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THE

FERN BULLETIN

A Quarterly Devoted to Ferns

EDITED BY WILLARD N. CLUTE

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

VOLUME X

-BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
THE FERN BULLETIN Co,
1902

CONTENTS

NEMEC a fe hee a OE OS aw Siacs od Sika el ware weve 27, 50
Additional Stations for Ceratopteris—Willard N. Clute.... 35
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris—Willard N. Clute............ 37
A List of Fernworts Collected in Jamaica—Willard N.

Oy BB I ao Sar a7 iS ee ee 26, 88
Alvan Assmuatus Eaton —<10". NW. Co... ccc eee c cee ccaen 42
An Interesting Japanese Polpody—Wiilliam R. Marxon...... 42
A New Equisetum.—A. A. Eaton, ...........cccce cece eens 120
A New Form of Asplenium Ebenoides.—C. FE. Waters...... I
A New Form of Nephrodium Thelyteris—A. A. Eaton.... 78
A New Form of the Boulder Fern—Willard N. Clute.... 87
A New Form of Osmunda Cinnamomea—C. E. Waters.... 21
A New Way to Obtain Sporelings—E. C. Anthony........ 84
Asplenium Anceps.—B. D. Gilbert. ...... 0... ccc cece ee ees 12
A Ten Year’s Retrospect—Willard N. Clute.............. IOI
Athyrium and Nephrodium.—Chas. T. Druery.............. 52
Azolla Caroliniana in Winter—Willard N. Clute.......... 36
Book News..:.....:.¢.: See Ser bon ing aca y wins 29, 61, 93, 126
Botrychium Tenatum and Obliquum—Wiallard N. Clute.... 76
British Fern Culture—Chas. T. Druery... 0.0... ..00 00 cece 107
artes Prancis Saunders. W. N. Cu. 0c cance cece eee eens 77
Cystopteris Bulbifera—J. C. Buchheister................5. 57
Early Fern Study in America—Geo. E. Davenport.......... 7
ES ia A on 28, 60 92, 124
Equisetum Robustum—Willard N. Clute...............5.. 36
Fall Fruiting of Osmunda—W. C. Steele..............045. 19
Fern-hunting in Nassau.—E. C. Anthony.............00005 65
Frances Theodora Parsons —W. N. C...........0. 0. cee eee 20
eeereia- Berns —b. J). Gilbert... 0 co cece c wa kn cc ces geet 74
Helps for the Beginner. —W. N. C............000005- 16, 47, 79
Historical Sketch of the Linnaean Fern Chapter.—B. D.

RN ir MURR ge Scare bos wilde aw deo e ea bak 116
Index to Current Literature Relating to Ferns... .31, 63, 88, 127
Is Polypodium Incanum a Saprophye?—Willard N. Clute... 37
Lycopodium Trisachyum.—B. D. Gilbert..............0.05: 13
Lygodium Palmatum in New Hampshire—R. H. Metcalf.... 59
Marsilia Uncinata in Louisiana—W. R. Mason............ 47
Minor Inaccuracies—L. M. Underwood...............00055 53
Nephrolepis Exaltata as an Outdoor Fern.—Willard N.

Te a, DECC HENS SU tse arc FN ile RECN A? Pe ao 84
New Zealand Ferns and Fern Study—Geo. E. Smith...... 111
See Patines Gee 8 rane ec. SS hk aoe Kahne cs bs oi 96
ST AST igh SRE oe ant aan: he PE Bh a 93, 125
Notes From the South—Willard N. Clute............ 5, 33, 82

PAGE.
Notes on American Ferns—V.—William R. Maxon........ 46.
Notes on Japanese Ferns.—Kiichi Miyake............eee0e. II4
Notes on Some Common Ferns.—/J. C. Buchheister........ 56
Notes on Some Rare Washington Ferns.—J. B. Flett........ 24
Notes on the January Fern Bulletin—Chas. T. Druery...... 51
Osmunda Claytoniana.—J..C. Buchheister.......0.2.-es000. 57
Osmunda Regalis with Dorsal Fructification—Chas. T.
Druery. .... SPD as Eo a anes ae eae OE ig ee oe eee 51
Pellaea Atropurpurea an Evergreen.—E. J. Hill............ 82

Pellaea Atropurpurea in a Strange Place—A.V. Osmun.... 58
Phegopteris Phegopteris in Central New York—William

R: Maxon. . 2... 00: de eee ee eee 46
Phegopteris Robertiana—William R. Masxon.............. 47
Polypodium Vulgare—J. C. Buchheister............02000: 56
Polypodium ‘Vulgare: Actiminaitimes-. >... oc. ease eee Saleh
Psilotum Nudum in Florida—Willard N. Clute........... 36
Pteris Longifolia in Louisiana—Willard N. Clute.......... 33

. Sandstone Habitats of Pellaea—Mrs. A. Goetting.......... 85
Scolopendrium and Pellaea—S. H. Burnham.............. 57
Second Louisiana Record for Pteris Serrulata—Willard

N. . Clate. .. 282.23. Be ee eee eee 3
Selaginalla Arenicola in Florida—Willard N. Clute........ 84
Selaginella Ludoviciana.——Willard N. Clute................ 82

Some Features of Future Fern Study—L. M. Underwood 105
Some Ferns of the Sierra Nevada Range—W. G. Wat-

BENS 0 e's oN ee OOS ORS enter 68
Some North American Pteridophtes—B: D. Gilbert........ 12
Some Roadside Ferns of Herkimer Co., New York.—

A. D. House. m1. 42 ti nn oehhe eta aeeseee fees See 14
Specific Characters in Botrychium Ternatum.—A. A.

Baton ooo. isn kets ccbedw eat aeleee oe 84
The Club Mosses.—W. N.C... vos inchs cee see ee 16

The Correct Name of the Little Ebony Spleenwort—
Witham. R: Max dtc. ...2<vin obs) tana eee ee 46
The Distribution of Marsilia Uncinata—Willard N. Clute.. 35

The. Earliest Pern: J. Hill. eee 78
The Genera in. Aspidieae.:...2s9. <0 ased) sss es dees eee 85
The Genus Equisetum in North America—Alvah A.

Eaton ©... .3. Seva Canes cee ee eee 43; FT
The Linnaean Fern Chaptérocn acs. coo 32, 64, 96, 128
The Log Fern—William Palmer... ........ccccccccccccece 37
The Scouring Rushes-—We-W GAStee ae. et ee eee 47
The Slender Cliff-brake on Sandstone —Ellison Orr........ 56
The Wood. Ferns.-_W. NAG. 9.4. ee ee eee 70
Two New Fern Lists.—II—George E. Davenport.......... 22
The Selagnellae of North America—L. M. Underwood.. 8
Use of the Common Wood Fern—Willard N. Clute........ 83
Willard Nelson. Clute. so. /isceaiakdin cee eee eee 122
Woodsia Obtusa in Alabama.—Willard N. Clute............ 83

Vol X.

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LHE FERN BULLS see

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

WILLARD N. CLUTE, Editor
THE FERN BULLETIN CO.. PUBLISHERS, jINGHAMTON, N. Y.
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THE LINNAEAN FERN CHAPTER

PRESIDENT, B. D. GiLpert, Clayville, N. Y. S&cretary, Homer D. Houses, 506 University
Place, Syracuse, N. Y.

Fern students are cordially invited to join the Chapter. Address either the President or
Secretary for further information. All dues should be sent direct to Jas. A. Graves,
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THE SECOND EDITION

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“FLORA OF THE UPPEK SUSQUEHANNA”

Has recently been issued. A large number of additions have been made.’ All who
are interested in our local floras should have it. It is not a mere list, but contains many
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FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS

tee rei BULLETIN

VOL. X. JANUARY, 1902. No. 1.
A NEW FORM OF ASPLENIUM EBENOIDES, 115" * ae

By C. E. Warers, Pu. D. new" os ‘

BOTANKAY

The recent discovery of an unusual form of Aspleniumn QDE™
ebenoides brings up once again the question of the hybridity
of this species. ‘The latest paper on the subject of which I have
any knowledge is one written by Mr. Maxon (Botanical Gazette,
Pp. 410, 1900), in which he gives a history of the discussion, and
then presents certain arguments in favor of the theory of
hybridity. It has been of great assistance to me in the prepara-
tion of this paper.

As early as 1862 it was suggested by Berkeley that the fern
might be a hybrid between Camptosorus and Asplenium
ebeneum. Since that time nearly everyone who has written on
the subject has held the same view. Professor Eaton and Mr.
Redfield considered it a hybrid, and Professor Coulter in 1882
said that “the burden of testimony all seems to be in favor of
,that idea.” One very important point bearing on the question
was brought out most clearly by Mr. Davenport. He regarded it
as “probably the best example of a fern hybrid that we have, the
infrequency of its occurrence, the presence always of Camp-
tosorus and Asplenium ebeneum, and the few plants found in the
_recorded stations, all going to favor the hypothesis of hybridiza-
tion.”

Mr. Maxon lays stress on its wide distribution in isolated
localities where, as a rule, but one or two plants are found. The
only place in which it has been found at all abundantly is at
Havana, Hale county, Alabama, where it occurs at all stages of
growth from prothalli to fully-matured plants. “They might
arise from wind-blown spores, but in this event is it not a singular
coincidence that the fortunate spore happens on each occasion to
settle between plants of Asplenium platyneuron and Camp-
tosorus?”

ey

It seems incredible to me, as a matter of probabilities, that
any plant can be scattered from Vermont and Connecticut to
Alabama, and be found only with the other two species, and
.so rarely, if it is not a hybrid between them. If it were more
abundant it would be easier to look upon it as a distinct species,
for similar plant-groups are familiar to every botanist. In 1897,
Professor Murrill wrote an account of his discovery of the fern
in Virginia. He concludes that it is “a distinct spleenwort.” ‘The
botanies all state that the veins are free in our species of
Asplenium, while the areoles are a prominent feature of the
venation of Camptosorus. Professor Murrill says “another in-
teresting link connecting it with the walking-leaf is the areolate
structure of its veins,” although Eaton and others say the veins
-are all free. Specimens from Virginia and Alabama, and my
own from Maryland, show occasional areoles exactly like those
of Camptosorus. But this evidence does not convince Professor
Murrill as it once did the writer. That particular argument has
recently lost much of its force by the recent discovery of numer-
ous areoles of exactly the same type in fronds of A. pinnatifidum
from Pennsylvania. ‘Thirty-two areoles were counted in seven-
teen fronds of all sizes. Several fronds had four or five.

About the same time that the article written by Professor
Murrill was published, Dr. Underwood gave an account of his
visit to the Havana locality in the Botanical Gazette (XXII, p. 41G,
1896). He found the plants in all stages from the youngest up
to mature plants, and he concluded that it is not a hybrid but a
well defined species, assuming that a hybrid is necessarily sterile.
If this assumption be true, further argument is useless, and we
can no longer look upon the plant as a hybrid, for it undoubtedly
reproduces itself from spores at Havana. It seems to me that this
argument is satisfactorily disposed of by Maxon. ‘There is at
least one well authenticated instance of fertility in a fern hybrid,
namely, in the cross between Polystichum angulare and P.
aculeatum. Would it not be possible then for A. ebenoides to
be fertile even though other hybrids may have proved to be
sterile? A piece of affirmative evidence is of more weight than
much negative evidence. Of course the most conclusive evidence
would be the actual production of a hybrid.

One of the peculiarities of hybrids is a decided tendency
towards variation of form. This trait is quite marked in

—3—

Asplenium ebenoides. Plants from the Havana station resemble
one another very closely, but they are quite different from speci-
mens found elsewhere. ‘The single plant recently found by the
writer near Baltimore, Md., is quite unlike other recorded forms,

ASPLENIUM EBENEUM—three forms of fronds found near Baltimore.
and on the single root-stock were three fairly distinct types of
fronds. Of these, one resembled somewhat the usual form,
pinnatifid below, and with a nearly entire, slender prolongation
above. In our specimen the prolongation is very wide in pro-
portion to the size of the frond, resembling a short frond of
Camptosorus. In the second form, there is no such prolongation,

—4{4—

as the frond is pinnatifid with very much rounded lobes up to the
tip. Below it is pinnate with very irregular pinnae which are
rhombic, deltoid, or oblong, and more or less auricled, and at-
tached by a broad base. This form is least like Camptosorus. In
the third form we have a linear frond about half an inch broad
and five long, deeply lobed and much “crisped” except below,
where there are a few pinnae attached by a broad base. In one
frond these pinnae remind one of the segments of Botrychium
lunaria. The fronds of form three are fertile, the others sterile
except for a few scattered sori at the tip of a frond of the first
type. Anastomosing veinlets are found in the first and third
forms. The sori are borne irregularly as in Camptosorus.

Botanists who have seen these specimens or photographs of
- them have said that they are excellent evidence in favor of the
theory of hybridity. It is certain that they are as clearly inter-
mediate between the two supposed parent species as are the
specimens usually found, and yet they are quite distinct in ap-
pearance from the latter. The fact that they grew near both
parent species is not to be overlooked, and the position of the
sori is also good evidence in favor of hybridity. Not so much
stress can be laid on the character of the venation since we have
the same state of affairs in A. pinnatifidum. In its stem charac-
ters it is also intermediate. ‘The stipe and lower half of the
midrib are dark brown and polished as in A. ebeneum. The upper
part of the stipe is two-ridged on the sides so that it appears two-
grooved in front. This is a characteristic of Camptosorus. In
A. ebeneum the stipe is not ridged, and its fibro-vascular bundles
resemble those of ebenoides more than those of Camptosorus.
The length of the stipes connects them with Camptosorus. ‘The ©
writer is in favor of the theory of hybidity, but is forced to con-
fess that the lack of a single pinna of typical ebeneuwm form is a
difficulty not easy to set aside unless we assume that the Camp-
tosorus exerts a greater influence upon the hybrid than does the
other parent.

—Mr. Thomas Wareing reports collecting Cystopteris fragilis
magnasera at Millbrook, N. J., and Mr. J. C. Buchheister also col-
lected it in the Catskill mountains of New York. No doubt it will
prove to be a common form.

NOTES FROM“THE SOUTH.
By WILLARD N. CLUuTE.

Collectors and students of ferns have frequently lamented
the fact that there are so few persons in the South interested in
these plants, but if my experience is that of the average collector
it is probable that this part of the world will never be noted for
the number of its fern lovers. In November I rode directly north
irom New Orleans nearly three hundred miles, and in all that
distance, although I kept a fairly close watch, I did not see a
fern except the resurrection fern. I know, of course, that in the
region traversed there are other ferns; but I cite this instance to
show that they are not exactly plentiful. The season, it is true,
was somewhat late, but I am sufficiently familiar with the after-
math of various common species to have noted them if they had
occurred.

In the vicinity of the city of New Orleans even an ardent
collector would find it difficult to work up much enthusiasm.
Anywhere about the city you can dig down two feet and find
water, and from the city limits in almost every direction stretches
immense swamps of cypress and palmetto, with here and there a
knoll of dryer ground peeping up from the depths; and yet in
these places where everything seems suitable to a fine growth of
ferns, I have not seen a single fern-plant in four months’ collect-
ing, except a single specimen of the marsh shield fern.

Of course this excepts the sray polypody or resurrection fern.
This is a common species especially delighting in a position on
the trunk or spreading main branches of the live oak. In the
parks and along the public streets it is a common sight, but I
never tire of seeing it. It seems particularly in keeping with the
. venerable appearance of its moss-draped host. In dry weather
so well does it blend with the bark that none but a practical eye
would see it; but when a stormy day comes, every frond is
spread and drinking in life to the utmost. How it loves disagree-
able weather! Thoreau’s “cheerful community of the polypody’
acquires a new significance with this species.

Last October as I was wandering along the levee which pro-
tects the city from the encroachments of Lake Pontchartrain, I
found in the sedgy and bushy shallows of this great arm of the
Gulf, a most surprising specimen, in the shape of the floating
fern (Ceratopteris thalictroides). Until I fished it out of the

ees

water it had never been found in the United States further north
or west than Southern Florida. I found but a single specimen,
but the locality was one that is not easily accessible either by
wading or by boat, so I could not explore extensively. It is
possible that it may yet be found in greater abundance. The spot
where my specimen was collected is about 500 feet east of the
street car landing at West End. The plant was in good condition
and while it is possible that it has floated from Florida to these
shores, its location and appearance are strongly against the sup-
position that it is adventive.

In the boggy ground back of the levees on both sides of the
Mississippi a species of Marsilia is very abundant. It forms dense
mats on boggy shores, from which it also sends floating stems out
into the water. It is much like a patch of white clover in ap-
pearance, but even at a distance it is to be distinguished from
clover by the livelier green of its fronds. I have set it down as
M. uncinata, although the sporocarps are necessary to make sure,
and these I have not yet found. Many plants were searched for
them in vain. From what Mr. Julien Reverchon writes me from
Dallas, Texas, I surmise that I was too late this year for the
fruit. I hope to look for it again in the spring or early summer.
He who finds a Marsilia in this part of the world does well to
consider it M. vestita unless it is in fruit. My reasons for be-
lieving my plants to be uncinata, is that they are not pubescent,
and they that are rather larger than those of M. vestita usually
grow. Professor Underwood tells me that fruiting plants of M.
uncinata have been sent him from this city, but whether they were
collected here does not seem to be known at present. At any
rate, this seems to be the first published record of the plant so
far east. The sixth edition of “Our Native Ferns” credits it to
Western Louisiana upon the authority of a botanist long since
passed away. ‘The books on the fernworts bear evidences that
some species have not received sufficient study in the field. For
instance, the Marsilias here mentioned have their height given,
which is really only the length of the stipes, while not a word is
said about the length of the plant, although it is a creeping
species. It is not difficult to find stems more than a yard long
with frequent branches.

It has never been my good fortune to see Azolla Carolinana
growing, until I came upon it at Southport, in the suburbs of
New Orleans. I was still at some distance from the pool in

—]—

which it floated, when I identified it; but there was no chance of
mistake. It covered the surface of the water completely, and
grew in much closer mats than I have ever seen those flowering
plants, the Lemnas or duckmeats, which in mode of life so
closely resemble these flowerless ones. I tried to float specimens
out upon pieces of paper, but they grew too thickly, so I brought
home a large bundle of them to separate in a basin of water at
my leisure. The pool was in full sun and the plants had a bright
brownish red hue. I noticed, however, that on the shores, where
the plants also rooted in the mud, they were bright green and
concluded that the color was due entirely to location. In this I
was glad to be confirmed by a letter received a few days later
from Mr. A. A. Eaton, with which I will end this article by quot-
ing entire for its interesting bearing upon this subject:

“I conducted a little experiment with Azolla filiculoides last
winter to see just why it was sometimes red and at others green.
I placed a pot of earth so it was half below the surface of my jar
where I was wintering it. Being kept in the greenhouse it grew
well all winter. That over the earth threw its roots into it and
appeared to feed on the richness of the soil, as I had manured it
highly. It grew very luxuriantly and was of a vivid green, not a
hint of color. As soon as the edge of the pot was passed the
roots were suspended in water without being able to reach the
. soil. The plants were smaller and of varying shades up to all
red. This demonstrated that adversity alone is accountable for
the color. To make assurance doubly sure, I removed all the
red and changed some of the green from the pot to the water,
where it soon assumed the red tint. The jar was in full sun all
the time. I find it grows extremely well on a moist surface as
on mud, better even than in water. I have seen ditches in Cali-
fornia coated two inches deep with it, mostly red. This is doubt-
less Owing in part to the extreme competition it was subject to.
Cool mountain streams produced the green variety.”

—Mr. S. Rapp, of Sanford, Fla., recently sent us a most inter-
esting specimen of Osmunda regalis collected November toth,
1901. In this specimen, which is in fruit, the sporangia are not
borne in panicles, but upon the backs of the dilated leaflets. It is
interesting to note that the sporangia are assembled in little sori
on the backs of the veins and at some distance from the edges of
the leaflets. The spore-cases are slightly smaller than ordinarily
and the tip of the frond looks much like that of a Nephrodium.

THE SELAGINELLAE OF NORTH AMERICA,.—I.

By Lucien M. UNbDERWoop.

The plants now known under the name of Selaginella were
originally placed in Lycopodium. Two of our species were known
to Linnaeus under the names Lycopodium rupestre and L. apo-
dum. In all only twenty-four species of Lycopodium were known
to Linnaeus in 1753, and of these only ten have been transferred
to the genus Selaginella. In 1810 Willdenow enumerated ninety-
two species of Lycopodium, of which thirty-four now belong to
Selaginella. Spring wrote the first important monograph of Sela-
ginella in 1848 and included 209 species. ‘This remained the
_ standard monograph until J. G. Baker of Kew revised the genus
in 1887, adding largely from Spruce’s South American collections,
and raising the number to three hundred and thirty-five species.
Numerous species have been added since that time and we have
now the latest review of the subject in the treatment of Sela-
ginella by Dr. Hieronymus, of Berlin, in Engler-Prantl, Die
Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien in which the number is raised
to five hundred and fifty-nine species! Our two Eastern species
represent two series of the genus which have formed the basis for
separation into genera and it is not likely that these divergent
types will always be held together. Of these Selaginella rupestris
was long held to represent a single species. In 1865 Alexander
Braun separated S. tortipila, originally collected by Rugel in
North Carolina, and D. C. Eaton described S. Oregana in 1880,
though the species had been described fifty years before by Presl
under the generic name Lycopodium, with which the species of
Selaginella were then associated. Milde, however, in reviewing the
ferns of the North temperate regions of the Old World, had in-
dicated ten varieties as early as 1867. My own studies in the
genus led to the establishment of seven species in 1898 and Dr.
Rydberg and Mr. A. A. Eaton have each added a single species
to our list.

About a year ago Dr. Hieronymus of Berlin, took up the
group of species involved in Selaginella rupestris and described
a large number of new species from all parts of the world, includ-
ing a number from our own country. I have already given a list
of these in the Fern Buretin (IX, 50, Jl. 1901). In the recently

es
published Lieferungen (200, 210) of Engler-Prantl he gives a
very full synopsis of all the species of the genus known to him,
recognizing in what had formerly made up the single species
Selaginella rupestris no less than thirty-six species! Surely our
: good critic from Boston will have his hands full in reducing ail
: these to varieties or forms, and in reminding us that they did not
do this in the good old days before descriptive botany reaily
touched upon specific characters.

In order further to bring the views of Dr. Hieronymus to the
notice of our students, I feel that no better service can be ren-
. dered than to present the following synopsis of his species so far
as he briefly tabulates them in Engler-Prantl, reserving to a later
article my own annotations on some of his species, some of which
I had refrained from publishing myself for lack of sufficient ma-
terial. It will be noticed that he accepts all species published by
me as valid as well as Mr. A. A. Eaton’s S. cinerascens, which he

properly restores, as there is an earlier published S. bryoides.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NortH AMERICAN SELAGINELLAE ACCORDING TO
HIERONYMUS.

Plants erect or ascending, emitting roots only in the lower
part; leaves elongate-triangular, always pointed with
| terminal bristles.
. Strobiles horizontal or at least not erect; microspores
and macrospores dorsiventrally distributed.
eee MaNOUL a ality MATIN... 2-6. ee ae ee eves
_.S. TORTILPILA A. Br. (Carolina)
Leaves with 8-14 marginal hairs on either side........
-.....8. RUPINCOLA Underw. (New Mexico)
Strobiles "erect ; ‘microsporangia in axils of upper
sporophylls; macrosporangia in the axils of the
lower terminal leaf-bristles 0.25-0.45 mm. in length..
.S. BiceLovir Underw. (California)
‘Totusieal leaf-bristles 0.45- -o.8 mm. long.
Leaves with 30 or sometimes 50 marginal hairs on
elmer Side.......:. S. CurismARI Hieron. (Mexico)
Leaves with 8-16 marginal hairs on either side....
| ee S. ARENICOLA Underw. (Florida)
Plants creeping or forming prostrate spreading masses.
Plants creeping or often with thickly crowded climbing
branches; branching stems, mostly not over IO cm.
long; leaves linear-elongate, diminishing toward
the blunt ends.
Leaves without bristles at the ends or merely with short
tips.

——o—

Marginal hairs as long as 0.16 mm..................
.S. mutica D. C. Eaton (Colorado, New Mexico)
Marginal hairs scarcely 0.08 mm. long............
ba es Se S. CINERASCENS* A. A. Eaton (California)
Leaves with terminal bristle tips.
Bristles yellowish-green; leaves with 4-9 hairs on
either’ sid@s..... Spanien ax S. Watson Underw. (California)
Bristles white or whitish.
Macrospores smooth or nearly so.
Leaves with 6-9 marginal hairs on each side..
SVih ind ies S. MonTaniENsIS Hieron. ( Montana)
pee with 9-15 marginal hairs on each side..
ee eS 5 Sige, mats Tr: S. Scumiptm Hieron. (Alaska)
Macrospores with amastomosing thickened ridges
forming a distinct net work. (Besides the five
American species of this group, it contains also
S. longipila Hieron., from the Himalayas and S.
Siberica (Milde) Hieron, from Siberia).
With 2-6 marginal hairs on each side of the leaf;
terminal bristles 0.6-0.95 mm. long; strobiles
0.5-2 cm. long. .S. ENGELMANNII Hieron. (Colorado)
With 6-8 marginal hairs on each side of leaf; stro-
biles: as ‘loro as: 369-35 eee ee ee
w8 cig alite One ere Be S. BourcEAur Hieron. (Oregon)
With 8-12 marginal hairs on each side of the leaf;
terminal bristles 0.55-1 mm. long; strobiles 2 cm.
long; miicrosporangia “wantine..cx < ¢o.tcnaueerae
icv eae Peon nee S. RupEstris L. (Eastern U. S.)
With 8-12 marginal hairs on each side of leaf;
terminal bristle 0.9-1.4 mm. long; strobiles as
long as 3cm.S. Haypenr Hieron. (Oregon, Nebraska)
With 8-12 marginal hairs on each side of the leaf;
terminal bristle 0.3-0.4 mm. long; strobiles 1.5cm.
long, growing horizontally and with a dorsiven-
tral distribution of sporangia... .. 2. 2.4 cee
+ Roig Re Gh nie keane S. WALLACEI Hieron. (Oregon)
Plants creeping mostly with the ascending or spreading
branches less crowded; branching stems mostly over
10 cin. long; leaves elongate-triangular or drawn out
into an elongate triangle from a linear-elongate base,
mostly ending in a sharp point.

*Dr. Hieronymus gives this in his synopsis as S. bryoides Nutt., but
later corrects the synonymy because of an earlier S. bryoides which he re-
vives fromLycopodium bryoides described by Kaulfuss in 1824. It is in-
teresting to see how this Berlin doctor utterly disregards the Berlin “fifty
year limit” in thus reviewing Kaulfuss’ name, which according to approved
American practice ought to be revived, but according to his own should
not. How any one with any pretentions of familiarity with botanical
literature and the practical working of rules of nomenclature can hold to
such a frivolous suggestion as a “fifty year limit” is one of the things to be
classed among psychological curiosities and amenities.

—

Macrospores irregularly wrinkled.* Strobiles up-
right, normal. With 9-12 marginal hairs on each
side of leaf; terminal bristles 0.25-0.45mm. long;
Lrg PEE oy ee eg eee
pate ee oe Urea S. Wricutm Hieron. (New Mexico)

Macrospores with more or less regular net-like
thickenings of the membrane (Besides this
Californian species, this group contains S.
Montevideensis Hieron.and S.Peruviana (Milde)
Hieron., both from South America and both with
erect strobiles).

Strobiles horozontal 5 mm. or less long; micro-and
macrosporangia dorsiventrally distributed. With
8-15 marginal hairs on each side of the leaf;
terminal bristles 0.3-0.45 mm. long; strobiles
o0.5cm long with 10-20 marginal hairs on each
RierOn THe SHOOTOPNYH. 62.4 vb... dices cco ss eae cious
a Se ee S. BoLANDERI Hieron. (California)

Strobiles over 5mm. long, erect; macrosporangia in
the lower sporophylls, microsporangia in the
upper. (Besides the following, this group con-
tains S. Wrightit Hieron. from the East Indies).

With 5-7 marginal hairs on each side of the leaf;
terminal bristle 0.16-0.3mm. long; strobiles
0.5-2 cm. long with 12-15 marginal hairs on
Gacnw Side Gf Sporophtylls.. . fe cette eee

<3 5 ae S. Unperwooptt Hieron. (New Mexico)T

With 10-17 marginal hairs on either side of the
leaf; terminal bristle 0.45-0.65mm. long;
strobiles 0.5-Icm. long with 35-40 marginal
hairs on each side of the sporophyll..........
Ee ag ee eee S. Sartorit Hieron. (Mexico)

With 8-15 marginal hairs on either side of the
leaf; terminal bristle 0.15-0.45mm. long;
strobiles Icm. long with 15-20 marginal bristles
on each side of sporophyll.

“Ae, aR S. AsCHENBORNI Hieron. (Mexico)

*Besides the single American species, this group contains the following
exotic species: S. Miidei Hieron., S. Arechavaletae Hieron., S. Sellovti
Hieron., and S. Balansae Hieron.. from South America, S. Nijam-njamensis
Hieron., S. caffoorum (Milde) Hieron. and. S$" capensis. (A. Br.) Hieron.,
from South Africa, all with normal upright strobiles, and the curious South
African S. Dregei (Pres!) Hieron., with the strobiles horizontal, with the
two upper rows developed as leaves and the two lower as sporophylls.

7The synonymy of this species is as follows:
SELAGINELLA UNDERWoopII Hieron. Dies naturl. Pflanzenf,*1: 714
note. Igor.
Selaginella Fendleri Hieron. Hedwigia, 39:303, 1900. Not S. Fend-
leri Baker.
es rupesiris Fendleri Underw. Bull, Torrey Club, 25:127,
1898.

—— a

Macrospores smooth or with only slightly irregular
or net-like wrinkles, but with a more or less dis-
tinct ring either equatorial or crown-like on the
inner pointed surface.

Macrospores tetrahedral or globose with slight
crown-shaped rings on the outer surface. With
6-12 marginal hairs on each side of leaf; terminal
bristles 0.6-0.8mm. long; strobiles as long as

G MM. eek S. Hansent Hieron. (California)
Macrospores lenticular, with a gibbose equatorial
ring.

With 8-14 marginal hairs on each side of leaf;
terminal bristles 0.08-0.15mm. long; strobiles
0.5cm: long? se S. EXTENSA Underw. (Mexico)

With shoots as long as 50cm. often with the
branches and branchlets coiled like ostrich
plumes, with 1-4 short marginal hairs on each
side of leaf, very short terminal bristles, few
marginal hairs~0n sporophylls, and macro-
spores,ndistinctly netted on the basal side.

....S. STRUTHIOLOIDES (Presl) Underw. (Oregon)

SOME NORTH AMERICAN PTERIDOPHYTES.
By B. D. GIBeErt.

ASPLENIUM ANCEPS SOLANDER.—This species, which I
announced in my Working List of N. A. Pteridophytes as grow-
ing in Florida, was originally described by Sir William Hooker in
“Tcones Filicum,” with the name given to it which Solander had
written on the label to his specimens in the Hookerian herbarium.
In the Latin description, the rachis is said to be like the stipes,
“black or brown-purple, shining, triangular, with the margins or
angles narrowly winged.” Further on Hooker remarks in Eng-
lish, that “this appellation (viz., anceps) is not entirely applicable
to the three angles of the stipes and rachis.” It is this point upon
which I wish to comment. The Latin word anceps signifies two-
edged, but it does not follow that the edges must necessarily be
opposite each other. So far as I can judge from the examination
of a large number of specimens, Hooker’s description of the
rachis as “triangular” is misleading. It is quite rounded on one
side, so that it might be said to form a rounding obtuse angle.
But the other two angles are sharp and stand one on each side of
the furrow of the rachis. It is these angles which are “winged”
with a series of lighter colored cells, and these angles are un-

—I3—

doubtedly the ones which Solander had in mind when he named
the species anceps. ‘The name seems to me to be an eminently
fitting appellation, when one takes into consideration the two
winged angles which form the most prominent character of the
species.

LYCOPODIUM TRISTACHYUM PurRsH.—Dr. Underwood tells me
that he examined Pursh’s American specimens at the British
Museum and that his L. Tristachyum exactly agrees with what
has long been known as L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br. As Pursh’s
is the oldest name it must of course take precedence. At Alder
Creek, N. Y., this species grows plentifully in sandy woods, but
is replaced in open spots by L. complanatum. It bears fruited
spikes much less freely than complanatum, is about a month
earlier, the branches are longer, slenderer, more drooping, less
rigid than the other, and, as has already been noted, the main
stems are placed a little below the surface of the soil. So far as
reported, it seems to prefer sandy soil and seldom grows in any
other. Professor Peck, our New York State botanist, writes me
that he has found it growing plentifully in Essex county, N. Y.
So it is liable to be discovered in other localities also.

PoOLYPODIUM VULGARE ACUMINATUM GILBERT.—Fronds_in-
cluding stipes eight to twelve inches long, two to three inches
wide, pinnae sixteen to twenty-two pairs acute to long acuminate,
very irregular in length, also irregularly but not deeply crenate,
texture somewhat thinner than in the ordinary form of P. vul-
gare, lowest pair of pinnae completely separated from others and
usually bent in so as to touch each other on the face; color dark
green above, pale green underneath. When this was first found
it was thought to be Wollaston’s var. laciniatum, described in
Moore's “Nature Printed Ferns” as follows: “In this variety
the lobes: (pinnules) are of different lengths and simply but ir-
regularly notched, and somewhat crisped or reflexed.” This ans-
wers very well for a description of our variety, so far as it goes.
But it says nothing about the acuminate pinnae, which form the
most distinctive feature of acuminatum. It fruits sparingly
toward the tips of fronds, and bears the same large sori as P.
vulgare. It also has the same dark and wavy midribs, the veins
running from which are generally once branched. Found October
5, 1901, on the face of a cliff at Fox’s Fall, near Ilion, N. Y.,
growing in a clump three feet long and one foot wide. P. vulgare

—14—

grew in different places on the same cliff, but the acuminatum
was very distinct from that. Two fronds in my herbarium, sent
by Mr. M. W. Gorman, from Alaska, seem to possess nearly the
same characteristics, but they are one-quarter larger than any of
the Ilion specimens and considerably thicker in texture. Their
veins also fork three or four times. For some time past I have
been inclined to look upon our so-called Polypodium vulgare in
Eastern North America as a distinct species from the European
and Pacific coast species. Willdenow described a species which
he called P. Virginianum, which he said differed chiefly from P.
vulgare by having a non-paleaceous caudex. He gave its habitat
as Hayti and Virginia. At the same time he stated that he had
always received P. vulgare from North America under the name
- of P. Virginianum. I possess John Smith’s copy of Willdenow’s
Cryptogamia, and in that he has made a note that P. Virginianum
is only a variety of P. vulgare. I do not remember seeing any
specimens without scales on the caudex, but there are other fea-
tures of quite as much importance which seem to me to dis-
tinguish our species from that of Europe. However, I am not
yet prepared to separate the two, which can only be done by one
who has a large number of European as well as American speci-
mens in his possession, in order to make the comparison complete
and definite.

SOME ROADSIDE FERNS OF HERKIMER COUNTY,
NEW YORK.

By H. D. House.

It was my privilege last summer to traverse a considerable
portion of the upper part of Herkimer county, New York. This
county is extremely long from north to south, reaching from ten
miles south of the Mohawk river to seventy-five miles north of
it, and well up into the great wilderness of the Adirondack
region. I took copious notes upon the roadside vegetation of this
section, and later was surprised at the great-number of ferns and
fern allies which I had noted in roadside situations. The
region, though once quite thickly populated, is now becoming
deserted. In some townships nearly one-third of the homesteads
are unoccupied and falling to decay. Civilization is slowly losing
ground there, and this may account in part for the abundance

—I1I5—

and variety of the roadside plants. However, the most important
factor is the great variety of the conditions of environment.
Some localities are sandy and desolate, others hilly and rocky.
The roads pass throuch long stretches of rich woodlands, up
beautiful valleys, past ponds, lakes and bogs, in short almost
every condition of environment possible in this climate is found
along these roads. In altitude the region varies from seven
hundred to one thousand five hundred feet above sea level.

I began my observations at Newport, a villase on the West
Canada creek, about fifteen miles north of Herkimer. Here,
where the road runs close to the creek bank, I noticed in great
abundance close to the water’s edge, the Joint Grass (Equisctum
littorale). Along the White creek road, a few miles east are
several outcropping ledges of Trenton limestone. Here I found
the Brittle fern (Cystopteris fragilis, f. magnasora), the Bladder
fern (C. bulbifera), and the Walking fern (Camptosorus rhizo-
phyllus) in abundance with occasional specimens of the Maiden-
hair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) and the Poly-
pody (Polypodium vulgare). Some distance north of New-
port the road passes through a lowland area which in places
is swampy. Here the roadside was banked with great patches of
the New York fern (Nephrodium Noveboracense), the common
Wood fern (N. spinulosum intermedium) and Dicksonia pilosi-
uscula, while here and there I noticed clumps of all three of the
flowering ferns, Osmunda regalis, O. cinnamomca and O. Clay-
toniana; the last, frequently called the Interrupted fern, was less
common than the others.. A closer examination of the banks
brought to light the Maiden-hair fern. Upon alluvial soil near
by I found some fine clumps of that fern so aptly called the
Ostrich fern (Siruthiopteris Germanica). Beside the road in
more swampy places the sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), and
the Marsh fern (Nephrodium Thelypteris) were very abundant,
and grew close up to the wagon track. Upon rocky or sandy
roadside banks between the towns of Norway and Gray, I fre-
quently saw patches of the Long Beech fern (Phegopteris poly-
podioides). ‘This is as near the central part of New York state
as I have ever found this species of fern, though it may possibly
be found in other places throughout Central New York. From
Norway north and along the Fulton chain of lakes this fern is
not rare. North of Gray and around the little village of Ohio, the

=

country is sandy with frequent peat bogs and ponds. At one
place, beside a road near Ohio, I found five species of Lyco-
podium within a distance of a few hundred yards, Lycopodium
complanatum, L. lucidulum and L. obscurum in the edge of a
wood, and L. inundatum in a sandy depression. However, L.
clavatum was the most abundant, some of its stems being many
feet in length and all heavily fruited. With L. inundatum I found
Botrychium matricariaefolium and Selaginella apus, the latter
abundant. In manv places along these sandy roads, thickets of
the common Brake (Pteris aquilina) and berry bushes nearly hid
the fences. In these thickets I found many of our common ferns,
such as the Christmas fern (Polystichium acrostichioides), the
Marginal Shield fern (Nephrodium marginale), Botrychium
Virginicum and the rushes, Equisetum arvense and E. hiemale.
The Lady fern (Athyrium filix-foemina) is a conspicuous road-
side plant in many localities. There are several forms of this
fern found in this region, their distribution depending ap-
parently upon environmental factors. Along a roadside near
Gray I found the Adder’s-tongue fern (Ophiogiossum vulgatum)
and Botrychium ternatum obliquum. Ina bog close to the road
at Wilmurt, I found a few specimens of the Crested Shield fern
(Nephrodium cristatum) and plenty of the Spreading Wood
fern (N. spinulosum dilatatum).

The above named species are far from being all of the ferns
that grow in Herkimer county, and doubtless many more of
them may be found in roadside situations. It is seen that ma-
terial for the study of the ecology of the ferns is not lacking
even by the roadside. It is a significant fact that of the many
species of Asplenium found in this region, only a few specimens
of one were found by the roadside, while on the other hand, the
genus Nephrodium was largely represented in roadside situations
by nearly all of its local species.

HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER.

VI—Tue Crius-Mossks. |
Once more the holiday season has brought the club-mosses
into prominence. Of course the botanist and the lover of wild
nature knows what a club-moss is, but many others, perfectly
familiar with these plants, would scarcely recognize them by this

—I17—

name. ‘The species used for decorations at Christmas time are
more commonly called running pine, ground pine, or simply
evergreens, although the moss-like sterile portion and the club-
shaped spikes of fruit make the usual botanical name singularly
apnropriate.

The club-mosses are easily recognized. Most of the com-
mon species have a trailing vine-like stem, from which branches
rise at intervals, bearing great numbers of scaly or awl-shaped
leaves. The fruiting spikes also readily distinguish them. They
resemble an elongated pine cone in miniature. Under each scale
of this little cone, in the place that seeds are borne in the pine
cone, will be found the kidney-shaped spore-cases. These contain
great quantities of spores, as may be seen by shaking a ripe spike.
In some parts of the world these powdery spores are collected
for the market and they may be found in any drug store under
the name of Lycopodium.

One of the most interesting peculiarities of these plants is the
way in which they move over the ground. Not that any of the’
species as a whole has the power of movement; but the axis is so
rapidly added to at one end while as rapidly dying at the other,
that the individual plant is soon carried away from the place in
which it started. Indeed it may be a question for the meta-
physician to decide, whether after a few years it is the same
plant. Although its life has been uninterrupted it is not in the
original place, nor does it possess the same leaves, branches and
roots it had at the beginning.

The club-mosses are hardy species and elect to grow on
desolate barrens and rocky wastes on the very edge of the world,
as it were. They are very common in northern lands and love
mountain slopes. In such places the common club-moss (L.
clavatunz) is likely to be found. Its slender stem, thickly set
all round with awl-shaped leaves, and its spikes on long stems
will distinguish it. In cold, wet woods there is another species—
L. annotinum—that is much like it, except that the spikes of fruit
are sessile at the ends of the branches. Near the common species
one is likely to find ZL. complanatum with flat, fan-shaped
branches, like arbor vitae, that cannot be mistaken. Its spikes
are also on long stems. In rich woodlands there is a species
which grows a foot or more high and resembles not a little a
pine tree. This is ZL. obscurum. ‘The clubs are sessile at the

——_e——

\ /
Y/,
/
\W/
Wh
NY i
\ \\
V
' t JAS
AN? a
ny Ss
4 AN ASS
\ Ve Uy. WS
\ | : fy hin
"OZ A
WE AN
= ” a AN
po Nu NN \

A torm of LYCOPODIUM ALOPECUROIDES.

ends of the branches. In wet woods, especially in hemlock
woods, is a species (LL. lucidulum) like a gigantic moss that
seems an anomaly among its kind, for it does not bear spore-
cases in spikes. "They are in the axils of the upper leaves and
being rather large and bright yellow, ought easily to be noted.
In northern bogs may be occasionally found a small club-moss
with one or two short bushy spikes and a sterile portion that is

—I9—
noted for forming an arch of each season’s growth. This is L.
inundatum. . In similar places in the south will be found L.
alopecuroides, which is much like it, but larger. Northern speci-
mens of the latter are hard to separate from L. inundatum. Our
illustration is made from such a snecimen.

Last and least there is ZL. Carolinianum, with a very short
sterile portion flat on the earth and a slender spike often not
more than three inches high. It srows in bogs from New Jersey
southward. In the Eastern States there are a few more rare
species not here mentioned. If the young collector should
happen to find them, it will be easy to separate them by a refer-
ence to the nearest botanical manual—W. N. C.

FALL FRUITING OF OSMUNDA.
By W. C. STEELE.

I have never seen but two species of Osmunda in Florida,
namely, O. regalis and O. cinnamomea. Dr. Chapman in his
“Flora of the Southern United States” says that O. Claytoniana is
found within the district covered by his botany, but does not
credit it to Florida, and I have never seen a specimen in this state.
Osmunda regalis grows around here, but not very abundantly.
Osmunda cinnamomea, on the other hand, is one of the most
common ferns in this section. Perhaps it would come third on
the list. Pteris aquilina var. caudata would come first, being
found almost everywhere. The second would be Woodwardia
Virginica.

But this was not what I started to tell. Both species of Os-
munda send up a crop of fertile fronds in the spring, and Os-
munda cinnamomea has a habit of sending up a second crop of
fertile fronds in the fall. Not every clump, nor even one-half of
them. But enough to be very noticeable.

In some places nearly or quite one-half the plants show this
fall crop of fertile fronds. In other places only here and there
a plant will have them. The editor of the Fern BULLETIN in a pri-
vate note asked the question whether it might not be that the
sterile fronds on these fall fruiting clumps had been destroyed by
some accident. Such, however, is not the case. It may be,
probably is, the cause of three clumps of O. regalis sending up
fertile fronds in October. These three were within the fence of

—

my home lot and lost all their sterile fronds by the trampling of a
horse tied out to graze. In the case of O. cinnamomea, however,
the sterile fronds are usually all present, often as perfect as ever,
but sometimes turned brown and about dead.

We have never in the past marked any clumps to be able to
say positively whether the same plants fruit twice in one year
or not. Will try to do so this fall and watch next spring to see
if the same clumps send up fertile fronds then.

FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS.

Without doubt the writer who has done the most to pop-
ularize the study of ferns in America, bears the name of Frances
‘Theodora Parsons. ‘To her belongs the unique distinction of
publishing the first book on ferns for the general reader—a book
that one does not need a botanical education to understand. Al-
though first issued less than four years ago, “How to Know the
Ferns” has already gone throuch two or more editions, and will
always remain one of our most valued contributions to the litera-
ture of ferns.

Mrs. Parsons began life in New York, December 5, 1861, as
Frances Theodora Smith. She first married Commander Wil-
liam Starr Dana, of the United States navy (who died abroad),
and as Mrs. William Starr Dana wrote “How to Know the
Wild-flowers” (1893), “According to Season” (1894), and
“riants and Their Children” (1896). All of these have been
most successful, especially “How to Know the Wild-flowers,”
which according to report has sold nearly seventy thousand copies
—a most phenomenal circulation for an “out-of-door” book. An
enlarged and illustrated edition of “According to Season” is
now in press.

On February 8, 1896, she married Prof, James Russell Par-
sons, Jr., Secretary of the University of the State of New York,
and also an author of note on pedagogical topics. At present
they reside at Albany, N. Y.

Mrs. Parsons’ work is characterized by an easy and graceful
style, coupled with a thorough understanding of her subject. Her
books are conspicuously free from the slips so common to many
writers who attempt volumes for the ceneral public. To Mrs.
Parsons and to Messrs. Charles Scribner’s Sons we are indebted

—

for the use of the photograph which we have pleasure in pro-
ducing elsewhere in this number.—W. N. C.

A NEW FORM OF OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA.
By C. E. WATERS.

About the middle of July, while collecting Woodwardias and
Dryopteris simulaia, my attention was attracted by the rusty ap-
pearance of a plant of Osmunda cinnamomea. Investigation
showed that this was not due, as at first supposed, to a parasitic
fungus, but to a rather dense glandular pubescence. Later, on
the 28th and 31st of August, further search was made and plants
having this pecularity were found in abundance. Both the
variety and the typical form of the species grow in large numbers
in low sphagnum woods near Glen Burnie, in Anne Arundel
county, Maryland. It cannot be said that the variation is due to
peculiarities of soil or to varying amounts of sunlight (which ex-
planation suggested itself at first), for the two forms grow side
by side all through the woods. It is my opinion that we have a
distinct variety, which it is proposed to name variety glandulosa.

The pubescence is not of the ordinary form, that is, composed
of simple hairs, but is distinctly glandular, the hairs being en-
larged at the tips and covered with a sticky substance. The
pubescence of early summer is of an entirely different character.
In some of our specimens the latter was still adherent to the
stems and along the midribs of the pinnae as late as August 31,
but I-think it was held in place by the sticky secretion of the
glandular hairs. It was noticed that many of the fronds ad-
hered to the driers in much the same way that Dicksonia does
when pressed.

In Osmunda cinnamomea forma glandulosa the outlines of the
fronds and pinnae, stem characters, and vernal pubescence are
as in type. The pinnae are more or less densely glandular-pubes-
cent below, especially along the midribs and veins and smooth or
glandular-pubescent along the veins above. The rachis and upper
part of the stipe is also glandular-pubescent.

Fronds from two to five feet tall were found, and in some in-
stances the stems and pinnae appeared rusty from the glandular
hairs. The variety can often be distinguished by touch. The
specimens in the Gray and the New England Botanical Club

—oo a

Herbaria were examined, but none of the new form was noticed.
Fronds have been sent to the National Museum, Gray Herbarium
and several private herbaria.

TWO NEW FERN LISTS—II.
By GerorcE E. DAVENPORT.

In a “Working List of North American Pteridophytes with
Descriptions of a Number of Varieties Not Heretofore Pub-
lished,” Benjamin D. Gilbert, the author, gives us to understand
from his preface that his special purpose has been to put into the
hands of fern students an up-to-date check list for practical use
in making exchanges and preparing herbaria, and he has cer-
‘tainly succeeded admirably in what he has undertaken.

In the carrying out of his plan he has made no attempt at a
systematic arrangement, but adopted an alphabetical order for
the greater convenience of ready reference, the different forms
enumerated being numbered consecutively from 1 to 438, with an
addition of six half numbers, making a total of 444. Of this
number 187 represent species of ferns, as against Mr. Maxon’s
196, and 111 fern varieties or forms, which is a much greater
number than Mr. Maxon recognized, and which swells the total
number of fern plants to 298, by far the largest number yet pub-
lished in this country.

Under varietal names Mr. Gilbert has succeeded in bringing
together about every form known to have been recognized in any
way, at any time since the earliest history of American Pteri-
dology, besides adding many new ones.

Many of these forms are unimportant, but as a matter of
record, and keeping in mind the special purpose for which the
enumeration was intended, no serious objection can be made to
the presentation of so many unusual forms, as nearly all collect-
ors like to obtain as many as possible, and Mr. Gilbert’s list will
be immensely helpful for that purpose.

Some of the species enumerated, however, fall under a more
serious criticism, and the whole number given may be safely
somewhat further reduced. It is scarcely worth while, for in-
stance, to adopt such species as Botrychium tenebrosum, it
being merely a weekly developed growth of B. matricariaefol-
ium, as long ago determined by Professor Eaton, and now

Se ae od

so recognized even by Dr. Underwood. The claims upon
which its specific assignment rests are not in any way sound
or acceptable. The assumed difference in its time of fruiting
and the character of its habitats dwelt upon by its author, have
no force, as the fruiting period of L. matricariaefolium extends
all the way from May to October and the species has been found
in a great variety of situations. Even if under some conditions
tenebrosum should mature spores in advance of normal
matricariaefolium, it would not prove anything, as the early, and
even abnormal fruiting of depauperate and weakly developed
forms is not an uncommon thing in the vegetable kingdom. But
such characters are not specific. Equally objectionable is the
adoption of species in the ternatum group, which have nothing
but a difference in the size of the plant to recommend them. In
a climate so extraordinary as California, where vegetable produc-
tions common to other sections reach most unusual proportions,
it is not surprising that B. ternatum should attain such a develop-
ment as characterizes the form known as Presl’s silaifolium, but
which is merely the highest evolution of ternatum.

Absurd as the comparison may seem, it is no more unreason-
able to consider the boy and the man as representing two distinct
races than it is to consider the exhuberant California form of B.
ternatum as specifically distinct from its smaller companion grow-
ing by its side, or far away in some distant state, because the dif-
ferences are merely those which represent different states of de-
velopment under varying conditions of growth and environment.

In the treatment of genera Mr. Gilbert has brought his work
into general harmony with the best workers, and he is undoubt-

edly right in adopting Athyrium and Nephrodium.
; The most interesting part of Mr. Gilbert’s catalog is the
“appendix” into which he has infused so much of his own life, as
it were, and here his observations are especially rich in valuable
information and descriptive matter. Whether all of the new
forms described are entitled to the consideration given to them, or
not, is an open question, but in any case the author’s judgment
possesses more than ordinary value and his views are entitled to
careful consideration. Some of the forms, however, appear to
rest on characters altogether too trivial, and it is especially
hazardous to propose new varieties of Athyrium filix-foemina
where there are already upward of three hundred or more named

—24—

forms, every one of which it would be necessary to examine be-
fore it would be possible to know whether another was new or
not; indeed there is too much reason to fear that some of the
forms described here under new names have already been pub-
lished abroad under others.

However the List as a whole is to be warmly commended as
the most complete enumeration of American fernworts yet pub-
lished. It supplements admirably Mr. Maxon’s carefully prepared
and more systematic catalog and the two Lists constitute a com-
plete presentation of the different attitudes of the radical and
conservative workers of the present day that should be in the
hands of all fern students.

Mr. Gilbert’s attitude on the nomenclatorial question will
~ especially excite the liveliest interest in his work, as, like Mr.
Clute’s Fern Book, it emanates from the very heart-centre of
the Rochester atmosphere which might be expected to influence
his views, yet here he has set aside the extreme views of the
Rochester advocates and given in a very clear and concise man-
ner his reasons for adopting the sounder principles of nomen-
clature which recognize the first correct generic and specific com-
bination as the true name of a plant.

Medford, Mass.

NOTES ON SOME RARE WASHINGTON FERNS.
By J... B. Frere

There is a region of country about thirty miles in extent be-
tween the prairie country lying southeast of Tacoma and the
base of the Cascade mountains, about which little is known
botanically only that it is covered with heavy timber and dense
underbrush.

A rocky precipice rising abruptly 500-1000 feet a few miles
back in the woods proved to be a natural fernery. At the base
grew Polystichum munitum incisoserratum as high as my head.
The common brake, Pteridum aquilinum pubescens, 6-8 feet high,
several forms of Athyrium cyclosorum, the Maiden-hair and
Deer ferns. The trees at the base were covered with a dense
growth of liverworts and mosses. Among these grew Poly-
podium falcatum in great abundance, though small compared with
its growth on the rotten logs in the dark woods. Higher up on

—25—

the rocks it approached the Eastern form of P. vulgare very
closely. In the crevices of the porphoritic rock Polystichum
Californicum was wedged in so that it was difficult to get it out.
Many fine plants were just beyond my reach. There were three
forms of the species. One answered to the description of P. Cali-
fornicum, the smallest form to P. Scopulinum. These two run
into each other imperceptibly. Neither of them is worthy of
specific rank. The third form of this group was recently found
at the base of the precipice already referred to. It is a rare form.
It is said to be different from any described variety, but ap-
proaches what Eaton called lJobatum. It is much larger than the
other forms. Its shape and habit of growth is very similar to that
of P. munitum. It fruits like the P. aculeatum group. It oc-
curred to me that it might be a hybrid between the two species
just mentioned.

Among the talus in a shaded portion was found Gymnopteris
triangularis. It grew quite abundantly between the loose stones
and rocks. This form is rare in this locality. It is said to grow
on the San Juan Islands in a limestone region, but the writer had
never seen it growing in its natural habitat before. There was no
limestone here. The formation was porphoritic.

Cryptogramma acrostichoides grew in close association with
the above. This is not a rare fern in the mountains of this state.
It is common in glacial regions about the volcanic peaks. It was
somewhat larger in this favorable station. I never saw this plant
at so low an altitude before.

The precipice itself was covered as with a web of Salaginella
Struthioloides. ‘This hangs down over the rocks gracefully much

like a Lycopodium, though very slender. A space of about three
hundred square feet was thus covered. This is another rare plant
in this region. It is also reported from Gray’s Harbor on the
Pacific Coast in this state.

—Why is Lomaria spicant called the “deer fern?” While in
Southeastern Alaska this summer, I noticed that the deer were
very fond of eating the fertile fronds of this species. It was very
difficult to find enough for a good series of specimens. Does
this have any bearing on the common name?—J. B. Flett. [Mr.
Flett is correct in his surmises about the name. It has been stated
in print that the deer are so fond of the fronds that they paw
away the snow in winter in order to get at them.—Eb.]

A LIST OF THE FERNWORTS COLLECTED
IN JAMAICA.

By WILLARD N. CLUTE.

(Continued. )
ASPLENIUM L.

90. A. dentatum L. In caves and on moist rocks at Manch-
ioneal and Bath Fountain. Seldom seen. (287).

gt. A. Clutez Gilbert. At base of a large rock in the fores
beyond New Haven Gap. (115a).

92. A. alatum H. B. K, In wet shades, Morce’s Gap. The
fronds are winged with membrane and freely rooting
at the apex. (94).

93. A. letum Sw. Wet rocks, Cuna Cuna Gap. Not com-
mon. (331).

94. A. lunulatum strictum Brack. Clyde River, not com-
mon. Verified by B. D. Gilbert. (135).

95.. A. falcatum Lam. On dryish rocks, Cedar Valley, com
mon. (150).

96. A. premorsum Sw. Open banks near Latimer River. A
curious fern with forking pinnules. (340).

97. A. cuneatum Lam. In forksof trees and on old logs.
Above Moore Town. (278).

98. A. aurztum Sw. On rocks and trees, Cedar Valley and
Moore Town. The ears of the pinnz are erect and
the pinnz on long stalks give the centre of the frond
a peculiar ladder-like appearance. (152).

99. A. fragrans Sw. Moist shades. Morce’s Gap. The
fronds are dark glossy green, rather fleshy, and when
picked soon give out a strong pleasant fragrance
which often remains in the dried specimens. (56).

100. A. myriophyllum Spreng. Clyde River, not common
(130).

101. A. rhizophorum L. Moist shades, Clyde River. In

‘‘Ferns of Jamaica” Jenman says this is ‘tthe most
polymorphic of local ferns” and names several varie-
ties. My plants are to be referred tothe variety fzx-
nato pinnatifidum Hook., the variety graczlzs (Jen-
man’s var. A.) and the variety f. of Jenman. (257).

102. A. juglandifolium \am. Rare. Above Gordon Town. “7
(239).

ts ih i en Oe

—27-—

103. A. grandifolium Sw. Wet forest above Moore Town.
Not very common; at first glance easily mistaken
for the following. (332).

104. A. celtzdzfolcum Mett. Common on moist banks, Morce’s
Gap. Fronds appear asif thick and coarse, but when
dried they are quite thin. (92).

105. A. Shepherdzz Spreng. Moist shades above Moore
Town. (291).

106. A. costale Sw. Common at Morce’s Gap. A tall coarse

fern, reminding one of Woodwardza Virgznica in
shape of the fronds. (93).

107. A. striatum L. Above Moore Town. Common. This
when not growing with A. costale might easily be
mistaken forit. (267).

108. A. radicans pallidum Jenm. New Haven Gap. (1074).

109. A. arboreum Willd. Moist rocks, road to Morce's Gap.
Plentiful. This is not a tree fern, notwithstanding
its name. (69).

110. A. Franconzs Mett. In moist shades above Moore
Town. Notcommon. (276).

111. A. conchatum Moore. Latimer River and New Haven
Gap. Common. (143).

112. A. altisstmum Jenm. Inshade, New Haven Gap. Veri-
fied by B. D. Gilbert. (107).

113. A. Wzlsonz Baker. Moist shades, New Haven Gap.
Verified by B. D. Gilbert. (106).

114. A marginatum L. In moist forests, Cuna Cuna Gap.
Notcommon. This is the largest of the Asplenzums
with great, simply pinnate fronds that remind one of
the tree ferns. The rootstock is very short. (293).

A CORRECTION.

Mr. Davenport has called my attention to the fact that while
the specimens of Botrychum lanceolatum and B. neglectum sent
by me to the Gray Herbarium are on the same sheet, they are dif-
ferently labeled in the handwriting of Dr. Watson. This recalls
to mind that when working at the Gray Herbarium in 1891 I
called Dr. Watson’s attention to the fact that they were distinct
species and it is probable that he made the correction in accord-
ance with my suggestion. This latter fact had been forgotten
when writing my article in the FErn Byees for July—L. M.
Underwood.

EDITORIAL.

Although this number was partly made up as early as Novem-
ber, it is already apparent that it cannot be issued on time. In
future we shall try to be more prompt. Those who have articles
for a particular issue should bear in mind how early the issues
are made up and not wait until the last minute to send in their
“SOpy.

* *

We advanced the price of the enlarged FERN BULLETIN with
some misgivings as to the outcome, but fully determined to hold
to this course for at least a year. The result has been even better
'than expected. We have not lost a dozen subscribers through
the change in price, and our gains in new subscribers have been
greater during the past three months than for any similar period
in our history. We do not make these statements with a désire to
boast, but for the information of the many friends of the journal
who have often indicated their interest in its success. To all of
those who have so ably seconded our efforts in the past, we desire
to renew our expressions of indebtedness, and to all our readers
we wish a most happy and prosperous new year.

* Ok
*K

An amusing instance of how a scientist can become so used to
the appearance of plants in the herbarium as to forget their looks
afield was noticed recently in a review of “Our Ferns in Their
Haunts.” The reviewer, who is a very prominent fern student,
said: “Rural scenes and other miscellaneous landscapes with a
fern of some sort placed in one corner as an afterthought or
adaptation of the artist, do not bring out the true relation of the
ferns to their surroundings as might easily have been accomplished
book, when it becomes sheer nonsense. As a matter of fact, the
artist made all but two of the illustrations in question in the
haunts of the ferns themselves, and the pictures are faithful tran-
scripts of New England scenery from the brush of the true artist.
It is possible that there will always be some people who prefer the
work of the “kodak fiend” to that of the artist, but happily such
people are rare among fern lovers.

—29—

With regret we note the death of Thomas Meehan, senior
editor of Meehan’s Monthly, which occurred at Germantown, Pa.,
November 19, 1901. A biographical sketch with portrait was
printed in the October BULLETIN.

+ +

It must be a source of satisfaction to every member of the
Fern Chapter to know that it is accounting for itself satisfactorily.
The work it has done and is doing to stimulate a popular interest
in ferns has recently been commented upon very kindly by Prof.
C. E. Bessey in Science, and by the editor of the Plant World in
that journal. It is also a matter for congratulation that each year
since the Chapter’s organization the membership has constantly
increased.

BOOK NEWS.

To those who are interested in poetry relating to flowers, we
take pleasure in recommending “Among Flowers and Trees
With the Poets,”* by Wait and Leonard. This volume is a com-
pilation from many sources and is especially strong in quotations
from recent or conteniporaneous writers. The minor poets, who,
by the way, are not always producers of work in a minor key, are
well represented. No longer do the poets rave of the lily and
1ose. In this book are many entire poems to such plants as
arethusa, bitter-sweet, rudbeckia, bloodroot, burdock and even
the lowly chickweed. It is a good book to have on the library
shelf. Many an hour may be profitably spent in browsing
_ through its pages.

The third of a series of botanical works in which author and
artist have joined forces has recently been issued by the F. A.
Stokes Co. It is entitled “Southern Wildflowers and Trees,’?
and is the first book to treat of the noticeable plants of the South
in untechnical language. The book follows the Engler-Prantl ar-

_*Among Flowers and Trees with the Poets, compiled by Minnie Curtis
Wait and Merton Channing Leonard. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1901; 8vo.
Ppp. 415.

Southern Wildflowers and Trees, by Alice Lounsberry, illustrated by
ete. — Rowan. N. Y.: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1901. 8vo. pp 565;
3.05 n

—30—

rangement of families, which is to be commended, but the nomen-
clature is of the most radical type, and lacking as it does all
synonomy is likely to be the source of many troubles to the be-
ginner trying to match knowledge gained from other books with
this one. There is a fairly workable “key to the families,” and the
popular matter relating to each species is prefaced by an accurate
technical description. The language of the untechnical parts is
scarcely to be approved. Apparently the author has gone out of
her way to bring in uncouth and involved methods of expression.
Nevertheless, this part of the book contains a vast amount of in-
teresting matter. The illustrations are good, and taken all in all
the book is likely to be found very useful to the Southern
botanizer.

From the author of the three-volume “Illustrated Flora” we
now have the “Manual of the Flora of the North Eastern States
and Canada,” which by omitting the illustrations and by the use
of smaller type, condenses the three volumes into one for school
and field use. The publishers have acquitted themselves very
creditably, but the author has made a book that seems likely
never to take the place with the majority of botanists now occu-
pied by Gray’s and Wood’s “Manuals.” In the interpretation of
genera, species and sub-species the author goes to even greater
lengths than he did in the “Illustrated Flora.” Many genera in
this new volume contain twice as many species as are given in
“Gray’s Manual” for the same range. A large number of these
additional species are “segregates,” that is, split off from other
well-known species. Doubtless time will show some of these to
be good: species, but it is just as certain that when the botanical
pendulum swings back again many of them will be finally placed
an varieties or sub-species. The nomenclature follows the much
vaunted “Rochester Rules,” and of course differs in many places
from the “stable” nomenclature of the “Illustrated Flora.” It may
be asserted without question that botanists do not care what no-
menclature is used so long as a name once given remains un-
changed. That the “Rochester Rules” will not accomplish this is
shown in the work of this author, himself the chief exponent of
these rules. It is but recently, probably since much of this work

¢Manual of the Flora of the North Eastern States and Canada, by N.
L. Britton, N. Y.: Henry Holt & Co., 1901. pp. 1,080.

a =

—3I—

was written, that attention has been directed to the lesser values
of plant life—the forms, so called. Had this book been issued five
years hence it is probable that many plants here recorded as varie-
ties under a trinomial would have been placed as forms. The au-
thor appears to have just missed publishing an epoch-making
work. Notwithstanding its shortcomings the book deserves a
place in the library side by side with the standard botanical text
books, and is destined to have a large sale. The fernworts in this
volume are by Prof. Underwood, and present little change from
those in the sixth edition of his “Our Native Ferns.”

INDEX TO CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING
TO FERNS.

Readers are requested to call our attention to any omissions
from this list.

Crute, W. N. Fairy rings formed by Osmunda. Fern Bul-
letin, O. 1901.

CLute, W. N. New way of growing Ferns. Fern Bulletin,
O. IgoI.

Davenport, G. E. Notes on New England Ferns—II. Rho-
dora, N. Igor.

Davenport, G. FE. Two new Fern Lists—I. Fern Bulletin,
O. I90I.

Eaton, A. A. The earliest Fern. Fern Bulletin, O. got.

Eaton, A. A. The Genus Equisetum, with reference to the
North American species. Ninth paper. Fern Bulletin, O. 1901.

Eaton, A. A. Our Western Woodwardia. Fern Bulletin,
~O. Igor.

Fernatp, M. L. The true Lycopodium Complanatum and tts
common American representative. Rhodora, N. 1901.

Girzert, B. D. Notes on Lycopodium tristachyum. ‘Torreya,
O. IgoI.

Girpert, B. D. The range of Polypodium Californicum.
Fern Bulletin, O. 1901.

Haserer, J. V. Two Fern Allies in Central New York. Fern
Bulletin, O. rg9or.

Haw, W. F. Ferns—Varieties and Culture, illust. Home
and Flowers, N. Igot.

—32—

House, H. D. Dryopteris simulata in Central New York.
Fern Bulletin, O. rgor.

MEEHAN, THoMAS. Cystopteris bulbifera, illust. Meehan’s
Monthly, D. Igor.

ParisH, S. B. California Fern Gossip. Fern Bulletin, O.
IQoI.

PutnaM, BessicE L. Glimpses of Fern Life, illust. Pop.
Science, N. Igot.

Woo.tson, G. A. A New station for Asplenium ebenoides.
Fern Bulletin, O. rgor.

Wootson, G. A. A Third New England Station for
Asplenium ebenotdes. Rhodora, O. Igot. ‘

Ferns for all Purposes, illust. Cala. Flori-

culturist, D. Igor.

THE LINNAEAN FERN CHAPTER
OF THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION.

—The address of Miss Margaret Slosson is changed to 875
West End avenue, New York City.

—The change in the subscription price of the BULLETIN will not
affect members of the Chapter. The dues are as usual, one dollar
annually, and the journal is sent free to all members not in arrears
for dues.

-—~The ninth annual report of the Chapter will be issued early
in the year. It will contain a revised list of members, including
those who have joined the Chapter since the October BULLETIN
was issued. - Any changes of address should at once be sent to the
Secretary.

—The officers chosen for 1902 at the October election are as
follows: President, B. D. Gilbert, Clayville, N. Y.; Vice-Presi-
dent, George E. Davenport, Medford, Mass.; Secretary, C. F.
Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.; Treasurer, James A. Graves, Sus-
quehanna, Pa. Mr. Saunders was unable to accept the position
of Secretary, and President Gilbert has therefore appointed
Homer D. House, 506 University Place, Syracuse, N. Y., in his
stead. A full report of the election will appear in the annual
report.

}
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flowers that does not contain great quantities of technical words
and is yet understandable to both botanist and general reader. If
you doubt it, send a two-cent stamp for a sample copy of

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

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by taking ours the necessity for doing so is avoided.

The First Volume

is now completed. In its 96 pages are to be found nearly a hun-
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parts of fronds, root-stocks, spore-cases, sori—in short,everything 9
that will help identify the species. There is also an illustrated
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identifying his specimens. The text is accurate but not technical,
and there is a good glossary which not only explains the botanical
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the matter pertaining to each species, every known fact in its his-
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There are 340 pages of text. The illustrations are artistic as well !
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Publishers

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THE FERN BULLETIN CO,

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THE FERN BULLETIN:

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS’ -

WILLARD N. CLUTE, Editor
THE FERN BULLETIN CO.. PUBLISHERS, BINGHAMTON, Wet.
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Entered at the postoffice, Binghamton, N. Y., as second-class mail matter.

THE LINNAEAN FERN CHAPTER

PrEsIDENT, B. D. Giipert, Clayville, N. Y. Secretary, Homer D. Houses, 506 University
= Place, Syracuse, N. Y.

Fern students are cordially invited to join the Chapter. Address either the President or
Secretary for further information. All dues should be sent direct to Jas. A‘ Graves,
Treasurer, Susquehanna, Pa.

oa

‘MOSSES WITH A HAND LENS”

BY DR. A. J GROUT

' It is the only book of its kind in the English language. It makes the
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te ie. « oe ~

ALVAH AUGUSTUS EATON

Hae PERN BULLETIN

VOL. X. APRIL, 1902 ING: 2.

NOTES FROM THE SOUTH.—IL
By Witiarp N. CLurEe.

It seems that I shall have to modify, somewhat, the state-

ments made in the January number regarding the fern-flora of
this part of the world. While further explorations have not
shown the ferns to be any more abundant than at first stated, the
catalogues of Louisiana plants and the herbaria of local botanists
show that the State is by no means lacking in ferns. But if one
does not know where to search for them, he may search long in
vain. They are not generally distributed and separate expeditions
must be made for different species. For instance, one must go
miles beyond the city for specimens of that elsewhere common
species, the sensitive fern. Before one can get much of a fern col-
lection he will be obliged to visit the other side of Lake Pont-
chartrain, where, “in the piney woods,” as the expression goes, I
am told the ferns and fern allies are fairly abundant. So little,
however, is known about the ferns of Louisiana that a list of
species with notes seems a desideratum, and it is probable that
one will appear in this journal before long.

While I have not yet visited “the piney woods” I have had
some very successful collecting trips nearer home and curiously
- enough have discovered certain species before unknown to grow
in the State. Collectors here account for their failure to find these
plants by saying that it never occurred to them to go botanizing
in a graveyard.

PTERIS LONGIFOLIA IN LouIsIANA—Last January while
rambling through the old “Girod Street Cemetery” I was de-
lighted to find a large colony of this species growing upon the
old tombs. For the benefit of those who are unacquainted with
the methods of burial in New Orleans it may be said that earth
burial is the exception. The watery nature of the soil requires
that burials be above ground. The wealthier class is buried in

separate tombs of brick or stone; but others have less commodious
resting places. Around all sides of the cemetery is a wall at least
ten feet high, inside of which are rows of burial places, tier upon
tier to the top of the wall, like a great set of pigeon-holes, each
two feet square. When a burial has taken place the entrance
to the pigeon-hole is built up with masonry and it is in the
crevices of this work that Pteris longifolia has established itself.
The plants thrive luxuriantly—too luxuriantly, in fact—for the
sexton tells me that if unhindered they cover the face of the
tombs and obscure the inscriptions. Several times he has been
obliged to tear them down and carry them away literally by cart-
loads. It may be questioned whether the species is native to the
State or not. I am inclined to believe that it is. While it is pos-
sible that the first plants may have arisen from fronds used in
funeral decorations, the probabilities are not very great, as this
species is rarely if ever used in such work. Girod is the oldest
of the “American” cemeteries, and has long formed a congenial
home for the species. It is possible that an examination of
similar situations will show the fern to be fairly common in the
State. I have since found it plentiful in the “Old St. Louis Ceme-
tery,” the most ancient of the French burial places. In January
the young fronds were fast uncoiling and its fruit must ripen
early in the year.

Pteris longifolia comes through the Louisiana winter with
many fresh green fronds, though the oldest fronds die by tle
frost. While changing the driers upon some fronds of this
species, a heavily fruited frond attracted my attention by giving
out a crackling sound which I found was caused by the opening
of thousands of spore-cases. The sound was plainly audible at a
distance of two feet, and may be likened to the sound of a heavy
storm of sleet beating upon the panes of a distant window. When
we reflect how very small the individual spore-cases are, the fact
that the noise of their opening and shutting may become audible
to human ears is remarkable.

SEconD LovuIsIANA REcorD FoR PYERIS SERRULATA.—This
species has been recorded from Louisiana by Langlois as an
escape, but when a species is not only able to maintain itself in a
wild state, but to constantly increase the area it occupies, it is no
longer proper to apply this term to it. Langlois apparently found

only one or two specimens, but the colony I have found is well
established. The ancient cemetery on Girod Street is also the
home of this species. Ferns of several sorts are so common there
that I had visited the place several times before I detected
serrulata, although it grows in great profusion on the north wall
exposed to the full rays of the sun for the greater part of each day.
Pteris longifolia is found most plentifully on the north face of the
south wall wnere it gets the sun for only a few hours in the
morning, and P. serrulata occupies similar positions facing it.
The fertile fronds are numerous and well developed, and the
species must be set down as naturalized at least.

ADDITIONAL STATIONS FOR CERATOPTERIS.—Since the publication
of my article in the January Fern Butietin Prof. R. S. Cocks
has very kindly supplied me with further data regarding the
“floating fern.” Specimens are said to have been collected by Dr.
j. M. Joor in 1892, near the spot where I found my specimens,
but the fact was never recorded, and the specimens are not now
in existence, apparently. Upon the death of Dr. Joor his herb-
arium went to the Missouri Botanical Garden, but the Ceratop-

, teris is not there. If additional evidence that the plant is native to

Louisiana were needed to supplement these records Prof. Cocks
has abundantly supplied it by giving me several sheets of Ceratop-
teris, which he collected some years ago on the shores of Lake
Pontchartrain and near my station for it. These specimens,
which he had laid aside without identifying, were rooted in the
mud, and so there can be no doubt as to the place of the species in
the fern flora of the State. My own specimen is of more than
ordinary interest from the fact that the fronds bear a large

number of young plants just starting into growth.

Tue Distripution or MarsiniA UNCINATA.—-Fruiting speci-
mens of the Marsilia, common along the Mississippi in Louisiana,
have recently been seen and are unquestionably plants of Mar-
silia uncinata. ‘The species is most abundant about New Orleans,
growing on the borders of pools and roadside ditches and Prof.
Cocks informs me that it is found along the river for two hundred
miles north of the city. It fruits in late May or June, and
illustrates the fact that the most luxuriant plants of any species
are usually least fruitful, by producing sporocarps only on the
stunted plants left on shore by the receding waters.

—36—

AZoLLA CAROLINIANA IN WINTER.—It does not seem known
at present whether Azolla is evergreen in the northern parts of its
range or not, but here it remains fresh and green through the
winter, through the pools in which it floats may occasionally have
a thin coating of ice. The number of specimens does not appear
to be as great in winter as at other-seasons, and it may be that the
species forms resting bodies that sink to the bottom, as other
plants do. I have not access to the literature of the subject at
present, but hazard this conjecture.

EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM.—The moisture in the soil nearly any-
where about New Orleans renders it a most congenial one for
the scouring rushes, and many vacant lots are the homes of
Equisetum robustum. The plants of this species are so nearly like
those of E. hyemale in superficial appearance, and the two grow
in such exact imitation of each other’s habit and habitat that hav-
ing seen one, the collector can easily imagine the other. There
is one point about many of the plants of robustum here that dis-
tinguishes them from hyemale and that is the production of long
slender branches. Apparently the plants always branch if the tip
is injured, and I think the uninjured ones either branch late the
first season or at the beginning of the second. The children have
found an unique use for the stems. They place them on the
street car track for the pleasure of hearing them explode as the
car rolls over them.

PsILotUM NUDUM IN FLrortpA—Last December Mr.
Severin Rapp, of Sanford, Florida, sent me for identification some
specimens of a fern ally which proved to be that rare cousin of the
Lycopodium—Psilotum nudum or P. triquetrum. Later in reply
to a request for further information, he wrote that the specimens
were found near Sanford, not far from the shore of Lake Monroe
which is connected with the St. John’s river. They grew upon
the trunk of a cabbage palmetto, about a foot from the ground
and were in full fruit. In the same locality were specimens of the
grass fern (Jittaria lineata) and the gray polypody. ‘The lists of
ferns credit this species to “Southern Florida,” but as I have been
unable to locate any definite stations, I take pleasure in recording

this one. Sanford is about 125 miles south of Jacksonville, in
Orange County.

Aptantum CAPILLUS-VENERIS.—This species is known to be
a native of Louisiana, but apparently no station has been recorded
near New Orleans. It is therefore of interest to note that it
grows in considerable quantity upon the walls of Girod cemetery.

Is PoLypopIUM INCANUM A SAPROPHYTE?—Several notes have
recently been published regarding the difficulty experienced in
trying to cultivate the little resurrection fern (Polypodium in-
canum). From these it appears that this fern, unlike an orchid,
requires something more than a favorable position upon a piece of
bark to induce it to grow. The fern is commonly regarded as
able to obtain its living entirely from the water and air, but in
tearing specimens away from their positions on the trees, I have
been impressed with the depth to which the roots penetrate. They
certainly go deeper than is necessary to merely hold the plant in
place and it seems quite probable that the decaying bark affords a
large amount of nourishment to the plant. If so this would
account for the decline of specimens when transplanted from their
natural habitats.

New Orleans.

THE LOG FERN.
By WILLIAM PALMER.

In June, 1896, at the head of Washington Ditch, in the
Dismal Swamp of Virginia, I found a. few imperfect fern fronds
which I thought at the time might be Dryopteris cristata Clinton-
iana. The following year at the same place I found a few more

but none of them perfect. Never having seen Clinton’s fern

growing I with some doubt concluded my specimens belonged to
that sub-species. On June 8, 1809, however, while examining an-
other part of the swamp, about eight miles distant, I found the
same fern abundant, growing about the bases of large trees and
on huge, partially rotten logs, and at once satisfied myself of its
distinctness from the fern mentioned. This view was confirmed
soon after my return to Washington, on finding near Lincolnia,
Fairfax County, Virginia, on July 9, a large colony of Clinton's
fern, and later a small colony near Glen Echo, Maryland. Com-
parison then of a large amount of fresh material of these two
forms, my own and the collection in the National Herbarium,

—38—-

convinced me not only of their distinctness from each other, but
from other species of Eastern North America.

A critical study of its characters and also of those
Dryopteris goldieana, two large colonies of which I also. for-
tunately discovered near Washington, showed me the relationship
of the two and accordingly I published the plant as a new sub-
species under the name of Dryopteris goldieana celsa.*

In his sixth edition of “Our Native Ferns,” Professor Un-
derwood has cited this name as a synonym of Dryopteris cristata
Clintoniana, though I sent him a fair series of specimens, and he
has even failed accordingly to include the Dismal Swamp as
within the range of Clinton’s fern! It seems necessary, there-
fore, to again state the characters upon which I established the
sub-species and to compare it with related ferns. ‘The following
description ‘is copied from my former paper:

“Structurally similar to Dryopteris goldieana goldieana (PI.
I. Figs. 13, 14), but differing in its very erect habit, longer and
narrower fronds with smaller and more widely separated pin-
nules and pinnae, and with the apex regularly decreasing instead
of crowded and suddenly shortened. Upper basal pinnules of
lower pinnae either absent or very much and usually unequally
reduced. Fronds lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong. Stipes at base
densely covered with large and richly alutaceous scales with
brown centers and transparent, sharply defined margins; upper
scales paler and almost unicolor. ‘Type No. 340,398 National
Herbarium, Dismal Swamp, Norfolk County, Virginia, June 8,
1899. * * * * Sterile fronds few, much smaller and less
elongate. Three lower pairs of pinnae of fertile fronds sterile or
nearly so.”

Though the outline and superficial appearance of the frond
is very similar to one of Clinton’s ferns, a close comparison will
show great difference. In the cristata group the basal pinnules
of all the pinnae are the largest and longest, and all these
pinnules are opposite, but in the goldieana group the basal pinnules
of the lowermost pinnae are reduced, unequal, alternate, some-
times absent. In the cristata group the scales at the base of the
stipe are few, short and pale, rarely dark, while in the other

*Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash., 1899, 65, Pl. I.

group they are large, dense, and highly colored, with very dark
centers. These characters at once stamp these two groups as
distinct from each other, though these values have been almost
entirely overlooked by systematists. From goldieana, celsa dif-
fers in its less herbaceous condition, more erect narrow habit,
the greater reduction of the lowermost pinnules, the more widely
separated smaller pinnules and less crowded apex.

In the cristata group, which comprises D. boottii, D. floridana,
D. cristata cristata and D. c. Clintoniana, the effort of the pinnae
to obtain the greatest amount of light is accomplished by length-
ening the rachis between the pinnae, thus obviating the necessity
of reducing the size of the lowermost pinnules. In the goldieana
group, however, the same effort to obtain a maximum amount of
light has compelled the lowermost pinnae to turn forward so as
to apparently escape the shading of the upper pinnae; in doing so
the lowermost pinnules especially the under ones have become re-
duced or lost and the central-ones have become longer so that
a reverse-condition to that of the cristata group has obtained,
evidently brought about by the perpetuation and evolution of a
simple trait or effort in accomplishing the same result in the two
groups by different methods. The similarity of general appear-
ance between D. g. celsa and D. foridana is due to similarity of
ecological conditions, but otherwise they are quite distinct.

That the flexing of a pinnae is caused by the amount of, and
direction of the average daily light received by it seems evident.
In D. cristata, for instance, the pinna simply turns from the frond
plane almost ninety degrees, thus bringing its upper surface ap-
proximately parallel with the surface of the ground, with usually
but slight flexing. The great distance between the pinnae, their
shortness and the height of the tall frond are factors which
render unnecessary any shortening of the basal pinnules or their
alternation. Thus in every specimen examined of the four forms
of this group the basal pinnules are the largest and are always
opposite, the lines of the pinnae tapering to the tip. In D.
goldieana the basal pinnules for most of the frond are longer than
the adjoining, but there is a general tendency for the middle
pinnules to be longest. The lowest pinnae have the basal
pinnules shorter than those adjoining and they are alternate, not

—40—

opposite, as in the upper pinnae, and the outlines of the pinnae
are wavy. It is these characters plus the scale characters, the sub- |
falcate long segments as compared with the blunt, triangular
short segments of the cristata group, and the lack of triangularity
of the lower pinnae which show the close relationship of goldieana
and celsa and their difference from the other group.

The cause of the reduction of these basal pinnules on the
lower pinnae seems undoubtedly largely due to the effects of light
in flexing the pinnae, the species not being able, as in the cristata
forms to increase the distance between the pinnae, or rather has
adopted a different method in its evolution in adapting itself to
similar light conditions. In celsa we have an extreme condition
of the goldieana type which has adapted itself to a greater amount
of light and also a greater poverty of root moisture, for as far as
known it does not grow in soil. Its pinnules are smaller and
wider spaced, the pinnae are smaller and wider spaced, the frond
is relatively taller and narrower and the reduction of the basal
pinnules is greater, as shown in my specimens and figures. With
these characters there is a greater flexing of the lower pinnae and
most of their pinnules are alternate. So in the cristata group, we
find clintoniana, floridana, and boottit, with values in the order
named as divergents in different directions from cristata and
ecologically they have a different habitat.

The great difference between D. floridana and D. g. celsa
show that their evolution has been quite different, but their sim-
ilarities suggest the ecological values of their environments. The
questions involved are largely ones of plant mechanics and re-
quire for their solution not only field study, but a large series of
specimens of different ages and conditions. The relation between
average daily light and root moisture and the movements of the
frond parts, both during the life of the frond and the evolution of
the species, is similar to the distribution and plane direction of
the leaves of a tree where none touch but all occupy definite
space, determined as it were by a tacit agreement not to intrude
on another’s territory. Hence leaves are ecologically comparable
with pinnules.

In the following key I have left out the generic and minor
characters and have arranged the wording so that the characters
given are strictly comparable.

—4I—

Kry to CristataA AND GOLDIEANA GROUPS.

A. Pinnatifid or pinnate; basal pinnae, triangular, wide spaced ;
basal segments, or pinnules, longest and paired; pinnae,
scaly beneath, outlines regularly tapering, or nearly so;

_ segments bluntly triangular, pinnules, oblong, both dentate;
scales at base of stipe, delicate, pale, comparatively few,
rarely with dark centers, (CRISTATA, FLORIDANA, BOOTTII.)

* Almost wholly pinnatifid, slightly scaly beneath, segmenis
Gunga, binnty sitaneilar ss .ieo oe ele ese Cristata

a. Linear lanceolate, few sessile fertile pinnules.....

a SAR iene. pe Na oa S| hie ae Crisiata
b. Broad lanceolate, always pinnatifid, basal segments
De eo i ele eae s bys o's Pane oa «<< Cintoniana

* Largely pinnate.
c. Long obovate, pinnules sessile largely bluntly triangular
io Oblonp, very scaly benedtlt..............:. Floridana
d. Lanceolate, pinnules largely oblong, often bidentate,
sessile to slightly stalked, slightly scaly beneath. Boottu

B. Almost wholly deeply pinnatifid; basal pinnae, ovate, close
spaced; basal pinnules, above, longest, opposite: below,
shortest, alternate, reduced or absent; pinnae, slightly
scaly beneath, outlines very irregularly tapering; segments
and pinnules, long, subfalcate, obscurely dentate; scales
at base of stipe, abundant, dense, alutaceous with very dark
central stripe, (GoLDIEANA.)

e. Broad ovate, pinnae lapping; segments, close; apical pinnae
crowe@ed. scales alutaceous.......25...0<.... Goldieana

f. Lanceolate, pinnae and segments not close or lapping,
apical pinnae not crowded; scales richly alutaceous

NS ee So teed ey Celsa
Washington, D. C.

Though the ground is frozen and it is snowing between bursts
of sunshine, the influence of spring is making itself felt about the
roots of Schiz@a pusilla which is now putting up its young
croziers. You have to lie flat on the ground and use a pocket lens
to see them, for as they make their first bow to the world they are
hardly as big as a pin’s head. Last year’s sterile fronds are as
green as ever where they have had the advantage of some cover-
ing of snow and the situation is somewhat sheltered. Where the
plants have been directly exposed to the elements, the fronds are
yellowish or brown. —C. &: Saunders, Schizeland, Feo. 11.

AN INTERESTING JAPANESE POLYPODY.*
By Wiiuiam R. Maxon.

The subject of these notes is a Japanese fern described by
Franchet and Savatier as Polypodium vulgare var. Japonicum.t

Specimens tin American herbaria referable to this form agree
closely and are so totally distinct from what is known either in
Europe or America as Polypodium vulgare that any observing
botanist, conservative or otherwise, may scarcely question their
claim to recognition as a valid species. The type specimens were
collected at Ono, a small town on Hondu, the principal island of
Japan, and at some locality (not mentioned) on Yezo, the north-
ernmost of the group, usually known as Hokkaido. They are said
by the authors to have grown “in rupibus, ad arbores, in silvis
regionis submontanae.” The specimens to which I have had
access are as follows:

i oe (or Hakodadi), Hokkaido. C. Wright, coll. (CN,
cece Hokkaido, 1878. Ex. herb. Sapporo Agric. Coll. (G).
Nanokawa, ‘Tosa, Hondu. August 15, 1890.

Sapporo, Hokkaido. A. W. Stanford, coll. July, 1804. (N).

Yoshino, Yamato, Hondu. May, 1888. (N).

Japan, W. P. Blake, coll. 1862. (E).

Sapporo, Hokkaido, A. W. Stanford, coll. August, 1894. (Y).

From these specimens I am enabled to draw the following
description:

PoLypoplIuMm JapoNnicum (Fr. & Sav.)—Plant usually of small
stature, but ranging from 8-23 cm. in height; fronds borne
singly from a creeping brownish-chaffy rhizome; stipes 2-5 cm.,
nearly smooth; laminae usually lanceolate, sparingly glandular,
the whole lower surface covered sparsely with long filiform
hyaline scales, most noticeable along the rachis and veins;
pinnae 12-28 pairs, borne from two to three times their width

apart, decurrent on either side at base, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm.

broad, tapering gradually at apex, the margins nearly entire;

*Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

tEnum. Pl. Jap. 2:244. 1879.
tFollowing Professor Underwood’s plan the letters E, G, N, Y, stand

respectively for the Eaton, Gray, National and New York Botanical Garden
herbaria.

veinlets free, branching 2-4 (usually 3) times, the first branch
bearing at its enlarged extremity a single bright-brown sorus;
the sori thus borne in two rows of 9-17 pairs, one on either side
of the midvein at half the distance to the margin.

The original brief description of Franchet and Savatier may
be translated as follows: “The Polypodium vulgare of Japan,
as we have seen it, is much smaller than the specimens of
Europe; the pinnae are more remote, narrower, and often more
pointed; the spores are yellowish, rugose, and very finely
muricate.” The extremely narrow pinnae and presence of the
peculiar hair-like chaff serve readily to distinguish the species.
Many of the fronds exhibit a marked tendency to coil, the pinnae
remaining flat, but the rachis making one or even two sidewise
revolutions. The result is very curious. I have seen nothing
exactly comparable to it, although the authors mention a
similar peculiarity in P. Nipponicum, another Japanese species. P.
Japonicum is said to occur throughout the Empire.

Washington, D. C.

THE GENUS EQUISETUM IN NORTH AMERICA,
By AtvAH A. Eaton.

TENTH PAPER.
VARIETIES OF E. LITORALE.

Although so diverse in appearance there are no well charac-
terized varieties as that term is generally understood, all forms
being readily accounted for by environment alone, and may be
produced from one root-stock. In order to present a clear idea of
the species, however, it is necessary to give definite descriptions
of the extremes of appearance. The gaps can usually be filled,
where it is abtindant, with a complete set of intergrades. The
illustrations of this: species have been selected with a view of
showing the connecting links, both between varieties and related
species.

1. Humile Milde. Stem stout, 12-14 angled, decumbent at
base, then ascending or erect, branchless, or basal internodes,
bearing a few stem-like branches, or with scattered or verticillate

—44—

normal ones, 6-15 inches high, often terminated by a yellowish,
conical spike, raised from the bell-shaped upper sheath on a
stout fleshy pedicel one and one-half inches long. In loose wet
sand usually where it has been recently disturbed. The normal
fruiting form of the species. Some forms are strikingly like
Arvense campestre macrostachya. In position where not inun-
dated by the tides, the stomata of this variety are smaller and
more numerous, much like those of fuviatile, from one form of
which (intermedium) it can only be separated by anatomical
characters. In this form the stem bears many rosulae (flat, cir-
cular spots of silex), and the cross-walls of silica are disposed
in dots. It has many minor points of difference from true
humile, and may even be of equal rank. Banks of river at Ames-
bury, Mass., reservoir at the Pines, Newburyport, Mass., river
bank at Bangor and Ft. Kent, Me.: Fernald.

2. Arvensiforme A. A..F. Stems prostrate or with ascend-
ing tip, branched throughout, or with 5-10 naked terminal inter-
nodes, lower branches usually longest and often bearing verticils
of 2-5 branchlets. Similar to Arvense decumbens, which late sea-
son forms greatly resemble.. In some situations the stems are
ascending from base, when they show a distinct dorsi-ventral ap-
pearance, lost in pressed specimens.

3. Gracile Milde. Stems ascending or erect, 6 inches to
2 feet high, very slender, 5-12 angled, branchless or bearing a |
few short scattered branches. often terminated by a minute fruit-
spike. Dense patches in firm sand of river bank, where inun-
dated regularly by tides: the common form. The bounds of this

, Ree as of No. 1, have purposely been set wide to include |
otherwise unclassifiable forms. European specimens of this are
much stouter than is usual here, and there are minor differences
in sheaths, etc. Amesbury and West Newbury, Mass., Stillwater,
Me., Fernald; Utica, N. Y., Dr. Haberer.

4. Vulgare Milde. Stem ascending or erect, usually naked
below the 8-12 middle internodes, provided with short, mostly
erect branches, of which the middle ones are little if any longer,
often terminated by a medium sized, mostly sessile, green or
dark brown spike. Dense patches in firm sand and gravel, New-

buryport, Mass.; Orono and St. Francis, Me., Fernald; Utica, N.
Y., Dr. Haberer.

5. Elatius Milde. Stems erect, 2-3 feet high, naked below,
or usually bearing scattered or verticillate long (6-8 inches),
spreading branches from near base to middle, terminated by long,
slender naked point. In dense patches, often among fuviatile,
which it closely resembles. In softer and muddier situations
than var. gracile, into which it imperceptibly passes. Seldom
fruiting. Orono and Ft. Fairfield, Me., Fernald; Newburyport
and Amesbury, Mass., Bull’s Island, Pa., Best; Safe Harbor, Pa.,
Porter; Winona, Minn., Holzinger.

6. Formosum forma nov. Stem erect, 8-15 inches high, the
lower 3-4 nodes naked, the rest bearing dense verticils of
branches 2-4 inches long, decreasing in length from the middle
both ways, giving an elliptical outline to the plant. Tip of stems
of 3-5 internodes, like one of the branches. Upper border of
river at Newburyport and along borders of marsh at Salisbury,
Mass. The full developed form of the plant, growing in firm, rich
soil where moist, but not often inundated. Passes into var.
vulgare. Rarely iruited, when the upper branches are longest.

7. Prolifera Milde. Small spikes, ending in a few naked
internodes. Most common in var. arvensiformis, but not often
observed.

A variety, polystachyon, in which the branches bear spikes,
has been found in Europe. I have not met with it only where
the first stem has been destroyed to near the base and the result-
ing branches have borne spikes.

Seabrook, N. H. 6

[In the first paper on this species in the October (1901)
number, page 89, the words fluviatile and litorale in the eighth
and ninth lines from the bottom of the page, should be trans-
posed. Sets of specimens illustrating Auviatile, palustre, litorale,
robustum and hyemale are soon to be issued. For particulars ad-
dress the author.—Ep.]

In the Ohio Naturalist for December, 1901, Botrychium
lunaria is reported from the vicinity of Painsville, Lake County,
Ohio.

NOTES ON AMERICAN FERNS—V.*
By WiLi1AM R. Maxon.

Tue Correct NAME For THE LirrLE EBpony SPLEENWoRT.—At
plate 222 in the third volume of the “Icones Plantarum,” Sir
William Hooker described and figured a diminutive South
American fern to which he gave the name Asplenium parvulum.
This was in 1840. Two years later Martens and Galeotti in their
well-known “Memoire sur les Fougeres du Mexique” (Mem.
Acad. Brux. 15:60. pl. 15. f. 3.) applied the same name to a new
species from Mexico which has since been found to have a wide
range in our Southern and Southwestern States. Kunze
(Linnaea 18: 331. 1844.) soon after called attention to the error
of the latter authors in their application of the name to a very
unlike plant and properly proposed the name Asplenium resiliens.
Liebman (Mex. Breg. 88. 1849) seems to have been the only
writer to follow Kunze’s lead, though it appears certain that the
latter name must now be taken up. It is to be presumed that
even those who agree to priority of specific names only under the
“recognized” genus will hardly protest against writing A.
resiliens Kunze for A. parvulum Mart. and Gal.

PHEGOPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS IN CENTRAL NEw YorK.—Mr.
House’s observation in the last number of the BULLETIN on the
occurrence of this species in Herkimer County, New York, re-

calls a statement made by Dr. Underwood to me that he had

collected it at Cazenovia, Madison County, which is only a very
few miles from the exact geographical centre of the State. It has
been found also at Unadilla Forks, Otsego County, by Miss S. A.
Brown; but it must after all be reckoned a rare fern in Central
New York. Its rarity is not easily explained, considering the
varying topography of the region, the reported abundance of the
species in Northern New York and its occurrence at numerous
stations further south which are apparently no more favorable
to its growth.

MaRSILEA UNCINATA IN LouIsIANA—To Mr. Clute’s recent
note on finding M. uncinata at New Orleans, I am able to add an

*Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

additional record for Louisiana. Specimens in the National
Herbarium apparently of this species were collected by Mr. C. R.
Ball at Alexandria, Rapides County, May 29, 1899; No.’ 492. The
plant is said to be “common; creeping in ditches.”

PHEGOPTERIS ROBERTIANA (Hoffm.) A. Braun.—A letter re-
ceived from Dr. Ascherson, of Berlin, some time ago called my
attention to the fact that Hoffman’s Polypodium Robertianum
was first transferred to Phegopteris by Alexander Braun in
Ascherson’s “Flora der Provinz Brandenburg” (1859). The
specific name Robertianum was applied by Hoffman on account of
the fern’s faint odor (odor debilis) of Geranium Robertianum.

ASPLENIUM EBENOIDES.—There remain in my possession a
number of reprints of “Notes on the Validity of Asplenium eben-
oides as a Species,” which I shall be glad to send upon request to
members of the Chapter who have not already received copies.

Washington, D. C.

HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER.

VII.—TueE Scourinc RUSHES.

No sooner does a tinge of green begin to creep into the
vernal landscape than the scouring rushes (Equisetum) bestir
themselves. Almost as soon as the first flowers are blooming we
may find:on moist warm banks, especially railway embankments,
the inflorescence of the earliest of the species which often occur
in such numbers as to give a tinge of its own color to the land-
scape. These sturdy erect spikes of warm flesh color are familiar
to the majority of those who have passed a season in the country,
though it is possible many have regarded them as curious fungoid
growths not to be associated with the more decorative green
fronds that later appear in the same places. ‘These early spikes
are not really flowers, although they do bear in the cone-like tips
a copious supply of green spores from which the new plants
eventually grow.

The scouring rushes, or horse tails, as several of the species
are called, are built “on avery singular plan. The
stems are hollow and made up of short: joints, one end

of each joint being made to fit into the top of the joint below,

while the other is flanged, as we might say, to contain the end of ©

the joint above it. So perfect is this arrangement in some species,
that the stems may be pulled apart, joint by joint, and recon-
structed again, to all appearances like they were originally. The
whole body of the plant—rootstock, stem and branch—is con-
structed in this manner. To the casual observer the scouring
rushes have no leaves, but if one will look more closely at the stem
he will see at the point where two sections meet, a circle of tooth-
like papery scales which are really leaves but which are apparently
of no use to the plant in that capacity ; in fact the scouring rushes
appear in somewhat the same predicament as the cacti where the
stem has to perform most of the duties of leaves.

Our plants may be divided into two sections by the way in
which they bear their fruiting parts. In the section to which our
earliest species belongs the fronds are annual, and the fertile
spikes are often much different from the sterile fronds; in the
other the fronds are evergreen and fertile fronds are like the
sterile except that they bear a cone of fruit at the tips.

The first species to appear in spring is the field horsetail
(Equisetum arvense). It is distinguished from all others by the
fact that the fleshy fruiting spike dies soon after the spores are
shed and is followed by green sterile fronds consisting of a stem
and simple branches. The sheaths on the branches have four
teeth. A species much less common is Equisetum pratense. It
resembles the common species very much, but the branches have
sheaths with three teeth, and the fertile spikes do not die. After
shedding their spores the upper spore-bearing portion dies, while
the lower part puts out simple branches like the sterile fronds.
When these two species are fruiting, that is in early spring, one
may find in moist rich woodlands a third species, the wood horse-
tail (E. sylvaticum), which is quite the handsomest species in the
genus, perhaps the handsomest thing that the woodland ever
produces. It will be known at once by the fact that the branches
are themselves branched and form a series of little green plat-
forms with drooping edges around the stem. The fruit-spikes are
at the top of fronds, otherwise like the sterile, and when the
spores are shed, the parts which bore them die. A muddy ditch
or the shallow margin of a lake or stream is the best place to look

.

for the water horsetail (E. fuviatile). Its stems are tall, slender

and wand-like and commonly do not branch until late in spring.
The fruiting spike may be found at the top of some of the stems

« BY ~~
EQUISETUM ARVENSE—Fertile frond.

about the middle of June. Equisetum palustre resembles this, but
rarely occurs in the United States. Another plant—Equisetum
littorale—is much more abundant and is frequently regarded as a

—so—

hybrid since its spores are abortive. It is most easily distinguished
from the common species by its: sheaths which are loose and
flaring upwards. Other differences may be found in any botany.

This brings us to the evergreen species. The commonest is
the true scouring rush (E. hyemale), found on river banks, moist
woods and similar places. Its tough stem endures great cold and
often the juices in the interior are frozen solid with no apparent
injury to the plant. The outer cuticle contains so much silica
that the vegetable parts of the stem may be eaten away with acids
leaving this glass-like skeleton in its place. It is much like the
river horsetail in superficial appearance, but it is much rougher
and stiffer, seldom if ever grows in water and rarely branches.
Equisetum robustum is very much like the preceding species, but
as its name indicates, is larger and taller. It is a southern species
found from Ohio south and westward. Equisetum laevigatum
differs from KE. hyemale principally in being smaller with loose
sheaths enlarged upwards. It is much less common. The smallest
of the scouring rushes is Equisetum scirpoides, which grows in
wet fields, on banks, etc. Its stems are short, slender and tufted
and easily overlooked. It fruits early and may be sought at the
time the field horsetail spikes are showing. Equisetum variegatum
resembles this last, but is a more northern species. The minute
differences which separate them can be found in any good botany.
Both species are evergreen. :

Those who wish for further information about the Equisetums
will find in addition to the instructive series of papers being pub-
lished by Mr. Eaton in this magazine, an article on Equisetum
scirpoides in volume 6, page 25, and one on the field horsetail in
volume 7, page 3r.*\ From the latter the illustration in this article
is reprinted.—_W.. N. C, |

°

In connection with:a note on Pell@a atropurpurea in the
January BuLueri, it might be well to mention its former occur-
rence on the walls of an old iron furnace near Glen Burnie, Mary-
land. This locality is at least ten miles from any limestone and
equally far from any other known locality for the fern. Unfor-
tunately the plants were all destroyed by the tearing down of the
furnace.—C. E. Waters.

~
rag

NOTES ON THE JANUARY FERN BULLETIN.
By Cuas. T. Druery, F. L. S.

OsMUNDA REGALIS WITH DORSAL FRUCTIFICATION (p. 7).—This,
from the description, is a very interesting case and merits par-
ticular investigation, involving, as it does, so great a structural de-
parture from the generic type as to quite upset the usual defini-
tion. It is not stated whether the whole frond was so character-
ized in its fertile portions or only partially. The resemblance of
the frond tip to that of Nephrodium is also remarkable.

PoLYPODIUM VULGARE ACUMINATUM GILBERT (p.13).—I should
like very much to see a frond of this, as so many acutum forms
have been found on this side that it would be well to compare
before absolutely attaching a new name. In this connection, a re-
mark on page 23, by Mr. Davenport that “it is especially hazardous
to propose new varieties of Athyrium filix-foemina when there are
already upward of 300 or more named forms” applies very perti-
nently to all species, and-I would point out that the frequent
references to Mr. G. B. Wollaston and Moore’s “Nature Printed
Ferns,” as authorities are at the present time, quite out of date,
the late Mr. Wollaston having ceased, long prior to his death, to
take an active interest in nomenclature, while since the publication
of the work in question an enormous number of new forms have
been found which cannot be left unconsidered. Mr. E. J. Lowe’s”
little book “Our Native Ferns,” gives undoubtedly the most ex-
haustive descriptive list to date, embracing, as it does, nearly 2,000
distinct types, a list which from the general point of view is the
more valuable since it deals with all the forms found independ-
ently of their decorative value as symmetrical types. The great
number, acquired, however, renders the connoisseur dainty on this
side, hence a new book, edited by myself, “The Book of British
Ferns,” is now in the press and will deal descriptively and pictur-
ally and exclusively with perfect forms with the sole exception of
some dimorphic ones of particular interest. The undesirability of
attaching different names on your side to varietal types which may
already exist on this, is very,obvious, and is borne in upon me by
noting in your previous issues several references to Asplenium
Trichomanes incisum, which is obviously not the same as the

—52—

plumose barren Asplenium Trichomanes incisum found here on
several occasions and recognized for very many years as the
parallel in that species of P. vulgare Cambricum in another. The
growth of this misleading system would in time result in two
conflicting lists of forms of those species common to both areas,
which is greatly to be deprecated in the interests of all cosmo-
politan fern lovers. Personally I should be happy to give an
opinion on any abnormal fronds of species common to the States
or Great Britain, and in this way to contribute in some small
degree to uniformity. This seems to me to be really the only
practical way to decide the question of like or unlike, and I think

I may claim sufficient experience to justify reliance on my opinion. —

The senders, however, would naturally bear the postal outlays
incurred, as my correspondence is already sufficiently onerous.
ATHYRIUM AND NEpHRODIUM.—I am delighted to see that
these two names are supported by Mr. Davenport and Mr. Gilbert
in lieu of synonyms Asplenium and Dryopteris, against which I
have so often protested.—zz Shaa Road, Acton, London, England.

ALVAH AUGUSTUS EATON.

Almost from the beginning, the Fern BULLETIN has been fre-
quently favored with contributions from the pen of Mr. Alvah A.
Eaton, and we are glad to give to our readers, in this issue, a
portrait of the gentleman himself. Mr. Eaton was born at Sea-
brook, N. H., Nov. 20, 1865. When he was twelve years old the
family removed to Salisbury, Mass., and settled upon a farm
where the rest of his boyhood was spent. Mr. Eaton was grad-
uated from the Putnam School of Newburyport, taking the four
years’ course in two years. After teaching school a year at Sea-
brook, he went to California, where three years were spent in
farming. and teaching. Returning he was again engaged in
teaching, until failing health induced him to take up the business
of florist, in which congenial occupation he continues.

Like many of our most painstaking scientists, Mr. Eaton is
entirely self-instructed. He takes a thorough interest in all
aspects of nature, but botany is his favorite study. He has been
so prominently identified with the study of the fern allies, that it
will surprise many to know that he is an authority on the flower-

i
-

ing plarts of his vicinity and has discovered several new species,
one of which, a grass, has been named for him. He has studied
the mosses to some extent, but the fernworts, especially the
genera Jsocies and Equisetum, have claimed the greatest share of
his attention. He has described numerous new species and
varieties in these genera as well as in the ferns. He has thorough-
ly worked up most of the species of Jsoetes in the world and has
spore mounts of a majority of them. His valuable papers on the
genus Equisetum in North America are well known to readers of
this magazine.

Mr. Eaton was for two years Secretary of the Fern Chapter
and he has always been an energetic worker for its success. To his
initiative is also due the formation of the Chapter Herbarium.
Mr. Eaton is unmarried and resides at Seabrook, N. H.—W. N.C.

MINOR INACCURACIES.

It is always safe to be correct even in small details. The
January BuLLETIN contains several minor errors which are mis-
leading, and as four of them, at least, are connected with my
own work, I may be pardoned for calling attention to them:

1. Not seeing the proof of my Selaginella paper several
errors crept in, two of which should be corrected. On page 9 of
the Synopsis under the paragraph commencing “Strobiles erect”
the clause “Terminal leaf-bristles, etc.,” should have formed a sep-
arate paragraph co-ordinate with the other one commencing with
the same words. At the middie of page 11 the “S. Wrightt”
should have been S. Wighti, there being already an S. Wrightii
from our own country, and the East Indian plant was named for
Mr. Wight, who collected in India.

2. In Dr. Waters’ article (page 2), I am cited as “assuming
that a hybrid is necessarily sterile.” As I never held such a view
the assumption did not belong to me and must have originated
with the writer. It might be well to add in passing that the
status of Asplenium ebenoides as a species is not involved in the
question. No one, I think, has raised that question, and it is one
independent of the origin of the species, so cannot be affected by
the question as to whether it is or is not a hybrid. On the latter

point some results of actual experiments will soon be announced
which will quite effectually dispose of this vexed problem.

3. In Mr. Gilbert’s paper (page 13), I am quoted as saying
that I “examined Pursh’s specimens at the British Museum.” If
I said so, which seems scarcely’ credible, I am at fault, for the
place was the Kew Herbarium, where a number of. Pursh’s plants
may be found. So far as I know, none of his plants are to be
found at the British Museum. .

4. Finally Mr. Davenport (page 23), cites me as supporting
Professor Eaton’s erroneous conclusion that Botrychium tene-
brosum is “a weakly developed growth of B. matricariaefolium.”
At least the swamp species of Central New York (Baldwinsville),
which I take to be A. A. Eaton’s B. tenebrosum, has surely noth-
ing to do with B. neglectum. The Baldwinsville plant was long
confused with B. simplex with which it has little in common, but
no one who has seen the plant growing ever thought of mistaking
it for B. neglectum, which also grows commonly in another part
of the same town. In June, 1898, I made a trip to Baldwinsville
with the express purpose of studying this plant in the field with
a view of publishing it as a species, but the season was late and
I secured only two immature specimens, so that publication was
postponed.. During the following summer Mr. Eaton described
his species. which I recognized as probably the same as the Bald-
winsville plant. I am certain that it has nothing to do with B.
neglectum and no one who ever saw the two plants growing
would think of confusing them.—Lucien M. Underwood.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS IN BOTRYCHIUM TENEBROSUM.

In the January issue of Tur. Fern BuLierin (X. 1., p. 22)
Mr. Davenport tabulates his, objections to Botrychium tenebrosum
as a species. I agree with him perfectly that “difference in time
of fruiting and character of its habitat” are not specific charac-
ters, and have never so considered them; but they are facts of
life history that my critic himself would give in a diagnosis, and
would not expect them to be received for more than their value.
When he confines his argument to these things, and leaves one to
infer that they are the only differences, he shows a surprising
lack of candor, as anyone may satisfy himself by reference to my

published views on this species. (Rep. Boston meeting, 25, and
Fern BuLLeTIN VII. 1., p. 7). If characters there set forth are
not “sound or acceptable,’ Mr. Davenport not only creates havoc
in the genus, but utterly destroys the value of his most im-
portant work upon it.

In a letter dated August 30, 1895, Mr. Davenport writes: “I
should place the Botrychium that you send to me with B. simplex,
Hitchcock. ‘The specimens are somewhat immature and unsatis-
factory, but such as are frequently found under the conditions
which you describe.” The specimens referred to are from the
type locality of ienebrosum. It is because of this opinion that I
compared them so carefully with B. simplex in the Report of the
Boston. meeting.

It will be seen by reference to the papers mentioned that this
has the vernation of B. lunaria, or rather between that species and
simplex. So Mr. Davenport will have to admit that he was mis-
taken as to the vernation of B. matricariaefolium (Bull. Tor.
Club, Jan. ’78), or that he was over-zealous to prove a point.- It
will also be seen that I have plants up to 9 inches high (and I
may add, every possible size between it and the merest thread, 1
inch long), so it is abuse of the term to call it ae for
Matricariaefolium is seldom larger.

I have not had access to Davenport’s “Notes on B. simplex,’
but it appears that he recognizes its spores to be strikingly larger
than any others in the genus. How then can he account for a
“depauperate” plant having spores larger than even that species,
while the plant in its natural condition has them smaller? To
be accurate,-Matricariaefolium has spores .308-.396mm., averaging
352mm. closely covered with large rounded warts. B. tenebrosum
has spores. 396-.528mm. averaging .484 mm. finely verrucose. I shall
await with interest Mr. Davenport’s explanation as to why two
specimens of the same species, collected side by side, show such
a variation in vernation and spores—characters on which he lays
greatest stress, and why the “depauperate” one should have
spores over .130mm. larger, and differently marked. There are
other points on which I wish to speak, but space forbids; I will say
in conclusion that I have collected several thousand specimens of
tenebrosum, and have seen a quarter acre almost completely cov-
ered with B, Matricariaefolium several years in succession, so

—56—

that my experience with either is not limited; but I have never
found a specimen large or small where they met, although have -
diligently searched for such.—Alvah A. Eaton, Seabrook, N. H.

THE SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE ON SANDSTONE.

I notice on page 85 of “Our Ferns in Their Haunts” the state-
ment regarding Pellaea gracilis that “there appears to be no
record of its having been found on any but rocks of this character”
—referring to limestone.

Here it grows abundantly on moist ledges of St. Peter’s sand-
stone—a bed of almost pure sand 75 feet in thickness, outcropping
in Southeastern Minnesota and Northeastern Iowa and also in
Central Western Wisconsin. The plant also grows abundantly
on moist exposures of Trenton (limestone) shales—REllison Orr,
Waukon, lowa.

[This seems to be the first instance of this species being found
on rocks other than limestone. It is also of interest to note that
Waukon, Iowa, is about the southern limit of the fern’s dis-
tribution in the Mississippi Valley so far as known.—Eb.]

NOTES ON SOME COMMON FERNS.
By J. C. BuCHHEISTER.

PoLyPoDIUM VULGARE.—There is a difference in the fronds of
ferns found in the plain and those found in higher altitudes.
The chief feature about the mountain specimens is their long
“tail’—that is, the fronds end with an acuminate apex of re-
markable length, often an inch long. Mostly this tail is covered
with sori. Side by side the difference in the looks of specimens
of Westchester County, N. Y., and of those of the Catskills is
striking. As to their endurance through the winter, not all
fronds go through it unscathed. A good many curl up, sideways,
the pinnae inverted, and wither. On the other hand, I have
found remarkably large fronds at East Chester on low ridges in
February, after a severe winter, which were splendid and did not
seem the worse for the frost they had endured. These seem to

be old mature fronds. The younger ones curl up at the first
frost and die.

CyYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA—The lower pinnae of this fern,
especially of the sterile fronds, are often remarkably long, thus
giving to the fronds an unusually broad appearance. This fern
is gracefulness itself, the fertile fronds are often three feet long
and tapering into a long point with hardly perceptible pinnae;
they hang down in dense patches from the limestone cliffs.

OsMUNDA CLAYTONIANA.—Whenever a plant of Osmunda
Claytoniana in a meadow is cut off by a scythe in July, the
rhizome of that plant produces immediately a new crop of fronds
and often these are fertile. Thus the spectacle of this fern fruit-
ing in August, and in September and October, too, presents itself.
Sometimes the fruiting is not complete, and it happens then, that
peculiar fronds, which bear sori on the under part of their
pinnae, are found, after the manner of the Polypodiaceae.

New York City.

SCOLOPENDRIUM AND PELLAEA,
By Stewart H. BurNnHAM.

While a corresponding member of the Syracuse Botanical
Club, Miss S. E. Cobb sent me in 1892 roots of the two rare and
interesting ferns, Phyllitis Scolopendrium and Pellaea atropuyr-
purea. In regard to the Scolopendrium, she said: “The fronds
are not fruited. I gathered it just as the fronds were starting, and
it has since been trying to grow under my window. I think the
poor care it has received here is the cause of its not fruiting, but
‘if you plant in quite rich soil in a shady place I think it will re-
pay your care next season.”

It has more than repaid and it has been a house-plant ever
since, being brought in-doors as soon as cold weather comes. I
placed the roots in a flower-crock and they came on nicely, pro-
ducing as many as one hundred fronds at a time. Many of the
fronds fruit finely; and there is a great tendency for the tips to
fork, often two or three times. I get rich wood-earth from near
limestone rocks, with small bits of limestone to pot it in. Sev-
eral times I came near ijosing it on account of the ravages of
scale-insects, but to-day it looks quite thrifty.

—58—

In regard to the Pellaea: “You may be able to make it grow,
still I think you will find it difficult to do so, for it seems to love
to squeeze itself in the dry crevices of rocks. In some cases I
was obliged to break or pull apart the rocks before I could up-
root the fern, and as a rule those who have tried to domesticate
this fern have failed.”

For a year or so it grew nicely in the same crock with
Ss colopendrium, producing some very beautiful fronds. As it was
becoming crowded, it. was given a small flower-pot of its own,
but it died a year or so after. 1 have since found this fern, very
rarely, about the southernmost end of Lake Champlain, on dry
rocks.

Vaughns, N. Y.

PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA IN A STRANGE PLACE.
- By A. VINCENT OSMUN.

In Tolland county, Connecticut, in the town of Bolton, there
is a great outcropping of rock, mostly mica schist, with occasion-
ally transverse veins of limestone and quartz. It is not only the
geologist who finds this an alluring place, for the botanist, es-
pecially the fern lover, will find here some specimens not common
in Eastern Connecticut, at least.

In the early part of last September, while a friend and I were
collecting, we found the Walking leaf (Camptosorus rhizo-
phyllus) growing in luxuriant patches both on the mica schist and
on the limestone. It seemed to be doing equally well on each.

Pellaea atropurpurea, which also is found scattered over the
face of this cliff, was growing with apparently the same degree
of vigor on mica schist and in the calcareous veins. But that
which more especially attracted our attention was the peculiar
place in which we found two plants of Pellaca growing. It was
where the cliff terminated at one end in a few big boulders. At
the foot of a short slope which ran from the base of one of these
boulders, in a position where dislodged plants could not possibly
strike in falling, two perfectly healthy plants of Pellaea, both with
fronds from ten to fourteen inches long, were firmly rooted in the
clayey soil. A scattering growth of poverty grass, Andropogon
furcatus, surrounded the plants.

Taking into consideration that these plants were well es-
tablished; that the stubs of a number of years’ growth remained,
and that the surrounding soil did not appear to have been dis-
turbed for many years, it would seem that they must have grown
in this unnatural place, if not from the spores, then from the
time they were very young plants.

LYGODIUM PALMATUM IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.

In our study of the ferns of New Hampshire we were told
that Lygodium palmatum grew in Winchester years ago, and
some of our Nature Club remembered of fronds being brought
by friends from Winchester some twenty-five years ago. Last
year we found it growing on a knoll not larger than ten by
fifteen feet, near a brook in a meadow. ‘The soil was black and
“moist. Several small trees and shrubs with quantities of Os-
munda regalis grew on this knoll, while an abundance of the
Lygodium, fruiting beautifully, climbed over all the low bushes.
We were told that no one had succeeded in transplanting it from
that one knoll, although many had tried it. It was with great
difficulty that I obtained any of the roots, they were so- inter-
twined with the roots of the Osmunda. The roots we took into
the house are still alive, and when the snow covered the fronds
out of doors they were fresh and green. I am anxiously awaiting
the coming of spring time to see if new fronds will appear.—
Rest H. Metcalf, Hinsdale, N. H.

A CORRECTION.

I find on referring to Dr. Underwood’s 6th Ed. of his manual
that he accepts Botrychium tenebrosum as a species, so that my
reference to his views in my criticism of Mr. Gilbert’s catalogue
in the January BuLietrn must be withdrawn. I do not quite un-
derstand how I could have overlooked this reference, but do not
see as the status of the plant itself is in any way affected by it,
and, with this correction, my criticism may otherwise stand as
published.—George E. Davenport.

EDITORIAL.

Editing a magazine at long range is not an easy proposition.
The editor found this out in January while more than a thousand
miles away. In addition to the usual delays of proof-sheets and
copy in the mails, the engraver was slow with the illustrations
and it was not until the middle of February that the magazine
was sent out. But it will never happen again—not if we can help
it! About the second week in January the complaints began to
come in, and with each mail the number increased until individual
explanation became out of the question and we were obliged to
let them accumulate and trust to this note of apology and ex-
planation to set matters right. Unpleasant as the situation was
for us, there were certain consoling elements in it, not the least
of which was the reflection that the magazine has earned an ex-
cellent reputation for promptness. It has never been late before
and we trust it never will be again. When it does not appear
within ten days after the first of the month in which it is pub-
lished, we shall consider it a favor if subscribers will notify us.

KK
K

Without someone close at hand to watch him, the printer
occasionally takes unwarranted liberties with the types. In the
January number he made the line under the illustration of three
fronds of Asplenium ebenoides read Asplenium ebeneum, and by
dropping a line out of the third editorial rendered it meaningless.
Because of the vast amount of patience he is obliged to exercise in
his business the job printer is in the habit of styling himself the
Job printer; but there are times when the editor feels that he
ought to share in the title and this is one of them.

*K OF
*

It is a source of disappointment to many of our readers that
they cannot obtain the first five volumes of this journal. The
numbers have been so long out of print that all of them sell for
a considerable advance upon the original price and even then are
rarely offered for sale. We have often been urged to reprint
these volumes, but to do so would depreciate the investments of
those who have bought at an advanced price and this we are not

= 67

inclined to do. These early volumes, however, contain a great
deal of matter that is still of interest, and should in some way be
made available. Other considerations aside, the cost of reprinting
entire would make the publication cost too much; but if only the
scientific articles and notes were republished, leaving out every-
thing of transient interest, it is possible that it may soon be ac-
complished. The matter will make a volume of about 100 pages
the size of this. A moderate number of subscriptions at $1.co
each would be sufficient, and these should be forthcoming since
there are many who are willing to pay $3.50 for the back numbers
when offered for sale. All who are interested are invited to
address us at once, stating the number of copies they will sub-
scribe for at $1.00 each. If enough subscriptions are pledged the
work will be begun at once. We will also welcome suggestions as
to the arrangement of matter in the reprints. °

BOOK NEWS.

With the coming of spring, and the turning of attention once
more to the flowers of the field, the young botanist will do well to
have a look at “A Guide to the Wildflowers’* before selecting
his botanical mentor for the season. One of its chief attractions
is the wealth of colored plates by Mrs. Ellis Rowan, well known
for her spirited paintings of the wildflowers in many lands.
There are 64 of these plates besides 100 others in black and white,
in all representing some 200 of the well-known and representa-
tive plants of Eastern America. The book contains descriptions
of 500 species arranged according to the kinds of soil in which the
plants grow. In addition to the scientific descriptions there is
more or less matter of an untechnical nature concerning each
species. The book is an excellent one to supplement the ordinary
“Botany,” which is usually too condensed to admit observations
not directly concerned with the identification of the plants.

There are certain books that we lay on the shelf until we wish
to verify a fact, and certain others that when once begun are not
laid aside until the end is reached. Alice Morse Earle’s “Old-

*A guide to the Wildflowers, by Alice Lounsberry, New York; The F.
A. Stokes Co., 1899. 8vo.; $2.77.

en) fees

Time Gardens”’t is neither one nor the other, but in a class be-
tween. It is a book to be kept near at hand and browsed through ©
and leisurely digested in any idle half hours that may come. As
its name indicates, the volume is principally concerned with the
gardens of our colonial ancestors, the flowers that grew in them
and the quaint facts and fancies about them that have been em-
balmed in the literature and folk-lore on both sides of the At-
lantic. Many an ancient favorite among the flowers comes back
to life at the touch of Mrs. Earle’s pen, and many pages are
redolent of the mints and simples of the old-time gardens.
Modern gardens, however, are not overlooked, for the book con-
tains a large number of illustrations made mostly from photo-
graphs taken in the finest gardens of America.

The increasing interest in forests and forestry has called
forth an excellent little book by G. Frederick Schwarz, entitled
“Forest Trees and Forest Scenery.” We have had plenty of
books on the trees as individual species, but this is the first
American book to treat of their esthetic aspects in the forests.
The author’s style is singularly expressive and well calculated
to set forth the beauties of our forest scenery. ‘The book is
totally devoid of the Herbarium flavor and reads as if it might
have been written in the woods in the presence of the very
species mentioned. Various forestry problems are touched upon,
but without the usual dry details. Several well-chosen illustra-
tions serve to bring out various features of the work.

One can scarcely claim to know the trees if he can recognize
them only in summer dress. In winter, the leafless boughs give
an unfamiliar look to the commonest species, and frequently
make their identification a matter of difficulty by the use of
the ordinary Manuals, so that a book designed expressly for the
winter season is very welcome. This we have in “Studies of
Trees in Winter,’** a description of the deciduous trees of
north-eastern America, by Annie Oakes Huntington. The book

7Old-Time Gardens, newly set forth by Alice Morse Earle, New York;
The Macmillan Co., r901. 8vo. pp. 489.

tForest Trees and Forest Scenery, by G. Frederick Schwarz, New
York; The Grafton Press, 1901. 12 mo. pp. 183; $1.50.

**Studies of Trees in Winter, by Annie Oakes Huntington, Boston;
Knight & Millet, 1902, 8vo. pp, 189; $2.25 net.

abounds in excellent photographs of trees in winter, and twelve
colored plates show the important color-characteristics of the
buds and twigs of various species. The text consists, first, of
the special features that serve to identify each species in winter,
followed by considerable matter relating to their range, habitat,
uses and peculiar characteristics. To the rambler the trees are
as attractive in winter as in summer—perhaps more so—and
this book will be a fitting companion for his excursions during
the reign of the frost.

A series of twenty-four plates of representative forest trees,
in full leafage, has just been issued by A. W. Mumford, 203
Michigan Avenue, Chicago. These were photographed by an
expert protographer and are excellent likenesses which have
lost nothing in the reproduction. Each sheet contains three
views; the tree entire,-a near at: hand view of the bark and a
leaf or leaf clusters. Under the photographs are several lines
of text giving the range of the species, its usual height and girth,
the nature of its wood, its uses, etc. The plates will be of much
value for use in the school room, buf any who’ are interested
in the trees will find this series an excellent one. The price for
the set is $1.00.

INDEX TO CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING
TO FERNS.

Readers are requested to call our attention to any omissions
from this list.

CaLtpwELL, M. Native Appalachian Ferns. Home and Flow-
ers, Ja. 1902.

Ciute, W. N. A List of the Fernworts Collected in Jamaica.
Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Crutt, W. N. Helps for the Beginner. VI—The Club
Mosses, illust. Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Cirutt, W. N. Notes from the South. Fern Bulletin, Ja.
1902.
Davenport, G. E. Tao New Fern Lists—II. Fern Bulletin,
Ja. 1902.

Davenport, G. E. Miscellaneous Notes on New England
Ferns—Ill, Rhodora, Ja. 1902,

—64—

Fiert, J. B. Notes on Some Rare Washington Ferns. Fern
Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Focc, S. C. The Ostrich Fern at Deering, [N. H.] Nature
Study, D. Igor.

Gupert, B. D. Some North American Pteridophytes. Fern
Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Housr, H. D.. Some Roadside Ferns of Herkimer County,
N.Y. Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Noyes, E. B. Growing Polypodium incanum. Meehan’s
Monthly, Mar. 1902.

STEELE, W. C. Fall Fr uiting of Osmunda. Fern Bulletin,
Ja. 1902.

Unverwoop, L. M. The Selaginellae of North America—lI.
Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Waters, C. E. A New Form of Osmunda cinnamomea.
Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

Waters, C. E. A New Form of Asplenium ebenoides, illust.
Fern Bulletin, Ja. 1902.

x

THE LINNEAN FERN CHAPTER

OF THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION,

—It is expected that the annual report will be issued some
time during the present month. This will contain a list of mem-
bers including all admitted to the Chapter since the first of this
year. It is not yet too late to send in any changes in your ad-
dress.

—Members of the Chapter who care for specimens of Azolla
Caroliniana, collected in March, may secure the same by sending
a self-addressed stamped envelope to Willard N. Clute, 626 Julia
Street, New Orleans.

—Mr. M. L. Fernald has been studying the North American
specimens of Lycopodium complanatum, and believes that our
common form of this plant is not the L. complanatum of Lin-
neus. The old world form of this species seems to be duplicated
by forms from the northern parts of America. This is the true
complanatum. The common plant of the United States Mr.
Fernald calls var. fabeliiforme. Complanatum is reported only
from Maine, Montana and Idaho. A description of both forms is
given in Rhodora for November.

Pe ee ee a ee ae OS
” ~~ “> x P ‘ “ s* ° «| P

ae ES

4 An Ideal Magazine for the Flower Lover

_ It is quite possible to publish 'a magazine for the lover of wild-
. flowers that does not contain great quantities of technical words
\ and is yet understandable to both botanist and general reader. Ii
‘you doubt it, send a two-cent stamp for a sample copy of

€ THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

Z@ which is concerned solely in furnishing the public with accurate
‘&\ information about our wild-flowers in untechnical language. In
® addition to the original articles, each issue contains everything of
® interest to the general reader that is published in other botanical
journals. Few readers care to subscribe to all these journals, but
§ by taking ours the necessity for doing so is avoided.

The First Volume

is now completed. In its 96 pages are to be found nearly a hun-
dred articles and notes on plants, and there is not a technical one
‘ among them. Isn't such a volume worth 60 cents to anyone who
toves flowers? This is the regular price, but it may be obtained
for iess through the following .

Special Offers

» For $1.00 we will send the first volume of the American
Botanist and a year’s subscription to the Fern Bulletin, or extend
your subscription to the latter one year. For $1.35 we will send
. the American Botanist for 1902 and present you with the first
/ volume. For $1.75 we will send the American Botanist for 1902,
& present you with Vol. I and send the Fern Bulletin one year, or if
9 an old subscriber, extend your subscription for that length ol
B time. Address all orders to :

WILLARD N..CLUTE & CO., Publishers, Binghamton, N. Y.

SPECIAL OFFER

0)

“Qur Ferns in [heir Haunts”

The many unique and valuable features of this latest book
on ferns makes it indispensable to either the advanced student or
beginner in the study. In the first place there are 225 illustrations
which show every species in Eastern America, besides pinnules,
parts of fronds, root-stocks, spore-cases, sori—in short, everything
that will help identify the species. There is also an illustrated
key to the genera by the use of which no one can go astray in
identifying his specimens. The text is accurate but not technical,
and there is a good glossary which not only explains the botanical
terms used in this book, but those used in other books as well. In
the matter pertaining to each species, every known fact in its his-
tory is given, its uses are noted and all the interesting super-
stitions associated with it are detailed. Each chapter is prefaced
by a poem referring to the species, or by an appropriate quotation.
There are 340 pages of text. The illustrations are artistic as well
as botanically accurate, and the book is handsomely bound in
ereen cloth.

The book is sent postpaid for $2.35, but to those who care to
order it with the Fern Bulletin we will send it and a year’s sub-
scription for $2.60. Old subscribers may order it and have their
subscriptions extended for one year for the same sum. ‘This offer
does not extend to those in arrears unless the arrearage is also
paid. By adding 50 cents more, making $3.10 in all a year’s sub-
scription to the American Botanist will be added. Address.

WILLARD N. CLUTE & CO.
Binghamton, New York

Publishers

A Quarterly Devoted to Ferns.

ATATTANREAC A

NOY NAS YORE

JULY

NAN AY
CANATANLNICANREISACANA

Binghamton, N. Y.
THE FERN BULLETIN Co

THE FERN BULLETIN

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

WILLARD N. CLUTE, Editor
THE FERN BULLETIN CO., PUBLISHERS, BINGHAMTON, N, Y.
20 Cents A Cory; 75 CENTS A YEAR.
Awarded Grand Prize at the Paris Exposition.

To insure subscribers against loss of one or more numbers between the expiration and
renewal of their subscriptions the journal will be sent until ordered stopped. All ar-
rearages must be paid. Prrsona, CuEcKs Must Contain TEN CENTS EXTRA FoR COLLEC-
tion. Otherwise credit will be given for the amount less collection fees.

SPECIAL NOTICE—tThe first five volumes of this magazine are out of print.
Volumes 6, 7, 8 and 9 may be had for 75 cents each. The set of four volumes and one

year’s subscription will be sent upon receipt of $3.40. Volume 6 is not for sale except in
sets.

Entered at the postoffice, Binghamton, N. Y., as second-class mail matter.

THE LINNAEAN FERN CHAPTER

PRESIDENT, B. D. GriiBert, Clayville, N. Y. S&creETArY, Homer D. House, 506 University
Place, ‘Syracuse; N.Y.

Fern students are cordially invited to join the Chapter. Address either the President or
Secretary for further information. All dues should be sent direct to Jas. A. Graves,
Treasurer, Susquehanna, Pa.

Half a Loafa

Half a loaf is said to be better than no bread. The half loaves we offer consist
of partial sets of the FERN BuLLETIN which we have been trying to complete. It is
doubtful if they can be completed very easily, but many will probably be glad to gct
even these.

Set 1. The Fern Buiwetin, Vols. I. to X., inclusive, complete, except No. 1 of Vol.
V. Price, by registered mail, $7. 50.

Set 2. The Fern Butvetin, Vols. IV. to X., inclusive, complete, except Vol. IV.,
No. 1 and Vol. V., No. 1. Price, $5.00. The incomplete vols. IV. and V. will be sold
separately, if desired, for 75 cents each.

Set 3. Nos. 1, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 of Vols. I-III. Price 50 cents.
Address The FErn BuLietin, Binghamton, N. Y. ~

“MOSSES WITH A HAND LENS”

BY DR A. J GROUT

It is the only book of its kind in the English language. It makes the
mosses as easy to study as the flowering plants. Eight full page plates and
ninety figures in the text. Price $1.10 postpaid. Send for sample pages to
O. T. Louis, 59 Fifth Avenue, N. Y.City.

a Sell et ce

ee eee ee ee

CHARLES FRANCIS SAUNDERS

Poe FERN BULLETIN

VOL. X. JULY, 1902 No. 3

FERN HUNTING IN NASSAU.
By E. C. ANTHONY.

The first requisite for a successful fern hunt in Nassau is a
carriage with one of the little native horses, which are not beau-
tiful, but willing and untiring. We had a colored driver, who
proved on trial to know more about the flora of the island than
most of the white inhabitants. The country is entirely different
from anything we see in the North. The greatest altitude of the
island, in the Baillou Hills, is not more than one hundred and
twenty feet, hence there are no streams of fresh water. There
are no large forests, and the rough, rocky surface of the ground,
almost destitute of soil, makes it seem a poor place for ferns.
The roads are very smooth, in many places cut through the
solid rock, and where banks have weathered, many little ferns,
Anemia, Pteris longifolia, and Davallia clavata, have gained a
scanty foothold.

But when we discovered the possibilities of the rock holes
our enthusiasm was at once aroused. The rough surface of the
ground is filled with holes, from the mysterious Mermaid’s Pool
in the depths of the pine barrens, which is round, sixty feet
-across, and in places unfathomable, to those capable of only
containing a tiny fern. Many of them resemble wells, being very
regular in shape, more or less deep, and often containing water.
It was a constant source of pleasure to be on the lookout for
these holes beside the road, and eagerly explore them for new
specimens. We soon found that as in Florida we must go far
and wide to get a variety, for though ferns were abundant, there
were rarely more than two or three species in any given locality.
We were almost certain to find in the rock holes Aspidium tri-
foliatum and Dryopteris patens, with a fringe on the edge of
Davallia clavata. The large pits, partly filled with brackish
water, which is said to rise and fall with the tide, are called
ocean holes.

Bd

We drove one day to an old estate where we followed the
guide over a rocky path, between bushes of acacia, wild sage,
wild guava, and other shrubs, till we came to a low stone wall,
where we saw before us an abyss, very deep and wide, the bot-
tom nearly covered with a magnificent growth of Acrostichum
aureum. Further on we found another place, but a few feet
below the path. Here we procured a specimen, which proved to
be eight feet in length. The three or four pairs of sharp thorns
on the stipe were very evident. There were but six or eight
fertile pinnae, and several of the sterile pinnae were bi-lobed.
But we were in pursuit of Adiantums, and the guide took us first
to a spring-hole, very deep, containing good water. On the
rocky shelves were Adiantums and half a dozen other species,
but they were wholly inaccessible. So on we went till we found
a pit, not very deep and without water. Here we found
Adiantum tenerum, Adiantum melanoleucum, Dryopteris patens
and Aspidium trifoliatum. A. Melanoleucum has become very rare,
from the bad habit of the people in pulling it up, for the frag-
rance in drying. It goes by the name of hay-fern. Aspidium tri-
foliatum is here rarely tri-foliate. We found but one specimen of
this shape in the island. Sometimes it is scarcely tri-lobed. On an
old wall within the limits of the city we found some starved
specimens in the cracks, which were oval, two inches long and
one-half inch wide. The edges very wrinkled and ruffled. The
venation and fruit alone marked the species.

When we drove through the pine barrens and saw the
masses of Pteris aquilina caudata we wished that all fern lovers
could see the sight. ‘The fronds tower up and droop over the
bushes of acacia, like giant ostrich feathers, and were inter-
laced with the orange coils of the dodder. The bright, glossy
green of the leaf, and the polished, straw-colored stems are far
more beautiful than our dull gray northern plant. It loses here
and in Florida its ternate character. ‘There are six to eight
branches on each side of the rachis, which are divided and sub-
divided. The ultimate pinnules are slender and long, particularly
at the end of the branch. Farther away from the road the ground
is carpeted with lower Pteris, dotted with the pretty pink spires
of Bletia purpurea. Pteris aquilina caudata is found nowhere but
in the pine barrens, and the finest specimens of Anemia adianti-
folia are found there also,

—67—

To go into the scrub, as it is called, consisting of shrubs and
. small trees, one must have a stout knife, to cut one’s way
through the myriad creepers, which are all thorny and hold one
back in the most aggravating way, and not mind torn clothes,
nor fear Absalom’s fate. Here one may search for TJaenitis
lanceolata, which is usually found on some small tree, out of
reach. But our colored boy is expert at climbing trees, or
going down the holes, and he soon brings down a_ specimen
growing with a fine Tillandsia, completely encircling the tree.
The roots of the two were in a large mass, with a good deal of
soil. Where does this soil come from? Can the wind be the
only agent? It continually astonished us. The Yullandsia is
supposed to live on air. Does the fern get its support from the
Tillandsia? |

Phlebodium aureum, which grows so abundantly on palmettos
in Florida, seems to prefer stone walls in New Providence. One
fine specimen which we found growing with Polypodium
Phyllitidis on a wall, was as flourishing as were its mates be-
tween the stones, on the roots of the trees, and on the ground
near by. It looked as though it might have been taken from the
ground with the earth and put in its present place, but no one in
the island would be capable of that exertion. Polypodium was
also running on the wall, but with Hepaticae.

The total lack of running fresh water accounts for the ab-
sence of fern allies. Two small lakes back in the country are
filled with brackish water, but are of no interest except to the
duck hunter. On the sea coast, a few miles from the city, are
the “Caves,” so called, where on a dripping rock are fine speci-
mens of Asplenium dentatum, which grow nowhere else on the
island. Besides some of the roads leading through the island,
there are long stretches of Dryopteris patens, and where rocks
are thrown down, from the walls, Pteris longifolia loves to grow,
covering the unsightly heap with its long slender fronds. These
two ferns are the most common species, growing almost every-
where.

Phegopteris reptans is occasionally found in rock holes. ‘The
larger Adiantum capillus-veneris is in the deeper holes, and
grows very large—almost a bush. All of these ferns, with the
exception of Davallia clavata, are also found in Florida. There

5 oF

F g

65

seems to be. no interest among the inhabitants in regard either
to ferns or any other of the native plants; even the mysterious
Obeah man making no use of them in his concoctions of ill
repute.

Gouverneur, N. Y.

SOME FERNS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA RANGE.
By W. G. WaArKINs.

The past year I have made a careful search for ferns in this
part of the Sierra Nevada range, taking in an area of country
about fifty miles north and south by thirty miles east and west,
and have succeeded in locating but fifteen different species. The
variations of climate are very great.

In the west and south there is a tropical belt, while to the
north and east rises up the summit of the range, covered with
perpetual snow. In traveling over the country and viewing the
dense growth of vegetation, one would suppose it to be just the
place for ferns, but such is not the case.

This country is very rich in general flora and is an ideal
field for the botanist, but it 1s so very mountainous that unless
one has been used to climbing mountains and has good staying
qualities he will not last long. There are numerous deep and
dark canyons that are just the home for rare plants, but one
might pass within a rod or two of one of nature’s beauties, and
never see it. Every yard of ground has got to be explored
thoroughly, which takes plenty of time and patience, but these
are only trifles for the determined botanist.

Adiantum pedatum is very rare in this altitude, though quite
plentiful in high elevations on northern slopes of mountains,
always growing near running water and generally on very rough
and broken cliffs where the soil is light. I have not found it
below 2,000 feet elevation. Where the shade is very dense I have
found specimens three feet high and have noticed that the more
shade the finer and lighter it seems to grow, making the entire
plant much more beautiful. Adiantum emarginatum can be found
on most all rocky portions of the American river hills facing the
north, always on heavy clay soil.

i
ts hig Aes mah

vet ome oe

—bto—

Cystopteris fragilis is very abundant along all streams and
small ravines whenever there happens to be a sheltered spot. The
pinnae from specimens of very shady location are much lighter
and the sori much larger and darker than in exposed places.

Aspidium rigidum, an evergreen fern which seems to prefer
shady woods is very plentiful up to 2,500 feet elevation in all
soils. Above that I have not been able to find any sign of it. It
is a very particular species as to fruiting qualities. Some places
I have watched all season but never have found any sign of fruit,
while in other localities I have found the sori quite abundant. I
have traced Aspidium munitum from the valleys in the foothills
to 6,060 feet elevation, mostly on northern slopes and very rocky
lava or clay soil. In higher altitude it forms a low and compact
growth, while lower down it makes a growth of two feet or more
with rhizome much stouter and sori much more conspicuous.
Its growing season is in winter, but I have found fine specimens
at all seasons of the year. Aspidium Nevadense might be termed
a true water fern, as it can not be found here only along streams
and among old drift wood of all sorts. I have collected it from
the lowlands to the highest summit along water courses. The
variations are very few as to elevation or climatic change; the
only thing that I have observed was that the higher altitude pro-
duces narrower fronds. They are nearly lanceolate, while below
they are much broader with the rhizome somewhat stouter. In
all places it rests in winter, renewing activity in April.

I have located Cheilanthes Californica in a few gigantic
cliffs on the south slope of Little Butte mountain, east of here.
It appears to be very rare in this section of country. The soil on
the cliffs is lava overlapping the granite. In very warm weather
the fronds fold up in a tight ball, and when a cool change comes
they come out bright and nice. Its growing period is in rainy
weather. Cheilanthes Clevelandii is very rare in this part of the
State. I have found it only on one cliff east of this place. I
find that it folds its fronds in dry weather about as C. Californica
does. Cheilanthes gracillima, a fine little species, is quite plenti-
ful on the face of cliffs, growing with the other Cheilanthes; some
_ seasons its fronds fold up, but it takes extremely dry weather to
make them change. I believe it will resist as much heat if not
more than any of our other Californian ferns.

—70—

Polypodium Californicum inhabits moss-covered rocks and I
have found it.on a few oak trees (Quercus virens). I have found
this species very widely distributed, having collected it in South-
ern California and up above here to about 9,000 feet elevation.
Climate does not seem to effect any change in its growth what-
ever. At times | have found it intertwined withAdiantum emar-
ginatum, Woodwardia radicans and Aspidium rigidum.

Pellaea densa is quite rare. I have found it in but one place,
growing on the face of a moist cliff on lava soil, facing the south
at about 4,500 ft. elevation. It appears to grow through all seasons
of the year. Pellaea ornithopus is a very widely distributed fern.
I have collected it from Southern California to the summit above
here 9,000 feet elevation. I cannot see any climatic change in it.
In extreme dry weather it changes color turning to a pale green
and puts on the appearance of an old broom, while to the
slightest touch it will break and crumble as if dead; but just as
soon as a cool change comes it will immediately change color to
a !uxurious green and show sign of life.

Gymnogramme triangularis is a widely distributed species,
making its home under some overhanging rock or log, or at
times mingling with Cystopteris fragilis. The variations of
growth are remarkable. On the south slope of mountains most
of the fronds are very short, while the pinnae are all run to-
gether entirely changing the appearance and making the frond
nearly a solid cordate shape; while on the north slope in sheltered
places the rhizome is larger and erect, and the fronds form a per-
fect triangle. This species is also very sensitive to heat, folding
and unfolding as the Cheilanthes does, and making new growth
in winter. :

_“Lomaria spicant is very rare, being a native of Alpine streams.
I have not found it below 9,000 feet elevation. It is an evergreen
forming new growth in.summer.

Woodwardia radicans is very abundant along streams, often
attaining seven feet in height. Elevation seems to make no dif-
ference to it. I have collected it from 500 feet to 9,000 feet al-
titude.

Grizzly Flats, California.

THE GENUS EQUISETUM IN NORTH AMERICA.
By Atvau A. EATON.

ELEVENTH PAPER.
E. FLUVIATILE L,

Rootstock shining, without felt, dark or yellowish brown
rarely tuberiferous, with very wide central cavity. Stems erect,
1-4 ft. high, 2-3 twelfths of an inch in diameter at base, naked or
variously branched, but always (except in var. 1) with several
naked internodes at base, and in the sterile plant at apex also.
Basal internodes 1-2 inches long, light or yellowish-green, often
fleshscolored, shining, usually wanting stomata: central and ter-
minal internodes light green, slightly 10-30 angled when fresh,
more prominently so when dry. the angles rounded on the back
and smooth: stomata abundant, irregularly filling the broad
grooves, smaller and more elongate than in &. litorale. Sheaths
appressed, concolorous with the stem, nearly as broad as long,

the leaves little elevated, not separated by a commisural groove
save in the largest specimens; teeth narrowly lanceolate, rigidly
erect, seldom coherent, with rounded sinus and a very narrow
white hyaline border, those of basal sheaths usually black or
brown, the upper becoming green at base and black at tips. The
ribs and leaves increase in number from base upward, the upper
internodes usually showing one-third more than the _ basal.
Branches of two kinds; one scattered, 6-8 or more angled, mostly
from lower internodes, erect equaling the main stem in height,
more properly called secondary stems; the other scattered or in
more or less regular verticils, 4-5 angled, 3-8 inches long, at first
nearly erect, becoming horizontal below and arching till the tips
become erect, their basal internodes always slrorter than the
stem sheath, their angles low-winged, rough, the grooves with
fine cross walls of silex or often sparingly dotted with it; sheaths
rigid, the angles green in the middle, joined at the commissures
by a white hyaline border; teeth green or black tipped, very
sharp, erect or spreading.

ANATOMY.
The centrum occupies four-fifths of the diameter of the stem,
the largest of any species of Equisetum,; vallecular cavities absent
save in the lower internodes of the very largest stems, the carinal

7

bordered with a ring of dark cells; the bast is confined to a
small triangle on the keels, the green parenchyma being continu-
ous under the grooves, or in stout stems in mid-season bearing
one to several accessory bundles of bast; secondary stems often
bearing vallecular holes, though often wanting carinal, the true
branches wanting both, the centrum being about 6-8 times as
broad as the thin walls.

RANGE AND HABITAT.

In common with all true Equiseta, with the sole exception
of k. Bogotense, which inhabits the cool regions of the Andes,
this species thrives in the cold temperate regions of the North-
ern Hemisphere, being found in America from Virginia to Nova
Scotia and Washington, northward to Alaska. It extends across
Eurasia in a belt of 15 degrees of latitude, usually common in the
northern, but rare in the southern part of its range. Usually
growing on a muddy bottom in a few inches of water, it is only
accidentally found in a soil that is not saturated. It reaches its
finest estate in New England in the partial shade of cedar
swamps, growing on the peaty tussocks, often 5 ft. high,
with branches reaching 8 inches in length. In low undrained
areas it grows in mud amongst tussocks oi sedges, and in shal-
low pools of sluggish streams. It is usually cropped by cattle
where they have access to it. Under the above conditions the
mud is moderately firm and the plant well branched (verticil-
latum), in deeper pools and looser mud it becomes crowded and
unbranched (limosum). Unwonted firmness in the soil, as where
sand or gravel has been deposited on’ it by freshets, causes a
stunted branchless growth (uliginosum). It may be found in all
its aspects on tidal flats near the mouth of rivers, above the
reach of salt water. Here often in company with &. litorale, it
covers large areas, either alone or mixed with other vegetation
of these localities. It is less common in pools of small streams,
being often absent from those emptying directly into salt water,
though abundant in all the ramifications of those emptying into
large rivers. This is doubtless because in the latter case the
plants have spread directly by root division, but contiguous
streams have not been stocked because it is so difficult for the
plant to spread by spores.

VARIETIES.

No varieties, in the common acceptation of the term have
been noticed of this, or any other of the true Equiseta with the
exception of variety boreale of E. arvense. Numerous forms and
freaks have, however, been noted, of which I have seen the fol-
lowing, from America:

1. Intermedium A. A. Eaton. Stems short, 3-8 inches
high, decumbent at base, rarely erect, bearing a few basal
branches, or with the 3-6 lower internodes bearing verticils of
2-6, these again rarely bearing branchlets; upper 2-6 internodes
naked, ending in a normal spike. Flats on banks of Merrimac
river at Amesbury, Mass. Caused by a deposit of 6-8 inches of
sand by freshets: in and about little pools of water.

This variety grows among litorale and was at first taken to
be a fertile form of that species, as it greatly resembles var.
humile. It can be separated from that variety only by taking
sections of the stem. It will then be seen that this has thin walls
and no vallecular holes, while the other has thicker walls and
valiecular holes. The sheaths of this are a little shorter and
tighter than the other, the stomata narrower and more num-
erous. It has persisted unchanged in this locality for five
years.

2. Uliginosum Muehl. Stems slender, 9-11 angled, naked
or rarely branched, usually all sterile. Not suffifficiently distinct
from the next. Described from plants collected in Pennsylvania
by Muhlenberg. Jt grows usually on hard, often gravelly soil.
Uncommon. Gravelly river banks. Ft. Fairfield, Me. Fernald,
shores of Merrimac at Amesbury, Mass.

3. Limosum (L.) Gilbert. (var. Linnaeanum Doell). Stems
naked or with a few secondary stems at fruiting time, often de-
veloping a few true branches in the upper internodes after decay
of the fruit-spike. Deep mud, where inundated by the tides.
Merrimac river, Newburyport, Mass., and very common else-
where in similar situations. Originally described as a species by
Linnaeus, but as the next form precedes it in Species Plantarum
that retains the name. I am not certain if Mr. Gilbert is the first
to print it as a variety of Auviatile.

4. Verticillatum Doell. Stems bearing more or less regular
verticiis of branches: the typical form of the species appearing

under three aspects as follows: (a) brachycladon, Doell. Ver-
ticils few, usually of few short erect branches in the upper part
of the 8-11 angled stem. Open pools and bogs, in rather firm
soil. (b) leptocladon, Doell. The largest form of the species,
usually growing in deep swamps in a few inches of water. Stems
3-5 feet high, naked for 1 or 2 feet, the lower internodes without
stomata, yellowish or flesh-pink, bearing 12-15 regular verticils
of branches 3-8 inches long, those of the middle verticil longest,
the sterile stem with a long naked tip, the fertile bearing a sessile
spike that matures after the branches have developed. (c) At
tenuatum, Milde. Like sterile of a and b, but bearing a small
spike at the tip of the long naked portion. A partial transition of
the sterile stem.

5. Polystachyum, Bruck. Like No. 4, but upper branches
ending in small spikelets. A late form that is apparently quite
rare. I have seen but one specimen, collected by Flett at Ta-

coma, Wash.
; MONSTROSITIES.

Of these I have seen three; two of the fertile and one of the
sterile stem. (1) Proliferum, Milde. Spike bearing a few
naked internodes at top. The sterile tip is at times 2-3 inches
long. Quite uncommon, an acre rarely yielding more than a
dozen. (2) Distachyum Milde. Bearing two spikes in series,
with a short internode between. Rare. (3) Monstro-spiralis,
This is a form that has been found in several of our native
Equiseta and in some Hippochaetae I have seen it in ar-
vense, litorale palustre, and hiemale. Sheaths continuous for
some distance, encircling the stem in a spiral.

Seabrook, N. H.

GEORGIA FERNS.
By B. D. GILpert.

The past winter and spring were unusually cold in the South
as well as the North, and vegetation was delayed a week or ten
days longer than common. Consequently when I went out into
the country around Savannah, Ga., on April 4, the ferns were
only just beginning to be distinguishable. The woods about
there are chiefly composed of water oaks and short-leaved pines.

4

sdiaiciadiedetid diliecs abadie

The soil is sandy and ferns, with the exception of Pteris aquilina,
all seem to grow in moist places. The four commonest ferns
were Osmunda cinnamomea, Woodwardia angustifolia, Pteris
aquilina and Athyrium filix-foemina. Most of the Athyrium
was the variety rubellum. There was also some Woodwardia
Virginica, Asplenium ebeneum and Osmunda regalis. In the
clumps of O. cinnamonea which produced fertile fronds, some of
them were already 3 feet high, while the sterile were only 2 feet.
The sterile fronds often had red stems which were not at all
woolly, and if these characters continue throughout the season,
they .might be sufficient to constitute a new variety. Wood-
wardia angustifolia had sterile fronds a foot or more tall, but
there was as yet no sign of fertile fronds. The young fronds
as they began to unfold were quite pinkish. It grew more plenti-
fully than any other fern seen. Asplenium ebeneum grew both
in dry and in moist places. Its fertile fronds remained through
the winter and stood upright among the freshly started sterile
fronds. On one of the old abandoned plantations there was an
engine under a shed. The door of the boiler was about 2 feet
above the ground, and there was an iron shelf in front of the
door about a foot wide. This shelf or hearth probably had some
wood ashes left on it when it was abandoned, and this little As-
plenium had found a lodgment there and now covers the whole
length of the hearth, about two feet.

The city of Savannah is supplied with water from artesian
wells. These are found also at different points about the
country. One of these spouters exists in the middle of a large
field about four miles from the city toward the Isle of Hope. Of
course the ground about it is now marshy and here Woodwardia
Virginica has taken up its abode in large quantities. The young
fronds are beautifully pink, but as they increase in size the pink
color retreats toward the edges and forms an extremely pretty
border to the bright green lamina of the pinnae.

The only ferns which showed any fruit were the last year’s
fronds of Asplenium ebeneum and some of the largest fronds of
Athyrium filix-foemina rubellum.

BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM AND OBLIQUUM.,:
By WILLARD N. CLute.

In my book “Our terns in Their Haunts” I followed Pro-
fessor Underwooua, though with some misgivings, in calling our
common ternate grape fern Botrychium obliquum. — Recently,
however, through the kindness of Mr. K. Miyake, I have been
supplied with an abundance of the true B. ternatum from widely
separated stations in Japan, which thoroughly convince me that
our species and the Jananese one are not identical and I shall
continue to write the American species as B. obliquum. ‘The true
ternatum differs from the American plant in having thinner,
more deeply cut pinnae, with the tips of the pinnules more
pointed. Both the pinnae and pinnules of the Japanese plant are
on longer stalks and except for the fact that the fruiting portion
rises from the base of the plant has much the general appear-
ance of Botrychium Vuirginianum. A specimen collected at
Tokyo in February shows very plainly the effects of the frost,
and it is apparently not as hardy as our own species, as might be
inferred from its thinner fronds.

Concerning the name of Botrychium obliquum it may be
said that while this is applied to what is very plainly the
dominant form of this Botrychiwm in Eastern America, the first
name applied to the plant is Botrychium dissectum, Spreng., be-
cause Sprengel happened to get hold of a dissected form and
named it first. If, as I firmly believe, the one plant is but a
variety of the other, or at least, no more than a sub-species
convertible under certain conditions to the normal form, then ac-
cording to the rules and regulations Botrychium dissectum
Spreng. would become the type and B. obliquum, Muhl. a variety
of it. In the same way Mr. Gilbert’s B. ternatuim Oneidense
would become B. dissectum Oneidense, or as I should be in-
clined to put it B. d. obliquum f. Oneidense. I would also make
B. obliquum intermedium, Underw. a form of B. dissectum
obliquum and would writé Botrychium occidentale, Underw. as
a form of Botrychium dissectum, Spreng.

Fortunately, however, so many botanists will continue to
insist upon the specific distinctness of B. obliquum and B. dis-
sectum, that these changes are never likely to be made. For

— 7i—

myself, I prefer to call the widely distributed plant B.
obliquum, making the dissected form a sub-species, and Onetd-
ense, Occidentale and intermedium forms of obliquum, regard-
less of the anachronism which such a proceeding involves.

CHARLES FRANCIS SAUNDERS

Among present day writers on botanical subjects, there are
probably none more popular than Mr. C. F. Saunders, whose por-
trait appears elsewhere in this issue. The contributions that have
gained him this success are not of the species-making order, but
rather are concerned with every day plants about which Mr.
Saunders always manages to find new points of interest that
are described in a very felicitous manner.

Mr. Saunders was born in Bucks County, Pa., in 1859, and
graduated from Friends’ Central High school, Philadelphia, in
1875. After graduation he entered the office of a prominent ship-
ping firm in Philadelphia, with which he has continued ever since.
About ten years ago his interest in botany was awakened by at-
tendance upon a course of lectures given by Dr. Joseph T.
Rothrock, and since then most of his leisure has been devoted
to studies of plants in the field. He has made numerous excur-
sions to points of botanical interest in the Eastern States, and
the writer recalls with pleasure a trip with him by wagon through
the wildest part of the New Jersey “Pine Barrens,” an account
of which Mr. Saunders published in the “Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia” for September,
1900. Another delightful excursion was a several days’ tramp
with him about the numerous small glacial lakes in northeastern
Pennsylvania. Although he has never striven to discover new
species, Dr. T. C. Porter has honored him by giving his name to
a variety of Eupatorium.

_ During several years Mr. Saunders’ contributions have ap-
peared in nearly all the botanical journals that publish articles
of a popular nature, while the general press, especially the
Churchman and the Philadelphia Record, have also contained
much of his work. His contributions to the FERN BuLLEeTIN have
been both numerous and valuable, and this journal is glad to
count him among its staunchest friends—W. N. C.

A NEW FORM OF NEPHRODIUM THELYPTERIS.
By A. A. Eaton.

Last July I received from Mrs. J. J. Puffer some sterile
fronds of Nephrodium Thelypteris, collected by her at Sudbury,
Mass., that were all forked at the end for %4—¥Y the length and
many or all of the pinnae cristate, ending in I-5 points. At the
time no fertile fronds were found, but at my suggestion she
visited the locality later, and was successful in procuring some,
even more beautifully cristate than the sterile.

In honor of the discoverer I propose to name it Nephrodium
Thelypteris forma Pufferae. Stipe and rachis as in the species,
except that the latter forks %—'% its length, the divisions
often again forked, pinnae cristate for the outer third into 2-5
crowded, spreading, overlapping divisions; segments at times
normal, but often reduced to mere points; at times the rachis
is winged without lobes, and again some are much elongated and
variously bent, or even greatly enlarged and pinnately incised.

Mrs. Puffer writes as follows: ‘The whole group, consist-
ing of many plants crowded closely together, occupy a space of
some five or six feet in length by two in width, and are growing
by the side of a stone wall on the slope of land near a meadow,
but they are quite above the water-line. They are almost without
exception either forked or tufted. The longest fronds grew up
into a bush and were erect, but most of them lie upon each
other so they are broken and torn by contact. They are exposed
to the full sun all day.”. Mr. C. T. Druery informs me that this is
a very interesting variety, inasmuch as it it the first break this
species is known to have made. :

THE EARLIEST FERN.
By E. J. Hu.

Under this caption in the Fern Butietin for October, 1901,
Mr. A. A. Eaton seeks information regarding the first fern to
start in spring. My experience confirms his, that the priority is
due to Pellaea gracilis. I was at the station where they grow at
Lemont, Ill., April roth, 1902, and found them coming up freely.
Some were nearly two inches high, and they were in all stages

from this down to those just peeping out of the ground. Well
formed pinnae were already present. The ravine where they
occur runs nearly north and south, and the ferns grow on both
sides on rocks with both east and west exposure. P. atropurpurea
grows on many ledges of the neighborhood. On these the
crosiers had just started, but so tiny as to be hidden in the
abundant tormenteum at the base of the tuft. They were yet
without color. Cystopteris bulbifera grows with the P. gracilis,
but there was no trace of green in it. The old stems hung limp
froin the ledges.

Chicago.

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HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER.

VII—Tue Woop Ferns.

Not all the ferns that grow in woodlands are wood ferns
in the sense that the botanist uses the term. In his lexicon the
wood ferns are all members of one family which is dubbed Neph-
rodium, Dryopteris, Aspidium or Lastrea according as the taste
of the individual varies. A great many Americans have been
brought up to call them Aspidiums, but now that it has been de-
cided that this term must go, Nephrodium vies with Dryopteris
for the honor of representing this important family. Dryopteris
undoubtedly has a clear title so far as priority is concerned, and
I might possibly use it if writing only for Americans; but the
FERN BULLETIN goes quite around the earth, and as custom has
made Nep/rodium familiar in all parts of the globe, I think it
best to adopt the latter name.

To find out whether your specimen is a wood fern or not,
look on the under side for the fruit dots. If these are roundish
and covered, when young, by a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped
indusium that is attached to the frond by the sinus, you may be
sure you have made no mistake.

The nearest piece of woodland in eastern America will prob-
ably yield specimens of the marginal shield fern (N. marginale,
Fig. 2). It is easily known by the fact that it bears the large but-
ton-like fruit-dots close to the margin. In vigorous specimens
the pinnules are often lobed and when in fruit appear as in Fig.

te Ray ie

eee ee ofa Coens cat eperrrr ess cen ines serene

Nas macs

4. y

—§o—

4. Goldie’s fern (N. Goldicanum, Fig. 3.) greatly resembles the
preceding species, so much so that a recent European writer has
classed them both as varieties of the old world N. filirmas. That
they are very different may be seen from the illustration, for the
pinnules of Goldicanum are not separate on the midribs. ‘The
fronds are also thinner and larger and I may add scarcer, while
the fruit-dots are not so near the margins.

Fig. 1, Middle pinna of WV. crzstatum. Fig 2, same of NV. marginale’
Fig. 3. pinnules of VV. Goldieanum. Fig 4,a pinnule of V. marginale. Fig.
5, middle pinna of V. moveboracense. Fig. 6,same of V. sitmulatum. Fig. 7,
same of WN. thelypiterts.

In wet woods, or on the borders of swamps, and in many
other moist places, one may find the crested fern (NV. cristatum,
Fig. 1.) It may be distinguished by its erect fertile fronds, pros-
trate sterilé ones, by the large sori and by the pinnules of fertile
fronds being usually set upon the rachis, like slats in a half open
blind. The fertile fronds are long and narrow. WN. Boottii is
something like this species, but the fronds are broader, the sori
smaller, the differences between sterile and fertile fronds not so

— 8;

pronounced, and last, but not least, the pinnae are cut entirely to
the rachis and the larger pinnules deeply lobed and toothed.

In dryish woodlands one of the commonest species is the
New York fern (N. Noveboracense, Fig. 5.) ‘Toward the base of
the frond the pinnae become successively smaller until the lowest
are mere green lobes. This single feature settles the case of the
New York fern. Out in the swamps, in fact, wherever there
is moisture, the marsh fern (N. thelypteris, Fig. 7.) may be
found. It looks much like the New York fern, but the frond is
broadest near the base, and the stipes are much longer, ofter 12
inches or more. The fertile fronds are produced rather late in
summer, and the pinnules are rolled back over the sori in such a
way that they have a pointed appearance. The fruit-dots are
usually very numerous.

Fig. 6 illustrates a prinna of N. simulatum, a fern which has
not long been known, probably because of its close resemblance
to two common species. In everything it seems about half way
between the two. The fronds are much like those of thelypteris
in shape, but like those of Noveboracense in habit. It will be
noticed that the pinnae are broadest near the middle, the sori are
larger, and the pinnules are not revolute. It is found usually in
deep shady swamps. It may always be distinguished from thely-
pteris by the fact that the veins are not forked.

The commonest of the wood ferns is the spinulose wood fern
(N. spinulosum) and its varities dilatatum and intermediuma.
The type is not common in America, but intermedium makes up
for the lack. Dilatatum is a mountain form, plentiful in most ele-
vated regions. It may usually be separated from the others by
the shape of the lowest pair of pinnae in which the secondary
pinnae on the lower side are very much longer than the rest.
The fronds of the spinulosuwm group are much more deeply cut
than those of the other wood ferns, being often three or four
times pinnate. To distinguish the group from the others is much
easier than separating the forms. When in doubt one should
consult the books—and the more books, the better, or, rather,
surer.—lV. N. C.

PELLAEA ATROPERPUREA AN EVERGREEN.
By Fe fbi.

In Rhodora for March, 1902, p. 54, Mr. Davenport notes that
this is doubtfully an evergreen in New England. It is plainly
one in Illinois. I observed them April 1oth, this year, at various
places on the ledges of limestone at Lemont and Lockport, and
found that the greater part of the stems had survived the winter
and were still fresh. The pinnae on some tufts in the most ex-
posed positions, as well as in individual stems among those still
green, were brown and withered. They were generally adherent,

but some stems were naked. Herbarium specimens collected in
' these localities May 24th, 1899, and June 20th, 1898, have old
stems mixed with the new, some of the sori still remaining under
the recurved edges of the pinnae. New fronds had in the most
vigorous examples reached the height of nearly a foot at the
latter date, the fruit dots well on their way. It is possible to
obtain the ripened fruit of a preceding year at the time one gets
some rather immature of the current year. P. atropurpurea is
as much an evergreen in this vicinity as the Christmas fern
(Polystichum acrostichoides).

Chicago.

NOTES FROM THE SOUTH—II.
By Writarp N. Cuute.

SELEGINELLA LubDovICIANA.—So little is known about this
species that a question has always existed as to its distinctness
from S. apus. In the vicinity of New Orleans it is not an un-
common plant, and the several opportunities that I have had for
studying it convinces me that it is fully entitled to specific rank.
It was. originally discovered at Covington, La., by Drummond,
and I have seen it growing at Pearl River, some miles from Cov-
ington, as well as at Ponchatoulas, thirty miles or more north of
New Orleans. It usually occurs in shady spots in the sand bar-
rens and may be distinguished from SS. apus at a glance by the
principal stems which are stiffly erect. It begins to renew its
growth about the end of March and for a time the new branch-
lets are slightly drooping. Prof. R. S. Cocks has presented me

with fine fruiting specimens collected at Mandeville, La., in May,
It apparently does not fruit until about the middle of that month.
Unlike S. apus, the stems, which are occasionally decumbent,
produce roots only at the base and lower parts. S. apus grows
in the same general region but has the same creeping habit as it
does further north. I have also fine specimens of it collected in
Mississippi that are as closely creeping as any I have found in
New York, which shows that the difference in the two forms is
not chargable to climate as Prof. Underwood suggests in the
6th edition of “Our Native Ferns.” Selaginella Ludoviciana is a
much larger plant that S. apus, and so rigid that when the
branches wilt after the plant is pulled up, their weight is not
sufficient to bend the principal stems.

Use oF tHE ComMon Woop Fern.—The dealers in bouquets
do a lively business in New Orleans in winter, for flowers are
cheap and easily grown. The greenery that is mixed with the
flowers, however, is not so readily produced it would seem, for
a northern fern, no other than our common wood _ fern
(Nephrodium spinulosum intermedium), is the principal thing
used. Since this fern is not known to grow south of Tennessee,
I had the curiosity to visit a florist and make inquiry regarding
it, and was informed that the fronds are all from the New Eng-
land States, being sent down by the millions in Autumn and kept
in cold storage until wanted. Thus does bleak New England
contribute to the enjoyment of a Southern winter.

WoopsIA OBSTUSA IN ALABAMA—The impression — that
_Woodsia obtusa does not occur south of Kentucky seems to be

very common. In 1899 Mr. R. M. Harper recorded its occurrence
in Georgia in this journal but subsequent lists, and even Prof.
Underwood's “Our Native Ferns,” continue to give Kentucky
as the most southern locality for it. From its presence in
Georgia, its occurrence in Alabama was to be inferred, and it is
noted in Dr. Mohr’s recently published volume on the Alabama
flora, as growing in the northern and mountainous parts of the
State. The range, however, may be extended some distance
further South, as I have seen in the herbarium of Prof. R. S.
Cocks, specimens of this collected near Selma, Ala. This seems
to be the farthest southern station known for the plant at present.

—84—

NEPHROLEPIS EXALTATA AS AN Ou’tpoor FEerN.—In New Or-
leans, the common sword fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), is fre-
quently planted out of doors and although the fronds do not
survive the coldest winters, the rootstocks remain alive and send
up new fronds very early in the year. It does not seem known
that this species will withstand frost and it would be interesting
to know how far north it will live out of doors. If protected by
coarse litter in winter it might possibly be hardy as far north as
the city of Washington.

SELAGINELLA ARENICOLA IN FLortpA—Until recently the
Floridan Selaginella was referred to Selaginella rupestris, and
little attention was paid to the localities for it; but since its
separation as a distinct species more definite notes of its oc-
currence are desirable. Prof. Underwood records it from Eustis,
Fla., and Chapman is quoted as finding it in Gadsden County,
Florida. I have also received excellent specimens from Mr.
Severin Rapp, of Sanford, Fla. This species is remarkable for
the length ot the fruiting spikes. They are probably the longest
of any in the rupestris group, being often more than an inch
long.

A NEW WAY TO OBTAIN SPORELINGS.

The gardener of a hotel in Florida noticed numerous little
plants of Maiden-hair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) clinging
to the side of a large pot containing an old plant. On examina-
tion he saw that the spores had fallen and germinated in the con-
genial warm, moist situation. He was fond of experimenting
with ferns and prepared a large pan in which he put several
bricks of the common building sort, and filled the pan about half
full of water, coming about half way up the bricks. When they
were thoroughly saturated he shook the spores of certain ferns
upon them and awaited results. In this way he raised many
ferns, though having sometimes to wait months for their full
development. On inquiry I found that the most interesting fea-
ture of the plan to him was the variation he found in the young
plants from their progenitors—Mrs. E. C. Anthony.

“|

SANDSTONE HABITATS OF PELLAEA.

Referring to the localities for Pellaca gracilis in the April
number, I would note that in Wisconsin this fern haunts two
sandstone bluffs that I know of in the county of Juneau. Both
face the north, but one juts out into the valley of the Lemon
river, where a boulder is broken a few feet apart from the main
bluff. This bowlder was covered with Pellaca gracilis until a
great flock of sheep were turned into the place to feed off
everything. I found just three left in August, of 1896. The
other spot is in one of the deep glens of the Big Creek, a branch
of the Baraboo. Here they covered the face of the sandstone
rocks above the shelving places. I think that as there is little
limestone in Wisconsin the ferns substitute sandstone—Mrs. A.
E. Goetting, Hyde Park, Cincinnati, Ohio.

THE GENERA IN ASPIDIEAE

That section of the ferns which has afforded the most puzzles
for the student and provoked the greatest discussions among the
systematists is undoubtedly the Aspidieae. All too frequently the
arrangement of the plants into genera has been made in an ar-
bitrary manner. In a most excellent paper in the Torrey Bulle-
tin for March, Prof. Underwood begins a survey of the matter
by considering the characters upon which a proper classification
is founded; for the question of generic names is closely bound un
with that of generic characters. It is needless to say that the rules
for applying fern names may be interpreted in various ways
Prof. Underwood’s paper is a clear presentation of the facts in
the case, so far as the origin and application of the various names
is concerned. It has often been pointed out in the Fern Butr-
TIN, however, that we want names that we can anchor to, regard-
less as to whether they are correctly applied or not. We woul-l
be perfectly willing to adopt Pref. Underwood’s names if certain
no more changes would be made. The subjoined key taken from
the paper in the Torrey Bulletin, will be of interest as showing
Prof. Underwood’s idea of the correct names. The genera in
Italic are not represented in America but are included to round

out the key.

ae

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ASPIDIEAE.

Veins normally free, simple, forked, or pinnately branched.
Indusium normally absent.
Sori more: or less elongate...... LEPTOGRAMMA J. Sm.
Sori round, punctiform.
Margins of segments plane, herbaceous....
Jf cA Ae eee PHEGOPTERIS Fee.
Margins of segments widely inflexed, membranous.
fe Se PSSA 2 ae Piecosorus Fee.
Indusium orbicular, centrally peltate.
Pinnae continuous with the rachis; texture firm, more or
less coriaceous: Sen 2s eee PoLysticHuM Rotn.
Pinnae articulated with the rachis, easily caducous, tex-
ture thin herbaceous: -:......:2 CycLopELtis J. Sm.
Indusium oval, attached by a central axis to a thickened lia-
ear -Tecepiacte""oretaitas gee: eee DipyMOcHLAENA Desv.
Indusium cordato-reniform, attached by the sinus.
Leaves simple, pedate; veins obscure..CAmptopIUM Fee.
Leaves compound, pinnate; veins distinct ......
DryopTEeriIs Adans.

2 2S 2 2 SS 2 6 Bene, eS ee ee eee ee ee), 2S Re

Veins pinnate, usually uniting into simple areolae especially to-
ward the outer margin, atypically free. PHANEROPHLEBIA Presl.

Veins connivent, 7. e., the branches from contiguous pinnate
groups uniting to form one or more arches
Indusium normally absent.

Sori round, punctiform. ............ GoNntopterts Presl.
Sori elongate on the more or less parallel transverse
arches. 0’, sais coy eee ee MeEnisctum Schreb.

Indusium cordato-reniform, attached by the sinus..
Lub os ob eer STg ee een Cyciosorus Link.
Indusium oblong, attached longitudinally by the center.
EE Pe SS Pe eg Mesochlaena R. Br.

Indusium orbicular, centrally peltate...... Cyclodium Presl.

Veins forming a single row of areolae next the midrib with free

included veinlets, indusia elongate-cordate; leaves simple.
2 iw a Ss pntiis een nate .sseeeeesees FADYENIA Hook, & Bauer,

—87—

Veins copiously anastomosing.
Indusium normally absent.
Leaves bipartite, the main vein dichotomous....
pee eee ety et Sle # ote Fda ot a ew = = Dipteris Reinw.
BERNESE NORE Gs 53 GPUS er on Sets Dictyopterts Presl.
Indusium orbicular, centrally peltate.
Areolae regular, with the included veinlets straight and
directed towards the margins of the segments.
De AES cae ¥en ee ae Cyrtomium Presl.
Areolae irregular, fine, the included veinlets often
branched and recurrent ............ .. TEcTARIA Cav.
Indusium cordato-reniform, attached by the sinus.
Be I Se LE A ee er eee i iin, wl ACE LAF Tesh,

pared nab arriienenanenbers yy Age “on & bee

A NEW FORM OF THE BOULDER FERN,
By Wiitarp N. CLure.

While collecting plants last year at Andover, Conn., Mr. A.
Vincent Osmun found a plant of Dicksonia pilosiuscula with
all its fronds unlike those from normal plants. These fronds,

- about ten in number, were taken and later in the season, six
more were secured. Some of these Mr. Osmun has recently sent
me for identification, and as they appear to possess characters
somewhat different from ordinary fronds, I think they deserve
a separate name. The principal difference is found in the cutting
of the frond, which is analogous to that exhibited by .4splenium
ebeneum f. serratum, or Botrychium obliquum f. dissectum. In
the present case the cutting between the teeth of the pinnules is
very deep; each terminal veinlet being bordered by a narrow green
wing of tissue for most of its length. I would describe it as fol-
lows:

DICKSONIA PILOSIUSCULA, forma SCHIZOPHYLLA. Rootstock
and stipe similar to the type. Fronds 6-22 inches in length; blade
rather narrow, pinnae unequal in length, teeth of the ultimate
pinnules very deeply cut, each vein forming the midrib of a nar-
row tongue-like segment. Collected at Andover, Conn., July 27,
1go1, by A. Vincent Osmun. Type in my own herbarium.

The boulder fern is noted for the handsome cutting of its
fronds, and this new form, carrying the cutting still further,
makes a plant very desirable for cultivation. It-is to be hoped

ht etn <a tS

ict’ Soren oO del

=

a

alae

wr

Ay

tT ot a

—=—oo =>

_ that the form will prove permanent and produce other plants.
None of the fronds collected last year were fruitful.

INDEX TO CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING
TO FERNS.

Readers are requested to call our attention to any omissions
from this list.

BuCHHEISTER, J. C. Notes on Some Common Ferns. Fern
Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

BurnHaM, 8S. H. Scolopendrium and Pellaca. Fern Bulle-
tin, Ap. 1902.

Ciute, W. N. Notes From the South—II. Fern Bulletin.
Ap. 1902.

Ciure, W. N. Helps for the Beginner. VII.—TheScouring
Rushes, illust. Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Curtiss, A. H. Among Florida Ferns. Plant World, Ap.
1902.

Davenport, G. FE. Miscellaneous Notes on New England
Ferns —VI. Rhodora, Mr. 1902.

Drurry, C. T. Notes on the January Fern Bulletin. Fern
Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Eaton, A. A. Specific Characters in Botrychium tenebrosum.
Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Eaton, A. A. The Genus Equisetum in North America.
Tenth Paper. Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Eccieston, W. W. Lycopodium Sitchense on Mt. Washing-
ton. Rhodora, My. 1902.

Harper, R. M. Notes on Lycopodium clavatum and its
Variety Monostachyon. Rhodora, My. 1902.

Leavirr, R. G. Notes on Lycopodium. Rhodora, Mr. 1902.

Maxon, W. R. An Interesting Japanese Polypodium.. Fern
Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Maxon, W. R. A Singular Form of the Christmas Fern.
illust. Plant World, Ap. 1902. ;

Maxon, W. R. Notes on American Ferns —V. Fern Bul-
letin, Ap. 1902.

Mercatr, R. H. Lygodium Palmatum in New Hampshire,
Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Nou, I. I. Fern Natives of Plainfield, N. J. and Vicinity.
Gamophyllous, Ap. 1902.

Osmun, A. V. Pellaea Atropurpurea in a Strange Place.
Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Orr, E. The Slender Cliff Brake on Sandstone. Fern Bul-
letin, Ap. 1902.

Paumer, W. The Log Fern. Fern Bulletin, Ap. 1902.

Tapuin, W. H. Adiantum Cuneatum, illust. Gardening,
My. I, 1902.

Unperwoop, L. M. American Ferns—III. Our Genera of
Aspidieae. ‘Torrey Bulletin, Mr. 1902.

Unperwoop, L. M. Minor Inaccuracies. Fern Bulletin, Ap.
1902.

Waters, C. E. An Analytical Key for the Ferns of the
Northeastern States Based on the Stipes. Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Circulars, Je. 1902.

New Forms of Boston Ferns, illust. Garden-
ing, Ap. 1902.

LIST OF FERNWORTS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA
By Wit1arp N. CLure.
(Continued.)
PotysticHuM Roth.

115. P. Plasnickianum (Kuntze). On moist banks at
Morce’s Gap. This species is similar in habit to our
walking fern. (Aspidium Plasnickianum Kuntze.)
(61).

116. P. glandulosum (Hook. & Grev). On dry rocks above
‘Gordon Town. Rare. (Aspidium glandlosum. Hook.
& Grev). (333).

117. P. mucronatum (Sw.) In dry woods at Cinchona. In
habit like a Nephrolepis. Common. (Aspidium
mucronatum Sw.) (68).

118. P. trianguluny (Sw.) On dry shady rocks. Cedar Val-
ley. Not common. The pinnules are much like holly
leaves. (Aspidium triangulum Sw.) (170).

119. P. tenue Gilbert. Clyde river in moist shades. This
was sent out as Aspidium aculeatum Sw. (136;
130).

AspIpIuM Cav.

120. A. trifohatum Sw. Common on moist banks at low al- —

titudes. A well marked species. (232).
NepHropium Rich. x

121. N. sanctum Baker. Moist banks at Port Antonio.
Abundant. (252). cae

122. N. caribacum Jenm. Cedar Valley. (No number).

123. N. rigidulum Baker. Moody’s Gap. Common in shade.
(173).

124: N. oligocarpum Hook. Abundant at Cinchona in
woods (101).

125. N. Sprengelii Hook. On banks above Moore Town.
Plentiful. (2574).

126. N. Jenmani Baker. Latimer river in shade. (142).

127. N. stipulare Moore. Along roadsides at Cinchona.
(364).

128. N. denticulatum Hook. Abundant in forests at Morce’s
Gap. A handsome species with some resemblance to
N. Spinulosum. (178).

129. N. effusum Baker. Clyde river. Common. Fronds
nearly triangular. (134). .

130. N. amplum Baker. Clyde river. Common. (132).

131. N.villosum Presl. Moody’s Gap. Rare. A very large
deltoid frond with the inferior pinnules on the basal
pinnae greatly enlarged and often reaching the size
of the middle pinnae. Indusia large and conspic-
uous; fronds hairy. (161).

132. N. Gilberti Clute. Not uncommon at Cuna Cuna Gap
in shade. (Dryopteris Gilberti Clute). (200a).

133. N. hastaefolium (Sw.) On wet rocks above Moore-
town. Common. (Polypodium hastaefolium Sw.)
(202);

This and the two following species are usually
classed as Polypodiums. All parts of their structure,
however, indicate a closer alliance with the Neph-
rodiums, and they are placed here for that reason.

134. N. decussatum (L,.) Moody’s Gap. A _ remarkably
handsome species with fronds six feet or more tall,
simply pinnate. (Polypodium decussatum L.)

(163).

130.

137.

138.
139.
140.
I4I.
142.

143.

144.

148.

140.

a

N. caudatum (Kaulf.) Above Gordon town. (Polypod-
ium caudatum Kaulf). (375).

N. scolopendrioides Hook. Port Antonio. Abundant
on moist banks. The variety littorale was collected
with the type. (175).

N. deltoideum Desv. Not uncommon in the eastern
part of the island. A peculiar form with the lower
half of the frond suddenly much diminished. (264).

N. Serra Desvy. On half-shady banks above Moore
Town. (255).

N. Sloanei Baker. Clyde river, in moist woods. A
conspicuous and handsome species. (131).

N. patens Desv. In half-open places about Cinchona.
Common. (100).

N. molle Desvy. On moist banks at Port Antonio.
(244).

N. guadalupense Baker. With the preceding; tolerably
common. (335). ?

N. unitum R. Br. In salt pond, near Guava Ridge,
growing with Osmunda cinnamomea. Has much the
aspect of thelypteris. (241).

N. asplenioides reptans Sw. Abundant on moist banks
at Port Antonio. Fertile fronds erect; sterile, pros-
trate and rooting. (333).

N. venustum Sm. On shady banks, Port Antonio.
(282b).

N. serrulatum paucipinnatum Jenm. In shade, Morce’s
Gap. Plentiful. (120). ‘

N. obliteratum (Sw.) Port Antonio. Common. This and
the two following species usually regarded as Poly-
podiums, are included here for the same reason as
Nos. 133, 134 and 135. (Polypodium obliteratum).
(246).

N. crenatum Sw. Port Antonio. Common. (Polypodium
crenatum Sw.) (245).

N. tetragonum (.) Abundant at low altitudes. (Poly-
podium tetragonum L.) (44).

EDITORIAL.

Once more the editor is at home, and the work of catching up
with a greatly neglected correspondence has begun. Correspond-
ents who do not soon receive replies to their queries are re-
quested to write again.

*. %
>

By an unfortunate error the table of contents to Volume IX.
was printed on the back of the title page, and the mistake was
not noticed until after the edition had been mailed. With this
issue a new and correct title page is mailed to all subscribers.
We hope this notice is not too late to prevent the wrong pages
being bound with the volume.

* OK
ok

Last month a complete file of the Fern BuLierin was sold
for eight dollars, it being the first set offered for sale in two
years so far as we are aware. Although each issue of the first
numbers contained from 300 to 500 copies, these numbers are very
difficult to obtain, and if any of our subscribers happen to have
duplicates of any of these numbers, or if they care to sell their
own set, we can quickly put them in communication with pur-
chasers. Address this office.

*k Ok
a

‘Although a considerable number have signified their desire
for a set of the Fern BuLwerin, if reprinted, it has been decided
not to reprint. The supply of Volume VI. is nearly exhausted
and we believe that the money necessary for reprinting all these
numbers might better be spent in improving future issues. Since
its beginning the journal has never been indexed. An index to
all the volumes, including the present one, is being prepared and
will probably be issued late in the year.

* #
*

The editor is preparing a companion volume to “Our Ferns
wn Their Haunts,” which will be entitled “The Fern Allies of

North America.” He will be much pleased to receive notes on
any of the rarer fern allies and will give good exchange for
specimens of them.

NOTES.

The American Botanical Club is the name of a new society
for the study of plants by correspondence. The dues are but 25
cents a year, and all who are interested in plants are invited to
become members. Application for membership should be made
to J. C. Buchheister, Griffins Corners, Delaware County, N. Y.

The Ninth Annual Report of the Chapter contains, in ad-
dition to the usual reports, obituary notices of two members
who died in 1901. The list of members contains 128 names, and
there is an unusually large balance in the hands of the treasurer.
The Chapter seems to be in a very flourishing condition.

Mr. Waters’ “Analytical Key for the Ferns of the North-
eastern States based on the Stipes” is an amplification of an
earlier key issued in 1895. While it is not expected that such a
key will ever become popular in identifying ferns, it is, never-
theless of much interest to students of fern structure. It shows
a large amount of careful work, and the author is to be felicitated
upon its completion.

BOOK NEWS.

Prof. Frederick DeForest Heald has written a “Laboratory
Manual in Elementary Biology’? that is intended primarily for
use in High schools and colleges, but which may well be taken as
a manual by any one studying alone. The book is about equally
divided between the biology of the plant and the biology of the
animal, and each part begins with the simple forms and ends with
the complex. The book is a departure from the old method of

+Laboratory Manual in Elementary Biology, by Frederick DeForest
Heald, Binghamton, N. Y. Willard N. Clute & Co., 1902. pp. 288. Price
$1.25.

telling the student what to see and expecting him to see it. In- -

stead, after directing the student how to manipulate his material,
there is a series of questions in each paragraph which requires his
original investigation to answer. The author has gone into the
work most thoroughly, and the book should have a wide vogue
among teachers and students.

The guides to our wildflowers continue to multiply, and one
of the best of recent works is F. Schuyler Matthews’ “Field-book
of American Wild-flowers.’+ This book has one merit that none
of the others possess, namely, its size, which adapts it for carry-
ing in the pocket. There are twenty-four plates in color and 200
full page illustrations in black and white by the author, in ad-
dition to descriptions of nearly five hundred characteristic wild-
flowers of the northeastern States. These descriptions are in
plain English, so far as the limitations of the subject permit, and
one will find interspersed with the descriptive matter many ob-
servations of interest. Special attention has been paid to the in-
sects which pollenate the different species. Being artist as well
as author, Mr. Matthews has attempted to name more correctly
the colors of our flowers, and his book will certainly be a refer-
ence book on this subject. The rest of the text is accurate and
conservative and will delight the rambler who goes afield with a
book in his pocket.

Dr. D. T. MacDougal’s “Experimental Plant Physiology,”
issued in 1895, having gone out of print, the author has replaced
“it with a volume entitled “Elementary Plant Physiology”? which
follows very much the lines of the earlier volume. Directions
are given for performing various experiments to show the
phenomena of growth, nutrition, respiration, etc., etc. There are
108 illustrations. The experiments requiring to be made are such
as can be made with the cheapest and simplest apparatus.

*The Field-book of American Wild-flowers, by F. Schuyler Matthews,
New York; G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902. pp. 550. _ Price, $1.75 net.

tElementary Plant Physiology, by Daniel Trembly MacDougal; Long-
mans, Green & Co., New York, 1902. pp, 137.

‘In the new “According to Season”* Mrs. Parsons has given
us a book uniform with her “How to Know the Wild Flowers”
and “How to Know the Ferns,” and worthy to rank with them
in popularity. The first issue was a good book, but the new one
is much better and makes very good reading for vacation days
at any time of the year. The book follows the seasons and mar-
ginal titles to the paragraphs render reference easy. Several
chapters have been added. There are thirty-two plates in color
by Elsie Louise Shaw.

That ever delightful subject for investigation—the cross pol-
lenation of flowers by insects—has been treated’ in a most in-
teresting way by Eleanor E. Davie, in “Blossom Hosts and In-
sect Guests.”t The late William Hamilton Gibson is supposed to
be the first American to give much attention to this subject, but
his contributions appeared in various places and are not as well
known as they deserve to be. All these articles have now been
brought together by the editor-author, who has added sufficient
new matter to make a complete volume. The charming draw-
“ings, with which Gibson illustrated his articles, have also been
included, and the book is probably the best handbook we have
for studying the cross pollenation of flowers. It contains as a
supplement a list of nearly 250 wild-flowers with notes on their
methods of pollenation and the names of the insects that assist
in the work.

C. G. Lloyd, the well-known mycologist of Cincinnati has
just issued an excellent pamphlet on the Geasters (earth-stars)
of North America, illustrated with eighty figures from photo-
graphs. This pamphlet is one of a series that is being issued,
and is sent free to those who make the author suitable return in
the shape of puff-balls, earth-stars and allied fungi.

The editor of the FerN BuLLetIN has been prevailed upon to
issue the illustrated Key to the Genera in his “Our Ferns in their
Haunts” in convenient size for carrying into the field. With this

*According to Season, by Frances Theodora Parsons, New York;
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902. pp. 197. $1.75 net.

7Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests, by William Hamilton Gibson,
edited by Eleanor E, Davie, New York; Newson & Co., pp. 198. Price, 80
cents,

key has also been published new chapters on how to distinguish
ferns from other plants, where to find ferns and how to identify
them, with lists of the species inhabiting various locations. In-
structions are given for collecting, pressing and mounting ferns,
and for arranging for mailing. Much information is given which
should help the beginner in identifying ferns. There are num-
erous illustrations, an extensive glossary and a list of the species
and principle varieties in the Northeastern States. The book is
entitled “A Fern Collector’s Guide.’*

THE LINNEAN FERN CHAPTER
OF THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION.

—Miss Ella Ada Noyes, long a member of the Chapter, died at
her home in Newburyport, Mass., June 22, 1902. A more ex-
tended notice will be published in the annual report.—C.

—A reprint of Mr. Waters’ key to the ferns based upon their
stipes has been made and copies sent to all members of the Chap-
ter.—C.

NOTE FROM THE TREASURER

Very likely it is because the blue pencil mark is so commonly
used by publishers as a notice to “pay up” that so many members
mistook the marked passage in last Treasurer’s report as having
reference to arrearages for dues. Such, however, was not his
meaning. He is happy to state that arrearages for dues of 1902
are less than ever before in the history of the chapter, and for
the most part dues have been paid promptly. The meaning of
the marked paragraph was that the members should pay their
dues to the treasurer direct, thus saving-him much trouble and
annoyance, with seemingly no more inconvenience to the mem-
bers. Many members appear to think that the BULLETIN is still
published by the Chapter, and think if dues are sent to Mr.
Clute, the editor, it is the same as if paid to the treasurer of the
Chapter, but this is an erroneous idea.—J. A. G.

*A Fern Collector’s Guide, by Willard N. Clute, New York; The F. A,
Stokes Co., 1902. Price soc.

RHODORA

Journal of the New England Botanical Club

A monthly magazine of botany devoted chiefly to the flora of tre North
eastern States. Special attention given to Fungi. It aims to interest the
amateur as well as the professional botanist and is of far more than local value.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR

Sample Copies sent on receipt of a ic. stamp and mention of the FERN
BULLETIN.

Address WM. P. RICH, Business Manager

150 COMMERCIAL STREET, BOSTON

THE BRYOLOGIST

Subscription $1.00 per Year. 20c. per Copy

4 A bi-monthly journal of 16-20 pages devoted to-the study of North
American Mosses, Lichens and Hepatics. Popular and scientific, copiously
illustrated with new artistic drawings and half-tones. See review in Science,
April 18, 1902, P. 672. Address Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, 78 Orange
Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

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OUR FERNS IN THEIR HAUNTS—By Willard N. Clute. Every species east 4

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Alphabetical list of the species; an illustrated key for identifying; all the poetry and folk-
lore of each species. 225 illustrations, 340 pages of text, 8 colored plates. Price,
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chapters on how to distinguish ferns, where to find ferns, how to press, mount and
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FERNS AND FERN ALLIES OF NEW ENGLAND—By Raynal Dodge. This x
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FERN PAMPHLETS. “Ferns of the West,” Jones, 50 cents; “Ferns of Iowa,”
Fitzpatrick, 25 cents. Ferns of the Upper Susquehanna,” Clute, 10 cents; “Fern Flora:
of Canada,” Lawson, 50 cents; ““Fernwort Papers, 25 cents; ‘Report of Boston Meeting,”

2§ cents; “North American Pteridophytes,” Gilbert, 25 cents. The seven numbers for
$2.00.
Addres all orders to

Willard Nh. Clute § o., Binghamton, N.Y.

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OCTOBER
Binghamton, N, Y.
THE FERN BULLETIN CO,

_A Quarterly Devoted to Ferns.

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THE FERN BULLETIO

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

WILLARD N. CLUTE, Editor
THE FERN BULLETIN CO., PUBLISHERS, BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
zo Cents A Copy; 75 CENTS A YEAR.
Awarded Grand Prize at the Paris Exposition.

To insure subscribers against loss of one or more numbers between the expiration and —
renewal of their subscriptions the journal will be sent until ordered stopped. All ar- —
rearages must be paid. PErsona, CHECKS Must Contain TEN CENTS EXTRA FOR CoLLEc- a
tion. Otherwise credit will be given for the amount less collection fees.

SPECIAL NOTICE—The first five volumes of this magazine are out of print.
Volumes 6, 7, 8 and 9 may be had for 75 cents each. The set of four volumes and one
year’s subscription will be sent upon receipt of $3.40. Volume 6 is not for sale except in-
sets. : :

-Entered at the postoffice, Binghamton, N. Y., as second-class mail matter.
This Number is a Regular hee and Contains Only the
Usual Number of Pages.

THE LINNAEAN FERN CHAPTER

Presipent, B. D. Giisert, Clayville, N. Y. Srtcretrary, Homer D. Houses, N. Y. Bot.
Garden, Bronx, New York City.

Fern students are cordially invited to join the Chapter. Address either the President or
Secretary for further information. All dues should be sent direct to Jas. A. Graves,
Treasurer, Susquehanna, Pa.

THE BRYOLOGIST

Subscription $1.00 per Year. 20c. per Copy
A bi-monthly journal of 16-20 pages devoted to the study of North —
American Mosses, Lichens and Hepatics. Popular and scientific, copiously —
illustrated with new artistic drawings and half-tones. See review in Science,
April 18, 1902, P. 672. Address Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, 78 Orange
Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. ;

‘MOSSES WITH A HAND LENS”

BY DR. A. J GROUT

It is the only book of its kind in the English language. It makes the mosses as easy
to study as the flowering plants. Fight full page acpi and ninety figures in the text. —
Price $1.10 postpaid. Send for sample pages to O. T. Louis, 59 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. City.

LYGODIUM P: \LM, A TUM.—Offered in exchange for Aspidium lonchitis, Woodsia
Oregona, \W. glabella, Botrychium lunaria, Asplenium Montanum, or Cheilanthes lanu-
ginosa.— Mrs. R. Fk. Metcatr, Hinsdale, N. H

WILLARD NELSON CLUTE

Pie Fen DULLETIN

VOL. X. OCTOBER, 1902 No. 4

EARLY FERN STUDY IN AMERICA,
By Georce E. DAVENPORT.

My interest in the ferns was first awakened while collecting
wild flowers for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society’s ex-
hibitions of native plants in 1873. When in the woods one day
with the late veteran botanist, Mr. E. H. Hitchings, whose fine
exhibits of native plants had for some years’ done so much
toward making the beauty of our New- England flora known, we
became interested in some ferns that attracted our attention on
account of their peculiar grace and loveliness, and the desire io
know something more about them than we did at that time ied
us both to begin a systematic study of fern plants. Mr. Hitchings
subsequently collected and arranged’a large harbarium of native
ferns that was especially rich in abnormal forms of the Botry-
chium ternatum group for the detection of which that keen-eyed
observer seemed to have a special gift. After his death his
valuable collection was presented, in accordance with his request,
to the Appalachian Mountain Club by his children, and it now
reposes in that club’s general herbarium, where it is available
for reference through the custodian. ;

The nucleus for my own collection was presented to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1875, and with its sub-
sequent additions, has long been a part of the library where it is
always available to fern students for reference on application to
the librarian. Besides these collections of Mr. Hitchings and
myself, my good friend John Robinson, of Salem, who at that
time was one of the group of native plant exhibitors, of which
also Mr. Charles W. Jenks, and Mrs. C. N. S. Horner were active
members, made some beautiful collections which he afterwards
arranged systematically for the herbarium of the Essex Institute,
and where they are available for consultation by fern students.

a

The exhibitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
which have been referred to, have long been one of the most im-
portant agencies for the dissemination of a knowledge of our
native plants, and in recent years the splendid exhibits of Mrs.
P. D. Richards, the Misses Moran, Noyes, Grinnell, and others
have been instrumental in making scores of visitors familiar
with the appearance of the ferns.

Previous to the publication of John Williamson’s “Ferns of
Kentucky,” in 1878, no distinctively American Hand Book on the
ferns existed, and when we compare the ‘condition of American
fern literature at that time with that of the present, we see at
once how meagre and almost inaccessible it was for general use,
but we also see that it was then the very beginning of a period
which was destined to develop a remarkable interest in fern life
and lead to the production of popular and scientific fern books
that have become the nucleus for a splendid American fern
literature. The delightful chapters on ferns in Mrs. Dana’s and
Mrs. Wright’s charming books, and the beautiful book of Mr.
Clute’s, which is devoted wholly to ferns, have placed within
the reach of fern students of the present time matter which we of
the earlier days were obliged to look for in Hooker, Moore, Lowe,
Cooke, Anne Pratt, Johnson and other English fern books,
while the splendid work of Farlow, Campbell, Atkinson and
Bessey has given to us the more technical and scientific know-
ledge which characterizes the superb works of Hoffmeister,
Sachs, DeBary, Goebel, Luerssen and others.

At the time, however, of beginning my own study, and until
well on into the seventies, the only practical American fern
literature coming within our limits, available for a beginner’s use
was in Bigelow’s “Flora Bostoniensis,’ Gray’s and Wood’s
Botanies and Chapman’s “Flora.” Beside these I had an old
copy of Mrs. Lincoln’s “Botanical Lectures,” which I found oc-
casionally very helpful. But such other matter as may have ex-
isted in the form of short notes and newspaper or magazine
articles were scattered through many publications in such a man-
ner as to be practically inaccessible, and therefore of no use to a
novice. If, however, all such matter could possibly be collected
and properly arranged it would become an exceedingly useful and

See
valuable part of a fern literature well worthy of preservation.
But all this ‘was soon to be changed. The lamented Williamson,
whose interpretations of fern life, especially in his exquisite
“Fern Etchings,’ came like an inspiration, was the pioneer of
this movement, although simultaneously the larger and more
comprehensive work of Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, was being
issued to subscribers in parts, and the first volume was published
in 1879. Previous to the publication of his fern books John
Williamson published a “List of Thirty-one Kentucky Ferns,” in
the Catalogue of the Louisville Industrial Exposition for 1875,
and in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club foe October,
1879, gave an account of his finding Scolopendrium. in Tennessee.
The period covered by the seventies is memorable on account of
the impetus given to fern literature in this country. Besides his
larger work on the “Ferns of North America,” Prof. Eaton pub-
lished in Torrey Bulletin a series of valuable notes on “New and
Little Known Ferns of the United States,” extending from
March, 1873, well into the eighties, also “Ferns of the South-
west,” in Lieut. Wheeler’s Report for 1877, and prepared for
publication in Vol. II of the “Botany of California,’ which was
published in 1880, his elaboration of the ferns of California. He
also published in Canadian Naturalist for March, 1870, some
critical observations on some American ferns in the Herbaria of
Linne and Michaux, that were collected or named by those early
botanists. In 1878 Prof. John Robinson’s admirable Hand Book
on “Ferns in Their Homes and Ours” appeared and has proved
to be an invaluable guide to the collection and cultivation of
native ferns.

My own contributions to this period of our fern history have
been monographs on “Botrychium simplex’ in 1877, “Vernation
in Botrychia” in Torrey Bulletin, January, 1878, and “Aspidiuin
spinulosum and its Varieties” in American Naturalist, November,
1878. Also a descriptive account of the “Ferns of Massachus-
setts,” in a series of articles on the “Flora of Medford,” in Med-
ford Chronicle, 1875-6, and in 1879, a “Descriptive Catalogue” of
the ferns then in the “Davenport Herbarium” of the Massa-
1875 a “Catalogue of North American Ferns” in the Herbarium
chusetts Horticultural Society. During this period I published in

—00-—

of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, which was more in.
the nature of a check-list, and in the same year began my series
of “Fern Notes” in the Torrey Bulletin. During this period also
some useful check-lists were published by John Robinson and
Wim. Edwards, and in 1875 John H. Redfield published in Torrey
Bulletin his valuable paper on the “Geographical Distribution of
the Ferns of North America.”

In the latter part of the seventies the matter for “Our Native
Ferns and Their Allies,” by Dr. Underwood must have been well
in hand although it was not published until 1881. Nevertheless
its conception and preparation must belong to the seventies and
the fact of its having reached a sixth edition is evidence of its
having proved to be a useful and valuable work.

During the seventies and eighties I had many interesting and
varied experiences which I love to recall, especially the ex-
cursions through Essex County with John Robinson, the Chest-
nut Hill district and Purgatory Swamp with Mr. Hitchings, and
the Faxon’s, Edwin and Charles, and the trip to Smugglers’
Notch with dear Mr. Pringle.

During the twenty-nine years of my fern work I have had
the pleasure of witnessing the gradually increasing fern-love
crystallize into the formation of the LINNAKAN FERN CHAPTER,
and the Fern BuLLetin, and the satisfaction of having some who
at first would want to know “what good those weeds were any-
way’ come to be enthusiastic lovers of them. For such is often
the case. As one comes under the influence of the nature-love
he begins to realize that there is more in these “weeds” than he
ever dreamed of before, and finds that the ferns, with their de-
lightful exhalations from the very sanctuary of Nature are often-
times “ministering angels,” indeed.

“One of my early correspondents, whose life was shadowed by
a great sorrow, once wrote to me that he came to find great
consolation in his newly awakened love for the ferns. Ah, yes,
the fern love will indeed soothe the spirit, and enable one to bear
up under severe afflictions, and sweeten memories that become
more and more precious with the lapse of time. Can I ever forget

the dear sweet voice which is ever sounding in my ears, “here
is one fern, papa?”

—tLorI—-

The ferns are the highest personifications of grace and
beauty. They represent the finest type of refinement and appeal
irrisistably to everything that is best within us. I am glad that
the “Fern Chapter” is doing so much to increase the love for
these beautiful creations of the Good Father, and trust that
every member will become a misisonary for its propagation.

Medford, Mass.

A TEN YEAR’S RETROSPECT.
By Wiitarp N. Chute.

Ten years is not a remarkably long period of time, measured
by ordinary standards, but the completion of ten years of unin-
terrupted publication by a botanical journal is an event of suf-
ficent rarity to make it noteworthy. There is a great mortality
among infant botanical publications. In nearly every case they
are afflicted with a malady called poor circulation, and very care-
ful nursing is required to bring them through their early years.
Thus it happens that the Fern BuLLetTIN at the end of its tenth
volume, is the third oldest of the strictly botanical journals pub-
iished in America, horticultural journals, of course, being ex-
cluded. To signalize the event, a survey of fern study during
that time is here presented.

In the beginning the Fern BuLLEeTIN was not intended for
general circulation. Established as a means of communication
‘between the widely scattered members of the Fern Chapter, iis
pages were-made small enough to allow copies to be enclosed with
letters and no thought was entertained of its developing into any-
thing larger. Soon, however, applications for the numbers began
to come in from people outside the Fern Chapter and then it was
that it took on the airs of a magazine of some importance and was
regularly issued. The facetiously inclined, taking an analogy from
the life of a fern, are wont to refer to those early numbers as the
prothallium stage of the magazine. The analogy, seems a good
one, however, for like the fern plant, it has continued to develop
by the addition of more and larger leaves until it covers the
whole field and now publishes yearly more matter pertaining to

—1I02—

ferns than all other American publications put together. At the
recent Paris Exposition, it was one of the publications to be
awarded the Grand Prize.

To find subscribers enough to make such a publication self-
supporting has not been the easiest of tasks as may be inferred
by any one who reflects how few students of ferns there are in
his own vicinity. We have had to sift a great share of the
habitable globe for our purpose and the magazine now goes to
every State in the Union except two, and also to Canada, Mexico,
England, Scotland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, India, Japan,
New Zealand, the Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico and Jamaica.

At the beginning of the Fern Butterin’s career, the few
botanists who were studying ferns were doing so independently
and often without a knowledge of the existence of others engaged
in the same pursuit. The Fern Chapter, with the aid of the maga-
zine, has been instrumental in uniting these students into one
strong association, which is not only the largest society of fern
‘ students in existence, but one of the largest of American botanical
societies. Comparatively few members are personally acquainted
but so fascinating is the study that new members are constantly
received.

With the increase in the number of readers who were not
members of the Fern Chapter, the scope of the magazine began to
broaden. The aim of the editor has always been to make our
ferns familiar to the largest number, and much attention has been
given to such subjects as the haunts, habits, uses and folk-lore
of ferns as well as to directions for identifying or recognizing our
native species. In this way a well informed and constantly en-
larging audience has been provided for the more technical pub-
lications of fern students. At the same time the necessity for a
more exact knowledge of the ferns was not lost sight of. The
study of the habitats and distribution of ferns and the com-
parative study of different species, has steadily been advocated,
resulting in the extension of the known range of many ferns, the
finding of numerous new species, varieties and forms, and the ad-
dition of a great number of new facts to our knowledge of the
ferns. This is particularly true of the fern allies, which ten years
ago were practically unknown to any save a few expert botanists,
but which now are familiar to most students of the ferns. THE

—103—

Fern BuLetin has also been largely instrumental in introducing
into America, the practice of giving form names to such plants as
do not attain to the rank of species or sub-species. Formerly it
was the custom to consider each lesser variation of a plant as a
sub-species or variety, resulting in the mixing of seasonal, acci-
dental and geographical forms in a very heterogeneous category.
The magazine has catered to no school, and whenever possib.e
has printed both sides of every question, leaving its readers free
to judge for themselves.

It has also fallen to the BuLietin’s lot to be a pioneer in
making the study of mosses popular. The Bryologist, now a suc-
cessful separate publication, is an own child of the BULLETIN’s,
and for two years was published with it. It was while the two
publications were thus combined that the Sullivant Moss Chapter,
an organization similar to the Fern Chapter, was formed.

Many other events have occurred in the past decade to make
it remarkable in the annals of fern study. At its beginning, As-
plenium ebenoides was firmly entrenched as a species, but with
occasional suggestions regarding its hybridity; now it is a proven
hybrid. Onoclea sensibilis f. obtusilobata was by some considered
a species, by others a good variety; now it is known to be a mere
form that can be produced at will. The observations that have
contributed to a correct conception of these forms have thrown
much light upon aberrant forms in general and placed our ideas
of the limitation of species upon a much more stable foundation.
Ten years ago, the lists of ferns were scarcely more than mere
lists of names. Since then there have been published three com-
plete lists of the ferns and fern allies with distribution and often
common names and synonomy given.

At the beginning of the decade there were no American fern
books of a popular nature; now we have Mrs. Parsons’ excellent
“How to Know the Ferns,” and my own “Fern Collector’s Guide,”
and “Our Ferns in Their Haunts.” Mr. Dodge’s valuable, though
more technical little manual on “The Ferns and Fern Allies of
New England” belongs to this period, as does also Miss Price's
“Fern Collector's Handbook.” There have also been numerous
lesser publications on ferns issued, among which should be men-
tioned Shimek’s “Ferns of Nicaragua,’ Underwood’s “Review of

—104—

the Genera of Ferns,” Atkinson’s “Transformation of Sporo-
phyllary to Vegetative Organs,” and Mrs. Britton’s “Life History
of Schizaea Pusilla.” It is interesting to note in this connection
that the books of the decade preceding the one just passed are all
out of print. Williamson’s “Ferns of Kentucky,” was first to go.
“Eaton’s “Ferns of North America,” and Robinson’s “Ferns in
Their Homes and Ours” have gone out of print during the present
year.

Thus our survey reaches the present. What the future wiil
bring is a matter for pleasant speculation. ‘The decade now clos-
ing has been by far the most productive in the history of American
fern study, but it is very likely that the one beginning will sur-
pass it. If one can judge of the future by the events of the past,
it may be prophesied that the next ten years will be characterized
by still greater activity in the study of varieties and forms. The
number of new species yet to be found in North America is ex-
tremely small, but we are just entering upon an era of intensive
study that will more clearly limit species and define the lesser
forms. ‘The cultivation of ferns in the conservatory and the fern
garden is also likely to receive added impetus throwing new light
upon the development of many species, particularly those like
Botrychium dissectum whose specific rank is still questioned. ‘Ihe
rearing of ferns from spores and the study of the young forms is
no doubt destined to be taken up by many. In ten years more
the range of most of our species will be defined with greater ex-
actness and their life histories fairly well known. That it may
continue to chronicle these events as they pass, is the ambition of
the Fern BULLETIN.

There seems to be a much greater diversity in the habitat of
Ophioglossum vulgatum than the books are accustomed to credit
it with. From the Catskill Mountains Mr. T. C. Buchheister
reports specimens both in sphagnum swamps and on dry hillsides,
the latter in company with blue-berries and Lycopodiums. The
swamp specimens were 15 inches or more high, while those in
dry ground were less than half that height. There was the usual
abundance of sterile plants and some fertile specimens with
sessile fruiting spikes were noted.

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inpawad

SOME FEATURES OF FUTURE FERN STUDY.

By Lucten M. UNpbERWoop.

While at the great Kew collection of ferns in 1898 studying
the species represented in America and following the sequence
of “Synopsis Filicum,” in accordance with which that collection
is arranged, I made the following note in the genus Polypodium:
“186. P. vulgare. The following species at least are involved:
(1). P. vulgare. N. Europe; (2). P. serratum; (3). P.
Madeira; (4). P. Japan, frond coiling; (5). P. ——
Rydberg’s small form.” The South European P. serratum (2)
by many continental botanists is now held to be distinct, as is
also the luxuriant species (3) from Madeira. Since 1898, Mr.
Maxon working independently has come to the same conclusions
as myself regarding the forms (4) and (5) and has described
them both as new species.

The above incident illustrates the first advance that will be
made in the future study of our American ferns, viz.: the de-
limitation of closely allied species that have hitherto been tied
up in specific groups under single names. Something has been
done in this direction among our species of Botrychium, of
Selaginella, of Lycopodium, and of Polypodiwm, in all of which
groups more work still remains to be done. But there are other
groups in which delimitation is necessary to distinguish species
and varieties more carefully. Among these we may mention
Asplenium filix-foemina on which Mr. Gilbert has made a pre-

_ liminary study; Dryopteris spinulosa on which Mr. Davenport

made his maiden study over a quarter of a century ago; Wood-
sia obtusa, Filix fragilis, Polystichum munitum, and perhaps
others. It is not the random description of some sport or freak
as a “var. cristata’ or “var. furcata’ that we want. Such so-
called varieties are of no value from a taxonomic standpoint;
they are as unnecessary as they are irrational. Neither have
such varieties as “var. incisum” of Polystichum acrostichoides
and “var. Hortonae” of Asplenium platyneuron, freaks likely to
occur on the same plant as normal leaves, any more substantial
standing. Much less do we want the refinements of such puerili-
ties as forma this and forma that, which have no semblance of

=

scientific worth. What we do want is the careful delimitation of
distinct species or sub-species, not mere accidental variations. .
This will not come with haste, and more than that, with inex-
perience; some of it will come from familiarity with plants in
the field in two continents in which allied species grow; some of
it will come from the sfudy of extensive suites in the larger herb-
aria; some will come from the actual cultivation of plants under
different forms of environment; some will come from widely
extended study afield in our own country for continued seasons
and in many places where different environment may modify
specific lines; some will doubtless come from a study of the
younger stages of our native species.

And this leads me to a line of work that will likely form a
vary conspicuous feature in the fern study of the next few years.
Comparatively few fern students are familiar with our native
species in their young stages, not only those that are in the first
or second leaf from the prothallus, but even when the plants are
half grown.* It is probable too, that new and possibly unex-
pected relationships will be brought out by such study. Surely
the work by Miss Slosson on the bybrid form just published
opens up an interesting field of work, as does the more elaborate
paper of Mrs. Britton and Miss Taylor on Vittaria.

Anatomical studies such as that commenced by Mr. Waters
may well be extended so as to cover a wider range of species,
and new distinguishing characters between many species will
doubtless be found which now are difficult to distinguish.

The range of American ferns, using America in its limited
sense including simply North America north of Mexico, repre-
sents too limited a fern flora to give a clear range of perspective
in regard to the broader questions of generic relations. Such
conceptions must come from a study of a fern flora more
diversified than our own, such as that of the American tropics,
of Hawaii, of Japan, or of the far East. During the next de-
cade it will become as easy to secure material for study from

*Within the past few days a specimen of young Adiantum pedatum has
been set me which was said “to resemble A. Capillus-veneris’ from its pin-
nate leaf. The reported discovery of A. capillus-veneris from Southern New
York a few years ago was based on a want of knowledge of the young stages
of this, our commonest species of fern, so different from the familiar outline
of the mature maidenhair, ;

—107—

these regions as it is now to obtain our remote Arizonian and
Californian species. The effects of the Spanish War of 1898 on
our relations to tropical vegetation have been wide reaching,
and it remains for American Anglo-Saxon students to study
exhaustively the ferns of all America, the Hawaiian Islands, and
the Philippines whose treasures are as yet scarcely entered upon
by Europeans even.

But these thoughts take us far beyond the original intent of
my subject yet they only emphasize the fact that the world is a
unit and even in fern study we will do well to bear in mind not
to become too narrow in our conceptions. We can no longer
look to Europeans as authorities on ferns. We must make com-
parative studies of the European species and our own. We can-
not get a grasp of what our Floridian and Arizonian species
really are without studying the same species from their normal
range farther south where they are not affected by conditions
arising from being “at their northern limit.” In some genera a
proper conception of the relations must be brought out by a
knowledge of species from even more remote localities. It is
only in a narrow accommodated sense that “he is the best
naturalist who knows his own parish well” for in knowing only
that, one is liable to draw wrong conclusions and gain an im-
proper perspective of the true relations of things.

Columbia University, New York.

BRITISH FERN CULTURE.
By CuHartes T. Druery, F. L. S.

Responding with much pleasure to Mr. Clute’s expressed
desire for a short article in the above connection, I start out by
remarking that the term “fern culture” in connection with the
numerous departures from the specific forms which have origin-
ated in these islands is largely misleading, ranking in this re-
spect with that of “garden varieties,” which 1s far too frequently
used by the botanist. Culture has had absolutely nothing to do
with the origination of the great bulk of the forms of our native

—108—

ferns in cultivation, since they were found wild under perfectly
natural conditions. Mr. E. J. Lowe’s list of varieties, embracing ©
over 1,800 described forms, when analyzed is found to embrace
no less than 1,100 wild finds, i. e., two-thirds, the remaining third
consisting of fornts which have been subsequently raised from
these and varied again on more marked lines. Hence, obviously,
it is only this last section that can with any propriety be ranked
as cultural or garden productions, while to so term perfectly
spontaneous or naturally wild sports is at once misleading and
unscientific.

In these islands the particular hobby of fern hunting has
been ridden so long and by so many enthusiasts that the cult has
long ceased to embrace species hunting except by neophytes, and
in this respect we find a primary difference between the fern
study of the States and here. The vast area of the United States
and the relatively recent pursuit of fern research on your side
admits of the possibilities of new species being found, or at any
rate extended habitats of known ones and this, of course, renders
species hunting of great interest to those who aim at completing
the local flora of their particular localities. Here the work is
practically finished and hence the really studious fernist takes the
next logical step in fern research by seeking for aberrant types
which by their distinct form and reproducture certainly meet the
botanical definition of new species.

In this connection I would point out that for a long time
these abnormal types were regarded by the scientific botanist as
forming exceptions which only merited to be ignored. As above
mentioned they were generally called “garden forms,” and as
such were relegated to the unscientific limbo of the myriad cul-
tivated forms of flowers raised by horticulturists by selection from
seedlings of plants which have long been subjected to artificial
treatment, high feeding, close culture and so on, to say nothing of
disturbed reproductive powers due to crossing. Of late years,
however, (thanks, I venture to think, to some extent to my own
persistent advocacy of the theory that natural “sports” by these
exceptional characters might well betray nature’s secrets more
freely than stereotyped normals) the wild varieties have received
more attention and as a result it has been found that every single

presumed hard and fast line in the life of a fern has been broken
through; every link in the chain has been found capable of elimi-
nation. Spore, prothallus, archegonia, antheridia and antherozoids
and even the frond itself has been “jumped,” as it were, the last
elision constituting the climax since the production of spores on
the prothallus itself (discovered by Mr. Lang in cultures from
spores of two species from my collection) carries the fern back
to the tiny marchantioid phase which possibly represents the
alpha of fern evolution. From these facts we perceive that
variety hunting is not only a legitimate sequence of species hunt-
ing but is also fraught with scientific interest. Personally, I have
no doubt whatever that the cult in the United States will follow
the same course, but it will have the advantage if it will only
profit by it, as I hope it will, of the recorded knowledge obtained
on this side, and the greater readiness of the biologist to recognize
the possibility of new lessons being derived from new dis-
coveries.

So much for the status of the wild fern and its scientific
value. Having given these first place I would emphasize the
greater beauty and charm which many of these forms possess
over the normal, and in addition their capacity in most cases of
even greater improvement by subsequent selection and crossing.
No one who has not visited a choice collection of these abnormal
forms could conceive to what extent they are capable of develop-
ment and into what a range of size they can vary, from giant
through the normal to the dwarf. I have in sight as I write a
range of plumose Athyria, with quinquepinnate fronds over four
feet high in a dozen quite distinct forms, some tasselled to the
fourth degree, and as a contrast a row of thumb pots freely ac-
commodating a set of dwarf gems of the same species of hardly
as many inches; one is like a mass of superfine Selagineilla
apoda, another bristles with excurrent mid-ribs, like tiny thorns,
_another is a perfect rosette of dense congested fronds, three
inches long and so on. These represent the cultural results, but
the wild parents of every one was far advanced on like lines when
found, and I do not know of a single marked and original type
which was not first, so to speak, invented by unaided nature. All
that man can do is to find such inventions (special creations, I call
them) and work them up.

i

These improved types, or garden forms proper, possess, how- _
ever, despite their greater beauty, a secondary interest in the fern
hunter’s mind. It is a great pleasure to him, undoubtedly, to dis-
cover an extra good thing among his seedlings (an admissable
term as the plants arise from a fertilized ovum embedded in the
prothallus), but his glee is ten-fold greater when he finds a new
thing on the hillside, in the glen, on the moor, or even by the
roadside. Thousands of ferns of the common type have passed
beneath his eye all practically alike as peas, and then suddenly
it may be but a frond tip, it may be a bush, strikes him in the
distance as unfamiliar. He approaches and with a heart ever
beating faster, he acquires the conviction that it fits with nothing
known to him and finally he stands before a thoroughbred marked
throughout with novel features. That is a moment never to be
forgotten, and the writer speaks feelingly, for thanks to good
luck he has many such episodes in his own memory. No royal
road exists to such finds. They appear to turn up absolutely in-
discriminately and irrespective of environment. As a rule they
are solitary plants of their kind, though they may be one in a
crowd of their species. Rarely a small colony may be found, due
presumably to scattered spores of an original sport. Generally,
also, they come true from their spores, and it is this fact which
technically qualifies them as species, per se, for granting such con-
stancy no specific definition can exclude them. Personally, how-
ever, we blame the defective definition, for to admit them as
species, in the case of over 1,100 finds, would be an absurdity. On
the other hand, some of the more prominent botanists of the
present day, in Germany especially, are contending, and we think
with much force, that these “sports” have probably played a more
important role in the specific evolution of all branches of the
biological tree than has hitherto been conceded them.

Finally, I would beg our fern-loving American cousins to
profit by the fern lore of this side of the ocean and thus avoid
the risk to which I have previously alluded in the BuLLEetiIn of
compiling separate and perhaps conflicting lists of names.
Nomenclature already is a bug-bear, largely due to the inde-
pendence of name-givers. Let us, as fern lovers, do what we can
to avoid a spread of the evil, at any rate so far as the species

—t!Iiti—

native to the two areas are concerned. The numerous varieties
found here have been classified to some extent into sections which
is a great aid and guide in naming new ones, but much remains
to be done yet in systematizing nomenclature. The plumose types
of varieties, for instance, characterized by great foliar develop-
ment correlated with entire or partial barrenness exemplified in
Polypodium vulgare f. cambricum, in Scolopendrium vulgare f.
crispum, Nephrolepis rufescens f. tripinnatifida, Asplenium tri-
chomanes f. incisum, and others, ranking, as we see in each case,
under a different name though one and all would be best de-
scribed as plumosum or plumosa as the case may be, thus at once
conveying to the mind the particular associate characters common
to all.

Acton, London, W. England.

NEW ZEALAND FERNS AND FERN STUDY.
By Grorce E. SMITH.

In consenting to send you a few notes on the Ferns of New
Zealand, I must say that I do so with great diffidence, as I feel
that | am very incompetent and unfitted in many ways to do jus-
tice to so important a subject; still as I think we should all try to
spread a knowledge of these beautiful plants, I shall make no
further apology, but only crave indulgence for the errors I fail
into while trying to tell you something of the ferns of New

‘Zealand.

New Zealand in proportion to its size is rich in ferns, and
their allies, and considering their profusion might well be termed
a fern paradise, some 130 species and about 16 varieties being
found here, together with 12 or 13 varieties of Lycopods—truly a
very generous contribution to the world’s list. In possessing some
of these the islands can lay claim to special providence. Here
may be found Trichomanes Armstrongti, said to be the smallest
fern in the world, and whose full size does not exceed half an
inch. The lordly tree ferns, again claim attention, attaining as
they do, the height of 40 feet with drooping fronds 20 feet long.
Lygodium articulatum, the climbing fern, grows to the top of high

—— i

trees and hangs down in festoons hundreds of feet long, and the |
wonderful richness and variety of the Hymenophyllums, alone
would charm you. Imagine the ground literally carpeted with
these rare and lovely gems of the fern world, and you will have
some idea of what a beautiful sight it is with these plants in such
profusion. Loxroma Cunninghamit, the only one of its class
known to occur anywhere in the world, and the oldest fern of
which geology has revealed the existence, is found growing north
of Auckland. Then Todea superba, or Prince of Wales’ feather,
as it is sometimes called, is not the least among the fern beauties
of New Zealand, if not the world. Nothing more beautiful can be
imagined than this fern as seen growing in its native wilds. The
kidney fern, too, (Trichomanes reniforme) and the fan fern
(Schizaea dichotoma) both so peculiarly shaped, and quaint look-
ing, tend to stamp the ferns of New Zealand as something out of
the ordinary in the world’s list of these lovely plants.

Nor did the natives find them as useless as many of their
white brothers suppose them to be; from the trunks of the tree
ferns he cut slabs to build his houses; Pteris aquilina, so widely
distributed all over the North Island, was a staple article of food,
being dried and the roots pounded and made into flour; with the
long stems of Lygodium articulatum he bound the thatch on the
roof of his house, constructed fishing nets, and made fishing
hooks, out of the naturally curved stems of the same plant,Pteris
pustulatum provided him with means for perfuming his oil, and in
many other ways the ferns were made to minister to his comfort.

The earlier visits of botanists to New Zealand was between
the years 1769 and 1777, when the great navigator Captain Cook,
made three voyages to these islands, and he was accompanied by
Sir Joseph Banks, George Foster, Dr. Solander, Reinwold, Dr.
Sparman, and Dr. Anderson, as naturalists, who collected most of
the ferns which grow in these islands. After their time the
islands were explored by many French, English and Australian
botanists, notably D’Urville, Hooker and Cunningham, with the
result of adding more ferns to the list, and since then (1841)
many more ferns have been discovered through the labors of
botanists and scientific men resident in the colony. The labors of
all these explorers have been collected and arranged by Dr.

—rI1I3—

Hooker in his hand-book of New Zealand flora, which was pub-
lished under the authority of the government of New Zealand.
This, however, only brought up the material collected to 1853,
and many more ferns have been discovered since—Lindsaya
viridis, Trichomanes Armstrongiit, Hymenophyllum Cheese-
manii, Asplenium Japonicum, etc.—and the field is still wide for
further research. .I am strongly of the opinion that there are
many parts of New Zealand which are as yet only partially ex-
plored, and I am confirmed in this from the fact of Asplenium
Japonicum having been found growing in the northern Wairoa
district within the last few years. This fern is said to be found
in the South Sea Islands, from whence it undoubtedly seems to
have found a footing in the northern part of New Zealand, where
it was first found by Miss Williams about eight years ago. It was
next found at Kaitaia, and when passing still further south was
found growing on the banks of the Northern Wairoa river. My
own idea is, that coming from a much warmer climate it will not
spread further into colder parts of the country but remain a
native of the warmer north.

Coming now to the question of fern study it seems from all
that I have been enabled to gather, that it is mainly confined to the
scientific men connected with our museums, universities and
public institutions. Surveyors, too, engaged in various parts of
the country have in some instances taken great interest in the
matter, notably Mr. Field, of Whanganni, who has written a book
entitled, “The Ferns of New Zealand,’ said to be a very good
-work on the subject, and a Mr. Dobbie, who some years ago pub-
lished two books of plates illustrating the ferns, which were very
useful in making the plants more generally known. Various
other books too have been written from time to time, with the
very excellent idea of trying to make the study more popular and
intelligable to the non-scientific. As yet there is no society of
members banded together for the special study of ferns as in
America, consequently there is not the same opportunity to com-
pare results which is so much to be desired. Considering the
differences that location, soil, and climate make in the different
varieties, and which are sometimes so puzzling even to the scien-
tific botanist, still I think the interest in ferns is increasing, as

more attention is being paid to their cultivation, and it is earnestly _
to be hoped that those species will be grown (Trichomanes and
Hymenophyllums, especially) which are threatened with extinc-
tion through the cutting down of the forest which is both their
shelter and their home.

Aratapu, New Zealand.

NOTES ON JAPANESE FERNS,
By Kucut Miyake, Pu. D.

About two hundred and fifty species of ferns are known to
grow wild in the Japanese Islands. If Formosa, which recently
became a Japanese possession, be included, the number would be
much greater. Japan thus has more species of ferns than the
whole of the United States, three times as many as are found in
the British Isles, and may be called one of the richest fern coun-
tries outside of the tropics. The Japanese Islands have been
pretty well explored in the last thirty years, and nearly all of che
flowering plants and ferns have been identified by botanists.

The majority of the Japanese ferns are herbacious species,
and tree-ferns grow only in the southernmost part of Japan,
where also occur other sub-tropical and tropical species like those
found in the East Indies and in the Malay Archipelago. There
are a number of species of ferns, which are found only in Japan;
thus more than half a dozen species are christened Japonica, or
Nipponicum.* ‘

Among the ferns which are more or less widely distributed in
different parts of the world and which also occur in Japan, may be
mentioned the following:

Pteris aquilina, Adiantum pedatum, Scolopendrium vulgare,
Osmunda regalis (variety Japonica), Aspidium filix-mas, Asplen-
tum Trichomanes, Pteries cretica, Pteris serrulata, Lomaria
spicant, Woodwardia rodicans (var. orientalis), Onoclea sensib-
is, O. Struthiopteris, Osmunda claytoniana, O. cinnamomea,
Botrychium lunaria, and B. virginiana.

“Japan is called Nippon by its natives; the main Island of Japan is often
called Nippon by foreigners.

—I1I5—

Although almost every part of the country is rich in ferns,
more species are found in the mountainous region. I collected
over a hundred species in the vicinity of Kyoto, the former capi-
tal of Japan.

It is rather uncommon to find fern-pots in Japanese houses,
but the fern ball is very frequently seen hanging on the porch.
For the ball, Davallia bullata, called “Shi no bu” by the Japanese _
people, is almost exclusively used. This fern does not grow wild
in the fields, but is found only in the mountains. It was so much
hunted after, for ornamental purposes, that it is very scarce now,
being one of the rare ferns for the collector, although common
and well known in Japanese households.

Another fern, which is very familiar to the Japanese people,
is Gleichenia longissima, commonly called “Urajiro-shida” (fern
with white under surface), or more commonly simply “Urajiro”
(white underneath). This is used for ornamental purposes, but
is somewhat different from the above mentioned species of
Davallia . The leaves being evergreen are used as a sort of dec-
oration on New Year’s day, being placed above the house ent-
rance or gate.

The young shoots of Pteris aquilina (Japanese name
“Warabi”) and Osmunda regalis var. Japonica (“Zenmai” in
Japanese) are very commonly eaten by the natives. The plants are
gathered before the leaves unfold, while the shoots are still fiddle-
head shaped. They are sometimes cooked while fresh, but more
often they are sold in the markets dried. Starch also is made
-from the rhizoma of Pteris aquilina and is very good for food.

The Island of Formosa is very rich in ferns, being located on
the border line of the tropical and the temperate zones. ‘The
Tropic of Cancer passes’ through the middle of the island. I was
fortunate enough to travel through the Island for several months,
and although unable to devote all my time to ferns, still I col-
lected over a hundred species. More than half of these seem to
grow also in the Loo-Choo Islands, the southernmost group of
islands of the former Japanese Empire.

The Japanese ferns have interested a number of foreign-

botanists. Among the more recent workers are Franchet, Baker,
Christ, Luerssen, Eaton and Maximormiz. Although there are

—116—

not many fern specialists in Japan, amateur collectors and fern —

lovers are not scarce. ‘The interest of botanical students in the
ferns has very much increased in recent years, as can be seen from

the fact that the membership of the Tokyo Botanical Society now |

numbers Over 300. |

One great trouble for fern students in Japan is the absence of
a complete manual of ferns. There are a number of books, which
may be used for reference; as, Franchet et Savatier’s “Japanese
Flora,’ and Prof. Matsumura’s list of Japanese plants. The Jap-
anese ferns are also described and ilustrated in a pamphlet of the
Japanese flowering plants and ferns, which is issued monthly by
Mr. T. Makino, who has done more to make Japanese ferns
known than any other native botanist. What Japan needs to pro-
mote fern study is a little manual of ferns corresponding to Prof.
Underwood’s or Mr. Clute’s books in this country.

Cornell, September, 1902.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE LINNEAN FERN
CHAPTER.

By B. D. GILpert.

The ending of the tenth year of the existence of the Lin-
naean Fern Chapter seems to be a proper time to pass in review
the history of this organization The fact that within ten
years it has grown from eighteen charter members to a member-
ship of 120 persons is alone sufficient to indicate its importance
and usefulness.

Early in 1893, Mr. Willard N. Clute, Mr. J. A. Graves, Mrs.
A. D. Dean and Mrs. T. D. Dershimer, all lovers of ferns, but
not at that time skilled students of them, conceived the idea of
starting a chapter of the Agassiz Association for the scientific
study of ferns by correspondence. The charter was held open
during the summer of 1893 and by Autumn there were nineteen
members with which number the Chapter started. At first there
was no published Bulletin to disseminate the knowledge gained,
but written notes were circulated by mail among the members.
This plan, however, was not found to be very satisfactory and in

eR he Se

~

Re Crwn

eee?

—r117—

July, 1893, the first number of an exceedingly modest little
pamphlet was published, bearing the inscription: “The Lin-
naean Fern Bulletin, No. 1. Published by The Linnaean Fern
Chapter. Price Five Cents. Binghamton, N. Y., 1893.” This
contained a paper cover within which were twelve pages of print
including the title page. The size of the brochure was only
31%4x5% inches. In 1896 it was enlarged to 434x6™% inches, and
in 1897 it was again enlarged to its present size.

The publication of this little quarterly at once began to
stimulate interest in the study of ferns and to bring in new mem-
bers. Observation was quickened, the spirit of discovery was
aroused and the range of many species was greatly enlarged.
From Maine to Florida, to California and Washington there
came accessions to the ranks of the Chapter, until at the present
time it contains a larger number of members than the British
Pteridological Society, which was organized two years earlier.

The first president of the Chapter was Mr. Willard N. Clute,
who was retained in the office nearly four years. Owing to the
pressure of other duties, Mr. Clute resigned in July, 1806, and
Mrs. T. D. Dershimer, then vice-president, acted as president
through the remainder of that term. Mr. C. E. Waters was
elected president in the fall of 1896 and served during the years
1897 and 1898. Our third president was Mr. Alvah A. Eaton,
whose term expired with the close of 1899, and who declined a
re-election. Mr. W. R. Maxon, connected with the botanical
section of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, suc-
.ceeded Mr. Eaton and served during the years 1900 and Igor.
And in the fall of 1901 the present writer was chosen to suc-
ceed Mr. Maxon.

In the responsible position of treasurer, Mr. Reuben M.
Strong, of Oberlin, Ohio, served during the first year of the
Chapter’s existence. At the second election Mr. James A.
Graves, of Susquehanna, Pa., was chosen treasurer and by the
unanimous wishes of the members he has continued to serve ever
since. Our secretaries have been Mrs. T. D. Dershimer, Mr. C.
FE. Waters, Mr. A. A. Eaton, Miss Margaret Slosson and Mr.
H. D. House. \

—118— i;

Tue Fern BuLLetin which was at first published by the

Chapter, was in July, 1895, taken over by Mr. Clute, who had al- ©

ways been the editor, and has since that time been published by
him. It still, however, remains the organ of the Chapter. It is
liberal in its views and gives publicity to the ideas of well-in-
formed writers, whether they agree with those of the editor or
not. In this way, different sides of controverted questions are
presented to its readers and they are allowed to choose for them-
selves which is right and which is wrong.

One of the prominent features of the Chapter has been the
offer of specimens of rare species to its members at a merely
nominal price to cover postage and packing. The value of this
privilege may be judged from the list herewith given of species
that have been offered: Asplenium cuneatum, montanum, pin-
natifidum and ruta-muraria; Botrychium tenebrosum, obliquum;
Camptosorus; Chielanthes Clevelandii, and lanosa; Cystopteris
bulbifera; Dryopteris fragrans, Goldieana, marginalis, simulata;
Lycopodium lucidulum,Sclago,tristachyum; Lygodium palmatum;
Marsilia quadrofolia, Osmunda cinnamomea frondosa; Ophioglos-
sum arenarium, vulgatum; Pellaea atropurpurea and gracilis;
Polystichum acrostichoides incisum, Polypodium incanum and
Scouleri; Scolopendrium; Selaginella apus, rupestris and ciner-
acens; Trichomanes Petersiti; Woodsia Ilvensis; Woodwardia
angustifolia and Virginica.

Another advantage belonging to membership in the Chap-
ter is the receipt of a considerable amount of fern literature with-
out extra cost. During its existence the Chapter has distributed
free among its members the following publications: first, “The
Pteridophytes of North America North of Mexico,” a list com-
piled by a committee of the Chapter. Each member received a
copy of this free, but a much larger number was sold, as at the
time it was a standard of the nomenclature acknowledged in 1895.
Next came Mr. Clute’s “Ferns of the Upper Susquehanna ;” and
in 1898 Raynal Dodge’s “Ferns and Fern Allies of New Eng-
land” was sent free to all members in good standing with the
treasurer. A pamphlet by Mr. Clute, entitled “Ferns and Fern
Lore” soon followed. The next pamphlet for free distribution
was “Papers Presented at the Boston Meeting, Aug. 23, 1898,”

sellin natimaemeieiahitiie eae

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—IIlg—

Following this came “The Fernwort Papers Presented at a Meet-
' ing of Fern Students Held in New York City, June 27, 1900.”
t Since then there have been sent to members of the Chapter W. R.
t Maxon’s “List of the Ferns and Fern Allies of North America
North of Mexico;” B. D. Gilbert’s “List of North American
Pteridophytes,” and C. E. Water’s “Analytical Key for the Ferns
of the Northeastern States, Based on the Stipes.” Here are nine
publications that have been distributed gratutiously among mem-
bers of the Chapter in eight years, and another will be forth-
coming this year in the shape of a complete index to the FERN
BULLETIN.

By an amendment to the constitution adopted early in 1894,
associate members were received at one-half the dues of full
members. This was found to be a vicious and impracticable rule,
and after a trial of five years the constitution was again amended,
dropping associate members altogether. As a full membership
costs only one dollar a year, which includes a free subscription to
the Butietin, those who are at all interested in ferns willingly
pay this for the privileges which the Chapter confers. .

q

Two general meetings have been held by the Chapter during
the ten years of its life. The first of these took place at Boston in
August, 1898, during the week of the annual convention of the A.
A. A. $. Twenty members were present, besides a large numi-
ber of persons who were more or less interested in ferns. The a
meeting was held in the hall of the Horticultural Society, and .
Mr. George E. Davenport and others made a fine display of ferns, |
-both mounted and growing in pots. Seven papers were read |
which were afterward published in pamphlet form, and the meet-
ing was much more successful than had originally been antici-
pated. The second meeting was held at Bronx Park, New York
City, in June, 1900. Dr. L. M. Underwood had arranged for a
display of herbarium specimens of the new or recent Lycopods,
and everybody was interested in examining their peculiarities.

About the same number of members were present as at the Bos-
ton meeting, but only five papers were read owing to lack of
time; three others by members who were not present were read
by title only, but all were afterward published in the “Fernwort

<

as PA 0

Papers,’ a pamphlet containing a full report of the papers pre-
pared for the meeting.

After this brief sketch of what the Fern Chapter has accom-
plished within the short space of ten years, it hardly seems neces-
sary to urge upon our readers the advantages of membership in
the Chapter. To any person who takes the slightest interest in
ferns, these facts speak loudly for themselves. The BurLerrn as
a medium for the publication of new facts and discoveries; the
receipt of many new fern publications without extra charge; the
opportunity to obtain a number of rare species at a merely
nominal cost, and the comradeship of many fern collectors and
enthusiasts scattered all over the United States, who are willing
to correspond and to make exchanges; these would seem to be
sufficient in themselves to induce a much larger number of per-
sons to become members and to aid in developing a knowledge of
the fern flora in the particular regions where they reside. If each
member will do a small amount of missionary work, we can
double our present numbers within a year.

A NEW EQUISETUM.
By AtvaH A. EATON.

Several years ago I received from Mr. C. K. Dodge, of Port
Huron, Mich., specimens of an Equisetum for determination,
which, from external aspect, were referred to E. laevigatum. A
careful study of an abundance of material of both this and un-
doubted laevigatum, collected in nearly every State west of the
Mississippi, has shown it to be really a variety of hiemale, in-
termediate between that and lacvigatum, possessing the internal
characters of the former with most external ones of the latter.
In most characters it agrees with E. Moorei Newm. (hiemale

Schleicheri Milde), ascribed by Milde to this country, probably

on material identical with this, but the stems of this are usually
persistent, and (except inconstantly in Suksdorf 2134, Washing-
ton) the angles are beset with cross-walls or silex instead of two
rows of dots. From its position between the American form of
hiemale and laevigatum I propose to call it E. hiemale inter-
medium.

rime .'*

ew ya Stee mys

f
4

—121—

Stems 1-4 ft. high, 1-4 twelfths of an inch in diameter, usual-
ly simple the first year, not rarely bearing a few branches the
second year, 20-30 angled, nearly smooth or usually rough with
transverse bands of silex on the ridges, and rarely in the grooves
also, which are otherwise naked (except in one instance).

Lumen (cavities in epidermal cells) about equaling the cell-
walls in thickness (narrower than in laevigatum), the borders
beset with bristle-like protuberences, as in hiemale.

Sheaths 34 as wide as long, spreading upward, the lower
3 or 4 usually with black basal rings and often a whitish band
above, the rest concolorous with stem the first year, gradually be-
coming ashy with age and the mouth incurving and contracted.
Leaves centrally keeled below, usually with two lateral ridges
above, those of the basal 3-6 sheaths usually concave in the mid-
dle, all narrowed upward and bearing at least a brown central
spot, usually larger and confluent into a narrow limb which is
relieved by a small hyaline commissural border.

Commissures sensibly widened upward. Teeth thin, brown,
flexuous ; caducous, deciduous or persistent, usually with a white
transparent border, cohering by their edges in groups, centrally
dark brown, usually fading and becoming papery if long persist-
ent, firmer toward the base and with a central groove that is de-
current into the horny leaf-tip, or even half the length of the
leaf. Spike usually more apiculate than in laevigatum. Anatomy
of hiemale, the carinal bast reaching nearly to the carinal hole,
separating the green parenchym, while the vallecular bast is only
2-4 cells high, the parenchym being continuous under it, an ar-

rangement just the opposite from laevigatum.

A well characterized variety with sheaths more like European
hiemale than noted in any other American form, but the ridges
have bands of silex instead of two rows of tubercles. The small
stems and branches when present are usually very rough, leaves

usually centrally grooved, teeth usually persistent, with a broad

white membranous border, the brown center usually fading. The
aspect is usually sufficiently different from laevigatum to be easily
separated without recourse to anatomical examination.

Milde certainly, and A. Braun probably, based their descrip-
tions of E. laevigatum on this plant. Possibly it forms Engel-

—[22—

mann’s variety elatius, although nothing in the description would
bear out the surmise. ;

I have seen this variety from.twenty-five different localities,
extending from Port Huron, Mich., (Type) to Ind. Ter., S. Calif.
(Death Valley) to Washington. Specimens from Berkeley, Cal.,
bear rosulae in the grooves, and some Washington plants occas-
ionally bear two rows of tubercles on the ridges, otherwise it ap-
pears fairly constant except in aspect.

Rev. J. M. Bates collected an interesting form in Nebraska,
which may be called forma polystachyum. In this the stem be-
comes branched at the upper nodes and bears Io spikelets.

WILLARD NELSON CLUTE.

During the time that the editor of the Fern BuLLetin has
been soliciting photographs of fern students for publication, he
has frequently been advised to take his own prescription by giv-
ing a portrait of himself to the public; but with the modesty char-
acteristic of editors, he felt that he should wait until more of
those better entitled to the honor had been presented. He ven-
tures to appear now, largely in order that the absence of his por-
trait may no longer be urged by others as an excuse for not ap-
pearing.

Willard N. Clute was born at Painted Post, Steuben County,
N. Y., February 26, 1869. His youth was spent in various towns
in New York and Pensylvania, whither the occupation of his
father, as lumber inspector, carried the family. “The little red
school house’ is his Alma Mater and such knowledge of science as
he possesses was acquired by hard study since graduation from
that institution. His leaning toward ornithology and botany was
noticable from an early age, but living in towns where there were
neither teachers nor available books, he found it exceedingly dif-
ficult to get on in such studies and ever since has had a lively
sympathy for beginners similarly handicapped.

His first publishing venture was in the capacity of editor and
part owner of The Ornithologist and Botanist, which was carried
through one volume and then sold. Following this he was for
some time editor of the Bulletin of the Wilson Ornithological
Chapter. He was one of the founders of both The Bryologist and

—123—

The Plant World, becoming half owner and the first publisher of
each. He is now editor and owner of The American Botanist, in
addition to his interests in THE Fern Burietin. He was one of
the founders and first president of the Linnean Fern Chapter;
secretary, and later, president of the Wison Ornithological Chap-
ter; one of the founders of the Binghamton Academy of Science,
and its first secretary ; and is now president of the American Bot-
anical Club, which he also helped to found.

In 1886 he took up his residence in Binghamton, N. Y., which
city has since been his headquarters, though he has occasionally
resided elsewhere. He spent three years at the New York Bot-
anical Garden, going there to take charge of mounting the herb-
arium at a time when the garden’s principal possessions were some
hundred acres of unimproved park land and a director-in-chief.
In 1900 he spent about three months collecting in Jamaica, bring-
ing back nearly 300 species of ferns, several of which were new
species. The winter of 1901-2 was spent in New Orleans, where
numerous observations on the ferns were made.

In 1808 he published a “Flora of the Upper Susquehanna,” in
1901, “Our Ferns in their Haunts,” and in 1902, “A Fern Collec-
tors Guide.” He has also contributed to the periodical press
numerous articles on archeology, entomology, ornithology and
botany. In botanical matters he is of conservative tendencies and
while recognizing the necessity for the occasional description of
new species has steadily opposed the giving of specific rank to
mere forms. In nomenclature he prefers the name by which each
species has been longest known, quite regardless of “priority.”

For two years I have been watching a plant of Botrychium
obliquum, which is the only one in sight on the banks of a
stream in the Catskills. In 1900 it produced both sterile and
fertile fronds, but this year only the sterile fronds appeared, and
I shall watch with interest to see what happens next year.—
Mary F. Miller. [It is just such observations as this that really
advance our knowledge of the ferns. Already the question of
whether the Botrychiums rest for a year seems half solved. We
need several more observations of this kind to make sure and an

equal number of experiments with Ophioglossum would be of
much value.—Ep. ]

EDITORIAL.

Constancy seems to be one Of the cardinal virtues of fern
students for the names written down at the head of our sub-
scription list, nearly ten years ago, are still there, with trifling
exceptions. During this time we have not been unmindful of the
personal interest that these subscribers, as well as those who
joined us later, have taken in this journal—the kind of interest
that prompts many of them to speak of it as “our magazine,” and
to be ever on the alert to capture the elusive new subscriber. We
have thoroughly appreciated, also, the encouraging letters, help-
ful suggestions, friendly counsel and kindly criticism received,
and although we have not always been able to reply personally to
such letters, we have been none the less gratified at receiving
them. Without the aid of the friends who have thus made our
cause their own, we know that the Fern BuLLetin would have
achieved a much smaller measure of success, and now, as we turn
towards a new decade of fern study, we take the opportunity to
thank all who have contributed to our past advancement.

*K OK
OK

So many subscribers have recently expressed their intentions
of having their Fern BuLLerins bound, that we take the liberty
of calling atention to the work of the Messrs. Neumann Brothers,
of No. 7 East 16th street, New York. The editor’s own copies
are bound by this firm and he takes pleasure in stating that he has
never seen better examples of book-binding for the money. The
trouble with small volumes bound by the ordinary book-binder is
that the backs are too stiff and the books cannot be opened easily,
nor will they stay open. Books bound by the Neumanns open
easily and stay open, but without the least suggestion of being
loosely put together. The binding on the editor’s copies is of gray
cloth with gilt lettering on side and back. A model is always kept
at the book-binders, and those who wish their copies bound, need
only send them to these binders with a request that they be bound
like the editor’s, to be sure of a good job. Single volumes are
bound for 75 cents, but if preferred two volumes may be bound
as one for the same price. Any color of covers may be selected

—125—

without extra cost. The advantage of having volumes bound
by the Neumanns is that no matter what intervals elapse between
the binding of different volumes, the style will remain the same.

**K OK
*

This issue has been much delayed by the special articles.
Many articles and notes including the list of species and varieties
described during the past ten years have had to be held over for
the next issue.

*K OK
*

In the forthcoming volume of the Fern BuL_etirn considerable
space will be devoted to subjects connected with the cultivation of
ferns. A large number of our readers own conservatories in which
ferns are grown, and we would be glad to have contributions from
them regarding their successes. Notwithstanding the space given
to fern culture, there will be no diminution of the scientific ar-
ticles. A new and important feature will consist of the fern flora
of each State in the Union, written by the most prominent stu-
dent of ferns in each State. There will also be a series of illus-
trated articles upon the strange and curious ferns in other lands,
and the portraits and biographical notices of fern students will be
continued.

NOTES.

_ The specimens from which Trichomanes radicans was de-
scribed, were collected by Swartz in Jamaica. The question then
rises whether the plant of the United States is the same thing.
Mrs. E. G. Britton thinks it is not and in the Torrey Bulletin for
July says our species should be called 7. Boschianum.

In Torrey for August Dr. M. A. Howe records the results
of some experiments in germinating the spores of Marsilia.
Cases are known in which spores of M. Aegyptica germinated
after being kept in the herbarium twelve years, while those of MW.
quadrifolia have grown readily after being preserved eleven
years, some after being kept for three years in 95 per cent. pure
alcohol. Dr. Howe, however, has been able to extend the known

——126—

period of vitality still farther, by germinating spores of M. vestita
that are known to have been collected eighteen years. ;

In Rhodora for January, Mt. G. EK. Davenport has outlined
his position upon the generic names to be used in the tribe As-
pidieae. He limits the name Aspidium to certain exotic species
with peltate indusium and anastomosing veins. Polystichwm is
adopted for the New England species with free veins and peltate
indusia of which the Christmas fern is an excellent type. For
the group represented by such forms as the wood ferns, marsh
ferns, etc., with reniform indusia attached at the sinus, the name
Nephrodium is used in place of Dryopteris. These names, it
may be added, are now in use by the majority of writers, both in
this country and in Europe.

For a long time the evidence against the specific distinctness
of Asplenium ebenoides has been accumulating. Many were fully
convinced that it was a hybrid ,but the production of at least one
plant by crossing its supposed parents was necessary to set all
doubts at rest. This has now been done by Miss Margaret Slos-
son, who writes of her work in the Bulletin of the Torrey Bot-
anical Club for August. By sectioning the prothallia of As-
plenium ebeneum and Camptosorus rhizophyllus, and planting
archegonia of one species against antheridia of the other and vice
versa, she has at last been able to produce a plant with all the
essential characteristics of Asplenium ebenoides. Not the least
interesting of the facts brought out by the experiments is that the
parents of the hybrid are the very species long ago assumed likely
to be, though they belong to different genera.

BOOK NEWS.

The Journal of Mycology, after a lapse of several years has
again made its apearance. It is edited by Prof. W. A. Kellerman
and bids fair to be of much usefulness to students of the fungi.

Those who are fond of books on out-of-door subjects will be
delighted with “Next to the Ground,’* by Martha McCullough
Williams. It has the distinction of being written in the South
about southern plants and animals by a Southerner, a combina-
tion not heretofore encountered in outdoor literature.

*Next to the Ground, by Martha McCullough Williams, New
York. McClure, Phillips & Co. 1902, pp. 380. $1.20 net,

—1I27—

The author has an original and attractive style and her obser-
vations On the natural history of the middle South are both inter-
esting and instructive. Among subjects not strictly in the line of
natural history, which the book includes, may be mentioned,
ploughing, shooting, clearing and night noises. Unless one has
spent a season in Kentucky or Tennessee, he will be astonished to
find how very much the customs of that part of the world differ
from his own, and entertained by the author’s description of them.
In the opinion of the reviewer, the book is one of the best of its
class.

INDEX TO CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING
TO FERNS.

Readers are requested to call our attention to any omissions
from this list.

AntHony, Mrs. E. C. Fern Hunting in Nassau. Fern Bul-
letin, Jl. 1902.

Antuony, Mrs. E. C. A New Way to Obtain Sporelings.
Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Britton, Mrs. E. G. Trichomanes radicans. Torrey Bulle-~
tin, Jl. 1902.

Brirron, E. G. and Taytor A. The Life-history of Vittaria
lineata, illust, Memoirs of Torrey Botanical Club, Au. 1902.

Crute, W. N. Botrychium ternatum and Obliquum. Fern
Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

CLute, W. N. Helps for the Beginner VII—The Wood
Ferns, illust. Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Crutre, W. N. Notes from the South—III. Fern Bulletin,
Bh PRA? 1

Crute, W. N. A New Form of the Boulder Fern. Fern
Bulletin, Jl. 1902. :

Crute, W. N. A List of Fernworts Collected in Jamaica.
Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902..

Coruns, J. F. Range of the Typical Lycopodium complana-
tum. Rhodora, Jl. 1902.

CopELAND, E. B. Two Fern Monstrosities. Botanical
Gazette, illust. Au. 1902. -

Curtiss, A. H. Among Florida Ferns. Second Paper. Plant
World, Ap. 1902,

—128—

Davenport, G. E. Notes on New England Ferns—V.
Rhodora, Au. 1902.

Eaton, A. A. The Genus Equisctum in North America.

Ninth Paper. Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Eaton, A. A. A New Form of Nephrodium Thelypteris.
Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Gripert, B. D. Georgia Ferns. Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Gorrrinc, Mrs. A. FE. Sandstone Habitats of Pellaea. Fern
Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

Hitt, E. J. Pellaea atropurpurea an evergreen. Fern Bul-
letin, Ji. 1602.

Howrt, M. A. A Note on the Vitality of the Spores of
Marsilia. ‘Torreya, Au. 1902.

Pottarv, C. L. A New Station for the Gray Polypody.
Plant World, Jl. 1902.

Ricu, F. A. and Jones, L. R. A Poisonous Plant; The Com-
mon Horsetail, illust. Bulletin No. 95, Vermont Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Je. 1902.

Stosson, M. The Origin of Asplenium ebenoides, illust.
Torrey Bulletin, Au. 1902.

Warkins, W. G. Some Ferns of the Sierra Nevada Range.
Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

The Boston Fern and its Varieties. American
Gardening, Je. 21, 1902.
————. The Genera in Aspidieae. Fern Bulletin, Jl. 1902.

THE LINNEAN FERN CHAPTER
OF THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION. —

—A complete index to THE Fern BULLETIN, to the end of the
tenth volume, will be published before the beginning of next year,
and all members of the Chapter who have paid their dues for this
year,. will receive a copy free.

—A limited number of specimens of Nephodium spinulosum
proper is offered to members of The Fern Chapter this quarter by
B. D. Gilbert, Clayville, N. Y. Send 5c. for postage and package.

—The president would appeal to members to offer specimens
to the Chapter more frequently. As ex-President Maxon said, in
his last report, “Good specimens, with full data, are always valu-
able for purposes of comparison, even if the species be as common
as Asplenisau Trichomanes. ‘This should be one of the invaluable
privileges of membership.

-

|

|
yo

4

“
-
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-

FOE? EP Vit CGA

os YAS ep antes - ;

A REMARKABLE COLLECTION

There h2s recently been placed in my hands for sale, one of the largest collections ot
_ New Zealand ferns ever sent to America. These specimens were collected in the vicinity
of Dunedin, N. Z., by Mrs. C. C. Armstrong. Some idea of the size of the collection may
; be gained from the fact that it was invoiced at fifteen hundred dollars. It is in two series,
one, unmounted, contains sets of 43 different species each, at the uniform price of 7c a
"specimen, or $3.00 for the set, carriage paid by purchzser. The other consists of sets of 31
ie cardboard sheets, 12x18 inches in size, upon which are mounted about 100 snecimens, illus-
trating 53 species. The cardboard is of the best quality, the mounting faultless, and the
sets form one of the finest show collections imaginable, being mourted for decorative ef-
fect, with often several different species on a sheet. Price, 1oc a sheet, or the set of 31
for $3.00, carriage paid by purchaser. The specimens are all currectly named, with
printed labels. This is the best opportunity to obtain foreign ferns ever offered fern
students. American ferns are often sold for toc a sheet, but the magnitude of this collec-
tion makes it possible to offer these zt 3c less. Order at once, as the complete sets are

limited. Terms for smaller sets or for the thousands of duplicates, upon application.

= WILLARD N, CLUTE, BINGHASITON, N, Y.

“INFORMATION ENTERTAININGLY EXPRESSED”

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“It aims to elevate the public taste, and stands for Culture, Knowledge and Recreation.
A four months’ trial subscription will be sent for 25 cents.

. SPECIAL OFFER

ie For a limited time the publishers have decided to present to every new subscriber one
of the popular ‘“‘Press Button Pocket Knives,” usually sold for 80 cents, entirely free with
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Present subscribers, by sending $3.00 and one new name will have their own sub-
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Make drafts or Money Orders payable to

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The second volume of the American Botan‘st is now completed. The two volumes $
contain more than 150 ABSOLUTELY UNTECHNICAL articles and notes. Price 60 cents a
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Subscriptions $1.00 a year. Vols. I. and II. and a year’s subscription sent for, $1.75. ¢

Three different numbers, our selection, fer 10c. Sample copy for 2-cent stamp, Address,

Willard f. Clute § Zo., Binghamton, Nf. y.

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“For the Fern Student

OUR FERNS IN THEiR HAUNTS—By Willard N. Clute. Every species east ©
of the Rockies and nurth of the Gulf States described and illustrated. Complete glossary. —

ce)

Alphabetical list of the species; an illustrated key for identifying; all the poetry and folk-
lore of each species. 225 illustrations, 340 pages of text, 8 colored plates. Price,
postpaid, $2.32.

THE FERN COLLECTOR’S GUIDE—By Willard N. Clute. The glossary, list of

species and illustrated key reprinted from “Our Ferns,’ together with several new

chapters on how to distinguish ferns, where to find ferns, how to press, mount and
preserve ferns, etc. Well illustrated. Small enough to fit the pocket and designed to be
taken into the field. kvery collector should have it.. Cloth, 50 cents. ;
; FERNS AND. FERN ALLIES OF NEW ENGLAND—By Raynal Dodge. This
well-known and valuable manual 13 again in stock. Price, 50 dante: : : '

FERN PAMPHLETS. “Ferns of the West,’ Tones, 50 cents; “Ferns of Iowa,”
I'itzpatrick, 25 cents. Ferns of the Upper Susqueharina,’” Clute, ro cents; ‘‘Fern Flora
of Canada,” Lawson, 50 cents; ‘‘Fernwort Papers, 25 cents; “‘Report of Boston Meeting,”
25 cents; “‘North American Pteridophytes,” Gilbert, 25 cents; “Ferns of Nicaragua,”

Shimek, 5oc.

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*

Addres all orders to a

Willard PD. Clute § Zo., Binghamton, n.

+ 0-0-0-0-0-0 0-0-0-0-0-0 0:0-0-0-0-0-0 0-0-0-0-0-0 0 0-0-0-0-0-0 0.0-0-0-0-0-00-0-0-0-0-0:00-000 C

> LPOG CT OD OO RO OO OOP ee ee ae

Hn Tndex

to the

‘Fern Bulletin

Dolumes One to Cen
(1893-1902)

- Compiled by B, DB. Gilbert tor
the Zinnacan Fern Chapter. .—

hi BINGHAMTON, N. Y. | :
WILLARD N. CLUTE @ co.
: 1904—

dig oe el i a

The following Index is separated into five parts, viz., General Index,
Index to Species Mentioned, List of Contributors, List of Publications
Noticed, and List of Illustrations. The first part contains all communica-
tions that are signed, together with editorial and other matter. In the second
part every species is indexed about which any fact is stated, but not when
it is included in a mere enumeration of what was seen in connection with
some other species which is the subject of the article. Nor, as a rule, are
foreign species indexed unless they occur also in this country. Where a
variety occurs, if it is not indexed separately, its name follows immediately
after the number of the page, and is enclosed in brackets. All names of
genera and species are indexed exactly as they are used in the text: if
Aspidium is originally used then it is so catalogued, and the same with
Dryopteris, or Nephrodium, or Athyrium, or whatever it may be.

The first twelve numbers of the BULLETIN were numbered consecutively
and paged separately, not being in volumes. This makes them a little awk-
ward to index; but, in order to indicate these early issues, hyphenated num-
bers have been resorted to, the figure before the hyphen indicating
the number of the issue, and that after the hyphen telling the page of that
particular number. After these issues, the figures bear their usual meaning
of volume and page. The articles A and THE are not used as index words.
but following after the rest of the title, with a comma between.

B, D. GILBERT,

ere

vr

tn ‘be, )

GENERAL INDEX

A

Abnormal British Ferns—Charles T. Druery. 9: 9.

Abnormal Fruiting Forms of Osmunda cinnamonea.—C. D. McLouth. 5: 7.
Adaptability of Ferns to Light—C. E. Waters. 7: 8.

Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Extension of Range of—F. Peyton Rous. 4: 64.
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris in Dakota—C. FE. Bessey. 7: 14.

Agassiz Association, Proposed Collection of Ferns for. 3-1Io.

Alaska, Ferns Growing in. 4: 48.

Amendment, A Proposed. 3-7.

American Botanical Club. 10: 93.

American Ferns, Notes on —Walliam R. Maxon. 8: 20, 58, 84. 9: 50.
Anacamptodon splachnoides. 6: 4I.

Another Locality for Schizaea—Mrs. Emily H. Terry. 8: 36.°
Apospory and Fern Variation in Great Britain—Charles T. Druery. 5: 56.
Ash of Phegopteris Hexagonoptera, The. 5: 56.

Aspidium cristatum, Notes on—C. E. Waters. 1-1.

Aspidium cristatum x marginale—Geo. E. Davenport. 4: 40.

Aspidium mohrioides, Facts Concerning.—T. S. Brandagee. 7: 42.
Aspidium spinulosum and Its Varieties—James A. Graves. 4-1. ~
Asplenium Bradleyi—C. E. Waters. 5: 21.

Asplenium ebeneum, Fragrance of —Margaret Slosson. 9: 19.
Asplenium ebenoides, A Correction. 7: 95.

Asplenium ebenoides, New Form of—C. E. Waters. 10: I.
Asplenium ebenoides, New Station for—G. A. Woolson. 9: 80.
Asplenium ebenoides in Havana Glen, Ala—lL. M. Underwood. 5: 14.
Asplenium ebenoides in Virginia—W. Alphonso Murrill. 5: 1.
Asplenium fontanum.—Willard N. Clute. 5: 45.

Asplenium fontanum in The West.—B. D. Gilbert. 6: 4.

Asplenium montanum.—C. F. Saunders. 5: 26.

Asplenium montanum, Connecticut Stations for—C. B. Graves. 8: 18.
Asplenium, New Species of —B. D. Gilbert. 9: 53. a

Asplenium pinnatifidum—cC. F. Saunders. 11-3.

Asplenium pinnatifidum, New Locality for—Wailliam Palmer. 7: 70.

——— A—

Asplenium viride, Extension of Range for.—Waillard N. Clute. 7: 37.
As‘‘to: Varieties. ‘Editorial. 8: 92. 7

6B

Bimorphic Ferns, Fruiting of —A. A. Eaton. 4: 50.
Binding the Bulletin. 8: 88.
Birth of a Fern, The.—Charles T. Druery. 7: 39.
Blue Prints. C. £..Waters. 12-2.
Book News. 7: 18, 47, 74, 102. 8: 23, 46, 70, 94. 9: 21, 46, 69, 94.
Books on Ferns.—George G. Hinsdale. 1-6.
Botanical Courses. I0-I1I.
Botrychium, A New Species of.—A. A. Eaton. 7: 7.
Botrychium biternatum.—L. M. Underwood. 5: 30.
Botrychium from Jamaica, A New.—L. M. Underwood. 8: 59.
Botrychium matricariaefolium.—Geo. E. Davenport. 9: 37.
Botrychium simplex.—A. A. Eaton. 8: 19.
Botrychiums in an Odd Place—Frances Zirngiebel. 6: 9.
Botrychium tenebrosum, Specific Characters in—A. A. Eaton. 10: 54.
Botrychium ternatum.—A. A. Eaton. 5: 66.
Botrychium ternatum and Its Varieties—Geo. E. Davenport. 5: 40, 50.
Botrychium ternatum and Obliquum.—Willard N. Clute. 10: 76.
Botrychium ternatum, Revision of the Species as Proposed by Dr. Under-
wood. Editorial. 7: 17.

Botrychium ternatum, Varieties of —L. M. Underwood. 5: 28.
Botrychium Virginianum, Local Name for.—S. F. Price. 8: 91.
Boulder Fern, A New Form of.—Willard N. Clute. 10: 87.

Boulder Fern, The, or Fine-Haired Mountain Fern—W. R. Maxon. 7: 94.
' Bracken in British Columbia, The—Dr. Fletcher. 5: 57.
Brachythecium cyrtophyllum. 6: 66.
British Fern Culture—Charles T. Druery. 10: 107.
British View, A, Editorial. 8: 68.
Bryological Memorial Meeting at Columbus, Ohio. 7: 77.
Bryologist, The. .6: 37, 61, 85. (7: 21, AO, 77, 105.
Bryoziphium Norvegicum.—Mrs. E. G. Britton. 6: 12.
Bulblets of Lycopodium lucidulum—C. E. Waters. 6: 24.

7 Cc

California Fern Gossip —S. B. Parish. 9: 73.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus—Elmira E. Noyes. 7-1.

SS
Camptosorous Sibirica—Willard N. Clute. 6: 75.
Catherinaeas, The.—A. J. Grout. 6: 63.
Changed Conception of Species, A—/. M. Underwood. 9: 49.

Changes in Nomenclature—Willard N. Clute. 4-5.
Chapter Election. 4: Io, 68.

Chapter Ferns. 4: 10, 26,67. 5: 16, 32, 48, 68. 6: 77. 7: 19, 48. 10: 118.

Chapter Notes, Fern. 12-8.

Cheilanthes, A New.—A. A. Eaton. 5: 43.

Cheilanthes lanosa.—H. A. Green. 6: 27.

Cheilanthes lanosa—W. A. Murrill. 5: 62.

Cheilanthes lanosa at New Haven, Conn.—Gilbert Van Ingen. 9: 7.
Christmas Fern, The—Wallard N. Clute. 9: 11, 63.

Climbing Fern, The—W. R. Maxon. 8: 8.

Climbing Fern in Spring, The—C. F. Saunders. 9: 30.

Clute, Willard Nelson. 10: 122.

Coiling Frond, A—Willard N. Clute. 4: 37.

Collecting Ferns—A. May Walter. 1-5.

Color in Young Fern Fronds.—C. F. Saunders. 9: 5.

Common Names. Editorial. 7: 72. 8: 44.

Common Polypody, The.—C. F. Saunders. 5: 63.

Concerning Nomenclature. Editorial. 8: 45.

Connecticut Stations for Asplenium montanum.—C. B. Graves. 8: 18.
Constitution of The Linnaean Fern Chapter. 5-1.

Cord-moss and Its Allies, The—A. J. Grout. 7: 52.

Correction, A.—Charles L. Williams. 1-8.

Correction, A. 7: 27.

Correction, A—L. M. Underwood. 10: 27. Geo. E. Davenport. 10: 59.

Correction Corrected, A.—Charles L. Williams. 4-6.
Cosmopolitan Ferns. 12-8.

Cost of The Fern List. Io-1o.

Creeping Selaginella, The—Waillard N. Clute. 5: 60.
Cryptogramme acrostichoides——J. B. Flett. 7: 36.
Cultivation of Ferns—F. H. Horsford. 4: 46.

Curtiss, George Franklin. 4: 27.

Cystopteris, A New Form of.—Wiillard N. Clute. 9: 64.
Cystopteris fragilis. Editorial. 7: 72.

ae nd

D

Davenport, George E. Editorial. 9: 44.

Development of Ferns from Spores. 6: 8.

Dicksonia, A Variety of —Wiulliam R. Maxon. 7: 63.

Dicranums, The.—A. J. Grout. 6:86. 7: 23.

Differences in Fern Stems.—C. E. Waters. 5: 58.

Dimorphic Ferns.—Geo. F. Atkinson. 4: 33.

Distribution of The Rue Spleenwort in Ohio—W. A. Kellerman. 7: 96.
Dorset Ferns—Mrs. Emily H. Terry. 6: 7.

Dryopteris (?).—Charles T. Druery. 8: 41.

Dryopteris acrostichoides, Freaks of —Emily C. Anthony. 9: 19.
Dryopteris Boottii, Maryland Localities of —C. E. Waters. 9: 92.
Dryopteris cristata x marginalis—Margaret Slosson. 7: 5.
Dryopteris from Jamaica, A New—Willard N. Clute. 8: 67.
Dryopteris marginalis, A Freak of —Mrs. E. C. Anthony. 8: 69.
Dryopteris marginalis, The Spores of. 5: 8.

Dryopteris munita, A New Variety of —A. A. Eaton. 9g: 7.
Dryopteris Noveboracensis without Indusium—B. D. Gilbert. 7: 3.
Dryopteris simulata—A. A. Eaton, 5: 13.

Dryopteris simulata in Central New York.—H. D. House. 9: 84.
Dryopteris simulata in Maryland—C. EF. Waters. 4: 38. 5: II. -.
Dryopteris simulata in New York State—Wiallard N. Clute. 7: 91.
Dryopteris simulata in Pennsylvania—C. F. Saunders. 8: 14.
Dryopteris vs. Lastraea—Charles T. Druery. 8: 87.

E

Earliest Fern, The—A. A. Eaton. 9: 91. FE. J. Hill. 10: 78.

Early Fern Study in America.—George E. Davenport. 10: 97.

Early Fruiting Fronds. Editorial. 7: 72.

Eaton, Alvah Augustus—W. N.C. 10: 52.

Eaton, Daniel Cady —William Albert Setchell. 8: 40.

Editorial. 11-11, 12-10. 4: 29. 5: 17; 33, 49, 60. 6: 13, 33, 57% Si.-9. a
43, 72, 100. 8: 20, 44, 68, 92. 9g: 20, 44, 68, 93. 10: 28, 60, 92, 124.

Election Notice. 5: 68.

Election of Officers. 2-7.

Equisetum, A New.—Alvah A. Eaton. 10: 120.

Equisetum hiemale—C. E. Waters. 6-1.

Equisetum palustre, Southern Range of—Frank E. McDonald. 8: 34.

Equisetum scirpoides, Notes on.—A. J. Grout. 6: 24.

—]—

Equisetums, Identifying. 5: 10.

Equisetum, The Genus in America—A. A. Eaton. 6: 45, 69. 7: 57, 85. 8:
age 3 23 GE os. Io] 43;° 71.

Evergreen Ferns.—C. E. Waters. 4: 5.

“Every Day” Plants—C. F. Saunders. 5: 65.

Exchanges and Wants. 3-II, 5-12. 4: 32, 51, 69.

Explanation, An. 6-6.

Fairy Rings Formed by Lycopodium inundatum.—B. L. Robinson. 7: 68.

Fairy Rings Formed by Osmunda.—Willard N. Clute. 9: 86.

at

Fall Fruiting of Osmunda.—W. C. Steele. 10: 19.

False Trinomialism.—William Palmer. 9: 13.

Fern Book Offer, A—Z. M. Underwood. 3-6.

Fern Collecting —Willard N. Clute. 10-1.

Fern Collections. Editorial. 7: 100.

Fern Enemy, A.— Sadie F. Price. 8: 86.

Fernery, The. 7-4.

Fern Garden, The. 4: 23.

Fern Hunting in Nassau—Mrs. E. C. Anthony. 10: 65.

Fern List Again, The. 8-3, 10-9.

Fern Localities—C. E. Waters. 3-3.

Fern Locality, A Rich—-Margaret Slosson. 6: 51.

Fern New to the United States, A—B. D. Gilbert. 7: Io.

Fern Prothalli—cC. F. Saunders. 4: 64.

Fern Prothallium, The. Editorial. 8: ar.

Ferns and Allies at Unalaska and Nome City.—J. B. Flett. 9: 31.
Ferns and Orchids. 12-7.

Ferns for Sale. 4: 15.

Ferns for Winter. 7-3.

Ferns Free. 10-8, 11-8, 12-6. 4: 40.

Ferns from Spores.—H. D. Hutchinson. 11-7.

Ferns Given Away. 8-4.

Ferns in Jamaica—George F. Curtiss. I1-I.

Ferns in The New Jersey Pine Barrens.—C. F. Saunders. 6: 21.
Ferns of Mt. Toby.—A. T. Beals. 4: T.
Ferns of Scolopendrium Lake, The—L. M. Underwood. 5: 53.
Ferns of Southeastern Ohio— Mrs. J. D. Taylor. 8: 78.

Ferns of Susquehanna, Pa.—James A. Graves. 2-1.

aan

Ferns Out of Place—Willard N. Clute. 7:.95.

Fern Spores and Other Notes.—Mrs. M. L. Stevens. 1-4.

Fern Stems.—C. FE. Waters. 7: 92.

Fern Study in Great Britain—Charles T. Druery. 6: 26.

Ferns Wanted for The Agassiz Association. 6-4.

Fern Variation. 7: 12.

Fern Variation in Great Britain—Raynal Dodge. 6: 31.

Fern Varieties. Editorial. 7: 45.

Fertility of The Fern Tribe—Charles T. Druery. 7: 99.

Field Horsetail, The—C. F. Saunders. 7: 31.

First Frond, The. Editorial. 7: 43.

First Meeting of The Chaper, The—Willard N. Clute. 6: 79.

Flowering Ferns, The. 9: 38.

For Exchange. II-9.

Forking Botrychia——A. A. Eaton and W. N. Clute. 5: 66.

Forking Fronds.—C. E. Waters. 2-5. Geo. G. Hinsdale. 3-5, 6-2. 4: 7, 25,
66) <5. FA 7, Ge

Fragrant Shield Fern, The—James A. Bates. 4: 2.

Frond, Lamina, Stipe. 5: 34.

Four New Species of Ophioglossum.—Mrs. E. G. Britton. 6: I.

Future Fern Study. Editorial. 7: 43.

G

Gemmae of Lycopodium, The. 5: 58.

Genera in Aspidieae, The—ZL. M. Underwood. 10: 84.

Generic and Specific Names.—B. D. Gilbert. 9: 90.

Genus Equisetum, The. With Reference to N. A. Species. (See Equisetum).
Geographical Distribution of Dicrana—Rodney H. True. 7: 25.

Georgia Ferns.—B. D. Gilbert. 10: 74.

Get It in Your Eye.—A. A. Eaton. 5: 20.

Gilbert, B. D. Editorial. 9: 66.

Goldie, John—Willard N. Clute. 8: 73.

Grape Ferns of Mt. Ararat—C. F. Saunders. 8: 82.

Grimmia Mollis in the United States——John M. Holzinger. 7: 27.
Growing Ferns, New Way of —Wiillard N. Clute. 9: 91.

Growing Periods of Southern California Ferns, The—S. B. Parish: 8: 26.

ES LON SE

=

Se yer ey T

as
r
Red
i=
=
‘i
.
pe

—9—
Fi

Hair-Cap Mosses, The—A. J. Grout. 6: 18.

Hart’s-Tongue Fern, A New Station for—Frances T. Parsons. 6: 74.

Hart’s-Tongue Fern, Tennessee Locality for the—James H. Ferriss. 7: 98.

Hart’s-Tongue, Young, at Green Lake—W. R. Maxon. 7: 1.

Heater for Glycerine Jelly Slides—J. Franklin Collins. 7: 21.

Helps for the Beginner —Wiaillard N. Clute. 6: 28, 52, 76. 8: 56, 81. 9: II,
38, 57. 10: 16, 47, 79.

Historical Sketch of The Linnaean Fern Chapter.—B. D. Gilbert. 10: 116.

Hog-Brake, Name for Pteris aquilina—Mrs. Stephen Knowlton. 8: 39.

How I Found Dryopteris simulata—Raynal Dodge. 4: 35.

How I Found Schizaea pusilla—Elizabeth G. Britton. 4: I.

How to Collect Mosses.—A. J. Grout. 6: 62.

How to Dry Equisetums.—A. A. Eaton. 5: 66.

How to Identify The Shield Ferns —Willard N. Clute. 7: 61.

Hulst, Rev. George D. Obituary. 9: 24.

Hybrid Ferns. Editorial. 7: 44.

Identifying Equisetums. 5: Io.

Illustrated Glossary of Bryological Terms.—A. J. Grout. 7: 82, I10.
Index to Current Literature Relating to Ferns. 10: 31, 63, 88, 127.
Insect Damages.—Charles T. Druery. 8: 42.

Interesting Japanese Polypody, An—W. R. Maxon. 10: 42.

In the Haunts of the Hart’s Tongue—Willard N. Clute. 5: 54.
lowa Ferns.—Mary E. Carr. 3-5.

Isoetes, A New.—d. A. Eaton. 6: 5.

Isoetes, A New Variety of —A. A. Eaton. 8: 60. ;
Isoetes Dodgei—A New Station.—T. Chalkley Palmer. 8: 6.
Isoetes Howellii and I. Nuttallii—A. A. Eaton. 8: 32.

Isoetes minima.—A. A. Eaton. 6: 30.

J

Jamaica, The Fern Lover’s Paradise.—B. D. Gilbert. 5: 37.
Japanese Polypody, An Interesting —W. R. Maxon. 10: 42.

K

Key to the Mniums of Northeastern America—A. J. Grout. 7: 105.

—I0—

L

Linnaean Fern Chapter. 4: 8, 25, 49, 67. 5: 15, 31, 48, 67. 6: II, 32, 55, 77.
7: 19, 48, 76, 104. 8: 24, 47, 72,96. 9: 24, 48, 72,95. 10: 32, 64, 96, 128.

Literary Notes. 12-11.

List, A New Fern. 6-3, 7-4, 8-3. No. 9 entire.

List of the Fernworts Collected in Jamaica—Willard N. Clute. 8: 64, 89.
9: 16, 43, 67. 10: 26, 89.

Locality for Cheilanthes Lanosa, A—Newlin Williams. 4: 59.

Log Fern, The—William Palmer. 10: 37.

Lomaria Spicant, called “ Deer Fern.”—J. B. Flett. 10: 25.

Lycopodium Alopecuroides.—George E. Davenport. 7: 97.

Lycopodium Alopecuroides in Massachusetts—Willard N. Clute. 5: 5.

Lycopodium, A New Form of—Wiallard N. Clute. 9: 8.

Lycopodium Carolinianum.—C. F. Saunders. 5: 10.

Lycopodium inundatum.—Willard N. Clute. 8: 85.

Lycopodium lucidulum, Bulblets of —C. E. Waters. 6: 24.

Lycopodium Selago.—C. F. Saunders. 5: 6.

Lycopodium, The Gemmae of. 5: 58.

Lygodium palmatum in New Hampshire—R. H. Metcalf. 10: 59.

Lygodium palmatum on the Market—W. R. Maron. g: 19.

Lygodium, The Habitat of —C. F. Saunders. 8: 33.

MI

Marsilia at Night—C. F. Saunders. 8: 52.

Marsilia quadrifolia—Esther H. Thompson. 11-5. R. H. Rich. 4: 63. C.
W. Jenks. 8: QI.

Massachusetts Shield Fern. Editorial. 8: 20.

Meehan, Thomas. Editorial. 9: 87. Death of. 10: 29.

Method of Distinguishing between Dryopteris simulata, D. Noveboracensis
and D. Thelypteris—Raynal Dodge. 4: 65.

Microscopic Preparation of Mosses—E. G. Britton, J. F. Collins, A. J.
Grout. 6: 89.

Minor Inaccuracies—L. M. Underwood. 10: 53.

Mniums, The.—A. J. Grout. 7: 78.

Monographs of North American Mosses. 6: 16.

Moss Department. 6: 17.

Mosses for Distribution. 6: 67, 91. 7: 27, 55, 81, 112.

Mounting Ferns.—Willard N. Clute. 12-4.

Mount Mansfield, Ferns on.—James A. Bates. 6: 31.

jf

My Fernery.—C. Antoinette Shepard. 4: 22.

IN

Naturalization of Exotic Ferns—Wllard N. Clute. 6: Io.

Nebraska Ferns and Fern Allies—R. Kent Beattie. 6: 72.

Neglected Feature, A. Editorial. 7: 44.

Nephrodium Thelypteris, A New Form of.—dA. A. Eaton. 10: 78.
Nephrolepis, Tubers of —/. Birkenhead. 7: 12, 35.

New American Mosses. 6: 43. 67, 91. 7: 84.

New Botrychium from Jamaica, A—L. M. Underwood. 8: 59.

New Cheilanthes of the Section Adiantopsis—A. A. Eaton. 5: 43.
New Dryopteris from Jamaica, A—Waillard N. Clute. 8: 67.

New Equisetum, A.—4. 4A. Eaton. 10: 120.

New Fern, A. 10-10.

New Fern List, A. 6-3, 7-4.

New Form of Boulder Fern, A—/JVillard N. Clute. 10: 87.

New Isoetes, A—A. A. Eaton. 6: 5.

New Locality for Asplenium pinnatifidum, A.—William Palmer. 7: 70.
New Members. 5: 68.

New Moss Chapter, The. 6: 85.

New or Rare Mosses. 6: 41, 66.

New Plan of Study, A. 6: 32.

New Quillwort from Mexico, A—A. A. Eaton. 5:
New Species of Botrychium, A—A. A. Eaton. 7:
New Species of Selaginella, A—A. A. Eaton. 7: 33.

New Station for the Hart’s Tongue Fern, A.—Frances T. Parsons. 6: 74.
New Variety of Isoetes, A—A. A. Eaton. 8: 60.

New Way of Growing Ferns.—Willard N. Clute. 9: 91.

New Way to Obtain Sporelings—Mrs. E. C. Anthony. 10: 84.

New Zealand Ferns and Fern Study.—George E. Smith. 10: 111.
Nomenclature and Varieties—G. 9: 6.

Nomenclature, Concerning. Editorial. 8: 45.

Nomenclature, Some Peculiar. Editorial. 8: 21.

No Stability. Editorial. 9: 68.

Note from the Treasurer. 10: 96.

25.
7.

Notes. 1-11, 2-8, 3-10, 4-7, 5-10, 6-7, 7-7, 10-11. 4: 31, 53, 71. 5: 19, 35, 51, 71.

Notes from the South—Willard N. Clute. 10: 5, 33, 82.
Notes from Vermont.—_James A. Bates. 3-1.
Notes on American Ferns—Wm. R. Maxon. 8: 20, 58, 84. 9:59. 10: 46.

se

jo

Notes on Japanese Ferns—Kztichi Miyake. “10: 114.

Notes on Some Common Ferns.—J. C. Buchiicister. 10: 56.

Notes on Some Rare Washington Ferns.—J. B. Flett. 10: 24.
Notes on Some South Florida Ferns.—Charles L. Pollard. 7: 88.
Notes on the January Fern Bulletin—Charles T. Druery. 10: 51.
Notes on the Life History of the Mosses—A. J. Grout. 6: 40.
Noteworthy American Mosses.—J. M. Holzinger. 7: 80.

Notice, A. 7-6.

Notice of Election. 7-5, 12-9.

O

Obituary. Mrs. E. E. Luquer, 6-5. George F. Curtiss, 4: 10. Mrs. Harriet
N. Clute, 4: 28. Rev. George D. Hulst, 9: 24.

Oklahoma, Catalog of Plants of. 8: 60.

Only One.—Mary E. Carr. 10-7.

Ophioglossum, Four New Species of —Elizabeth G. Britton. 6: 1.

Ophioglossums, Do They Rest for a Season?—Joseph Crawford. 8: 17.

Ophioglossums Resting—Homer D. House. 8: 40.

Ophioglossums, Resting of —Willard N. Clute. 9: 12.

Ophioglossums, Two Odd.—d. A. Eaton. 5: Il.

Ophioglossum vulgatum.—A. A. Eaton. 4: 60. Sadie F. Price. 4: 61. &.
C. Kent and Stewart H. Burnham. 4: 62.

Orchids and Ferns.—Mrs. M. L. Stevens. 4: 7.

Osmunda cinnamonea, A New Form of.—C. E. Waters. 10: 21.

Osmunda cinnamonea frondosa.—C. D. McLouth. 4:3. A.A. Eaton. 5: 65.

Osmunda Claytoniana as a Study in Circination— Bessie L. Putnam. 8: 42..

Osmunda Claytoniana for Cultivation—C. E. Waters. 6: 55.

Ostrich Fern in Virginia, The—Charles L. Pollard. 7: 71.

Our Miscellany. 4: 44, 65. 5: II, 47, 64.

Outfit for the Study of Mosses.—A. J. Grout. 6: 17.

a

Parsons, Frances Theodora.—Willard N. Clute. 10: 20.

Pellaea atropurpurea—Guy L. Stewart. 9: 15.

Pellaea atropurpurea, An Evergreen.—E. J. Hill. 10: 82.

Pellaea atropurpurea in a Strange Place—A. Vincent Osmun. 10: 58.
Pellaea atropurpurea in Cultivation—F. W. Barclay. 6: 25.

Pellaea atropurpurea, On—C. E. Waters. 5-7. Mrs. E. C. Anthony. 8: 66.
Pellaea gracilis in Illinois—E. J. Hill. 8: 31.

Pennsylvania Ferns—Mrs. A. D. Dean. 8-1.
Phegopteris Dryopteris—C. F. Saunders. 5: 67.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera, The Ash of. 5: 56.
Phyllitis. 5: 50, 54.
Pogonatums or Bearded Mosses, The—A. J. Grout. 6: 38.
a Polypodies, The—Waillard N. Clute. 2-6. 8: 56.
Polypodium Californicum, The Range of.—B. D. Gilbert. 9: 92.
| Polypodium incanum.—Thomas Meehan. 9: 28.
| Polypodium polypodioides—H. A. Green. 5: 11. F. Peyton Rous. 5: 64.
| Polypodium Scouleri, Southern Extension of The Range of —S. B. Parish.
| 9: 40.

Polypody, An Interesting Japanese—W. R. Maxon. 10: 42.

Polypody’s Relatives, The—lWiillard N. Clute. 4: 42.

Polypody, The Common.—C. F. Saunders. 5: 63.

Preparation of Mosses for Examination With the Compound Microscope.—
A. J. Grout. 7: 49.

President’s Report—Wiallard N. Clute. 3-7, 8-5. 4: 8.

Pressing and Mounting Ferns—Mrs. A. D. Dean. 1-8.

Pressing and Preserving Equiseta—A. A. Eaton. 5: 66.

Professor Underwood. Editorial. 9: 20.

Proposed Amendment, A. 3-7.

Pteridophyta of North America. The Chapter List. No. 9.

Pteridophytes of Georgia, The—Roland M. Harper. 7: 65.

Pteris Aquilina and Its Allies in North America.——Willard N. Clute. 8: 37.

Pteris Aquilina as a Vegetable—C. F. Saunders. 7: 90.

Public Fern Collection, A—C. F. Saunders. I0-6.

Pursh’s Journal, Frederick. Editorial. 5: 70.

Q

Quillwort from Mexico, A New.—A. A. Eaton. 5: 25.
Quillworts, The. 9: 57.

R

Range of Polypodium Californicum, The—B. D. Gilbert. 9: 92.
Redfield, John H.—Thomas Meehan. 8: 25.
Rediscovery of Schizaea pusilla in Newfoundland.—Elizabeth G. Britton.
4: 62.
Relation Between the Sterile and Fertile Leaves of Dimorphic Ferns.—Geo.
F. Atkinson. 4: 33.

—I4—

Report of Elections. 3-9, 8-8. i

Resting of Ophioglossums.—Willard N. Ciuie. re ee 8
Resurrection Fern, The. 4: 46. 8: 56.

Rich Fern Locality, A—Margaret Slosson. 6: 51.

Rich Locality, A-——William Palmer. 9: 18.

Rock Relations of The Walking Fern, The—E. J. Hill. 9: 55.
Rue Spleenwort Near New York, The—Pauline Kaufman. 8: 16.

=

Sandstone Habitats of Pellaea—Mrs. A. E. Goetting. 10: 85.

Santa Marta Expedition, The. 6: 50.

Saunders, Charles Francis—W.:N. C. 10: 77.

Schizaea, Another Locality for—Mrs. Elizabeth H. Terry. 8: 36.

Schizaea Locality—H. A. Green. 5: Il.

Schizaea pusilla—C. F. Saunders. 10: 41.

Schizaea pusilla at Home.—C. F. Saunders. 4: 20.

Schizaea pusilla, Rediscovery of in Newfoundland—EKlizabeth G. Britton.
4: 62.

Schizaea pusilla, Two New Stations for—Waillard N. Clute. 8: 15.

Scolopendrium and Pellaea— Stewart H. Burnham. 10: 57.

Scolopendrium offiicinarum, vulgare and scolopendrium. Editorial. 5: 50.

Scolopendrium Scolopendrium.—C. F. Saunders. 12-1.

Second Fern Meeting, A. 8: 48.

Second Meeting of the Chapter, The. 8: 72.

Secretary's Report. Mrs. T. D. Dershimer. 3-9, 4-4, 8-8. C. E. Waters.

Ae

Selaginella, A New Species of —A. A. Eaton. 7: 33.

Sellaginellae of North America—L. M. Underwood. 10: 8.

Sellaginella, The Creeping —Willard N. Clute. 5: 60.

Sensitive Fern, The—Willard N. Clute. 5: 59. 8: 81.

Sensitiveness of Ferns to Environment.—G. A. Woolson. 7: 13.

Sequence of the Cinnamon Fern’s Fronds, The—Wiullard N. Clute. 7: 97.

Shield Fern, The Fragrant.—James A. Bates. 4: 2.

Slender Cliff-Brake on Sandstone, The—Ellison Orr. 10: 56.

Some Additional Notes on the Methods of Microscopical Examination of
Mosses.—J. M. Holzinger. 7: 107.

Some California Ferns—Mrs. Julia E. Campbell. 5: 62.

Some Common Ferns.—/. H. Lemon. 2-3.

Some Features of Future Fern Study.—Lucien M. Underwood. 10: 105.

—I5—

Some Ferns of the Sierra Nevada Range—W. G. Watkins. 10: 68.

Some Hitherto Unnoted Variations of Familiar Ferns—B. D. Gilbert. 8: 9.

Some North American Pteridophytes—B. D. Gilbert. 10: 12.

Some Peculiar Nomenclature. Editorial. 8: 21.

Some Rare Vermont Ferns—W. W. Eggleston. 7: 4.

Some Roadside Ferns of Herkimer Co., N. Y—H. D. House. 10: 14.

Some Variations in the Adder’s Tongue—Wm. R. Maxon. 7: 90.

Some Washington Ferns.—J. B. Flett. 8: 40.

Southern Extension of the Range of Polypodium Scouleri—S. B. Parish.
9: 40.

Southern Range of Equisetum palustre—Frank E. McDonald. 8: 34.

Spiny Shield Fern in Alaska, The —M. W. Gorman. 5: 9.

Spore-Bearing Area of Fertile Fronds, The——B. D. Halstead. 7: 60.

Spores of Dryopteris marginalis, The. 5: 8.

Spores, The Number of —R. W. Smith. 8: 66.

Story of a Fern Hunt, The—George D. Hulst. 9g: I.

Suggestion for Study, A.B. D. Gilbert. 7: 37.

Sullivant Moss Chapter, The. 7: 28, 56, 112.

T

Tennessee Locality for the Hart’s-Tongue te The—James -H. Ferriss.
7: 98.

Ten Years Retrospect, A—Wallard N. Clute. 10: Iot.

Ternate Botrychia in Central New York, The.—B. D. Gilbert. 9: 25.

To Lovers of Ferns. 5-6.

Traveling Ferns—Willard N. Clute. 1-9.

Treasurer's Report—Reuben M. Strong. 3-8. James A. Graves. 8-7. 4: 9.

Trichomanes: peliatum in Japan.—K. Miyake. 7: 509.

Trichomanes Petersii—lL. M. Underwood. 5: 63.

Trichomanes radicans.—Sadie F. Price. 4: 59.

Twin Species? Editorial. 8: 44.

Two Fern Allies in Central New York—J. V. Haberer. 9: 88.

Two New Fern Lists—George E. Davenport. 9:77. 10: 22.

Two New Ferns from Jamaica.——B. D. Gilbert. 8: 62.

Two New Isoetes.—A. A. Eaton. 8: 12.

Two New Stations for Schizaea pusilla—Waillard N. Clute. 315;

Two Odd Ophioglossums.—A. A. Eaton. 5: Il.

Tubers of Nephrolepis—J. Birkenhead. 7: 12, 35.

Turkey-Foot Fern, The. 7: 11.

—16—

Turkey-Foot Fern Again, The—Jas’ A. Graves and Mrs. Stephen Knowl-
tO: - FS 39.

U

Underwood, Dr. Lucien Marcus. Editorial. 9g: 20.

V

Variation in Polypodium vulgare.—Mrs. E. G. Britton. 7: 34.

Variations in Asplenium. 4: I9.

Varieties of Botrychium ternatum, The—ZL. M. Underwood. 5: 28.
Variety of Dicksonia, A—Wm. R. Maxon. 7: 63.

Veining in the Marsh Shield Fern and Others.—Willard N. Clute. 7: 67.
Vermont Ferns.—A. J. Grout. 5-9, 10-4.

Ww

Walking Fern, The—Charles L. Williams. 8-2.

Washington Ferns, Notes on Some Rare.—J. B. Flett. 10: 24.

What Are Mosses?—A. J. Grout and Marie L. Sanial. 7: 51.

What the Chapter Is. 4: 25.

Why Dryopteris and not Lastraea—L. M. Underwood. 8: 52.
Willard Nelson Clute. Editorial. 10: 122.

Williamson, John.—George E. Davenport. 8: 1.

Williamson’s Fern Etchings. 8: 35.

Wind-Blown Ferneries—George FE. Davenport. 5: 24.

Winter Ferns.—C. F. Saunders. 4: 6.

Wonders of Spore Production—Charles T. Druery. 8: 43.

Woodsia alpina—_W. W. Eggleston. 8: 5.

Woodsia Ilvensis—C. F. Saunders. 6: 3.

Woodsia obtusa and Cystopteris fragilis—James A. Bates. 8: 10.
Woodsia scopulina. 4: 12.

Woodwardia areolata.—C. F. Saunders. 4: 40.

Woodwardia radicans, An Extension of Range for.—J. B. Flett. 7: 9.
Woodwardia Virginica—C. D. McLouth. 4: 22.

World Distribution of Some American Ferns.—C. F. Saunders. 6: 49.
Wyoming Pteridophytes——Elias Nelson. 7: 20.

Y

Young Hart’s-Tongues at Green Lake —Will. R. Maxon. 7: I.

HIS 1: OF ~ SPECIES

—__—.

ACROSTICHUM
aureum, 2-2. II-2. 7: 10, 41, 89,
8:90. 10: 66.
lomarioides, 7: II, 41, 88.
ADIANTUM .-

amabile, 7: 36.

capillus-veneris, 4: 64. 5: 13. 7:
14, 65, 990. 8: 4, 27, 46, 94. 10:
37, 67, 84.

cristatum, 5: 39. 9: I7.

cuneatum, 2-8. 11-8. 9g: 18.

diaphanum, 7: 306.

emarginatum, 4: 15. 8: 27.
70.

fragile, I0-II.

melanoleucum, 10: 66.

modestum, 9: 45.

pedatum, I-II. 2-3. 4:5. 5:1. 6:
72 Be Ad 00.» 8: 40, 79. 925,
92. 10: 68.

striatum, 5: 39.

tenerum, 8-5. 9: 17. 10: 66.

trapeziforme, 4: 44. 9: 17.

ALSOPHILA

armata, 5: 38.

10: 68,

ANEMIA
_adiantifolia, 5: 39. 7: 90. 8: 90.
20 2.65: 66:-;
ASPIDIUM
acrostichoides, 2-4. 7-3. 4: 5, 6.
7: 15.
acrostichoides incisum, 3-2. 5-0.
aculeatum, 8: 27, 64.
aculeatum scopulinum, 8: 27.
Boottii, 1-4. 4-I, 3.
Braunii, 5-9.
cristatum, 1-3, 4. 2-3. 7-3. 4: 5.
as-7 2
cristatum x marginale, 4: 40.
filix-mas, 8: 90.
fragrans, 5-9, II. 6: 31. 9: 45.

juglandifolium, 7: 73.
lonchitis, 8: 30.

’

marginale, 5-10. 7-3. 4:6. 5: 24.
ee 4

mohrioides, 7: 42.

munitum, 8: 27. 10: 60.

Nevadense, 10: 69.

Noveboracense, 3-4.

rigidum, 8: 27. 10: 69, 70.

rigidum argutum, 8: 27.

simulatum, 9: 20.

spinulosum, 4-1, 2.
7 on 3

spinulosum dilatatum, 3-4. 4-3. 5:
9. 9: 79.

spinulosum intermedium, 1-8. 3-4.

fia be ean OS

thelypteris, 6: 73.

trifoliatum, 9: 72. 10: 65, 66, 90.

ASPLENIUM

acrostichoides, 4-6. 4:5, 66. 5: 12,
15,58 500° 7LGR Soo. “eg = 6o.

adiantum-nigrum, 9: 56.

adulterinum, 9: 56.

anceps, 10: 12.

angustifolium, 6-2. 10-5. 4:
B?. 92; Os O9e~ SL OL, SO.

Bradleyi, 6-7. 11-4. 4: 32, 48. 5:
14, 21, 22, 47, 70. 7: 9, 44, 93.

Clutei, 8: 62. 10: 26.

cyclosorum, 9g: 31, 32.

Te 7s

dentatum, 8: 63. 9: 26, 71. 10: 26,
67.

ebenéum, 4-6: 42-5, 482. 5:5 24:)-7:
G56 8 7G O35 59, OO. BOSE, A,
60, 75, 126.

ebeneum Hortonae, 9: 44, 58, 90.

ebenoideés, 11-4: 5 1,2) EI, 13, 14,
18; 34,.65..7:.4, 44, 95,-102.. 9:
Be, fds TO 25 SA BS GO 103;
120.

exiguum, 7: 46.

filix-foemina, I-4. 2-5. 10-5. 12-8.
4: 7, 38, 39. 5: 24, 56, 50. 6: 27,
30,523. 785 2 F513. 373: 43,055.74

—18—

92, 93, 95. 8: 27, 80, 86. 9: 6, IO

(Eng. var’s). 10: 16, 105.
filix-foemina Victoriae, 6: 27. 7:

Qo.
filix-foemina rubellum, ro: 75.
fontanum, 12-8. 5:45. 6:4. 7:96.
Glenniei, 6: 5. 7: 46.
Haller, -5: ay.
Kamchatkanum, 9: 54.

monanthemum, 9: 67.

montanum, 2-5. 3-4. 10-8. II-4.
4:7. 5: 21, 26, 34. 7: 93, 96, 99.
8: 18.

myriophyllum, 10: 26.

parvulum, 4: 66. 9:67. 10: 46.

pinnatifidum, 11-3, 4, 8. 4: 32. 5:
1,2, 14, 65;.67: -G2 12 ge yo, Be
10325 4

platyneuron, 4-6. 4:6, 45. 5: I, 2,
14. *7 >A, 65, 03, 05% (2oS*5, 205.

resiliens, 10: 46.

ruta-muraria, 3-3. 12-8. 5: I, 13.
65731, 36.09 7 AOR Ss a

serpentini, 9: 56.

serratum, 9: 67.

Trichomanes, 2-5. 3-3. I0-II. 12-8.
43.5, 77; 10;° 25, 6G. a sk, aes
12; 378% 17> SO! "Be 10 ae
var’s), 19. 10: I5.

Trichomanes incisum, 5-10. 4: 30.
Or 5A Fs 4p AZ. Bee S77 bo. 2 10-
51, TIT.

thelypteroides, 4-6. 8:9, 80. 9: 60.

vespertinum, 8: 69.

viride}! 5-9." 32-8. 529s: 6238 age
30;, 37, '42;985 63; 04-9: SO:

ATHYRIUM

acrostichoides, 9: 60.

cyclosorum, 10: 24.

filix-foemina, 5: 56. 9: 6 (10
var’s).: 10:46, 23, 51, 76 4a
bellum).

thelypteroides, g: 60, 61.

AZOLLA

Caroliniana, 8: 30. 10: 6, 36.
filiculoides, 10: 7.

BLECHNUM

BotrycHIUM

occidentale, 5: 30.
serrulatum, 7: 90.
spicant, 6: 23. 9g: I0 (var’s).

australe, 5: 43.
biternatum, 5: 19, 30, 34, 41. 7: 17.
boreale, 9: 32.
Coulteri, 7: 17, 30.
decompositum, 7: 17.
dissectum, 47°25. 5:42. 62 G.ce9:
17,99. 8: 44, 46. 9:25, 26. 10:
76, 104.
intermedium, 6: 9. 7:
20. 202/77.
Jenmani, 8: 50, 65.
lanceolatum, 6: 83. 7: 96. 8: 82,
$3.92 51, 52, Jo. eS eae
Luanaria,:6: 83: ‘92 :3./.xe= 45,555.
lunarioides, 5: 19, 42, 51.
matricarie, 7: 17.
matricariaefolium, 6: 83. 8: 82, 83.
9: 37, 51, 52, 78, 79 (var. subin-
tegra).. 10: 36,22, 54, 55.
neglectum, 9g: 38, 52, 79. 10: 27, 54.
obliquum, 5: 42, 66. 6: 9. 7: 17,
QQ. 8: 44, 46. 9g: 12, 25, 54. 10:
16, 76, 123.
obliquum Oneidense, 9: 25, 27, 89.
10: 706.
occidentale, 7: 17.
pumicola, 8: 93. 9: 45, 52.
rutaceum, 5: 43. 6: 83.
silaifolium, 7: 17. 10: 23.
simplex, 5: 24. 8: 19.
10: 54, 55, 99.
tenebrosum, 7: 8. 9: 79.
54, 55, 59.
ternatum, 10-5. 4:5, 70. 5: 12, 28,
40; 50, 66,-..62°9.. 73: Fie oe
(group), 66. 8: 83. 9: 25, 78,
70. dt “23,970:
ternatum Oneidense, 9: 89. 10: 76.
Virginianum, I-5. 4: 45, 48, 66. 5:
35. ° 6: -72. 7: 0, 72,00. Sos
65, 79, 82, OI. 9: I2, 52, 78. 10:
16, 76.

a7. PAS,

9: 45, 52.

10: 22,

CAMPTOSORUS

rhizophyllus, 3-4. 6-2. 7-1. 8-2.

10-8. II-4. 4:7, 66. 5:1, 2, 14.
Se aot’ 8: 17, Soe a, Sr, 55.
10: I, 2, 4, 15, 58, 126.
Sibiricus, 6: 75. 7: 17, 48.
CERATOPTERIS
thalictroides, 10: 5, 35.
CHEILANTHES

Alabamensis, 7: 98.
amoena, 5: 44. 9: 79.

Galatotinca;-42°35...52 43, 45, 63.
8 2/26.../9 : 70: “to :-60.
Clevelandii, 8: 28. 10: 60.

Cooperae, 8: 28.
Fendleri-myriophylla group, 9: 75.
fibrillosa, 8: 28. 9: 73, 75.
gracilis, 4-6. 5:71. 7: 20.
gracillima, 8: 31, 41. 10: 69.-

lgnosa, 4-0. -4:-7,-50. 5:62: 6: 27.

72 G5, 99. 9:7.

lanuginosa, 4-6. 5: 7I. 6: 73. 9:

75;
microphylla, 9: 43.
myriophylla, 8: 28.
Parishii, 8: 28. 9: 73, 74.
vestita, 4-6. 6-2.
viscida, 8: 28.

CRYPTOGRAM ME
acrostichoides, 4: 48. 7: 30, 36. 8:
Bai SAAR. 42033) 2676 > 25.
CyATHEA
arborea, I1-3. 5: 38.

pubescens, 5: 38, 39.
CySTOPTERIS

bulbifera, I-10. 2-3. 3-4, 5, 6. 7-3.
15,

iat. Aa ge Oo 32: O° I. 20:

57; 79.
fragilis, 2-5. 3-I, 4. 7-3. 4:7. 5:
7: 9, 20, 72.8:
17, 33, OI. 10:

ee Bho 272.
19, 27, 43, 80. 9:
69, 70.

fragilis dentata, 7: 42.

fragilis magnasora, 9: 64. 10: 4.

montana, 9: 32.
DAVALLIA
aculeata, II-2. 9g: 17.

clavata, 10: 65, 67.
DENNSTAEDTIA
punctilobula, 7: 63, 94.
punctilobula cristata, 7: 63. 9: 79.
DICKSONIA
pilosiuscula, 3-4. 6-2. 4: 4, 7, 44,
AG, OG5 282 4° Bs 43; 90> G > -92:
£0255.
pilosiuscula f. schizophylla, 10: 87.
punctilobula, 10-6. 5:9, I5. 7: 30,
94. 8: 79.
DRYOPTERIS
acrostichoides, 4: 6, 7, 25. 6: 20,
30: “5535-61, 65, -7o, G3 Br 20,
43, 79. 9: 5, 19.
acrostichoides incisa, 4: II. 7: 12.
aculeata, 10-5. 4: I5.
aquilonaris, 9: 33, 45.
Boottii, 10:4 2225,°39. 2 72.7..3:
63° 8: 147.6 2-92 “igs: Sa; 4I.
Braunii, 10-5. 7: OI.
cristata, 12-8, 4: 30. 5:14. 7: G3:

o: 14-2 > 48;

cristata Clintoniana, 4: 2,66. 8:91.
9: 79. 10: 37, 4I.

cristata x marginalis, 5: I2, 14, 20.
7: 5, 44.

filix-mas, 12-8. 4: 15. 5: 38 8:
53, 87. 9: 10 (varieties).
Floridana, 10: 39, 40, 41.

fragrans, 4: 2, 44, 48, 65. 5:15. 7:
4, 63. Bibs: 9233

Gilberti, 8: 67.

Goldieana, ‘12-1. 4: I, 66. 5: 71-
A, BS eA:

Goldieana celsa, 8: 22. 9:79. 10:

38, 39, 40, 41.
lonchitis, 12-8. 4:31. 7: 30, 61. 8:
4I. >
marginalis, 10-5. 4: 6, 25, 46, 66.
ed 2 93( Th Ga, F4s-O3> 8 8S
69, 80. 9: 5.
mohrioides, 4: 15.
montana, 9: Io (var’s), 72.
munita, 8: 31, 40. 9: 7.
Noveboracensis, 4: 36, 38, 65. 5:
£3;/14.,.7- 3, 62} 60,-92.°, 8 #43:

oreopteris, 9: 72.

patens)6 1.410.) 7-45." x@’2"-65, GG,
67.

simulata, -10-10.;.4225,. 35,. 38, 52;
65. Ss 91s 14, 15, 20:7 50, ee

82.92 &..A3, 02: (67,00 62> Bias
20, 94. 9: 84, 92.

spinulosa, 12-8. 4: 48, 66. 5: 6.
7: 30, 63, 92, 95. 9° 32. , 20¢- Oe:
spinulosa dilatata, 4: 25. 8: 10. 9:

10 (var’s), 79.

spinulosa intermedia, 4: 25, 39. 8:
14, 80. 9: 15, 8o.

thelypteris, 12-8. 4: 25, 36, 38, 39,
652. 35:2 IT, 33: GicS2¢ gees,
62, 67, 02. 8: 14, 43; 79. ‘

triangulata, II-2.

trifoliata, 11-2.

villosa, 8: 67.

EQUISETUM

arvense, 6-I. 5: 10. 6: 46, 60, 71,
72. J: 30, 31,43; 58. 9: '32,,.G2;
84. 10: 16, 48.

arvense campestre, 5: 12. 7: 31.

arvense varieties, 7: 59, 85, 86, 87,
88.

fluviatile, 4-6. 5: 10. 6: 70, 7I. 9:
63, 81, 83. 10: 49, 71, 73 (var’s),
74 (var.).

hiemale, 6-I. 5: 10. 6: 69. 7: 30
(var.),057: +9: 6.Cvatly. eke:
50, 120 (var.).

laevigatum, 4:°31.. 6: 72: 72 30;
BRR Tes GD, 520.

limosum, 4-6. 6: 73. 8: 34.

litorale, 6: 70, 71. g: 81 (var’s), 89
(var's).: > Sse2.415. 437 (ware ae
(var’s), 45 (var’s), 49.

maximum, 5: IO.

Mexicanum, 9: 73.

palustre, 5: 10. 6% +70; 7a): 29.2 Fee:
8> 34. 9: 65 63 (Vats), Sr -oe
49.

pratense, 5: I0.
3, 4 (var.).

6: 47, 70, 71. 9:
10: 48.

ramosissimum, 6: 46. 7: 57. 9:

73-

robustum, 5:13. 6:°72" 930g6,.57
66. 10: 36, 50.

scirpoides, 10-5:°. 6: 24." 92 27.) 20%
50.

silvaticum, 5: 10. 6: 47, 69, 70, 7I.
9: 32, 33, 35 (var’s), 36 (var’s).
10: 48.

Telmateia, 6: 46, 71. 8:°75,° 76
(var.)5. 77.Cvat’s); Fou var Se
variegatum,. ‘6:73. 9 o0a0) Sys

32. 164050)
FILIx
fragilis, 10: 105.
GyMNOGRAM ME
Ehrenbergiana, 4: 7.
leptophylla, 9: 13.
triangularis, ‘4 2°15.- 5 > 62:2 64.32.
Bi2/2B), FOX 70;
GyYMNOPTERIS
triangularis, 10: 25.
HEMIONITIS
palmata, II-2.
HEMITELIA
horrida, 5, 39. 9: 16.
HyMENOPHYLLUM
asplenioides, 5: 39. 8: 65.
ISOETES ;
Bolanderi, 7: 30. 8: 93 (Sonnei).
Butleri, 5: 26.
Dodgei, 6: 6. 8: 6, 7, 8.
Fatoni) 52 35.56 255. sea:
echinospora, 8: 66. 9: 58.
echinospora Boottii, 5: 20, 8: 13.

echinospora Braunii, 10-5. 5: 20.
ge
Engelmanni, 5: 20. 7: 34, 67 (v.

Georgiana). 8: 13, 60 (v. Caro-
liniana). g: 58.

Howelli, 8: 32.

Hystrix, 5: 206.

Macounii, 8: 12.

melanopoda, 6: 73.

melanospora, 7: 66. 8: I4.

Mexicana, 5: 26.

minima, 6: 30.

Montezumae, 5: 25.

Nuttalli, 5: 26. 6: 5. 8: 32, 33.

occidentalis, 8: 93.

Orcutti, 8: 13.
riparia, 8: 6.
saccharata, 8: 7.
Suksdorfi, 8: 33.

Tuckermani, 5: 29 (v. boreale).
yy.
Underwoodi, 8: 32.
LASTRAEA
montana truncata, 8: 42.
pseudo-mas, 5: 56.
LOMARIA
spicant, 8: 40. 10: 25, 70.
LoNCHITIS
aurita, 9: 67.
LycopoDIUM
adpressum, 8: 86, 93. 9: 9 (v.

polyclavatum), 46.
alopecuroides, 5: 3, 12. 6: 23. 7:
66, 97. 8: 16, 93. 10: 16, 18.

alpinum, 9: 32.

annotinum, 4: 48. 9: 32 (v. pun-
gens), 46. 10: 17.

apodum, to: 8.

Carolinianum, 5: 10. 6: 22, 23. 7:
66. 8: 16, 86-9: 46. 10: 19.

chamaecyparissus, 8: 23. 10: I3.

Glayatanl,-5 > 10)..9-.32.~_ 107-16; 17.

complanatum, 8: 23. 10: 16, 17, 64
(v. flabelliforme).

dendroideum, 4: 39.

inundatum, 10-4, 5. 4: 39. 5: 3,

rs 7: 68. 8: 85. 9: 85,

88. :. 16, 19.

sssentehdtanee Bigelovii, 8-5. 4: 390. 5:
R- Gs Bs. <7 OF... S + 76.

lucidulum, 4: 30. 5:6. 6:24. 7:
38. 10: 16, 18.

obscurum, 6: 23. 10: 16, 17.

pinnatum, 8: 93.

porophilum, 8: 93.

rupestre, ro: 8.

sabinaefolium, 8: 93. -

selago, 10-5. 4: 30. 5: 6, 14, 58.
9: 32.

sitchense, 8: 93. 9: 32.

tristachyum, 10: I3.

LycopIUM
palmatum, 11-8. 4:5. 6:21. 7:

G70, 69: .8-33:-.¢.5 10,30. ' 10:

a
volubile, 8: go.

MARSILIA

Aegyptica, 10: 125.

quadrifolia, 11-5. 4: 63. 8: II, 52,
Ge) 16 >. 125)

uncinata, 10: 6, 35, 46.

vestita, 6: 73. 10: 6.

MATTEUCCIA

struthiopteris, 9: 68.

NEPHRODIUM

Boottii, 10: 8o.

cicutarium, 5: 39.

cristatum, 10: 16, 80.

filix-mas, 10: 8o.

Goldieanum, 10: 8o.

marginale, 10: 16, 79, 80. °

Noveboracense, 10: 15, 80, 81.

patens, 10: QI.

simulatum, 10: 80, 81.

spinulosum, 10: 81.

spinulosum dilatatum, 10: 16, 81.

spinulosum intermedium, 10: 15,
81, 83.

tetragonum, 10: QI.

thelypteris, ro: 15, 78 (v. Puf-
ferae), 80, 81.

’

NEPHROLEPIS

exaitata, 57 G4). 9212) 35.5. ‘102 Sa:
pectinata, 7: I2

Philippinensis, 7: 35 and_ var.
. Bauseii.

rufescens f. tripinnatifida, 10: III.
tuberosa, 7: I2, 35.

undulata, 7: 35.

NoTHOLAENA

cretacea, 8: 28.

dealbata, 6: 73.

Fendleri, 7: 20.

ferruginea, 9: 18.
Newberryi, 8: 28.

Portyt, 8: 28.".'¢ s 75:
sinuata, 7: 30.

tenera, 7: 42. 8: 28. 9: 76.

ONOCLEA

sensibilis, I-I0. 7-3. 4: 25. 33. 5:
9, 14, 59, 65. 6:55, 73. 7: 15, 30,

gS

39; 45, 65. 8: 43, 79, 81. 9: 5.
107) 05:

sensibilis f. obtusilobata, 4: 33. 7:
08: (811; 82.60% 103,

struthiopteris) -1-9..-°4: 33. "52.0;
TA. 162 WO, BUK73, 7: 3097 ie:
8: 90.

OPHIOGLOSSUM

Alaskanum, 6: 2. 9: 78.

arenarium, (6 9.<98 2° 17. 93876.

Californicum, 6: 2. 9: 78.

Engelmanni, 6: 2. 9: 78.

mudteatiie, *6.:- 2.7.60, 9 70

pusillum, 6: 2.

vuleatum; 4° 60. 5 Ts 20a).

6 PSIG 2. 7 271 OR, 4 eee;
12, 45, 78 (v. mucronatum). 10:
16, 104.

OSMUNDA

cinnamonea, 2-4. 4: 25, 35, 30. 5:
Tk TO AT OG Lc BE RO MET ee BY
In¢isa );:15, 65,01; 7. Bad 143,
65. O35: 28; FOr. Be On ao:
cinnamonea frondosa, 4: 3, 50. 5:
65. 7135 OG. Ore O.
cinnamonea glandulosa, 10: 21.
Claytoniana, 4: 50. 6: 36, 55. 7:

15,48; 70,.72; 74; 93,973 8. -) AS,
43, 80, 9: 6, 39. 10: 15, 19, 57.
regalis; 2-4. o's 320,80.4e be eor aes

235 730.7 041,15; Ake Oona wee
14, 43.. 792 0,°39.. "TOT 7e Yoon 5s,

75:
PELLAEA
andromedaefolia, 5: 62, 63. 8: 28.
atropurpurea, 3-3. 5-7. 6-2. 4: 5,

7,08; 25 7-1, 5, 0:56; 2530 Ser eh
84.07.54; 20: °82°22).66. “93215, 700
(£cristata) 700.: 0's; SO. eye;
79, 82.

atropurpurea occidentalis, 7: 30. 9:
79.

Breweri, 7: 30.

densa, 7: 30.. 8: 30) 31, $5.°2072970:

gracilis, 5-9.. “45-747. 5ece4ene ee
9: 90, OI. 10: 56, 78, 85.

ornithopus, 4: 15. 5: 62. 8: 28.

ZO); °70.

Stelléri; 5:2 50.2724. as
Wrightiana compacta, 8: 27
PHANEROPHLEBIA
auriculata, 7::°.73:
PHEGOPTERIS
alpestris, 8: 41.
dryopteris, 2-4. 4: 43, 48.
6: 20526440 0.65.2 ae
hexagonoptera, 4: 4, 36, 44, 66. 5:
50: 36.2, 30. 483)90,0H
phegopteris, 4-6. 4: 25, 36. 7: 95,
00:9: 32:--10:- 40)
polypodioides, 4-6. 4: 42. 8: 8o.
102115.
reptans,: 10> 67.
Robertiana, 10: 47.
PHLEBODIUM
aureum, 10: 67.
PHYLLITIS
scolopendrium, 5: 54, 70. 7:1. 10:
57:
PoLyPODIUM
aureum, 10-7. 7: 89.

BY OF

Californicum, 8: 29. 9: 42, 76, 92.
10: 70.

falcatum,-841? 29: 50, Gosgar-iee
2A.

hesperium, 9: 60, 77.
Hillebrandii, 4: 45.
hymenophylloides, 4: 45.

incanum, 2-7. 4-6. 8: 56. 9: 28.
LOGS fe

Japonicum, 10: 42.

Nipponicum, 10: 43.

pectinatum, 6: 306.

phyllitidis, 5: 40. 7: 89. 10: 67.

plumula, 5: 40. 7: 89.

polypodioides, 4: 46. 5: 11, 64. 6:
54. 7: 66, 89.

pseudo-grammitis, 4: 45.

reptans, 5: 39.

salicifolium, 5: 39.

Scouleri, 9: 40, 60, 73.

spectrum, 4: 45.

Swartzii, 5: 40. 7: 89.

vacciniaefolium, 5: 40.

Virginianum, 10: I4.

vulgare, I-10. 2-6. 3-I. 8-2. 4:

5, 6, 43, 48. 6: 30. 7: 34, 66. 8:
AI, 50, 80. g: 10 (foreign var’s).
10: 13, 15, 25, 43, 56, 105.
vulgare acuminatum, 10: 13, 5I.
vulgare acutum, 8: 58.
vulgare angustum, 7: 34.
vulgare auritum, 7: 94.
vulgare cambricum, 7: 34. 10: 52.
vulgare cristatum, 6-8. 7: 34.
vulgare deceptum, 9: 79.
vulgare laciniatum, 10: I3.
vulgare occidentale, g: 31.
vulgare oreophilum, g: 21.
vulgare rotundatum, 7: 34.
vulgare serratum, 10: 105.
PoLysTICHUM
acrostichoides, 9: II. 10: 16, 105.
aculeatum, 8: 29. 10: 2, 25.
ane@uiare)5 50: 9 10°(var’s).. 10:

|
|
|
2.

Braunii, 9: 12.
Californicum, 10: 25.
lobatum, Jo: 25.
lonchitis, 9: 12, 32.
mohrioides, 8: 29.
munitum, 8: 30 (v. imbricans), 31.
9: 8 (v. flabellatum). 10: 24 (Cf.
inciso-serratum), 25, 105.
platyphyllum, 8: 64.
scopulinum, 8: 29. 10: 25.
tenue, 8: 63. 10: 89.
PsILoTUM
nudum, 10: 306.
PTERIDIUM
aquilinum pubescens, 10: 24.
PTERIS
aquilina, I-10. 2-3.. 6: 23, 55. 7:
30, 39, 41, 65, 80, 99. 8: 27, 37,
39,43, 70, 90.9: 5. 102-16; 19,
66, 75.
aquilina pseudo-caudata, 8: 39.
caudata, 7: 89. 8: 38,55. 9: 43, 7I.
cretica, 11-8. 7:41. 8: 46.
esculenta, 8: 38, 55.
lanuginosa, 5: 57. 8: 37, 55.
longifolia, 5: 39. 7: 89. 9: 43. Io:
33, 65, 67.
serrulata, 4: 66. 6: 8.
tremula, 6: Io.

16594

SCHIZAEA
pusilla, 4: 17, 20, 47, 62. 5: 11. 6:
OT Ae es, TG. IOS Abe FOr ats
ScCOLOPENDRIUM

vulgare, 4-6. 6-2. I2-1,7. 4:7, 31,
06.2-52.0, 14:,56,-Oty 65.°°6 5315 77:
70; G8... 9. -1; (10° var’s).- 10: 57,
99, III (crispum).

SELAGINELLA

apus, 5: 60. 7: 66. 8: 43, 46. 10:
16, 82, 83.

arenicola, 7: 46. 10: 9, 84.

Aschenbornii, 10: IT.

Bigelovii, 7: 34, 46. 10: 9.
Bolanderi, 1o: II.

Bourgeaui, 10: 10.
Chrismari, 10: 9.
cinerascens, 7: 33. 10: 9, I0.

Engelmanni, 10: Io.

extensa, 7: 46. 10: I2.

Fendleri, 7: 46. 9: 50.

Hanseni, 10: 12.

Haydeni, 10: Io.

Ludoviciana, 10: 82.

montaniensis, 10: I0.

mutica, 7: 34, 46. 10: I0.

oregana, 7: 46. 10: 8.

rupestris, 5: 60. 7: 30, 33, 45. 8:

30. @: 505. e226, ‘9;-10,

rupincola, 7: 46. 10: 9.

Sartorii, 10: IT.

selaginoides, 5: 60.

Schmidtii, 10: Io.

struthioloides, 7: 46. 10: 12, 25.

tortipila, 7: 46. 10: 9.

Underwoodii, to: IT.

Wallacei, 10: 10.

Watsoni, 7: 46. 10: I0.

Wightii, 10: II, 53.
STRUTHIOPTERIS

Germanica, 2-4. 4: 34. 9: 68. 10:

Ls.

TAENITIS

lanceolata, 7: 90.
TECTARIA

trifoliata, g: 72.
TRICHOMANES

Boschianum, 10: 125.

peltatum, 7: 59.

10: 67.

—24—

Petersii, 5: 63. 8: 84. Oregana; ‘6:73 °¥2 20... 82 SF.
radicans, 4: 32, 57, 66. 8: 89. 10: scopulina, 4:12. 7: 20.
125.
ree 5: 39. 8: 89. WoopwARDIA
VIYTTARIA angustifolia, 2-6. 4-6. 4: 39. 7:
lineata, 5: 64. 7: 89. 10: 36. 71,2O1. - 20275
os e\ a eens areolata, 4-6. 4: 40. 5: 9, 12, 20.
Anta, pa BK Ae zis Sree 6: 22, 82. 7: 42, 65, 69. 9: 5.
33. radicans, 4: 15. 7:9. 8: 27, 40, 69,
hyperborea, 4-6. 5-9. 94. 9: 86. 10: 70.
Ilvensis, 3-4. 5-9. 10-5, 8. 4: 25. spinulosa, 9: 86.

Be 2" Bi. 33- ge OR 2 3 ! ;
Gbtisa 5:1, 4b toten = a eines Virginica, 3-2. 5-9. 6-7. 4: 22, 39,

I, 24. 6: 36, 73, 7:65. 8:19. 9: Al. 5:29. 6:22. 7: 4,8, 65, 7I.
55. 10: 83, 105. a: 5 20. 108 Aa; 7S.

CONTRIBUTORS

Antuony, Mrs. E. C. 8: 66, 69. 9: 19. 10: 65, 84.
ATKINSON, GEorGE F. 4: 33.

BarcLay, F. W. 6: 25.

Batts, JAMES A. 3-I. 4:2. 6: 31.: 8: 19.
BRArS? A. nb Fee 1:

BessEy, CHARLES E. 7: 14.

BEATTIE, R. Kent. 6: 72.

BIDWELL, Mary W. 8: 61.

BIRKENHEAD, J. 7: 35.

BRANDAGEE, T. S. 7: 42.

BRITTON, ELIZABETH G. 4: 17, 62. 6:1. 7: 34. 10: 125.
BucHHEISTER, J. C. 10: 56.

BurNuAM, Stewart H. 4: 62. 10: 57.

CAMPBELL, Mrs. Junta E. 5: 62.

Carr, Mary E. 3-5. 10-7.

CLute, WILLARD N. 1-9. 2-6. 3-7. 4-5. 8-5. 10-1. 12-4. 4:8. 5: 5, 45, 54,
Go. 6: 10, 28, 52, 75, 76. 7: 61, 67, OI, 95, 97. 8: 15, 37, 56, 64, 67, 73,
81, 85, 88, 89. 9: 8, 11, 12, 16, 38, 43, 57, 64, 67, 85, QI. 10: 5, 16, 26, 33,
47, 70, 77, 79, 82, 87, 89, IOI, 122.

CRAWFORD, JOSEPH. 8: 17.
Curtiss, GEorcE F. II-I.

DAVENPoRT, GrorcE E. 4: 40. 5: 24, 40. 7:97. 8:1, 70. 9: 37, 77. 10: 22,
59, 97, 126.

Dean, Mrs. A. D. 1-8. 8-1.

DersHIMER, Mrs. T. D. 4-4.

DopcE, RAYNAL. 4: 35. 6: 31.

Druery, CHARLES T. 5: 56. 6: 26. 7: 30, 99. 8: 4I, 42, 43, 87. 9:9. 10:
51, 107.

HaAton, ArvAn A. 4: 60. 5: 3,11, 13;.25, 20, 43,66. 6:5, 30, 45, 60.. 7: 7, 12,
eda es. 10 te Ae 52-00, 75. “3: 23, 7,33; G1,-81;. 86, Ol. “10: 43; 54-71%
78, 120.

Eccleston, WILLARD W. 7: 4. 8: 5.

Ferriss, JAMES H. 7: 08.

FLETCHER, DR. 5: 57.

Fiert, J. B. 7:9, 36. 8:40. 9: 31. 10: 24, 25.

eon een Ng. 2h) 6-37-65 4s 22 3; 10; 37, 41.8: 0).02, ot. 9: 6, 25, 53,
QO, 92. 10: 12, 74, 116.

Goetrinc, Mrs. A. E. 10: 85.

Gorman, M. W. 5: 9.

Graves, C. B. 8: 18.

GravEs, JAMES A. 2-I. 4-I. 4:9. 7: 39.

Green; H. Al 5: 11... 6: 27.

Grout, A. J. 5-9. 10-4. 6: 24.

Hasperer, Dr. J. V. g: 88.
Hatstep, Byron D. 7: 70.
Harper, Roranp M. 7: 65.

His, Bho s~ 31: 92.55: 102,82:
HiInspALE, GEorcE G._ 1-6.

Horr, C. W. 7: 46.

Houst, Homer D. 8: 40. g: 84. 10: I4.
Howe, Dr. M. A. to: 125.
Hurst, Rev. Grorce D. g: I.
Huntincron, J. W. 7: 12.
Hutcuinson, H. D. 11-7.

Jenks, C. W. 8: oI.

KAUFMAN, PAULINE. 8: I6.
KELLERMAN, Dr. W. A. 7: 96.
Kew, He Co as 62)

Know ton, F. L. 9g: 8o.
KNowrton, Mrs. STEPHEN. 8: 30.

Lemon, J. H.. 2-3.

MaAynarp,. Pror. C. J. 4: 27.
Maxon, Wintiam R:* 7 :°1, 55, 63,90; 04:8: 8, 20, 58; 84> 92.10, 500010:
42, 46.
McDonatp, Frank FE. 8: 34.
MeLowtn, C."Dss 2:233,22 agers
MEEHAN, Pror. THOMAS. 8: 25. 9: 28.
MercaLF, Rest H. 10: 509.
Miter, Mary F. 10: 123.
Miniican, Mrs. J. M. 7: 12.
WovaAKE, ers; !. 7 > SO sax0 tie.
Murritt, Pror. W. ALPHONSO. 5: I, 62.

NELSON, ELIAS. 7: 20.
Noyes, Eumira E. 7-1.

Orr, ELLISON. 10: 56.
Osmun, A. VINCENT. 10: 58.

PauMErR, T. CHALKLEY. 8: 6.

PArMER, WILLIAM. 92.70. @2-18) 16. -- 102.37.
Parise, 5. B. 08% 262 -9240,°72:

Parsons, FRANCES THEODORA. 6: 74.

PoLLarD, CHARLES Louris. 7: 71, 88.

Price, Sapie F. 4: 57, 62. 6: 30, 31. 82,86; Or:
Putnam, Brssig L. 7: 15. 8: 42.

Ricu, RicHarp H. 4: 63.
Ropinson, Pror. B. L. 7: 68.
Rous, F. Pryton. 4: 64. 5: 64.

SAUNDERS, C: F. 10-6. 11-3 32-1.’ 426, 20, AO, 64.505 10, 20,039,070, Og, a,

49. 7:31; OO. B14) 33) Sans Denso. oa:
SETCHELL, Pror. Wiii1AM ALBERT. 8: 49.

—27—

SHEPARD, C. ANTOINETTE. 4: 22.

SLOSSON, WIARCARET. 6:51. .7 25. - 97-19) 20. 102120.
SmitH, GrorcE EK. 10: III.

SmitH, R. W. 8: 66, 88.

preens, W. CC. ro: 19.

STEVENS, Mrs. M. L. 1-4.

STEWART, Guy L. g: 15.

Tay tor, Mrs. JosEpH D. 8: 78.
Terry, Emity Hitcucock. 6:7. 8: 36.
THompson, EstuHer H. I1-5.

Unperwoom Pror. L. Mi 3-6. “5:14, 28, 53; 63.° 7: 95. 82:52, 50, 70. 9 2°40.
FO 70, 275 53,65; 105.

VAN INGEN, GILBERT. 9: 7.

WALLER, ELWYN. 7: IS.

Watter, A. May. 1-5.

Pema 2 ge o-5. 3-3. 5-7. 6-1. 12-2. 4°: 4; .9)°362°5: “11,721, 58:
RG a seig ec 6,022 .0.-°Q2:. 207.1, 21, 50.

Watkins, W.G. 10: 68.

WiitaMs, CHartes L. 1-8. 4-6. 8-2.

WiiitaMs, NEWLIN. 4: 59.

Woopsury, FE. D. 4: 27.

Woorson, G. A. 7:13. 9: 80.

ZIRNGIEBEL, FRANCES. 6: 9.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS NOTICED

Arportr’s In Nature’s Realm, 9: 46.
AvAms’ Nature Studies in Berkshire, 9: 70.
ArTHUR’s Laboratory Exercises in Vegetable Physiology, 6: 36.
Asa Gray BuLirtin, The, 4: 53. 6: 34. 8: 46. 9: 45.
ATKINSON’s Elementary Botany, 7: 18.
First Studies in Plant Life, 9: 94.
Studies of American Fungi, 9: 23.
Transformation of Sporophyllary to Vegetative Organs, 5: 36.
Battty’s Botanizing: A Guide to Field Collecting and Herbarium Work,
7: 103.
New England Wild Flowers and Their Seasons, 5: 72.
BIRKENHEAD’S Ferns and Fern Culture, 6: 509.
BrsHop’s Plants of Connecticut, 4: 71.
BotaNIcAL GAZETTE, 4: 53, 5:19, 35, 51. 6: 16. 8: 46. Qg: 21.
BriTISH PTERIDOLOGICAL Society, Reports for 1894-7. 6: 14.
BrittoN AND Brown’s Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern States and
Canada, 5: 36, 51. 10: 30.
Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the N. Eastern States and Canada, 10: 30.
Brown’s (Kate L.) The Plant Baby and Its Friends, 7: 47.
BuLLETIN oF THE Torrey BoTaNicalL Cus, 4: 31. 5: 19, 7I..7: 17. 8: 22,
23.03.40: 45:
CAMPBELL’s Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns, 4: 54.
Curist’s Die Farn Krauter der Erde, 5: 35.
Criute’s A Fern Collector’s Guide, 10: 95.
Our Ferns in Their Haunts, 9: 70.
Cooxr’s Fern Book for Everybody, 1-7. 4: 31.
CouLter’s Plant Relations, 7: 103.
Plant Structure, 8: 46.
DALLAS AND Burcin’s Among the Mushrooms: A Guide for Beginners, 9: 22.
Donce’s Ferns and Fern Allies of New England, 5: 20.
Druery’s Choice British Ferns, 5: 49.
DupLEy AND THuRston’s Flora of the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valleys.
ac .ag;
Ear.te’s Old Time Gardens, 10: 61.

Eaton’s Ferns of North America, 12-11.
FrerNwort Papers. Printed for The Linnaean Fern Chapter, 9: 29, 46.
Firzpatrick’s Ferns of Iowa and Their Allies, 6: 35.
Frint’s A Garden of Simples, 9: 47.
Forester, The, 4: 72.
Forest LEAVES, 4: 7I.
Grgson’s Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests, 10: 95.
GitBert’s Working List of North American Pterydophytes, 9: 95.
GorBEL’s Organography of Plants, 9: 23.
Gobir, JAMES, Diary of, 5: 71.
Grout’s Mosses With a Hand Lens, 9: 22.
Revision of the North American Isotheciaceae and Brachythecia,
G>-15:
Heawp’s Laboratory Manual in Elementary Biology, 10: 93.
_ Hetier’s Botanical Explorations in Southern Texas, 6: 36.
Catalog of the North American Plants North of Mexico, 6: 36.
Ferns and Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands, 5: 52.

Hervey’s Observations on the Color of Flowers, 7: 102.
Hiccinson’s Procession of the Flowers, 5: 52.
Howe tu’s Flora of Northwest America, 9: 48, 60.
Huntincton’s Studies of Trees in Winter, 10: 62.
INDIAN GARDENING, 9: 45.
Iowa, Natural History Bulletin of the University of, Vol. 5, No. 2, 9: 94.
JENMAN’s Ferns of the British West Indies and Guiana, 8: 46, 70.
JouRNAL oF Borany, 6: 83.
JouRNAL oF MycoLocy, 10: 126.
KEELER’s Our Native Trees and How to Know Them, 8: 70.
Kentucky, Flora of Warren County, 4: 32.
KNoseEL’s Ferns and Evergreens of New England, 12-12.
Lioyp’s The Geasters of North America, 10: 95.
Lounssberry’s A Guide to the Trees, 9: 47.

A Guide to the Wildflowers, 10: 61.

Southern Wildflowers and Trees, 10: 20.
Loveyjoy’s Poetry of the Seasons, 7: 47.
MarsHAati’s The Mushroom Book, 9: 47.
Matruews’ The Field Book of American Wildflowers, 10: 94.
Maxon’s A List of the Ferns and Fern Allies of North America North of

Mexico, 9: 71.

McDoucat’s Elementary Plant Physiology, 10: 94.
McMrman’s Minnesota Plant Life, 8: 24.

«

MrrHan’s Monthly, 4: 32. 5: 51. 9: 44.
MILLSPAUGH AND Nurrati’s Flora of West Virginia, 4: 72.
Missourt Boranica, Garden, Annual Report of, 4: 72.
MoorEHEAD’S Prehistoric Implements, 8: 95.
Mumrorp’s Representative Forest Trees, 10: 63.
NATIONAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, 5: 36.
NATURE STUDY, 9: 44.
Nepraska, Flora of the Sandhills of: Dept. of Agriculture, 4: 31.
Papers PRESENTED AT THE Boston Megtine of the Linnaean Fern Chapter,
7: 74-.
Parsons’ According to Season, 10: 95.
How to Know the Ferns, 7: 74.

Prcx’s Mushrooms: Memoirs of N. Y. S. Museum, 9: 69.
PLant Wort, The, 6: 15, 35, 83.
Price’s Fern Collector’s Handbook and Herbarium, 5: 51.
PROCEEDINGS OF CANADIAN INstITUTE for 1896, 5: 35.
Pusiic Lepcer, Philadelphia, 5: 71.
RHopoRA, 8: 93. 9: 21, 44, 45.
Ropinson’s Ferns In Their Homes and Ours, 1-7.
Russpy AND JELLIFFE’s Morphology and Histology of Plants, 8: 23.
SARGEN’T’s Corn Plants: Their Uses and Ways of Life, 7: 75.
SCHNEIDER’s A Guide to the Study of Lichens, 6: 84.

A Text-Book of General Lichenology, 5: 52.
SCHWARz’s Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, 10: 62.
Step’s Wayside and Woodland Blossoms, 4: 54, 71.
Taytor’s Student’s Handbook of The Mushrooms of America, 5:72. 6: 16, 35.
TORREYA, 9: 45.
Torrey’s A World of Green Hills, 7: 47.
Tricker’s The Water Garden, 6: 16.
UnprErwoop’s Moulds, Mildews and Mushrooms, 8: 71.

Our Native Ferns and Their Allies, 1-6. Sixth Edition, 8: 94.

Revision of the Genera of Ferns Proposed prior to 1832, 8: 47.
University Forum, 5: I9.
Urran’s Symbolae Antillanae, 7: 18.
Wait AND Ltonarp’s Among Flowers and Trees with the Poets, 10: 29.
Warers’ Analytical Key for the Ferns of the Northeastern States, Based on

the Stipes, 10: 93.

WitiiAMs’ Next to the Ground, 10: 126.
Wricut’s Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts, 9: 69.

—3I—

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

=

Adder’s-tongue, variant. 7: 90.
Asplenium Bradleyi. 5: 22.
Asplenium Clutei. 8: 62.
Asplenium ebenoides. 5: 2. 10: 3.
Asplenium fontanum. 5: 46.
Asplenium montanum. 5: 27.

Beech fern. 4: 42.

Botrychium biternatum. 5: 30.
Botrychium ternatum oneidense. 9: 27.
Bryological Glossary. 7: 83, I10.
Camptosorus sibericus. 6: 75.
Catharinea angustata. 6: 64.
Cheilanthes amoena. 5: 44.
Christmas fern. 9g: IT.

Clute, Willard Nelson. 10: 99.
Climbing fern, young. 9g: 30.

Coiling frond, A. 4: 37.

Cystopteris fragilis. 6: 45.
Cystopteris fragilis, pinnae. 9: 64.
Cystopteris fragilis magnasora. 9: 65.
Davenport, George Edward. 9: 25.
Dicranum scoparium. 6: 87.
Dryopteris cristata x marginalis. 7: 6.
Dryopteris simulata. 4: 33.

Eaton, Alvah Augustus. 10: 33.
Eaton, Daniel Cady. 8: 49.
Equisetum arvense. 7: 31. 10: 49.
Funaria hygrometrica. 7: 54.

Gilbert, Benjamin Davis. 9: 49.
Goldie, John. 8: 73.

Hart’s-tongue, The. 5: 55.
Hart’s-tongue, young. 7: 2.

Heater for Glycerine Jelly Slides. 7: 22.
Horsetail stems. 5: I0.

*

Isoetes Echinospora Braunii. 9g: 57.
Lycopodium alopecuroides. 10: 18.

Lycopodium lucidulum, bulblets of. 6: 24.

Meehan, Thomas. 9g: 73.
Mnium sylvaticum. 7: 79.
Nephrodium, Pinnae of. 10: 8o.
Oak fern. 4: 43.

- Onoclea sensibilis. 8: 81.

Ophioglossum arenarium. 6: 21.
Ophioglossum vulgatum. 4: 61.
Osmunda cinnamomea, pinnae. g: 38.
Osmunda Claytoniana, pinnae. 9: 39.
Parsons, Frances Theodora. 10: I.
Pellaea atropurpurea. 5: 5.
Phycomitrium turbinatum. 7: 54.
Pogonatum tenue. 6: 40.

Polypodium vulgare. 6: 29. 8: 57.
Polytrichum commune. 6: I9.

Pteris serrulata. 6: 8.

Redfield, John Howard. 8: 25.
Saunders, Charles Francis. 10: 65.
Schizaea pusilla. 4: 20.

Selaginella apus. 5: 61.

Sori. 6: 53.

Underwood, Lucien Marcus. g: I.
Williamson, John. 8: 1.

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