —

Wildair, imported b h (foaled in 1753, and imported in 1764,) was
got by Cade out of the Steady mare, her dam by Partner—
Greyhound, Matchless, &c. Wildair was imported by Mr. De-
lancy of New York, and afterwards re-shipped to England.

(Symmes’) br b h by Old Fearnought, dam by Jolly Roger out of
Kitty Fisher, &c. Rocky Mills, Hanover county, Va. Col.
John Symmes.

Wildair, (Sims’) b h by imported Wildair, dam by Ariel, g dam by

imported Othello, &e. Maryland, 1778. Col. Jos. Sims.

by John Symmes’ Wildair, dam by Handell, g d by Camden—
Jolly Roger, &c. Forks of Hanover, Va. 1804. John Thorn-
ton.

by Ajax, dam by Knowsley, g dam by Highflyer, g ¢ dam by Old
Wildair, é&c. R. Walker.

(Jones’s,) blood b by Symmes’ Wildair, his dam by Flimnap out of
a Fearnought mare. Wylie Jones.

Wild Devil, b h by Old Dare Devil, dam by Symmes’ Wildair—
Rockingham—Spanking Rodger, é&c. Hanover Town, Virgin-
ia, 1803. John Anderson.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 295

Wonder, imported dk ch h fifteen hands three inches high, got by
Phenomenon out of Brown Fanny by Old Diomede, g dam by
Marske—Skini—Crab—Childers—Basto, &e. Foaled, 1794.
Imported in 1802.

Woodpecker, ch by imported Dragon, dam (Irby’s) Dare Devil mare,
Old Wildair, Fearnought, &c. 1804. C. Sallard.

Woosky, ch f by Dragon, dam Raffle by Bellair. 1805. J. Hoomes.

Worthy, g m by Sir Hal, dam by Sir Archy. Maryland, 1814. J.
Powder, j jun.

Wrangler, by imported Diomede, dam Lady Bolingbroke. Colonel
Selden. ;

Wrangler, bl b by Sir Alfred, dam Clio by Sir Archy—Beauty by
Diomede—Virginia by Dare Devil, &e. 1824. C. W. _Van
Ranst.

Wyandott, ch by Platt’s Alexander, dam Honest J rinoueak heswanrdox by
‘imported Bedford—Honest Jane by imported Honest John. —

Young Arch Duchess, by Janus, dam Arch Duchess. J. Randolph.
Young Duroc, b by Old Duroc, dam by imported Gabriel, ¢ dam by
Lindsay’s Arabian, &c.. Pennsylvania. John Snyder.
Young Ranter, br b by Ranter, dam a fine blooded mare.
Romp, (dam of Livingston’s Camilla,) by Duroc, dam Romp by
imported Messenger.
Sir Solomon, jun. by Old Sir Solomon, dam Maid of Northampton
by imported Clifden. 1823. Henry Lazier.
Truffle, imported br h bred by the Duke de Guiche, was got by
Truffle out of Helen by Whiskey, her dam Brown Justice by
. Justice, Old Truffle was got by Sorcerer out of Hornby Lass
by Buzzard, &e. Orange county, Virginia, 1830. James Bar-
bour.
Yorick, by Tayloe’s Yorick, dam by Figure, g dam by Dove,
aeker’s Othello out of Selima, &c. 1783. Fielder Bowie.

Zabud, by the. Winter Arabian, dam iy imported Spread Eagle, ¢
dam. by Sir Peyton, (by Shylock.) Kentucky. R.J. Breck-
enridge.
Zamor, gr by Silver Heels, (by Ogle’s Oscar,) dam Aurora (by Vint-
zun,) g dam Pandora, (by Grey Diomede,) g g dam by Hall’s
Union, Leonidas, &c.
Dae ch m by Gracchus, dam Miss Chance bY imported Chance.
Messrs. eat Fhe

296 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

CHAPTER XVI.

RAcE HORSES—KEEP OF —INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAINING—RIDING, dc.
: RACE HORSES.
[From Mason. ]

It is a remarkable fact, that horses run in all shapes. But most
generally, those excel upon the turf, that are of the following form:
head and neck thin, small, and delicate ; eyes large, plump, and full
of expression; nostrils ieee: red, and expanded; throttle large;
shoulders high, thin, and running very far back; breast plump, full,
and wide; body long, round, and rather light than heavy; back short
as possible ; ; thighs long, large, full, and bulging; fore-arm large and
swelling towards his breast; hocks broad, strong, and bony; legs of
moderate size, thin, flat, anid sinewy; pasterns rather long and small,
than otherwise; feet of proportionable size to the balance of his form ; _
though, of the two extremes, small is the best; he should be nervous, —
tractable, and of good spirit, and he should be from five feet to five
feet four inches high. Such a horse, well managed, kept and placed
in races, will seldom fail to distinguish himself on the turf.

The keeping a horse for a race is attended with much trouble, and
requires great attention: but is more simple than is generally believ-
ed by persons wanting experience on that subject. —

A large majority of grooms, even to the present day, are in the
habit of giving to race horses large quantities of physic, (though the
number engaged in this practice has been diminished within the last

ten years,) and for the sake of those very valuable animals, I hope — 4

ere long, such an injurious practice will be entirely abolished. All
the medicine on earth will never give to a horse speed and bottom,
that is naturally deficient in those respects; and if he is affected at all
by its use, it must operate to his disadvantage.

The plainest and simplest mode of keeping horses, has proved
much the best, tovall who have ventured, in defiance of old opinions
and customs, to use that course. When a horse is in health, the
medicine generally given by grooms, has the effect of relaxing the
muscles, enfeebling the system, and expanding the pores of the skin.
Tam clearly of opinion, that those large doses, which are so often
given, never cause a horse, when running, to fetch a longer breath,
braced his muscles, added to the elasticity of his tendons, invigorat-
ed his system, or gave him, in any way, extra powers to perform the
task assigned him; but on the contrary, are frequently the means of
throwing a horse Ge of order, that in all probability, under different
treatment, would have proved successful, if not master on the turf:
indeed, this has sometimes been proved by the change of owners,
and when a good horse has fallen into the hands of one that has ob-
served plain and simple treatment—the horse that previous to the
change never was more than second or third best, has run with more
than anticipated success.

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. ”

4

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. } ‘20%.

But many old and ignorant grooms who have never been benefited
by experience, and all the knowledge they possess have been handed
to them by persons equaily ignorant with themselves, are under a be=
lief, that unless a horse swallows a certain number of wind balls, that

it is impossible he can win a race; added to which, they are extreme-

ly superstitious, and some, even at the present day, confide in tricks
and witcheraft. Itis to be much regretted thata Geil horse should
ever fall into the hands of such blockheads.

The first thing necessary in the keeping a race horse is, a good log
stable, about fifteen feet square; then provide a plenty of good and
sweet old corn, fodder, and oats, and a sufficient quantity of clean
and dry straw, to change his bed every two or three days.

Most horses, when first taken up for the purpose of being kept,
require bleeding; which a groom can always be a judge of from the
appearance of the animal. Good cloths, girts, &c. should be provi+
ded and kept on the horse, except at the hours for rubbing, which
should be regularly three times a day ; in the morning, and evening
after practice, and at twelve o’clock; for which purpose a curry-comb,
brush, straw and a large woolen cloth, must be provided and well
used. Good rubbing assists in putting a horse in order, and places on
his skin a beautiful gloss. His legs must be washed three times a day
in clear cold water, after which they must be rubbed dry with straw,
and the naked hand rubbed over the ancles and pasterns, until a small
degree of warmth is felt. The stable should be kept perfectly clean.

A. horse should be given such practice as he is well able to bear.
As those animals frequently differ in every respect so widely from each
other, it is impossible to lay down any rule that should govern, rela-
tive to the speed or quantity of practice necessary for horses in train=
ing. 1 will only remark, that a horse should be practiced in a mode-
rate gallop, the distance he is intended to be run, moving briskly

every time he passes the stand, and for a short distance on the back

of the ground: he then should be walked about a mile, and again
galloped in manner first directed. Some fleet and delicate horses
require very little practice indeed; while other hardy and hard bote
tomed horses require and can bear very hard practice. But the ap-

petite of a horse is the best criterion, as relates to that subject.

If a horse refuses to eat, it is an evidence that his practice is either
too hard or too quick: ; ; Ww ben he eats heartily, it is a proof that he is
able to bear what is given him. When a horse is first taken into
keeping; his allowance for the first two or three days, should be rath«
er short; which should be offered four times aday. His exercise
should be walking, for the first three or four days; two or three times
the distance, or round the course of his contemplated race; after
which time, his food may be increased with his exercise, and he may
be regularly fed with from two quarts ata feed to four quarts. His
food should be often changed and prepared thus: his hommony (In-
dian corn ground coarse) should be first winded, then thrown into
clean water, so as to separate the part that is nutritious from the husk
and chaff; the oats should be lightly beaten in a common hommony
mortar, to separate them from the hull or chaff, which may be blown

20

298 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

off; his fodder should be stemmed whenever it is discovered he has
too much belly. A horse never should be drawn erent h as note,
is more weakening.

The best medicine on earth, that can be employed in keeping of a
horse, to give him wind and bottom, as the grooms term it, is good
and sweet food. A greater proportion of old oats, hay, or ‘hom-
mony, opens the bowels; and a large proportion of fodder and oats,
when prepared in the way directed, has the reverse effeet; so that
by using food that actually contains nourishment, and will certainly
benefit your horse, you may place him in whatever kind of order you
think proper, without using those medicines which have a certain
tendency to weaken and relax him. About two mashes during the
time of keeping, is very beneficial; the first as soon as you com-
mence; the second, about eight days previous to his running ; com-
posed of one gallon of bran, one table spoonful of flour of sulphur,
and one tea spoonful of saltpetre. Most grooms are in the habit of
giving one, two, or three sweats, during the time of keeping; which
method of hardening the flesh I am much opposed to. If a horse is
too gross, gradually increase his exercise, which will have the desi-
red effect. Whenever a horse has to undergo one of those sweats,
he is so much weakened and relaxed, as to require at least one week
to recover his strength. Should a horse, in keeping, lose his appe-
tite, it can readily be restored, by a single innocent drench, composed
of a quarter of an ounce of asafetida, one table spoonful of salt, and
one quart of sassafras tea. Good food, regular feeding, moderate
exercise, and strict attention to rubbing, are of much more importance
and benefit toa horse in keeping, than the administering of sane
doses of physic, which his nature does not require. :

When a horse is well kept, he will not appear very fat, but itis
flesh will be very firm and hard; his legs and ancles must be perfect-
ly cool, and not puffed or swelled; his eyes should be lively, and
countenance cheerful; he should possess no bad habits, but be tract-
able, gentle, and manageable; his actions smooth and graceful; he
should be taught patience; and often practiced in starting around the
race course, never permitting him to go off, until the word GO is
given. Many advantages result in a race, to a horse, being reanetty
broke in starting.

After a horse has gone through his practice, and has been well rub-
bed, &c. &c., his feet should be stuffed, (during the time of his stand-
ing in the stable ,) with fresh cow manure, or clay and salt, to prevent
his ancles from swelling or being heated; his legs should be bathed
once a week, with equal parts of old peach brandy and fresh butter,
or sweet oil and vinegar, stewed over the fire until well mixed, and
applied warm as the hand can bear it.

Whenever a horse commences his brisk exercise, the ‘vedas pitt
of his ancles should be occasionally greased, to prevent their crack-
ing and the scratches being produced. The heels of most young
horses crack, during their exercise, unless this precaution is used ;’
fresh butter, sweet oil, or hog’s lard, answers well for that purpose.
The subject of keeping horses is so extensive, that to treat fully

WHE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 299
\

on it, would require a book at least the size of this; the reader, there-
fore, must be content with the hints and few cesning have devoted
to this pabiect :

“aac Boks

or x i Saag a
1 eae Ri Race Riders.

HOR sy a
» To become a valuable and a good race rider, requires more capa-
‘eity, judgment, experience, and honor, than are often found in boys
in the habit of riding. And no person can be successful on the turf,
unless he can place the utmost confidence in his rider; whose intes-
‘yity and honor it would be advisable frequently to put to the test.—
- Boys are sometimes so young, foolish, and destitute of principle, as to
‘receive bribes and promises ; preventing the best horse from winning,
to the disgrace of all concerned, and the serious injury of his owner;
‘who, in such cases, never should fail to make an example of all nig
‘sons engaged in the villany.
ps “A good race rider will have the pad of his saddle wet, before he
‘mounts, to keep it firm in its place; he will try his stirrups, and
“prove them long enough to raise himself about two or three inches
‘clear of the saddle: he will then tie his bridle a length that-will allow
‘his horse, when he bears him gradually and steadily, to run at his
“ease, without being jerked or jostled; he should never make a false
‘start, but come up even and go off smoothly, without fretting or caus-
‘ing his horse to rear; and above all other things, strict and pointed
‘attention should be paid to the orders given, and they rigidly adhered to.
A rider should bear a little forward, steadily as possible, and with-
‘out altering the attitude of his body, when whipping, pushing, or
‘Tunning at his ease, taking great care to remain steady in his: sept i
holding his elbows close, and his hands low.
A rider, after running his heat, should never dismount, or give up
‘his horse to any other person, until it is his turn to pan his —
and 1 is directed to come to the stand.

Instructions for training horses.

=

BY CHARLES DUVALL.

_ Let the horse be in good flesh when you put him up; night and
morning walk him four miles, well clothed with one blanket and a
‘suit of horse clothes, for eight days; water him between the walking
with forty swallows ; feed him at nine in the morning, at twelve
o'clock, at six in the evening, and at-nine at night, with three quarts
‘of oats and chopped corn, one-fifth chopped corn, giving him one
‘bundle of blades after feeding in the morning, at twelve o’clock, and
at six o’clock; after feeding at nine at night, give him two bundles
of blades. Let him be well rubbed before each feed with straw as
to his body, and his legs with woolen rubbers; let him have a good
bed of straw; let his feet andlegs, night and morning, before you take
him in, be washed with warm water and Castile soap; then for eight
days more, in the morning, gallop two miles before watering and one
mile after, and in the evening one mile before watering and one
mile after, clothing and rubbing before each feed as before. After

B06 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

that prepare him for sweating, by feeding with two quarts at six
o’clock, and at nine o’cloeck: the same, giving him no. blades, and
having him well muzzled; let him be well rubbed and. have a good
bed of straw, always keeping his feet well stuffed with cow dung.—
Let your turf be kept well harrowed and soft. At day-break, take

him to his: training ground with three, four, or five blankets, and his:

body clothes; let him go four miles, the first three half-speed, the
fourth mile at a sweeping rate with a tight rein, and a rider not ex-
eeeding the weight the horse should earry. ‘Then strip him on the field,
earefully seraping, rubbing, and brushing him till dry ; then put on his:
usual clothes and walk him an hour; stable him; scald a gallon of bran,
add cold water to it till milk warm, apa jet him dsinks what he willof it.

Then let him be well rubbed and dressed; then scald two quarts of
bran, and two quarts of oats; mix them, puithinie among them a table
spoonful of flour of sulphur and as much antimony as will lie ona
eent, and let the horse eat # warm; then take two bundles of stem-
med blades, and sprinkle them with salt and water, and give him ;
then take some warm bran and water and wash his legs, rubbmg them
dry with straw and woolenrubbers ; then leave him till twelve o’clock ;
then feed as usual with three quarts at twelve; at four in the evening
brush him and let him walk.an hour; then water him with water
aired or branch water; then walk him a quarter of an hour, take him
in and have him well cleaned and rubbed ; then feed at six and nine
with three quarts of grain;. then muzzle rele In the morning after
his sweat take him to the ground and strip him as fora race; then
run him two miles with a tight rein, and continue him two miles
more in a loose; then clean him and rub him dry; clothe him and
walk him till cool, then take him m, wash his feet, and rub them dry,
eleaning him, rubbing him, stuffing his feet, and feeding as usual; so:
continue to gallop every night and morning, as before directed, to
wit: In the morning, first gallop two miles, second gallop one mile,
and in the evening one mile ‘each gallop; sweat every eight days.—
Train your colts in martingales ; bleed after the first sweat, and if ne-
eessary after the second sweat. ‘Those are the rules I observe in
training.

CHARLES DUVALL.

From which, the rules observed by Mr. Thomas Larkin, of Vir-
ginia, varied in these particulars: he feeds in the morning with four
quarts, at twelve with two quarts, and at night with four quarts;
same blades as Mr. Duvall. Morning, gallops first two miles and
a-half, second two miles. Evening, gallops first two miles, sec-
ond one mile and a-half. Sweats five miles, and brushes his horse -
before he takes him in; after cleaning, and rubbing, and drying him,
two miles. He washes with cold water, except when he sweats his
horse, and waters after the horse comes inand is clean, just before
feeding, forty swallows morning and evening, and twelve swallows
at twelve o’clock ; mixes a spoonful of sulphur in the mash, after
sweating, but no antimony; walks before galloping, two miles ; be-
tween the gallops, one mile.

‘THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 362

“Mr. Duvall; in 1797, gave me the foregoing rules: Mr. Larkin |
trained for me two years. And asa sportsman, that all horses may
run in the best order, and that their superiority of foot and bottom
alone may entitle them to the palm, I with pleasure comply with
your request, that through your inestimable paper, all excuses by
gentlemen having fine horses, as to the mode of training them, may be
removed, _ = friends of the turf gratified with fine sport.

a bee, American Farmer.

a ~ [From the American Turf Register.]

Mr. Babtor : :—The within was recently found among the papers
pr an old spertsman of the turf, (a pencil memorandum,) in the shape
of answers to questions, by a gentleman well known to the Virginia
turfites, who was at.that time about to begin his racing career. I
have examined it with a trainer of long experience, and with few
alterations hand it to you for publication in the Sporting Magazine.

A Vircinian.

A EF henwe hatin sit in weeding shietitd be fat: his exercise ought to
commence with walking about eight miles a day; three in the morn-
ing, two at twelve o’clock, and three in the evening. ‘This should be
eontinued at least four weeks. A light gallop of a mile in the morning,
should now be added, and at the end of a week, a mile in the even-
ing. In another week, half a mile more morning and evening. He
will now be in condition for his first sweat; his exercise may now
be the same as the last week, except a “‘ burst of heels’’ once or
twice in the week, of three or four hundred yards; at which time he
will be ready for his second sweat. This given, the horse should
have, every other morning, a move of a quarter of a mile; this con-
tinued for a week, and his third sweat may be given. After this his
exercise may be increased to two miles, morning and evening’; one
mile of which (in the morning) should be at half-speed, with a dash
of a quarter every other morning, more or less, according to his appe-
tite. The sweats should vary according to the high or low condition
of the animal. At the end of the week, after the fourth sweat, he
may, perhaps, require a draw,* and another a day or two before: he
runs. I do not approve of physicing generally ; when there is much
grossness, or general bad health, a purge may be necessary. Race
‘horses should be watered regularly three times a day, in a clear brook,
in the morning after exercise, at twelve o’clock, and in the evening:
after exercise, walking them until perfectly cool; previous to water-
ing. “They should be fed with hommony and oats, (the first divested
of its mealy particles,) in the proportion of one of the first to two of
the latter. Sometimes when the condition of the horse is low, he
should be allowed a greater proportion of hommony ; as horses when
in training must feed well, every thing in the food way must be tried to
make them do so: as hommony alone, oats, corn in the ear, meal, cut
oats, &c. TI once trained a mare, and ran her successfully, feeding
her three days in the week on meal with chopped or cut oats. They

*A very light sweat.

202 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

should be fed five times a day ; at day-break, after the morning exer=
cise, at eleven o’clock, a little before the evening exercise, and at
night: one quart at first, three the second time, three at eleven o’clock,
one the fourth time, and three the last, with about nine pounds of
‘blades without picking, divided as the grain. Some horses eat more
than others, and should be allowed accordingly.* When there is
costiveness, sprinkling the fodder with water, or a mash must be
given: a bucket of salt and water is also sometimes useful. Sweat-
ing should be done by heavy clothing and gentle exercise, giving
the horse a swallow or two of water with a little meal stirred in it
two or three times during the sweat. To put a horse in order, at
least twelve weeks are necessary ; for a colt, nine weeks. A colt, to
be in condition to run a good race, should just be low enough to feel
his ribs pretty plainly, but they should not be seen: a horse should
be much lower. ‘The usual preparation for a sweat is a mash at
night, muzzled, heavy clothing, (three or four blankets. ))—the next
morning after breakfast, walk three or four miles, and gallop one
slowly ;. give a mouthful or two of water,t and gallop two or mere;
as the weather is warmer or colder: carry him then to the stable, take
out the under blanket, rolling the cover up, half at a time, scrape
well, rub body and legs until perfectly dry, put on blanket and hood,
and walk for an hour or twe, occasionally giving a mouthful of water
with a handful of meal in it, about milk warm ot first. His legs,
when pefectly cool, should be washed with warm water and soap,
rubbed dry, and the horse put to rest and given a mash,t Sige pee
oats ,) in the evening watked four or five miles.

The quantity of exercise mentioned, is for horses, after four years
old, and upwards; few colts require more than three miles a day.—
Every eight or ten days the horses should be taken from the exercise
ground and walked on the road. A careful trainer will always know
the condition of his horse’s legs every morning before galloping, and
decide whether they receive their work or be sent, if their legs be
feverish, to have the fever extracted by standing in the water, to the
pond. ‘To keep up the appetite, f have known nothing better than
a table spoonful of the powder of poplar bark, (the liriodendron tuli-
pifera,) every day or two when it is observed that they are —
their food: salt should be given once a week. a

[It will be seen by a comparison of the above instructions, which
correspond with the system now usually pursued in the south, that
it is much milder than the system laid down by Mr. Duvall of the
olden time. It is wonderful, (observes our correspondent,) how their
horses could stand such severe training: and he supposes that the
greater fleetness of the horses of the present day may be ascribed, in
some measure, to changes which have been adopted in the system of

*Particularly large horses: small horses sometimes will eat fourteen or fifteen
quarts a day. I think thirteen enongh for the latter—more is apt, I think, to give
them gouty legs, &c.

~Milk warm, with a little ‘meal stirred i in it.

+Not always necessary, except there is much Costiveness.

‘THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 303,

training. Itis true that many of cur fine horses. are. let down and
trained off at an early age, but that may_be attributed to the severe
izials to which they are put at a tender age—four mile heats, in quick
time, at three years old! |

iene Rules and regulations of the Richmond Jockey Club.*

~ Whereas, it is necessary. that all well regulated associations should
have some rules for their government, and the Richmond Jockey Club
being sensibly impressed with this truth, therefore resolved, that the
following be the rules and regulations of the Richmond Jockey Club:

Ist. There shall be two regular meetings of this Club, at. Tree
Hill, each year, and each to continue four days, to be called Spring and
Fall meetings. ‘The Spring meeting shall commence on the second
Tuesday in May, and the Fall meeting the third Tuesday in October.
_ 2d. ‘There shall be a President, Vice President, Secretary, 'Trea-
surer, and four Stewards, appointed by ballot.

3d. It shall be the duty of the president to preside in all meetings
ef the Club; to act as judge in each day’s race; appoint his assist-
ant judges on the evening preceding each day’s race; report the
result of each day’s race, and stand as judge in all sweepstakes, with
such other persons as the parties may appoint.

_ 4th. It shall he the duty of the vice president to attend all meet-
ee of the Club; assist the president in the discharge of his duty ;
act as president pro tem. in the absence of the president.

_, 5th. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend the judges, on
each day’s race ; assist them with his counsel; keep a book, in which
he shall record the members’ names, the sailes of the Club, and add.
to them any resolutions which may change the character of either ;
‘also record the proceedings of each meeting; the entries of horses;
an account of each day’s race, including the time of running each
heat; publish the races, and after they are over, publish the result;
for this service, he shall be exempt from paying his subscription.

_ 6th. The. stewards shall be appointed by ballot, and serve for one
meeting next succeeding their appointment. They shall wear a
white rose on the left side of the cape of their coat.. It shall be their
duty to attend on the course, preserve order, clear the track, keep off
the crowd from horses coming to the stand after the close of a heat;

may employ able-bodied men to assist them, who shall be paid out
of any money in the hands of the saesidini and they be designated
oe a red.sash.

‘7th. There shall be three judges in the starting stand, the presi-
deni and. two assistant judges, whose duty it shall be to keep the
stand clear of any intrusion during the pendency of a heat, except
the officers, trainers, and weigher, and also see that the riders are
dressed in jockey style.

_ 8th. All disputes shall be decided by the judges of oa day, from
whose decision there shall be no appeal, unless at the judges’ dis-

*The rules of New Market, (near Petersburg, Va:,) Broad Rock, and aoaet
of the courses in Virginia, are nearly the same.

304 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

eretion; and no evidence to be received of foul riding, capa
distance judges and patrolls. tt Senet

9th. There shall be two. distance and threes patroll foams) who
shall repair to the judges’ stand after each heat, and sien the a
that are distanced, and foul riding if there be any. i

10th. The de eaee of the proprietor’s purse shall be. ‘eons sini
heats, and be run for on the seeond day of each —— meeting.—
The purse shall be $300—entrance $15. |

11th. The distance of the Jockey Club purse shall bie four sale
heats, spring and fall, and be run for on the third day La eae —
meeting—entranee $20.

12th. All sweepstakes, aoiieed to be run for over the Tree Hill
gourse, on any day of the regular meeting of the Club, shall be
under the cognizance of this Club; and that whenever a subseriber
makes an entry, he may change it any time before the stakes closes.

13th. No person shall start a horse for any purse under the control of
this Club, other than a member, he being at least one-third interested,
and producing proof of his horse’s age; nor shall any member start’
a horse, unless his entrance and subscription be paid before starting.

14th. All entries of horses to run, shall be made in open Club, on
the evening preceding each day’s race, by five o’clock, or during the’
sitting of the Club, and no entry made after that time shall be allow-
ed: Provided, if there be no meeting, then with the a or
treasurer, by five o’clock. “iniele

15th. No persons shall be benefited by the winning of any purse,
under the control of this Club, unless he be a member or the owner
of the horse.

16th. Any person desirous of becoming: a meembin ie the piped
of starting a horse, may do so, he being approved oF the Chih and
paying double entrance. |

17th. The winning horse of the Jeihiong Club purse shall not Nes per=
mitted to start for the proprietor’s purse, nor the winning horse of the
proprietor’s purse for the Jockey Club purse, during the same meeting.

18th. No compromise or agreement between any two persons

starting horses, or their agents or grooms, not to oppose each other
upon a promised division of the purse, shall be permitted or allowed,’
and no person shall run their nags in eonjunetion, that is, with a de-
termination to oppose, jointly, any other horse or horses which may
run against them. In either case, upon satisfactory evidence produ=
ced before the judges, the purse shall be awarded to the next best
horse, mare, or gelding; and the persons so offending, shall never
again be permitted to start a horse on this course.

19th. No two riders from the same stable shall be allowed to ride
in the same race; nor shall two horses, trained in the same stable,
be allowed to start in the same race-

20th. Riders shall not be — to ride in a race unless dressed
in the jockey style.

2ist. Riders, after the heat is ended, must repair to the judges®
stand, not dismount until ordered by the ‘judges, and then raat itieie
saddles themselves to the seales, there to be weighed.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 305

» 22d. The rider who has won a heat shall be entitled to the track,
avd the foremost entitled to any part of the track, he leaving a suf-
ficient space for a horse to pass him on the outside, but shall not,
when locked by another horse, leave the track he may be running in
to press him to the outside, doing which will be deemed foul riding.
A rider may take the track on the inside, but he must do it at his own
peril, as, should he be posted in making the attempt, it will not be
considered as foul. Should any rider cross, jostle, strike an adver-
sary or his horse, or run on his heels intentionally, or do any thing
else that may impede the progress of his adversary, he will be deem-
ed distanced, though he come out ahead, and the purse given to the
next best nag: and any rider offending against this rule, shall never
be permitted to ride over or attend any horse on the course again.

23d. If any nag shall run on the inside of any pole, they will be
deemed distanced, although they may come out first, and the purse
awarded to the next best nag.

24th. The distance stand shall be sixty yards from the judges’
stand for mile heats, and sixty additional yards for every mile ina
heat, unless it be the best three in five, and then ninety yards to a mile.
_ 25th. The time between heats shall be twenty minutes for mile
heats, thirty minutes for two mile heats, forty minutes for three mile
heats, and forty-five minutes for four mile heats. Some signal shall
be sounded from the judges stand five minutes before the period of
starting, after the lapse of which time, the judges shall give the word
to such ridersas are ready—but should any horse be restive in saddling,
the judges may delay the word a short interval, at their own discretion.

26th. A horse that does not win a heat out of three, shall not be
entitled to start for a fourth, although he may save distance. A
drawn horse shall not be considered as distanced.

27th. No stud horse shall be exhibited within the walls of the
course until the ladies have retired.

28th. All members and their families shall pass the gate eee and
all who are not members shall pay the following tolls, viz :—for every
four-wheeled carriage one dollar ; for every gig and two-wheeled car-
riage, cart, man and horse, fifty cents: and for every person on foot,
— cents. : i

~ 29th.- Any person who may kill a dog on the course, shall be paid
two dollars out of the funds of this Club, and if there be none in
hand, by the judges, out of the purse of that day on which the dog
or dogs may be killed.

eho The following weights shall be carried, viz:

2 years old, a feather,

3 # 86 lbs.

4 66 52662 04 100 66

5 66 6G 110 66

6 66 66 “118 66

7 “ ~ and upwards, 124 lbs., with an allow-
ance of three pounds to mares and geldings.. The weigher shall see
that each rider shall have his proper weight, before he starts, and that
they have within two pounds after each heat.

306 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
3ist. The age of horses shall be recorded by the year in which
they are foaled; during the year 1800, shall be considered asa year-
ling; during the year 1801, two years old; casing the year Loe,
andsoon. 8S
32d. New members can only be admitted upon yd meiar ;
any person wishing to become a member, shall be ballotted for and
two black balls will. epee bamiay: sa . eo
Betting.

~ When both parties are present, either party has a right to Perc
that the money be staked before the horses start ; and if one refuse,
the other may, at his option, declare the bet void.

If any party be absent on the days of race, the party present may
declare the bet void, in the presence of the judges, before the race
commences; but if any person offer to stake for the absentee, it is a
confirmed bet.

A bet made on a heat to come, is no bet, # ieee all the horses run-
ning in a previous heat start again.

All bets made between horses that are distanced the same heat are
considered drawn, and when between two horses throughout a race,
and neither of them win it, the horse that is best at the termination
of the race, wins the bets.

If an entrance horse, or subscriber die, no forfeit shall be vatiatigs /

A premium given to another to make a bet shall not be refunded 5
although the bet is not run for.

Handy Cap Raves:

Ist. The judges for the SepsOn on mebns with the sceretary, shall
Handy Cap.

2d. A list of all the homes , mares, and geldings Sone have started
at the said meeting, shall be ae to which any ones: if previaies
and particularly described, may be added.

_ 3d. Any horse, &c., which has not run during the pec ened
for sweepstakes, Jockey Club, or proprietor’s purse, shall eany the
weights of the course.

4th. When the distance to be run, the entrance ani ey the
prize be agreed on, the judges and eogreiany shall proceed to. aan
them their weights.

5th. No horse, &c., shall be bound to carry more weight than the
rules of the course prescribe.

6th. On the supposed best horse, &c., his or her proper weight
shall be imposed.

7th. From horses, é&c., of the second, third, &c. , rate or reputation,
as much weight may be ‘taken as will, in the opinion of the Handy
Cappers, make them equal to the first rate; in equalizing them as
aforesaid, they are not bound to regard the winning horses, &ec., as a
change of distance, or a hard run, may change their ability to perform.

8th. Those who Handy Cap, shall particularly mark such horses,
&c., which are started in shoes, or not allowed to exert themselves

{THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 307

ina previous race—any such horse, é&c., shall carry the weight of the
course, subject to the determination of the judges and secretary.

_ 9th. As soon as the list of horses, é&c., with their weights, be pre-
pared, the secretary shall post up the same in the Club Room at this
place to which shall be added the distance to be run, the sum to be
run for, and the entrance money.

10th. When the aforesaid nine rules ‘* complied siithes until ten
o'clock, P. M., shall be allowed the owner or starter to determine
whether he will contend for the prize, and no longer; as they deter-
mine, they shall give their names to the treasurer or proprietor of
the course, with a description of. their horses, &c., who shall make a
list of them as entered, which list shall point out their places at start-
ing—two or more to make a race.

English Rules of Racing.

Abstract of the laws which govern the Race Course in Great Britain, as extracted
. from a Liverpool paper.

Horses take their ages from May day, i. e. a horse foaled any time
in the year 1823, is one year old on the first day of May 1824.
Four inches are a hand; fourteen pounds a stone; two hundred and
forty yards a distance.

_ Oath weights are, each to appoint a party to ride without weigh-
ing. Feather weight signifies the same. Give and take plates are
weights for inches; fourteen hands to carry a stated weight, all above
to carry extra, or be allowed the proportion of seven pounds to an
inch. A Whim Plate is.a weight forage anda weight forinches. A
Past Match is to insert the ages of the horses in the articles, and to
run any horse of that age, without declaring till you come to the post
to start. Hand Cap weights are weights according to the supposed
abilities of the horses. Plates or shoes are not allowed in the
weight. i

The horse that wn his head at the ending post first, wins the heat.
Riders must ride their horses back to the winning post to weigh; and
he that dismounts before, or wants weight, is distanced. If a rider
fall from his horse, and the horse be ridden in by a person of suffi-
ecient weight, he shall take place the same as if it had not happened,
provided he goes back to the place where the rider fell.

Horses not entitled to start without producing a proper certificate
of their age, if required; except where aged horses are included, in
which case a junior horse may start without a certificate, provided he
carry the same weight as an aged horse.

For the best of the plate, when there are three heats run, the horse
is second who wins one. For the best of the heats, the horse is
second that beats the other twice out of three times, though he doth
not win the heat. When a plate is won at two heats, the preference
of the horses is determined by the places they hold in the second heat.
When three horses have each won a heat, they only must start for a
fourth, and their places must be determined by it, though before no
difference between them. No distance in a fourth heat. In running

308 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

heats, if it cannot be decided which is first, the heat goes for nothing,
and they may all start again, except it be between two horses that had
each wona heat. Horses drawn before the plate is won are distanced.

A bet after the heat is over, if the horse betted on does not start
again, is no bet. A confirmed bet cannot be off, without mutual con-
sent. Either party may demand stakes to be made, and on refusal
may declare the bet void. Ifa party be absent on the day of run-
ning, a public declaration of the bet may be made on the course, and
a demand whether any person will make stakes for the absent party ;
and if no person consent to do so, the bet may be declared void.
Bets agreed to be settled in town, or any Particular place, cannot be
declared offon the course. —

The person who bets the odds, has a right to choose the horse of
the field. When he has chosen the horse, the field is what starts
against him; but there is no field unless one starts with him. If
odds are bet without mentioning the horse before the race is over, it
must be determined as the odds were at the time of making it. Bets
made between particular horses are void if neither of them be the
winner, unless specified to the contrary.

At New Market, if a bet be made for any particular day in day
meeting, and the parties afterwards change the day, all bets must
stand ; “put if altered to another meeting, bets made before the altera-
tion are void. Bets determined, though | the horse does not Start
when the words “absolutely, run or pay,” or ‘‘ play or pay,’ are
made use of in betting. For example; I bet that Mr. Udny’s eh.
mare, Mirandela, absolutely wins the King’s plate at Chelmsford, in
1824. I lose the bet though she does not start, and win though she
goes over the course alone. :
~ All double bets are considered as play or pay. ee a

‘Since Epsom races, 1812, all bets are made in pounds, and not in
guineas, as formerly.

Horses running on the wrong side of a post, and not turning Blick;
are distanced. Horses distanced if the riders cross or jostle. ‘Horses
that forfeit are beaten horses, where it runs or pays. Bets made on
any horses winning any number of plates that year, remain in force
till the first day of May. Money given to have a bet laid, not re-
turned if not run. All matches, bets, and engagements are void on
the decease of either party before determined. An untried stallion
or mare, is one whose produce had not started i in public at the time
of closing the engagement.

In estimating winnings, it is the practice to consider the blest sum
gained only, and consequently to exempt the winner’s stakes. A
winner of sweepstakes of twenty guineas each (three subscribers)
is, therefore, not disqualified from running for a fifty pound plate, ex-
pressed to be for horses that never won a plate, match or sweep-
stake of that value.

PART SECOND.

In this part of our compilation, the reader will find a historical
description of the mule—general remarks on breeding, raising and
training of them—and an estimate of their comparative value with
the horse, for agricultural purposes; and their superior utility as sub-
stitutes for horses, in many respects, in point of economy, for the
pumpose of canal and railroad labor, &c. ,

- The hybrid produce of an ass with a mare, is called a mule. The
hinny is the hybrid produce of the she ass and a stallion.

_. They may be readily distinguished by the reader, if he will pay

stention: to the following Biri marks a difference :
i

a? | ‘THE MULE . 3 THE HINNY.
1. Has a large clumsy head. 1. The head is long and thin.
. 2. Has long, erect ears. 2. Bars like those of a horse.
_3. Has ashort mane. 3. The mane is short.
4, — ome is very thin. 4. Tail well filled with hair.

be The ‘eine: is more common than the hinny; because the hinny
is less hardy, less useful, and consequently, if ever, seldom cultivated.

We have been exceedingly diligent in investigating the subject of
the comparative value and general usefulness of the mule. After all
our enquiries, we find nothing, in all we have elicited from mule
owners, to induce us to dissent from any thing that has been said by
Samuel W. Pomeroy, whose invaluable essay on the natural history
of the mule, for the general purposes of agriculture, in comparison
with horses, we have taken from the American Farmer. This is a
prize essay. ‘There were seven competitors, each tasking his time,
and bringing all that was available into requisition to obtain the pre-
mium, a silver cup of thirty dollars value, offered by the patriotic and
well known Robert Oliver, Esq., for the best essay on the mule.

310 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

A DISSERTATION ON THE MULE.

By S. W. Pomeroy, Esq., V. Pres. Mass. Ag. Std ote U. ‘.
Cor. Mem. Imp. Ag. S. of Florence.

Opinion is the Queen of the World—it gives motion to the springs, and direc:
tions to the wheels of power.—John Q. Adams.

Knowledge is power.— Bacon.

Economy is power. —Burke.

Soon after the accession of Charles III. to the crown of Seaiah he
issued a severe edict, prohibiting his subjects from wearing flapped
hats and cloaks; which caused an insurrection that obliged him to
leave Madrid, after witnessing the massacre of near a hundred of his
Walloon ouards ; and might have terminated in a revolution but for
the immediate banishment of his ministers, and the revocation of the
edict. An eminent writer has introduced a history of the occurrence,
by observing, that ‘‘it is easier to conquer half the world than to sub-
due a single prejudice or error; most nations having a superstitious
attachment to those habitudes which they derive from their ancestors,
that seemed to come along with them into the world, and with whigh
they were nursed and brought up.”

Perhaps it may be deemed by many quite as visionary ¢ or pres
to attempt an introduction of the mule, as a substitute for the heree,
for the purposes of agriculture and hackney employments, as was the
project of the Spanish monarch for compelling his subjects to wear
the French costume, to the exclusion of one they had been so long
accustomed to look upon as a distinction, which was the birth-right of
every true Spaniard; and as we may suppose, so congenial to the
indolent habits for which that nation had long been proverbial. __

It must be acknowledged that there are serious, though I trust in
this age of improvement, not insurmountable impediments—for we
have to combat not only hereditary prejudices, or, to speak more
correctly, such as have proceeded from a deficiency of means and _
want of knowledge, to develope the valuable properties, and to sub-
due propensities of a contrary character in this hybrid race, but we
are met at the threshold by the same species of pride which the
Spaniards manifested in regard to their costume, founded on the enthu--
siastic, I may almost say, superstitious attachment to the horse.

It is believed that a vast portion of our countrymen, and I may
with propriety add the people of Great Britain, from whom we have
derived a few inveterate prejudices, as well as many illustrious exam-
ples that have had a commanding influence in leading our country to
the high destinies that await her, do not consider that a mule, especi-
ally a well bred one, would be in their view, one of the most desi-
rable of animals if they had never seen a horse; it must be admitted,
however, that he holds the second rank, and it is principally from
this circumstance, that so little attention has been paid to him in both
countries. Comparison is the chief cause of his degradation—they
look at and give their opinions not of himself, but comparatively with

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 311i

the horse. ‘They seem not aware that he is a mule—that he has all
the qualities of his nature, all the gifts attached to the connecting and
final link of two distinct species, and think only of the figure or more
shining qualities of the horse which are wanting in him, and that we
‘cannot expect him to have; for he possesses those of more intrinsic
value, which the Supreme Author of nature has denied to both of his
parents. |
There are few subjects of animated lee that have engaged the
attention of the most eminent naturalists, more than the genus Zquus
to which the horse and ass, with their hybrid offspring, are assigned.
Linnzus, with a view to establish by new arguments, his doctrine or
‘theory of the sexual system of plants, which Spallanzani had at-
‘tempted to overturn, illustrated their generation by pursuing the chain
of nature from the animal kingdom to the vegetable; and exhibited,
‘as prominent examples, the two different productions of mules. He
‘says, ‘from the mare and male ass proceeds the mule, properly so
called, which in its nature, that is, in its mednilary substance, nervous
system, and what Malpighi calls the Keel, (carina, Bortom, in sports-
‘men’s language,) is latent in, and derived from the mare. But in its
cortical substance and outward form, in its mane and tail, resembles
‘the ass. Between the female ass and the horse, the éiher kind of
mule is engendered, whose nature or medullary substance resembles
that of the ass; but its outward form and cortical structure, or vascu-
lar system, that of the horse.’’* This race were denominated Hinne
‘and Ainnus by the ancients, from their netghing somewhat like a
horse, a name they still retain. ‘They were not held in much estima-
tion by the Romans, according to Pliny, who describes them as diffi-
-eult to manage, and so slow that little service could be derived from
‘them. Buffon has noticed this animal, which he calls Bordeau, and
says it is smaller than the mule, as it preserves the diminutive stature
-of the ass. Ithas been stated, however, by some of our worthy and
“intelligent Navy officers, that they have raised Hinnys in Spain, that
were of respectable size, and more beautiful than the mule; that is,
they resemble the horse much more; and if my information is correct,
a few have been bred upon the ‘Spanish main and shipped to the
West India Islands; but were by no means esteemed so hardy or
‘valuable for service as mules. |
Notwithstanding mules have a disposition to propagate, there have
been but two or three well authenticated instances recorded of their
having bred; and those productions were considered monsters—such
a phenomenon among the ancients was deemed a prodigy.t Buffon
was indefatigable in his researches on the subject; and although he
admits that it is possible for either gender to propagate, he is confi-
dent that their parents are of a species distinct from each other. He

* See “a dissertation on the sexes of plants,” by Sir Charles Linneus—read
before the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, Sept. 6, 1760—and
which obtained the premium of one hundred golden ducats.

+B. Orth, of Lebanon county, Pa., informed us that a mule of had a per-
fect foal in 1838, and was then doing well »— Compiler.

312 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

says ‘‘the ass 7s an ass, and not a horse degenerated,’ as some have
supposed, “‘he is neither a stranger, an intruder, nor a bastard—he
has, like other animals, his family, his species, and his rank: his
blood is pure and untainted, and although his race is less noble, yet
it is equally good, equally ancient as that of the horse.”” ‘This pro-
found naturalist continues a very minute and eloquent comparison
between the horse and the ass—some of his expressions I have
taken the liberty to apply to the mule and the horse in a preceding
paragraph.

It may promote the object in view, to enter extensively upon the
history of the ass; and we commence with the supposition, that when
men became so far civilized as to have burdens to carry, or required
to be carried themselves, this animal was the first domesticated for
that purpose—and it is reasonable to infer that those of the least spirit
and most tractable, were put in requisition in the first instance; when
by breeding in and in, without any care in the selection of sire or
dam, became in process of time degenerated to very inferior grades.
Be this as it may, it is an unquestionable fact that different races of the
ass now exist, possessing properties as distinct as are found i in ihe
family of the camel. For instance, the dromedary, selected from the
race of single hunched camel by far the most numerous, and to whom
they bear Tae same relation as the full-bred cowrser does to the ordi-
nary horse—requiring the same care to preserve the purity of blood,
is of slender form, long and tall—never permitted to carry burdens;
but with a rider, is able to traverse vast tracts of desert, with the
continued speed of a high mettled race horse. The bactrian camel
with two protuberances on his back, though shorter, is much heavier
and more muscular; travels at a pace seldom, if ever, exceeding three
miles an hour, and is eapable of conveying such burdens that the
Arabs style him emphatically, ‘‘the ernar ship of the desert ;”” yet
they are of the same species—a cross between them, breed and con-
stitute another variety, which multiply, and, according to Bullons
have the most vigor, and are preferred to all others.

Ancient writers recognize several distinct varieties of the ass.—
According to Dr. Harris four different races are indicated in the ori-
ginal Hebrew scriptures, viz: Para, Chamor, Aton and Orud. *. al he
wild ass (Para) was a native of Arabia Deserta and those countries
which formed the great Assyrian empire. ‘They are now found in
southern Tartary, in the mountainous districts and saline plains of
Persia, are migratory in large herds, visiting in winter the northern
parts of India, and said to be so fleet that no horse can overtake them.
in the chase. This race is frequently alluded to by the inspired wri-
ters; and afford similies diametrically opposite to those drawn from
the domestic race. The sublime description of the former in the

*See the Natural History of the Bible, by Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D.1. vol.
8vo. Wells & Lilly, Boston. A work I would earnestly recommend to those
readers of the sacred volume, who are desirous to be better acquainted with. many
allusions to subjects of natural history, founded on their nature, habits and charac-
teristic qualities, developing beautiful similies, which would otherwise lie concealed,
and enabling them to judge more correctly of the propriety of such allusions. —

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 313

book of Job, exhibits such a contrast, that I trust its insertion in this
place will not be deemed improper:

& Who from the forest ass his collar brakes
And manumized his shoulders from the yoke ?
Wild tenant of the waste, I sent him there
Among the shrubs, to breathe in freedom’s air,
Swift as an arrow in his speed he flies ;
Sees from afar the smoky city rises
Scorns the thronged street, where slavery drags her load,
The loud voiced driver and his urging goad ;
_ Where’er the mountain waves its lofty wood,
A boundless range, he Reeks his verdant food.”
Scorr’s VERsIon.

it appears that at a very early period of sacred history, the com-
mon domestic ass (Chamor) was employed in all the menial labors
of a patriarchal family, while a nobler and more estimable breed '
(Aton,) was destined to carry the patriarchs, the well-born, and those
en whom marks of distinction were to be conferred. Balaam rode
upon an Aton. ‘This race constituted an important item in a sched-
ule of the pastoral wealth of those times; of course attracted particu-
lar attention and care. Saul, after searching three days, applied te.
Samuel, as a seer, to discover where his father’s atonoth (female plu-
ral) had strayed. And David it seems had an officer, apparently of
high dignity, appointed expressly to superintend his stud of atonoth,
or brood asses of the superior race.

There was another race called by Aristotle half-ass (Hemionus)
which is also mentioned by Theophrastus, whom Pliny quotes, as
the wild mule that bred; and were found in Africa and the northern
parts of Asia Minor. There can be no doubt but this is the same
race discovered by Professor Pallas among the Mongalian Tartars,
which he so particularly describes under the name of Hemionus or
wild mule that breeds, and that it is not a hybrid, but actually of the
species of ass resemblinga mule.* ‘This race is identified by Harris,
with the orud of scripture.

The wild ass of northern and western Africa, whose flesh was se
much admired by the Roman epicures, may, I believe, be ranked as
another distinct race. Adamson, a French naturalist, who resided a
number of years on the banks of the Senegal, describes those brought
from the interior by the Moors, as so essentially different from any he
had seen in Europe, it was with difficulty he could recognize them
to be the same species—neither do they answer the description of
the wild ass of Asia, of which we have been speaking. But his ac-

* Heroditus says that in the army of Xerxes, which invaded Greece, there were
chariots of war drawn by wild asses. M. Lardner, a celebrated commentator, ren-
ders them Zebras in his French translation, which he supports from Oppian, lib. 3,
v. 183. But it is now supposed, that the Zebra is of a species distinct from the
ass j—and Buffon asserts, that none were ever discovered out of Africa: and there
only in the southern hemisphere. It is therefore highly probable, that those allu- »
ded to, were the Hemionus, which are described as much larger than the wild ags,
and nearer the size and form of the Zebra.—See Beloe’s Heroditus, Polymnia,
Chap. 86.

21

314 THE FARMER’S COMELETE FARRINR:.

count of them corresponds with the diminutive domestic race intro-
duced from Africa, particularly from Senegal and the Cape de Verd:
islands; and from which the small race of Donkeys now in Europe
and in this country may with great probability claim their origin.

The Arabian ass, like the horse of that country, is considered the
most estimable of his species—and there are strong reasons for con-
eluding that he is descended from the Hebrew Aton so highly valued
by the patriarchs, judges and kings of sacred history; and that the
same race have been preserved: in» some degree of purity to’ the pre-
sent time. Indeed there can be but little doubt on the subject, if we
admit the fact, that the habits, manners and pursuits of the descend-.
ants of Ishmael, have continued with searcely an iota of variation,
from the day they took rank among the nations of the earth. “This
supposition seems to be fully confirmed by the observation of a re-
eent traveller of celebrity—who says: ‘‘at Orfah, the Ur of the
Chaldees, Haran, the residence of Abraham and Laban, was pointed
out at a distance of eight hours. Here and throughout the journey,
the leading incidents. of the pentateuchial history, live in local tradi--
tions; and the habits of life bear perpetual and most striking illustra-
tions of ‘manners recorded in the sacred history. ‘The habits of the
people in these regions, under all the various changes of their civil
and religious relations, are as immutable as their deserts, their rivers,
and their mountains.’”’* Our position is further strengthened by in-
formation from an intelligent traveller of undoubted veracity, who
has visited Arabia on the south-western side of the Peninsula to:
Mocha; and on the eastern, to the confluence of the Euphrates and
Tigris. He represented the superior race of asses of that country,
as most beautiful—of perfect symmetry, great spirit, activity and:
vigor; many of which could not be purchased for less than four or
five thousand dollars—an enormous price, considering the value of
money among those people. ‘It is also a fact, that the Arabs are as
tenacious of preserving the pedigree of their horses, as the most
eareful breeder for the turf in England—and not less so of their asses.
The descent of some of them, they trace to those in the train of
the Queen of Sheba when she visited Solomon—as they also do that
of their horses to the numerous stud of that wise and gallant king.

Dr. Harris supposes the wild ass (Para) to be the Onager of the
Greeks and Romans—and that the Aton was of a different kind; but
may not writers of different periods have confounded the wild ass:
with the Aton in their representations of the Onager? for it is not.
improbable, but that the Aton was of the most improved breed known,
produced from crosses of a choice selection of the domestic, the wild
ass, and the Hemionus or wild mule—which last Professor Pallas re-
commends to complete the perfection of the species. This supposi-
tion is supported by Buffon, who infers as a certain fact, that by @
eross of the remotest of different races of the ass, the most beautiful
productions are obtained.

*Buckingham’s travels in Mesopotamia, including a journey from Aleppo across
the Euphrates to Orfah (the Ur of the Chaldees and Edessa of the Greeks.)

HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. ‘318
~The production and employment of mules may be traced to a re-
“note period of antiquity.* ~The scripture account of them and their
importance in the equipage of princes, is familiar to every one. Ho-
mer is quite diffuse in his description of them.t Heroditus who is
styled the father of history, makes frequent mention of these animals;
‘and it is known that they were introduced in the chariot races at the
Olympic games, in the seventeenth olympiad, about five hundred
years before Christ. The Romans weil knew their value. Pliny
informs us, from Varro, that Q. Axius, a Roman senator, paid four
hundred thousand sersterces, upwards of thirteen thousand dollars,
for a male ass for the propagation of mules; and he says further, that
the profit of a female ass in breeding stock for the same purpose, was
estimated in Cetteberia, now the kingdom of Valencio in Spain, at a
like sum. We may infer from a passage in Tacitus, and in Plutarch’s
life of Marius, that mules were generally employed to transport the
baggage of the Roman armies; and that the superior officers rode
those of a high grade, having their horses led. It seems that the
dillitanti of Rome held them in great estimation; as we are informed
that there was no lady who had any pretentions to fashion, but had
her saddle mule; and that those of Nero and Poppea were shod with
gold and silver—not plates, as iron shoes are now formed, but the
whole hoof enclosed.{
- As it is not requisite to pursue our history of the mule any further
among the ancients, we shall drop their appellation of male and fe-
male ass, and adopt the modern one of Jack and Jennet.
- Spain has continued to support the reputation for a superior race of

ree hedtes

- *There is, among the learned, a diversity of opinion as to the production of the
mule. The Hebrews, says Paxton, of Edinburgh, ascribe the invention of mules
to Anah, B. C., 1796—Gen. 26: 24. This opinion is called in question by Mi-
ehaelis, and others, by translating the Hebrew word emim, giants, and not mules,
as it is translated in the common version, or Maulpjerde, in German. We have
no space to enlarge, but we would add, that for reasons, satisfactory to us, we think
that emim might be translated with propriety, waters, springs, warm medicinal
springs. The root of the word emim is ime, to be hot, to boil. To discover such
springs, (for it is ascertained that there are, in that region, medicinal fountains,)
would be as memorable an occurrrence; and it is as likely to be made by Anah,
in the wilderness, as he fed the asses of Zibeon, his father, as that he found the
mules.— Compiler.
+“ And twelve young mules, a strong laborious race,
__ New to the plough, unpracticed to the trace.
* * * * *

77 "The royal car, at early dawn obtain,
ea And order mules obedient to the rein.
* * * *

7 Now mounting the gay seat, the silken reins
Shine in her hand; along the sounding plains
‘Swift fly the mules; nor rode the nymph alone;
- Around, a bevy of bright damsels shone.”
. Homer’s Odessey, books 4 and 6.

+The Roman ladies had equipages drawn by mules, as appears from medals of
Julia and Agrippina—and at this day, we may add, in Spain, the carriages of the
nobility, and even of princes, are usually drawn by mules.— Compiler.

316 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

mules to the present period; and it is probable that the Arabian breed
of jacks were introduced by the Moors, when they held possession
of that fine country; which by crosses and the effects of soil and cli-
mate, have formed two valuable races which we shall notice in the
sequel.*

The Portuguese race are supposed to differ but little from ae
Spanish; those, however, that have come within my dart: were
strikingly inferior in every point.

It was not until the close of the sixteenth century, that earn
were used in France; before which, it is said, the nobles rode to
court, parliament, &c., on mules that were brought from the vicinity
of the Alps and Pyrennees. They were usually black, of large size,
well made, and mostly bred from fine Spanish mares. Savoy, has
long been noted for an excellent breed of mules. None very extra-
ordinary are found in Italy; those used by the Veterino, are strong
and of respectable size, but of a sluggish and debased spirit. |

Very little can be said of those animals in Great Britain. ‘The
Catholic prelates brought over a number of superb mules prior to
the reformation; but in the reign of Elizabeth, so little was known
of them, that a writer of that “period says: ‘*in Devonshire, some
were produced by a jack brought from France, and were knocked on
the head by the people, who viewed them as monsters.’’ A. superior
race of mules were bred in Flanders, from jacks introduced by the
Spanish monarchs, while they held dominion in that country. Fifty
of them were brought to England by the Duke of Cumberland, pre-
sented to him by the Empress Queen, and from their beautiful ap-
pearance, engaged the attention of a few individuals; but the spirit
soon subsided, notwithstanding those who bred and used them, were
warm in praise of their utility. Among a voluminous mass of trea-
tises on agriculture and rural economy, published im that country,
scarce a line can be found devoted to the mule, except by Dr. Ander-
son, who, in his ‘‘ Recreations in Agriculture,” has a few _
remarks on the subject. . :

Indeed, the result of extensive research justifies the cteaien,
that the only treatise published in any language, embracing a system
of breeding asses and mules, is contained in twelve books on the
husbandry and economy of the Romans, one of the most valuable
works that has been handed down to us, and written in the reign of
the Emperor Claudius, by Columella, in which is displayed the geni-
us of a naturalist, and ‘the labors of an accurate observer. He was
a native of Cadiz, and owned estates in Spain, where the finest mules
were then bred, and from whence the patricians and dignitaries of
Rome were supplied at enormous baat Varro, to be sure,” has

*The extensive use of mules in Spain at one a vihtiee fears that the
breed of horses might decline, and a royal ordinance prohibited their employment
under the saddle, to all but the high nobility and privileged orders—so that even.
Columbus, one of nature’s noblemen, was obliged to apply for permission to ride
from Seville to court on a mule; which was granted in consideration that his age
pas pee incapacitated him from riding on a horse.—See ee 8 er of Co-
umbus.

"HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 317

fiven directions relative to these animals, but so blended with fable,
as not to deserve attention. In the third book of Virgil’s Georgies,
however, maybe found a few lines highly pertinent to. the subject OF ~
Augen mules. -

In our own country, ptiot to the war of the revolution, a few jacks
of an ordinary kind were imported—a small number of mules bred;
and all exported to the West Indies. I have reference to New Eng-
land, as I am not aware that any attention was paid to the system in
the middle or southern states, though it is not improbable that some _
valuable mules may have been raised by the farmers and planters for
their own use. When peace took place, the price of mules in the
West Indies excited attention to the breeding of them, which was
principally confined to Connecticut: and several cargoes of the small
-race of jacks were imported from the Cape de Verd islands, and &t.
‘Michael, one of the Azores.

It should be observed that the exportation of jacks from Spain, or
any of her colonies, was strictly prohibited, and continued to be till
after the peninsular war. From this miserable stock, a system of
breeding mules commenced, the best calculated to deteriorate any race
of animals, that has been or could be devised since their creation.
The purchaser of a jack, when about to commence mule-dealer, made
little enquiry concerning him, but of his capacity to propagate a mule.
He placed him in a district where there was the greatest number of
mares of qualities so inferior, that their colts would not compensate
them for the expense of taking them to a horse, and contracted to
purchase their mules at four months old. Those are kept in herds,
with precarious shelter in winter, having ample opportunities to
mature and transfer that propensity for kicking, which seems at first
merely playful, into an habitual means of defence, to be exercised
when the biped or any other race of animals approach them. In
this kicking seminary, they remain two years, and are then driven to
market. At subsequent periods, a few jacks of higher grades were
procured, from which a small number of good sized mules were bred
anda few of them broke. The breed of jacks has now somewhat

“improved, and mule-dealers are now located in most of the New

“England states and some parts of New York. But ihe system as
-above detailed, with few exceptions, has continued; and it is from
such a race of jacks and such a system of breeding and management,
that the mules have been produced with which the farmers and plant-
‘ers of Maryland, Virginia, and the southern states have, been suppli-

ed from New England; and such have furnished a criterion fora great

portion of our countrymen to form an estimate of the value and pro-
perties of this degraded animal. It affords us great pleasure to be
enabled to pursue our investigation in a higher sphere.

After the father of his country had secured its liberties and retired
to Mount Vernon to enjoy his favorite pursuit, a correspondence was
solicited with this illustrious personage, by many of the most distin-
guished characters in Europe; and which he strongly encouraged, if

the subjects related to agriculture or the arts. Among them was
Arthur Young, who, by a life devoted to experimental farming and

318 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

voluminous publications, particularly his tours and annals, infused a.
spirit into the landed interest, which gave an impetus to improvements.
in agriculture and rural economy in. Great Britain, that was product
ive of such results at a subsequent period, that enabled his country-
men to subsist, while defendmg single-handed, their own liberties and
those of the civilized world.

The following is an extract of a letter from. General a eae
to Mr. Young, dated, Mount Vernon, December 4, 1788: “lam
glad to find you are propagating the Spanish breed. of sheep in Eng-
land, and that the wool does not degenerate :—for the multiplication.
of iefal domestic animals is a blessing to mankind. I have a pros-
pect of introducing into this country a very excellent race of animals
also, by means of the liberality of the King of Spain. One of the
jacks which he was pleased to present to me, (the other perished at.
sea) is about fifteen hands high, his body and limbs very large in pre-
portion to his height; and the mules which I have had from him,
appear to be extremely well formed for service. Ihave likewise a
jack and two jennets from Malta, which the Marquis de Lafayette
senttome. The.Spanish jack seems caleulated to breed for a heavy.
slow draught; and the others for the saddle, or light carriages.

‘*From these altogether, I hope to secure a race of extraordinary
goodness, which will stock the country. Their longevity and cheap.
keeping, will be circumstances much in their favor. Iam convinced.
from the little experiment I have made with the ordinary mules,
(which perform the same labor with vastly less feeding than horses,)
that those of a superior quality, will be the best cattle we can employ
for the harness; and indeed, in a few years, Lintend to drive no
other in my carriage; having appropriated for the sole. pUrpese of .
breeding them, upwards of twenty of my best mares.”

It will be recollected, that a few months subsequent to the date of
this letter, the writer was again called into the service of his country,
and during a period of eight years, at.a very important epocha, could
not devote a moment’s personal attention to the experiments he had
contemplated with so much zeal. :

Several of my friends who had viewed the jacks and hare at
Mount Vernon, in the lifetime of General Washington, gave such
glowing descriptions of them, and understanding that part of that
stock was inherited by George W. P. Custis, Esq., I was. induced
to address a few queries to him on the subject: this gentleman, with.
his characteristic urbanity, very promptly furnished replies, with lib-
erty to make such use of them as I pleased, and I cannot do better,
than to transcribe them from a letter received about three years since.
Mr. Custis observes:

‘‘Royal Gift and Knight of Malta, were sent to Gen. Washiesian
about the year 1787; the Gift, with a Jennet, a present from the
King of Spain; and said to have been selected from the royal studs
The Knight, I believe, was from the Marquis de Lafayette, and ship-
ped from Marseilles. The Gift was a huge and ill shapen jack, near
sixteen hands high, very large head, clumsy limbs, and to all appear-
ance little calculated for active service: he was of a grey color, proba-

‘GWE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 319
bly not young when imported, and died at Mount Vernon, but little
valued for his: mules, which were unwieldy and dull. ‘The Knight
‘was of a moderate size, clean limbed, great activity, the fire and fe-
xocity of a tiger, a dark brown, nearly black color, white belly and
muzzle; could only be managed by one groom, and that always at
considerable personal risk. He lived to a-great age, and was so in-
firm towards the last as to require lifting. He died on my estate in
New Kent, in the state of Virginia, about 1802 or 3. His mules
were all active, spirited and serviceable; and from stout mares attain-
~ ed considerable size.

“General Washington bred a favorite jack called Compound, from
the crossof the Spanish and Maltese. The Knight upon the import-
ed Spanish Jennet. This jack was a very superior animal: very
long bodied, well set with all the qualities of the Knight, and the
weight of the Spanish. He was sire of some of the finest mules at
Mount Vernon, and died from accident, 'The General bred mules
from his best coach mares, and found the value of the mule to beara
just proportion to the value of the dam. Four mules sold at the sale
‘of his effects, for upwards of eight hundred dollars, and two more
pairs, at upwards of four hundred dollars each pair; one pair of these
mules were nearly sixteen hands high. The only jacks I know of
at present, of the genuine Mount Vernon stock, are, one sold by me
to Judge Jehnson, of South Carolina, for fine hundred dollars, at
two years old; one given by me to William Fitzhugh, Esq., and one
which I believe is possessed by my uncle, George Calvert, Esq., of
Riversdale.

“The jack purchased by Judge Johnson, I have understand, has a
very high reputation in the south.

“Upon losing my groom, (Peter,) who was the first and last groom
to the Mount Vernon jacks, I parted with my stock.

“Phere are many jacks that have come into the country of late
years, but of their value and properties lam unable to speak: though
{rather presume that they are generally small, and only fitted to get
mules for the cotton cultivation in the light lands of the south. Some
very fine mules are raised about Hagerstown, Maryland, from jag
of the old breed; they are bred from stout wagon mares.

“As to my opinion of the value of mules, I shall always appear ©Xr
travagant. I have scarce a horse on my estates for agricultural pur-
poses, nor would I accept one as a gift, (except for road wagons,) of
which I have no need, as my property lies upon navigable water.—
Nothing ever was so good as mules for the uses of this, our southern
country; they live longer, eat less, and above all, are better suited to
our slaves than any other animal could possibly be; their strength,
patient endurance of privation and hardships, slender pasturage, ex-
posure—and in short, all those ills to which animals are subject
where slaves are their masters, give to mules a decided preference in
all the agricultural states of the south.

**T do not know of any being trained to the purposes of pleasure
carriages. They are often ridden, and go pleasantly, with great
surety of foot. Ihave no doubt, that in time they will be generally

320 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER>

used for carriages, and would particularly suit mail coaches 5 they are
very swift and have great durability in travelling.”

The Knight of Malta, mentioned by Mr. Custis, was iniyifonieans
ably the first Maltese jack ever brought into the United States. The
second came in the frigate Constitution, on her return, I think, from
her first cruise in the Mediterranean; and, I have understood, ‘was
sold in the District of Cotumbia, or one of the adjoining states.—
Since that time, a number have been introduced by officers of hte
navy from Malta—and the large Spanish breed from ‘Minorea and
Majorca. From the Mount Vernon and those stocks, some fine
mules have been bred in the middle states, and probably farther south.
A few valuable Maltese jacks have been imported in merchant ships.

The impressions received, when on a visit to the West Indies in
my youth, by observing, on the sugar plantations, the severe labor
perfornied by mules in cane mills, induced me, when I commenced
farming, to purchase the first well broke mule I could light on; and
notwithstanding he was so small as to require a vehicle and hariess
constructed purposely for him, his services were found so valuable,.
and the economy of using those animals so evident, that f was stimu-
lated to great exertions for procuring several others of larger size; in
this I succeeded, after great difficulty, to such an extent, as to have
had more labor performed by them on farm and road, for thirty years
past, than any other person, I presume in New England; and every
day’s experience has served to fortify my conviction of the superior
utility. of the mule over the horse, for all the purposes for which I
have proposed him as a candidate. And it should be considered,
that those I have used, were of an ordinary breed, vastly inferior to
such as may be easily produced in our country, by attention to the
introduction of a suitable race of jacks, and a proper system of breed-
ing and management. The question occurs, how is this to be effect-
ed? J will premise, that there exists a strong analogy between three
varieties of the horse, and those of the domestic ass, considered the
most valuable. We have the Arabian, the hunter, and the stout cart
horse. There is the ‘heavy Spanish jack, with long slouching ears,
which Mr. Custis has described, that answers to the cart horse;
another Spanish breed called the Andalusian, with ears shorter and
erect, of tolerable size, plenty of bone, active, more spirited, and an-
swering to the hunter. ‘Fhen comes the Arabian jack, with ears al-
ways erect, of a delicate form, fine limbs, and full of fire and spirit.
Judicious crosses from these varieties, will be requisite to produce
such kind of mules as may be wanted for general purposes. From
the small jack of Afriean origin, with a 7st down his back and shoul-
ders, are bred a small race of mules, by far the most hardy of any.
With attention to the selection in breeding the jacks, with, perhaps,
a dash of some eross of the foregoing description, a stock of mules
may be produced, preferable to all others, for the light lands and
cotton culture of the middle and southern states.

To procure any number of Arabian jacks from their native country,
is hardly practicable at the present time. Egypt has been celebrated
by Sonnini and other travellers, for superb jaeks of the Arabian breed,

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 321

which probably has been often improved by those introduced by the
pilgrims from Mecca. I apprehend no great difficulty in obtaining
them from that country. ‘There is, however, no question, but the
Maltese jacks are of the Arabian race, more or less degenerated.—
The most of those brought to this country, that I have ever seen, were
selected on account of their size, and had been used to the draught.
I should recommend the selection of those that are esteemed most
suitable for the saddle, as likely to possess greater purity of blood.
~ A jack of this kind was, a number of years since, imported from
Gibraltar, that had been selected by a British officer at Malta, and
very much resembled the Knight of Malta described by Mr. Custis.
I found upon a careful examination, that he differed but little from the
description I had heard and read of the Arabian race; indeed I could
discover some prominent points and marks, that agreed with those
found by Professor Pallas, to belong to the Hemionus, or wild mule
of Mongalia. From this jack I have a stock, out of a large Spanish
Jennet of the Andalusian breed, that correspond very minutely with
Mr. Custis’ description of Compound, bred by General Washington,
and also a mule, that now, not three years old, stands fifteen hands;
and has other points of great promise.

Such have been the ravages of war and anarchy in Spain for along

ahs est, that the fine race of jacks that country once possessed,
have become almost extinct. In Majorca, and probably some part of
the coast of Spain opposite, the large breed may be obtained; and
there formerly was a superior race in Andalusia, which it is hoped
have been preserved. Crosses on one of these breeds by the Ara-
bian or Maltese, I consider indispensable to furnish a race of jacks
for the production of the most desirable mules, uniting the weight
and bone of one, with the spirit and vigour of the other: although
their height will in a great measure, depend on the mares; yet if
sired by full-blooded Maltese jacks, their limbs are too slender and
their pasterns too long for heavy draught; but for the saddle, espe-
cially from blood mares, they are sali lenis and out of stout eho
suitable for light carriages.
' “My attention has been but lately amected to breeding mules; and
those intended only for my own use. The system adopted, is to
halter them at four months, and have the males emasculated before
six months old; which has great influence on their future conduct,
and is attended with much less hazard and trouble, than if delayed
until they are one or two years old, as is the general practice. If they
are treated gently, and fed occasionally out of the hand, with corn,
potatoes, &c., they soon become attached; and when they find that
‘*every man = hand is not against them,”’ they will have no propen-
sity to direct their heels against him, and soon forget they have the
power. in winter, they should be tied up in separate stalls, and
often rubbed down. By such treatment, there is not more danger of
having a vicious mule than a vicious horse—and I am decidedly of
opinion, that a high spirited mule so managed and well broke, will not
jeopardize the lives of men, women or children, by any means so much
as a high spirited horse, however well he may have been trained.

322 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIBR.

The longevity of the mule has become so proverbial, that.a pur-
chaser seldom inquires his age. Pliny gives an account of one taken
from Grecian. history, that was eighty years old; and though past
iabor, followed others that were carrying materials to build the temple
of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them, which so
pleased the people, that they ordered he should have free egress to
the grain market. Dr. Rees mentions two that were seventy years
old in England. I saw myself a mule perform his task im a cane
mill, that his owner assured me was forty years old. Lnow own a
mare mule, twenty-five years old, that I have-had in constant. work
twenty-one years, and can discover no diminution in her powers; she ~
has within a year past, often taken upwards of a ton weight in a
wagon to Boston, a distance of more than five miles. A gentleman
in my neighborhood has owned a very large mule about fourteen
years, that cannot be less than twenty-eight years old. He informed
me a few days since, that he could not perceive the least failure in
him, and would not exchange him for any farm horse in the country.
And I am just informed, from a source entitled to perfect confidence,
that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent agriculturalist, near
Centreville, on the eastern shore of Maryland, owns a mule, that is
thirty-five years old, as capable of labor as at any former period.

The great Roman naturalist, in one of the most beautiful passages
of his elaborate history of nature, observes that ‘‘the earth is con-
stantly teazed more to furnish the luxuries of man than his necessi-
ties.”’* We can have no doubt but that the remark applied with great
justice to the habits of the Romans in the time of Pliny; and I am
confident, that ample proofs can be adduced, that it will lose none of
its force or truth, at the present period, in all northern climates, or
any section of the United States where the horse is employed for
agriculture as well as for pleasure. Far be it from me, however, to
disparage this noble animal, on the contrary, I feel a strong attach-
ment for him ; and at the same time, a full conviction, that the sub-
stitution of the mule, for the purposes before stated, as extensively
as may be consistent with the requisite production of each species,
will have the effect of restoring the horse to the station from which
he has been degraded, and place him, as in former ages, upon a more
dignified footing—an object of acknowledged luxury; and thereby
introduce a more correct system of breeding and management, in
which our countrymen are so generally deficient, consequently more
perfect animals, and such an advance in the price of them, that will.

*« Tt is the earth, that like a kind mother, receives us at our birth, and sustains
us when born. It is this alone, of all the enemies around us, that is never found
an enemy to man. The body of waters deluge him with rains, oppress him with
hail, and drown him with inundations; the air rushes on in storms, prepares the
tempest, or lights up the volcano; but the earth, gentle and indulgent, ever subser-
vient to the wants of man, spreads his walks with flowers, and his table with plen-
ty; returns with interest every good committed to her care, and though she pro-
duces the poison, she still furnishes the antidote, though constantly teazed more to
furnish the luxuries of man than his necessities, yet even to the last she continues
her kind indulgence, and when life is over, she piously hides his remains in her
bosom.”—Pliny’s Natural History, Book 11., Ch, 63. state

—

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 323°

afford the farmer what he is now a stranger to—such remuneration as
will make his brood mares a profitable species of stock. And it is
obvious, that the system will be followed by an improvement in the
breed.of mules,in the same ratio as the miserable race of scrub mares,
which are now pameeonng the profits of agriculture, shall perene
extinct. —

-It does not appear that the basse was ecto by the ancients for
any purpose of husbandry. The ox and the ass drew the plough
and the wain, and performed all kinds of drudgery, until after the
feudal system was established in Europe; when it is probable, that
the numerous retainers of the feudal lords, who held their lands by
the tenure of performing knight’s service, found themselves under the
necessity of making the horses they were obliged to keep, contribute
towards their support in the cultivation. From this time I believe
we may date, and to this cause may be attributed the introduction of
the horse for the purposes of agriculture. Since that period, the his-
tory of Europe is little else than the annals of war and its prepara-
tions: and no material for that scourge, except the deluded human
victims, seems more necessary than the horse; accordingly we find,
that throughout the whole country, from the Rhine or the Seine, to
beyond the Danube and Vistula, which has been the principal arena, -
the system of agriculture has embraced extensively, the breeding of
horses of grades and forms adapted to the several uses of war. In-
deed,- whole provinces are appropriated almost exclusively to the
rearing of those animals for disposal to the different combatants ; and it
must be obvious, that their general use in husbandry, at the same
time, would follow as a necessary consequence. It cannot be expect-
ed, therefore, but that the Dutch and Germans who have emigrated to
our -country, should bring with them such strong predilections for
the horse, which have continued with most of their descendants, es-
pecially in those sections where communities of that respectable and
industrious portion of our population have been located. In Great
Britain, to the causes which have produced the effects described on
the continent, may be added the insular position of the United King-
dom, vulnerable from numberless and distant points, the horse has
been: considered, in connection with the unconquerable spirit of the
nation, as one of the most efficient means of repelling invasion. A.
circumstance that would itself be sufficient to account for the over-
weaning attachment to this animal. But identified, as his services
have been for a long period, with the convenience, sports and recrea-
tions of all ranks and classes, and the science of breeding and training
forming : a characteristic feature, it could not excite surprise, if the ap-
proach of that terrible spectre, famine, should produce little or no
effect in the reduction of the number. And although some of the
most distinguished characters of the nation, eminent for their practical ®
knowledge in rural affairs, have been for half a century, advocating
the substitution of the ox for the purposes of agriculture, and demon-_
strating the feasibility, economy, and vast saving of food, yet it is
said the number of laboring oxen have lately diminished and horses.
increased. Five millions of the latter are now supposed to subsist

~

324 . THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

in the United Kingdom, and two-thirds employed in husbandry—con-
suming, at a moderate estimate, the produce of twenty millions of
highly cultivated acres.* And what is the consequence? Consump-
tion follows so closely upon supply, that at every season of harvest,
let the preceding one be ever so abundant, fast sailing vessels are rid-
ing in the various ports with their anchors atrip, to convey intelli-
gence of the result to all parts of the world where a surplus of bread
corn is grown—exciting such an interest in our own country, that
the farmer on the shores of Erie and Ontario, and on the banks of .
the Ohio, may be seen reading bulletins of British weather—the
rain and sunshine of every day in July, and the two following
months—often within thirty days after the time of their publication
in London or Liverpool. Can it be supposed that in a country, where
an attachment to the horse borders so nearly upon infatuation, that the
question of the utility of the mule as a substitute, would be seriously
agitated, or engage scarce a momentary investigation? = =

In no country is the mule better adapted to all the purposes of hus-
bandry, for which the horse is used, than in every section of our
own. And it would be highly desirable to be able to exhibit a cal-
culation of the actual saving in dollars and cents, by his employment;
but unfortunately, no correct data can be had. And as I consider such
calculations, unless founded on experimental facts, and those multi-
plied, to be as ‘‘tinkling cymbals,” I shall merely submit a desultory
comparison between the mule and the horse, derived from such facts
as my own experience, and information from authentic sources, will
justify the assumption of. | ic elaine

From what has been stated respecting the longevity of the mule, I
think it may be fairly assumed, that he does not deteriorate more
rapidly after twenty years of age, than the horse after ten, allowing
the same extent of work and similar treatment to each. The contrast
in the mule’s freedom from malady and disease, compared with the
horse, is not less striking. Arthur Young, during his tour in Ireland,
was informed, that a gentleman had lost several fine mules, by feed-
ing them on wheat straw cut. And I have been informed, that a
mule-dealer in the western part of New York, attributed the loss of a
number of young mules during a severe winter, when his hay was
exhausted, to feeding them exclusively on cut straw and Indian corn
meal. In no other instance have I ever heard or known of a mule
being attacked with any disorder or complaint, except two or three
cases of inflammation of the intestines, caused by gross neglect in
permitting them to remain exposed to cold and wet, when in a high

——— aed

*Mr. Pitt, in an able “essay on the consumption of corn,” published by the
Board, of Agriculture in 1806, estimates that each draught horse employed on
roads, canals and mines, in pleasure carriages of all descriptions, and carts in cities,
consumes the average product of four acres for oats and beans, and three acres for
hay. It is stated in the same essay, that “the aggregate of oats imported into Eng-
land (only) for twenty years ending in 1797, amounted to the enormous quantity of
eight millions six hundred and fifty-five thousand and forty-six quarters,”—up-
wards of sixty-nine millions of bushels !—See “ Communications to the Board of
Agriculture,’ Vol. Ve eae ies Sata ays

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. . 325.

state of perspiration after severe labor, and drinking to excess of cold
water. From his light frame and more cautious movements, the
mule is less subject to casualties than the horse. Indeed, it is not
improbable, that a farmer may work the same team of mules above
twenty years, and never be presented with a farrier’s bill, or find it
necessary to exercise the art himself.

Sir John Sinclair, in his ‘ Reports on the Agriculture of Scotland, }
remarks, that “if the whole period of a horse’s labor be fifteen years,
_ the first six may be equal in value to the remaining nine; therefore,
a horse of ten years old, after working six years, may be worth half
his original value.”’ He estimates the annual decrease of a horse, to
be equal to fifty per cent. on his price, every six years, and supposes
one out of twenty-five, that are regularly employed in agriculture, to
die every year; constituting a charge of four per cent. per annum
for insurance against diseases and accidents. He considers five acres
of land of a medium quality, necessary for the maintenance of each
horse, and the annual expense, including harness, shoeing, farriery,
insurance, and decline in value, allowing him to cost two hundred
dollars, to exceed that sum about five per cent. which is the only dif-
ference between the estimate of this illustrious and accurate agricul-
turalist, and that of arespectable committee of the Farmer’s Society of
Barnwell district, South Carolina, who, in a report published in the
Charleston Courier of the twenty-third of February last, state, that
“the annual expense of keeping a horse, is equal to his value !’’—
‘The same committee also state, that ‘‘at four years old, a horse will
seldom sell for more than the expense of rearing him.” That “the
superiority of the mule over the horse, had long been appreciated by
some of the most judicious planters; that two mules could be raised
at less expense than one horse; that a mule is fit for service at an
earlier age, if of sufficient size—will perform as much labor, and if
attended to, when first put to work, his gait and habits may be formed
to suit the taste of the owner.’’ This report may be considered a
most valuable document, emanating, as it does, from enlightened
practical farmers and planters, in a section of our country, where we
may suppose a horse can be maintained cheaper than 4 in Maryland,
or any state farther north.

I am convinced that the small breed of mules will consume less
food in proportion to the labor they are capable of performing, than
the large race, but I shall confine the comparison to the latter—those
that stand from fourteen and a-half to rising of fifteen hands, and
equal to any labor that a horse is usually put to. From repeated
experiments, in the course of two winters, I found that three mules
of this description, that were constantly at work, consumed about the
same quantity of hay, and one-fourth the provender that was given to
two middling sized coach horses moderately worked. And from
many years attentive observation, | am led to believe that a large
sized mule will not require more than from three-fifths to two-thirds |
the food to keep him in good order, that will be necessary for a horse
performing the same extent of labor. Although a mule will work
and endure on such mean and hard fare, that a horse would soon

326 . THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

give out upon, he has an equal relish for that which is good; and it
is strict economy to indulge him, for no animal will pay better for
extra keeping by extra work. But if by hard fare, or hard work, he
is reduced to a skeleton, two or three weeks’ rest and good keeping
‘will put him in flesh and high condition for labor. JI have witnessed
several such examples with subjects twenty years old; so much can-
not be said of a horse at half that age. ‘The expense of shoeing a
mule the year round, does not amount to more than one-third that of
a horse, his hoofs being harder, more horny, and so slow in their
growth, the shoes require no removal, and hold on till worn out; and
the wear, from the lightness of the animal; is much less. »

In answer to the charge generally’ prevalent against the mule, that
he is ‘‘ vicious, stubborn and slow,”’ I ean assert, that out of about
twenty that have been employed on my estate at different periods
during a course of thirty years, and those picked up chiefly on ac-
count of their size and spirit, wherever they could be found, one only
had any vicious propensities, and those might have been subdued by
proper management when young. Ihave always found then: truer
pullers and quicker travellers, with a load, than horses.* ~ Their
vision and hearing is much more accurate. 1 have used them in my
family carriage, in a gig, and under the saddle; and have never known
one to start or run from any object or noise; a fault in the horse that
continually causes the maiming and death of numbers of human be-
ings. ‘The mule is more steady in his draught, and less likely to
wast his strength than the horse: hence more suitable to work with
oxen; and as he walks faster, will habituate them to a quicker gait.
But for none of the purposes of agriculture does this superiority ap-
pear more conspicuous than ploughing among crops; his feet bein
smaller and follow each other so much more in a line, that he seldom
treads down the ridges or crops. ‘The facility of instructing him ‘to
obey implicitly the voice of his driver or the ploughman, is astonish-
ing. The best ploughed tillage land I ever saw, I have had perused
by two mules tandem, without lines or driver.

There is one plausible objection often urged against the mule, that
‘on deep soils and deep roads, his feet being so much smaller than
those of the horse, sink farther in;’’ but it should be eonsidered that
he can extricate them with as much greater facility.t oe

A most unaccountable prejudice exists among many farmers, that
‘if a mare once brings a mule, she will never after take a horse.’’
Such an idea would not deserve refutation, were it not entertained by
men of sound understanding. Now I have made particular enquiry
among a number of mule breeders, who uniformly agree that the
ee

* The testimony of many respectable farmers, we have on this subject, goes to
corroborate that the mule is not so vicious as is believed by some. We called: to
see J. G. Rupp’s mules, and found them as gentle and docile as any horse. Mr.
Rupp informed us he would not exchange one of his mules for the best horse—
they answer admirably well for all agricultural purposes.— Compiler. .

{If the small feet are objections or defects—the defects may be remedied in
some measure, by making the shoe broad, wider, and a little larger, especially at
the toe, which will considerably enlarge the base of the foot.— Compiler,

OE Se Oe ee ee

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 327

‘notion has not the least foundation in truth. And it is a fact that I
have myself had mares that had brought two mules in suecession,
that obtained surreptitiously, access to a horse, and brought colts,
much against my inclination and interest.

- Few can be ignorant of the capacity of the mule to endure labor
in a temperature of heat that would be destructive to the horse, who”
have any knowledge of the preference for him merely on that ac-
count, in the West Indies, and in the southern states.

‘It is full time to bring our comparison to a close; which I shall do
by assuming the position, that the farmer, who substitutes mules for
horses, will have this portion of his animal labor performed, with the
expense of one spire of grass instead of two; which may be equal,
so far, to making ‘‘two spires grow where one grew before.” For
although a large sized mule will consume somewhat more than half
the food necessary for a horse, as has been observed, yet if we take
into the account the saving in expense of shoeing, farriery; and in-
surance against diseases and accidents, we may safely afirm, that a
clear saving of one-half can be substantiated. But in addition to this,
the mule farmer may calculate, with tolerable certainty, upon the con-
tinuation of his capital for thirty years; whereas the horse farmer,
at the expiration of fifteen years, must look to his crops, to his acres,
or a bank, for the renewal of his—or, perhaps, what is worse, he
must commence horse jockey at an early period.

The intense interest with which the public mind is at present
occupied on the subject of canals now in operation and progress,
encourages me to offer the mule as an important auxiliary in the
economy of their management; as, I irust, it will not be denied, that
on the cheapness of transportation on them, depends their utility, as
well as profit to the stockholders. ‘The mule seems so peculiarly
adapted for the labor on canals, that compared with the horse, he may
_.be considered almost equal to a locomotive power engine. Among
the advantages we have enumerated respecting his use in husbandry,
the most of which are applicable to canal labor, that of the much
greater security from diseases and casualties, which must necessarily
require a great number of supernumerary horses, to prevent interrup-
tion in the line of passage, is not the least important; nor is the very
trifling expense at which the mule can be supported during the win-
ter months, as he will bear being taken off his feed till the boats are
about to be launched in the spring, and in a few days can be made fit for
efficient duty—while a horse will require at least half feed if he does
nothing, or must be fed high for some time before he can resume the
labor demanded of him. The same advantages may be derived by
his employment on railways.

In a communication published in the Utica Observer, the 16th of
May inst., by Henry Seymour, one of the canal commissioners of
New York, it is stated that a packet boat on the Erie canal requires
a team of three horses to tow sixteen miles—going eighty miles in
the twenty-four hours, including stoppages and detention at locks ;
the relays demanding fifteen horses for each nautical day. If it takes
five days for a boat to be towed from Lake Erie to the Hudson, seven-

328 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. :

ty-five horses will be required. JI am not certain but it may be done
in a little less time, but as there must always be supernumeraries kept,
we shall be within bounds to estimate that number. In the same
communication, the expense of each horse is estimated at fifty cents
per day, I presume for subsistence and other items only, without re-
*ference to interest or deterioration of capital, for the object of the esti-
mate seems merely to show a comparison between the packet boats
and freight boats, on a question of profit and loss; as it is remarked,
that ‘‘many contingent expenses might be added to both.’’. The
freight boats require but two horses, and allowing for the time occu-
pied in taking in and discharging their cargoes, with the other neces-
sary detentions, average forty miles per day—which being double
the time of the packet boats, although they may not require the same
number of relays, the expense cannot materially differ. From these
premises we may conclude, that for every boat navigating the grand
Erie canal, there must be expended seventy-five dollars for the sub-
sistence of the horses, each time they tow her from the Lake to the
Hudson and back. Now if this can be done as effectually by mules
for one-half this sum, and with an extension of capital free of inter-
est, fifteen years longer than that vested in horses, the aggregate of this
immense saving will appear by ascertaining the number of boats at
the present time on the canal. But this is out of my power; and I
should, perhaps, lead the reader nearer the verge of incredulity, were
I to offer my own prediction what that number will Ue thirty years
hence, the ordinary period of a mule’s labor.

I cannot resist an impulse to exhibit the mule in one other point
of view. For the movement of machinery, the employment of this
animal, when judiciously selected, has met with a decided preference,
in comparison with the horse, independent of the economy in using
him. And if we consider the rapid, and probably progressive
increase of labor saving machines, in every department where they
can be made subservient to the requirements of society, it is evi-
dent that there will be a corresponding demand for animal power,
as well as for that, more potent, derived from the elements; and al-
though the latter may vastly predominate, yet should the horse be
employed, and his increase for other purposes continue, as it now
does, in the ratio of population, the number at no very distant period,
may become as alarming in our own, as it is at present in our mother
country. And notwithstanding we may feel secure, from the extent
of our territory and extreme diversity of soil and climate, but above
all, from being in possession of Indian corn—the golden fleece found
by our ‘‘ pilgrim fathers,’ when they first landed on these shores;
yet such peculiar advantages may not insure us against the visitations
of one of the most distressing calamities that a feeling community
can possibly be subjected to.

AN APPENDIX,

CONTAINING SOME ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON, AND RECEIPTS FOR,

THE DISEASES OF HORSES;

MANY VALUABLE RECEIPTS AND DIRECTIONS TO CURE THE DISEASES,
DISORDERS AND DISTEMPERS INCIDENT TO |

COWS, OXEN, CALVES, SHEEP, SWINE AND DOGS;

HINTS TOUCHING RAISING, &c., OF POULTRY ;

THE WHOLE SELECTED FROM VARIOUS ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN
AUTHORS, TRANSLATED, AND ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED
UNDER THE FOLLOWING GENERAL HEADS:

I.—OF HORSES.
Il.—OF COWS, OXEN & CALVES.
- TIL.—OF SHEEP.
IV.—OF SWINE.
V.—OF DOGS.
VI.—OF POULTRY.

22

PART THIRD.

[ APPENDIX.]

-

I—OF THE HORSE.

nbury is a bloody wart on a horse’s body. An experienced
farrier of Chester county, Pennsylvania, says: for an anbury, take
a hot iron and make it very sharp: then take the anbury in your hand
and sear it off to the bottom with the iron red hot; then mix a little
verdigris powdered, and train oil; heat them, and anoint the place
once a day till it be cured.

- Basilicon ointment.—To make this valuable ointment, take honey,
storax, galbanum, bdellium, black pepper, the marrow of a stag, of
each, a like quantity ; twice as much’ammoniac, and as much of the
powder of frankincense; incorporate them with sheep’s suet.

Back.—To cure ahorse’s sore back.—If the wound is bad it must
be laid open to the bottom, and digested with horse turpentine, beat
up into the yolk of an egg, now and then washing it with a little
spirits of wine; thus you need not fear the fistula) When drawn a
little, dress it with the above mentioned black salve made hot, and
spread on tow, or a thick linen rag, in order to incarn and heal it.

Brittle hoofs.—Some horses: have very brittle hoofs; to make
them grow tough and strong, take equal quantities of dog’s grease,
turpentine and tar, boiled together; anoint the hoofs three times a
day. "

Bruise, inward.—For an inward bruise, take one and a-half pint of
strong beer; one and a-half ounce of bole ammoniac; boil them a
little together, and give it to him lukewarm, with a horn. It is very
good, says Jefferies, for an inward bruise of a beast.

Bots.—First bleed the horse copiously in the mouth, that he may
swallow much of the blood; elevate his head considerably ; or should
he not swallow any, take three pints of milk and sweeten it well
with molasses, and drench him with it lukewarm; suffer him to stand
for forty-five or fifty minutes; the bots will during this time let loose
their hold, and fill themselves with the blood, or milk and molasses;

332 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

then take a pint of linseed oil; give him one-half, and the remainder
next morning; it is so safe that you may ride or work him immedi-
ately after it. The oil given will kill them instantly.—-Proved.

An experienced farmer, in reply to the question; what is the most
convenient and effectual remedy to cure bots, or that will afford im-
mediate relief? says: take one pint of linseed oil, and one gill of spirits
of turpentine; mix, and give it to the afflicted animal, with a horn.
I have tried it often, and it never failed.

Another, from one of the oldest books, on this subject, that has
ever been printed in the United States. ‘l'ake one-half pint of urine ;
one gill of rum; of pepper and gun powder, a large spoonful of
each; shake them well together, and teem it’ in your horse. It is
said to be an absolute cure.

Blisters, ointment for.—Nerve, and marshmallow ointments, of
each, two ounces; of quicksilver and Venice turpentine, one ounce
of each ; one and a-half dram of Spanish flies powdered, a dram of
sublimate, and two drams of origanum.

Previous to the application of a blister to any part of a horse, the
hair should either be shaved or cut off as close as possible; the blis-
tering ointment should be regularly spread with a warm knife on a
stout piece of oznaburgs; and during the operation of the blister, the
horse should be tied short to prevent his biting the part or doing other
injury.

Blister.—Take of Spanish flies half an ounce; oil of turpentine,
one ounce; hog’s lard, four ounces ; mix them well together; or

Take of tar, four ounces; vitriolic acid, two drams; oil of origa-
num, half an ounce; hog’s lard, two ounces; Spanish flies, two
ounces. This blister is excellent for the spavin.

Colic.—To cure colic, take a handful of the herb called shepherd’s
purse, and boil it in a quart of strong ale, and when lukewarm, take

the seeds of wood-roof, stamp them, put them into it; then give it to
the horse.—Jefferies,

Colic (Lowther’s) tincture.—Take senna, guiacum, licorice sliced
small, aniseed, elecampane root, coriander seed, of each, two ounces;
opium# one-half ounce ; one pound of raisins; let the whole be bruised
and mixed, and add two quarts of brandy and one quart of whisky.
The dose is ten ounces. It will give immediate relief; then drench
with one quart of a strong, warm, decoction of tansy; it will cure.

Proved. —

Cramp is a contraction of sinews of any one member. ‘To cure
or relieve the suffering animal, is first to chafe and rub the member
contracted with vinegar and common oil, and then wrap it all over
with wet hay, or else with woolen cloths dipped in a npuaele of
catnip, either of which is a present remedy.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER., son

Crown scab is a cankerous matter on the coronet and on the heels.
To cure it, take turpentine, honey, hog’s grease, wax, and sheep’s
suet, of each, two ounces; melt them together, and boil it to a salve;
apply it, and-it will cure this or any other wound.

_ Costiveness.—Take rye straw, cut it fine, scald and wet it well;

then mix rye meal or bran with it, and a small portion of linseed

meal, and let the horse eat it very warm; it will soon loosen him.
Proved.

Dropsy.—Jefferies recommends the following: In one gallon of
beer, put a quantity of wormwood seed, leaves and stalks, and boil it
to a quart; skim and strain it; then add to it three ounces of treacle ;
one and a-half ounce of long pepper, beaten to powder; bleed him
in the neck vein after he has stood awhile; give him the drench, and
rub his fore-legs with train oil; then turn him to pasture.

Diabetes is a profuse staling. The following is an efficient cure:
Take liver of sulphur, two drams; uva ursi, four drams; oak bark,
one ounce; catechu, one-half ounce; alum, one-half dram; give as
a daily drink, in a pint of water.

Another simple but effectual remedy. ‘Take juniper berries, bur-
dock and marshmallows, of each, a handful; garlic, two tubers or heads;
and three quarts of water; mix and bruise; strain it; give the whole at
once as a drench; repeat if netessary.

Digestives are applications to recent or old wounds.—See Wounds.
A weak solution of blue vitriol is an excellent digestive; so is the
tincture of aloes, and the tincture of myrrh.

Distemper.—We here insert the following on distemper, from a
celebrated German work, written by John Joseph Zuend, Thierarzt.
Passing, we remark, that our friend, Mr. John Beck, of Litiz, Lan-
caster county, Pennsylvania, kindly furnished the book from which
we translated this and other valuable articles:

Treatment of distemper—The animal must be kept warm, by
clothing him with a rug; especially, should the enlarged glands be
kept warm by applying skins with fur on, which will act as a diseu-
tient, or promote suppuration. Cold water is injurious; the horse
should have comfortable litter to repose on.

Administer the following from two to five times a day: Pulverized
gentian, one ounce; glauber salts, three ounces; and crude antimony,
mixed, |

It will be highly beneficial to take a considerable quantity of live
coals, and pulverize them in a suitable vessel, holding them to the
nostrils of the animal so that he may inhale the fumes; in obstinate
eases this should be repeated twice a day, especially in dry, cold
weather. This powder will remove all acrimony in the nose, and
will diminish the mucous discharge. Should the swelling of the glands
be obstinate, apply the following mixture: Take one-fourth ounce

334 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

of laurel oil; one-half ounce turpentine. If the swollen glands be-
gin to suppurate, they should not be lanced till fully brought to ahead;
then make an incision to let the pus discharge, and it will soon heal.
If the animal should not be relieved upon the above treatment, then
take the following: Pulverized gentian, calamus, and sulphur, of ‘each,
one ounce; one-eighth ounce of factitious cinnabar, and a tea spoon-
ful of oil of turpentine; mixed with meal and water; give it twice
daily for several days.— Zuend.

Embrocations, or liquid applications, spirits of wine, tincture of
various herbs, such as yarrow, tansy, &c., hot vinegar, mixed with
salt and common soap, all form excellentembrocations. The follow-
ing forms an excellent one. ‘Take one quart of whisky, and put it
in a kettle and warm it; don’t let it take fire; putin as much com-
mon soap as it will dissolve, then bottle it and add one-half ounce of
gum camphor; one-half ounce sal ammonia; one ounce of oil of ori-
ganum; one-half ounce of oil of wormwood; before you apply it,
wash the affected part with warm vinegar or spirits of wine.

Another excellent one.

. Take alcohol, one pint; spirits of turpentine, one-half pint; linseed
oil, one gill; oil of amber, one-half gill; oil of juniper and mineral
tar, of each, one gill; camphor, one-half ounce. —

Another.

Take sal volatile, one ounce; laudanum, spirits, two ounces; min-
dererus spirits, five ounces; sugar of lead, one-half ounce; vinegar,
one pint; Goulard’s extract, one-half ounce; spirits of camphor, one
ounce ; and one pint of water.

Hye water for a horse's eyes. —Take lapis caliminaris, Venetian
bole, white vitriol, of each, one ounce; boil them in four quarts of
water, in an earthen glazed pipkin, till it comes to one quart. Then
add two drams of sugar of lead, and salt of vitriol, and camphor dis-
solved in alcohol, one-quarter of an ounce; tincture of aloes, one-
half ounce; red rose water, two gills ; prepared tutly, one- “half
ounce; mix, and keep it in a bottle for use.

Montague says, this exceeds all other eye waters, even to cure the
stroke of the whipeord on the eye, if swelled by that ora blow; first
boil butter and beer with it till the swelling is gone, then use the eye-
water.

Eyes, sore ones.—The juice of onions is excellent to wash sore
eyes 5 it _ away dimness, mists, eee spots or nll

Filmi in a horses eye.—~Take, says J efferies, a piece of very ‘gale
beef, dry itin an oven, and beat it to powder: take licorice stick, dry
it, and beat it to powder: searce it through a fine searce, and blow
them into the horse’s eye once a day, and it will remove the film by
two or three times doing; if a rheum attends the eye at the same

| ‘THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 335

time, dip a litile flax in some melted rosin, and lay it in the hole over
the horse’s eye.

Fistula.—To cure a fistula, first sear the fistula with a hot iron
until the skin looks yellow, thenmake a plaster of rosin, sheep’s suet
and brimstone, melted together, and lay it on hot, but not to scald;
if it is broke, or likely to break, then lay on a plaster of shoemaker’s
wax, spread on alumed leather; take verdigris, butter, and. salt, well
mixed and melted together, pour it scalding hot into the sore, and use
this till the flesh looks red; then tent with verdigris, burnt alum,
wheat flour and the yolks of eggs, wellbeaten and mingled together,
till it is healed: to skin it, take barm and soot mixed together, and
spread it on the sore; it is a perfect cure ; the searing, and plaster of
rosin, soot and brimstone, is very good for windgalls.— Jefferies.

Galls—windgalls.—An intelligent and experienced farmer, rising
of seventy years of age, residing in Allen township, Cumberland
county, has assured us that the following ointment, if applied two or
three times a day, will cure the most obstinate windgalls.

Take one pound of the leaves of stramonium, (Jamestown weed,)
bruised ; two pounds of fresh butter or hog’s lard, and one gill of the
spirits of turpentine; put the whole of the ingredients into a clean
earthen crock and place it with the contents over live coals for twen-
ty or thirty minutes, stirring it occasionally; then strain it through
a coarse cloth or canvass, and it forms a consistent ointment, with
which anoint the windgalls two or three times a day.

_ Fifty dollars had been offered for the above receipt, so says our in-
formant, who kindly furnished it.

Gigs, small tumors, vesicles or bladders in the mouth’s of horses.
The only cure is to cut or slit them open to discharge the matter, and
then wash them with salt and water.

Glanders.—In a valuable book before us, called ‘‘ The Complete
Farrier,” printed 1809, Philadelphia, we find some useful remarks,
which we insert below.

The strangles have sometimes been mistaken for glanders or
sore throat, but in this disease the inflamed glands very soon suppu-
rate and burst, whereby all the other symptoms are generally re-
moved, whilst in the glanders, the glands seldom suppurate : in order,
however, to avoid all danger, it is advisable, the moment a horse is.
pereeived to have a discharge from his nose, to put him into a stable
where he can have nocommunication with other horses: if the glands
of the throat are enlarged and inflamed, apply a large poultice to them ;
steam the head three or four times a day ; let him be well clothed par-
ticularly about the head, and give him of powdered nitre, one ounce,
and an unwashed ealx of antimony, two drams, mixed, for a dose
every day, or once in twelve hours. Should the discharge arise from
a cold, it will soon be removed by that means. When considerable

336 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

ulceration is perceived in the nose, with the other concomitant symp-
toms of glanders, the horse should be destroyed instantly.

The most effectual mode of purifying stables in which glandered
horses have been kept, is to remove or carefully wash every thing
on which the horse may have deposited any matter, and afterwards
to cover every part of the stable with a thick coat of lime and size.

Grease.—Wash the parts affected with a strong solution éf, salt
and vinegar, twice a day, then follow it with the following fomenta-
tion: Take wormwood, eight handfuls; John’s wort, centaury, cam-
omile, of each, four handfuls; elder blossoms, two handfuls; bay-
berries, one-half pound; boil them in two gallons of water, till one
third is consumed, and make a fomentation.

The horse’s legs are to be bathed twice a day, with woolen cloths
wrung out of the liquor, and applied as hot as he can bear them, add-
ing a little of the spirit of wine or brandy. And if they are much
inflamed, omit the washing with salt and vinegar; apply the fomen-
tation four times a day; washing it previously with soft soap and a
decoction of black walnut bark. If accompanied with much swell-
ing, bathe the parts repeatedly with the camphorated spirits of wine.
This is made by putting an ounce of gum camphor into a pint of
spirit. The legs should be frequently rubbed with a good wisp of
hay, ora brush. This cure has never failed.—Shellenhammer.

Gripes, gullion, spasmodic colic.—Dr. Winters recommends that
if a colt has the colic, the following:

Fresh beef broth, one quart; sweet oil, three spoonfuls; oil of
lillies, one spoonful ; one-half ounce of salt one dram of helle-
bore, (the root,) mix, and use it as a clyster. Then give the follow-
ing as a drench: decoction of birth-wort, one quart; pulverized
laurel berries, one ounce; mix, and give it.

Hidebound is a state of the skin, when the interstitial matter be-
tween that and the fleshy panicle is not in a state to allow of its pli-
ancy and elasticity. Vegelius, a distinguished writer, recommends
the anointing the whole body with oil and wine mixed together,
rubbing them strongly against the hair, in a warm sun, in order that
the skin may be relaxed, and a sweat break out; after which the
horse should be well curried, and placed in a warm stable, with
plenty of litter.

Whatever cure may be tried, the horse must have rest for some
time, and be fed with sweet, good hay, or grass according to the sea-
vee the year. In spring there is nothing better than new grass. —

ulls

If the directions of a very old writer were observed, few hanes
woud become hidebound. Columella observes, ‘that the’ bodies of
cattle ought tobe rubbed down daily, as well as the bodies of men;”’
and says ‘‘that it often does them more good to have their backs well

rubbed down, than their bellies over-filled with crude provender.”’—
Deane.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 337

We cannot forbear noticing a remedy we saw in a book. The
operation is not only simple but cruel. ‘‘‘The head and legs of the
horse being secured, two men, one on eacli side, pull the hide from
the ribs in about fifty places, with pincers.”” ‘The unfortunate ani-
mal must certamly have an unkind master to suffer his horse to be
thus treated. A similar cure is recommended in a book published,
in 1840, Pennsylvania. See Philadelphia edition, of Winter’s, p.
715. We would say, do not try the cure—it is worse than a
Shroaks.2? ve |

_Jefferies recommends: First let him blood in the neck vein, then
give him this drink: take celandine, two handfuls ; of wormwood.
and rue, one handful of each, (if it be in summer, the leaves and
stalks will do, but if in winter, use the roots and all,) chop them, and
put the whole into three quarts of strong beer; boil them till they are
reduced to a quart, then strain all the moisture from the herbs, and
dissolve it in three ounces of molasses, and give it to the horse luke-
warm, fasting; then for a week together, rub the horse’s body all over
with oil and beer, or butter and beer, against the hair.

Let his diet be warm mashes of malt or bursting oats, rye or barley,
and he will soon recover.

Heels, kibed.—Take of wine lees mixed with soap like an ointment;
dress the sores therewith, and it will in forty-eight hours heal any
mules, pains, and scratches whatsoever—the leaves and roots of
elder are good to dry up any of those evil humors.—Jefferies.

Horse spice.—This invaluable preparation is highly recommended
as a drink for a cold, and to make a horse thrive and prevent disease.

Take one-quarter of a pound of aniseed and English licorice,
fennel, brimstone, of each—slice the licorice and dry and beat them.
all together. Then add one-half pound of elecampane, powdered;
mix the whole and keep for use. An ounce of this spice, with a
spoonful of sallad oil, and a spoonful of treacle-jean, is a good drink
in a quart of strong beer. __ kek

If on letting your horse blood, you wish to give himadrink, put an
ounce of this spice in a pint of strong beer heated lukewarm, and
give it in the morning fasting; let him stand in the stable, and give
him warm water to drink, and a mash.

_ Ives, or properly Vives, is supposed to be a relic of strangles—it
is an enlargement of the parotid glands.—Srr Parr [.—Vives. _
Let blood in both his veins, then take two spoonfuls of pepper,.as
much hog’s grease, and as much vinegar, and work them together,
and put them equally into each ear, and put a little wool or flax in
afterwards; then stick up the ears for twenty-four hours. Let him
stand in the stable all the time: give it him fasting; he may take his
usual food and drink, only keep him in the stable three or oe pee
roved.

338 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Imposthumes or abscesses filled with viscid mucus, or tumors filled
with matter, may be ripened or brought to suppurate by the follow-
ing application :

Bruise mallow roots, and white lily roots, and boil them in milks;
thicken them with linseed meal, and apply it as a poulliees

Kernels.—For hard kemels under the throat: mix soap ai brandy
together, and apply it to the kernels hot; then heat it witha hot 1 cance
it will either sink them flat or break them.

_ Kick.—A horse’s kick cured. The horse’s leg was swelled by it;
upon which my neighbor applied a poultice of boiled and mashed
turneps, mixed with hog’s lard, oncea day. ‘This assuaged the pain,
and reduced the swelling; and to prevent the humor’s falling down ~
to the part, he rubbed im verjuice above the wounded part, — thus.
made a speedy cure.— Montague.

Knees broken.—For old broken knees much swelled and etd
Nathan Shaw recommends the following: Mix one and one-half
ounce of the oil of turpentine, and the same quantity of strong beer
together ; then bathe it with your hand upon the swelled knee, two or
three times a day, for three days; then apply the charge of crown
soap and brandy, hot, and let it stay on till 1t comes off itself; it will
much lessen if it does not take it quite away; lethimstand in. The
oil of worms is a great mollifier of a hard and bony part, and hard
swellings.

Knots, fleshy ones, that move from the place where they grow,
may be discerned by feeling. ‘These may be removed by holding
the knot between the finger and the thumb, then with the point of a
penknife slit a hole in the middle and eut the knot ont; if it bleeds
much, sear it with a hot iron, then apply, or fill the wound with the
fur of a rabbit ; next day take out the wool, and wash the wound
clean with vinegar, and dry it with a cloth; and apply No. 61, oint-
ment to eure wounds, Section 181.

Before you anoint the wound, wash it with No. 62, or 63, Dp. 120.
Tie a rag over it to prevent dirt getting into. Dress it once a day;
a cure will soon be effected.

Lax, or much scouring.—Take a little alum and bole armeniac,
finely powdered, put them in a quart of new milk, stir it until it be-
comes a curd, then give it to the horse with a horn. <A pint of ver-
juice is good for a sucking foal.

The following is highly recommended: Take a handful of the
herb called shepherd’s purse, boil it in a quart of strong ale, and
when lukewarm, take the seeds of wood-roof; bruise ey Baie
into it; then give it to the horse to drink. .

Legs, sore ones——an Indian cwre.—Take sassafras leaves, dry or
green, in winter or summer, apply on the sores a poultice thereof,

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 339

with milk and hog’s lard, renewing it occasionally. When the poul-
tice is off apply the leaves, which will eure very easy to the patient.
Jefferies.

Looseness in horses.—This complaint originates in an increased
peristaltic motion of the intestines, with an increase of their watery
secretion, and is distinguished from dysentery by the purging being
complete from the first, and seldom occasioning much fever or distur
bance in the general health, unless exceedingly violent. "The stools
are merely solutions of the aliment, and unmixed with membranous
films as in dysentery or molten grease. ' It sometimes succeeds to
‘over strong physic, at others the food enters into new combinations,
and forms a purge. Some horses have their bowels constitutionally
weak, as lank-sided small carcassed ones, where the mechanical pres-
sure hurries the contents forward. Salt mashes and sea water will purge
horses violently sometimes. Itis always proper to encourage warmth
in the skin, and to change the foed. ‘The change should be generally
from one more moist to one less so, as beans, &c. Barley will some-
times stop looseness; malt usually increases it. Buckwheat is often ©
a check to habitual diarrhea. Eifficacious astringents, as the one be-
low, will be found necessary. Repeat it, if necessary, and give the
horse only warm water to drink.

Take powder of ipecacuanha, one dram; powdered opium, a-half
dram; prepared chalk, two ounces; boiled starch, one pint. Another,
equally good: ‘Take suet, four ounces; milk, eight ounces; boiled
Starch, six ounces; powdered alum, one dram. Or, you may admin-
ister No. 111, or 112.

Shaw recommends the following: ‘Lake a pint of red wine, or
claret; warm it, and add one ounce of beaten cinnamon, and give it
- to the horse a little warm: you may add the yolks of two new laid
eggs. ‘Once or twice is acure. Give him warm water at night, and
old water next day, and ride him upon it.

Mange is a contagious disease, not uncommon among low bred
and badly kept horses, but which is seldom generated in those pro-
perly managed. When it is the effect of impoverished blood, a dif-
ferent course of feeding must be substituted, not heating, but cooling,
though generous; as carrots, spread oats, malt mashes, stable soiling,
&e. When it arises in full-fed horses, bleed twice, lower the feeding,
substituting for corn, soiling, carrots, or bran mashes. Give No. 32,
p- 88; or No. 41, p. 100; or No. 46, Sect. 163. Having adminis-
tered ‘either a the above, and after physicking, dress with the fol-
lowing:

Take sulphur vivum, eight ounces; powdered arsenic, two drams3$
mercurial ointment, two ounces; turpentine, two ounces; lard, bese ad
ounces; mix—dress with it every morning.

Jefferies recommends for the mange, to bleed in the neck once or
twice—then with a card to rub off the scurf—then take tar, turpen-
tine and linseed oil, as much as you think proper—incorporate them

346 - THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

well together, being hot, (but not to scald,) anoint the mangy places
therewith. are es

N. B.—Never put a saddle or a collar used on a mangy horses
upon a sound one, for it will infect the sound animal.

Malanders.—To cure this disease, wash the cracks with warm
suds, fish brine or old urine, then rub them with an ointment of hog’s:
lard, mixed with two drams of sublimate of mercury. Or, apply »
poultice of the roots of marshmallows and flaxseed, softened with
linseed oil, tying it on with a roller. Continue that until the seeds:
fall off and the sores become clean. Afterwards a mixture of tur-
pentine and quicksilver will be a proper application..

Mash.—A mash is generally given:to a horse for the purpose of
eooling the system, opening the bowels, and for disguising different
kinds of medicines which may be necessary to be administered ;
which if given in any other way, would be attended with trouble and
difficulty, and would not be productive of effects so salutary.

No. l..

‘Take of bran, one gallon; sassafras tea, (scalding hot,) one quart;
powdered brimstone, one table spoonful; saltpetre, one’ tea spoonful.

No. 2.

Take of oats, one gallon; flour sulphur, one table spoonful; salt--
petre, one tea spoonful; boiling water, one quart.

- No.. 3.

- Take of bran, one gallon; salts, (glauber,) four ounces; sulphur;,
one table spoonful; sassafras tea, (scalding hot,) one quart; let them
be well mixed and given milk warm, not permitting the horse to
drink cold water for six hours afterwards. Cote

_ Morfounder, influenza, distemper, cold, catarrh, &c., are names,
as we remarked in part first, which are often applied to one common
disease, which often in rainy, variable seasons appears as an epidemic,
and affects thousands of horses at once. ft is observed to be particu-
larly prevalent in this form in the spring of some years, more than
of others. [tis not contagious like the more malignant form, but is
brought on as an epidemic by the same causes being applied to nearly
all subjects alike; which are alterations of heat with cold, moisture,
and dryness, &c. In crowded cities.and large towns, it is more pre-
valent than in more open situations, and it is more frequently found:
in the young than in aged horses. Where it does not exist as an
epidemic, it is brought on by an accidental cold taken. It is of great
consequence to distinguish it from pure inflammation of the lungs,
with which it is very apt to become confounded; and which mistake
is often a fatal one, from the treatment being in some essential par-
ticulars different. Inflammation of the lungs commences by a short

SHE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. B41

ough, without much other disturbance to the health, than the pain it
wives the horse to cough, but which is often so considerable as to
make him stamp his feet while coughing. If a horse in the distem-
per coughs early, it is not a hollow, harsh sounding, and distressing
couch of this kind—if he expresses uneasiness, it is principally from
a sore throat, which is very common in distemper, but by no means
common in pneumonia. ‘The sore throat in distemper gives the horse
a disposition to refuse his food, or he chews it and lets the quid fall
without swallowing it. He refuses water, particularly if it be placed
on the ground; his cough is quick, short, and usually sounds more
moist than harsh and dry; but though common, this is not invariably
the case; his eyes are heavy and moist, his breathing is quickened,
and his ears and legs are alternately hotand cold. His nose, on look-
ing into it, is redder than usual, and sometimes his glands, as well
submaxillary or jaw glands, as his parotid or vives, are tumefied. On
the second or third day, excessive weakness comes on; the cough
becomes more painful, the pulse is quickened, and the nose begins to
run. After which the horse either runs off the disease by this sup-
puration, or it goes on to destroy him by the heighth of the fever, and
a degree of weakness produced, or by suffocation from water in the
chest. Now and then, although recovery takes place, an obstinate
cough is left; and in a few cases the disease terminates in glanders.

The treatment may in some cases be cut very short; for as in al-
most every instance a shivering fit begins the disease, so when many
horses are in a stable, and the disease is very prevalent, those who
have not been attacked should be watched, and the moment such an
attack does take place, give of sweet spirit of nitre, or when not at
hand, of spirit of hartshorn, an ounce, in a pintof sound ale. Exer-
cise the horse briskly, then well hand-rub him, clothe him warmly ;
and it is more than probable that the disease will be cut short. But
- should it proceed, or should the disease have gone on unobserved to
the appearance of the symptom detailed, begin by bleeding moder-
ately, if the horse be not already weak; or if there have not appeared
the running of matter from the nose. If there have, the bleeding had
better be dispensed with, unless the fever appear, from the quick full
pulse and redness of the inner surface of the nostrils and eyelids, to
be still so considerable as to require it; in which case we must not be
deterred from one moderate bleeding; and which, if the febrile symp-
toms do not abate, may be even repeated. It will, however, in gen-
eral cases, be advisable to avoid bleeding after the second day of the
attack, or after the running has appeared from the nose, or after
considerable weakness has come on. In all cases a very cool tem-
perature is essentially requisite; hot stables, or hot clothing are very’
pernicious, but particularly the former. A hood is not improper
over the head, because it encourages the running to make an early
appearance; and for this reason a warm mash may advantageously be
hung round the neck three or four times a day. Before the running
commences, give night and morning, the fever powder, (No. 73 or
74,) in a mash or drink; after the running has come on, or as soon as
the weakness has become considerable, give night and morning either

342 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

of the fever drinks. Take sweet spirit of nitre, one ounce; simple:
exymel, six ounces; tartar emetic, three drams. Malt mashes, whem
the weakness is great, are proper; at other times, bran mashes with:
plenty of chilled water are best. ‘To relieve the throat, rub the out-
side with mild liquid plaster, (take Spanish flies, powdered, a-half
ounce; oil of origanum, one dram; oil of turpentine, two ounces; oil
of olives, or goose grease, three ounces; steep the flies in the tur-
pentine five days—strain off and add the oil or goose grease,) and if
the weather be warm enough to allow it, two or three hours turning
out in a field each day is proper. Green meat in the stable, when it
ean be procured, should likewise be given.. |

Malignant epidemic, murrain or pest.—Now and then the distem-
per or influenza assumes a character of uncommon malignance, which
ts happily not frequent here, but not unfrequent in continental coun-
tries, sweeping off a third of the horses and kine, without any meane
being found to arrest its progress. In these eases it is found highly
contagious, attacking almost all the horses as well as cattle within its
sphere of action, or which communicate with each other. Dr. Lay-
ard, and Osmer, English writers of established reputation, noticed
the appearances of this disease long ago; and their deseriptions are
not different from the milder kind noticed above but in degree. The
throat is intensely sore, and the mouth ulcerated; the glands of the
head swell, and sometimes these and other parts suppurate and burst..
The matter from the nose is bloody, and the steneh intolerable; the
weakness is also peculiarly great, and shows itself early.

The treatment recommended by Blaine is the early use of malt
mashes; even ale is indispensable. Green meat should be allowed,
and a very cool stall is necessary, havmg a free communication with
the open air. As medicine, three doses are necessary, every day, of
the malignant epidemie fever drink ;* half a pint of yeast, with a pint
of ale, has been given with good effect, three times a day; also, to
prevent the infection from spreading, fumigate the stables and all the
out-houses with the preventive famigation.

Take manganese, three ounces; common Salt, four ounces; oil of
vitriol, five ounces; water, two ounces; put the mixed manganese
and salt into a basin; then, having before mixed the vitriol and water
very gradually, pour them, by means of tongs, or anything that will
enable you to stand at sufficient distance, on the articles in the basin,
gradually. — soon as the — arise, retire and aoe = ae door
close.

Nail prick.—An approved cure fora prick of a nail. The farrier
eut away some of the hoof, to make the more room for the oils to
enter. He then applied the compound oil of vitriol and turpentine ;
after that a mixture of rosin, Burgundy pitch, and horse turpentine
neh Beeline and farthered him with a hot poker; then put a rag

* Take simple oxymel, mindererus spirits, beer ob of each, six ounces; sweet
spirits - nitre, two ounces.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. ~ 343

over it and nailed on a patent shoe. He dressed it twice with the
oil and pitch mixture; and the third dressing was plese water that
hardened and cured.

_Netherjoint strain.—Jefferies says, to cure this, take wheat flour —
or meal, the clay of a wall and wine lees, all mixed together, and
spread a plaster thereof on the strain, renewing it once in twenty-four
hours—for a new strain twice is a cure; the clay must have no lime
in it.

Oil, British, how made.—Take spirits of turpentine and linseed
-oil, of each, half a pint; oil of amber, oil of juniper, and mineral
tar, of each, one gill; mix.

Oil of spike.-—The following is a good receiptfor its preparation :
Take spirits of turpentine, one pint; mineral tar, one-half pint: oil
of amber, three ounces; oil of rosemary, one ounce; mix.

Opodeldoc, or soap liniment.—Take common white soap, three
ounces; camphor, one ounce; oil of rosemary, oil of origanum, of
each, one-eighth of an ounce; alcohol, one pint; cut the soap fine,
and with a gentle heat dissolve it in the alcohol in which the other
articles had been previously dissolved. Pour into wide mouth vials
or jars to cool.

Opodeldoe, liquid, to make.—Take two ounces of whisky, and
warm it, (be careful it does not take fire,) put in as much common
soft soap as it will dissolve; then bottle it and add one ounce of gum
camphor; one-half ounce sal ammoniac; two ounces oil of origanum ;
and one-half ounce oil of wormwood,

Ointment to remove swellings.—Take hog’s lard, and spirits of
turpentine, mixed; sufficient oil of vitriol must be put in to make
the composition a dark brown color, and rub the part affected twice a
day with a small quantity at a time.

- Ointment for blisters.—Take nerve and marshmallow ointments,
of each, two ounces; of quicksilver, and Venice turpentine, one
ounce, of each; one and a-half dram of Spanish flies, powdered; a
dram of aublitnate, and two drams of origanum.

Ointment, Burdon’s.—Take yellow rosin the size of a hen’s egg,
to be melted in an earthen pot over a slow fire, to which add the
same quantity of beeswax. When melted, add half a pound of hog’s
lard, and when that is dissolved add two ounces of honey, and half
a pound of common turpentine, and keep gently boiling a few min-
utes, stirring all the time. ‘Take it off the fire, and when it has cool-
ed a little, stir into it two ounces of verdigris finely powdered, then
give the whole a few minutes gentle boiling, and pour through a
sieve for use. Nothing takes fire out of a burn or scald in human
flesh so soon as this ointment.

344 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

We would suggest, that no store in a newly settled distriet ought
to be without a plentiful supply of the above ointment for sale; it is
equally good for cuts and bruises and putrifying sores, and might be
denominated with propriety, the universal remedy.

Phrenitis.—See Section 131, p. 73 and 74, for a description of

this disease.

Dr. Zuend, a graduate of the Veterinary School of Vienna, under
the care of Professor John Bidl, Michael Erdely, B. Langenbacher,
A. Hayne, B. Stutz and E. Veith, recommends the folley ine: to be

given twice a day, mixed with syrup.

Take sulphas of-potassa, three ounces; gentian, pulverized, one
ounce; tartar emetic, one-eighth of an ounce; and liver of sulphur,
one-eighth of an ounce. If necessary should be continued fora few
days. .

x

Poll-evil.—The following is somewhat similar to the one we gave
in PartI. We take this from the Practical Farmer:

I send you a receipt for the cure of the poll-evil and fistula. Se-
cure the horse for the operation. You must make an incision in the
tumor, and put in a piece of ratsbane the size of a grain of corn, or
if fine, wrap it in a piece of soft paper and put it into the incision ;
take a stich or two to secure it from coming out, and it wiil perform
the cure. Itis necessary, after it commences running, to keep it
clean from the outside, as, if the matter is suffered to remain on the
outside, it will take off the hair. There has been a good many cured
in this neighborhood i in this way. After the operation, the horse can
be turned to grass or eo in the stable, as it may suit the owner.

JOSEPH GOOD.
Mapison C. H., Va., March 18, 1840.

We present here another ‘‘leaf’’ from P. Montague, Gent., whom
we mentioned, p.102. The “leaf” is part of the same dialogue:

G. What is the safest cure for the poll-evil?

‘D. If it proceeds from blows, bruises, dc. + bathe the swelling
often with hot vinegar; if you perceive an oozing through the skin,
use two parts of vinegar, one part spirits of wine; and if there be
an itching, heat and inflammation, you are to bleed, and apply poul-
tices of bread, milk and elder flowers; you are likewise to give the
mercurial ball, and repeat it occasionally. But if there are signs of
matter, the best method then is to forbear purging, and apply the
ripening poultices, till it comes to maturity and burst of itself, or is
opened with a knife; but great care should be taken to avoid the ten-
dinous ligament that runs along the neck under the mane: when the
matter is on both sides, so must the opening, and the ligament remain
undivided. It sometimes happens, that a second incision is required,
in which ease, dress with the common digestive of turpentine, honey
and tincture of myrrh, and after digestion, with the precipitate oint-
ment, or wash the sore with the following made hot, and fill up the
cavity with tow soaked therein:

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 345

Take vinegar, ‘or spirits of wine, half a pint; white vitriol, dis-
Silved in spring water, half an ounce; tincture of myrrh, four
ounces; or it may be made sharper by adding more vitriol.

Mr. Gibson was so fond of this wash, that he declares he has
cured a great number of horses without any other formality of dress-
ing, than washing with this twice a day, and laying over the part a
quantity of tow, soaked in vinegar, and the white of eggs beat to-
ike aed 7

Poison.—Against poison or venom. ‘Take a good handful of rue,
boil it in three pints of new milk; then add one gill of sallad oil, and
give it to the horse lukewarm with a horn; it is excellent against
poison.—./efferies.

Piss.—To make a horse piss, says an American author, boil the
size of ahen’s egg of Castile soap ina quart of beer, add a small
handful of parsley ; give it him lukewarm ; it will make him piss.

Plaster to cure ail deep sores-—Translated from the French.

Take Venice turpentine, and oil of laurel, six ounces, each; gum
elemi, eight ounces; rosin pitch, twenty ounces; melt, stir, and will
be made—to be applied to the sore.— Andre Delacroix.

Quitterbone.—N. Shaw says, the quitterbone is a hollow ulcer on
the top of the coronet, and so is the matlong: the cure is, first te
tent it with verdigris till you have eaten out the core, and made
the wound clean, then heal it up with the same salve that you healed
the scratches. — See Scratches below.

Ringbone.—lIf the callosity, says Jefferies, of a ringbone does
not spread itself below the coronet of the hoof, and is hard and bony,
you may take it out by applying a caustic, thus: shave off the hair
close, and apply the caustic, made of stone lime and soft soap, and
let it lie on but twenty-four hours; in that time, or less, if your caus-
tic be good, it will penetrate to the very root of the ringbone, and
come clean out in fourteen or fifteen days. In the mean time keep
some of your suppling and drawing salves to it, also keep it clean
from filth and dirt: when the ringbone is out, apply your healing
salves, and wash the wound with soap suds, or lime, or alum water, |
or whey, dressing it onee in twenty-four hours.

‘When proud flesh arises, scald it off with butter and salt, or burnt
alum, or any of your eating powders. [No. 54, or 55, p. 107. ]
Thus do with care, and there will be no doubt of cure.

A ringbone at first coming is easily cured—sometimes by a mild
blister only ; if it should be obstinate and grow, then first fire gently
see eruel!) and apply a blister plaster or two, and when they are

ry, make a poultice of oatmeal, oil and vinegar, and bind it on, and
turn the horse to pasture; it is a cure without much eye-sore.

Sick horse, to cure one.—Give him some groundsel to eat, At
first, begin with putting a little into his mouth: or it may be cut
23

346 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

small and given amongst his manger meat. It is a wild herb, and
may be gathered almost all the year, especially in corn fields. This
is much in practice with the London coachmen.—Montague. —

Scratches. —Take eight ounces of hog’s grease, brimstone, lime,
gun powder, of each, three ounces; black soap, eight ounces; and as
much soot as will suffice to bring them to a salve; boil the hog’s
grease and soap together, and bring the other hard simples to a fine
powder, and so mix all together, and make a black ointment; with
this anoint the sores ouce a day, after they are cleansed and made run.

Shoulder slip.—Boil wax, rosin and eampetiniites ee ik and lard;
add to it some hartshorn; and chafe this ointment in as hot as hol
ble, by placing before a hot shovel.— Montague. Bon,

Surfeit.—For a horse when he is badly surfeited.. Take for
ounces of the inner bark of the white shaking aspen tree, boil it in
three quarts of spring water, to a-half gallon; then take out the bark
and dissolve one ounce of alpen | in the liquor, and add thereto one gill
of molasses, and give it to the horse lukewarm as a drench.

Stag gers.—In addition to what we have said of staggers, Section
130, p. 72 and 73, we would recommend the following from Zuend,

149:

Take gentian, pulverized, one ounce; sulphas of potassa, four
ounces; tartar emetic, liver of sulphur, one-eighth of an ounce,
each; mixed, and administered.

_ Strangles.—How a farmer in Ireland cured all his horses of the
strangles in 1759 :

Six out of nine horses had the strangles ; the old ones catched it
‘of the young ones, as the old ones never had them before. The far-
mer applied poultices under the jaws, to draw out and break the
humor there, but some broke out at the neck. He gave them two
spoonfuls of flour of mustard to make them sneeze, and void the
puss more freely, and for warming their bodies. ‘This, with hot
mashes, cured them all.— Montague. - egies

Swellings.—To cure a swelling in a horse’s back. Boil soap in
strong beer grounds; when off the fire, mix some spirits of wine with
it, and bathe the part as hot as possible, and it will reduce a swelling
in an hour’s time, If you have not the spirits, make use of brandy
or gin; dip a rag in it, and apply it to the humor; afterwards cham-
ber or make a hollow place in the saddle.—See p. 121, No. 68.

Stumbling.—The stumbling of a horse may be either natural or
produced by accidents, such as splint, windgalls, sinew strains,
shoulder sprains, withers injured, dc. &c., but whether produced by
accident or natural defect, cannot be remedied. All horses, and par-
ticularly those that go well, stumble more or less; but there is a very
wide distinction between a light tip or touch on the foot, and a stum-

“THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. B47

dle that will bring a horse and sometimes his rider flat in the dirt.
Horses given to this practice, are very much lessened in value, and
ean never be rode by any person aware of his bad quality, without
being in pain, dreading every time he lifts his feet, that all will be
oped 3 in the dust. .
To ascertain if a horse stumbles,
dst. Examine well his knees, to discover if they are scarred, or
the: hair knocked off.
2d. Take him amongst uneven ground, small gullies, or old corn
ground, and tet him be rode with the bridle hanging slack upon his
neck, in all the different gaits he has been accustomed to, and if he
is in the habit of stumbling, he will very soon make a sufficient num-
ber of low bows toconvince you-of the fact.
3d. When a horse stumbles and immediately springs off, appear-
ing alarmed, it is a proof that he is an old offender, and is under the
apprehension of having one other flogging added to the great num-
ber he had, no doubt, received for the same fault. Such a horse I
vender Untae. and therefore cannot recommend him to purchasers;
~ he being not so good, even for a slow draught, as one possessing
more activity.

Swelling by a blow upon the chest or elsewhere.—“ If it comes
‘by a blow, be it where it will, hot or cold, so that it be not broke, lay
nothing to it but the charge of soap and brandy, and heat it well in,
and in four or five days it will either sink or break it; if it breaks,
apply some decoction, or wash for sores.”” Apply No. 61, Section

181, or either Nos. 62, 63, or 64, p. 120.

Tumors, cankerous ones in the feet.—Take cow dung, tar, and
hog’s fat, make a poultice thereof, as hot as possible, so as not to
scald, and apply it round the hoof.

___ Treads of a horse’s heel cured.—The following has been tried by
Montague, p. 41:

It swelled and run, and in time would have turned to a quittor,
‘had T not immediately applied a remedy. I began with boiling soap
in grounds of beer, and rubbed it in very hot; then I mixed tar,
fresh grease, horse turpentine and a little verjuice together, and heat-
ed the mixture in an iron ladle and applied it very hot. At three_
times using I cured my ee onside,

Uleer.—“ Take three quarts of new milk, and a good handful of
white plantain; set it'‘on the fire and let it boil to a pint; then take
three ounces of alum, and one and a-half ounce of white sugar can-
dy, pound them to fine powder, and put it into the milk and plantain,
and boil it a little till it comes to a curd; then strain it, and with the
_warm whey, bathe the ulcer; then dry the wound, and lay on some
unguentum basilicon. (See article, Basilicon ointment, above.) This
drieth, cleanses, and kills any itch, and heals the foulest ulcers in
man or beast.”

348 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

‘* Also; if you take one quart of milk, powdered alum two ounces,
anda spoonful of vinegar; then take away the curd and use the rest;.
this will dry up and heal any foul sore whatsoever.”’

Urine, to provoke, in a horse. = Bentis handful of parsley root with
half a pound of aniseed, boil them in a quart of strong beer or more,
then strain it, and add to the liquor half a pound of oyster-shell pow-
der, whieh give him warm out of a horn.

Vomit.—A rare reeeipt to cause a horse to vomit. From Jefferies”
book, p. 199:

Take two great roots of polypodium* of the oak, wash and scrape
it very clean, and tie it to his snaffle; then let it be steeped im oil of
spike a whole night, and in the morning fasting, put on his bridle
with the roots fast to it, and ride him softly an hour or better; and if
he be troubled with any rheumatic or phlegmatie humor, or cold,
which may clog or annoy his stomach, it will eause him to vent or vomit
it up at his mouth or nose,} and cause him to cough, sneeze and send
forth a great quantity of filth and slimy matter, and in a short time
he will become very clean in his body, for this will both refine his
blood and exhaust all the waterish humors in such sort, as by temper-
ate ordering and doing as here prescribed, you may keep him a long
time sound.

You may give it to any horse that hath taken a cold—you may
give him white wine and honey, and horse cordial, formerly men-
tioned.

Warts, a eure for.—Rub warts with muriate of ammonia, and it
will remove them, if repeated several times. If they are very hard
or horny, it may be necessary to touch them a few times with nitri¢
acid, which will speed their removal.

Both articles in drug shops. et

Another very simple, but effectual eure. Tie a strong silk thread
around the base of the warts, as tightly as you ean; in a few days:
the warts will be perceptibly diminished, and may be im a few days
more, easily separated from the skin or flesh.

A

Wind-broken.—The excellent ball for broken-winded horses, that
has made a perfect cure of upwards of seven hundred, in less than
nine months, after many other medicines being tried in vain.

Take myrrh, elecampane, and licorice root, m fine powder, three

* Polypodium vulgare, commonly walled: polypody, is a fern growing in the
clefts of rocks, old walls, decayed trunks of trees; but the variety growing on
oak is usually preferred, though without any good reason. It is now used among
physicians, if used at all, as a pectoral in chronic catarrh and asthma. Anciently
it was employed for the evacuation of bile and pituitous humors, in’ ene eg
and maniacal cases.— Compiler.

{We do not think “he will vomit it up at his nose" "The nostrils are “aper-
tures to admit air to the lungs, LY at ate .

‘THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 349
‘eunces, each; saffron, three drams; asafetida, one ounce; sulphur,
squills and cinnabar of antimony, of each, two ounces; aurum mosai-
cum, one ounce and a-half; oil of aniseed, eighty drops. You may
make it into paste with either treacle or honey, and give the horse the
‘quantity of a hen’s egg every morning for a week; and afterwards,
every other morning, tll the disorder is removed.—-Vontague’s
Farrier, p. “oY.

Worms.—From the same author, p. 115:
For killing worms in horses.

A Devonshire gentleman, whom I furnished with a plough-man,
assured me his master had a pound of the best roll tobacco, shred
very fine; of which he gave his horse every day one ounce ata time
amongst his wetted corn, &c. This was given every morning and
night, but not to a horse that goes to grass. If his case was despe-
rate, you may give him more, even for some time. It isa certain cure.

A purge for the worms.

Take pure aloes in fine powder, one ounce; jalap root, powdered,
two drams; oil of aniseed, one-quarter of an ounce, mixed with sy~
rup of buckthorn berries; beat up the whole into a ball. This is to
be repeated three times, allowing three or four days respite between
ach ball. Give it early in the morning, with warm water and some
‘bran or oatmeal i in it, and exercise him every three or four hours. _

Wounds.—Dr. Diegendesch recommends, not only external appli-
cations to wounds, but to promote a speedy cure of wounds, and to
keep the horse in good condition, says the following drink should be
given for eight or ten days:

Take woundwort, four handfuls; sanicle, burdock, of each, twe
handfuls; roet of tormentil, three handfuls; black snake root, one
handful; boil the whole in from ten to fifteen gallons of water, and
add some sassafras or spice wood, and give the horse to drink two -
or three times a day. Dress the wound as directed in Cuap. XIII.

Yellow water.—Take Venetian soap, juniper oil, saltpetre, sal
prunelia, sweet spirits of nitre, of each, one ounce; make it into a
‘ball with pulverized licorice root, and give the horse two-ounces at
once, and repeatif necessary. If attended witha violent fever, bleed, -
and give bran mashes}; or,

Take a gallon of strong beer, or ale, add thereto two ounces of
©astile soap, and one ounce of saltpetre; stir,.and mix daily of this
with his feed.

The following is also highly recommended in a German work:

Take pulverized gentian, and calamus, of each, one-half ounce 5
sulphas of potassa, two ounces; tartar emetic, liver of sulphur, and
oil of turpentine, one-eighth of an ounce, each; mix it with flour.
and water, and give the above in the incipient stage of the disease.

The dose, if necessary, may be given daily for several days.

350 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

1l—OF COWS, OXEN AND CALVES.

- Horned cattle, as well as other domesticated animals, are liable ter
diseases; but as their life is less artificial than that of the horse, they
are not so much subject to the great variety of diseases to which the
horse is, although they are not the less dangerous.

We have under this head, given the names of the principal dis-
eases, &e., with their cures; but for the want of space have not en-
tered into a minute detail of either.

Abortion, slinking or slipping the calf, is a ietane to which:
cows are particularly subject, in the earliest periods of gestation.
Cows in danger of Sippine. their young, should be bled, confined ina
stable, till next morning; then give the following purging drink:

No. 1.

Take epsom salts, one pound; nitre, two.ounces; ginger and ani-
seed in powder, one ounce, each; treacle, four ounces; pour three
pints of boiling water upon the ingredients, and give it lukewarm.

After it has operated, give her the delay nee

No. 2..

Take alum, in powder, four ounces; nitre, one ounce; aniseed,
two ounces; opium, one-half dram; treacle, four table spoonfuls—
mix for one drink; repeat in about eight or ten fans ; this will pre-
vent abortion.

If a cow has slipped, put her wp—give her the following drink :
No. 132

Take spermaceti, two ounces; spirits of turpentine, one ounce ;
the yolk of one egg; beat all in a mortar; then add caraway seeds,
two ounces; treacle, four ounces; mix in a quart of gruel, and add

a wine glassful of gin; give it lukewarm; repeat every third day,
for nine days.

. Black water, and red water.--These two complaints are bite dep:
ent stages of the same disease—See Red water. Bleed and give the
following laxative medicine:

No. 4.

‘Take epsom salts, six or eight ounces; water, one pint; castor
oil, eight ounces; ten ounces of common salt may be substituted for
eight ounces of epsom when more handy. After bleeding, and cos-
tiveness having been subdued, give the following astringent ca

No. 5

‘Take Venice turpentine, four ounces; ; nitre, two ounces; bay roe
ries, two ounces; armenian bole, two ounces ; alum, four ounces;

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 351

make into one ball. ‘Then slice the ball into a pitcher, and pour over
ita quart: of hot gruel; oer it lukewarm—repeat every other night.

Bains or gloss-anthrox, inflammation of the tongue—it is said ‘to
be contagious. The treatment is simple; and if adopted in an early
period of the disease, effective in nearly all cases. ‘The little blad-
ders which appear on the tongue, must be freely lanced from end to
end, a strong solution of alum and salt applied, and a laxative given,
and the animal kept on cooling drinks and moistened food. A strong
decoction of celandine forms an excellent wash for the lanced tongue.

Bloody murrain or pest.—These terms correspond with that of
plague in the human species. ‘The reader who desires an interesting
account of this malignant epidemic, is referred to the ‘‘ Treatise on
Catile,” Philadelphia Edition, 1836, page 379.*

{ From the Farmer’s Cabinet.]

Sir :—If the following remarks, relating to a disease which is con-
sidered by a large portion of the community as incurable, be viewed
by you of a sufficient importance to entitle them to a place in your
paper, when convenient please publish them.

‘There are two processes recommended for the cure of the murrain
in cattle; one of them is to give the animal one pint of spirits of tur-
pentine, and in twenty-four hours afterwards, a pint of olive oil or
hog’s lard; in forty-eight hours afterwards half a pint of turpentine,
and in twenty-four hours after this, half a pint of olive oil or hog’s
lard.

The other is to give a pint of flaxseed oil, and in twelve hours
afterwards two pounds of glauber salts, followed immediately by re-
peated doses of warm water, for ten or twelve hours.

- Note.—Perhaps all of these combined would be still better, (the

*In this short note, we will, for the satisfaction of those who may not feel dis-
posed, or be able to purchase fae work referred to, give a condensed and brief chro-
nological account of bloody murrain.

The earliest record we have of murrain, is the destruction of the cattle of the
Egyptians, B. C. 1491—Exod. 9.

During the siege of Troy, vast numbers of cattle perished ‘by this disease. Plu-
tarch tells us that during the reign of Romulus, this pest swept off many of the
Roman cattle. Livy also speaks ofa like visitation. Virgil, in his Georgias, whe
wrote fifty years before-Christ, when speaking on this subject:

During the autumnal heats th’ infection grew,
Tame cattle and the beasts of nature slew.

A. D. 376, a murrain broke out among the cattle in Europe. In 810, every
head of cattle was destroyed, by murrain, in the Emperor Charlemagne’s army,
and a great part of his dominions. In 1514 and 1599, the Venetian States were
ravaged by this disease. In 1682, France was visited by murrain; and again in
1711. In1743 and 1744, it appeared again in France, and in a great part of
Germany. In 1745, Holland was scourged a second time—more than 200,000
cattle perished, In 1747, more than 150,000 died in England. It prevailed to
an alarming extent in 1746, 1749, 1755 and 1756. In 1758, it spread over Fin-
land. The limits of a note preclude extension,

352 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER>

quantity of each ingredient to be such as experience may dictate,) as
acting more quickly on different parts of the system. It seems the
symptoms of this disease are not generally diseovered until within a
short time previous to the death of the animal, whieh soon ensues,
unless arrested by medical aid; consequently such substanees as tend
to restore the system to a healthy state the most rapidly, combined
with other substances, to prevent injury to the animal, seems: ea

CueEsTER co., Pa., Kebruary 23, 1837. AL

_ The following infallible eure, was given by Mr. Jones of Virginia,
to Mr. Harrison of Charles City county, Virginia:

A quart of the infusion of cedar berries, (containing about half a
pint of the berries,) was given at a time, and in nearly every case the
good effects were almost instantaneous ; a considerable discharge: from
the bladder and bowels followed, and in five or ten minutes time, the
animal began to eat. in nineteen cases out of twenty a perfect cure
was effected. It may be necessary to repeat the drench four or five
times. :

A writer in the Genesee Farmer, says: mullen had been recom-
mended. Itook some of the leaves, steeped them in new milk, and
about three quarts of tea, poured off without straining, given to the
ox, (which had already discharged four or five gallons of blood eee
produced an immediate cure.

From the same paper: Take a piece of pokeroot as bigs as a man’s
fist, supposed to be half a pound, for a common eow, cut fine; add
two quarts of water; boil it to one quart, and pour it down when.
warm. he dose may be repeated once a day for two or three days,
until the cure 1s complete.

The remedy employed in Europe, in the middle of. the last centu-
ry, when the murrain carried off great numbers of cattle, consisted
in a mixture of equal parts of gun powder, salt, soot and brimstone ;
one spoonful of this composition was given for a dose, and was hid
down with warm water. j

To prevent murrain.—It is recommended to take a mixture of
clay, salt, tar and powdered brimstone. For twenty-five head, two
quarts of tar, four ounces of brimstone per week; to put in a trough.
to which cattle have free access.

The Editor of the Farmer and Gardner says: if you wish to pre- :
serve your cattle’s health, always keep a mixture of tar and salt in
equal proportions in a trough where they can have constant access to
it. This should be renewed once a week in winter, and twice a
week in summer.

Calves, diseases of, such as cords, diarrhea, costiveness, hoose or
cough, canker, inflammatory diseases.—See each article below. Di-.
rections to raise calves: See the closing article of Division I.

Canker in the mouth arises from improper food. The insides of
the cheeks and gums are tender, red and ulcerated ; teeth lose. The
following remedy is generally a cure:

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE! FARRIER, 353
No. 6

Take burnt alum, rock alum, common salt, armenian bole in pow-
der, of each, one-half ounce ; honey, two ounces.

Pour one-half pint of hot vinegar upon those ingredients in a cov-
ered jar; close it down; when cold, wash the mouth well two or
three times, a day. If fever accompanies, give a purgative. Give
No. 11, below.

Cancer of the eye.—The remedy would be extirpation of the eye,
if it were deemed worth while to attempt it.

Catarrh, felon, cold, distemper, all these are names of one distem-
per, which prevails most in the spring of the year. The causes are
various. Cows after calving are subject to colds. Where fever has
not yet appeared, a warm cordial drink will often be beneficial.

No. 7.

Take sweet fennel seeds, fresh powdered, and cumin seeds, two
ounces ; long pepper, turmeric, ginger, elecampane, one ounce; treacle,
or coarse sugar, two ounces. Mix in a quart of ale; pour boiling hot
upon the whole ina pitcher; cover down till lukewarm, and then
give it.

Cleansing. drink.—Epsom salts, one pound, and two ounces of
ginger, put into two gallons of bran slop, warm, is an excellent cleans-.
ing drink; to which may be added, if thought necessary, a pint of
good ale. Ale is a good drink for cows.

Colic or gripes produced by various causes. The following car-
minative drink is recommended :

$ No. 8.

Take oil of turpentine, one ounce; tincture of opium, six drams;
spirit of nitrous ether, two ounces ; water, one pint; mix for one dose.
Or, give, if the colic is accompanied with costiveness, the following:
Dissolve five drams of aloes in half a pint of brandy; or purge should
be given: other ardent spirit; mix the infusion with two quarts of
water gruel, and administer the draught in a lukewarm state. The
animal should be kept dry.

Cough.—Jefferies recommends for an old cough, to steep two
pounds of hysop in one-half gallon of water, made thick with wheat
bran and the roots of leeks, washed clean and bruised, to be given to.
the beast, fasting. Or, take common garlic with dragon water; new
ale and butter, any quantity thought necessary ; and being lukewarm,
give it the beast; repeat, if necessary.

The follo wing, from an old German book, is said to be a sovereign
remedy for Husten des Rindviehs:

354 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

No. 9.

Take garlic, four ounces ; fir tops and gentian, of each, two ounces;
tormentil root, dittany, angelica, zedoary, of each, one ounce; laurel
berries, and myrrh, each, two ounces; bole armenian, twelve Mion:
elder and juniper berries, of each, eight OUNCES ; pulverize the whole,
and add as much honey till it forms a mass of the consistency of
molasses. From one-half to one ounce may be given at one time,
in a pint of warm ale or cider.

Cords or gut tie; this is a fatal species of intestinal strangulation.
This is a disease caused by improper feeding of calves, causing grip-
ings and spasms which will so violently contract the intestines, imto
cords, as it is termed. The animal will show this affection by throw-
ing itself down, &c. ‘The first thing to be done is to correct the
morbid acidity in the stomach.

No. 10.

Take solution of potash, epsom salts, of each, two ounces; warm
water or thin gruel, one-half pint. Dissolve the salts in the gruel;
add the solution of potash, and give it daily.

Costiveness.—Calves, especially, are liable to this complaint. In
case of a young calf, remove the dung from the fundament; inject a
clyster composed of some sweet oil; an infusion of mallows or camo-
mile; and give a gentle purgative drink.

No. ll.

—

Take glauber salts, two ounces; powdered ginger, aniseed, a-half
ounce each; treacle, two spoonfuls, with a pint of lukewarm water,
having been poured hot on the ingredients, and left stand to cool.
The quantity to be varied according to age. .

Cud, loss of.—Rumination, or the chewing of the cud, is that mo-
tion of the first stomach, called the rumen, by which ‘the’ food is
forced back into the mouth to be perfectly masticated. ‘The rumen
sometimes ceases to perform its proper functions, and this is what is
called loss of cud. ‘To cure the loss of cud, give the animal the fol-
lowing:

No. 12.

Take Barbadoes aloes, six drams; common salt, six ounces; gin-
ger, powdered, three drams; anodyne carminative tincture, two
ounces; water, one quart. Mix and give it early in the morning.

Jefferies recommends, and we have seen it tried, and proved, to
take a piece of leaven, put it into the beast’s mouth, and it will recov-
er; but if it be of long standing, take out the tongue of the beast,
prick the vein under it with an awl in two or three places, so it bleeds
plentifully, and it will get well.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 355

Another cure; administer the following warm laxative :

No. 13.

~

Take Barbadoes aloes, one-half ounce; Castile soap, six drams;
ginger, three drams; cascarilla bark, two drams; warm water, one
pint; mix. After the operation of the laxative, give the following
tonic drench:

No. 14.

Take cascarilla bark, ginger and soda, each two drams ; to be given
in a pint of ale, beer or warm water; good julep for cows.— Vaneis-
derns.

Never failing cure for loss of cud.—Take some honey and salt,
and as much wheat bran as will make three balls the size of a hen’s
egg, and give it tothe animal. This ball may be improved by adding
one-half dram of asafetida.

_ Diarrhea, or scouring, is common in cattle. To effect a cure it is
necessary that the animals be taken under cover, kept warm and dry,
and have nutritious food allowed them. If the scouring be obstinate,
let half a pound of pulverized common chalk be boiled in two quarts
of water, to which add four ounces of hartshorn shavings, and one
ounce of cassia. When the decoction is cold, add two drams of
laudanum, and one pint of lime water. ‘The dose is one or two
hornfuls, two or three times a day, according to the nature of the dis-
ease. Or, give No. 112 or 111, Sect. 214, Parr I. Or take about
two pounds of mullen leaves, boiled in one gallon of milk, and given
without being strained, adding, however, one dram of opium.

Llfshot, or elfshotten, a disease in horned cattle, the symptoms or
concomitants of which, are sluggishness and loss of appetite. The
original of the name seems to have been derived from the same source
that sympathy, alias animal magnitismus, is derived from—supersti-
tion, a prolific source of erroneous opinions. Those troubled with such
notions, will maintain, at much expense of argument, that the cattle
are shot hy witches, or elves, with hair balls. A late case has been
gazetted and re-gazetted, in all the papers of the Union, which oc-
curred in York county, Pennsylvania. We mean the Henry Miller
and Daniel Sultzenberger scrape.

The disease, however, is not an imaginary one—it is a real one—
no sympathy about it. Itis believed to be an opening in the peri-
toneum or film of the belly, caused by relaxation. Itresembles a hole
made by a bullet, and may be felt through the skin, which remains
unhurt. These openings are closed, and the animals cured by rubbing
(not sympathetically) that part with salt and water. It should be re-
peated two or three times in the course of a day. Any one can per-
form—no particular one—not a seventh son need be entrusted to
perform. We need no hocus pocus, as friend Clarke says, to cure all
natural diseases—“some cloths to the contrary.”

356 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Fever.—Mild fever, pantas or pantasia. Cattle sometimes appear
affected with heat, redness of the nostrils and eyelids; they refuse
food, are dull, evacuate and stale with difficulty ; and the urine is
high colored. ‘These symptoms are often aggravated every other day,
giving it the appearance of intermittent affection. ‘The complaint is
often brought on by over driving in very hot weather, occasionally
by pushing their fattening process too fast. If there be no appear-
ance of malignancy, and the heaving be considerable, bleed, and give
half an ounce of nitre in a drink night and morning; but unless the
weather be cold do not house the aniinal.

Inflammatory fever is called among farriers, cow-leeches, and gra-
ziers, by the various names of black quarter, joint felon, quarter evil,
quarter ill, showing of blood, joint murrain, striking 1 in of the blood,
&c. Various causes. may bring this on. It is sometimes epidemic,
and others it seems occasioned by a sudden change from low to very
full keeping. Over driving has brought it on. No age is exempt
from it, but the young oftener have it than the mature. Its inflam-
matory stage continues but a few days, and shows itself by a dull
heavy. countenance, red eyes and eyelids: the nostrils are also red,
and a slight mucous flows from them. ‘The pulse is peculiarly quick;
the animal.is sometimes stupid, at others watchful, particularly at.
first; and in some instances irritable. ‘The appetite is usually en-
tirely lost at the end of the second day, and the dung and urine either.
stop altogether, or the one is hard and the other is “red. About the
third day a critical deposite takes place, which terminates the inflam-_
matory action: and it is to the various parts on which this occurs,
that the disease receives its various names. ‘The deposite is, how-
ever, sometimes universal, in the form of a bloody suffusion through-
out the whole skin. In others, swellings from the joints, or on the
back or belly; and in fact, no part is exempt from their attack.—
Sometimes the animal swells generally or partially, and the air being
suffused under the skin, crackles to the feel. After any of these ap-
pearances have come on, the disease assumes a very malignant type,
and is highly contagious.

Treatment of inflammatory fever.—Before the critical abscesses
form, or at the very outset of the disease, bleed liberally, and purge
also: give likewise a fever drink, (No. 74, Sect, 188, Parr I.) If,
however, the disease be not attended to, in this early stage, carefully
abstain from bleeding or even purging: but instead, throw up clys-
ters of warm water and salt to empty the bowels, and in other respects
treat as detailed under malignant epidemic. (No. 73, Sect. 188.)
It may be added, that four drams of muriatic acid, in three pints of oak
bark decoction, given twice a day, has proved useful. ‘The swellings
themselves may be washed with warm vinegar both before and after.
they burst.

Fits or phrenzy.—Symptoms nearly similar to those which show
themselves in the horse. ‘The treatment must be same as that of the
horse.—See Index—Phrenzy.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 357

Foul in the foot, or hoof-ail.—Dr. Peck describes this disease thus:
A hard crack first appears between the hoofs, attended with inflam-
mation—fetid and offensive matter is discharged, similar to the grease
in horses. Sometimes it appears in the form of a large tumor upon
inflammation. Cleanse it well, says E. Skellet, then apply the fol-
“the coronet, between the hair and foot, attended with violent pain and
lowing ointment. It should be spread on tow, and bound on with
cloth and string. Soft soap, common turpentine, of each, one pound,
to be put into a pipkin, over a slow fire, until it is completely dis-
solved; then take it from the fire and add four ounces of ttirpentine,
which should be stirred until itis incorporated, Or, you may apply
No. 145, Parr I.

Garget is a disease among cattle, especially among cows; their
udders become greatly extended and indurated with this distemper, of
which they will pine away and die, unless a remedy be speedily ap-
plied. M. Gelle, a French writer, reeommends the opening of the
dew-lap, and inserting into it a piece of the root of Mechoacan, as
big as a nutmeg, with a string fastened to it, that it may be drawn
out when the cure is effected. ‘The humor, he says, will, in twenty-
four hours, be revulsed from the udder to the dew lap, and soon dis-
charges itself at the orifice, which completes the cure. ‘The causes
of garget are various—exposing the animal to cold and wet, and the
want of physic, after calving, often produces garget. ‘The best mode
of treatment is, washing and fomenting the udder and teats, giving a
dose of physic, and the application of the following ointment: ‘Take
an ounce of yellow wax, and three of lard; melt them together, and
when they begin to get cool, rub in one-quarter of an ounce of sugar
of lead, and one dram of alum finely powdered—apply. ‘The cure
is certain. ~

Grain sickness.—This disease is caused by a surfeit of grain; and
its remedies are ‘bleeding and purging. Dr. Skellet recommends to
take not less than three quarts of blood: and he also recommends the
following purging drink: sulphur, ten ounces; nitre, two ounces;
turmeric and cumin seeds, of each, one ounce.

Dr. Parkinson strongly recommends ontirabes, lye and salt as an
effectual remedy for grain sickness.

. Born distemper.—Writers say this is a disease which has its seat
in the horns. ‘The distemper causes the pith of the horn to be gra-
dually consumed. It is occasioned by poor keeping, by which the
blood becomes thin and reduced, and does not circulate properly in
the extremities.

Those who are curious, may see a ‘‘horny”’ discussion of this sub-
ject in the Farmer’s Cabinet, Vol. II.

To cure this disease, Dr. Dean recommends that the horn should
be bored with a nail gimblet, in such a manner as to effect the dis-
charge of the matter which has become purulent. The hollow part
should be cleansed; then inject a mixture of rum, honey, myrrh and

358 _THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
aloes, and give laxatives immediately, or before the <—— and
syringe are called into Regt ae

Hollow horn, to steph ai ke pouring about half a gill of ie
of turpentine in the cup or cavity on top of the head, just behind the
junction of the horns; let it be repeated about ten days or two mechs
after the ant PREG Ones v4

Hoves, Hoven! blown, or fog sidknese Ths complaint is viet
occasioned by the animal feeding for a considerable time upon rich,
succulent food, so that the stomach becomes distended or overcharged,
and they, through their greediness, forget to lie down to chew the
cud.

There are many cures in books for hoves. Dr. Young announces
the following as a specific for this disease: Take three gills of olive
oil; one pint of melted butter or hog’s lard; give this mixture by
means of a horn or bottle, and if it does not produce a favorable
change in fifteen minutes, repeat the same quantity, and walk ate
animal gently.

We will now venture a word or two, and a cure which will not fail.
We have the cure from an old friend near Manheim, Lancaster coum
Pennsylvania.

The succulent matter, while undergoing fice entalTOR in the dis-
tended stomach, creates a great deal of carbonic acid gas in the sto-
mach. Now, to neutralize this, we think our friend’s cure is the
thing. He says, make as quick as you can, a pint or more of lye,
either with hot embers thrown into a quart of water; or, dissolve, if
at hand, pearl or potash, and turn it down the throat of the cow—up
comes the wind—it will relieve at once.—Proved.

A spoonful or two of hartshorn and warm water will cure hoves.
Capt. James Cooper of Haddonfield, N. J., has published a cure for
hoven cattle, which is simple, and has been tested. Make a twisted
band of straw, the size of the wrist, and place it in the mouth of the
animal, drawing it tight, and making fast the ends over the head, just
behind the horns. This will cause the beast to endeavor to rid itself
of the inconvenience, by chewing the band; and the act of moving
the tongue and jaws will open the gullet, and permit the pent-up air
to escape. ‘This receipt is worth double the price of the whole book.

Compiler.

_ Jaundice or ollodt —This disease may be known, principally
by the yellowness of the eyes and mouth; a dull or languid appear-
ance.

At the beginning of the disease, give the following drink:

No. 15,

Take Castile soap, one-half ounce; Venice turpentine, one-third
ounce; ginger, three drams; powdered gentian, one ounce; rub the
soap and turpentine together in a mortar, until they are incorporated ;

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 359

then add gradually a pint of water, and afterwards the ginger and
gentian.
neslzes peremnedy:) is, after bleeding, to give the following :

i No. 16.

' ‘Take nitre, in powder, three ounces; salt of tartar, Castile soap,
of each one-ounce ; epsom salts, four ounces; rhubarb, one-half ounce ;
turmeric in powder, two ounces; divide these when well rubbed to-
gether, into two doses, and give them every twenty-four hours, in a
quart of warm whey or gruel, If necessary, bleeding must be re-
peated.

Joint oil or synovia, loss of.—Wounds, or punctures of joints,
often penetrate so deep as to pierce through the tendons and ligaments,
occasioning a loss or discharge of the natural secretion of the joint,
_viz: Its oil or synovia; the same accident may happen from any
injury exciting inflammation, and that inflammation passing on until
it produces an opening into the joint. ‘This disease is always an
alarming one, and the principle of cure is to produce the process of
healing as quickly as possible, by exciting active inflammation; this
may be done after the first effects of the injury have subsided, in
consequence of bleeding, purging and fomenting, in the usual man-
ner, and then applying the volatile blister to the joint, composed of
Spanish flies, in powder, two drams, and spirits of ammonia, four
ounces; at the same time the orifice is to be plugged with a tent,
dipped in the following composition:

Take sweet spirits of nitre, three drams; butter of antimony, and
extract of lead, each, two drams.

The blister and caustic may be occasionally repeated; the mixture
every twenty-four hours, till the effusion of joint oil is completely
stopped; then the following balsam may be applied once or twice a
day, in order to heal up the wound:

Take tincture of myrrh, two ounces; blue vitriol water, one-half
ounce.

The vitriol water may be made by dissolving ten drams of blue
- vitriol, in powder, ina pint of hot water; the balsam to be well sha-
ken together previous to using it. ‘The blister is to be well rubbed
on the joint, till a plentiful discharge takes place from the surface,
when it becomes no longer requisite. By this treatment a cure is
generally effected, unless when the bones are materially injured along
with the soft parts, and then any plan of cure will prove ineffectual.

Lice sometimes are troublesome to neat cattle—To kill them,
take a little quicksilver, and work it well with fasting spittle, so says
Jefferies, upon the palm of your hand till the quicksilver be killed ;
then take the white of two eggs and bray them with quicksilver till
they be as an ointment; spread these upon a list that will go round
about the beast’s neck; let it be broad as your-hand, and they will
come to it, and it will kill them. Rubsome train oil on several paris
_ of the beast.

360 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

A strong decoction of tobacco will kill lice; it will certainly drive
them away. ies 3

Clater recommends the following wash:—Take stavesacre, She
spur or lousewort,) half a pound; tobacco cut small, two ounces;
boil in one gallon of urine down to three quarts. With this wash,
sponge such parts as are infested; repeat if necessary, in five days.
A piece of brimstone as large as a grain of corn, well pulverized,
given in salt, will cause them to drop off, and prevent others from
getting on for eight or ten days. Repeat when necessary. It is con-
sidered that brimstone is as necessary fora cow in summer as Salt.

Mange.—This is a cutaneous disease, which is very contagious,
Its symptoms are, a scarf on the external part of the body, which is.
always attended with itching. Some say it is caused by a kind of
animaleula, which burrows in the skin. But we think it generally
proceeds from scanty or improper food, during the winter; it only,
we believe, makes its appearance in spring. Rub off the scurf with
a currycomb; then apply with a hard brush, well rubbed on, me
following ointment: |

No. 17.

Take hog’s lard, eight ounces; spirit of turpentine, two ounces;
flower of sulphur, four ounces; sulphur vivum, two ounces.

The following drink, will, by promoting the suspended secretion,
very much accelerate the cure:

No. 18.

Take of caraway seed, in powder, aniseed, flour of sulphur, of
each, two ounces; grains of Paradise, and nitre, each, one ounce;
ae antimony, one-half ounce; treacle, four spoonfuls. Mix it in
a quart of warm ale, and give in one dose. If required repeat. _

Milk, or puerperal fever.—(See Fever above.) The milk fever
aliacks cows generally in a high condition at the time of calving. If
the fever is high, as soon as possible, and repeat it every twenty-four
hours, give the drink recommended under article Abortion, No. 2.—
If the bowels be not readily moved by a yes Sea inject the follow-
ing clyster:

No, 19.

Take thin gruel, three quarts; common salt, eight ounces ; spidits
of turpentine, one-half pint; treacle, four ounces. Mix; give luke-
warm.

The following cordial drink may be given as soon as the bowels
ure opened :

No. 20.

Take grains of Paradise, ginger, salt.of tartar, oil of turpentine, of
each, one-half ounce; aniseed, caraway, flour of mustard, each two
ounces ; treacle, four spoonfuls. Mix, and give in a quart of warm
_ gruel, with a wine glass of gin and brandy ; both good for cows!

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 361

Moor-ill, wood-ill or evil, all imply the same disorder; a weak-
ness of the digestive system, proceeding from debility by taking cold
from being exposed. ‘The best remedy is to provide a warm place
and nutritious food for your cattle thus affected, and give the follow-
ing drink: |

ae No. 21,

Take grains of Paradise, aniseed, caraway seed, fenugreek, of
each, two ounces. Mix it in two pints of warm water, and give it
at once with two spoonfuls of treacle or coarse sugar.

Puckeridge or wornals, are tumors on the backs of cattle occasion-
ed by a dipterous insect which punctures their skin, and deposits its
eggs in each puncture. When the eggs are hatched, and the larva
or maggots are arrived at their full size, they make their way out, and
leave a large hole in the hide, to prevent which the destruction of the
egg should be attempted by nipping the tumor, or thrusting in a hot
wire.

Poison.—Cattle are sometimes poisoned by eating laurel. ‘The
symptoms are foaming at the mouth, and the greenish juice by which
the mouth is discolored, is an evidence of poison.

Remedy.—Take one pint of sweet oil, or hog’s lard; mix with it
two quarts of new milk, and administer. If given seasonably, a cure
is generally effected. Or give the diseased animal the white of eight
or ten eggs; it will relieve the animal.

A gallon of strong infusion of mountain dittany, has in many in-
stances been given, and afforded instant relief.

Red water.—(See article, Black water.) —The name of this malady
indicates its nature. When an animal is attacked with this disease,
it should be placed under shelter, and drenched with a pound of glau-
ber salts ; repeating the dose on the succeeding day. Perhaps the fol-
lowing is a better remedy: make a strong decoction of Peruvian or
oak bark, with a small quantity of alum; give it to the extent of two
or three hornfuls twice or thrice a day.

Stag gers.—The seat of this malady is either the stomach or brain.
When it arises from the former case, medicine is of but little avail.
When staggers arise from fulness of blood, bleeding and cooling pur-
gatives should be resorted to, and the animal should be confined in a
warm stable, and rubbed freely with straw every day. The follow-
ing drench has often been given to advantage:

No. 22.

In one quart of water, put Barbadoes aloes, six drams; common
salt, eight ounces ; flour of mustard, one-ounce ; brandy or rum, a wine
glassful. ‘Then follow it by the following clyster, and blood letting:

No. 23,

Take common salt, eight ounces; warm water, four quarts.
24

Bioys THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Tail sickness ; a distemper well known.—The end of the tail
becomes hollow and relaxed, but not destitute of feeling. A cure is
easily effected. Cut off a small piece of the tail which will be attend-
ed with a discharge of some blood. But when the tail is but. little
affected, and near to the end, a slit of two inches in the end of it, is
preferable to amputation. We know what Leiberkuhn has said on
this subject: we never tamed ‘black cats” for the purpose!

Teats, sore ones.—To heal sore teats the following ointment ought
always to be kept ready: Take elder ointment and yellow basilicon
ointment, of each, four ounces ; ; Spirits of turpentine, one ounce ;.
mix them well. ‘The cow’s teats may be well rubbed with this oint-
ment ever night and morning after nuiking. If, in summer, and the
flies plague them, add one ounce of asafetida or aloes in powder, and
dissolve it along with the ointment. This will prevent the flies.

Ulcers are solutions of the soft part of an animal’s body, together
with the skin. The following applications are good to cure ulcers:

No. 23.

Take goose grease, one pound; hog’s lard, two pounds ; red lead,
three ounces; pulverized alum, one ounce.

No. 24.

Ulcers, inflamed, afomentation for.—-Take camomile flowers, one-
half pound; wormwood, a handful; bay and juniper berries, four
ounces; yeast, six quarts; vinegar, one quart. The whole to be
boiled for fifteen minutes.

If there be fungous matter, or proud flesh, a small quantity of the
following caustic over the whole surface, will act as escharotic:

No. 25.

Take soft soap, one ounce; arsenic, oil of vitriol, spirits of laven-
der, each, one-half ounce. ‘The soap and arsenic to be mixed, and
then the vitriol added by degrees.

No. 26.

Ulcers, cancerous.——First cleanse the wound from all extraneous
matter; sprinkle it with red precipitate ; and afterwards dress it, with
the following :—Egyptiacum, two ounces; compound tincture of
myrrh, spirits of turpentine, of each, one ounce; sublimate, powder-
ed, one dram ; spirit of salt, four a. Mix, and keep it in a bottle
for use. Dress the wound with small pledgets of lint Cee in the
above mixture, once a day.

Urine, bloody.—If a cow or ox passes bloody urine, make a slop
or drink of bran, put into it a small handful of fluellen, celandine, an
onion bruised, and one pint of linseed oil, and let the animal drink it.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 363

Vomiting: —Our attention was directed to this subject from listen-
ing to an angry discussion between two butchers, on vomiting by
eattle. They were at issue and could not decide; coming accident:
‘ally te the dispute, the question was put to us: what i is your opinion?
We promised to read and think on the subject, and then give the re-
sult of our enquiries. We here insert a translation of an article to
the point, from a work, entitled Journal Pratique, 1830, page 322.

A certain Mons. Fleureus, having made several tests, but did not
succeed in making an ox vomit, (see Recueil Med.. Yet. Aout., 1833,)
he concluded neat cattle cannot vomit—his attention was directed to
the journal above quoted, where he found recorded a case of true
vomiting. ‘This case appeared singular, and was accordingly re-
corded. An ox presented the following appearance: the hair rough
and shaggy, the skin dry and close, the muzzle feverish, with no ap-
petite; rumination tardy and at long intervals; considerable tension
of the left flank. Rumination was preceded by deep and sonorous
eructations or belchings, having a penetrating odor. This lasted from
eight to'ten minutes, after which the animal got up, backed himself
im his stall, stretching the chain on his neck, his fore-limbs trembled,
he brought his hind extremities under him, and bent his neck, de-
pressed his head, and, after a deep and powerful inhalation, he
vomited fifteen pounds of semi-fluid matter, perfectly triturated.—
The vomiting ceased, the ox remained for a moment’ motionless, and
then lay down again and ruminated afresh. He continued this about
thirty-five minutes, when he had a renewed fit of vomiting, perfectly
similar to the preceding.

~The author of the book proceeds to sthtts, that the ox was bled and
physicked, and the disease was soon cured.

He supposes the cause of vomiting, in this case, arose fan Bac
ing the animal in warm weather, and ‘over-heating, and then obliging
the ox to drink putrid water.

Another writer, M. Crewzel, relates several instances of oxen and
cows vomiting. The curious and doubting, if they can read, will be
satisfied on this subject, if they will consult an imteresting work,
called Memoire sur le hte epee par T. Girard, p- 21 to 29.

Warts are excrescences growing from the cuticle, at first, but after-
wards identified with the true skin. Any of the mercurial ointments,
if applied, will remove warts. |

_ Wethering, or retention of the after-birth or burden.—It sometimes
happens that this is retained; for which no better remedy has been
hitherto discovered, than warm clothing and drenching with ale,
administered as a forcer. :

Wounds.—Cattle are liable to wounds. In cases of common flesh
wounds, apply a salve made of white lead and oil of turpentine, in-
corporated with a little brandy; drawing the lips of the wound close
together, so as to exclude the air. If the laceration be deep, it should
be washed with warm milk water, and the ragged flesh, if any, cut

364 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

* .
away; after which the wound may be filled with tow, dipped in oint-
ment, composed of Venice turpentine and balsam copaiva, in equa
parts, mixed with double the quantity of yellow basilicon.

Worms.—These are oceasionally found in the vivtoa tiie of cattle.
The following is recommended by Diegendesch, as a perfeet cure.—
Take pulverized masterwort, calcined deer’s horn, pulverized chalk,
of each, one-half ounce; mix it with one pint of wine or nneee >
give it as a drench, at once.

RAISING CALVES.

[From the Genesee Farmer.]

It is a very general practice in many places, to permit salves ik to run
with, or at least to suck the cows during the first season, and a pre-
valent opinion is that this is the best wav to raise them. "The former
practice—that of allowing the calf to run constantly with the cow—
is always injurious to a good milker, for unless a cow has the whole
of her milk regularly drawn from her, which rarely happens where
it is left entirely to the will of the calf, unless the udder is completely
emptied, the lactic secretions are constantly diminished—and the cow
would consequently become eventually dry. But where the calf is
turned to the cow only at stated intervals—at morning and evening—
and pains are taken that all the milk is withdrawn, although this does
not injure the cow, yet it is found to be a very expensive practice;
for a calculation will readily show that the milk of a cow during the
season, if appropriated to dairy use, would bring more than the whole
value of the calf in autumn. Giving the calf but a part of the milk
of the cow, and weaning it early in summer and turning it te pasture,
is no improvement; for unless it has a good supply of nutritious food,
and unless this is continued through the season, there can be no hope
_of raising a valuable animal. The frequent raw-boned, stunted, ill-
ee ones, which we see, are a sufficient comment on the truth of
this

Experience has shown, both in England and in this country that
the finest animals may be raised in great numbers, without allowing
them to suck the cow after the first three or four days. One of the
best practices is the following:—The calf is allowed to suck a few
days, till it has inereased in strength and appetite, sufficient to enable
it to swallow readily, during which time care should be taken to milk
the cow while it is sucking, in order to draw off the whole of the
milk; it should then be separated from the cow. Some recommend
even to remove it when it is not more than twelve hours old. It may
be learned to drink by allowing it to suck the finger placed in the
vessel. It should at first be fed entirely on new milk. In two or
three days, a very small quantity of water, of the same temperature
with the milk, is added, and increased very gradually day after day ;

WHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 365

at the same time a small quantity of meal is to be added with it, and
this also is to be gradually increased, and at the same rate, in order to
supply the deficiency of nourishment occasioned by the addition of
the water. At the same time, skimmed milk may be gradually sub-
stituted for new milk. This should at first be boiled, and afterwards
cooled to the proper temperature, as otherwise it would be liable te
cause purging. ‘The temperature may then be gradually diminished
dill it is given cold. Thus in a few weeks the calf will have learned
gradually, but almost imperceptibly, to subsist entirely on water or
old milk mixed with meal. The meal at first should be fine, but
coarser may subsequently be substituted; and finally shorts or bran
may be given if necessary. By thus sradually accomplishing any
change, it may be done without the least difficulty; at the same time
there will be no danger of injury to the calf, which would be the
ease if sudden changes were employed. Sudden changes indeed,
should never in any ease be > for they are always detrimental,
and sometimes fatal.

Calves for killing, may be fattened in this way, and with proper
attention be in as good condition at an age of five or six weeks, as
when fed exclusively on new milk; and it may in many instances, be
of importance to adopt it for fattening calves, especially during the
season of the year, when milk is valuable.

Calves should have, at all times, plenty of clean litter and a good
supply of fresh air. Calves for the butcher sometimes injure them-
selves by sportiveness; this may be prevented by keeping them
nearly in the dark, as they evince less of a playful disposition than
awhen exposed to full light. But they should never, on any account,
be confined by tieing, for this does not abate the restlessness of their
disposition, and they are constantly, spending themselves in exertions
to get loose.

It is a very improper but not unfrequent practice, to give little atten-
tion to calves, after the early part of the season, and to suffer them
to feed on pasture alone, without any other food. In this way they
very commonly become poor, and but little prepared to withstand the
coming winter. Their future value greatly depends on their treat-
ment during the first year, consequently they should be kept in good
condition throughout the seasen; and through autumn they should be
gradually accustomed to the food on which they are to be wintered.

366 ‘HE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

‘

ii —OF SHEEP.

The diseases of sheep are numerous ‘in some eonntriee In this,
unless too carelessly treated, their diseases are few. Where, how-
ever, sheep are not attended to, as duty demands, they are liable to
the following diseases, which we have named below, and panies out
eures for all maladies see ae to this valuable animal :

‘Blood.—The blood is a fatal malady to which sheep are liable.
The symptoms are panting, heaving of the flanks, and standing still.
The most effectual remedy is bleeding, and a mixture of common
salt; and nitre mixed with bran. ‘The animal should also be turned
mto a dry pasture. a 2 ai

Blast, or hoves.—heep, like cattle, are subjeet to hoves. Com=-
mon salt and water, made strongly saline, has cured this disease. A
eertain French writer recommends to take three ounces of tar, and
fifteen of new milk; half an ounce of solution of prepared eigen
and give one gill at a time, and repeat it if necessary.

Braxy, dry braxy, water braxy, bowel sialeuess i names for the
same disease, perhaps varying at different stages. Itis an mflam-
matory disorder, which quickly terminates in dropsy of the belly or
ehest. ‘The eure recommended, is to bleed freely from the neck vein;
give some salt, in half a pint of water, and a tea spoonful of tineture
ef opium; a dram of powdered aloes may be added, and a “Tittle

ginger.

Claveaux, or sheep pox.—This jecae appears in small pimples ; ;
sometimes in bletches and pustules, on the skin. This disease is to
be treated like inflammatory fever in the ox or cow. ao.

Colic.—A wind colic will also sometimes affect sheep more from
the quality than the quantity of what they eat; it is best relieved by
an ounce of castor or salad oil, with an ounce of. gin.

Cough.—The usual remedy for this disease is bleeding about one
pint. If any medicine is required, give half an ounce of common,
or one ounce of epsom salts, dissolved in four ounces of thin gruel.
Then give the diseased animal some garlic bruised, in slop made of
wheat bran.

Disorder of the eyes. —If the eyes are ‘inflamed or sore, the re-
medy is simple. Press out the juice of celandine, and drop a quan-
tity of it into the eyes, night and morning.

Dropsy.—Sheep are liable to this disease. ‘Tapping, fresh and
wholesome pasture, are perhaps the only. remedies.

SHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 367

Fever.—Fever in sheep is an inflamed state of the blood, disorder
ing the eyes and mouth, and affecting the whole body, though not
visibly. When any of the symptoms of a fever appear, the feet of
the sheep should be examined, and if found to be hot, there is no
doubt of the character of the disease. Other diseases wiil produce
an inflammation of the eyes and mouth; but hot feet are an infalli-
ble symptom of fever. This disease is often fatal in itself, and. fre-
quently induces others which are equally so. ‘The cause is generally
a cold. When only two or three of the fiock are affected by it, the
ease is less desperate; but when many are attacked with it, it is
amore fatal.

‘The remedy is to keep the sheep in warmer and more sheltered
places, bleed and give the following medicine: Heat a quart of ale,
and dissolve it in an ounce of mithridate—add half an ounce of Vir-
ginia snakeroct, and one dram of cochineal in powder. This quan-
tity serves for four doses, and one of them to be given morning and
evening. if the sheep is bound in its body, an ounce of lenitive
electuary is to be mixed with each dose; but if looser than ordinary
at ought not to be checked as it will contribute to the cure.

‘Foot worms.—Sheep are liable to breed worms between their feet;
principally, however, when they are kept in wet pastures. It is very
painful to them, and will make them pine away. It is perceived by
their frequent holding up one feot; and by setting-it tenderly down.

Let the foot be washed clean, particularly between the toes, and
there will be found a little lump like a tuft of hair. Thisis the head
of the worm. — it is to be taken out with care, for it is of a tender
substance, and if it be broke in the foot, it will occasion inflammation.
‘The best method is to open the flesh on each side of it, and then, by
means of a pair of nippers, to take it out. Dress the wound with
tar and grease melted together 1 in equal quantities, and turn the sheep
loose. It is better to put it into a fresh pasture, for if the same dis-
order returns, it is generally worse.

‘Foot rot.—For the foot rot in sheep, take alum, green vitriol
and white mercury, the first in the largest proportion: dissolve them
in water, and after the hoof is pared, anoint it with a feather, and
bind on a rag all over the foot. ~ | E

The Middlesex shepherds use the green vitriol alone, after pound-
ing it fine. Others again anoint with a feather dipped in aqua fortis,
or weak nitric acid. ‘The drovers to Smithfield carry a bottle of this
with them, to apply to lame sheep. It hardens the hoof, and enables
the sheep to travel better. Another mode is to spread three or four
inches of slacked lime over a floor, pare the sheep’s feet well, and
turn them into this house, where they may remain for a few hours,
and then be put ito a dry pasture. The treatment may be twice or
thrice repeated. |

To prevent the foot rot.—Keep the sheep in dry pastures, and if
stony, the better; examine them often and carefully; and when any
Gssures or cracks, attended with heat make their appearance, apply

368 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

oil of turpentine and common brandy. When these do not avail,
wash the diseased part, and pare as closeas possible without drawing
blood, and apply some of the caustics above named. In all cases it
is of great consequence that the animal be afterwards exposed only —
to a moderate temperature—be invigorated with proper food and mene
clean in early dry pasture.

Jaundice.—Sheep are more subject than any other animals to ob-
structions of the liver. When this is the case it is seen in a yellow-
ness of the eyes, and a tinct of the same kind in the skin. Farmers
in some places, call this the choler, or, in their language the color.

When sheep are attacked with jaundice they should be put into an
open pasture, and kept in moderate motion, but not fatigued. Boil
in four gallons of water two pounds of fennel roots, the same quan-
tity of parsley roots, and twice as much roots of rice -grass, all cut
small. When the water is very strong of them, and there is about
half the quantity left, strain it off, by pressing it hard. Bruise as
much great celandine as will yield three pints of juice, add this to
the liquor, and put in three drams of salt of steel. Mix all together,
and every day heat so much of it as will serve to give every sheep
that is ill, a gill and a half for a dose. This, with the forementioned
directions, rarely fails of a cure.

Lambs.—Diseases of Iambs are confined to indigestion, and erup-
tion of secreted matter: the former shows itself in colic, which is
relieved as in sheep, and also by diarrhea, to be likewise cured by
the means detailed for them; the latter is more obstinate, begins on
the rump, gradually extending along the chine, and when it becomes
more universal, it usually destroys. ‘The cure consists in giving
daily drinks of half a dram of cremor tartar, and one dram of sulphur,
in four ounces of camomile decoction. Anoint also with mild mer-
eurial ointment and T'urner’s cerate in equal quantities.

Lungs.—Sheep are subject to be diseased in the lungs, which is
easily perceived by their breathing, or by their coughing. Nothing
requires a more speedy remedy ; for they grow incurable, when it is
neglected but a short time, and die as men in the consumption.
Change of their pasture is essential to the eure—without it no reme-
dy is effectual. It is owing to cold, and generally attacks sg that
have been kept on low grounds in wet weather.

When any of the flock exhibit symptoms of diseased hae drive
them into an enclosed pasture where there is short grass and gravelly
soil; and where there is spring or other running water. Bruise a
basketful of the leaves of colt’s foot, and press out the juice.—
Bruise a quantity of plantain leaves and roots together, and press out
the juice. Mix these, and bruise as much garlic as will yield about a
fourth part as much juice as one of the others. Mix all together, and
add to them a pound of honey, an ounce of aniseeds, and an ounce
and a-half of eleeampane. Give a quarter of a pint of this, warm, to
every sheep that is affected, once in a day, and it will by degrees
make a perfect cure.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 369

Maggots in the head.—Maggots sometimes infest the head of
sheep. Treatment issimple. ‘Take sublimate powder, two drams; _
one-half ounce of turpentine; one quartof water; shake it well, and
apply to the infected part. As soon as this is applied, the maggots
will creep to the outside of the wool; brush them off, and apply train
oil. Repeat if necessary.

Nipples, sore ones.—Lambs often die of hunger from their dams
refusing them suck. ‘The cause of this, is sore nipples, or some
tumor in the udder, in which violent pain is excited by the striking
of the lamb. Washing with sugar of lead, or spirits, will remove
the complaint.

Pendro, goggles, turnsick, are all popular names for a disease, tech-
nically called hydatids, Wasserblaeschen, (Ger.,) a very singular ani-
mal, formed like a bladder, and distended with an aqueous fluid. ‘This
animal is known among medical writers as the tenis globulus, which
by some unaccountable means finds its way to the brain, and settles
itself there, either in some of its ventricles or more frequently on its
substance. Their size varies from the smallest speck to that of a
pigeon egg, and the sheep it attacks are generally under two years old.
These animals are likewise occasionally found in all the natural cavi-
ties of the body. ahh :

The appearances of cerebral hydatids are, stupidity, a disposition
to sit on the rump, to turn to one side, and to incline the head to the
same while at rest. ‘The eyes glare, and from oval, the pupils be-
come round. An accurate examination will now usually discover
some softness at a particular part of the skull, generally on the con-
trary side to that which the animal hangs the head ; when no softness
of the skull is discernable, the hydatid usually exists in some of the
ventricles, and the destruction of the sheep is certain and quick, from
the greater disturbance to the functions of the brain; but when it is
situated on the surface, it sometimes requires many months to destroy ;
an absorption of the bone takes place and the hydatid increases, which
produces the thinness in the skull opposite to the affected part.

This disease is not incurable, as has been supposed, but it is only
relieved by a manual operation. In France it has been successfully
treated by the application of the actual cautery ; a pointed iron, heat-
ed red hot, is forced through the skin and skull, to the surface of the
brain; the principal nicety of which, is in penetrating the hydatid
with the hot iron without wounding the brain itself. In England,
some shepherds are very dexterous at wiring, which they do by thrust-
ing a wire up the nostrils till it rests against the skull. In the pass-
age of the wire, the hydatid is usually ruptured; others elevate the
skull (by means of a trephine, or even a knife) opposite to the soften
portion, and extract the hydatid, if possible, whole, which a little
eare will effect, by drawing it away with a blunt pincer, gently mov-
ing it from side to side. Tapping is merely letting out the fluid
contents of the hydatid by an awl, which is practiced by some shep-
herds with success; and if the instrument be not thrust too far, the

%

370 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER:

animal is never injured; to avoid which, it is passed obliquely. A
well hardened gimblet is a proper instrument, with which the skull
is easily penetrated, and an opening by the twisting of the instrument
is made, sufficiently large in the hydatid itself, to discharge its con-
tents, which is all that is sufficient to insure its destruction, and which,
if no other exist, is followed by immediate recovery.

Pelt rot.—In this disease the wool falls off, but the skin does not
become sore, but merely covered with a white crust. The cure is
easy :—Full feeding, warm keeping, and anointing the hard — = -
skin with tar, oil, and butter, mixed together.

Poison.—Sheep are sometimes poisoned by eating laurel or cas

temedy.—Take a gill of sweet oil, hog’s lard or fresh butter;
mix it with a pint of milk. Or, take an egg and give it to each of
the sickened sheep, in the shape of a natural bolus, by simply break-
ing the egg and slipping the yolk, and as much white as possible,
down the throat of the animal. The sheep will then vomit up the
leaves and green juice, but not the egg.

Another effectual remedy to cure poisoned sheep, is to take three
spoonfuls of floured mustard and a pint of warm water, and give it.

Purging.—Leave nature to her course when a purging comes on
with a fever; but when the fever is abated it should be stopped; and
the same remedy that answers for this purpose, may be adopted for
such purgings as come on of themselves. Boil a quarter of a pound
of raspings of logwood in two quarts of water, till but a quart is left,
and when it is nearly boiled down, put in a stick of cinnamon, strain
it off, and give the sheep a quarter of a pint, four times a day, till
the purging ceases.

If this does not produce the desired result, the following addition
will render it sure of success:—To every dose add a quarter of an
ounce of diascordium without honey, and ten grains of Japan earth
powdered, and give the doses only morning and evening.

_ Red water.—This is an inflammation of the skin that often raises
it into blisters, in which are contained a sharp humor, thin, watery and
colored with blood, Nothing should be done to strike it in, but the
cure must be effected by correcting the bad state of the blood. Sheep
afflicted with it should be separated from the flock, otherwise it
will be very apt to spread through the whole. They should also. be
put into a pasture where the grass is sweet and where they can have
access to good water.

Mix half an ounce of sulphur with an ounce of honey ; work it
well together, and then divide it into two. Dissolve one of those in
half a pint of juice of nettles, and give it every day for a fortnight.
Slit the blisters when they are full of this watery humor, and having
let the matter out, wet the place with juice of wormwood. | After
four days of this course, bleed them; and then continue the same. .

~

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 371

_ Rot.—This is the most destructive disease to which sheep are sub-
ject. Like the murrain, among cattle, it is contagious and: generally
spreads through the. whole flock, and often over the neighboring
country. Flocks that are fed upon open commons are more subject
to. it than those who have shelter, and are taken care of at night. It
frequently prevails in cold seasons, and when dribbling rains come on
soon after shearing. Want of food will also occasion this disease;
as will likewise the eating of such grass as is full of unwholesome
plants. ‘These are among the causes of this fatal etoenyer but the
worst and most common is infection.

Keep sheep out of the way of these causes of the rot, and the
same care will preserve them from most other disorders to which
they are.liable; damp grounds are always dangerous, and especially
in wet seasons,

When a sheep is infected with the rot, the white of the eyes looks
dull, and they have a faint aspect, the animal is feeble and his skin is
foul—the wool comes off in handfuls with the least touch and the
gums look pale and the teeth foul. He will also be dull and listless
in motion and heavy, as if his legs were not able to carry him.
Many are generally infected at a time, and the first care must be to
remove them from the sound ones, and put them in a close fold.
They must have but little water, and their food must be dry hay and
oats. Bleeding is destructive in the rot. The fact that sheep fed in
salt marshes never have the rot, suggested salt as aremedy. Itisa
good preventive, but not an infallible cure. ‘Though the farmer can-
not rely upon it, yet among other remedies, it is highly useful.

The following remedies and treatment have often effected cures.
Bruise an ounce of the grains of Paradise, and four otinces of juni-
per berries dried; add to these four pounds of bay salt, and half a
pound of loaf sugar, grind them all well together, and sprinkle some
of this upon the hay and oats that are given the sheep. Let this be
continued three days, and look from time to time to the eyes, and ex-
amine every other way, to see whether they mend or grow worse.
If there be signs of amendment let the same course be continued; if
not, the following must he used :—Steep four pounds of antimony in
two gallons of ale, for a week—then give the sheep this every night,
and morning, a quarter of a pint at atime. Boil a pound of the
roots of avens, and two pounds of the roots of masterwort, in two
gallons of water, till there is not more than six quarts remaining—
strain this off, and press it hard, then pour a pint of it into a pailful
of water that is to be given to the sheep for their drink.

By these means, carefully managed, and under a good regulation
in cleanness, dryness and warmth, the rot will often be cured.

Scab.—This is a disorder to which sheep are very liable. When
they are kept indry wholesome pastures they are but seldom afflicted
with the scab; but when they are on low wet grounds, or get under
the drippings of trees in bad seasons they are frequently affected by
it, in the severest manner. ‘The symptoms are seurfy skins, which

372 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

in a little time rise to scabs; the —_ grows loose air the sheep. pane
and become lean.

If they are attacked in a season when they can be sheltered, it
should be immediately done, as nothing is so sure to effecta cure. If
the season will not admit of shearing, they must be washed with soap
suds, made very strong, and used warm with a piece of flannel or a
brush. After this they must be turned loose into a clean pasture and
driven up again as soon as well dried, and the sore parts of the skin
must be well wetted with lime water. ‘The scurfy part of the skin
must be regarded; and the doing this three times, at two days dis-
tance each, will generally effect a cure. Butif it fail, the parts that
have been thus washed and cleaned, must be anointed with a mix-
ture of equal parts of tar and grease, and they will soon be perfectly
well. No inward medicines are required, for the complaint is auly
of the skin. ,

Stag gers.—Sheep, as well as horses, are afflicted with the stag-
gers. It is occasioned by improper food. Oak leaves and buds, are
particularly prejudicial. They bind the bowels, and staggers fre-
quently follow. The symptoms are the same as in sturdiness, but
more violent; and there is generally a trembling, at the same time,
in all the limbs.

To cure this disorder, dissolve an ounce of asafetida in two quarts
of water. Give a quarter of a pint, warm, every three hours. It
commonly opens the bowels at the same time that it takes immedi-
ate effect on the nervous system, and thus performs a cure. When
the sheep are recovered, let them be kept out of the way of a return
to the same food, and they will be in no danger of a a :

Staggers, Blind.--Half a pint of hog’s lard melted and poured
down a sheep, will cure the blind staggers in ten minutes.

Sturdiness.-—-This is a giddiness in the head. It is owing princi-
pally to rich feeding. The remedy is as follows:

Bleed profusely and give the following medicine: Bruise some
roots of wild valerian, squeeze out the juice, heat it, and give a quar-
ter of a pint. Repeat the dose every four hours. When the sheep
is recovered, turn it upon the common, or into some barren hilly pas-
ture. It will be kept from relapses by having but little food, and
that perfectly wholesome. If the disease returns, it is commonly
fatal. |

Tag.—The tag is an external disease owing to the complaint last
named. It is a distemper of the tail, beginning with filth and foul-
ness, and ending in ulceration. ‘The tag is situated in the inner part
of the tail—it consists of scabs and sores, very painful and wasting
to the animal, and is owing to the fouling this part by a purging.
That tag is worst which follows a fever, because the inflamed state
of the blood tends to increase the disorder, and when it begins during
the continuance of the disease, the matter of the fever may chance

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 373

to settle it there. ‘Two things are to be done; the first is to stop the
purging; the other, to clean the tail.

» The last mentioned remedy, either in its weaker or stronger form,
is to be used to stop the purging; and the tail being clipped, and the
sore part laid bare, first wash it with milk and water blood warm,
and then with lime water. After this, turn the sheep into a clean
dry pasture. ‘Two days after look at it again, and, if not well, re-
peat the washing, and anoint it with grease and tar mixed together.
. Twice doing of this is generally sufficient to complete the cure.

Throat stoppage.—-Sheep affected with stoppages in the throat,
wheeze and breathe with difficulty. It is commonly occasioned by
bad pasturage and colds. The remedy is to put them on higher
ground, keep them warm and give them the following medicine:

Bruise a good quantity of pennyroyal, and squeeze out the juice.
Put to a quart of it,a pound of honey, and half a pint of sharp vine-
gar. Give half a pint of this, blood warm, every night.

_Ticks.--A simple, easy, and infallible method to destroy ticks, is
a free use of Scotch snuff, by applying on the back of the sheep.

Lawrence recommends the following ointment as superior to tobac-
co, in all its forms and applications:

‘Take mercury, four ounces; Venice turpentine, two ounces ; spirit
of turpentine, well mixed in a mortar; then add two pounds of hog’s
lard; first well melt over a fire. This ointment applied, destroys all
the ticks—-promotes the health of the animal, and encourages the
growth of the wool.

Wood-evil._—-This disorder is a kind of cramp. It seizes the legs
and will often attack a whole flock at once. The cause is cold and
wet. Laying under the drip of trees in raining seasons, has often
occasioned it, and hence its name.

In order to effect a cure, the sheep must be removed to a dry pas-
ture and then proper remedies may take effect. 'The following medi-
cine is recommended: Boil in a large quantity of ale as much cinque-
foil and hedge mustard as can be well stirred into it. When the liquor
is very strong, strain it off, and add a pint of juice of valerian root
to every gallon. Give half a pint of this, morning and evening.
Boil in vinegar a large quantity of the leaves of hedge mustard, and
with the liquor hot, rub the legs.

Worms.—If they are in the head of the sheep, the following cure
should be tried :—Force vinegar by a syringe into the head of the
sheep. ‘This will produce sneezing and convulsions in the sheep,
by which the worms will be discharged.

A writer in the Genesee Farmer recommends a decoction of tobacco
to be used as a substitute for vinegar.

To prevent worms from forming in the head, tar the noses of sheep
in summer time.

374 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Mix a little fine salt with tar, just enough to make the tar agreea-
ble to the animal, and place the mixture under cover, where the
sheep can have access to it, and they will keep their noses sufficiently
smeared to prevent the insect from attacking them.

Wounds.--To cure wounds on sheep, a salve like the: falamang
should always be ready, and applied when needed: -

Let one ounce of myrrh and aloes, each, and four ounces al spirit
of turpentine be mixed with a quart of good brandy; the vessel should
be corked up and exposed for one or two weeks to a moderate heat ;

after which, it may be strained off and preserved for future use in a
closely stopped bottle.

Wounds about the head, called sore heads, which are caused by
running against some object, sometimes become very aggravating.
The following ointment will be found very useful in such cases:

Black pitch, one pound; tar, eight ounces; black brimstone or
native sulphur, in powder——put these ingredients in an iron pot, boil
them over a slow fire, and as soon as the sulphur begins to unite
with the rest of the ingredients, take the whole off the fire. Apply
it as an adhesive plaster.

At the solicitation of a special friend of the publisher, we add the
following from the Practical Farmer, lately conducted by the Rev.
John Winebrenner:

4 comparisonof the different breeds of sheep.

In the western states, where land is of course not so valuable as
in the east, the Bakewell breed of sheep, although of a more tender
constitution than the Southdown and Cotswold, and of coarser and
smaller fleece, may be advantageously kept for their wool, not-
withstanding its quality is rather coarse; it appears, however, from
all the information on this subject, (the comparative value of the
breeds of sheep,) that the Southdown and Cotswold are much har-
dier, better nurses of their lambs, and require less attention through
our winter, and will live on shorter pasture in summer. ‘The Meri-
no and Saxon sheep have often too much the same objection as the
Bakewell; they are of rather weakly constitutions, and not very
good in rearing their lambs. Some of the Southdown wool is
pretty fine and makes good cloth: the mutton is, perhaps, superior
to all other kinds, (excepting some of the small Welch breeds,) their
constitutions are very vigorous and strong, and they will make a liy-
ing in any situation. The Cotswold are equally hardy, but want
richer keep than the Southdown, their fleeces weigh heavy, and their
quarters have been known to reach eighty pounds in England. Some
of the Southdown and Cotswold lambs have weighed, at six months
old, sixty pounds; and when full grown, two hundred and forty
pounds.

We subjoin, in the first place, a comparative statement of the
value of the different breeds of sheep:

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 375

Saxon Lamb, six months old, weighing 18 Ibs. at 6 cents, $1 08

Merino lamb, _ “ 20 tf 1 20
Bakewell, - és ‘6 30 ‘6 1 80
Cotswold, ag ae 60 6 3 60
Southdown, ag 3 50 fs 3 00
in the second place, their wool: |
Saxon Fleece, weighing 3 lbs. at 40 cents, - “ - "$1 20”
Merino, ~~ 3 31 - - - 93
Bakewell, “ 5 20 - - - - 1 00
‘Doistvold, 6 LO 25 - - - 2 50
Southdown, fe 5 31 - - - Ea ENS

Of course this is rating the best breed of sheep at the price of the
common kind, which cannot be, for along time to come. ‘These
animals are now worth about twenty dollars each, at least.

In the third place, we give a comparative statement of the sheep
when full grown:

Saxon Sheep, weighing 50 Ibs. at 4 cents, - - - $2 00
Merino, 60 4. - - - 2 40
Bakewell, Pee. kal 4 - - - - 4 40
edo. ee ea 4. - - - 9 60

IV.—OF SWINE.

The diseases to which swine are subject, are not numerous.—
Hogs are not easily doctored. More can be done for them. by pre-
venting, than curing diseases. And the best preventive is to give them
wholesome food; keep their sties clean, airy and dry; give them
room to exercise, and dry straw to lie on. If these things are at-
tended to, and little brimstone and antimony given in small doses,
and now and then some charcoal, they require little more attention
except when actually diseased. ‘They are subject to catarrh, &c.

Catarrh and diseases of the lungs, are usually accompanied with
a dry husky cough and a wasting of the flesh. The best remedy is,
as above stated; a little antimony or madder, a comfortable dry sty,
with wholesome food. ‘To cure an obstinate case of catarrh, the fol-
lowing has been highly recommended:

Take two ounces of coriander seed; one of ginger; three of hon-
ey ; and half an ounce of turmeric; let it be powdered fine, and boiled
in three quarts of new milk; then let the hog drink it.

Fever.—To cure this, says a porcine doctor, let them blood in the
tail, and give them thrice a day, water wherin pepper and parsnep
roots have been boiled. Old mother Jacobs of E. B., boils pokeroot,
and gives it in swill to her fevered pigs.

376 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER..

Gargef is an inflammatory affection of the udder of the swine,
owing to the obstruction of the lactial ducts, by coagulated milk.—
When the disease is slight, the udders may be bathed with camphor-
ated spirit. When the disease is violent, and the pigs do not suck
their dams, the milk should be expressed by the hands.

_ Kidney worm.—This is a disease common in hogs, called weak-
ness of the kidney. ‘The following remedies have often been tried,
and they never failed: ‘Take twenty or thirty grains of calomel and
mix it in half a pound of corn meal dough, and give it to the hog
affected, and in a few hours he will be well. —

An experienced farmer says, that a free external apiptientiot of
spirits of turpentine, to the part affected, is a sovereign and infallible
cure for the disease, if resorted to before he animal is worn out with
the disorder. —

Mange.—This is a cutaneous eruption. The animal affedied with
it, should be thoroughly washed with strong soap lye, and rubbed
with the following ointment:

One ounce of flour of sulphur; two drams of hellebore; three
ounces of hog’s lard; one-half ounce of water of kali; so as to form
an ointment. .

A little oil poured on the back of a hog will sometimes cure the
mange. Some say a small mess of rye now and then, as a change
in their food, is good against the mange, and other disorders.

Measles.—It sometimes happens, though seldom, that swine have
the measles ; while they are in this state, their flesh is very unwhole-
some food. ‘This disorder is not easily discovered while the animal
is alive, and can only be known by its not thriving or fattening as the
others. - After the animal is killed and cut up, its fat is full of little
kernals, about the size of the roe or eggs of a salmon. When this
is the case, put into the food of each hog, once or twice a week, as
much crude pounded antimony as will lie on a shilling.

Schneyder recommends boiled hempseed to be mixed with the
swill; he says it has never failed to cure measles.

Murrain.—In the Annals of Agriculture, Vol. 36, the following
recipe is inserted for the murrain in hogs: A handful of nettles pre-
viously boiled in a gallon of small beer, when one-half pound of flour
of sulphur, one-quarter pound of elecampane, three ounces of lico-
rice, and one-quarter pound of aniseed are to be added ina pulverized
state. This preparation should be administered in milk, and the
quantity here stated is sufficient for six doses.

The murrain in hogs is known by the animal’s hanging joan his
head which is swollen; short and hot breathing, palpitation of heart,
staggerings, and an abundant secretion of viscid matter from the eyes.

Pox.—Swine pox. Take an ounce of nitre, pound it, and dis-
solve it in a pint of cider, add to it half a pint of sweet oil, and one
spoonful of honey ; to be given to the swine lukewarm. ~

with aN si ial 3 - : bi Reiser | <r) Pe
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 374

- Staggers. If hogs are affected with this disease, bleed them; give
thew a small quantity of nitre.
In this disorder, says J. P. De Gruchy, the animal turns round
—T and if not assisted, will die in half an hour. nA
Remedy.—Y ou will see a bare knob in the roof of the mouth. n—
Cut it and let it bleed. Take the powder of loam and salt; rub it
with it, and then give the hog a little urine.—Mem. Pail. Agricullt:
ral Society, Vol. IL, page 28.

‘

. ‘Charcoal for hogs.—Chareoal is useful for fattening and presery-
ing the health of hogs. About one-half pint per day, will add to the
health, and prove a specific against intestinal worms.

“Cuning and spaying,.—Cutting the young pig is performed at six
er seven weeks old, according to their strength ; in a week after which
they may be weaned. After weaning shut up the sow closely, feed
well, and on the reflux of the milk, she will express very loudly
her desire for the company of the boar. — It is necessary to state that
sows are voracious, and occasionally fierce and savage animals, and
haveactually devoured young children. ‘The sow is spayed while she
gives suck, and the boar safely castrated atany age. The operation of
eastrating is performed by cutting them across the middle of each stone,
then pull them gently out and anoint the wound with tar. Spaying is
performed by cutting in the mid flank, on the left side, with a sharp
knife or lancet; then stitch up the wound, anoint the part with tar
salve, keeping the animal warm for two or three days. ‘The usual
‘way is to make the incision in a sloping manner, two inches and
- a-half long, that the fore-finger may be put in towards the back, to
feel for the ovaries, which are two kernels as big as acorns, one on
each side of the uterus, one of which being drawn towards the wound,
the cord or string is cut, and thus both taken out. :

ta AND DOGS.

The following is from Loudon’s Agricultural Picea, Part
Ili., Book VI. , Chapter VIII., Section '7403—7423, with some addi-
tions and Yemarks.; ; and addenda, containing cures for hydrophobia.

The diseases of dogs are very numerous. The following are de-
scribed by Blaine as the most prevalent, with their methods of cure:

The canine asthma is hardly ever observed to attack any but either
old dogs, or those who, by confinement, too full living, and want. of
exercise, may be supposed to have become diseased by these devia-
tions from a state of nature. It is hardly possible to keep a dog
very fat for any great length of time, without bringing it on. ‘This
cough is frequently confounded with the cough that precedes and ac-
companies the distemper, but it may be readily distinguished from
this by an attention to circumstances, as the age of the animal, its

25

378 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

not affecting the general health, nor produeing immediate emaciation,
and its less readily giving way to medicine. _ :

~The cure is often very difficult, because the disease has in ‘yenerdl
been long neglected before it is sufficiently noticed by the owners.
As it is in general broughton by confinement, too much warmth, and -
over feeding; so it is evident the cure must be begun by a steady,
persevering alteration in these particulars. The medicines most
useful, are alteratives, and of these occasionally emeties are the best.
One grain of tartarized antimony (i. e. tartar emetic) with two, three,
or four grains of calomel, is a very useful and valuableemetic. This
‘dose is sufficient for a small dog, and may be repeated twice ¢ a week
with great suecess—always with palliation. fe

Of diseases of the eye, dogs are subject to almost as aves aiaeey
as ourselves, many of which end in blindness. No treatment yet
discovered will remove or prevent this complaint. Leees

Sore eyes, though not in general ending in blindness, are very
common among dogs. It is an affection of the eyelids, is not unlike
the scrofulous affection of the human eyelids, and is equally benefited
by the same treatment: an unguent made of equal parts of nitrated
quicksilver ointment, prepared tutly and lard, very lightly applied.
Dropsy of the eyeball is likewise sometimes met with, but it is Ineu-
rable.

~Cancer.—The virulent dreadful uleer, that is so Rae, in ‘ae pear
subject, and is called cancer, is unknown in dogs; yet there is very
eommonly a large scirrus swelling of the teats in bitches, and of
the testicles (though less frequent) in dogs, that as it sometimes be-
comes ulcerated, so it may be characterized by this name. In the
early state of the disease discutients prove useful, as vinegar with
salt, and camphor and Spanish flies, with mereurial ointment, have
sometimes succeeded; taking care to avoid irritating the part so much
as to produce blister. But when the swelling is detached from ‘the
belly, and hangs pendulous in the skin, it had better be removed, and
as a future preventative suffer the bitch to breed. Scirrus testicles
are likewise sometimes met with; for these no treatment yet discov-
ered succeeds but the removal of the part, and that before the poet
chord becomes much affected, or it will be useless. 4 ne i

Colic. —Dogs are subject to two kinds of colic ; one arising from
constipation of the bowels, the other is a kind peculiar to dogs, appa-
rently partaking of the nature of rheumatism, and also of spasm.
From a sudden or violent exposure to cold, dogs become sometimes
suddenly paralytic, particularly in the hinder parts; having great
tenderness and pain, and every appearance of lumbago. In every
instance of this kind, there is considerable affection of the bowels,
generally costiveness, always great pain. A warm: bath, external
stimulants, but more particularly active aperients, remove the colic.
Colic arising from costiveness, is not in general violently acute from
the pain it produces ; sometimes, however, it appears accompanied
“with more spasm than is immediately dependent on the confinement

THE FARMERS COMPLETE FARRIER. 379
PERE SR eR Bee BUN UR AA, ts
of the bowels. In the former, give active aperients, as calomel with
pil. cochice, i. e. aloetic pill and clysters; in the latter castor oil with
Jaudano m Bau ether, 3

-. Cough.—Two kinds of cough are common among dogs, one ac-
companying distemper, the other in an asthmatic affection of the
chest. a Sore

_ Distemper.—This is by far the most common and most fatal
‘among the diseases of dogs; hardly any young dog escapes it—and
‘of the few who do escape it in their youth, three-fourths are attacked
with it at some period afterwards: it being a mistake that young dogs
only have it. It, however, generally attacks before the animal arrives
at eighteen months old. When it comes on very early, the chances
of recovery are very small. It is peculiarly fatal to grey hounds,
much more so than to any other kind of dog, generally carrying them
off by excessive scouring. It is very contagious, but it is by no
‘Means necessary that there should be contagion present to produce it;
on the contrary, the constitutional liability to it is such, that any cold
taken may bring iton; and hence it is very common to date its com-
encement from dogs being thrown into water, or shut out ona rainy
_day, &c. ‘There is no disease which presents such varieties as this
~ either in its mode of attack, or during its continuance. In some cases
it commences by purging, in others by fits. Some have cough only,
some waste, and others have moisture from the eyes and nose, with-
ut any other active symptom. Moist eyes, dullness, wasting with
slight cough, and sickness, are the common symptoms that betoken
its approach. Then purging comes on, and the moisture from the
eyes and nose from mere mucus, becomes pus or matter—there is
also frequently sneezing, with a weakness in the loins. When the
‘disease in this latter case is not speedily removed, universal palsy
eomes on—during the progress of the complaint some dogs have fits.
When one fit succeeds another quickly, the recovery is extremely
doubtful. Many dogs are carried off rapidly by the fits or by purging;
others waste gradually from the running from the nose and eyes, and
these cases are always accompanied with great marks of putridity.
In the early stages of the complaint, give emetics: they are pecu-
liarly useful. A large spoonful of common salt dissolved in three
spoonfuls of warm water, has been recommended ; the quantity of
salt being increased according to the size of the dog, and the difficulty
of making him vomit. While a dog remains strong, one every other
day is not too much: the bowels should be kept open, but active purg-
ing should be avoided. In case the complaint should be accompa-
nied with excessive looseness, it should be immediately stopped by
balls made of equal parts of opium, gum arabic, prepared chalk, and
conserve of roses with rice milk as food. ‘Two or three grains of
James’ powder may be advantageously given at night, in cases where
the bowels are not affected, and in the cases where the matter from
the nose and eyes betokens much putridity, we have witnessed
great benefit from balls made of what is termed Friar’s balsam, gum °
_ guaiacum, and camomile flowers in powder. Dogs in every stage of

380 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

the disease should be particularly well fed. A seton we: have not
found so useful as is generally supposed; where the nose is much
stopped, rubbing tar on the upper part is useful, and when there is
much stupidity and the head seems much affected, a blister on the top
is serviceable. tee : RLS 2

Or, Take one part aloes, two parts saltpetre, and four parts sul-
phur, incorporate the whole together, and take as much as will lie on
the point of a dinner knife, either put it into warm milk, and drench
the dog, or give it to him in slices of meat. Tie up your dog for
twenty-four hours after, and repeat the same in a day or two after,
should the dog not be relieved. eae er

- Fits.—Dogs are peculiarly subject to fits. ‘These are of various
kinds and arise from various causes. In distemper, dogs are fre-
quently attacked with convulsive fits, which begin with a champing
of the mouth and shaking of the head, gradually extending over the
whole body. Sometimes an active emetic will stop their progress
but more generally they prove fatal. Worms are often the cause of fits
in dogs. ‘These deprive the animal wholly of sense; he runs wild
till he becomes exhausted, when he gradually recovers, and perhaps
does not have one again for some weeks. Confinement produces fits
and likewise costiveness. Cold water thrown over a dog. will gen-
erally remove the present attack of a fit; and for the prevention of
their future recurrence, it is evident that the foregoing account of |
causes must be attended to. . ant eran ee

Inflamed bowels.-—Dogs are very subject to inflammation of their
bowels, from costiveness, from cold, or from poison. When inflam-
mation arises from costiveness, it is in general very slow in its pro-
gress, andis not attended with very acute pain, but it is characterized
by the want of evacuation and the vomiting of food taken, though it
may be eaten with apparent appetite. In these cases, the principal
means to be made use of, are the removal of the constipation by
active purging, clysters, and the warm bath. Calomel with aloes,
forms the best purge. But when the inflammation may be supposed
to arise from cold, then the removal of any costiveness that may be
present, is but a secondary consideration. This active kind of in-
flammation is characterized by violent panting, total rejection of food
and constant sickness. ‘There is great heat in the belly, and great
pain; it is also accompanied with great weakness, and the eyes are
very red. The bowels should be gently opened with clysters, but no
aloes or calomel should be made.use of. The belly should be blister-
ed, having first used the warm bath. When the inflammation arises
from poison, there is then constant sickness, the nose, paws, and ears
are cold, and there is a frequent evacuation of brown or bloody stools.
Castor oil should be given, and clysters of mutton broth thrown up,
but it is seldom any treatment succeeds. a

Inflamed lungs.—Pleurisy is not an uncommon disease among
dogs. It is sometimes epidemic, carrying off great numbers. Its

@HE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 381

attack is rapid, and it generally terminates in death on the third day,
by a great effusion of water in the chest. It is seldom that it is taken
in time, when it is, bleeding is useful, and blisters may be applied to.
the chest. — Be soy e ¥

_ Madness.—The symptoms of madness are concisely summed up
by Daniel, in the following words: ‘‘at first the dog looks dull,
shows an aversion to his food and company, does not bark as usual,
but seems to murmur; is peevish and apt to bite strangers; his ears
and tail drop more than usual, and he appears drowsy; afterwards he
. begins to lol] out his tongue and froth at the mouth, his eyes seeming
heavy and watery; if not confined, he soon goes off, runs panting
along with a dejected air, and endeavors to bite any one he meets.”
As persons are continually alarmed at the approach of every strange
dog, the following observations, founded on experience, may be of
service in knowing what dogs to avoid: I have seen many mad dogs,
but never knew one in that state to curl its-tail. This is a certain
indication of not being mad. If you see a dog dirty at the mouth,
coming ata trot, with his head high, and a drooping tail, avoid him
as you would a viper. Or if you see one sitting sickly and dirty at
the mouth, avoid him, though it is not likely that he will snap at you
in that period of the disease. - I] never met a mad dog, on being pur-
sued, (if his pursuers were not in actual reach to stone him, &c.,) to
exhibit any signs of fear. He generally goes, if not impeded, ina
straight line against the wind, ata brisk trot, wholly unconcerned at
the shouts of the multitude pursuing him, and never squats his tail.
I never knew a dog that was not mad, on being pursued and shouted
after by a number of people, not to exhibit every symptom of terror;
squatting his tail, turning his head and scampering in every direction.
If a mad dog escapes being killed, he seldom runs above two or three
days, when he dies, exhausted with heat, hunger, and disease. As
. this is a subject of no slight importance, we shall stand excused for
introducing the criteria as described by Blaine, whose account of the
disease founded on long experience and attentive observation, is calcu-
lated to remove many unfounded and dangerous prejudices relative to it.
He describes it as commencing sometimes by dullness, stupidity and
retreat from observation; but more frequently, particularly in those
dogs that are immediately domesticated around us, by some alteration
in their natural habits; as a disposition to pick up and swallow every
minute object on the ground; or to lick the parts of another dog in-
cessantly; or to lap his own urine, &c. About the second 'or third
day, the disease usually resolves itself into one of two types. ‘The
one is called raging and the other dumb madness. ‘These distinctions
are not however always clear; and to which is owing so much of
discrepancy in the accounts given by different persons of the disease,

The raging madness, by its term, has led to an erroneous conclu-
sion, that it is accompanied with violence and fury, which however,
is seldom the case: such dogs are irritable and snappish, and will
commonly fly at a stick held to them, and are impatient of restraint ;
but they are seldom violent except when irritated or worried. On

382 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

the contrary, till the last moment they will eg acknowledge the
voice of their master, and yield some obedience to it. Neither will
they usually turn out of their way to bite human beings, But they have
an instinctive disposition to do it to dogs, and in a minor degree to
other animals-also; but as before observed, seldom attack, mankind
without provocation.

Duinb madness is so called, because there is seldom any ‘parking
heard, but more particularly, because the jaws drop paralytic, and the
tongue lolls out of the mouth, black, and apparently strangulated: a.
strong general character of the ee is the disposition to scratch
their bed towards their belly; and equally so is the general tendency.
. to eat trash, as hay, straw, wood, coals, dirt, d&c., and it should be
remembered, that this is so very common and so invariable, that the
finding these matters in the stomach after death, should always render
a suspicion formed of the existence of the disease, confirmed. into
certainty. Blaine is also at great pains to disprove the notion gener-.
ally entertained that rabid dogs are averse to water; and neither drink
or come nearit. ‘This error, he contends, has led to most. dangerous
results, and is so far from true, that mad dogs, from their heat and
fever, are solicitous for water, and lap it eagerly. When the dumb
kind exists in its full force, dogs cannot swallow what they attempt
to lap; but still they will plunge their heads in it, and appear to feel
relief by it: but in no instance, out of many hundreds, did he ever
discover the smallest aversion toit. He lays very great stress on the
noise made by rabid dogs, which he says is neither a bark nor a howl,
but a tone compounded of both. It has been said by some that this
disorder is occasioned by heat or bad food, and by others, that it
never arises from any other cause but the bite. Accordingly this
malady is rare in the northern parts of ‘Turkey, more rare in the
southern parts of that empire, and totally unknown under the burn-
ing sky of Egypt. At Aleppo, where these animals perish in great
numbers for want of water and food, and by the heat of the climate,
this disorder was never known. In other parts of Africa, and in the
hottest zone in America, dogs are never attacked with madness.—_
Blaine knows of no instance of the complaint being eured, although
he has tried to their fullest extent, the popular. remedies of profuse
bleedings, strong mercurial and seta doses, vinegar, partial drown-
ing, night shade, water plantain, &c.; he therefore recommends the
attention to be Posey dinevied towards the Prevenion, of the
malady. :

The preventive treatment of fabeas or madness, is according to
Blaine, always an easy process in the human subject, from the im-
mediate part bitten, being easily detected; in whieh case the removal
of the part by excision or cautery, is an effectual remedy. But un-
fortunate for the agriculturist, it is not easy to detect the bitten parts
in cattle, nor in dogs; and it would be therefore most desirable if a
certain internal preventive were generally known. Dr. Mead’s pow-
der, the Ormskirk powder, sea bathing, and many other nostrums,
are ‘deservedly i in disrepute—while a few country remedies, but little
known beyond their immediate precincts, have maintained some char-

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 383:

acter. Conceiving that these must all possess some ingredient in
common, he was at pains to discover it: and which he appears te
have realized, by obtaining, among others, the compositions of Webb’s
Waterford drink. In this mixture, which is detailed below, he con-
siders the active ingredient to be the buxus or box, which has: been
known as a prophylactic as long as the times of Hippocrates and Cel-
sus, who both mention it. ‘The recipe detailed below has been ad-
ministered to nearly three hundred animals of different kinds, as
horses, cows, sheep, swine and dogs: and appears to have succeeded:
in nineteen out of every twenty cases where it was fairly taken and
kept on the stomach. It appears also equally efficacious in the
human subject; in which case he advises the extirpation of the bitten
parts also. ‘The box preventive is thus directed to be prepared:—.
Take of the fresh leaves of the tree-box, two ounces; of the fresh
leaves of rue, two ounces;. of sage, half an ounce; chop these fine.
and boil in a pint of water to half a pint; strain carefully, and press
out the liquor very firmly; put back the ingredients into a pint of
milk, and boil again to half a pint; strain as before; mix both liquors,
which forms three doses for a human subject. Double this quantity
is proper for a horse or cow. ‘I'wo-thirds of the quantity is sufhi-
cient for a large dog; half fora middling sized, and one-third for a
smalldog. Three doses are sufficient, giving each subsequent morn-
ing fasting; the quantity directed being that which forms these three
doses. As it sometimes produces strong effects on dogs, it may be
proper to begin with a small dose; but in the case of dogs we hold
it always prudent to increase the dose till the effects are evident, by
the sickness, panting, and uneasiness of the dog. In the human sub-
ject, where this remedy appears equally efficacious, we have never
witnessed any unpleasant or active effects, neither are such observed.
in cattle of any kind. About forty human persons have taken this
remedy, and in every instance it has sueceeded equally as with ani-
mals: but candor obliges us to notice that in a considerable proportion
of these, other means were used, as the actual or potential cautery:
but in all the animals other means were purposely omitted. ‘That
this remedy therefore has a preventive quality, is unquestionable,
and now perfectly established; for there was not the smallest doubt
of the animals mentioned either having been bitten, or of the dog
being mad who bit them, as great pains were in every instance taken
to ascertain these points.

To prevent canine madness. *—Pliny recommends worming of
dogs; and from his time to the present it has had, most deservedly,
says Daniel, its advocates. He tells us that he had various opportu-
nities of proving the usefulness of this practice, and recommends its
general introduction. ‘The fact, however is, that taking out the worm
has nothing to do with annihilating the disorder, although it will most
certainly hinder the dog seized with it from doing any hurt to man or
beast. A late author asserts, he had three dogs that were wormed,
bit by mad dogs at three several periods, yet notwithstanding they all

* See Addenda, to division Y.

384. “THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

died mad—they did not bite, nor do any mischief, that being deter~
mined to make a full experiment, he shut one of the mad dogs up im
a. kennel, and put to him a dog he did not value—the mad dog often:
run at the other to bite him, but his tongue was so swelled that he
could not make his teeth meet; the dog was kept in the kennel until
the mad one died, and was purposely preserved for two years after-
wards, to note hie effect, but he never ailed anything, although ne
remedies were anplied to check an infection that might have been re-
ceived from the contact of the dog.. The writer has had various
opportunities of proving the usefulness of worming, and inserts three
of the most striking instances, under the hope of inducing its general
practice. A terrier bitch went mad, that was kept in a kennel with
forty couple of hounds; not a-single hound was bitten, nor was she
seen to offer to bite. The bitch being of a peculiar sort, every at-
tention was paid to. have the gradations of the disease (which were.
extremely rapid,) minutely noted; the hydrophobia was fast approach=-.
ing before she was separated from the hounds, and she died the se-
cond day after; at first warm milk was placed before her, which she:
attempted to lap, but the throat refused its functions ; from this period
she never tried to eat or drink, seldom rose up, or even moved, the —
tongue swelled very much, and long before her death the jaws were
distended by it.. A spaniel was.observed to be seized by a strange:
dog, and was. bit in the lip; the servant who ran up to part. them,
narrowly eseaped, as the dog twice flew at him; a few minutes after
the dog had quitted the yard, the people who had pursued, gave notice
of the dog’s madness, who had made terrible havoc in a course of ten
miles from whence he had set off. The spaniel was a great favorite;
had medicine applied, and every precaution taken; upon the four-
teenth day he appeared to loath his food, and his eyes looked unusu-
ally heavy: the day following he endeavored to lap milk, but could
swallow none; from that time the tongue began to swell: he moved.
but seldom, and on the third day he died. For many hours previous
to his death, the tongue was so enlarged ‘that the fangs or canine teetly
could not meet each other by upwards.of an inch. ‘The hounds were
some years after parted with, and were sold in lots: a.madness broke
out in the kennel of the senileman who purchased many of them,,
and although several of these hounds were bitten and went mad, only
one of them ever attempted to bite, and that was a hound from. the
Duke of Portland’s, who in the operation of worming, had the worm
broke by his struggling, and was so troublesome that one-half of it
was suffered to remain; the others all died with symptoms similar to
the terrier and spaniel, viz: a violent swelling of the tongue, and a
stupor rendering them nearly motionless, and both which symptoms
seemed to. increase with the disease. The idea that worming prevents
a dog from receiving the infection when bitten, should be exploded;
but the foregoing show how far it may be recommended for the re-
striction of a malady horrid in its effects, where a human being is.
concerned, and which, to the sportsman and farmer, are attended with
such daneerons and expensive consequences. - Blaine, on the con-
trary, asserts that the practice of worming, is wholly useless and

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 385

founded in error; and that the existence of anything like a worm
under the tongue is incontestibly proved to be false; and that what
has been taken for it, is merely a deep ligature of the skin, placed
there to restrain the tongue in its motions. He also observes, that
the pendulous state of the tongue, in what is called dumb madness,
with the existence of a partial paralysis of the under jaw, which they
could not bite, having happened to dogs previously wormed, has
made the inability to be attributed to this source, but which is wholly
an accidental circumstance ; and mappens equally to the wormed and
—— dog.”

The worming of whelps is “performed with a lancet, to slit the
thin skin which immediately covers the worm; a small awl is then
to be introduced under the centre of the worm to raise it up; the
farther end of the worm will with very little force make its appear-
ance, and with a cloth taking hold of that end, the other will be drawn
out easily; care should be taken that the whole of the worm comes
away without breaking, and it rarely breaks unless cut into by the
Barns; or wounded by the awl.

Mange. —This is a very frequent disease in dogs, and is an affee:
tion of the skin, either caught by contagion, or generated by the ani-
mal. The scabby mange breaks out in blotches along the back and
neck, and is common to Newfoundland dogs, terriers, pointers, and
spaniels, and is the most contagious. ‘The cure should be begun by
removing the first exciting cause, if removable, such as filth or po-
verty; or, as more general the contrary, (for both will equally pro-
duce it,) too full living. ‘Then an application should be made to the
parts, consisting of sulphur and sal ammoniac: tar lime water will
also assist. When there is much heat and itching, bleed and purge.
Mercurials sometimes assist, but they should be used with caution;
dogs do not bear them well. Or, fresh butter, free from salt, quarter
of a pound; red precipitate, one ounce; Venice turpentine, one
ounce: mix the whole well together, and put it into a pot for use;
rub it on the parts affected morning and evening; keep ont ane nee
up, and keep him warm and dry for some days.

z ~ Worms.—Dogs suffer very much from worms, which, as in most
animals, so in them are of several kinds—but the effects produced
are nearly similar. In dogs having the worms, the coat generally
stares; the appetite is ravenous though the animal frequently does
not thrive; the breath smells, and the stools are singular, sometimes
loose and slimy, and at others hard and dry; but the most evil they
produce is occasional fits, or sometimes a continued state of convul- |
sion, in which the animal lingers sometime and then dies; the fits
they produce are sometimes of the violent kind; at others they ex-
hibit a more stupid character—the dog being senseless and going
round continually. The cure consists, while in this state, in active
purgatives joined with opium, and the warm bath; any rough sub-
stance given internally, acts as a vermifuge to prevent the recurrence.

386 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

ADDENDA TO DIVISION os

Hydrophobia is a disease, which, vihion once having arrived: at”
that pass as to show itself by the usual symptoms in the system, bafs
fles equally the skill of the most learned physician, and the nostrums
of the boldest empyric. But, fortunately, it is not so rapid in its
progress, but that it may be arrested and entirely counteracted, if
proper means are seasonably resorted to, duly administered and faith-
fully persisted in. ‘These means nature has provided, in the plant:
ealled the skull-ecap, which grows almost every ie in- wrists toes
in our country. :

It is not, however, species of the plant bearing his name, that will
answer ; Wit that particular one called in latin, seutellaria latiflora,
or side bearing flower, and not that one called seutellaria galericulata,
or helmet shaped. ‘The former of these is efficacious in preventing
this incurable disease; the latter is not. A mistake in taking one for
the other, has sometimes produced fatal effects, at the eastward.

Of the superior merits of this invaluable plant, in the bite of amad
dog, as evinced in particular instances, we have not room here to de-
tail at large. Dr. Vandeveer left it on record, that in upwards’ of
three hundred cases in which he seasonably administered it, the suc-
cess was complete, without a failure. Lewis asserted, that he had
met with like success in upwards of one hundred’ cases, of three or
four of which, says a writer in the New York Evening Post, I was
myself present, in the county of West Chester, an eye witness. —

Dr. Thatcher says: Should this plant ultimately prove a successful
remedy for a disease so truly deplorable in its nature, and so destruc-
tive in its consequences, no encomiumis can surpass its merit, even if-
recorded in letters of gold. The following is his description of it:

The scwtellaria is’ perennial, of which there are numerous species
indigenous to the United States. The plant is found in great abun-
dance on the banks and borders of ponds, flowering in July or Au-
gust. ‘The stem is square, branched, and attains the height of
from one to three feet. The leaves are opposite, narrow pointed or
narrow foot stalk. ‘The racemes are axillary and lateral, bearing
small violet colored blossoms, intermixed with small leaves: The
calix is hooded or helmet forked, from whence originated the pes
name of skull-cap, or scutellaria.

This, however, is a description of the genera, not ihe species. _—
‘hose who use the skull-cap should get the right species.

To prepare and administer this remedy, the following will serve
as a formula. Dr. Vandeveer and Lewis followed this.

The leaves should be gathered when in flower, in July or August,
carefully dried, and reduced to a fine powder, and put into bottles well
corked for usé. When a person has received a bite by a mad dog,
he must take a strong infusion of the leaves or paunter a. gill four
times a day, every other day.

The day it is omitted, he must take a spoonful of the flour of ii
phur in the morning, fasting, and at bed time, in new milk, and

"THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. _ 387

apply the powdered green herb to the wound every two hours, con-
tinuing | the prescription for three weeks. For cattle or horses, three
times the quantity of each. For dogs, at least twice the quantity.

~The ‘distinguished and benevolent Robert Bowne says: My confi-
dence i in the virtue of this herb is so great, that if bitten myself, I
would trust my life to it, rather than to the skill of all the physicians
in ‘the ay, of New York.

‘The Plies as recipe, to cure canine madness, has been sold in
various parts of the United States, for five dollars. With a view to
place it within the reach of as many as possible, we give it a place.
The translation is not our own, and we believe it is sufficiently plain
to be understood; hence, we feel no desire to make any corrections
as to style, and syntactical position of words and sentences.

DOCTOR WILLIAM STOY’S:

Infallibt cure for ig bite of a mad dog.—Directions. how to use
the drink.

The drink must be warmed ina clean vessel. If it is tobe given to
more than one person, at the same time, the drink must be well stir-
red each time it is apportioned ; so that the one may not get more of
the strength, and a greater quantity, than the other. When any per-
son is already affected with the malady, and cannot, without assist-
ance, take the medicine, then those who give it them, must hold a
handkerchief to their nose and mouth, in order that they may not
inhale the breath of the patient. The drink must be taken in the
morning, on an empty stomach, and the patient must fast for a few
hours afterwards, and, if possible, abstain from fresh water; which
might cause instant death, if taken immediately after the medicine.
In case of necessity, you may give the patient, after having taken the
medicine, a little wine, or wine and water; but not immediately after
taking the medicine. On the day when the medicine is used, you
must not drink any warm beer or milk. A pancake baked in butter,
may be eaten for dinner. The clothes, which the person had on when
bitten, must either be put away altogether, or buried for some time,
or washed. Where there are wounds, they must be cleansed with
an oak chip, and rinsed a few days in succession, several times a day,
with a little of the drink, at a running stream if there be one tonve-
nient. For healing the wound, a little drawing salve will be sufficient.
Afier using this drink, you must not eat any pork, nor any thing
baked, or cooked with lard. Wild ducks, &c., and fish, must also
be avoided. All herbs, or articles, which have the name of (Kappis-
Kraut) cabbage, both pickled and sweet, small beans or peas must
also be avoided for fourteen days, after | taking the said drink. After
taking the drink, moderate perspiring is very good; but you must
not overheat yourself, nor suffer your angry passions to be excited.

The dose is as follows, viz: For one person, take one quart of
strong beer and one ounce of henbit, (Huehnerdarm,) put the same
into a clear earthen vessel, and boil it over a clear coal fire, until it is

388° THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

diminished to one-half; after which take one ounce of treacle, (the-.
riac,) and put the same therein, stirring it all the while; and whilst
boiling, strain it through a clean linen rag of the shirt of a man, into
a clean tin dish, and let it stand until it is milk warm—after which,
put it into a bottle, and give to the person bitten, in the following
manner, viz:—If he has a strong constitution, give him the whole
dose in three times, in three equal portions. ‘Thus, every person
must take this medicine according to the strength of his constitution.
If he is of mature age, and yet of a weak constitution, a gill in the
morning will be sufficient; still, however, three mornings in success-
ion. If achild of twelve years, then take but half an ounce of the
red henbit (Huehnerdarm) and an half ounce of treacle, (theriac, ) but
‘still the same quantity of beer.- And when the child is under twelve
years of age, give him in proportion. If it be a cow or other animal,
then give it the whole portion at one time ; but cattle must be kept four-
teen days from water—nor dare they have dirty water—their drink may
consist of water and rye bran; nor durst this be cooked in an unclean
pot. The dose for cattle must be double as much as fora strong man. |

VIL—OF POULTRY.

Under the term poultry are included several kinds of birds that are
usually considered stock for farms. The rearing of these, either for
family consumption or for market is practiced by almost every farmer ;
whether profitably or not, depends in a great measure upon the man-
ner of rearing them. ‘That it may be made a profitable business,
particularly in the vicinity of large cities, is abundantly proved by the
prices obtained for poultry. When it is recollected that the amount
of capital necessary to engage in this business to a very considerable
extent, is but a trifle, and that the care and’ management of a large
amount of poultry may be bestowed by the females. and~ children
about a farm house, and that the returns for the sale of it are both
speedy and certain, it is a matter of surprise that more attention has
not been paid to this branch of farm stock. When a turkey will
command as much money as a bushel of wheat, and a chicken is
equal in value to one-half bushel of corn, as is very often the case,
farmers will find it to their interest, to pay some attention to their
poultry yards. ake Ni
The want of proper care, in rearing this stock, renders it less pro-
fitable to those now engaged in it, than it otherwise would be. A
few plain practical remarks upon this subject, may not therefore be
amiss, before it is disposed of. ke ch o> Se
In the rearing of dung-hill fowls, their yards should be selected
with a reference to giving them asupply of sand and gravel. ‘Their
houses should be kept perfectly clean and constantly supplied with
pure water. Their nests should be so situated as to prevent the

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 389

hens when setting from seeing each other. Young hens are most
profitable for eggs, old ones for hatching chickens; the former lay a
greater number of eggs, the latter set with more care and assiduity.
One cock is sufficient for six or seven hens. ‘The eggs placed under
a hen when setting should not exceed one dozen in number, and care
‘should be taken to select those which are fresh. Food should be
placed near the nests that the setters may not be compelled to leave
their nests for too long a period. ‘The chickens when first hatched
should be fed on boiled potatoes, and carefully protected from wet
which is extremely prejudicial to them. ‘The disease to which young ~
ehickens are most liable is the gapes, formerly supposed to arise from
a small worm in the throat. The better opinion, however, is that it
proceeds from inflammation, owing to exposure to cold and wet.—
The best mode of curing this disease, is, by protecting the chickens
wholly from the wet, and feeding them on pungent heating food.—
For this purpose, red pepper pods. may be boiled with their food ;
they should also have some pepper grass-mixed with their green food.
To fatten chickens, they should be confined ina well ventilated and
somewhat darkened place. ‘They should be fed four times a day,
with steamed potatoes or buckwheat. ‘They should have plenty of
_pure water, and a supply of sand and gravel. Their coops should
be well aired and kept perfectly clean. Some animal food should
also be occasionally given with the vegetable, experiments having
long since proved that this kind of diet is very necessary to the suc-
cessful rearing of nearly all kinds of poultry.

. Tn. selecting a stock of geese, those of alarge size should be ices,
When they are about to set, their nests should be so arranged as not
to permit the setters to see each other, nor should they be separated
from the ganders of the flock. From ten to twelve eggs should be
placed under each goose. There should be a constant supply of food
kept near their nests, that they may not be driven to leave them for
any length of time. ‘The goslins should be kept in a warm sunny
place, secured from rains and vermin, and fed with crumbs of bread,
wheat, barley or oats. While young, they should not be permitted
to run into water, as it is liable to engender disease. When put up
to fatten, green food should be mixed with their oats. |

Turkeys.—The black breed of turkeys is, on many accounts,
deemed preferable to the brown. Each turkey hen usually lays from
eight to ten eggs. ‘The young brood are extremely tender.- For the

first month or six weeks, they should be placed in a warm airy situa-
tion, free from wet, and carefully fed with bread, steeped in fresh
milk, with which chopped onions may be occasionally mixed with
advantage. After that period their food may be changed to meal;

buckwheat and other kinds of grain may be given. Some writers
upon this subject recommend that young turkeys should be fed upon
the following preparation: ‘Two eggs boiled hard and cut up fine, a
handful of young mustard also cut up fine, and a small quantity of
ground pepper, mixed with scalded Indian meal sufficient for one

390 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

hundred young turkeys. This preparation is deemed salutary in
preventing those diseases to which they are liable. With due care
one male and eight females are sufficient to rear from fifty to seventy
“= turkeys. :

Ducks.—These animals thrive best with plenty of water, near a
barn yard, and if thus situated they require but little care. Their
food may be much the same as that given to chickens. They require
aconstant supply of water and sand. They also require a supply of
animal food. If suffered to run at large upon a farin they are useful
in destroying worms, slugs and cater pillars. The ducks 3s a ae
many eggs and may be easily fattened. — a cue

Raising Ducks.——Being aquatic in their habits, most persons sup-
pose they ought to give the young ones a great deal of water. "The
consequence is, they soon take colds, become droopy, and die. This
mode should be avoided. Ducks, when first hatched, are always
_inelined to fever, from their pinion-wings coming out so soon. This
acts upon them as teething does on children. The young ‘ducks
should, consequently, be kept from every thing which may have a
tendency to createcoldin them. To prevent this, therefore, I always
allow my young ducks as litile water as possible. In fact, they
should only have enough to allay their thirst, and should on no ac-
count be permitted to play in the water. If the person lives near the
city, liver and lights should be boiled, and chopped up fine, and given
to the young ducks. Or, if fish, erabs, oysters, or clams can be pro-
cured, they should be given. In case none of these can be got, all
the victuals should be boiled before feeding. Boiled potatoes mixed
with hommony, are also excellent. Half of the ducks which are lost,
are because raw food is given them. ‘To sum up all in a word—if
you wish to raise almost every duck that is hatched, give them little
water, and feed them on no food which is not boiled. By observing
this plan, I raise for market, and for my own table, between two and
three hundred ducks every year.— Southern er.

. Raising of poultry.—1. All young chickens, ajay and EE,
should be kept under cover, out of the weather during rainy seasons.

2. ‘Twice or thrice a week, pepper, shallots, shives, or garlic, should
be mixed up with their food.

3. A small lump of asafetida should be placed in the ‘pan in which
_ their water is given them to drink.

4, Whenever they manifest disease, by the dropping of the wings
or any other outward sign of ‘ill-health, a little asafetida, broken into
small lumps, should be mixed with their food.

5. Chickens which are kept from the dung-hill while young, sel-
dom have the gapes; therefore, it should be the object of those who
have the charge of them, so to confine the hens as to preclude their
_young from the range of ‘barn or stable yards.

6, Should any of the chickens have the gapes, mix up small por-
tions of asafetida, rhubarb, and pepper, in fresh butter, and give each

%

THE sFARMER’S, COMPLETE. FARRIER. 391

chicken as much of the mixture as will lie mpon one-half the bowl of

-asmall. teaspoon.

7. For the pip, the following treatment is judicious : ‘take off the
indurated covering on the point of the tongue, and give twice a day,
for two or three days, a piece of garlic the size of a pea. If garlic

_eannot be obtained, onion, shallot or shives will answer; and if nei-
_ther of these be convenient, two grains of black pepper, to be given
an fresh butter, will answer.

8. For the snuffles, the same remedies as the gapes will be found
highly eurative—but in addition to them, it will be necessary to melt
a little -asafetida in fresh butter, and rub the chicken about the nostrils,

taking care to clean them out.

9. Grown up ducks..are sometimes taken off rapidly S caudal
sions. In such cases, four grains of rhubarb and four grains .of

Payennepepper, mixed in fresh butter, should be administered.

Baltimore Farmer and Gardner.

Cure of dropsy in the crops of young turkeys.—This kind of
pst is announced by a dull look, paleness of the head, loss of

3 appetite and aversion to food. They. allow. themselves, to be, taken
with ease, and seem to be without. strength. Very soon a slight
swelling of the crop is added to these symptoms, which, in ten days,

becomes very considerable. I have taken nearly a pint of water
from one. By pressing on the crop of some of them, a certain

quantity of matter is discharged by the bill, but never enough to en-
-tirely ease the crop. All these symptoms increase and the fowl dies
at the end of fifteen or eighteen day’s illness.

I sought after the cause of this disorder, and it was easy to find
that it was occasioned by the stagnant water which these animals
drank; in the course of the year, the heat had been great, and there
was little rain. ‘The heat had hatched a vast swarm of small red

worms, resembling ascarides. It is quite certain that these insects
‘must have been swallowed by the turkeys, and from this cause, and
‘the bad quality of the water which they had drunk, a great degree of

inflammation in the crop would ensue, with a stoppage which con-
ducts to the gizzard. I divided the turkeys into three classes; for
those who were still sound, I ordered grain and good water; with all
that were diseased I practiced the operation of tapping with a lancet,
in the lowest part of the crop. I injected at the opening, by means
of a smail syringe, a slight decoction of Jesuits’ bark, mixed with a

little brandy, which was repeated twice in the course of: the day.—
» Next day the wound was better marked. I made again the same in-

jection, and, two hours after, I forced them to eat a little of the yolk
of an egg, mixed with some crumbs of bread. At the end of three

days, the wound in the crop was closed, which I might have prevented,

but finding a natural opening in the bill, I made them take, during eight
days, in their drink, the same substances which had been injected ;
and they were, by degrees, put upon their usual diet. I need not
add, that clear water was given them instead of that of the standing
pools. ‘Ten of these animals had died before my arrival; two perished

392 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

during the treatment, and the rest of the flock, which might be about

forty, either escaped the disease or were cured. — Former 8 hast
Book. — ;

[ From the Farmer’s Cabinet.]

Raise more poultry.— * a ce * I was pleased
with the suggestion made by your correspondent Q., in the last
number of the Cabinet, for feeding poultry with boiled potatoes, inas-
much as it is a cheap food, and may be always at hand. A farmer
near Liverpool, England, keeps a large stock of poultry of various
kinds in the same enclosure, with singular success. He has nearly
an acre of land enclosed, with a close fence, about seven feet high.
Within this enclosure are put up sheds for the different kinds of
poultry, to secure them well from the rain, which is of great impor-
tance. ‘There is a small stream of water which passes through the
lot, to which they all have access, and they are regularly fed, three
times a day, with boiled potatoes, which is their only food, excepting

what grass, insects and worms, they pick up in their movements
through the lot.

All young poultry require to be kept dry, and most old ones are the
better for it, and it is said that young turkeys, during their tender age,
are the better for having a small quantity of red pepper occasionally
mixed with their food, to stimulate their digestive organs to sae
activity when they gormandize too much.

The practice of cutting up chives, garlic or onion tops, ae mixing
them occasionally with the food of young poultry, is well known to
most good house-wives, and is though to be very serviceable j in pro-
moting their health. ?

Praura, Lancaster county, June 25th, 1838.

To fatten poultry.—An experiment has lately been tried of feed-
ing geese with turneps cut in small pieces like dice, but less in size,
and put into a trough of water; with this food alone, the effect was
that six geese, each, when lean, weighing only nine pounds, actually
gained twenty pounds each, in about nine week’s fattening.

Me Kenzie.

Don t give your chickens salt.—A careapandedt says In a Jeter
“The fatal effects of mixing salt, in any considerable quantities, with
food intended for chickens, or which they can eat, received a singu-
lar illustration on the farm of a friend a few days since. As an in-
ducement to his horse to eat a handful or two of salt, he mixed it
with a quart or two of meal, and fed it to the animal. The horse
refused the mixture, and it was left where it was soon found by the
chickens, which, to the numberof forty-five or fifty, soon caused its
disappearance. Within twenty-four hours, every one that eat of
the meal died, and the greater part did not live half that time. There
is an old saying among poulterers, that ‘salt is health to a gosling,
but death to a chicken,’ and the foregoing result would seem to prove
that, like other old saws, it contains some truth.’’—Gen, Farmer.

ADDENDA...

List of the principal medicines and drugs used in the treatment of
diseases, with a brief description of the most important ones.

L cntinemmmnemen

Ators— Aloe, Ger.—There are two kinds used in the practice of
farriery; the Hepatic aloes and the Socotorine aloes. Both are the
products of a perennial plant, which grows in the south of Europe,
Asia, Africa and America. ‘The Socotorine is the purest, and is pre-
ferred as human medicine. That obtained from Barbadoes, is pre-
ferred for horses. |

They should be finely powdered. Fifteen ounces, mixed with
one of powdered ginger, and beaten up with eight ounces of palm
oil, and afterwards divided into proper doses, forms a purgative more
effectual, and less liable to gripe than any other preparation of this
drug. It should be given in the shape of a ball.

‘A physic dose should not be kept more than two months; after
that time the purgative qualities will be materially impaired. _

In physicking a horse, whatever is to be done should be done at
once. Whatever quantity is intended to be given, should be given
in one dose. : :

The system of giving small doses of aloes as alteratives is not
good. It is never safe to ride a horse far or fast, with even a small
dose of aloes within him.

Most of all objectionable is the custom of giving small doses of
aloes as a nauseant, in inflammation of the lungs. It is treading on
very dangerous ground, when, with much inflammation of the lungs,
that is given which will stimulate and may inflame the intestines.

Aloes are most commonly, because most easily, administered in the
form of a ball, but in a state of solution their effect is more speedy,
effectual, and safe. T'wo ounces of aloes, and one ounce of gum, (te
suspend the imperfectly dissolved portion of the aloes,) are put into
a pint of boiling water, and the mixture frequently stirred. When it
is cold, two ounces of tincture is added, as an aromatic, to prevent
the griping of the aloes, and also to keep the mixture from ferment-
ing. ‘The aloes must not be boiled in the water. The dose of the
solution should vary from six to eight ounces.

Acretatep Lirnarce.—See Litharge.

Ateppo Scammony — Purgirwinde, Ger.— This is a concrete,
summy, resinous juice, obtained from the roots of the Syrian bind-

26

394 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRTER.

weed, called convolvulus scammonia,.an exotie plant growing in
Asiatic Turkey. The best is from Aleppo, in light spongy, friable
masses, of a shining blackish ash color. It consists of nearly equal
proportions of gum and resin. )

In its medicinal effects, it is a powerful purgative, and chiefly used
in obstinate constipation. In using, follow the formula in which it
is prescribed. ilies

Botanists say that the scammony plant has been found m Sussex
county, New Jersey. a

AppErwort—JVatterwurz, Ger.—Is well known, has but one leaf
which grows with the stalk, a finger’s length above the ground——green
and broad, like water plantain. Fe teal

Atum——Alaun, Ger.—This is a salt composed chiefly of argilla-
ceous earth and sulphuric acid. ‘From its astringent powers, in the
form of alum whey, it has been used internally in cases of super-
purgation. The whey is prepared by adding two drams of powdered
alum to a pint of hot milk. ik

A solution of two drams to a pint of water, forms a useful wash
for cracked heels, &e.

Acaric——Feuerschwamm, Ger.——Is one of the genus of funguses,
and is used in several instances, combined with other drugs: see the
formula in which it is recommended, No. 2, p. 71. be ela

Acacia——Schotendorn, Ger.——Acacia is the bark of the Willdenow,
a tree growing in the sandy deserts of Arabia Petrea and Egypt.
The gum of this tree is called Gum Arabic. The extract of. the
bark is used in connection with aloes, &c., as a liquid purge, p. 71-

Atuspice——Nelkenpfeffer, Ger.—-Is well known; description un-
necessary. ; :

AnisEED——/nissame, Ger.——The anise is an annual umbelliferous
plant, growing naturally in Crete, Syria, and other places of the east.
it possesses carminative properties, and is recommended, in combi-
nation with other ingredients, as a purgative.—See page 71, No."1.

Ammonta——Salmiak, Ger.—This is an alkali; when in a gas, it is
found in a state of nature, and is, to the annoyance of the horse, and
the injury of his eyes and lungs, plentifully emitted by the urine and
putrifying dung of the badly constructed stable.—-See page 48.

In flatulent colic, it has been used with decided benefit, when all
other remedies have failed. It is best administered in the form of
aromatic spirit of ammonia, and in doses of one or two ounces, in
warm waiter. cy ee : sede nag

Antimony —— Spiessglas, Ger.—This metal is found in nature,
most abundantly combined with sulphur. There are several valuable
preparations of this metal. There is a compound of sulphur and
antimony, technically called the black sulphuret of antimony.

Tartar emetic——Brechweinstein, Ger.—This is another prepara-
tion of antimony—it is the tartrate of potash and antimony, or a com+
bination of super-tartrate of potash and oxide of antimony, and is a
very useful nauseant, and has considerable effect on the skin. It is
particularly valuable in inflammation of the lungs, and in every ¢a-
tarrhal affection. Itis given in doses of one dram, or one dram and

WHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 395

a-half, and combined with nitre and digitalis. It is ‘also beneficial in
the expulsion of worms. Here it must be given in doses of two
drams,/and with some mechanical vermifuge, as tin-filings, or ground
glass, and administered on an empty stomach, and for several succes
sive days. Although it may sometimes fail to expel the worm, it
materially improves the condition of the horse, and produces sleek-
ness of the coat. |

“Arsenic—Bergeift, Giftmehi, Ger.—This is a'sudden and violent
mineral poison, combined in most metallic bodies, and especially
in cobalt. It is sometimes, in doses of from ten to twenty grains,
daily given as a tonic; but its principal use is in curing ulcers, espe-
cially fistulous ulcers—p. 113. As a tonic it should be dispensed
with.——See p. 152. :

Asarapacca —— Hasselwurzel, Ger.--This is a perennial plant,
the product of England, although the dried roots are generally brought
from the Levant. It is a powerful evacuant. |

Acrimony, or Acrippa——Leberkletle, or Odermenniz, Ger.—This
plant is a native of the United States. The number of stamina from
five to twelve. It has long leaves, some greater, and some smaller,
set upon a stalk, all of them dentated about the edges; green above
and greyish underneath, and a little hairy withal——yellow blossoms,
one above another, in long spikes. It grows upon banks and along
fences. It flowers in July and August.

The leaves are aperient, detergent in their properties, and alse
strengthen the tone of. the viscera. ‘They are very serviceable in
laxity of the intestines, scorbutic, and other disorders arising from
debility. a3 ,

Asaretipa— Teufelsdreck, or Slinkender Asand, Ger.-—The plant
which furnishes this drug is a native of Persia. The gum-resin is
procured from the roots of the plants which are at least four years
old.—-See p. 43, where it is fully described. |

Baygerries——Lorbeeren, Ger.—The bayberry grows in every kind
of soil, and varies in size from two to seven feet in height. In autumn
the twigs are surrounded with bunches of small grayish berries, which
are covered with wax, which is obtained by boiling them in water,
until the wax separates and floats upon the surface. The bark, as
well as the berries, possesses medicinal virtues. The juice of the
berries purges the sharp humors of the stomach and bowels; corrects
and strengthens the digestive powers, and improves the appetite.

Betony—Lhrenpreis, Ger.—There are two kinds of betony,
which are not much unlike in their medical properties. ‘The water-
betony, rises up with square, hard, greenish stalks, sometimes brown,
set with broad, dark green leaves, dentated about the edges with
notches, somewhat resembling the leaves of the wood-betony, but
much larger; two are usually set ata joint. It grows by the side of
ditches, and water courses. It flowers in July, and seed is ripe in
August. It is very useful in ulcers and bruises.

Bennet—Benedickdenkraut, Ger.—Bennet or avens, grows by
fences, and. borders of fields; the blossoms are white or yellowish
in July. The root is an excellent remedy in chronic disorders, as a

396 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-

general strengthener and astringent, and its antiseptic power is said
to be superior to the best Peruvian bark. y ; ‘
Birtuwort.—Hohlwurz, Ger.—Harly in the spring, this plant
sends up.a stalk eight or ten inches high, with three large smooth
green leaves near the top, and a white flower of three leaves about
an inch above the other leaves. From the centre of the blossoms
there grow white buds, with six sides or ridges containing seed.
The root is soft, and is covered with little knobs and fibres. It com-
monly grows in beech and maple land. ovr
BirrerswEet.—Alpranken or Bitter sues, Ger.—This plant
grows wild in moist hedges; has woody brittle stalks, and elimbs on
trees. But.if there be no bushes near, it creeps along the ground,
and frequently strikes new roots. It flowers in the month of June
and July. Itis said to occasion considerable evacuation by sweat,
urine, and particularly by stool. It acts also as adiscutient and resol-
vent. , Pe Seo Oe
Bitter appLe—Coloquintenapfel, Ger.—This article is the pro-
duce of Syria and the island of Crete. It is a drastic purgative.
Combinations of it with jalap, or aloes, and some other ingredients,
have been given with good effect in obstinate constipation.
BuisTERING.—See p. 214, Sect. 267. su eionge* Are
BoLE AMMONIAC, OF ARMENIAN—Aminischer Bolus, Ger.—This is
an argillaceous earth combined with iron, and is supposed to possess
some astringent property. ; teak Get BF
Bucx’s HORN, or BUCK’s THORN—Areuzdorn, Ger.— There are two
varieties; the high and the low. It puts forth several slender, trail-
ig stalks, from one to three feet in length, from a little turfy protu-
berance.; it has long narrow leaves, deeply indented around the edges.
It usually grows in swamps, and in other wet places. It is service-
able where great debility prevails.» Wt oR
Burpocx—Alette, Ger.—Thisis a very common plant, sufficiently
known from its burs, which adhere to the intruder’s clothes. The
roots are aperient, diuretic and sudorific. eo
Bausam copaiva.—-This balsam is the product of the Spanish
West Indies, and some parts of South America, : »
CALAMINE.—See Zinc.
Catoment,—See Mercury. % enn sili
Campnor—Kampfer, Ger.—The camphor laurel grows in great
abundance, and to a very considerable size, in the forests of Japan.
ft is a stimulant, when applied externally. In the form of cam-
phorated oil, it promotes the absorption of fluids thrown out beneath
the skin, the removal of old callus, and the suppleing of joints stiff
from labor. ie
CanTuaripEs—Spanischen Fliezen, Ger.—These are the basis of
the most approved and useful veterinary blisters. The cantharis is a
fly, the native of Italy and the south of France, destroyed by sulphur,
dried and powdered and mixed with palm oil and resin, in propor-
tions already directed.—See Blistering, p. 214. |
Caraways—Kuemel, Ger.—These and ginger are retained asthe
only cordials requisite: for the horse. :

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 3997

Castor o1.—Ricinusel, Ger.—If it is a purgative in the horse,
at must be given in the enormous and expensive doses of a pound or
a pound and a-half.—See p. 66.

~“Oatecnu—Schotendornsaft, Ger.—Japan earths yet no earth, but
Stevied from the wood of one of the acacia trees, is a very useful
astringent. It is given in superpurgation, in doses of one or twe
drams, with one or one and a-half dram of opium, as a yet more pow=
erful astringent; four drams of chalk, to neutralize any acid in the
stomach or bowels, and two drams of powdered ¢ eum being also added,
to sheathe the over-irritated mucous coat of the intestines.

Caustics—Zitzmettel, Ger.—These are sometimes necessary te
destroy fungous excrescences, or stimulate indolent ulcers, or remove
portions of cellular substance or muscle infected by any poison.
They are the butyr of antimony, blue vitriol, verdigris, corrosive sub-
limate, lunar caustic, and sulphuric acid.

Cuatx—Areite, Ger.—Is used only in combination with want
for superpureation, and in the proportions directed under the article
eatechu. The prepared or levigated chalk is generally preferred.

Camomitn—Kamille, Ger.—The powder of the flower is a use-
ful vegetable tonic and the mildest m our list. It is given in doses of
one or two drams, and is exhibited in the early stage of convales-
cence to ascertain whether the febrile stage of the disease is passed,
and to prepare the way for a more powerful tonic, the gentian.

~ Cuarcoar——Holizkohle, Ger.—ts a useful antiseptic, and, mixed
with a poultice, readily removes the fetid smell of unhealthy keeway or
eracked heels.

Cascarttta—Cascarilrinde, Ger.—This bark is from the Bahama
Islands, particularly from the one named Elutheria. ‘The virtues of
it are partially extracted by water, and wholly by alcohol, though it
is more efficacious by giving it in powder. It is an admirable sub-
stitute for cinchona. It is often given with desired effectin flatulent
and spasmodie colics and diarrheas.—No. 7. p. 73.

CretAnpine.—Schellkraut, Ger.—This plant is so well known
that no description is necessary.

It is useful in obstructions of the ines and gall; cures the yellows;
the juice dropped into the eyes, clears from films, and cloudiness.
Applied to ulcers, it soon stays all pus, and cleanses them.

~ Casrorrum— Beibergeil, Ger.—This is the name of a substance
eollected in the follicles, near the anus, in the beaver called castor.
It is an excellent anti-spasmodic, and acts particularly on the uterine
system.

Caruine THIstLE—Lberwurz, Ger.—A plant which grows in Eu-
rope and this country. For its medicinal properties, the formula in
which it is given in this work, will explain.

Crenraury—TZ ausendgueldenkraut, Ger.—This plant flourishes
in many sections of the United States, ua affords a pure bitter, with
slight aromatic fiavor. “It is’ usually given in a Strong infusion, of
which copious draughts are to be administered. _ It opens the obstruc-
tion of liver and gall; helps yellows; eases pains.

398 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

Catamus—Kalmuswurzel, Ger.—The calamus or sweetflag Samah
m marshy places.

its medicinal properties are carminative, and it sig 2 die sto-
machie virtues, and is given in flatulency.

Coit’s roor—Huflattig, Ger.--This grows wild in moist places,
and produces yellow flowers in March and April. In cough an&
tisic, and in disorders of the breast and lungs, #t is given with good
effect.

Cress-sEED——Aressesaamen, Ger.—-The black eress, not muele
unlike wild mustard, has long Jeaves and jagged on both sides. The
stalks are small, limber and tough. It grows usually among stones
and rubbish. Its medical properties nearly the same as mustard seed.

Carpuus Benepicrus—BuEssep THISTLE.—It is so well known,
that a description is not necessary. It grows plentifully in gardens.
It helps the plague, sores, boils, and itch, the bitings of mad dogs and
venomous beasts—provokes urine.

Cinnamon—Zimme or Canehl, Ger.—The bark. is from a tree, a
native of Ceylon, but is now cultivated in Jamaica and other West
India islands.

The oil is a most eet stimulant, and is used in. human prac-
tice as a cordial in stomach cramp. Butit is principally used as an
aromatic..

CLEAVERS, OR GoosEcRAss.—Alebelkraut, Ger.—This plant has
many names. It is called arapine, and gooseshare. 'The common
cleavers have very rough, square stalks, rising up to six or ten feet
high, if it meet with any thing whereon to climb, or else lying on the
sround, full of joints, and at every ene of them shoots forth a branch;
the leaves are usually six, set in a round compass like a star, with
white flowers.

Its juice is very good to close up fresh wounds, and the powder
of the dried herb. It stays scouring in horses and cattle. Boiled in
hog’s lard, it reduces all kinds of hard swellings, or kernels in the
throat. Given internally, it cleanses the blood.

Comrrey.—Waliwurz, Ger.—It is so well ROW D, that a descrip-
tion of it is not necessary.

Croton o1.—Crotonel, Ger.—See Croton Tiglii,

CINNABAR OF ANTIMONY—Zinnober, Ger.—This composition is
a compound of purified quicksilver, five ounces; and sublimated sul-
phur, one ounce. It is used in fumigations, and forms an ingredient
in other medical preparations. |

Corianper—Koriander, Ger.—This plant is well known. Like
caraway, it is used as a carminative. .

Croves—Gewuerznelken, Ger.—-Cloves are the produce of a beau-
tiful tall tree, a native of the Molucca islands. They are among the
most stimulating aromatics. ip) .

CUDWEED. OR LIFF-EVERLASTING.——Rheinblumen, Ger.—This is
readily known by its small white stalk, with small. leaves, and small.
round white flowers, with innumerable little leaves growing in a
whirl. It grows in dry, barren, and sandy places.

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. | 399

‘It is diuretic and strengthening ; a tea or strong decoction is good —
for strangury, gravel, &c. |

Caress are thick adhesive plasters spread over parts that have
been strained or weakened, and, being applied to the skin warm, ad-
here for a considerable time. The following mixture makes a good
charge: Burgundy or common pitch, five ounces; tar, six ounces;
yellow wax, one ounce, melted together, and when they are becoming
cool, half a dram of powdered cantharides well stirred. ‘This must
be partially melted afresh when applied, and put on the part with a
large spatula, as hot as it can be without giving the animal too much
pain. F locks of tow should be scattered over it while it is warm, and
thus a thick and adhesive covering will be formed, which cannot be
separated from the skin for many months. “This is applied for old
sprains of the loins, and also strains of the back sinews.

~‘Cotomgo roor.—-The root is from Colombo, in the island of Cey-
lon, the bark sides covered with bark, the woody side of a bright
yellow color. .

Crysters—AKlystier, Ger.—These are useful and too often neglect-
ed means of hastening the evacuation of the bowels, when the disease
vequires their speedy action. ‘The ox biadder and wooden pipe may
still be employed. i

_ Two ounces of soft or yellow soap, dissolved in a gallon of warm
water, will form a useful aperient clyster. For a more active aperi-
ent, eight ounces of epsom salts, or even of common salt, may be
dissoived in the sanre quantity of water: a more active injection, but
not to be used if much purgative medicine has been previously given,
may be composed of an ounce of Barbadoes aloes, dissolved in two or
three quarts of warm water. If nothing else can be procured, warm
water may be employed. |

The principal art of administering a clyster consists in not fright-
ening the horse. ‘The pipe, well oiled, should be very gently intro-
duced, and the fluid not too hastily thrown up; and its heat should be
as nearly as possible that of the intestine, or about blood-heat.—See
page 215, Sect. 268.

Coprrrr.—There are two combinations of this metal used in vete-
rinary practice: the verdigris or subacetate, and the blue vitriol or
sulphate.

Verpieris——-Gruenspan, Ger.—-It 1s the common rust of copper,
produced by vinegar, or any thing sour, or even common salt. It is
applied externally as a mild caustic, in the form of fine powder, or
mixed with an equal quantity of the sugar (superacetate) of lead, it
eats down proud flesh, or stimulates old ulcers to healthy action ;
when boiled with honey and vinegar, it constitutes the farriers’
Egyptiacum. ;

Brive Virrior—Biauer Vitriol, Ger.—-It is the union of sulphuric
aeid and copper. It is principally valuable as an external application,
dissolved in water in the proportion of two drams to a pint, and acts
as a gentle stimulant; but when an ounce is dissolved in the same
quantity of water it becomes a mild caustic. In the former propor-
tion, it rouses eld ulcers to healthy action and disposes even recent

400 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-

wounds to heal more quickly than they otherwise would do; and in
the latter it removes fungous granulations or proud flesh. The blue
vitriol is sometimes reduced to powder and sprinkled upon the wound
for this purpose, and is a good application for canker in the foot.

Corpiats——Hertzsterkende mittel, Ger., are useful or injurious
according to the judgment with which they are given. When a horse
comes home thoroughly exhausted, and refuses his food, a cordial
may rouse the stomach and the system, and may prevent cold and
fever; but it is poison to the animal when administered after the cold is
actually caught and fever begins to appear. More to be reprobated
is the practice of giving frequent cordials.. ‘The artificial exeitement
of the cordial soon becomes as necessary to enable the horse to do
even common work, as is the excitement of the dram to sustain the
animal spirits of the drunkard.

‘To recall the appetite of the horse slowly recovering from illness,
a cordial may sometimes be allowed; or to old horses that have been
worked hard and used to these excitements when young; or to draught
horses, that have exhibited slight symptoms of staggers, when their
labour has been unusually protracted, and their stomachs left too long
empty. The most harmless cordial if abused, and the best if given
with discretion, is composed of four parts each of caraway powder
and bruised raisins, and two each of ginger and palm oil, well beaten
into a mass.

CoRROSIVE SUBLIMATE.—See Mercury.

Cremor TARTAR—- /Veinsteinrahm, Ger.--See Superacetate of
Potash.

Croton rieLit.—The croton nut has not been long introduced into
veterinary practice. An oil has been extracted from it, and used by
the surgeon; the meal is adopted by the veterinarian. Iti is given in
doses from a seruple to a-half a dram, and, from its acrid nature, in
ball with an ounce of linseed meal. ‘When it does operate, the effect
is generally observed in six or eight hours. On account of its quick
operation, it may be given in lockjaw and staggers; and also in dropsy
of the chest or belly, but it is often uncertain in its operation, and its
griping and the debility it occasions are serious objections to it as
common physic. A turpentine tincture of the powdered nut makes
an active blister; but not so effectual or so safe as the eantharides. —

DiapHoretics——Schweistreibend, Ger., are medicines that increase
the sensible and insensible perspiration of the animal, Antimony im
its various forms, and sulphur, have some effect in opening the pores
of the skin, and exciting its vessels to action, and especially when
assisted by warmth of stable or clothing, and therefore useful in those
diseases where it is desirable that some portion of the blood should
be diverted from the overloaded, and inflamed, and vital organs of the
chest, to the skin or the extremities; but the only diaphoreties on
which much confidence can, be placed, and especially to produre con-~
dition, are warm clothing and good grooming.

Dicrstives——Verdanungsmiitel, Ger., are ap plndintes to recent
or old wounds, to cause them more easily to heal. A weak solution
of blue vitriolis an excellent digestive; so is the tincture.of aloes and

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 401

of myrrh. . The best digestive ointment is one composed of three
parts of the common calamine ointment (Turner’ s cerate) and one of
common turpentine.

DANEWORT, OR DWARF ELDER—Zwergholunder, Ger.— This re-
sembles the elder, both in form and quality, rising up with a four
Square rough hairy stalk, four feet high; the winged leaves are some-
whatnarrower than the elder—flowers are white, with a tint of purple.
ft grows very common in hedges.

-Drerratis—Fingerhutkraut, Ger.—The leaves of the common
fox-glove, gathered about the flowering time, dried carefully in the
dark, powdered, and kept in a close black bottle, form one of the most
valuable medicines in veterinary practice. It is a direct and powerful
sedative, diminishing the frequency of the pulse, and the general
irritability of the system, and acting also as a mild diuretic. It is
usually given in combination with emetic tartar and nitre. ‘The
average dose would be one dram of digitalis, one and a-half of emetic
tartar, and three of nitre, and repeated twice or thrice in the day.
It lessens the pulsations; when at every sixth or seventh beat, the
pulsations are suspended, while two or three could be slowly counted,
this is precisely the effect which is intended to be produced ; and
however ill the horse may appear to be, from that moment the animal
will begin to amend. ‘The dose must then be diminished one-half,
and in a few days it may be omitted altogether; but the tartar and
nitre should be continued. ‘There is no danger in the intermittent
pulse thus produced; but there is much danger when the digitalis
fails to produce any effect on the circulation. ‘The disease is then
too powerful to be arrested by medicine. ,

In the form of infusion or tincture, digitalis is very useful in in-
flammation of the eyes. Itis almost equal in power to opium, and
it may with great advantage be alternated with it, when opium begins
to lose its power. ‘The infusion is made by pouring a quart of boil-
ing water on an ounce of the powder. A portion of the liquid should
be introduced into the eye. Of the tincture one or two drops should
be introduced. ‘To form the tincture, three ounces of the digitalis
should be added to a quart of spirit.

Docwoopo—Kornel-Kirschbaum, Ger.—This grows in almost
every part of the United States, and in some parts is called box-wood.
The flowers generally make their appearance in the middle of May.

The bark both of the stem and root, is astringent, and has been
used as a substitute for the Peruvian bark, possessing similar pro-
perties.

Diut—Dill, Ger.—The dill is an annual umbelliferous plant, cul-
tivated in gardens, as well for culinary as medical use. The seeds
possess carminative properties, hence are recommended in flatulent
colics,

Dirrany—Diptam, Ger.—Is a well known mountain plant. It is
an excellent remedy, if given in strong decoctions, in cases of hoves.

Draconroot, or INDIAN TURNEP—Arumuurzel, Ger.—This isa
native, and hardy perennial plant, growing in shady places, and m

Si

402 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. |

swamps. Early in the spring it pushes up a one leafed, conical
shaped spatha.

The leaves are generally marked with black spots, and sometimes
with white streaks, which have occasioned the vulgar names of lords
and ladies. 'The root is bulbous, resembling in shape a small turnep.
In common practice both the root and leaves have been used with
advantage externally for blistering, and internally in cachexies, rheu-
matisms, and all other complaints of cold phlegmatic habits.

Draconwort—Stfabwurz, or Aberrante, Ger., is a species of
artemesia, that grows upon mountains, and the sides of hills, about
six or seven inches high; the leaves grow in a cluster from the top of
the root, spear-shaped, blossoms yellow; the root black, about the
size of cloves, very tender, resembling the claws of a dragon, hence
sometimes called dragon’s claw. It is esteemed : an excellent medi-
cine in billious fever, pleurisy, colds, &e.

Divretics— Urintreibende mittel, Ger., constitute a meets but
a much abused class of medicines. ‘They stimulate the kidneys to
secrete more than the usual quantity of urine, or to separate a greater
than ordinary proportion of the watery parts of the blood.

Mowburnt hay and foxy oats are the unsuspected causes of many
a disease in the horse, at first obscure, but ultimately referable to
injury or inflammation of the urinary organs.

Ev.ecampane——lantwurzel, Ger.--Grows three or four foe. baat
flowers large and yellow, in July and August. It is highly recom-
mended as an expectorant. The fresh root, in ointment, is servicea-
ble in curing wounds and ulcers.

Eve sricnt—-Augentrost, Ger.—- This is a onal low herb, grow-
ing in meadows. ‘The juice of it, dropped into the eyes for several
days, helps infirmities of the eyes that cause dimness of sight.

ELMTREE-- Ulmbaum, (Rusehebaum,) Ger.--This tree is well
known. ‘The inner bark, boiled in water and taken, is pocnel in diar-
rhea and scouring.—-See page 165, No. 119.

Fennet—Fenchel, Ger.—This is so well known to all that we
deem it superfluous to say much about it.

FRaNKINCENSE—/Veirauch, Ger.--To be had in shops. And is
used as prescribed in the formula.

FrenucreeKk——Fenegreicum, Ger.-—This is a well known medi-
cine, and to be had in every apothecary shop.

Fox-ciove—-Purpurrother furgerhut, Ger.--This is caltinaied ¢ in
some gardens. It rises to the height of two or three feet, and its
leaves are large, egg-shaped, serrated, and covered with hairs. Blos-
soms of a beautiful purple color, hanging downwards in a row along
one side, which are compared to the fingers of a glove. The fox-glove
has been employed with advantage in those disorders where the fre-
quency of the pulse requires to be abated.

Fiuetin—Grundheil, Ger.——-It shoots forth long branches, partly
lying on the ground, and partly standing upright, with red leaves, a
little pointed, somewhat hairy, and of a greenish white color. The —
leaves bruised and applied with barley meal to watering eyes, helps
them ; it heals and closes green wounds; also foul or old ulcers.

'

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 403 -

GentTian—Znzian, Ger., stands at the head of the vegetable
tonics, and it is a stomachic as well asa tonic. It is equally useful
in chronic debility, and in that which is consequent on severe and
protraeted illness. It is generally united with camomile, ginger, and,
when the patient will bear it, carbonate of iron. Four drams of gen-
tian, two of camomile, one of carbonate of iron, and one of ginger,
will make an excellent tonic ball. An infusion of gentian is one of
the best applications to putrid uleers.

Gincrer—Zngber, Ger., is as valuable for a cordial, as gentian is
fora tonic. Itis the basis of the cordial ball, and it is indispensable
in the tonic ball. ‘The veterinary practitioner should always pur-
chase it in its solid form. Ifthe root be large, heavy, and not worm-
eaten, the black ginger is as good as the white, and considerably
cheaper.

Goat’s rHorn—See Buck’s thorn.—Not the same as goat’s beard,
or goat’s rue, vulgarly called cat-gut, from the resemblance of some
of its roots to that plant. | .

Guatacun—Franzosenholiz, Ger.—Guaiacum or lignum vite, is
a genus of plants producing three species. Itis.anative of the West
Indies. The gum of this tree is of a friable nature, of a deep green-
ish color, and sometimes of a reddish hue. It is a stimulating medi-
cine, both diaphoretic and. purgative.

Grounp Ivyv—Kreuzkraut, or Gundelreben, Ger.—The ground
ivy is called by several names, viz: alehoof, cat’s foot, &c. It isa
well known herb, lies spread and creeping upon the ground, shooting
forth roots, at the corners of the tender jointed stalks, &c. The root
is in small fibres. It flowers early and long; the leaves continue
green towards winter.

Gartic—Knoblauch, Ger—This is well known. It is highly
stimulating. It provokes appetite, assists digestion, removes flatu-
lence, promotes expectoration and urine.

Gum Ammontacum—Ammonischer Gummi, Ger.—This gum is
the inspissated juice of the heracleum gummiferum, an umbelliferous
plant, indigenous to the interior parts of Africa, the desert of Barka,
and the western regions of Egypt. It is highly recommended in
obstructions of the glandular viscera of the abdomen; and in combi-
nation with other medicines; in the cure of gutta serena. It possesses
expectorant powers. It is also used in a variety of plasters, and
forms an excellent application to remove chronic and indolent swell-
ings and glandular indurations.

Gait nuts—Gall-xpfel, Ger.—-The gall nuts are nests of an in-
sect called cynips quercifolii, which deposits its eggs in the leaves and
other tender parts of a species of oak, a native of the Levant, and of
the warm countries of Europe. ‘They are powerful astringents. An
infusion or decoction of galls may be used with advantage as an astrin-
gent gargle; and an ointment of one part of finely powdered galls to
eight of simple ointment, is applied with success in hemorrhoidal
affections.

Grounpset — Grundschwelle, Ger.—Common groundsel has a
round, green and brownish stalk, spread towards the top into branches

404 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

set with long and green leaves, cut on the edge, resembling oak leaves,
but smaller, and round at the end. It is an universal medicine for all
diseases produced by heat. ‘The herb alone, preserved in ointment,
is efficacious in all hot diseases.. The decoction of the herb will re-
lieve pains in the stomach. _ The juice, taken in pele ayele Enis
cures colic, and acts upon the livers:

GamBoce--Gummigutt, Ger.—This is a conerete vonetbles juice,
of a gummy, resinous nature. It issues from the Cambogia gutta, a
native of Cambia, in the East Indies. ‘The best is of a deep yellow
eolor. It is generally used in combination with jalap, —— xr

Govutarp’s Exrract.—See Lead, also, p. 82.. ;

Hettepore—Mieswurz, Ger. —Isa powerful nauseant, anit Reininis
both the force and the frequency of the pulse, and is’ therefore given
with good effect in inflammations, and particularly that of the lungs;
but it requires watching. If it is pushed a little too far, trembling
and giddiness, and purging follow, and the horse is sometimes lost.
The hanging of the head, frothing of the mouth, and, more particu-
larly, the sinking of the pulse, would give warning of danger. Its
dose varies from a scruple to half a dram. In doses of a dram, it
could not be given with safety.

Hemiock-—-Schierling, Ger.—Is used by some practitioners, in-
stead of digitalis or hellebore, in affections of the chest, whether
acute or chronic; but it is inferior to both. The dose of as payder
of the dried leaves is about a dram.

Hvyoscramus, or HENBANE— Blisenkraut, or Scllgctice Nicteteibail
Ger.--Black henbane grows at the sides of fences, about old ruins,
and on dunghills, and it grows about two feet high. ‘The stalks are
thick, woody, irregularly branched, and covered with a hairy down.
The leaves surrounding the stalk at their base, stand irregularly; are
large, soft and downy, pointed at the ends, and very deeply indented _
at the edges; their color is grayish green, having a disagreeable
smell; the flowers are large and egg-shaped, and ofa dirty ees
eolor, with purple streaks. The root is long and tough.

Hyssop—Jsop, Ger.—This is a well known herb. Its leaves have
an aromatic smell and a warm pungent taste. Itis of great service _
when applied in peuraces to bruises, the pain = which is apes
mitigated.

Horenounp—.indorn, Ger.—This plant, as is well noweny grows
among rubbish, flowering from July to September. The leaves have
a very bitter taste, and possessing highly tonic properties.

Horse Rapvisu—Meerretig, Ger.— Grows on the sides of ditches,
and in gardens, where it is cultivated for culinary and medicinal pur-
_ poses. Itis a powerful anti-scorbutic, and when taken freely, stimu-
lates the nervous system, promotes urine and perspiration.

- Hartsnorn—Hirehorn, Ger.—See Ammonia.

‘HovsereEK—AHauswurzel, Ger.—Grows on the roofs’ of tibison
and old wails, flowering in J iy This, herb bruised and applied to
burns, or fresh wounds, and other external inflammations, will give
relief.

Inrusions-—Auflesungen, Ger.—Dried vegetables yield their pro-

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE TARRIER. 405

perties more readily and perfectly than when in their sreen states
Boiling water is poured on the substance to be infused, and which is
previously grossly. pounded or powdered; the vessel is then covered
and» placed by a fire. In five or six hours the transparent part may
be poured off, and is ready for use.. In a few days, however, all in-
fusions become thiek, and lose their virtue. |

. The infusion of edmionile: is advantageously used instead of waiter;
im compounding a mild tonic drench: the infusion of catechu is use-
ful in astringent mixtures; the infusion of linseed is used instead of
eommon water in catarrh and cold; and the infusion of tobacco in
some injections.

lopinse—Jodin, Ger.—This substance has been given sith effect
in doses of five grains daily, to reduce the enlarged glands which
sometimes remain after catarrh. It has likewise power in reducing
almost every species of tumor, and may be tried where it would be
dangerous to use the knife.

Iprcacuanna—Brechwurz, Ger.—The root is oe from Span-
ish America. It is divided into two sorts, Peruvian and Brazilian.
The Peruvian is preferred for medical use, and is emetic in its pro-
perties.

TIron— Hisen, Ger.—Of this metal there are two preparations
adopted by veterinarians. The rust, or Carbonate, is a mild and
useful tonic in doses from two to four drams. ‘The Sulphate (green
vitriol or copperas) is more powerful, but should never be given in
early stages of recovery, and always with caution. The dose should
be the same as that of the carbonate. ‘The sulphate has lately been
recommended for the cure of that deceitful stage or form of glanders,
in which there is nothing to characterize the disease but a very slight
discharge from the nostrils. It is to be dissolved in the common

drink of the horse. -

Forge-water used to be a favorite tonic with farriers, and also a
lotion for canker and ulcers in the mouth.

Jatar — Jalappenwurzel, Ger.—Is imported from New Spain.
Its medicinal properties are principally purgative. When combined
with a small portion of ipecacuanha, it is an excellent purgative.

Jamesrown weep — Stechapfel, Ger.—This plant is known as
jimson weed, stink weed, thorn apple, &c. Its medicinal properties
are narcotic. Itisa strong narcotic poison, though useful if properly
administered.

Juniwer O1.—Wachholderehl, Ger. — This essential oil is retained
because it has some diuretic property, and is a pleasant aromatic. It
may, therefore, enter into the composition of the diuretic ball.

Larp.—This, or palm oil, is far preferable to honey, or molasses,
or syrups, for making up balls, because the ball more readily dissolves
in the stomach. It likewise renders a purgative less liable to gripe.
It is the principal basis of all ointments.

Lavupanum.—See Opium.

Lrap—Blei, Ger.—Combinations of this metal are admitted into
veterinary practice. ‘The subacetate is common under the name of
Extract of Lead, or Goulard’s Extract. 1t is used in the propor-

406 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

tion of a dram to a pint of water in the early stages of inflammation
of the eye. In double the proportion itis serviceable in superficial
inflammations of various kinds, or in poultices for the feet where
there is much inflammation or pain; but in cases of sprain, or deep
injury, or inflammations, it is perfectly useless.

The Sugar of Lead is the acetate or superacetate of that metal.
This dissolved in water in the proportion of two drams to a pint,
makes an extemporaneous Goulard’s Lotion, but not more valuable
than the former.

White Lead, (carbonate of lead,) is sometimes eprinidetl; in the
form of fine powder, and with advantage, on swelled legs, where the
skin is very red and irritable, and moisture is exuding through it. It
is used alone or mixed with paste, or a bread-and-water poultice: but
lead, although in the first mentioned form, a great favorite with many
persons, might, without great loss, be expunged from the Veterinary
Pharmacopeia.

Lime—Kalk, Ger.—Is rarely used, but the Chlor ide of Lime is
exceedingly valuable. Diluted with twenty times its quantity of
water, it should help to form the poultice applied to every part from
which there is the slightest offensive discharge.

Liniments—Salben, Ger.—Are applications designed cher: to
soothe an inflamed surface, or, by gently stimulating the skin, to re-
move deeper seated painorinflammation. As an emollient liniment,
ene composed of half an ounce of extract of lead and four ounces
of olive oil will be useful. For sprains, old swellings, or rheuma-
tism, two ounces of hartshorn, the same quantity of camphorated
spirit, an ounce of oil of turpentine, half an ounce of laudanum, and
a dram of oil of origanum, may be mixed’ together: or an ounce of
camphor may be.dissolved in four ounces of sweet oil, to which an
ounce of oil of turpentine, and a-dram of oil of origanum should be
afterwards added. A little powdered cantharides, or tincture of can-
tharides, or mustard powder, will render either of these more power-
ful, or convert it into a liquid blister.

Linseev—Leinsaamen, Ger.—An infusion of neaed 4 is often used
instead of water, for the drink of the horse with sore throat or catarrh.
A pail containing it should be slung in the stable or loose box. Thin
sruel, however, is preferable ; it is as bland and soothing, and more
nutricious. Linseed meal forms the best poultice for almost every
purpose.

The oil of linseed is not a certain, but always a safe purgative.
It must be given, however, in doses of a pint or a pint and a-half

Lunewort—Lungenkraut, Ger.—This is a kind of moss that
grows on trees, especially oak and beech, with broad, grayish, rough
leaves, diversely folded, crumpled and gashed in on the edges, and
sometimes spotted with many small spots on the upper side. It is
of great use in diseases of lungs, and for coughs and sora: of
breath, which it cures in both man and beast.

Licorice —Suessholssaft, Ger.—The plant is perennial, a native of
the south of Europe. It is well known as a pleasant demulcent in
combination with the infusion of linseed.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 407

LuNaR CAUSTIC OR NITRATE OF SILVER.—Is an eschoratic.—p. 108.

- Liverwort—Leberkraut, Ger.—This grows in moist and shady
places, with many small green leaves. It is good for liver diseases,
and possesses cooling and cleansing properties.

- Lirnarce— Silberglet, Ger.—To be had in the shops.

Maenes1a.—The sulphate of magnesia, or epsom salts, should
be used only in promoting the purgative effect of clysters.

Moruerwort—WMutterkraut, Ger.—Grows in waste places, and
flowers in July and August. ‘The flowers are thorny whirls, pur-
plish within, and white on the outside; the leaves are opposite, two
to each whirl.

Marsoram—Wurzkraut, Ger.—Sweet marjoram is well known.
The wild or field marjoram, has a root which creeps much under
ground, and continues a long time, sending up many brownish, hard,
square stalks, with small dark leaves, resembling the sweet marjoram.
Bears a small black seed.

Matitows—Libish, Ger.—Grows in wet places. The leaves
haye a soft wooly surface, feeling like velvet. The flowers are white,
palish color, and appear in August.

Masues—Masche, Ger.,—constitute a very important. part of
horse provender, whether insickness or health. A mash given occa-
sionally to a horse that is otherwise fed on dry meat prevents him
from becoming dangerously costive. ‘To the overworked and tired
horse nothing is so refreshing as a warm mash with his usual allow-
ance of corn in it. The art of getting a horse into apparent condi-
tion for sale, or giving him a round and plump appearance, consists
principally in the frequent repetition of mashes, and they form the
principal diet of the sick horse.

Mashes are made by pouring boiling water on bran, and stirring it
well, and then covering it over until itis sufficiently cool for the horse
to eat.

If the horse refuses the mash, a few oats may be sprinkled over it
in order to tempt him to eat it; butif it is previously designed that
corn should be given in the mash, it should be scalded with the bran,
to soften it and render it more digestible. Bran mashes are very
useful preparatives for physic, and they are necessary during the
operation of the physic. ‘They very soon become sour, and the man-
ger of the horse, of whose diet they form a principal part, should be
daily and carefully cleaned out.

When horses are weakly and much reduced, malt mashes will
often be palatable to them and very nutritive; but the water that is
poured on a malt mash should be considerably below the boiling heat
or the malt will be set, or clogged together. If owners were aware
of the value of a malt mash, it would be oftener given when the
horse is rapidly getting weaker from protracted disease, or when he
is beginning to recover from a disease by which he has been much
reduced. The only exception to their use is in cases of chest affec-
tion, in which they must not be given too early. In grease, and in
mange, accompanied with much emaciation, malt mashes will be pecu-

408 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

liarly useful, and especially if they constitue a — — of
the food.

Mercury.—The mercurial ointment is prepared by rubbing quick-
silver with lard, in the proportion of one part of mercury to three of
grease, until no globules appear; the practitioner should, if possible,
prepare it himself, for he can neither get it pure nor of the proper
strength from the druggist. Itis employed with considerable advan-
tage in preparing splents, spavins, or other bony or callous tumours,
for blistering or firmg. One or two drams, according to the nature
and size of the swelling, may be daily well rubbed in; but it should
be watched, for it sometimes salivates the horse very speedily. ‘The
tumors more readily disperse, at the application of the stronger stimu-
lant, when they have been thus prepared. Mercurial ointment in a
more diluted form is sometimes necessary for the cure of malanders
and salanders; and in very obstinate cases of mange.

Calomel—Kalomel, Ger.,—the submuriate or protochloride of
mercury, may be given, combined with aloes, in mange, surfeit, or
worms. Itis admissible in some cases of chronic cough, in farcy,
and in jaundice, but is not a medicine that seems to agree with the
horse. It is given in doses from a scruple to a dram, but must not
be too often or too long repeated. As soon as the gums become red,
_ or the animal begins to quid or drop his hay, it must be discontinued.

Corrosive Sublimate—Sublimat, Ger.,—the oxymuriate or bi-
chloride of mercury, combined with chlorine in a double proportion,
is a useful tonic in farey, and perhaps the most to be depended
upon. Itshould be given in doses of ten grains daily, and gradually
increased to a scruple, until the horse is purged, or the mouth be-
comes sore, when it may be omitted for a few days, and resumed.
It is used externally in solution; and in substance in quittor, as a
stimulant to foul ulcers and in the proportion of five grains to an
ounce of rectified spirit in obstinate mange, or to destroy vermin on
the skin. It is, however, too uncertain and too dangerous a medicine
for the horse-proprietor to venture on its use without the sanction of
a veterinary surgeon.

JEthiop’s mineral, the black sulphuret of mercury, is a good alier-
ative for obstinate surfeit or foulness of the skin, in doses of three
drams daily. Four drams of cremor tartar may be advantageously
added to each dose.

Mint—Munze, Ger.—If the use of an infusion or decoction of
this plant, or of the oil that is extracted fromit, isa vehicle in which -
the oil of turpentine and laudanum may be administered in cases of
colic.

Mustarp—Senf, Ger.—There are two kinds of mustard, the black
and the white, both well known. It provokes appetite, assists case
tion, and promotes the fluid secretions.

Masterwort— Meisterwurz, Ger.—Grows in meadows and rich
soils, two feet high; leaves three together, saw-edged, and spear-
shaped; flowers in June. ‘The root is given in — weak-
ness of stomach and dropsical affections.

isa)

THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 409

Mucewort—Zeifuss, Ger.—This plant grows two or three feet
high, leaves deeply divided, pointed; on the upper side of a deep
green, and on the under soft or downy ; flowers small. and purplish.

Mouiien—/Voolkraut, Ger.—Is so well known that a description

iS not necessary here.

_Myrru may be used in the form of tincture, or it may be united
to the tincture of aloes as a stimulating and digestive application to
wounds. Diluted with an equal quantity of water, it is a good appli-
cation for canker in the mouth.

Nirre.—See Potash.

Nitrous Eruer, Spirit or.—Is a very useful medicine in the ad-
vaneed stages of fever, and may be denominated a stimulant, although
it never brings back the dangerous febrile action which was subsiding.
It is given in doses of three or four drams.

Oims.—Those that are worth retaining will be found under the
names of the vegetables from which they are extracted.

OintmENTs.— Those have been fully described under the accidents
and diseases in which their use is required.

Otives, Oi or.—This is sometimes given as a purgative when
aloes or other aperienis cannot be obtained. It is useless to give it
in a less quantity than a pint, and then it is uncertain in its operation,
although harmless. In all liniments and ointments, spermaceti, or
even linseed oil, may be substituted without detriment, and the pecu-
liar smell of the latter may be subdued by oil of aniseed or origanum.

Orrum—Mohnsafte, Ger.— However underrated by some, there is
not a more valuable drug on our list. It does not often act as a nar-

- eotic except in enormous doses; but it is a powerful anti-spasmodie,

sedative, and astringent. Asan anti-spasmodic, it enters into the colic
drink, and it is the sheet anchor of the veterinarian in the treatment
of tetanus or locked jaw. As a sedative, it relaxes that universal
spasm of the muscular system, which is the characteristic of tetanus.
In the early and acute stage of fever, it would be bad practice to give
it in the smallest quantity ; but when the fever has passed, or is pass-
ing, there is nothing which so ‘rapidly subdues the irritability that
accompanies extreme weakness; and it becomes an excellent tonic,
because it is a sedative. ui

If the blue or green vitriofor cantharides, have been pushed too
far, opium soonest quiets the disorder they have occasioned. It is
given in doses of one or two drams; either the powdered opium
being made into a ball, or the crude opium dissolved in hot water, and
given with its sediment.

Patm O11—Palm el, Ger.— When genuine, is the very best sub-
stance that can be used for making masses and balls. It has a plea-
sant smell, and it never becomes rancid.

Pircu—Pech, Ger.—Is used to give adhesiveness and firmness
to charges and plasters. ‘The common pitch is quite as good as the
more expensive Burgundy pitch. ‘The best plaster for sand-crack
consists of one pound of pitch, and an ounce of yellow beeswax
melted together. |

Puysic—Abfuehrungsmittel, Ger.—The cases which require

27

410 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.

physic, the composition of the most effectual and safest physic bali,
and the mode of treatment under physic, have been already deseri-
bed.—-See p. 215, Section 268. re ay
Porassa——Pottasche, Ger.--T wo compounds of potassa are used
in veterinary practice. ‘The nitrate of potassa, mztre, is a valuable
cooling medicine, anda mild diuretic, and, therefore, it should enter
into the composition of every fever ball. Its dose is from two to
four drams. Nitre, while dissolving, materially lowers the tempera-
ture of water, and furnishes a very cold and useful lotion for sprain
of the back sinews, and other local inflammations. The lotion, how-
ever, should be used as soon as the salt is dissolved, for it quickly
becomes as warm as the surrounding air. anes |
Pouttices—Umschlege, Ger.—Few horsemen are aware of th
value of these simple applications in abating inflammation, relieving
pain, cleansing wounds, and disposing them to heal. ‘That poultice
is the best for general purposes in which moisture and warmth are
longest retained. Perspiration is most abundantly promoted in the
part, the pores are opened, swellings are relieved, and discharges of
a healty nature procured from wounds. ? i
Linseed meal forms the best general poultice, because it longest
retains the moisture. Bran, although frequently used for poultices,
is objectionable, because it so soon becomes dry. ‘To abate conside-
rable inflammation, and especially in a wounded part, Goulard may
be added, or the linseed may be made into a paste with a decoction
of poppy heads. ‘To promote a healty discharge from an old or foul
ulcer; or separation of the dead from the living parts, in the process
of what is called coring out; or to hasten the ripening of a tumor that
must be opened; or to cleanse it when it is opened, two ounces of
common tttrpentine may be added to a pound of linseed meal; but
nothing can be so absurd, or is so injurious, as the addition of tur-
pentine to a poultice that is designed to be an emollient. |
if the ulcer smells offensively, two ounces of powdered charcoal
may be added to the linseed meal, or the poultice may be made of
water, to which a solution of the chloride of lime has been added in
the proportion of half an ounce to a pound.——See p. 212, Sect. 265.
Powpsrs—Pulver, Ger.--Some horses are very difficult to ball or
drench, and the violent struggle that would accompany the attempt to
conquer them may heighten the fever or inflammation. To such
horses, powders mustbe givenin mashes. Emetic tartar and digitalis
may be generally used in cases of inflammation or fever; or emetic
tartar for worms; or calomel and even the farina of the Croton nut
for physic; but powders are too often an excuse for the laziness or
awkwardness of the carter or groom. The horse frequently refuses
them, especially if his appetite has otherwise begun to fail; the pow-
der and the mash are wasted, and the animal is unnecessarily nauseated.
All medicine should be given in the form.of ball or drink.
Raxinc—Mastdarmleerung, Ger.—This consists in introduging
the hand into the horse’s rectum, and drawing out any hardened dung
that may be there. It may be necessary in costiveness or fever, if a
clyster pipe cannot be obtained; but an injection will better effect the

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. Ald

purpose, and with less inconvenience to the animal. The introduc-
tion of the hand into the rectum is, however, useful to ascertain the
existence of stone in the bladder, or the degree of distention of the
bladder in.suppression of urine, for the bladder will be easily felt
below the gut; and at the same time by the heat of the intestine, the
degree of inflammation in it or in the bladder may be detected.

Resin—Harz, Ger.~-—The yellow resin is that which remains after
the distillation of oil of turpentine. It is used externally to give con-
Sistence to ointments, and to render them slightly stimulant. Inter-
nally, it is a useful diuretic, and is given in doses of five or six drams
made into a ball with soft soap. ‘The common liquid turpentine, is,
however, preferable.

- Rowexis——-Haarseil, Ger.—As exciting inflammation on the surface,
and so lessening that which had previously existed in a neighboring,
but deeper seated part, they are decidedly inferior to blisters; there-
fore they should not be used in acute inflammation of the lungs or
bowels, or any vital part. When the inflammation, however, although
not intense, has long continued, rowels will be serviceable by produ-
cing an uritation and discharge which can be better kept up than by
a blister. If fluid is thrown out under the skin in any other part,
the rowel acts as a permanent drain. When sprain of the joint or
the muscles of the shoulder is suspected, a rowel in the chest willbe
serviceable. ‘The wound caused by a rowel will readily heal, and
with little blemish, unless the useless leather of the farrier has been
inserted.-~See page 213.

Rue—Raute, Ger.—-This is a well known garden plant; it has an
unpleasant smell, pungent bitter taste; an infusion of the leaves pow-
erfully promotes perspiration, quickens the circulation, and removes
obstructions.

SETONS AND ROWELS.—-See page 213, Sect. 266.

Sat, common.—See Soda.

Savin—Sezbenbaum, Ger.—Grows in gardens, and is well known,
The dry plant powdered is an excellent remedy to cleanse ulcers.
Savin is a warm stimulating medicine.

Separives— Séillende-mittel, Ger., are medicines which subdue
irritation, repress spasmodic action, or deaden pain. Digitalis, helle-
bore, opium and turpentine, are medicines of this kind. Their effects
are considered under their respective titles.

Sirver— Silber, Ger.— One combination only of this metal is used,
viz: the lunar caustic. It is far preferable to the hot iron, or to any
acid, for the destruction of the part, if a horse should have been bitten
by a rabid dog; and it stands next to the butyr of antimony for the re-
moval of fungus generally.

Spicer1a Maryuanpica, or Pinxroor—Wurmkrautwurzel, Ger.
This is a perennial plant, and grows wild in most of the southern
States. The roots are celebrated as an anthelmintic, particularly for
the expulsion of lumbrici from the alimentary canal.

SPEEDWELL.—-See Fluclin.

Sopa—Aschensalz, Ger.—The chloride of soda is exceedingly
useful in changing malignant, corroding and destructive sores into the

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4B THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

state of simple ulcers, and in ulcers that are not malignant it much
hastens the cure. Poll-evil and fistulous withers are much benefited
by it, and all farcy ulcers. It is used in the proportion o one part
of the solution to twenty-four of water.

Common Salt, (chloride of sodium,) forms an icabions aperient
elyster; a solution of it has even been given as an aperient drink.
Sprinkled over the hay, or m a mash, it is very palatable to sick
horses ; and in that languor and disinelination to food which remain
after severe illness, few things will so soon reeall the appetite as a
drink composed of eight ounces of salt in solution. ‘To horses in

health it is more useful than is generally imagined, as promoting the

digestion of the food, and, consequently, condition. Externally ap-
plied, there are few better lotions for inflamed eyes than a solution of
half a dram of salt in four ounces of water. In the proportion of an
ounce of salt to the same quantity of water, it is a good embrocation
for sore shoulders and backs; and if it does not always disperse war-
bles and tumors, it takes away much of the tenderness of the skin.

Soap—Seife, Ger.—Is supposed to possess a diuretic quality, and
therefore enters ito the composition of some diuretic masses.—See
fiesin.

Srarcu— Sterke, Ger.—May be substituted with advantage for
gruel, in obstinate cases of purging, both as a elyster, and to avEROH
the strength of the animal.

Strorrines — Verstopfungen, Ger.—C onstitute an important, but too
often neglected part of stable management. If a horse is irregularly
or ccijain worked, his feet are deprived of moisture; they become
hard, unyielding, and brittle, disposed to corn, contraction, and foun-
der. ‘Ihe very muck of a neglected and filthy stable would be pre-
ferable to habitual standing on the-cleanest litter without stopping.
In wounds, bruises, and corns, moisture is even more necessary to
supple the horn, and relieve its pressure on the tender parts beneath.
As a common stopping, nothing is better than cow dung with a-fourth
part of clay beaten well into it, and confined with splents from the
binding of the broom, or the larger twigs of the broom. . In cases of
wounds a little tar may be added; but as a common stopping, it is
too stimulating and drymg. Pads made of thick felt have lately been
contrived, which are fitted to the sole, and, swelling on being wetted,
are sufficiently confined by the shoe. Having been well filled with
water, they will continue moist during the night. ‘They are very
useful in gentlemen’s stables; but the cow dung and elay are suffi-
cient for the farmer.

Spurce—Wolfsmilch, Ger.—This is an indigenous, loi ‘shrub,
growing in woody and shady places, and flowering in February or
March. It has spear-shaped leaves, and the flowers grow by threes
from the same joint sitting upon the stem, and are of a beautiful red
or rose color. ‘The whole of this plant is so corrosive, that six of its
berries are said to kill a wolf. The bark of the root of this plant is
used in medicine. When applied in a recent stale, or infused in vine-
gar, it is effectual in raising a blister.

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER, 413

Surpuur--Schwefel, Ger.--Is the basis of the most effectual ap-
plications for mange. It is an excellent alterative, combined usually
with antimony and nitre, and particularly for mange, surfeit, grease,
hidebound, or want of condition; and it is a useful ingredient i in the
cough and fever ball. ‘The black sulphur consists principally of the
dross after the pure sulphur has been separated.

‘Tansey—Rheinfarn, Ger.—This is a well known on The
seeds of it are an excellent vermifuge.

Totu—Tolubalsam, Ger.—This is the piettaidl of a tree which
grows in Spanish America. It possesses highly expectorant properties.

Tormentit or Serrroin—Zormentil, Ger.—Has reddish weak
branches rising from the root, lying upon the ground, with short
leaves, which compass the branches in several places; but those that
srow on the ground are set upon footstalks, like the leaves of cinque-
foil, but longish and serrated.

‘Turiy—Zink-hallk, Ger.—Impure oxide of zine.

Tar—T heer, Ger.—Melted with an equal quantity of grease, care
the usual stopping of the farrier. It is a warm or slightly stimulant,
and therefore useful, dressing for bruised or wounded feet; but its
principal virtue seems to consist in preventing the penetration of dirt
and water to the wounded part. As a common stopping it has been

stated to be objectionable. From its warm and drying properties, it

is the usual and proper basis for thrush ointments; and from its
adhesiveness, and slightly stimulating power, it often forms an in-
gredient in applications for mange; some practitioners give it, and
advantageously, mixed with the usual cough medicine, and in doses
of two or three drams for chronic cough. ‘The common tar is as effec-

tual as the Barbadoes, for every veterinary purpose. ‘The oil, or spirit ©

(rectified oil) of tar is sometimes used alone for the cure of mange, but
it is not to be depended upon. The spirit of tar, mixed with double
the quantity of fish oil, is, from its peculiar penetrating property, one
of the best applications for hard and brittle feet. It should be well
rubbed with a brush, both on the crust and sole, every night.

Wie Tivlerir ch, Ger.--As applications to wounds or in-
flamed surfaces, the tinctures of aloes, digitalis, myrrh, and opium,
are highly useful.

Tozsacco—Tuaback, Ger.—In the hands of the skilful farrier, may
be advantageously employed in cases of extreme costiveness, or dan-
gerous colic; but should never be permitted to be used as an external
application for the cure of mange, or an internal medicine to promote
a fine coat.

Tonics——Stzerkende-mittel, Ger.-—Are valuable medicines when
judiciously employed; but like cordials, they have been fatally abused.
Many a horse recovering from severe disease has been destroyed by
their too early, or too free use. The veterinary surgeon occasionally

-administers them injuriously, in his anxiety to gratify the impatience
of his employer. ‘The mild vegetable tonics, camomile, gentian,
ginger, and, perhaps, the carbonate of iron, may sometimes be given
with benefit, and may hasten the perfect recovery of the horse.--

Against the more powerful mineral tonics, except for the particular

414 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.

purposes that have been pointed out under the proper headlene horse
proprietor and the doctor should be on his guard.

Turpentine— Jerpentin, Ger.—-The common liquid parenting
has been described as one of the best diuretics, in doses of half an
ounce, and made into a ball with linseed meal and half a dram of
ginger. The oil of turpentine is an excellent anti-spasmodic. For
the removal of colic it stands unrivalled. Forming a tincture with —
cantharides, it is the basis of the cee blister,’’ mead iane old
strains and swellings. -

Uva Ursi, or ee ae es is an evergreen, creeping plant,
with small oblong oval leaves, resembling very closely those of the
common garden box. It is indigenous both to Europe and the United
States. In its properties it is diuretic. It acts por analy pantge
urinary organs.

_ Vinecar— Essig, Ger.—This is a very EAA h application for
sprains and bruises, Equal parts of boiling water and cold vinegar
will form a good fomentation. Extract of lead, or bay salt, may be
added with some slight advantage. As an internal eens winepar
is rarely given.

Wax—Wachs, Ger.--The yellow wax is used in “charges and
some plasters to render them less brittle.
~ Wintercreen—Winter gruen, Ger.—This planti is eowes in many
places by the name of calico tree; in others as ivy; it is the broad-
leafed laurel, grows seven or eight feet high, blossoms are white,
tinged with red in June and July; in combination with other articles
forms a good poultice in palsy.—See No. 12, p.77. | !

Watiwort —Jitich, Niederholunder, Ger.—See. Danewort or
dwarf elder. |

Worr’s mitK—IVolfsmilch, Ger-—-See Euphorbia or spurge.

Zinc—Zink, Ger.—The impure carbonate of zine, under the name
of Calamine Powder, i is used in the preparation of a valuable healing
ointment. Five parts of lead and one of resin are melted together,
and when these begin to get cool, two parts of the calamine, reduced
to an impalpable powder, are stirred 4 in. The calamine is sometimes
sprinkled with advantage on cracked heels, and superficial sores. _

The sulphate of zinc, white vitriol, in the proportion of three
grains to an ounce of water, is an excellent application in. opthalmia,
when the inflammatory stage is passing over; and quittor is most
successfully treated by a saturated solution of white vitriol ewes ine
jected into the sinuses.

Zepoary—Zitwer, Ger.—A medicinal root, from a plant growing
in the East Indies. It is a warm stomachic. Nett

THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 415

EA Ry ee

hale «DIRECTIONS:

Py oe

ee

<P ae

3 Respecting gathering and preserving vegetable substances.

Herbs, leaves and roots should be gathered in dry weather, after
the dew is off, and are to be separated from decayed, withered and
forcing leaves or matter... The proper drying of vegetable substan-
ces is of the greatest importance. We shall submit a few plain
remarks on this subject.

Of Leaves or Herbs.

Of leaves, choose only such as are green and full of juice; pick
them carefully, and cast away such as are declining. ‘The leaves of
plants or herbs which run up to seed, are not so good when they are |
in flowers as before. Dry them well in the sun, and not in the shade.
When well dried, put them up in brown paper; do not press them
too compactly ; and keep in a perfectly dry place. You may readily
know when they are injured by their loss of color and smell.

2g iedaie Of Flowers.

Let them be gathered when the sun shines on them. Dry them
well in the sun, quickly and with attention. They should be kept
free from the influence of moisture after being dried.

oa?

Of Seeds.

Let them be ripe when they are gathered; but before they fall spon-
taneously. Dry them a little in the sun before you lay them up. |

Of Roots.

Roots which are annual, should be collected before they shoot out -
their stalks or flowers. Choose such as are neither rotten, nor worm-
eaten. Cleanse them with a brush and cold water, as soon as prac-
ticable : never suffer roots to lie long in cold water. Free the main

‘roots from all fibres and non-essential parts.

- ‘The drier the time you gather roots, the better they are. Roots
which consist principally of fibres, and have but a small top, may be
immediately dried. Such as are soft dry in the sun. Such as are
large will keep longer than such as are small. If roots are very thick
and strong, better slice them and string them upon threads; if cov-
ered with tough bark, they may be pealed, and then dried. Such
as loose their virtues by drying, are to be kept buried in dry sand.

Of Barks.

Barks and wood should be collected in spring and autumn. Spring
is preferred for resinous barks, and autumn for those that are gummy.

¥

barks.
water.

~~

Barks s

_ purities. RS es
For the bark of roots, ee the roots of such Viele: as Lae pith i in
them, as parsley, fennel, é&c., slit them in the middle, and when you
have ‘sel, out the aie that which remains is called bark, ana is ea
to be use

press it very hard ;

Of Juices.

THE END.

Of Vegetable Ointments.

To make vegetable ointments, bruise the herbs or roots, and to two
handfuls of bruised herbs add a pound of hog’s lard ; beat them well
together in a stone ‘mortar with.a wooden pestle, then- put. it into a
stone or earthern pot, cover it with paper, and set it either in the sun
or some other warm place, for three or four days; then take it out, —
to this lard then add as many more herbs bruised _
as before, and proceed i in like manner; if the ointment be not strong
enough, do it the third or fourth time: the last time, boil it till the
herbs be crisp, then strain it, pressing it hard, and to every ‘pene of
ointment add two ounces of turpentine, and as much wax.

=

: carts Ea

ance are to be pressed out of herbs when they are , young and
tender, and also out of some stalks, and out of some flowers. ,
Having gathered your herbs, when it is very dry, bruise them in
a stone mortar, with a wooden pestle, then having put them into a
canvas bag, press them, and take the juice: and clarify it. 3
To clarify the juice, put it into a skillet or a pipkin, and set it over
_the fire, and when the skum rises, take it off; let it stand over the
fire until no scum rises, and the juice is clarified. Then. boil % —
it acquires the thickness of honey when cold. |

Of CH a

Decoctions are made of leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, fruits or
-Decoctions made with wine last longer than those made with
All decoctions should be kept in glass bottles rps! sQP
ped; and in a cool place.

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