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Gil  FIT  OF 
Dr.   Robert   T.  Sutherland 


Sabbatia. 


•Sabbatia  chtoroides., 
ria  dodecanclrn 


Field  Book  of 
American  Wild 
Flowers 


Being  a  Short  Description  of  Their 
Character  and  Habits,  a  Concise 
Definition  of  Their  Colors,  and  In- 
cidental References  to  the  Insects 
Which  Assist  in  Their  Fertilization 


By    F.    Schuyler    Mathews 

Member  of  the  New  England  Botanical  Club 

and  Author  of 
"Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,"  etc. 


New  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged 

With  24  Colored  Plates  and  over  300  Other 
Illustrations  from  Studies  from  Nature  by  the 
Author  *  *  *  *  *  *  * 


G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons 

New  York  and  London 
3be   "Knickerbocker    press 


JT     .fl-TX     6<A 


COPYRIGHT,  1902,  BY 
F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS 

COPYRIGHT,  1912,  BY 
F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS 


Twenty-second  Printing 


TCbe  Imfcfcerbocfeer  I5re00,  flew 


To 
C.  A.  M. 


IN   REMEMBRANCE   OF 
MANY  JOURNEYS  AFIELD  IN 

THE  BEAUTIFUL   VALLEY  OF  THE   PEMIGEWASSET 

THIS   BOOK   IS    AFFECTIONATELY 

INSCRIBED 


A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 

THE  very  extensive  revision  of  the  Fieldbook  of  Amer- 
ican Wild  Flowers  is  primarily  due  to  the  many  com- 
munications which  I  have  received  from  the  East  and 
from  the  West  containing  inquiries  about  various  more  or 
less  common  species  of  plants,  the  description  or  illustra- 
tion of  which  did  not  appear  in  the  book.  Such  inquiries 
were  the  indubitable  evidences  of  the  fact  that  a  popular 
work  on  botany  must  thoroughly  cover  the  ground  or 
else  imperfectly  fulfil  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended. 
The  Drawings  ^ne  °^  ^e  most  important  points  in  a 
and  Additional  book  of  this  kind  is  its  complete  illustra- 
Descriptions  tion ;  that,  more  than  anything  else,  should 
enable  the  layman  to  identify  some  unknown  species 
without  a  protracted  search  through  the  text.  As  a 
consequence  this  edition  is  fully  illustrated  with  drawings 
direct  from  nature,  about  three  hundred  of  which  are 
new.  It  also  includes  the  descriptions  of  over  one  hun- 
dred added  species,  which  in  many  instances  complete 
the  genus — for  instance,  Sparganium,  Sagittaria,  Xyris, 
Tradescantia,  Lilium,  Oxalis,  Geranium,  etc.  Of  course 
this  statement  applies  to  the  genera  included  within  the 
geographical  limitation  of  the  book,  drawn  at  the  100th 
meridian  west  from  Greenwich.  Again,  it  is  not  possi- 
ble, within  the  narrow  limits  of  a  pocket  volume  to 
include  all  the  flowering  plants  and  shrubs  of  the  eastern 
half  of  the  United  States;  the  addition  of  a  second  volume 
must  accomplish  that.  Also  the  expression  * '  complete 
illustration  "  does  not  necessarily  mean  the  drawing  of 
every  individual  species  described.  I  cannot  show  by  a 
pen-and-ink  sketch  the  diagnostic  differences  which  exist 
in,  say,  the  matter  of  one  hundred  or  so  species.  These 
are  usually  variations  of  color  or  botanical  detail  for 
which  a  few  words  will  suffice.  In  a  word,  the  botanist 
must  count  the  stamens,  but  the  artist  will  draw  only 


A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


those  he  sees  ;  he  misses  his  vocation  when  he  attempts 
to  count !  There  is  a  drawing  for  every  species  whose 
difference  from  another  can  be  properly  expressed  by  a 
sketch.  Any  new  drawings,  which  of  necessity  are 
widely  separated  from  the  text  are  indexed. 

The  newer  scientific  nomenclature  of  the 

Names lentlflC  ^ook'  ^  is  Pertinent  to  sav»  is  an  innovation 
which  was  a  radical  necessity.  The  names 
are  now  those  of  the  seventh  edition  of  Gray's  Manual 
of  Botany,  and  in  accordance  with  the  code  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Botanists  held  in  Vienna,  June, 
1905.  It  is  also  a  satisfaction  to  note  that  in  many 
instances  they  accord  with  those  of  Britton  and  Brown's 
Flora  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Very  naturally 
considerable  difficulty  has  attended  the  effort  to  bring 
the  book  into  exact  conformity  with  the  Vienna  code, 
but  in  one  minor  instance  that  has  not  seemed  altogether 
necessary.  The  geographical  names  such  as  AmericoMa, 
Canadensis,  Virginiana,  etc.,  are  now  written  ameri- 
cana,  canadensis,  etc.  Wherever,  therefore,  these  names 
appear  with  the  capital,  it  should  be  remembered  that  a 
thorough  change  (it  would  carry  no  weight  aside  from 
a  technicality)  would  involve  the  alteration  of  innumer- 
able plates,  and  result  only  in  inconsequential  uniformity. 
On  the  other  hand  the  important  change  of  generic  and 
specific  titles,  very  often  involving  an  entirely  different 
concept  of  classification,  is  an  essential  one,  particularly 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  as  time  progresses  nomenclator- 
ial  confusion  must  disappear  before  an  internationally 
supported  standard. 

The  effort  to  describe  the  colors  of  flow- 
The  Color  Key 

ers  with  scientific  accuracy  and  yet  not 

unduly  disturb  botanical  tradition  has  already  been  em- 
phasized within  these  pages.  Unfortunately  it  is  difficult 
for  the  artist,  whose  calling  imposes  upon  him  the  need 
of  knowing  color  in  all  its  complex  artistic  phases,  to 
impart  to  either  the  layman  or  the  botanist  an  exact  idea 
of  a  particular  hue  in  a  word  or  two.  Popular  names 
are  unreliable ;  technical  ones — those  which  belong  to 
the  palette — are  insufficiently  known  outside  the  studio. 
Yet  some  sort  of  a  simple  scientific  classification  of  flower- 


A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


colors  is  requisite  if  one  would  avoid  confusion.  Such  a 
scientific  arrangement  of  names  will  be  found  in  the 
Introduction,  and  the  adaptation  in  the  Color  Key, 
Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  De  Candolle  arranged 
these  flower-colors  in  two  comprehensive  divisions  which 
he  named:  (1)  Xanthic,  Yellow,  and  (2)  Cyanic,  Blue. 
This  pioneer  and  somewhat  crude  attempt  to  reduce  a 
multiplicity  of  color  types  to  a  system  and  establish  a 
certain  relationship  between  its  two  great  divisions,  is 
precisely  the  best  means  of  enabling  us  to  understand 
the  extreme  limitations  of  our  North  American  flower- 
colors.  Retaining  yellow  and  those  hues  of  De  Candolle's 
Cyanic  division  which  grade  through  crimson  and  purple 
to  ultramarine,  we  have  exactly  the  colors  which  belong 
to  the  flora  of  our  range  except  the  exceedingly  small 
percentage  of  orange  and  red  belonging  to  the  Xanthic 
division  ;  these  last  are  contributed  by  plants  which  for 
one  reason  or  another  survive  beyond  their  proper  home 
in  the  subtropical  region.  We  have  scarcely  a  true  red 
flower  within  our  range  ;  the  same  may  be  said  of  a  blue 
flower;  only  the  Family  Boraginacess  shows  any  approach 
to  true  blue.  A  careful  study  of  my  Color  Key  will 
disclose  the  fact  that  about  seventy-five  per  cent  of  our 
flower-colors  is  equally  divided  between  yellow,  white, 
and  magenta-purple  ;  the  remaining  twenty-five  per  cent 
is  scattered  between  pink,  orange,  and  a  negligible  quan- 
tity of  red  and  so-called  blue.  It  is  well  to  note  also 
that  many  of  our  white  flowers  are  albinos  and  the  rest 
are  in  a  large  measure  showy  agglomerations  of  fussy 
little  blossoms,  the  very  opposite  of  our  wonderfully 
developed  White  Water-lily.  It  is  very  evident,  there- 
fore, that  conditions  of  light  and  heat  are  responsible  for 
the  modification  and  limitation  of  all  flower-colors  in 
the  North,  and  that  these  in  their  turn  are  the  direct 
evidences  of  an  arrested  development.  With  this  under- 
standing of  the  very  limited  range  of  color  involved, 
and  with  the  aid  of  the  Color  Key,  it  ought  not  to  be  dif- 
ficult to  trace  a  given  specimen  if  one  prefers  this  method 
of  procedure.  The  chances  are  that  scarcely  a  true  blue, 
orange,  scarlet,  or  red  flower  will  be  encountered  in 
the  field. 


A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


The  Key  to  the  various  Families  based 
K  e  '  '  upon  leaf  form  and  flower  character  should 

be  useful  to  those  who  prefer  to  hunt  down 
a  strange  specimen  by  this  means.  But  it  is  necessary 
to  give  close  heed  to  the  many  exceptions  to  rigid  rule. 
These  exceptions  are  recorded  as  faithfully  as  possible 
throughout  the  Key.  Often  a  plant  is  opposite-leaved 
at  the  base  and  alternate-leaved  at  the  top — Lythrum 
alatum,  for  instance — in  such  a  case  the  form  of  the  older, 
lower  leaves  is  alone  recorded  with  other  important 
characters  of  the  plant. 

Not  infrequently  it  is  the  case  that  the  leaves  are  so 
crowded  on  the  plant-stem  one  cannot  tell  whether  they 
are  alternate  or  opposite.  But  the  Key  always  records 
the  fact,  and  it  is  the  alternating  leaf  which  usually  does 
the  crowding.  In  the  use  of  the  term  "circling"  I  do 
not  mean  that  kind  of  a  leaf  which  is  apparently  pierced 
by  the  plant-stem,  but  the  one  which  with  its  fellows 
encircles  the  stem ;  the  technical  term  for  such  an 
arrangement  is  whorled.  Whorled  leaves  are,  of  course, 
opposite. 

In  the  last  part  of  the  Key  certain  leaves  like  those  of 
the  Cat-tail  are  called  "  blade-shaped,"  perhaps  a  more 
acceptable  term  would  have  been  sword-shaped  ;  but  I 
use  the  word  blade  in  the  same  sense  as  one  uses  it  in 
connection  with  grass.  Needless  to  say  a  small  pocket 
magnifying  glass  is  essential  to  every  one  who  desires 
seriously  to  study  flowers.  The  counting  of  stamens  or 
an  examination  of  the  character  of  style  and  pistil,  or 
even  the  smooth  or  hairy  surface  of  a  leaf  or  a  plant- 
stem  should  not  be  attempted  without  the  assistance  of 
a  lens.  The  Key's  usefulness  is  really  dependent  upon 
the  study  of  plants  with  optical  aid,  such  a  method  of 
procedure  is  consequently  the  only  way  to  use  a  very 
small  Key  with  which  to  open  a  very  large  door 
successfully. 

F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS. 
CAMBRIDGE,  March,  1912. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  REVISED  EDITION  v 

LIST  OF  COLORED  PLATES xiii 

COLORS — AN  INDEX  TO  ASSIST  IN  THE  IDENTIFI- 
CATION OF  A  FLOWER  OR  ITS  FRUIT  BY  MEANS 
OF  THE  COLOR  ......  XIV 

TECHNICAL  TERMS        .          .          .          ...          .      xvi 

INSECTS  WHICH  ASSIST  IN  THE  FERTILIZATION  OF 

FLOWERS xvii 

INTRODUCTION xix 

FAMILIES: 

Cat-tail  (Typhacece) 2 

Bur  Reed  (5 parganiacece)      .          .     "     .          .         4 
Water  Plantain  (Alismacecz)  .          .         .         6 

Arum  (Arace<z)      ......        10 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  (Xyridacea)     .          *          .18 
Spiderwort  (Commelinacecz)  .          .          .18 

Pickerel  Weed  (Pontederiacdce)       .          .          .22 
Lily  (LiliacecB)       .          .          .          .          .          .24 

Amaryllis  (Amaryllidacece)     .          .          .          .60 

Iris  (Iridacecs)        .          .          .          .          .          .62 

Orchid  (Orckidacece)       .          .          .          .          .68 

Birthwort  (Aristolochiaceae)  ...        98 

Buckwheat  (Polygonacece)      .          .          .          .102 

Goosefoot  (ChenopodiacecB)  .          .          .no 

Amaranth  (AmarantacecE)      .          .          .          .112 

Purslane  (P ortulacacece)          .          .          .          .114 

Pink  (CaryophyllacecB)  .          .          .          .116 

Water- Lily  (Nymph&acece)    .          .          .          .126 

Crowfoot  (Ranunculacecz)      .         .         . ,      .128 
Barberry  (B erberidacece)         .          .          .          .152 

Poppy  (P  ap  aver  ace  &)    .          .          .          .          .156 

Mustard  (Cructferce)       .          .          .          .          .166 

Pitcher  Plant  (Sarraceniacece)        .         .          .176 
Sundew  (DroseracecB)     .          .          .          .          .178 

Orpine  (Crassulacece) 180 

ix 


CONTENTS. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece) 

Rose  (Rosacea)      ..... 

Pulse  (Leguminoscs)       .... 

Geranium  (Geraniacece)          .         . 

Sorrel  (Oxalidacece)        .... 

Flax  (LinacecB)      ..... 

Milkwort  (Polygalacecz) 

Spurge  (Euphorbiacecs) 

Cashew  (Anacardiacecs) 

Staff-tree  (Cclastracece) 

Jewel- weed  (Balsaminacecs) 

Buckthorn  (Rhamnacece) 

Vine  (Vitacecs)       ..... 

Mallow  (Malvaceae)        .... 

St.  John's-wort  (Hypericacece) 

Rock-rose  (Cistacece) 

Violet  (Violaceos) 

Loosestrife  (Lythracea) 

Meadow-beauty  (M elastomacecs)    . 

Evening  Primrose  (Onagracecs) 

Ginseng  (Araliacece)       .... 

Parsley  (UmbellijercB)    .... 

Dogwood  (CornacecB)     .... 

Pyrola  (Pyrolacece)         .... 

Heath  (Ericaceos)  .... 

Diapensia  (Diapensiacece) 

Primrose  (Primulacecs) 

Plumbago  or  Leadwort  (Plumbaginacece) 

Gentian  (Gentianacecs) 

Dogbane  (Apocynacece) 

Milkweed  (Asclepiadacece} 

Convolvulus  (Convolvulacecs) 

Phlox  (Polemoniacea) 

Borage  (Boraginacece) 

Vervain  (V erbenacece)    .... 

Mint  (Labiates)      ..... 

Nightshade  (Solanacece) 

Figwort  (Scrophulariacece)     . 

Broom-rape  (probanchacea)  .         .         • 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Plantain  (Plantaginacea)       .  -  .  .  .438 
Madder  (Rubiacece)        .....     440 

Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)  .  .  .     446 

Valerian  ( V alerianacecs)         .  .  .  .452 

Gourd  (Cucurbitace&)    .         .  .  .  -454 

Bellflower  (Campanulacece)    .  .  .  .456 

Lobelia  (Lobeliacece)      .          .  .  .  .462 

Composite  (Composite)           .  .  .  .466 

Fumitory  (Fumariacea)  .          .  .  .  .158 

False  Mermaid  (Limnanthacea)  .  .  .     232 

APPENDIX 536 

A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES       .....     567 
INDEX 571 


COLORED  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FACING*  PAGE 

SABBATIA Frontispiece 

ARROWHEAD ^       ....  6 

LARGE  FLOWERING  TRILLIUM             . 42 

DAY  LILY 58 

HOOKER'S  ORCHIS 86 

LARGE  PURPLE  FRINGED  ORCHIS 92 

SHOWY  ORCHIS       ........       8       ..  96 

BOUNCING  BET 116 

EVENING  LYCHNIS. 120 

MARSH  MARIGOLD  ...•••••«       <•,       .  144 

WILD  SWAMP  ROSE 204 

FRINGED  POLYGALA      ..........  240 

BIRD-FOOT  VIOLET                .........  876 

SHINLEAF        ..  .324 

FRINGED  GENTIAN 356 

OSWEGO  TEA 398 

MONKEY  FLOWER .....422 

TWIN  FLOWER • 448 

EARLY  GOLDEN-ROD      ..*.«...  480 

NEW  ENGLAND  ASTER e  486 

ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN „       .  500 

ELECAMPANE    ............  504 

CONE-FLOWER 508 

COMMON  THISTLE 520 


A  SPECIFIC  KEY  TO  ALL  FLOWER  COLORS. 

AN     INDEX     TO     ASSIST    IN     THE     IDENTIFICATION     OP    A 
FLOWER    OR    ITS    FRUIT    BY    MEANS    OF    THE    COLOR. 

Black,  24,  26,  36,  258,  260,  412,  450. 

Blue,  22,  26,  152,  360,  380,  424. 

Brown,  3,  436,  530. 

Coral  Red,  150,  446,  448. 

Cream  Color,  or  Cream  White,  or  Yellowish  White,    26,  38,  72,  74, 

76,  78,  90,  190,  194,  212,   220,  258,  284,  320,  368,  380,  382,  44S, 

446,  504,  528. 
Cream  Yellow,  46,  474. 

Crimson,  122,  180,  194,  210,  242,  266,  324,  366. 
Crimson-pink,    80,    96,  106,  116,   118,   164,  190,   212,  262,  334,  336, 

352,  356   366,  368,  386,  400,  448. 
Golden  Yellow,  16,  54,  94,  126,  128,  142,   144,   156,   164,   194,   212, 

214,  228,  256,  268,  270,  272,    280,    282,  308,   310,  312,    344,   348, 

472,  474,  476,  478,  480,  482,  508,  510,  512,  514,  518,  524,  528,  532. 
Green,  10,  12,  16,  24,  36,  44,  46,  68,  84,  86,  98,   100,  102,    104,    106. 

108,   no,  112,   136,  138,   186,  246,  248,   252,  258,   260,  274,  292, 

318,  366,  368,  412,  430,  498,  502,  506,  512,  518. 
Green-yellow,  24,  30,  72,  82,   106,  152,   180,   214,  248,  304,  316,   362, 

412,  414,  430,  432,  498,  500,  516. 
Greenish  White,  28,  48,  56,  76,  78,  84,  88,  90,  108,  128,  130,  150,  168, 

180,  182,  184,  226,    244,  250,  254,  302,  304,  316,  322,  324,  362, 

364,  370,  434,  444,  454,  456. 

Lavender,  284,  350,  396,  414,  416,  422,  424,  426,  460,  488. 
Lilac,  148,  226,  276,  278,  294,  296,  334,  338,  358,  362,  368,  374,  400, 

406,  408,  422,  440,  486,  488,  492,  494,  498,  500,  522,  528,  534. 
Lilac-white,  134,  486,  490,  492,  494,  496. 
Madder  Purple,  70,  72,  98,  182,  448,  466. 
Magenta,  28,  40,  60,  80,  82,   120,  164,  178,   200,  216,   218,   230,  232, 

234,  240,  242,  244,  264,  274,  286,  288,   290,   294,   324,   336,  342, 

352,  366,  374,    376,    386,  390,  408,  410,   418,  428,   432,  450,  486, 

488,  496,  500,  506,  508,  520,  522,  530. 
Magenta-crimson,  78,  96,  366,  454,  468. 
Magenta-pink,  80,  92,  116,  162,  166,  218,  220,  230,  244  264,  288, 

342,  352,  388,  452. 
Maroon,  40,  224,  250. 

Orange,  10,  58,  64,  254,  338,  366,  418,  526. 
Orange-yellow,  52,  84,  88,  336,  382,  516. 
Pink,  6,  20,  28,  40,  42,  56,  60,  106,  108,  114,  118,  122,  126,  136,  162, 

188,  190,  204,    206,    210,    212,  264,  266,   320,  326,  330,   332,  334, 

336,  340,  342,  348,  354.   356,   364.  37°»  374.   4°o.   442,  448,  450, 

452,  468,  500. 


COLORS. 


Purple,  82,  92,  130,  214,  220,  222,  226,  266,  278,  280,  282,  284,  310^ 
338,  35°.  374.  382,  384,  386,  390,  392,  394,  398,  400,  402,  406, 
410,412,418,  422,  430,  436,  456,458,470,  484,486,  488,492. 
494,  496,  498,  534- 

Purple-black   44,  304,  446. 

Purple-brown,  10,  70,   194,  302. 

Purple-red,  14,  176,  190,  ^24. 

Red,  152,  176,  180,  270,  292,  326,  328,  330,  336,  400,  450,  462. 

Ruby  Red,  30,  32,   192,  304,  412. 

Scarlet,  10,  42,  48,  52,  146,  196,  266,  318,  350,  398,  430,  446,  448, 
452. 

Ultramarine  Blue,  20,  148,  362,  384. 

Violet,  64,  122,  148,  208,  210,  222,  238,  276,  278,  282,  358,  374, 
376,  378,  382,  384,  386,  388,  396,  398,  400,  402,  404,  406,  412, 
416,  424,  454.  458,  460,  462,  464,  470,  486,  490,  494,  496,  500. 

Violet-blue,  18,  20,  22,  62,  64,  66,  148,  276,  356,  358,  360,  488,  524. 

White,  4,  6,  8,  12,  22,  26,  30,  32,  34,  40,  42,  46,  54,  56,  60,  64,  82,  84, 
88,  90,  94,  96,  114,  118,  120,  122,  124,  126,  132,  134,  136,  146, 
150,  152,  154,  156,  160,  162,  166,  168,  170,  174,  178,  180,  182, 
184,  186,  192,  196,  200,  222,  232,  234,  242,  246,  248,  262,  264, 
266,  276,  278,  280,  282,  284,  294,  296,  300,  302,  304,  306,  308, 
310,  312,  314.  3i6,  322,  324,  326,  328,  330,  332,  334,  340,  344, 
348,  350,  354,  370,  372,  374,  376,  378,  380,  384,  388,  390,  394, 
396,  400,  402,  406,  408,  412,  414,  416,  420,  422,  426,  432,  438, 
440,  442,  444,  446,  448,  450,  452,  454,  460,  462,  464,  466,  468, 
470,  484,  486,  490,  492,  494,  496,  498,  502,  504,  514,  516,  518, 
520,  530,  534. 

Vellow,  18,  38,  50,  58,  60,  114,  138,  140,  142,  158,  170,  172,  174, 
186,  194,  198,  200,  202,  208,  216,  228,  236,  238,  256,  266,  268, 
274,  282,  292,  296,  298,  300,  304,  344,  346,  362,  390,  414,  416, 
418,  426,  428,  430,  432,  434,  436,  442,  450,  452,  478,  496,  506, 
510,  512,  514,  5i8,  520,  526,  528,  532,  534. 

yellow,  Deep,  140,  142,  144,  158,  268,  504. 


TECHNICAL  TERMS. 

Corolla.    The  flower-cup  composed  of  one  or  more  di- 
visions called  petals. 

Petal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla. 
Calyx.      A  flower-envelop,   usually  green,   formed  of 

several  divisions  called  sepals,  protecting  the  bud. 
Sepal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx. 
Stamen.     Anther  and  filament  combined. 
Anther.     The  pollen-bearing  organ,  usually  yellow. 
Filament.    The  stalklike  support  of  the  anther. 
Pistil.     Ovary,  style,  and  stigma  combined. 
Ovary.    The  seed-bearing  organ. 
Style.     The  stalklike  projection  proceeding  from  the 

ovary  and  terminated  by  the  stigma. 
Stigma.     The  generally  sticky  and  sometimes  branching 

termination  of  the  pistil  through  which  fertilization 

by  the  pollen  is  effected. 

Rostellum.     See  Orchid  Family  description,  page  68. 
Regular  Flower.     Generally  symmetrical  and  uniform 

in  the  number  of  its  parts. 
Perfect  Flower.     A  flower  complete  in  all  the  common 

parts. 

Staminate.    With  stamens  and  without  pistils. 
Pistillate.     With  pistils  and  without  stamens. 
Polygamous.    Pistillate,  staminate,  and  perfect  flowers 

on  the  same  plant  or  on  different  plants. 
Spathe.     A  leaflike  formation  enclosing  a  floral  growth. 
Spadix.     A  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 
Bracts.     Small  leaflike  formations. 
Stipule.     Small  leaflike  formations  confined  to  the  base 

of  the  leaf. 

Pubescent.     Covered  with  soft  short  hairs. 
Cleistogamous  Flower.     A  flower  closed  to  all  outward 

agencies  and  self -fertilized  in  the  bud0 


Anosiaplexippus 
orDanaisaPchippus; 


BUTTERFLIES 
CONCERNED  IN  THE  CROSS-FERTILIZATION  OF  FLOWERS. 

xvii 


The  Bumblebees.         Various.     The  Syrphid  Flies. 


The  Honeybee.          Epistalis  flavipes. 
Bombus.  vagans.          APis  ^ellifica. 


IVT        i  -t    i  i-  Helophilus  similis, 

,    »    ...      -i  rlegachile  latimana. 

bombus   Vipgimcus.  (Leaf-cutter bee) 


Hal  ictus  confusus. 


Bombus 


Mai  lota  posticata. 


Andnena  viciha. 
Halrctus&Andrena 

v     ]m 


are  ground  bees. 
Bombus  PennsylvanicusL  Syrpus  divers! pes. 


BUMBLEBEES;  BEES,  AND  FLIES  CONCERNED  IN  THE 
CROSS-FERTILIZATION  OF  FLOWERS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

PERHAPS  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  wild  flower 
of  late  has  become  popular.  If  such  is  the  case  I  am 
presumably  justified  in  presenting  it  in  a  new  light,  or, 
to  speak  more  to  the  point,  in  the  position  it  occu- 
pies according  to  the  light  of  one  who  loves  to  draw  it. 

Quite  recently,  in  a  conversation  about  art  with  Mr. 
Fosdick,  the  artist,  he  remarked  to  me  that  those  who 
followed  our  profession  were  legitimately  and  continu- 
ally seeking  after  expression  regardless  of  limitation.  I 
have  since  thought  this  was  a  very  happy  truth.  Per- 
haps, therefore,  it  is  sufficient  to  account  for  the  exist- 
ence of  a  volume  on  our  American  flora,  fully  one  half 
of  which  is  pictures. 

This  is  a  field-book  of  wild  flowers ;  it  originated  in 
the  fields  and  it  is  intended  to  go  back  there,  I  trust,  in 
the  hand  of  its  good  reader.  Of  course,  not  all  of  it  was 
written  on  sunny  meadow  and  in  shady  wood,  nor  were 
all  of  its  illustrations  made  at  once  from  specimens  gath- 
ered during  various  botanical  rambles  ;  but,  in  the  truest 
sense  of  the  word,  nearly  all  of  the  book  is  a  direct 
result  of  field  work,  ranging  from  New  Hampshire  to 
Virginia, 

Not  many  years  ago,  my  highly  esteemed  friend,  the 
late  William  Hamilton  Gibson,  in  the  course  of  an  ad- 
dress he  was  delivering  before  the  Society  of  American 
Florists,  said  that  some  day  he  hoped  to  write  a  botany 
in  plain  English.  It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  if  he 
had  lived  to  do  so,  in  all  probability  he  would  have  con- 
tributed as  much  to  our  happiness  as  the  father  of 
American  botany,  Dr.  Asa  Gray.  Undoubtedly  he  felt, 
as  the  rest  of  us  have  felt,  the  great  need  of  simple,  un- 
technical  English  in  direct  connection  with  botany. 
But  there  are  difficulties  to  face  in  even  a  modest  at- 
tempt to  avoid  bothersome  technicalities.  We  must 


INTRODUCTION. 


necessarily  retain  the  Latin  names  and  surrender  the 
advantage  of  those  direct,  crisp  terms  which  express 
volumes  to  students  who  understand  them  and  nothing  at 
all  to  others  who  do  not.  On  the  other  hand,  we  can  re- 
sort to  the  drawing,  which  often  expresses  more  at  the 
glance  of  the  eye  than  the  best  turned  phrase,  technical 
or  otherwise  ;  so  with  plain  English  and  the  plainer 
drawing,  one  ought  to  be  able  to  identify  a  plant  with- 
out great  difficulty. 

To  be  sure,  one  is  continually  running  into  "  snags'5 ; 
it  is  not  all  plain  sailing  even  for  the  botanist. 
Rules  are  all  very  well  in  their  way,  but  unfortunately 
Nature  abides  by  them  only  when  it  suits  her  conven- 
ience. There  are  hybrids  and  extreme  forms  galore ; 
there  are  puzzling  groups,  difficult  families,  and  differ- 
ences of  expert  opinion  ;  in  fact  there  are  so  many  prob- 
lems for  one  to  solve  that  the  very  interest  in  botany  lies 
in  their  solution.  The  roses  seem  to  be  indifferently  sep- 
arated. The  genus  Polygonum  is  simple  only  to  one  who 
is  satisfied  to  know  about  three  species.  The  Epilobiums 
are  not  all  easily  distinguished  apart.  Sisyrinckium, 
that  beautiful  little  blue-eyed  grass,  shows  signs  of  com- 
plications relative  to  species  which  prove  that  it  is  not 
as  simple  as  it  looks.  Pentstemon  occasionally  puzzles 
one  by  taking  a  half-way  form.  Sagittaria,  the  genius 
of  the  sluggish  river,  tries  to  be  everything  it  ought  not 
to  be  in  leaf  and  flower,  so  Mr.  J.  G.  Smith  settles  the 
matter  by  calling  the  forms  a,  b,  c,  d,  etc.  Even  the 
dandelion  and  the  strawberry  have  lost  their  simplicity, 
and  now  each  poses  as  one  of  two  very  distinct  species. 
Then  there  is  Lactuca  —  what  a  puzzler  !  Anyone  who 
knows  Lactuca  despairs  about  its  leaves  ;  a  third  of  the 
way  up  the  plant-stem  they  represent  one  species,  half- 
way up  they  represent  another,  and  at  the  finish  the 
flowers  take  up  the  disagreement  where  the  leaves  leave 
off,  and  declare  for  a  third.  I  have  known  one  plant, 
Lactuca  Canadensis,  to  look  like  three  things  all  at  once ! 
When  one  reaches  the  mints,  whatever  trouble  existed 
before  seems  child's  play ;  here  is  an  order  .of  plants 
which  was  apparently  created  for  the  express  purpose  of 
convincing  the  amateur  that  he  can  never  master  botany. 


INTRODUCTION. 


What  is  particularly  hard,  too,  is  the  fact  that  the  bot- 
anists have  apparently  shaken  the  names  up  in  a  bag 
and  sorted  them  out  afresh. 

Regarding  that  bugbear  of  the  botanical  student,  no- 
menclature, it  may  be  well  to  make  a  plain  statement 
of  the  facts  of  the  case.  Neither  the  older  system  of 
plant  arrangement  according  to  Dr.  Gray  nor  some  of 
his  names  can  remain  as  they  have  been.  At  present 
the  botanists  prefer  the  system  of  Engler  and  Prantl.  It 
certainly  shows  more  distinctly  the  character  of  devel- 
opment in  plant  form  by  placing  TYPHACE^  first  and 
COMPOSITE  last,  not  to  speak  of  the  satisfactory  charac- 
ter of  the  arrangements  in  between.  As  for  names,  few, 
after  all,  of  Dr.  Gray's  choosing  are  to  be  displaced. 
His  successors  are  now  engaged  with  such  revision  as  is 
really  necessary.  Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Merritt 
L.  Fernald  I  am  able  to  adopt  most  of  these  names,  and 
the  extreme  care  with  which  the  system  they  represent 
has  been  worked  out  inclines  me  to  believe  it  will  be  ulti- 
mately and  universally  accepted. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  no  international  agreement 
regarding  nomenclature  by  the  scientists  of  the  new 
and  the  old  world.  From  what  I  know  of  the  so-called 
Rochester  Code,  I  should  say  it  is  a  disturbing  influence 
among  already  agitated  conditions,  and  its  lack  of  con- 
sistency does  not  entitle  it  to  unreserved  acceptance. 
Perhaps  its  instability  is  more  clearly  attested  by  the 
two  articles  from  Mr.  Fernald's  pen  which  appeared  in 
the  Botanical  Gazette,  vol.  31,  March,  1901,  and  vol.  32, 
Nov.,  1901,  and  by  the  action  long  since  of  most  of  our 
eminent  botanists,  who  have  published  a  signed  protest 
against  it. 

In  reference  to  the  color  names  used  in  this  book  it 
would  be  advisable  to  concisely  explain  the  principle 
upon  which  they  are  based.  There  is  always  one  unfail- 
ing source  where  one  may  obtain  color  properly  labeled  ; 
that  is  at  the  color  dealer's.  Perhaps  I  must  modify 
this  statement  and  say  most  generally  properly  labeled. 
It  is  upon  a  purely  scientific  basis  that  the  flowers  are 
given  their  proper  color  names  ;  this  is  the  list  in  simple 
form  : 


INTRODUCTION. 


Pure  yellow 

Pure  pink 

Violet 

Deep  yellow 

Crimson 

Blue-  violet 

Golden  yellow 

Crimson-pink 

Ultramarine 

Pure  orange 

Magenta 

Pure  blue 

Scarlet 

Magenta-pink 

Madder  purple 

Pure  red 

Pure  purple 

Madder  brown 

Beyond  various  modifications  of  these  hues  there  are  no 
color  names  of  any  value  whatever  in  relation  to  the 
wild  flower.  We  have  in  the  color  dealer's  catalogue 
numerous  conditions  of  these  hues  indicated  by  standard 
names  :  there  is  Naples  yellow,  a  dilute  form  of  golden 
yellow  ;  crimson  lake,  a  subdued  rendering  of  crimson  ; 
and  vermilion,  which  is  a  synonym  for  scarlet.  These 
are  standard  colors  which  have  never  varied,  and  which 
will  probably  last  with  many  others  as  long  as  painting 
does. 

In  botanical  and  ornithological  works  we  find  such 
color  names  as  fuscous,  rufous,  vinaceous,  ferruginous, 
rose-purple,  greenish  purple,  etc. ;  they  mean  nothing  at 
all  to  one  who  is  not  a  scientist;  and  I  half  suspect  they 
mean  but  little  to  one  who  is.  Purple  (botanically 
speaking)  is  a  dreadfully  abused  term  which  is  made  to 
stand  for  half  the  rainbow ;  it  means  anything  from 
crimson  to  violet.  As  an  actual  fact  it  is  fairly  repre- 
sented by  Mimulus  ringens,  and  one  jot  to  the  right  or 
left  of  that  hue  is  not  purple.  Pure  yellow  is  perfectly 
represented  by  GEnothera  biennis,  and  no  tint  to  the 
right  or  left  of  that  is  a  true  yellow.  Magenta  is  a 
crimson-purple ;  the  list  of  flowers  which  represent  it 
is  too  long  to  give  here.  Blue  in  its  pure  form  only 
exists  (dilutely)  in  Myosotis.  But  I  find  that  if  I  disturb 
all  the  botanists'  color  names  I  may  complicate  matters 
and  add  to  the  confusion  which  already  exists  in  plant 
names,  so  I  am  content  to  let  Ranunculus  stand  in  plain 
yellow,  although  the  color  is  not  pure  yellow,  and  it 
ranges  through  eight  distinct  deep  or  golden  tones.  In 
many  other  instances,  also,  I  have  refrained  from  mak- 
ing a  change,  although  I  am  compelled  to  draw  the 
line  at  rose-purple,  and  call  it  by  its  proper  title,  light 
magenta. 


INTRODUCTION. 


1  have  found  myself  indebted  to  many  authors  of 
botanical  lists  for  the  information  I  give  regarding  the 
distribution  of  plants,  and  I  have  had  frequently  to 
congratulate  myself  upon  the  possession  of  that  excel- 
lent work,  Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston's  Flora  of 
Vermont.  But  it  seems  as  though  I  am  most  indebted, 
for  many  things,  to  the  late  gifted  Dr.  E.  Newlin  Wil- 
liams, who,  while  this  book  was  going  to  press,  lost  his 
life  in  an  excursion  during  a  bitter  cold  wave  in  Febru- 
ary among  the  White  Hills  we  both  loved  so  well.  He 
would  have  made  his  mark  as  a  botanist  if  he  had  chosen 
that  profession,  and  he  was  more  than  well  informed  in 
many  other  departments  of  knowledge.  Not  long  ago 
we  trudged  together  on  a  botanical  excursion  over  the 
slopes  of  Mt.  Washington,  and  I  found  myself  depend- 
ing upon  him  for  the  identification  of  many  an  alpine 
species  ;  he  knew  them  all  at  a  glance,  and  their  whole 
history  as  well.  From  him  I  received  the  specimen  of 
Belamcanda  which  is  drawn  here,  together  with  much 
information  regarding  the  flora  of  eastern  Pennsylvania. 
I  had  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  I  should  place 
this  book  in  his  hands  and  say,  "  Here  is  one  of  the  re- 
sults of  our  pleasant  mountain  rambles  together." 

I  am  also  indebted  to  others  for  help  in  the  writing  of 
this  volume.  I  soon  found  my  "  wild  garden  "  a  field  of 
work  too  narrow  to  enable  me  to  record  all  that  might 
be  recorded  regarding  the  visitations  of  insects  ;  hence  I 
was  glad  to  turn  to  those  remarkable  essays  on  the  sub- 
ject by  Prof.  Charles  Robertson  which  appeared  in  the 
Botanical  Gazette.  Then,  too,  by  the  courtesy  of  Dr. 
Robinson,  Curator  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  practically 
the  whole  magnificent  collection  of  valuable  specimens 
and  the  splendid  library  have  been  open  to  me  for 
reference. 

One  must  always  ask  for  the  indulgence  of  the  reader 
and  apologize  if  mistakes  appear,  but  if  they  do  it  will 
be  in  spite  of  great  vigilance.  Again,  much  of  the  de- 
scriptive text  may  seem  somewhat  bald  and  brief  through 
the  effort  to  sustain  the  portable  character  of  the  book ; 
thus  the  brilliant  and  extensive  Composite  family  suf~ 
fers  for  want  of  elbow-room.  But,  on  the  whole,  I  con« 


INTRODUCTION. 


sidered  that  we  all  know  that  family  best  of  all,  and  we 
would  be  glad  to  give  it  all  the  room  it  needed  on  our 
highways,  if  not  in  our  book,  which  must  fit  the  narrow 
limits  of  our  pocket  at  all  hazards. 


F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS. 


BOSTON,  MASS., 

March,  190& 


XXIV 


FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  WILD 
FLOWERS. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.     Typhacese. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.     Typhacece. 

Perennial  marsh  herbs  with  stemless,  ribbonlike  leaves, 
and  with  flowers  of  two  kinds,  staminate  and  pistillate 
on  the  same  plant,  lacking  petals  or  flower-cup.     Natu- 
rally not  dependent  upon  insects  for  fertilization. 
Cat-tail  ^ne  light  oli  ve  green  leaves  usually  exceed 

Typha  latifolia  the  flower-stem  in  height.  The  upper  half 
Yeliow=brown  of  the  cylindrical  flower-spike  consists  of 
June-July  the  stamenS5  an(i  the  lower  half  of  the  pis- 
tils ;  the  abundant,  yellow,  powdery  pollen  of  the 
staminate  flowers  scattering  itself  over  the  pistillate 
flowers  below,  fertilizes  them. 

It  is  the  compact  down  of  the  bractless  pistillate  flowers 
tipped  with  red-brown  that  forms  the  familiar  cat-tail 
of  August  and  September.  At  that  time  only  a  few 
lingering  remnants  of  the  staminate  flowers  remain  on 
the  withering  tip  of  the  stem  above.  The  completely 
developed  cat-tail  measures  fully  1  inch  in  diameter. 
In  June  it  is  important  to  note  that  the  two  kinds  of 
flowers  are  not  appreciably  separated  by  a  gap  as  in  the 
next  species  described.  The  color  of  the  staminate  flow= 
ers  is  a  variable  olive  yellow-brown,  or  brownish  yellow, 
according  to  age. 

Typha  is  the  Greek  Tvcprj,  meaning  fen  or  bog,  and 
latifolia  refers  to  the  broader  leaf  of  this  species.  The 
plant  is  4-8  feet  high,  and  is  common  in  swamps  every- 
where. 

The  slenderer  species  known  specifically  as 
leaved  Cat- tail  angustifolia,  that  is,  narrow-leaved,  is  re- 
Typha  angusti-  markable  for  the  distinct  and  considerable 
folia  separation,  on  the  stem,  of  the  two  groups 

Yenow=brown  of  flowers  .  this  is  usuai  but  not  without 
J  u  n  e— J  u  1  y 

exception.     The  structure  of  the  pistillate 

flowers  is  also  different  from  that  of  the  same  flowers  on 
Typha  latifolia ;  under  a  glass  it  will  be  seen  that  they 
possess  a  hairlike  bractlet  slightly  swollen  at  the  top. 
This  cat-tail  is  narrow,  rarely  measuring  over  f  inch  in 
diameter.  The  plant  is  4-9  feet  high,  and  grows,  not 
invariably,  near  the  coast  from  Me.,  south ;  it  is  some- 
times found  as  far  west  as  Mich,  and  Mo.  ;  it  is  common 


Cat-tail.il 

Typha  latifolii 


Narrow-leaved  Cat-ta.il. 
Typha  angustifolia. 


BUR  REED  FAMILY.     Sparganlacese. 


in  Nantucket,  and  along  the  N.  J.  coast,  and  is  reported 
at  Mt.  Equinox,  Vt.  ,  by  Miss  Mary  A.  Day. 

BUR  REED  FAMILY.     Sparganiocece. 
Marsh  herbs  with  flowers  arranged  like  those  of  Typha 
but  collected  in  separate  spherical  heads.     Largely  self- 
fertilizing,  but  assisted  in  the  process  by  aquatic  insects 
and  flies. 

Great  Bur  Reed  ^^e  deep  green  leaves  are  similar  to  those 
Sparganium  of.  the  foregoing  species  and  are  about  f 
eurycarpum  inch  wide.  The  downy  flowers  are  in 
Brown-white  dense  round  heads  scattered  along  the  top 
of  the  stem,  and  like  those  of  the  cat-tails 
consist  of  the  two  kinds,  staminate  and  pistillate,  abso- 
lutely separated.  The  green  fruit  is  a  burlike  sphere 
composed  of  nutlets  wedge-shaped  below,  and  flattened 
above  with  an  abrupt  point  in  the  centre,  so  that  the 
general  appearance  of  its  surface  is  not  unlike  that  of 
the  pineapple.  The  name  is  from  Gitapyavov,  a  band,  in 
allusion  to  the  ribbonlike  leaves.  The  plant  is  3-7  feet 
high,  and  is  common  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers 
from  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west. 

This  is  a  much  smaller  species  with  nar- 
Smaller  Bur 

rower  leaves,  and  a  simple  stem  and  row 


Sparganium  of  flower-heads.  The  green  fruit  is  about 
simplex  j  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  decidedly  bur- 

Brow  n=white  ^9  appearance  the  nutlets  tapering  to  a 
June-August  . 

point  at  either  end,  and  the  upper  point 

being  much  longer  than  that  of  the  fruit  in  the  preced- 
ing species.  The  plant  is  1-2  feet  high,  and  is  generally 
in  the  water,  erect  or  sometimes  afloat  ;  it  is  found  from 
Me.  to  N.  J.,  and  west. 

This  familiar  variety,  which  is  common 

Bur^eed*  in  a11  bogs'  is  lar£er  than  the  foregoing 
Sparganium  in  niany  respects,  and  it  is  distinguished 
americanum  var.  for  its  branching  and  somewhat  angular 
androdadum  flower-stem  ;  the  latter  grows  out  at  the 


- 

plant-stem.     The  plant  is  1-2  feet  high, 

and  is  distributed  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 
and  Mo. 

[See  Appendix.] 


Great  Bur  Reed.     Spargamum  simplex.  Branching  BurReed 
Sp&rganium  eurycarpum.    5.  americanum  van  androcladum. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Alismaceae. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.     Alismacece. 

Marsh  herbs  with  long-stemmed  leaves,  and  flowers  of 
three  orders,  thus : 

1.  With  stamens  and  pistil,  2.  Staminate  and  pistil- 
late growing  on  one  plant,  3.  Staminate  and  pistillate 
growing  on  different  plants.  The  flowers  have  three 
conspicuous  petals  and  generally  six  stamens  ;  they  are 
visited  by  numerous  insects  which  undoubtedly  assist  in 
the  process  of  fertilization. 

The  leaves,  all  from  the  root,  are  olive 
Water  Plantain  , 

Alisma  Plan-  Sreen>  strongly  veined,  and  elliptical  but 
tago-aquatica  very  variable  in  shape,  broader  or  longer, 
White  or  pale  and  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 
pink  The  flower-stem  is  tall  and  symmetrically 

b"ry~"  branched,    displaying   the  three-petaled, 

very  small  white  or  rarely  delicate  pink 
flowers  to  great  advantage.  The  flowers  are  perfect, 
with  six  stamens  and  a  pistil  ;  they  are  possibly  self-fer- 
tilized, but  more  probably  cross-fertilized  by  the  beelike 
drone-flies  (Syrphidce),  all  pollen-eaters  and  honey- 
drinkers.  The  plant  is  1-3  feet  high,  and  is  found  in  the 
shallow  water  of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams  every- 
where. See  Appendix. 

The    genus    Sagittaria,   always  white- 
Sagittaria  flowered,  is  remarkable  for  its  manifold 

latifolia  phases  which  have  recently  been  resolved 

White  into  twelve  distinct  species,  and  four  forms 

July-Septem-     an(j  Qne  varjety  of  tne  Species  latifolia. 

The  leaves  are  deep  lustrous  green  and 
distinctly  arrow-shaped ;  hence  the  name  derived  from 
the  Latin  sagitta,  an  arrow.  The  four  forms  of  S.  lati- 
folia as  defined  by  Dr.  Robinson  are:  Forma  obtusa 
(Muhlenberg)  with  very  broad  obtuse  leaves.  Forma 
hastata  (Pursh)  leaf -blades  and  their  lateral  bases  oblong 
lance-shaped,  and  acute.  Forma  gracilis  (Pursh)  leaf- 
blades  and  their  lateral  bases  narrowly  linear.  Forma 
diversifolia  (Engelmann)  leaf-blades  partly  sagittate  and 
p  irtly  lance-shaped  or  elliptical  without  basal  lobes. 
J.  (>.  Smith  considers  these  forms  as  follows  :  Form  a, 
flowers  mostly  of  the  third  order  above  described,  and 
6 


Arrowhead. 


Sagitt&na.  I  at  i  folia. 


Water  Plantain. 


Pldntdgo-aqudtica. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Allsmaceae 


broad  obtuse  leaves.  S.  latifolia,  typical  form,  flowers 
of  the  second  or  imperfectly  the  third  order,  and  varying 
broad  or  narrow,  acute  leaves.  Form  d,  flowers  of  the 
second  order,  and  narrow  leaves  with  divergent  lobes, 
common  in  mountain  districts.  Form  e,  flowers  of  the 
second  order,  and  lance-shaped  or  broader  leaves,  variably 
arrowlike.  The  typical  S.  latifolia  is  smooth  throughout, 
with  an  erect  flower-stalk  carrying  the  three-petaled 
white  flowers  in  circles  of  three,  the  lowest  one  (some- 
times more)  pistillate ;  the  leaves  nearly  always  arrow- 
shaped.  The  seed,  or  achene  is  obovate  with  the  beak 
at  right  angles.  4-40  inches  high.  In  sluggish  or  quiet 
water  of  streams,  and  on  the  margins  of  ponds,  etc. 
Common.  The  var.  pubescens  is  a  distinct  fine-hairy  or 
woolly  form  with  very  broad,  blunt  leaves.  N.  J.  and 
Pa.  to  N.  C.  The  pollen  of  the  arrowhead  is  distributed 
by  a  variety  of  agents,  not  least  of  which  are  the 
insects  which  frequent  wet  places,  among  them  the 
beautiful  glassy-winged  dragon-fly.  The  tendency  of 
some  of  the  types  to  develop  only  staminate  flowers 
on  one  plant  and  pistillate  on  another,  suggests  the 
probability  that  Sagittaria  is  beginning  to  rely  upon 
insects  for  fertilization.  See  Appendix. 

A  tall  species  with  a  stout  flower-stalk 
Lonjr=beaked 

Arrowhead  a  ®TOSi(*  sagittate,  obtuse  leaves.  Flow- 
Sagittaria  ers  of  the  second  order  above  described, 

longirostra  the  2-4  lower  circles  pistillate,  with  flower- 

July-Septem-  stems  less  than  J  inch  long.  The  obovate 
seed  or  achene  with  a  long,  nearly  erect 
beak.  1— 2|  feet  high.  In  swamps,  and  on  the  margins 
of  ponds  and  cold  springs.  Conn.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.  to  Ky. 
and  Ala. 

Sagiitaria  ^  slender  species  with  small  and  ex- 

Engelmanniana  tremely  narrow  sagittate  leaves  the  lobes 
August-  of  which  are  scarcely  more  than  J  inch 

September          wide  and  not  more  than  i  the  iength  of  the 

blade.  The  flower-stalk  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the 
flowers  of  the  second  order,  not  more  than  an  inch  broad. 
The  narrow  achene  with  a  rather  stout  erect  or  backward 
curved  beak.  8-20  inches  high.  In  shallow  water  of 
ponds.  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Del.,  near  the  coast. 


Narrow-leaved      |[f     Arrowhead. 
Sagittaria.  variabilis  var.angustifolia.  of  AsaGray 
or  Sagittaria  latifolia  form  d.  of  J.Q.Smith. 


ARUM  FAMILY.    Aracese. 


ARUM  FAMILY.    Aracece. 

Perennial  herbs  possessing  a  sharp,  peppery  juice,  and 
with  sometimes  perfect,  but  generally  only  two  orders 
of  flowers  ;  i.  e.,  1.  Staminate  and  pistillate  on  the  same 
plant,  2.  Staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants. 
The  flowers  crowded  on  a  club  or  spadix  enclosed  within 
a  hood  or  spathe.  Fertilization  assisted  by  insects. 
Indian  Turnip  Generally  with  two  long-stemmed,  tri- 
or  Jack=in=the=  parted  dull  green  leaves  without  a  gloss, 
pulpit  which  overshadow  the  hooded  flower  be- 

low at  the  junction   of    the    leaf -stems. 

•pnyilum 

Purple=brown  The  flowers,  on  the  clublike  spadix  within 
and  green  the  hood,  are  grouped  at  the  base  of  the 
April-July  spadix  and  are  generally  staminate  and 
pistillate  on  separate  plants,  that  is  to  say,  the  stamens 
are  abortive  on  one  plant  and  the  pistils  are  abortive 
on  another;  thus  small  insects  (the  gnat  of  the  genus 
Mycetophila  especially)  are  a  means  of  fertilization,  and 
frequently  they  may  be  found  imprisoned  in  close  quar- 
ters between  the  bases  of  spathe  and  spadix.  It  is  pos- 
sibly developing  a  dependence  upon  insects  for  fertiliza- 
tion ;  but  often  one  plant  develops  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers.  Thejiovel  and  beautiful  green  and 
purple-brown  striped  spathe  is  variable  in  depth  of  color ; 
exposed  to  sunlight  it  is  usually  quite  pale,  while  in  the 
dark  woods  it  is  exceedingly  purple  ;  as  a  rule  the  plant 
prefers  the  shaded,  wet  woods.  The  handsome  cluster- 
ing berry  like  fruit  is  at  first  green  and  finally,  in  late 
August,  brilliant  scarlet.  The  plant  attains  a  height  of 
1-2J  feet.  It  is  common  in  the  woods  in  wet  situations, 
everywhere.  The  exceedingly  peppery  bulb  becomes 
edible  after  boiling. 

Green  Dragon,  The  species  generally  has  a  single  com- 
Dragon=root,  pound  leaf  with  seven  or  more  obovate- 
or  Dragon  lance-shaped,  pointed,  dull  green  leaflets. 
Arteamo  Dra-  The  lon£  sPadix  is  usually  composed  of 
contium  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  and 

Dull  white-  it  tapers  to  a  slender  point,  reaching  far 
green  beyond  the  rolled-up,  greenish,  pointed 

rtay-June.         spathe.     The  berries  are  red-orange.     The 
10 


Dragon  Arum.  Jack-in-the-pulpit 

ArisaeimDracontium.    Ansaema  triphyllum. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Araceae. 


plant  is  1-3  feet  high,  and  grows  in  wet  woods  or  low 
grounds  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

The  rich  green  leaves  are  arrow-shaped 
Arrow  Arum          .  ,  .  *L 

Peltandra  with  one  prominent  vein  or  nerve.     The 

virginica  flowersare  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the 

Green  same  plant,   covering  the  long  tapering 

May-June  spadix  ;  the  pointed  green  spathe,  rolling 
and  wavy  on  the  margin,  is  4-7  inches  long.  The  clus- 
ter of  berries  is  green,  and  is  at  first  enclosed  in  a  green 
sheath,  the  fleshy  base  of  the  spathe.  The  plant  grows 
1-1 J  feet  high,  in  shallow  water,  from  Me.  south,  and 
west  to  Mich.  It  derives  its  name  from  TteTiTrj,  a  target 
or  shield,  and  vvrfp,  stamen,  from  the  targetlike  form 
of  the  latter. 

Water  Arum  ^  little  swamp  flower  resembling  the 
Calla  palustris  so-called  calla-lily  ;  the  latter  is,  of  course, 
White  not  a  lily,  and,  curiously  enough,  not  a 

June  true  calla,  it  is  a  Richardia.      The  deep 

green  leaves  of  the  water  arum  are  long-heart-shaped 
with  long  stems.  The  open  and  rolling  edged  spathe  is 
white  above  and  greenish  beneath.  The  yellow  spadix 
is  entirely  covered  with  flowers,  the  lower  ones  perfect, 
i.  e.,  with  all  the  parts  complete,  and  the  upper  ones 
often  staminate.  Fertilization  is  assisted  by  insects  and 
pond-snails.  The  berries,  red  and  distinct,  in  a  head  like 
those  of  the  Jack-in-the-pulpit,  are  ripe  in  August.  The 
plant  grows  5-10  inches  high  and  is  at  home  in  cold 
bogs,  from  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The 
name  Calla  is  ancient  and  obscure,  palustris  is  the  Latin 
name  for  swamp.  The  spathe  is  really  a  strong  dull 
greenish  white  far  removed  from  pure  white ;  the 
underneath  surface  is  green. 

A   southern   species  with  wider  leaves 
White  Arrow     ,,  .    .        ,,       ,         ,  ,    , 

Arum  than  those  of  P.  virgimca,  the  basal  lobes 

Peltandra  divergent,  the  stems  8-20  inches  long,  as 

sagittcefolia         long  or  longer  than  the  flower-spike.     The 
White-green      flower    (spathe)   with    a    green-white   ex- 
May-July  i    -i  •  ,  ,, 
panded    margin,    and    acute    apex  ;    the 

tapering  spadix  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  spathe. 
The  matured  berries  red.  In  swamps  and  springy  ground 
from  southern  Va.  to  Fla. 


Arrow  A  num. 

vircjinica 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Aracese. 


A  single  species,  of  the  earliest  appear- 
Skunk  Cabbage  .  ^  '. 

Sympiocarpus     ance  m  spring,  having  a  fetid  odor,  which 
fcetidus  attracts  numerous  insects,  and  a  closely 

Dark  purple-  coiled  purple-red  streaked  and  blotched, 
green,  leathery  spathe  which  entraps 
them  to  their  death.  The  stout  spadix  is 
compactly  set  with  perfect  lavender-flesh-colored  flowers, 
i.  e. ,  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil.  The  conspicuous  an- 
thers are  a  grayish  straw-color.  The  fruit  is  the  enlarged 
and  fleshy  spadix  enclosing  round  bulletlike  seeds  imme- 
diately beneath  its  surface  which  ripen  in  September. 
The  name  is  from  tivjuTtA-onr?,  connection,  and  napitoS, 
fruit,  alluding  to  the  connection  of  the  ovaries  forming 
compound  fruit.  The  color  of  the  shellike  spathe  is  not 
without  aesthetic  interest ;  the  madder  purple,  green, 
and  yellow-green  are  blended  and  streaked  with  a  pecul- 
iar charm  ;  inside,  the  red  is  darkest.  The  leaves  will 
at  first  be  found  in  a  compactly  coiled,  pointed  spike 
close  beside  the  ruddy  spathe.  Later  when  the  coarse  1- 
2  feet  long,  cabbagelike  leaves  are  unfolded  the  origin  of 
the  common  name  becomes  evident.  The  odor  of  the 
flower  is  imitative  of  decaying  flesh,  but  it  is  not  wholly 
bad,  it  reminds  one  of  the  smell  of  a  mustard  plaster, 
and  raw  onions ;  the  cut  stem  decidedly  suggests  the 
latter.  The  plant  is  found  in  swamps,  beside  brooks, 
and  in  wet  glades.  Common  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  west  to  Iowa  and  Minn.  Found  at  Clarendon  Hills, 
Mass. 


SkunK  Cabbage. 


Symplocappu5  fetidus. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Araceas 


Golden  Club  ^  single  species,  perennial  and  aquatic» 

Orontium  whose    prominent   golden   yellow  spadix 

aquaticum          (the  club)  scarcely  larger  around  than  its 
Oolden  yellow     j  gnak     gt         ig  thickly  clustered  with 

April-May 

the  completely  developed  flowers  of  gen- 
erally six  sepals,  as  many  golden  stamens,  and  a  pistil. 
The  spathe  is  undeveloped  and  removed  from  the  spadix, 
appearing  like  a  mere  leaflet  on  the  flower-stem.  Fruit 
green  and  bladderlike.  The  long-stemmed,  oblong,  dark 
green  leaves  float  upon  the  water.  It  is  a  beautiful 
aquatic  plant  whose  flowers  deserve  close  examination 
under  the  glass,  1-2  feet  high,  common  in  the  shallows 
of  ponds,  from  Mass.,  south,  and  generally  found  near 
the  coast.  Name  from  the  Syrian  river  Orontes. 

The  stiff,  swordlike,  light  green  leaves 
Calamus  or 

Sweet  Flag         glve  tne  Plant  a  rigid  character.     It  has 
Acorus  inconspicuous  flowers  compactly  covering 

Calamus  a  tapering  cylindrical  spadix  which  grows 

Yellow-green  anguiariy  from  the  side  of  a  two-edged  stem 
resembling  the  flat  ribbonlike  leaves.  The 
individual  flower  has  a  pistil,  six  stamens,  and  as  many 
sepals  of  a  dull  yellow-green  color.  The  fruit  is  a  small 
berry,  at  first  gelatinous  and  finally  dry,  but  the  plant  is 
mostly  propagated  by  its  stocky  roots.  Name/'/4%opa? 
of  unknown  meaning,  from  Pliny.  The  horizontal,  pun- 
gent, and  pleasantly  aromatic  rootstalk  is  a  familiar  com- 
modity of  the  apothecary.  There  is  a  striped-leaved 
variety.  The  plant  grows  1-4  feet  high,  or  more,  and  is 
found  beside  small  streams  and  in  wet  ground,  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Kan. 

YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.     Xyridacece. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow,  grasslike  leaves,  and 
perfect,  regular  flowers,  with  three  spreading  lobes  and 
a  slender  tube.     Fertilized  largely  by  insects. 
Yellow-eyed  A  little  swamP  plant  with  grasslike,  or 

Grass  rather  slender  rushlike,  light  green  leaves 

Xyrisflexuosa    which  twist  as  they  grow  old,  and  flowers 

Yellow  about  A  inch  across,  of  three  yellow  petal- 

July-August       ,.,      _.   .  .          ,, 

like  divisions,  three  stamens,  and  as  many 

sepals,  the  flowers  proceeding  from  a  conelike  head  com- 
16 


Golden  Club. 
Orontium  aquaticum. 


Sweet  Flag. 
Acorus  Calamus. 


YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.     Xyridaceae. 


posed  of  light  green  leafy  scales.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong 
many-seeded  capsule.  The  name  is  from  £vpi$  an 
unknown  Greek  plant  with  two-edged  leaves.  The 
plant  grows  6-16  inches  high,  in  sandy  bogs  or  morasses, 
from  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

A  dwarf  and  slender  species  found  in 
Northern  ,  .  .  .,,  .  ,  , 

Yellow-eyed       mountain    regions,    with    a    straight    01 

Grass  slightly  twisted  stem,  not  bulbous  at  the 

Xyris  montana  base.  Leaves  narrow  and  linear  about  2 
July-August  inches  long,  not  twisted.  The  small  ovoid 
flower-heads  about  \  inch  thick.  3-12  inches  (rarely  12) 
high.  Generally  in  peat  bogs.  Mt.  Desert,  Me. ,  and  the 
White  Mts.,  south  to  Pocono  Mts.,  Pa.,  west  to  Mich. 
Xyris  caro-  ^  *a^  kut  variable  species  ;  the  stem  not 

liniana  bulbous  at  the  base.     Leaves  grasslike,  3-8 

June-August     inches  long  and  about  \  inch  wide.    The 
ovoid  head  about  J  inch  in  diameter.     10-16  inches  high, 
rarely  taller.     In  swamps  and  wet  sandy  lake  shores,  Me. 
south  near  the  coast,  and  west  to  Ind. 
Xy*ris  difformis       A  stout  southern  species,  with  thickish* 
June-August     broad    lance-linear    leaves.     Flower-stem 
slightly  twisted,  and  strongly  flattened.    Heads  spherical, 
J  inch  in  diameter.     Sandy  shores.     Md.  south  to  La. 
Xyris  elata  A  tall,  southern  species  with  grasslike 

June-August  leaves  8-16  inches  long.  Flower-stem  slen- 
der and  scarcely  flattened,  two-edged.  Heads  about  f-1 
inch  long,  and  nearly  cylindrical,  Sandy  shores,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Miss.  See  Appendix. 

SPIDER  WORT  FAMILY.     Commelinacece. 

Herbs  with  jointed  and  often  leafy  branching  stems, 
the  leaves  sheathed  at  the  base,  and  generally  perfect 
flowers,  i.  e.,  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil.  Cross- 
fertilization  assisted  by  insects. 

The  grass  green  leaves  are  lance-shaped, 
Day  Flower  an(j  brown_sneathed  at  their  junction  with 
Commehna  hir-  .  ,  . 

tella  the  plant-stem;  the  sheath  is  hairy-edged. 

Light  violet-  The  flowers  are  three-parted  and  irregular, 
blue  that  is,  unequal  in  size,  form,  and  struc- 

tural parts ;   two   of  the  light  violet-blue 
petals  are  larger  than  the  third.     The  leaf 

18 


•  /  inn     i 

Yellow-eyed  Grass. 
Xyris  Carolinians. 


Xyris  flexuosa. 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.     Commelinaceas. 


immediately  below  the  flowers  is  heart-shaped,  and 
clasping,  forming  a  hollow  from  which  the  flower-stem 
proceed  s.  The  flo  wers  expand  only  in  the  morning.  The 
plant  is  erect,  stout-stemmed,  and  grows  2-3  feet  high. 
It  is  named  for  the  early  Dutch  botanist  Kaspar  Comme- 
lin.  Fond  of  damp  and  shady,  but  warm  places,  it  dis- 
tributes itself  along  river  banks  and  streams  from 
southern  N.  J.,  south,  and  west  to  Mo. 
Virginia  Day  This  is  a  much  commoner  species  in  the 
Flower  northeastern  section  of  the  country,  and 

Commelina         it  differs  from  the  foregoing  species  in  the 

Virginia*  following    particulars.      The    leaves  and 

Light  violet- 

fcl*e  stem  are  slenderer,  the  stem  taller,  but 

June-Septem-  branching  and  reclining,  frequently  tak- 
ber  ing  root  at  the  joints,  and  the  whole  plant 

is  frequently  slightly  rough  to  the  touch.  The  third 
petal  is  also  particularly  inconspicuous  and  abortive. 
The  plant  grows  l|-3  feet  high,  and  is  found  on  river 
banks  or  wet  shaded  places,  from  southern  N.  Y.,  south, 
and  west  to  Neb.  and  Tex.  See  Appendix. 

This  species  has  mucilaginous,  upright 
Spiderwort  .  .   ,.    .  , 

Tradescantia       stems,  with  light  green,  narrow,  and  linear 

Virginiana  leaves.  The  flowers  are  regular  with  three 
Light  violet-  purplish  ultramarine  blue  petals  which 
blue  richly  relieve  the  golden  anthers  with- 

in; the  latter  are  widely  removed  from  the 
prominent  stigma.  It  is  unquestionably  cross-fertilized 
by  the  earlier  queen  bumblebees  Bombus  pennsylvani- 
cus  and  B.  separatus,  who  are  attracted  by  the  plentiful 
pollen,  and  evidently  come  in  contact  with  the  exposed 
stigma  before  stumbling  among  the  yellow  anthers.  It 
is  also  a  familiar,  old-fashioned  garden  flower,  common 
beside  the  farm-houses  of  the  north.  It  is  named  for 
John  Tra descant,  gardener  to  Charles  I.  of  England. 
It  grows  1-1  \  feet  high,  usually  in  rich  or  moist  ground, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  There 
are  variable  forms  of  this  species,  as  well  as  another 
slenderer  southern  species  with  smaller  pink  flowers, 
6-12  inches  high,  named  Tradescantia  rosea.  It  is  dis- 
tributed from  Md.,  south,  and  west  to  Mo. 

[See  Appendix.] 

20 


Virginia  Day  Flower. 


Spiderwort. 


Commelin&Virgimca.      Ki    Tradescantia  virginiana. 


PICKEREL  WEED  FAMILY.     Pontederiaceae. 


PICKEREL  WEED  FAMILY.     Pontederiacece. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  perfect  (i.  e.  having  stamens  and  pis- 
til), more  or  less  irregular  flowers  issuing  from  a  spathe  or 
leaflike  envelop,  which  are  mostly  fertilized  by  insects. 

A  tall  plant  with  one  blunt  arrowhead- 
Pickerel  Weed     T         ,    -f    ,  ,  .  ,    , 
Pontederia  cor-  shaPed>  dark  green,  thick  leaf,  varying  to 
data                   a  very  elongated  triangle  shape,  and  a 
Light  violet-      showy  flower-spike  about  4  inches  long, 

crowded  with  ephemeral,  violet-blue 
b""e~  '  flowers  which  are  marked  with  a  distinct 

yellow-green  spot.  Immediately  below 
the  spike  is  the  small  spathe.  Sometimes  the  flowers 
are  white.  The  flower-cup  is  funnel-formed  and  six- 
divided,  the  upper  three  divisions  united,  and  the  three 
lower  ones  spread  apart.  The  six  stamens  are  three  of 
them  long  and  protruding,  and  three  short  which  are 
often  abortive  ;  the  blue  anthers  are  so  placed  that  it  is 
impossible  for  an  insect  to  enter  the  flower-cup  without 
brushing  against  them  and  detaching  the  pollen.  The 
fruit  is  a  bladderlike  receptacle  containing  one  seed.  The 
plant  is  named  for  Giulio  Pontedera,  a  professor  of 
botany  at  Padua  about  1730.  Pickerel  weed  grows  1-3 
feet  high,  and  is  commonly  found  in  the  shallows  of  ponds 
and  sluggish  streams,  sometimes  associated  with  the 
arrowhead.  The  deer  in  the  Adirondack  region  fre- 
quent the  lake  shores  to  feed  upon  it. 
Mud  Plantain  A  small  water  plant  with  deep  green, 
Heteranthera  floating,  round-kidney-shaped  leaves  on 
reniformis  long  stems,  and  2-5  white  or  pale  blue  per- 
White  or  bluish  fect]y  developed  flowers,  which,  like  those 

of  the  preceding  species,  are  exceedingly 
short-lived.  The  tiny  flowers  proceed  from  a  spathe  or 
leafy  enclosure  projecting  from  the  sheathed  side  of  a 
leaf-stem.  The  flower-cup  shows  six  nearly  equal 
divisions  spread  above  its  slender  tube.  The  plant  is 
named  for  its  unlike  anthers,  krspa  different,  smdarfypa 
anther  ;  the  specific  reniformis  means  kidney-formed, 
in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaf.  It  grows  about  12 
inches  high,  in  mud  or  shallow  water,  from  Conn,  to 
N.  J  ,  and  west  to  Kan. ,  Neb. ,  and  La.  See  Appendix. 


Pickerel  Weed.   M  Mud  Plantain. 

Pontederia  cordata.  Heteranthera  peni/brmis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Llliacess. 


LILY  FAMILY.   Liliacece. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  a  flower-cup  of  generally 
six  parts  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  beauty. 
Flowers  with  six  stamens  each  of  which  stands  before 
one  of  the  divisions.  In  the  case  of  Allium  the  flowers 
spring  from  a  spathe  or  leafy  inclosure,  like  the  flowers 
of  most  of  the  species  already  described. 
Carrion  Flower  The  light  green  veiny-corrugated  leaves 
Smilax  are  mostly  round-ovate  and  heart-shaped 

herbacea  at  the  b        pointed  at  the  tip,  and  devoid 

Green-yellow        -     . 

May-July  of  gloss>  their  stems  greatly  varying  in 

length,  measuring  -i-3  inches  ;  with  a  ten- 
dril at  either  side.  The  long  flower-stem,  proceeding 
from  between  the  tendrils,  is  topped  by  a  hemispherical 
flower-cluster  with  spokelike  stemlets.  The  greenish- 
yellow  flowers  are  insignificant  and  putrid-odored  ;  they 
are  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate  plants,  thus  show- 
ing their  dependence  upon  insects  for  fertilization,  par- 
ticularly upon  those  flies  which  are  attracted  by  carrion. 
The  cluster  of  berries  is  first  green  and  finally  blue-black 
with  a  bloom.  It  is,  indeed,  a  beautiful  and  decorative 
vine,  most  unfortunate  in  the  repellent  odor  of  its  flow- 
ers at  the  time  of  bloom.  It  is  very  variable,  grows  to  a 
length  of  4-15  feet,  and  frequents  river  banks  and  thickets* 
Common  from  the  coast  west  to  Dak.  and  Neb. 
Green  Brier  ^ne  slightly  zigzag  stem  and  branches, 

Smilax  the  latter  more  or  less  squarish,  are  cov- 

rotundifolia       ered    with    scattered    prickles,    and    the 

Light  green  broadly  ovate,  short-stemmed,  light  green 
May-June  _  0  .  ,  , 

leaves  are  2-3  inches  long  and  pointed. 

The  leaf -stalk  is  bent  upward  at  a  right  angle  ;  in  the 
angle  are  the  slender  tendrils.  The  flower-stalk  bears 
fewer  flowers  than  that  of  the  preceding  species.  The 
berries  are  blue-black.  It  is  common  in  most  thickets, 
and  closely  connects  with  a  western  form,  var.  quadran- 
gularis,  the  branches  of  which  are  quite  perceptibly 
square.  Common  from  the  coast  west  to  Minn,  and 
Tex.  It  is  a  familiar  vine  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  and 
at  North  Easton,  Mass., but  it  is  not  found  in  the  moun.' 
tain  region  of  N.  H. 

24 


Carrion  Flower. 
Smilax  herbacea. 


Green  Brier*. 
Smilax  rotundifolia. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceie. 


Clintonia 

Clintonia 

borealis 

Cream-color, 

greenish 

June-early 

July 


A  handsome  woodland  plant  with  from 
two  to  four  (usually  three)  shiny,  light 
green,  large  oval-oblong  leaves  ;  a  slender 
flower-stalk,  about  7  inches  high,  bears 
from  three  to  six  cream-colored  drooping 
flowers  greenish  on  the  outside.  The 
flower  is  formed  of  six  distinct  sepals,  and 
is  perfect,  having  six  stamens  and  a  pistil ;  its  form  is 
lily  like  and  dainty.  It  was  named  for  DeWitt  Clinton, 
once  governor  of  New  York.  It  unfortunately  lacks 
odor  and  color  to  make  it  perfectly  attractive,  but  it  is 
not  without  a  subtle  and  delicate  grace.  The  berries, 
which  are  ripe  about  the  middle  of  August,  turn  a  beau- 
tiful pure  blue,  a  color  devoid  of  any  purplish  tinge,  and 
therefore  one  which  is  rare  and  remarkable  in  nature. 
Prussian  blue  mixed  with  a  little  white  will  exactly 
match  the  unique  color  of  the  Clintonia  berry.  The 
plant  grows  6-16  inches  high,  and  is  common  in  the 
northern  woods,  especially  where  they  are  cold  and 
moist.  Me.,  south  to  N.  C.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  far  less  common  species,  with  a  woolly 
umleUulata  flower-stem,  and  flowers  half  the  size  of 
White,  spotted  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  borne  in  a 
May-June  thick  cluster.  The  flowers  are  also  very 
different  in  color  ;  they  are  mostly  white 
speckled  with  madder  purple,  and  possess  a  sweet  odor. 
The  berries  are  globular  and  black.  Height  8-22  inches. 
Rich  woods  of  the  Alleghanies  from  N.  Y.  to  Ga. ;  not 
in  New  Eng. 


26 


Clintonia  bopealis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Lfllaceae. 


Streptopus  A  species  similar  to  S.  roseus,  and  found 

longipes  only  in  the  woods  of  Marquette  Co.,  Michi- 

gan. Leaves  pale  green  beneath,  fine-hairy  on  the  edges, 
and  stemless.  Flowers  bell-shaped,  magenta-pink.  12-16 
inches  high,  the  stem  fine-hairy  above,  the  rootstock 
slender,  and  outspread. 

Twisted  Stalk        The  leaves,  strongly  clasping  the  zigzag 
Streptopus          stem,   are  smooth  and  light  green,  with  a 
amplexifolius     whitish    bloom  beneath.       The   curly-se- 
™**  paled,   greenish  flower  is    about    J   inch 

May-July  wide,   and   hangs    by    a    long,   crooked, 

threadlike  stem  from  beneath  the  leaves. 
The  flower  is  perfect  and  regular,  with  six  lance-shaped 
sepals,  and  is  either  solitary  or  (rarely)  in  pairs.  The 
name  is  from  the  Greek,  for  twisted,  and  stalk  or  foot. 
The  usually  solitary  berry  is  red,  round,  and  nearly  £ 
inch  in  diameter.  2-3  feet  high.  Cold  moist  woods. 
Me.,  west  to  the  Rockies,  and  south  to  N.  C.,  in  the 
mountains. 

Streptopus  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  dull 

roseus  purple-pink  flower,  its  leaves  which  are  not 

Dull  purple-  whitened  with  a  bloom  beneath,  but  are 
Ma  -earl  altogether  green  and  finely  hairy  at  the 

juiy  edge,   and  its  earlier    period    of    bloom. 

1-2-J  feet  high.  In  the  same  situations, 
but  extending  farther  south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Ore. 

The  genus  Streptopus  is  dependent  in  part  upon  insects 
for  cross-fertilization.  Some  of  the  most  frequent  visit- 
ors are  the  bumblebees,  the  beelike  flies  Bombylius,  and 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Andrenidce,  still,  their  effect  upon 
the  flower  is  mere  probability.  It  takes  much  time  and 
attention  to  make  sure  of  the  results  of  such  insect  visita- 
tions. Certainly  the  delicate  green-white  coloring  of 
one  species  and  the  magenta  of  the  other  directly  indi- 
cate the  adaptation  of  the  flowers  to  insect  visitors. 

The  immature  berry  of  Streptopus  is  green-white  and 
distinctly  triangulate— three-lobed  ;  when  ripe  the  ovoid 
berry  is  a  translucent  cherry-red  ;  the  slender  stems  are 
abruptly  bent  near  the  middle. 


28 


Twisted  5ta.lk.  Streptopus  roseus. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


Asparagus  Th*s  beautiful  perennial,  so  well  known 

Asparagus    "    as  a  vegetable,  is  not  quite  as  familiar  to 
offidnalis  us  in  its  aesthetic  dress.    Its  leaves  (or  prop- 

Green-yeilow  erlVj  its  branchlets),  are  threadlike ;  and 
it  assumes  a  bushy,  almost  larchlike  figure 
as  it  grows  older,  and  becomes  decorated  with  round, 
scarlet  berries.  The  tiny  green-yellow  flowers  are  six- 
parted,  and  rather  inconspicuous.  The  name  is  ancient. 
Adventive  from  the  old  country,  and  a  frequent  escape 
from  kitchen  gardens  everywhere.  It  is  a  favorite  among 
the  farmers'  wives  who  use  it  decoratively  in  their  homes ; 
certainly  it  is  not  less  decorative  than  the  florist's  famous 
Asparagus  plumosus. 

A  really  beautiful  woodland  plant  slightly 
False  Spike= 
nard  resembling  Solomon  s  Seal,   but  bearing 

Smilacina          its  Spiraealike  cluster  of  fine  white  flowers 
racemosa  at  the  tip  of  the  stem.     The  light  blue- 

White  green  leaves  are  oblong  and  ovate-lance- 

shaped,  taper-pointed,  and  with  very  short 
stems — hardly  any,  in  fact.  The  tiny  flower  has  six 
distinct  white  sepals,  and  is  perfect,  with  six  stamens 
and  a  pistil.  The  flower  cluster  is  pyramidal,  and  the 
zigzag  plant-stem  gracefully  inclines.  The  berries, 
smaller  than  peas,  are  at  first  greenish  then  yellowish 
white  speckled  with  madder  brown,  and  finally,  in  late 
September,  a  dull  ruby-red  of  translucent  character. 
They  possess  an  aromatic  taste.  A  familiar  plant  of  the 
White  Mt.  region.  The  name  is  a  diminutive  of  Smilax, 
without  appropriate  application.  Common  in  moist 
copses  and  beside  woodland  roads.  1-3  feet  high,  Me.5 
south  to  S.  C.  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


False  .'Spikenard.  SmiUcin*  racemosa. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


A  much  smaller  species  than  the  fore- 
False  Solo-  -.,, 
mon's  Seal         g°mg>  with  a  very  small  but  pretty  starry 

Smilacina          cluster  of  white  flowers  at  the  tip  of  the 

stellata  stem.     The  leaves,  light  blue-green  and 

very  firm,   clasp  the  zigzag  stem.     The 

flower  is  1  inch  wide.     The  berries,  which 
June 

are  few,  are  at  first  spotted  and  finally 
dull  ruby-red.     8-16    inches    high.     Moist   banks    and 
meadows.     Me. ,  south  to  N.  J. ,  and  west. 
Three=leaved          A  still  smaller  species,  with  generally 
False  Solo-         three  leaves,  but  sometimes  two  or  even 

mon's  Seal          four,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base  ;  flowers 
Smilacina  ,,        ,.          ,,  „     ,  ,„ 

trifolia  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  spe- 

White  cies,   and  the  berries    red    like  those  of 

May-early          the   next   species.     2-6   inches  high.      In 
June  bogs  or  wet  woods.     Me.,  south  to  Perm., 

west  to  Mich. 

Although  the  resemblance  of  Smilacina  trifolia  to 
Maianthemum  Canadense  (the  next  species  described)  is 
close,  the  differences  are  easily  detected  by  a  close  ob- 
server. The  (usually)  three  leaves  of  Smilacina  trifolia 
clasp  the  stem  but  are  in  no  way  heart-shaped  at  the 
base.  This  species  also  has  six  sepals  and  as  many 
stamens,  and  the  whole  plant  is  invariably  smooth,  not 
fine-hairy  as  is  sometimes  the  case  with  the  next  species. 
The  berries  of  Smilacina  and  Maianthemum  are  closely 
similar,  but  those  of  Smilacina  stellata  are  in  a  measure 
harder,  more  opaque  than  any  of  the  others,  and  cer- 
tainly not  blackish,  as  described  in  Gray's  Manual,  6th 
^Edition,  but  dull  red. 


False  Solomons  Seal. 
Smilacina  stellata. 


Smilacina  trifolia. 


LILY  FAMILY.     LiHacetB. 


A  tiny  woodland  plant  resembling  Smila* 
Mayflower  cina  trifolia,  with  small  white  flowers 
Maianthemum  which  differ  from  those  of  the  genus  Sm^'- 
Canadense  lacina  in  having  only  four  sepals  and  as 
Whlte  many  stamens.  It  has  two  to  three  light 

green,  shiny  leaves  which  are  ovate-lance- 
shaped  or  broader,  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base. 
The  berries  are  yellow- white,  spotted  with  madder  brown, 
until  early  fall  when  they  turn  a  dull  translucent  ruby- 
red. 

A  familiar  plant  in  the  woods  of  the  White  Mts:  ;  gen- 
erally in  moist  places.  3-6  inches  high.  The  name  is 
from  Mains,  May,  and  avQejuov,  flower.  Me.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Iowa,  south  to  N.  Car. 

-This  is  the  only  one  true  species,  familiar 
VaHe°  in  cultivation.  It  has  two  oblong  leaves, 

Convallaria        shiny   and  smooth,   and  a  slender   stalk 
majalis  bearing  a  one-sided  row   of   tiny   white 

White  flowers,     extremely     sweet-scented    and 

dainty.  Flower-cup  bell-shaped,  with  six 
lobes  recurved,  and  six  stamens.  It  is  ap- 
parently cross-fertilized  by  bees  who  collect  the  pollen, 
as  there  is  little  or  no  honey  at  the  base  of  the  bell ;  in 
the  absence  of  insects  it  is  self-fertilized  (Hildebrand). 
Berry  red.  The  name  is  from  the  Latin  convallis,  valley, 
and  the  Greek  for  lily.  Identical  with  the  European 
flower  of  the  gardens,  it  also  grows  on  the  higher 
Alleghanies,  from  Va.  to  S.  Car. 


Canada   Mayflower?  Lily  of  the  Valley. 

Maianthemum  Canadense.      Convallaria  maj&lis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacese. 


The  pendulous  position  of  the  flowers  of  this  genus,  is 
in  a  great  measure  protective  ;  the  wind  and  weather  can 
not  injure  or  uselessly  scatter  the  pollen.  The  flowers, 
moreover,  have  short  styles  and  long  anthers,  and  are 
unquestionably  cross-fertilized  by  the  larger  bees ;  the 
bumblebees  Bombus  vagans,  and  Bombus pennsylvanicus 
are  common  visitors,  together  with  innumerable  small 
insects. 

The    oblong-ovate,   light    green    leaves 
Solomon  s  Seal 

Polygonatum  smooth  or  finely  hairy  and  paler  beneath, 
biflorum  arranged  alternately  either  side  of  the 

Pale  green  slender,  smooth  stem  ;  the  cylindrical  and 
April-June  tassellike  perfect  flowers  (each  having  six 
stamens)  depend  in  clusters  of  two,  rarely  three,  below 
them.  An  extremely  pretty  and  graceful  plant  when 
under  cultivation.  The  fruit,  at  first  a  green  berry  with 
a  whitish  bloom,  at  last  becomes  blue-black  and  resembles 
a  small  Concord  grape  ;  it  imparts  an  additionally  decora- 
tive appearance  to  the  plant.  1-3  feet  high.  Common 
in  thickets  beside  woodlands,  and  on  hillsides.  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  E.  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  Tex. 

The  plant  is  taller  and  smooth,  without 
Solomon's  Seal  ^ne  ^ne  narrmess-  Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
Polygonatum  and  partly  clasping  the  plant-stem,  3-8 
commutatum  inches  long,  and  many-ribbed.  Flowers 
Pale  Green  in  ciusters  of  from  two  to  eight.  Stem 
y  stout  and  round.  2-8  feet  high.  Meadows 

and  river  banks.     Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and 
west  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

A  southern  plant  of  the  mountain  woods 

and  pine-barren  swamps,  found  at  an  al- 
o!"*«°r1  titude  of  5000  feet  in  Virginia.     The  rather 

puberula  stocky   angular  stem  slightly  fine-hairy. 

(Uvularia  pube-  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  rough-edged,  and  a 
rula  Michaux)  brighfc  shining  green  on  both  sides.  Flow- 
Corn=yellow  ,  .,,  . 

May-June  ers  Pale  corn  vellow>  bell-shaped,  with  six 

perianth  divisions,  the  styles  separated 
nearly  to  the  base,  and  not  longer  than  the  anthers.  8-15 
inches  high.  N.  J.  to  S.  C.  This  plant  does  not  properly 
belong  to  the  genus  Uvularia;  its  perianth  is  without 
ridges  within.  (See  O.  sessilifolia.) 
36 


Solomon's  Seal 


Polygonatum  biflorum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Uliaceae. 


Bellwort  A    graceful    woodland    plant,    smooth 

Uvularia  per-     throughout,  with  a  forking  stem  (one  to 
foliata  three  leaves  below  the    fork),  the    deep 

Pale  corn  green  ovate-lance-shaped  leaves  appearing 

nay-June  as  if  Perforated  b7  ^.     The  delicately  fra- 

grant flower-cup,  granular-rough  inside, 
is  attenuated  but  lily  like,  with  six  distinct  pale  corn 
yellow  sepals.  Flowers  perfect,  with  six  short  stamens 
and  a  pistil.  Sepals  with  a  deep  honey  -bearing  groove 
within  ridged  on  either  edge. 

Seed  pod  a  three-parted  capsule,  appearing  as  if 
chopped  off  at  the  end,  and  in  this  respect  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  Oakesia  following.  Name  from 
uvula,  palate,  referring  to  the  way  the  flower  hangs. 
It  grows  6-18  inches  high,  in  rich  woods,  from  Me.  to 
the  Dakotas,  and  south. 

This  is  the    commoner    bellwort  from 
Large-flowered 

Bellwort  western    New    Eng.,    west    and    south. 

Uvularia  gran-  The  deep    green    leaves    are    fine-white- 

diflora  hairy  beneath  ;  the  large  pale,  corn  yellow 

flower,  inclining  to  green,  at  the  summit, 


April-June         *s  ^^-Y  H  inches  long,  and  smooth  inside. 

Stem  with  a  single  leaf  or  none  below  the 
fork.  A  more  limited  distribution,  south  to  Ga.  and  west 
to  Minn.  ,  Iowa,  and  S.  Dak. 

Similar  in  some  respects  to  the  foregoing 
Oakesia  sessili-  genus>  but  witn  marked  differences.  Stem 
folia  angled.  The  deep  green  leaves,  fine-hairy 

Corn  or  cream    beneath,     conspicuously     three  -  grooved, 
5^fn°Y  sharp-pointed,   and  stemless,    or  slightly 

clasping.  The  six  divisions  of  the  flower 
less  pointed,  no  ridges  within  the  flower-cup,  the  latter 
more  bufnsh  cream-colored,  but  still  near  corn  yellow. 
The  seed  capsule  three-sided,  resembling  a  beech  nut.  The 
one  or  two  flowers  on  slender  stems,  at  first  terminating 
the  plant  stem,  but  finally  appearing  opposite  the  leaves 
by  reason  of  the  growth  of  the  branches.  Named  for 
William  Oakes,  an  early  botanist  of  New  England. 

Stem  6-13  inches  high.     It  is  very  common  in  the 
north  woods.    Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and 


Lkpge-flowered  Bellwort. 
Uvularia  grandiflora. 


Oakesia 

sessilifolia 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacess, 


Ark.  Uvularia  and  Oakesia  are  both  slender  drooping* 
leaved  plants  early  in  the  season  at  the  time  of  bloom  •, 
later  they  expand  to  a  broader  figure. 

.The  trilliums  are  handsome   woodland 
Stemless  Trilli- 

um,  or  Wake=  plants  with  stout  stems,  ruddy  purple  at 
robin  the  base  ;  their  perfect  flowers  have  three 

Trillium  sessile  green  sepals  which  remain  until  the  plant 
fed"  mage"ta=  withers,  three  petals  much  larger,  and  six 
April-May  stamens.  T.  sessile  has  stemless,  slightly 
fragrant  flowers  with  narrow  petals  and 
sepals,  the  former  rather  erect  and  spreading,  dull  ma- 
genta-red, varying  to  a  greenish  tone.  Leaves  stemless, 
somewhat  four-sided  but  ovate,  and  often  blotched  with 
lighter  and  darker  green.  Red  berry  spherical  or  nearly 
so,  J  inch  deep.  The  name  is  from  triplum,  triple,  a 
characteristic  of  all  parts  of  the  plant.  5-10  inches  high. 
Moist  woods.  Penn.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  fol- 
Tnllium 

recurvatum  lowing  particulars.  The  leaves  are  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  into  a  stem,  and  the 
flower  has  reflexed  sepals,  and  pointed  petals  narrowed 
at  the  base.  6-16  inches  high.  Rich  woods. ,  Ohio  and 
west. 

A  very  common  eastern  species,   with 
Wake=robin,  or  „ 
Birthroot  four-sided  ovate  leaves  scarcely  stemmed, 

Trillium  erec-  and  abruptly  pointed,  and  flowers,  with  a 

turn  reclining  stem,  varying  in  color  from  white 

Maroon,  or  ^Q  pmk  brownish  purple-red  or  maroon, 
white,  etc.  * 

April-June  with  flat,  ovate,  spreading  petals  nearly 

1J  inches  long,  the  sepals  a  trifle  shorter. 
Sometimes  the  flower  is  dull  pink,  of  a  brownish  purple 
tone,  and  rarely  it  is  greenish.  It  is  ill-scented,  and  as  a 
consequence  attracts  the  carrion-loving  green  fly  (Liicilia 
carnicina),  commonly  called  the  flesh-fly,  who  finds  the 
raw-meat  color  of  the  flower  as  acceptable  as  the  odor. 
According  to  Clarence  M.  Weed  this  fly  is  the  most  use- 
ful pollen  disseminator  of  Trillium  erectum.  Berry 
darker  red,  round-ovate.  7-15  inches  high.  Rich 
woods,  New  Eng.  to  N.  C. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
Trillium  viride  A  similar  species  to  T.  sessile  but  larger. 
Leaves  ovate  and  sharp-pointed,  the  sepals  spreading. 
40 


Wake  Robin. 
Trillium  erectum. 


*fr".jp>~ 


undulatum 


Painted  Trillium. 
Trillium  undulatum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     LMaceae. 


Flowers  green,  with  linear  petals.  12-15  inches  high. 
Moist  woodlands  and  hillsides.  Kan.,  Mo.,  and  south- 
eastward. 

Trillium  Leaves  rhombic-ovate.    The  white  flower 

dedinatum  with  long  ovate  petals  ;  its  mostly  horizon- 

tal stem  1J-2  inches  long.  The  filaments  less  than  half 
as  long  as  the  anthers.  Woodlands,  O.,  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A    handsome,     large  -  flowered    species 
Large  Flower-     _ 
ing  Trillium       flowering    later,    and    cultivated  by  the 

Trillium  grandi-  florists.  The  waxy-white  petals  H-2  inches 
ftorum  long,  larger  than  the  sepals,  curve  grace- 

fully backward,  and,  as  they  grow  older, 
turn  pink.    10-18  inches  high.     The  red 
berry  fully  1  inch  long.    Rich  woods.     Vt.  to  N.  C.,  west 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Leaves    almost    stemless    and    broadly 
Trillium  four-sided  ovate.     Flower  with  white  or 

Trillium  pinkish  wavy  petals  f  inch  long,  and  with 

cernuum  a  short  stem  recurved  so  that  the  blossom 

White  ig  often  Bidden  beneath  the  leaves.     8-14 

inches  high.     Moist  woods.     New  Eng.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

A  very  small  species  with  ovate  leaves, 
Dwarf  White 

Trillium  •"•"*  inches  long,  and  flowers  whose  white 

Trillium  nivale  petals,  less  than  1  inch  long,  are  scarcely 
White  wavy.  Berry  red,  about  J  inch  in  diame- 

March-May  ter?  flattened  and  spherical,  with  three 
rounded  divisions.  A  dwarf  plant  2-5  inches  high.  Rich 
woods.  Pa.  and  Ky.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus, 

and  very  common  in  the  rich  woodlands 
Trillium  J 

Trillium  un-  of  the  north.  Leaves  ovate  and  tapering 
dulatum  to  a  sharp  point.  Green  sepals  quite  nar- 

white»  row,  and  the  gracefully  recurved,  wavy- 

edged  white  petals  strongly  marked  with 
a  crimson  V  deep  or  pale,  as  the  case  may 
be  ;  it  is  never  purple.  The  dark  scarlet  ovate  berry  f 
inch  long,  ripe  in  September,  and  falling  at  a  touch. 
8-16  inches  high.  Cold  damp  woods  and  beside  wood* 
land  brooks.  New  Fng.  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 


.     m 


LargeFloweringTrillium.     Trilljum  gr&ndiflorum 


Erects/lower  of 
Trillium  recurvatum. 


NoddingTrillium, 
Trillium  cernuum. 


Dwarf  White  Trillium. 
Trillium  nivale. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacese. 


The  only  species,  the  thin,  circling,  long- 
Cucumber  ovate,  light  green  leaves  of  which  are 
Medeola  Vir-  arranged  around  the  middle,  and  the  three 
ginica  ovate  ones  around  the  top  of  the  thin 

Green  and  stem.     The   inconspicuous    nodding,    but 

terra=cotta  .      ,     ~  .     „  .      ,         .  , 

May-June          pertect  flower  is  f  inch  wide,  green,  and 

accented  by  the  reddish  terra-cotta  color 
of  the  six  stamens,  and  the  three  long,  recurved  terra- 
cotta brown  stigmas,  i.  e.,  the  three  divisions  of  the 
tip  of  the  pistil ;  the  three  petals  and  three  sepals  are 
also  recurved.  In  September  about  two  or  three  purple- 
black  berries  replace  the  flowers  at  the  apex  of  the  plant. 
Named  for  the  sorceress  Medea  on  account  of  its  sup- 
posed medicinal  virtue.  The  common  name  alludes  to 
the  succulent,  horizontal,  white  tuberous  root  which 
tastes  like  cucumber,  and  was  in  all  probability  relished, 
by  the  Indians.  1-3  feet  high.  Rich  damp  woods.  Me. , 
west  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

Medeola  Virginica  is  a  characteristic  woodland  plant, 
common  in  the  White  Mountain  woods.  It  is  adapted 
to  subdued  sunlight,  and  is  interesting  in  both  flower 
and  fruit.  The  blossoms,  often  beneath  the  three  uppei 
leaves,  are  thus  protected  from  the  dripping  of  the  trees 
in  wet  weather ;  their  colors  are  aesthetic.  Crawling 
insects  cannot  easily  mount  the  (at  first)  woolly  stem  and 
rob  the  flower  of  its  pollen,  flying  insects  readily  find 
the  blossom,  and  in  September  the  three  crowning  leaf- 
lets beneath  the  berries  are  stained  with  dull  crimson, 
the  color  attracting  birds  to  the  fruit.  It  is  therefore 
evident  that  the  plant  depends  in  some  measure  upon 
visitors. 


44 


Indian  Cucumber.  .MedeolaVipginica. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


Blazing  Star,  The  stem  bearing  light  green,  flat,  lance- 
or  Devil's  Bit  shaped  (blunt)  leaves  at  the  base  with  sev- 
Cham(Blirium  eral  shorter,  narrower  ones  farther  up, 

luteum  ^  terminated  by  a  feathery  spike  4-10 

White 

June-July          inches    long  of  small,   fragrant  flowers, 

white  with  a  tinting  of  the  yellow  stamens 
characterizing  the  staminate,  and  in  conspicuous  white 
the  pistillate  ones.  It  is  quite  dependent  upon  insects 
for  cross-fertilization,  the  staminate  flowers  growing  on 
one  plant  and  pistillate  on  another  ;  the  flower-cup  has 
six  narrow,  spreading  white  sepals.  The  pistillate  plant 
is  more  leafy.  Fruit  an  oblong  capsule.  The  name, 
which  was  first  applied  to  a  half -grown,  low  speci- 
men, is  from  XCXIHXI,  on  the  ground,  and  A.sipior,  lily. 
The  wandlike  stem  1-4  feet  high.  Low  grounds  and 
swamps,  from  Mass,  to  Ga.,  west  to  Neb.  and  Ark. 
Bunch  Flower  The  lowest  leaves  nearly  1  inch  wide, 
Melanthium  the  few  upper  ones  small,  and  linear  or 
Virginicum  grass-shaped.  Flowers  polygamous,  i.  e., 
Cream  yellow,  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  on 
turning  brown  .  _  .,  ,.  . 

June-August      tne  same  plant.     It  does  not,  therefore, 

rely  fully  upon  insects  for  fertilization. 
Flower-cup  of  six  separate,  greenish  cream  yellow  sepals 
turning  brown  with  age.  Fruit,  an  ovoid-conical  cap- 
sule, three-lobed.  The  name  is  from  jusAaS,  black,  and 
avftoS,  flower,  in  allusion  to  the  dark  color  which  the 
flower  assumes  upon  withering.  The  leafy,  slender 
stem  is  3-5  feet  high.  It  grows  in  wet  woods  and  mead- 
ows, from  Conn.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Tex. 

Indian  Poke  or  A  leafy  perennial  herb  with  very  poison- 
American  ous  coarse  roots,  remarkable  in  the  early 
Wnite  stage  of  its  development  for  its  beautiful 
Ferafmw  Pure  yellow-green  color,  which  becomes 
viride  darker  and  dull  within  four  weeks,  and 
Dull  yellow-  finally  withers  to  an  unsightly  brown  be- 
green  £ore  t^e  summer  is  in  its  prime.  The 

broad  ovate,  clasping  leaves  are  scored  with 
numerous  ribs,  and  crinkled  in  parallel  lines.  The  un- 
interesting large  flower-spike  is  dull  yellow-green  turn- 


Devil's  Bit 


Chamaelirium     luteum 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


ing  brownish  with  age  ;  the  flowers,  like  those  of  thf 
preceding  genus,  are  polygamous,  but  small,  with  si* 
green  sepals.  Capsule  also  like  that  of  Melanthium. 
Name  from  vere,  truly,  and  ater,  dead  black,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  blackening  (really  turning  brown)  of  the 
plant  upon  withering.  The  plant  is  poisonous  in  all 
parts  for  sheep  .and  cattle.  It  grows  2-7  feet  high,  in 
wet  meadows  and  low  grounds,  everywhere. 
stout  Stem  leafy,  stout  and  erect,  with  grass- 

Stenanthium  like  leaves.  Flower-spike  sometimes  2  feet 
Stenanthium  long ;  the  flowers  are  also  polygamous. 
gramineum  Flower-cup  whitish  green  or  white  witt 
White  or  green  .  te. 

July-August  slx  narrow  spreading  lance-shaped  sepals, 
i  inch  long.  Leaves  grasslike.  Fruit 
capsule  pointed  long-ovate.  The  name  is  from  6rev6<s, 
narrow,  and  drQo$,  flower,  alluding  to  the  slender  sepals 
and  flower-cluster.  3-5  feet  high.  Penn.  to  S.  C.,  west 
to  Ohio  and  Tenn. 

The  lily  group  is  distinguished  for  its  handsome  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  of  six  distinct  spreading  sepals  with  a 
honey -bearing  groove  at  the  base  of  each.  Flowers  per- 
fect with  six  prominent  stamens,  and  a  long  pistil  the 
tip  of  which  is  a  three-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  an  oblong 
capsule  containing  many  flat  seeds.  The  bulb  scaly. 
The  name  Latinized  from  the  Greek  Xstpiov. 

The  most  beautifully  colored  wild  lily 
Wood  Lily  or         .      ..          .,_ 

Wild  Orange-  of  all»  wlth  brignt  green  leafy  stems, 
Red  Lily  flower-cup  opening  upward,  and  the  six 

Lilium  sepal  divisions  narrowing  to  a  stemlike 

Philadelphicum  sienderness  toward  the  base.  The  color 
Orange=scarlet 

July  varying    from  orange-scarlet    to  scarlet- 

orange  or  paler,  and  spotted  with  purple- 
brown  on  the  inner  part  of  the  cup.  The  sepals  do  not 
recurve.  From  one  to  three  flowers  are  borne  at  the 
branching  summit  of  the  plant-stem.  A  small  form 
common  in  Nantucket  bears  a  single  lighter-colored 
flower.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry  and  sandy  soil,  common  in 
the  borders  of  thin  woods.  Me.  to  N.  C.,  west  to  Minn0 
and  Mo.  The  var.  andinum,  a  western  form,  has  linear 
leaves  alternately  or  irregularly  distributed  on  the  stem, 
and  generally  deeper  red  flowers.  The  pod  narrowed  at 
48 


Wood  Lily. 


Lilium  Philaddphicum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     LMacese. 


the  base.  Rich  and  dry  soil  of  prairies,  and  in  bogs,  O. 
to  Ark.,  Col.,  and  northwest. 

Southern  Similar  to  L.  philadelphicum,  but  the 

Red  Lily  linear    leaves    alternately    or    irregularly 

Lilium  Catesbai  distributed.  The  orange-scarlet  flower 
Orange-scarlet  solitary,  with  widespread  wavy-margined 
divisions,  long-clawed  at  the  tip,  and 
madder-purple-spotted  at  the  yellow  base.  1-2  feet  high. 
Moist  pine-barrens,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.?  west  to  s.  111., 
and  Mo. 

Yellow  The  common  lily  of  the  north,  found 

Meadow  Lily  most  often  upon  low  meadows.  The  stem 
or  Canada  Lily  ig  sien(jer  or  stout,  very  light  green  and 
Canadense  smooth,  and  bears  the  light  green  lance- 
Buff  yellow  shaped  leaves  in  circles.  The  stem  divides 
spotted  into  several  branches  (really  flower-stems) 

purple=brown  each  of  which  bearg  a  pendulous  flower, 
buff  yellow  on  the  outside,  and  a  deeper 
orange-buff  spotted  purple-brown  on  the  inside.  The 
nectar  is  protected  from  the  rain  by  the  pendulous  posi- 
tion of  the  flower-cup  ;  it  is  gathered  mostly  by  the 
wild  honey-bee,  and  the  leaf-cutter  bee(Megachile),  who 
visit  the  flower  to  gather  the  brown  pollen  as  well. 
These  insects  are  therefore  the  most  potent  means  of 
fertilizing  this  lily.  It  grows  2-5  feet  high,  and  fre- 
quents moist  meadows  and  copses,  from  Me.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Neb,,  and  Mo. 

Lilium  Canadense  is  probably  the  most  popular  wild 
lily  of  our  range.  However,  it  certainly  does  not  possess 
the  beauty  of  color  that  characterizes  the  wood  lily,  nor 
the  subtle  delicacy  of  the  Turk's  Cap  ;  but  the  graceful 
curves  of  its  pendulous  bells  are  unsurpassed  in  any  wild 
or  cultivated  flower,  and  it  must  always  command  the 
greatest  admiration  for  that  matchless  quality.  Of  the 
three  wild  lilies  this  one  is  also  the  most  prodigal  of  its 
charms  ;  it  is  not  only  in  the  meadow,  it  is  everywhere. 
Lilium  Grayi  ^  mountain  species  confined  to  the 
Orange-scarlet  Alleghanies.  The  leaves  smooth,  broad 
July-August  lance-shaped,  acute-pointed,  and  borne  in 
whorls  or  circles  of  4-8,  the  lowest  generally  irregularly 
50 


Yellow  Meadow  Lily. 


Li  Hum  Can&dense. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceas. 


scattered.  Flowers  spreading  horizontally  or  slightly 
drooping,  deep  orange-scarlet,  yellow  at  the  base  and 
profusely  spotted  with  madder  purple ;  the  divisions 
without  claws.  Stem  slender,  2-3  feet  high.  Peaks  of 
Otter,  Va.,  and  on  the  mountain  summits,  southwest  to 
N.  C.  In  comparison  with  the  other  lilies  this  flower  is 
small — only  1J— 2  J  inches  long,  and  very  rarely  more  than 
two  flowers  are  found  on  a  single  plant. 
Turk's  Cap  A  less  common,  but  most  beautiful  spe- 

Liiy  cies  remarkable  for  its  completely  reflexed 

petals,  or  rather  sepals,  which  leave  the 
superbum  ,         ,  *"  .          _  .       J .       _ 

Buff  orange-      handsome  stamens,   tipped  by  the  brown 

yellow  anthers,  fully  exposed  to  view  ;  the  flower- 

July-early  CUp  is  thickly  freckled  with  brown,  and 
August  hangs  in  a  half -drooping  position.  It  is 

also  largely  fertilized  by  bees,  but  is  frequently  visited 
by  the  monarch  butterfly  (Anosia  plexippus)  of  a  tawny 
and  black  color,  whose  favorite  plant  is  the  common 
milkweed.  The  light  green  leaves  of  this  lily  hold 
alternating  positions  at  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  but 
are  more  or  less  in  circles  at  the  lower  part.  3-7  feet 
high.  It  is  oftenest  found  in  wet  meadows  not  very  far 
from  the  coast,  and  it  is  distributed  from  Me.  (rather  rare) 
and  Mass.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar  species  the  flowers  of  which 
Carolina  Lily  ^ave  ^ar  ^ess  reflexed  sepals,  with  perhaps 
Lilium  fewer  spots.  The  leaves  are  darker  green 

Carolinianum  and  broader,  rather  blunt-lance-shaped. 
Buff  orange-  2-3  feet  high.  Commonly  found  in  the 
August  ^ry  wo°ds  an(^  among  the  mountains. 

Va. ,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

Tiger  Lily  ^-  JaPanese  species  escaped  from  gar- 

Lilium    "  dens,  and  commonly  found  beside  old  f arm- 

tigrinum  houses.     Its  leaves  are  lance-shaped  and 

Orange=scarlet  scattered  along  a.  stiff,  straight,  cottony, 

dark-colored  stem,  with  black  bulblets  at 

the  point  where  they  join  the  plant-stem.     The  flower 

sepals  are  strongly  spotted  and  reflexed.     Me.  to  N.  Y. 

A  western  species  similar  in  some  respects 

Erythromum  , .        , 

mesochoreum  to  the  next  following,  but  the  leaves  nar- 
Pale  lavender  rower — linear  lance-shaped  and  not  mot- 

52 


Turk's  C&p  Lily. 


Lilium  superbum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Uliaceas. 


tied,  the  flower  also  pale  lavender  and  its  divisions  not 
curved  backward  but  slightly  spreading  ;  the  stigmas  re- 
curved, 5—10  inches  high.  On  prairies,  la.,  Mo.,  Neb., 
and  Kan.  Blooms  earlier  than  E.  albidum. 

A  small,   lilvlike  flower  distinguished 
Dogtooth  Violet  „        .,     ,  ,       .          ,  ,          .7 

or  Yellow  Ad=  for  lts  brown-purple-tinged  (outside)  gold 
der's  Tongue  yellow  color  ;  sometimes  the  purple  tinge 
Erythronium  is  wanting  in  the  flower,  but  the  two  leaves 
Amencanum  are  aimost  always  strongly  mottled  w^ith 
I0^  ^  'it;  these  are  elliptical,  pointed,  nearly 

April-May          stemless,  and  proceed  from  the  root.    The 

flower  is  perfect,  with  six  stamens  and  a 
pistil,  and  it  is  especially  adapted  to  long-tongued  in- 
sects ;  it  is  undoubtedly  cross-fertilized  by  the  early 
bees,  chief  among  which  are  the  queen  bumblebees 
(Bombus  pennsylvanicus)  whom  I  have  often  observed 
enter  the  flower-bell  and  issue  plentifully  besprinkled 
with  pollen.  Other  occasional  visitors  are  the  small 
butterflies  Colias  philodice — yellow,  and  Pieris  rapce— 
white.  It  is  probable,  too,  that  many  species  of  flies  are 
attracted  to  this  plant  on  account  of  its  mottled  color ; 
but  the  majority  of  flies  are  poor  pollen  disseminators. 
The  name,  Greek,  for  red,  in  allusion  to  the  European 
species  which  is  purple-red.  The  little  plant,  5-10 
inches  high,  is  common  in  moist  woods  and  beside 
brooks  in  swampy  places,  from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to 
Minn.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  very  similar  species  with  narrower 

leaves  mottled  less  distinctly  or  not  at  all, 
Erythronium  smooth,  thick,  and  whitish  green.  The 
albidum  flowers  are  white,  or  dull,  pale  violet- 

White  or  violet-  tinge(i  outside,  and  yellow-tinged  at  the 
whit®  heart,  inside ;  the  six  divisions  of  the 

flower-cup  strongly  recurved.  As  the  white 
stigma  in  Erythronium  matures  in  advance  of  the 
golden  anthers,  it  is,  generally  speaking,  cross-fertilized; 
its  most  frequent  visitor  is  the  bumblebee  (Bombus  vir- 
ginicus).  5-8  inches  high.  Common  only  in  the  west 
and  south.  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
Found  near  Carlinville,  southern  111.  (Prof.  Robertson). 


Yellow  Adders  Tongue. 
.Epythronium  Amepic&num. 


Erythponium  albidum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacesb. 


Erythronium  A  western  species  with  a  peculiar  fleshy 

propullans  offshoot  proceeding  from  a  slit  near  the 

Rose=pink  middle  of  the  stem.  Leaves  small  and 
Mfly  generally  slightly  mottled.  Flowers  bright 

crimson  or  rose-pink,  yellow  at  the  base,  half  an  inch 
long.  Stigmas  united.  6-8  inches  high.  Rich  woods 
of  Minn.,  also  in  s.  Ontario. 

A  slender  ornamental  plant  of  Europe, 
Star-of-Bethle- 

hem  escaped  from  gardens.      The  dark  green 

Ornithogalum  leaves  are  narrow  and  linear,  and  the 
umbellatum  flowers  are  borne  in  a  branched  cluster ; 

they  are  white  inside,  green-lined  outside, 
May-June  ,  ,_ 

and  they  open  only  in  the  sunshine.    Name 

from  the  Greek,  meaning  bird's  milk,    supposed  to  al- 
lude to  the  egg-white  color  of  the  flower.     4-12  inches 
high.     Found  most  often  in  fields  and  meadows  near 
farm-houses.     Mass,  to  Pa.  and  Va.     See  cut  forward. 
Wild  Leek  *n  8PrmS  *ne  w*ld  leek  develops  two  or 

Allium  tricoc-  three  light  green,  flat,  oblong-lance-shaped 
cum  leaves  8-10  inches  long,  and  about  1  inch 

Greenish  white  wj(je  or  more,  and  by  summertime  when 
these  are  withered,  the  white  or  greenish 
white  flowers  begin  to  bloom,  in  a  spokelike  cluster  from 
a  spathe  or  leaflets  at  the  top  of  a  naked  stem.  The 
perfect  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil,  are  six-parted, 
with  six  green-white  sepals.  The  flowers  are  rich  honey- 
bearers  and  undoubtedly  are  mostly  fertilized  by  bees. 
It  is  an  onion-scented  herb  whose  name  is  the  Latin  for 
garlic,  and  it  is  not  remarkable  for  its  beauty.  It  grows 
4-15  inches  high,  in  rich  woodlands  from  west  N.  E., 
west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa,  and  south  among  the  Alle- 
ghanies  to  N.  Car. 

Wild  Garli  ^"     more     commonly     distributed,    ex- 

Allium  Cana-  tremely  narrow-leaved  species  frequenting 
dense  wet  meadows,  the  flower-cluster  of  which 

Pale  pink  or       js  sparse  in  bloom  or  else  is  replaced  by  a 

^hlte¥  thick  cluster  of  bulblets— a  frequent  oc- 

jYla  y — j  u  n  e 

currence  with  Allium.     The  flower's  sepals 

are  narrow  and  obtuse,  and  quite  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
8-24  inches  high.     Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf. 
The  Allium  s  are  mostly  assisted  by  flies,  bees,  moths, 
and  butterflies  in  the  process  of  fertilization. 
56 


Wild  Garlic. 

Alii  urn  C&nddense. 


Wild  Leek, 

Alii  urn  tricoccum 


LILY  FAMILY.    LiUaceae. 


Day  Lily  ^  na^ve  °^  Europe  and  Asia,  escaped 

HemerocalUs      from  gardens.     Leaves  angled  in  section, 
fulva  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,   narrow  and 

Tawny  orange  light  green.  The  flower-stalk  tall  bearing 
usually  eight  or  nine  blossoms  which  open 
one  or  two  at  a  time.  The  flower  divisions  six,  three 
narrow,  and  three  wide  and  blunt,  very  fragile,  and 
rusty  or  tawny  light  orange,  with  a  veined  texture. 
The  name  is  from  the  Greek,  and  means  beautiful  for 
only  a  day.  2-5  feet  high.  Found  usually  on  meadows 
and  upon  the  borders  of  streams.  I  gathered  it  not  far 
from  the  Arondack  Spring,  Saratoga,  where  it  was 
growing  wild  and  plentiful.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 
Va.  and  Tenn. 

A  beautiful  but  far  less  common  species, 
Yellow  Day 
Llly  occasionally  escaped  from  country  gar- 

Hemerocallis      dens,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  pure  bright 

flava,  yellow  flowers  more  delicate  and  slender 

in  form,    having  a  delightfully  fragrant 

odor.    2-3  feet  high.     The  leaves  of  both 

these  plants  grow  thickly,   and  are  characterized  by 

graceful,  drooping  curves. 

HemerocalUs  fulva  is  rapidly  becoming  established  as 
a  wild  flower  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  Its  tenacity 
of  life  under  apparently  adverse  conditions  is  remarkable. 
It  propagates  rapidly  by  its  spreading  roots,  and  some- 
times takes  complete  possession  of  by-ways  and  spare 
corners  where  the  environment  is  favorable.  In  various 
parts  of  New  York  State  the  plant  is  abundant.  Less 
attractive  in  figure  than  the  delicate  yellow  HemerocalUs 
flava,  and  odorless  besides,  it  makes  up  for  such  dis- 
crepancies by  a  magnificent  tawny  orange  matched  by 
few  if  any  members  of  the  Lily  Family.  The  flowers 
bloom  for  one  day  only. 


Day  Lily. 


Hemeroc&llis  fulva. 


<Star-of-Bethlehem.     Opnithogalum  umbellat'umi 


AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.     Amaryllidacex. 


AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.    Amaryllidacece. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  generally  showy,  perfect  flow- 
ers— with  stamens  and  pistil — having  six  generally  equal 
divisions  of  the  flower-cup.  Mostly  fertilized  by  bees, 
the  beelike  flies  (Syrphidce),  and  small  butterflies  (Hes- 
peria). 

Leaves    somewhat    thick,    blunt,    and 
Atamasco  Lily        .    .  ' 

Zephyranthes  shmiDg  deep  green,  long  and  straight. 
Atamasco  The  flower  perfect  with  six  stamens  and 

Pink  or  white  a  pistil,  the  former  very  much  shorter 
April-July  than  the  flower.CUp.  The  flower-cup  is 
symmetrical  and  divided  into  six  distinct  lobes,  crimson 
pink,  white  with  a  magenta  tinge,  or  white  ;  it  is  rarely 
eight-lobed.  Unquestionably  the  plant  is  cross-fertilized 
by  insects,  chiefly  by  bees,  the  honeybee  (Apis  mellificd) 
visiting  the  flower  most  frequently,  and  generally  early 
in  the  morning.  The  low  position  of  the  anthers  in  the 
flower-tube  makes  it  impossible  for  the  bee  to  pass  them 
without  powdering  herself  with  pollen.  The  name  is 
from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  Zephyrus,  the  west  wind, 
and  avQoS,  a  flower.  The  fruit  is  a  depressed  capsule. 
6-15  inches  high.  In  moist  localities.  Del.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala. 

The  leaves  are  deep  green,  linear,  grass- 
star  Grass  &  „ 
Hypoxis  k^6'  and  covered  with  hairs.  The  perfect 
hirsuta  flower  is  six-parted,  with  six  stamens  of 
Yellow  unequal  lengths  ;  it  is  deep  yellow  inside, 
April-July  an(^  hairy  and  greenish  outside.  There 
are  perhaps  three  flowers  at  the  top  of  the  hairy  stalk, 
which,  by  a  plentiful  supply  of  pollen,  attract  both 
smaller  bees  (Halictus)  and  smaller  butterflies,  notably 
the  Meadow  Fritillary  (Brenthis  bellona).  Prof.  Robert- 
son says  the  plant  depends  mostly  upon  the  genus 
Halictus  for  fertilization,  and  that  it  is  self-  as  well  as 
cross-fertilized.  Hypoxis  is  commonly  found  in  the 
meadow  grass,  in  dry  situations.  The  name  is  of  Greek 
origin,  alluding  to  some  unknown  plant  with  sour 
leaves.  3-6  inches  high.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Minn.,  E. 
Kan.,  and  Tex. 

60 


Atamasco  Li  ly.  Star  G  pass. 

Zephyranthes  Atamasco.          Hypoxis  hirsuta 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridacex, 


IRIS  FAMILY.    Iridacece. 

Perennial  herbs  found  in  damp  or  moist  situations, 
having  straight  straplike  leaves  and  showy,  perfect 
flowers  of  three  and  six  parts.  Commonly  cross-ferti- 
lized by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  beelike  flies 
(Syrphidcp). 

A  handsome,  and  decorative  plant,  with 
Larger  Blue  light  green,  straight,  flat  leaves,  and  three- 
Flag  or  Fleur=  parted  perfect  flowers  blooming  one  by 

de=Iis  one    from  a    green    bract    or    leaflet  at 

Iris  versicolor  ..        .... 

Violet-blue  *ne  tip  of  a  somewhat  irregular  stalk.  The 
May-July  stamens  are  hidden  and  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  three  larger  and  more  showy 
divisions  of  the  flower,  which  are  beautifully  veined 
with  deep  violet  over  a  whitish  ground  tinted  at  the  base 
with  yellow.  The  stamens  are  under  each  of  the  three 
straplike  divisions  of  the  style  (the  middle  portion  of  the 
pistil)  which  directly  overlie  the  showy  purple- veined 
petals  or  divisions.  Thus  the  insect,  generally  a  bee,  in 
order  to  reach  the  honey,  must  alight  upon  the  showy 
petal,  crawl  beneath  the  overhanging  style-division,  and 
brush  past  the  anther  hidden  below  it,  dislodging  the 
yellow  pollen  in  its  passage.  At  the  tip  of  each  style- 
division  is  the  stigma,  and  upon  this  some  of  the  pollen 
is  deposited  as  the  bee  passes  ;  but  it  is  really  the  pollen 
from  some  previously  visited  flower  which  possesses  the 
greater  fertilizing  power,  therefore  the  iris  is  a  plant 
which  has  especially  adapted  itself  to  cross-fertilization. 
It  is,  however,  robbed  of  its  nectar  by  the  little  yellow 
butterfly  (Colias  philodice),  who  goes  straight  to  the  base 
of  the  flower  between  the  divisions,  and  reaches  the 
honey  with  its  long  tongue,  and  also,  according  to  the 
testimony  of  C.  M.  Weed,  by  the  tiny  skipper  butterfly 
(Hesperia).  Fruit  a  long  three-lobed  capsule.  The  name 
is  from  TIpz£,  the  rainbow,  in  allusion  to  the  prismatic 
colors  of  the  species.  16-30  inches  high.  On  the  wet 
margins  of  ponds,  and  in  swamps,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  Neb. 


Blue  Flag. 


Iris  versicokm 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaceae* 


A  slender-stemmed  species  with  very 
Slender  .., 

Blue  Flag  narrow  grasslike    leaves,  and  a  smaller 

Iris  flower  with  generally   narrower  propor- 

prismatica  tions,  and  an  extremely  short  tube,  but  a 
Violet=blue  long  slender  stem  proceeding  from  smaller 
May-June  ,  ,  ~  ,  mi  £ 

bracts  or  leaflets.     The  fruit  capsule  nar- 

rowly three-lobed  and  angular.  This  species  is  mainly 
found  near  the  coast  in  brackish  swamps,  or  wet  grounds. 
1-3  feet  high.  Me.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Car. 

A  usually  one-flowered,  small,  slender- 
Dwarf  Iris 

Irisverna  stemmed    species    with    grasslike    leaves 

Violet=blue  scarcely  over  seven  inches  long,  the  flower 
and  yellow  with  the  three  principal  divisions  nar- 
Apnl-May  rowed  toward  the  base,  slightly  woolly, 
and  deep  gold  yellow  at  the  narrowing  part.  Some- 
times  the  flowers  are  white.  The  fruit  capsule  is  ob- 
tusely triangular  and  short.  4-8  inches  high.  On 
wooded  hillsides,  from  south  Perm,  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

A  lance-shaped  leaf  tapering  at  both 
Dwarf  Iris  ends  distinguishes  this  species  from  all 
Iris  cristata  others  ;  the  leaf  is  bright  green,  4-9  inches 
Light  Violet  long)  and  aoout  J  inch  wide.  The  flowers 
April-May 


divisions  crested;  i.  e.,  they  are  marked  with  three 
raised  parallel  flutings  along  the  centre,  the  middle  one 
of  which  is  orange  yellow.  The  flower  is  exceedingly 
delicate  in  color  and  dainty  in  form.  The  fruit  capsule 
is  sharply  triangular  and  ovate  in  outline,  hardly  twice 
as  long  as  it  is  wide.  3-6  inches  high.  It  is  a  very 
dwarf  plant  common  on  the  hillside  and  along  streams, 
from  Md.  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  southern  Ind.  and 
Mo. 

A  Chinese  plant  escaped  from  cultiva- 
Blackberry 
Lijy  tion,  similar  to  the  iris,  but  much  more 

Belamcanda  branched.  The  leaves  flat  and  light  green. 
Chinensis  like  those  of  the  iris,  the  perfect  flowers 

Gold*"  °ran2e»  with  six  even  divisions  of  a  light  golden 
spotted  "  orange  color  mottled  with  dull  magenta 
August-  spots.  Three  prominent  stamens.  Sev- 

September  eral  flowers  in  bloom  at  once.  The  fruit 
capsule  is  fig-shaped,  1  inch  long,  and  when  the  scales  or 

64 


Crested  Dwarf  Jpi$.          Blackberry  Lily. 

Ins  crist&tai,          BelajricandaChlrvensm 


IRIS  FAMILY.    Iridaceae. 


.    Blue=eyed 
Grass 

Sisyrinchium 
angustifolium 
3t      Deep  vio!et= 
blue 
May-July 


divisions  of  the  shell  fall  in  August,  the  blackberrylike, 
fleshy-coated,  black  seeds  are  exposed  to  view.  The  name 
is  East  Indian.  2-4  feet  high.  The  plant  has  escaped 
from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  low  hills,  from  south  N. 
Y.  and  Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Ind.  and  Mo. 

A  stiff  grasslike  little  plant  with  linearr 
pale  blue-green  leaves  less  than  the  some- 
what twisted  and  flat  flower-stem  in 
height.  The  flowers  are  perfect,  with  a 
prominent  pistil,  and  three  stamens ;  the 
six  divisions  are  blunt  and  tipped  with  a 
thornlike  point ;  they  are  violet-blue,  or 
sometimes  white  ;  the  centre  of  the  flower  is  beautifully 
marked  with  a  six-pointed  white  star  accented  with 
bright  golden  yellow,  each  one  of  the  star-points  pene- 
trating the  deeper  violet-blue  of  the  petallike  division. 
The  -flower  is  mostly  cross-fertilized  by  bees,  and  the 
beelike  flies  (Syrphidce).  Seed  capsule  globular.  The 
name  is  Greek  in  origin,  and  is  meaningless.  6-13  in- 
ches high.  In  fields  and  moist  meadows,  common  from 
Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west.  Stem  j^-J  inch  wide. 

A  similar  species  which  has  usually  two 
unequal  branches  springing  from  a  con- 
spicuous grasslike  leaf  ;  the  leaves  a  trifle 
bloomy  and  very  light  green  ;  less  stiff  than 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  and  •£&-% 
inch  wide.  The  flower  petals  are  also 
sparsely  woolly  on  the  outer  surface.  8-16 
In  grassy  places,  and  sometimes  on  the  bor- 
ders of  woods,  from  Mass.,  south,  and  Minn.,  south  to  La. 
A  tall,  bending  species,  similar  to  the 
preceding,  but  lighter  green  and  somewhat 
woolly;  a  slenderer  and  weaker  stem,  some- 
times nearly  2  feet  long,  and  reclining,  ter- 
minating in  two  or  three  almost  equal 
branches.  Leaves  very  narrow,  bracts 
somewhat  purplish  and  dry  papery  ;  the  flower  a  trifle 
smaller,  the  outside  somewhat  woolly.  The  seeds  but 
slightly  pitted  or  nearly  smooth.  In  wet  meadows  or 
brackish  marshes  or  sandy  soil,  Vt.,  Me.  to  Fla.,  near  the 
coast.  (Bicknell,  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bull,  23 :  134,  1896.) 
66 


Stout  Blue- 
eyed  Grass 

Sisyrinchium 
gramineum 
Deep  violet- 
blue 
May-June 

inches  high. 


Eastern  Blue- 
eyed  Grass 

Sisyrinchium 
Atlanticum 
Violet-blue 
May-June 


Blue-eyed  Grass. 
Sisyrinchium  aj\gustifol!unfi.      Sisyrinchium  gramineum 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacess. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     OrcMdacece. 

Perennial  herbs  having  perfect  flowers,  the  various 
parts  of  which  are  irregular  in  structure  but  symmetri- 
cal in  arrangement.  There  are  three  similar  sepals 
colored  like  petals,  two  lateral  petals,  and  below  these  a 
third  unique  petal  called  the  lip,  conspicuously  colored, 
often  spurred,  and  containing  nectar  for  the  attraction 
of  insects.  The  latter  in  the  effort  to  reach  the  nectar 
invariably  dislodge  the  peculiarly  adhesive  pollen-clus- 
ters and  eventually  carry  them  to  the  next  blossom. 
The  ingenious  mechanical  device  of  the  flower  to  insure 
cross-fertilization  is  simple  but  effective.  The  orchids, 
except  the  Cypripedium,  have  but  one  stamen  which  is 
united  with  the  style  into  one  common  column  placed  at 
the  axil  of  the  flower  facing  the  lip.  The  stigma,  the 
usual  termination  of  the  style,  is  a  gummy  surface 
located  directly  below  the  so-called  rostellum,  the  re- 
ceptacle of  the  anther,  and  the  actual  termination  of 
the  style.  In  the  two  anther-cells  above  the  rostellum 
there  are  two  pollinia,  or  stemmed  pear-shaped  pollen- 
clusters,  each  composed  of  several  packets  of  pollen 
tied  together  by  elastic  threads  ;  these  threads  running 
together  form  the  stem  terminated  by  a  sticky  disc.  It 
is  these  discs  which  attach  to  the  tongues  or  heads  of 
insects  and  insure  the  transportation  of  the  pollen- 
masses  to  the  gummy  stigma  of  another  flower.  The 
orchids  as  a  general  rule  are  incapable  of  self-fertiliza- 
tion, and  are  wholly  dependent  upon  long-tongued 
insects  for  the  transportation  of  their  pollen.  In  Cypri- 
pedium, the  stigma  is  not  a  gummy  surface  but  is  in  a 
cavity  between  the  anther-cells. 

A  small  species  with  tiny  white-green 
Green  Adder's 
Mouth  flowers  in  a  small  cluster  about  the  size  of 

Microstylis          mignonette.     A  single  oval,  pointed  leaf 
unifolia  clasps  the  slender  stem  about  half-way  up. 

Whitish  green  The  sepals  are  oblong,  and  the  lip  three- 
pointed.     Fruit  capsule  oval.     The  name 
from  the  Greek,  meaning  small  and  column  or  style. 
4-9  inches  high.     In  cold  woods  or  bogs,  from  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Found  at  Jackson, 
68 


Green  Adder's  Mouth 


Microstylis  unr/blia 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese. 


Bethlehem  and  Campion,  N.  H.,  in  the  region  of  the 
White  Mountains. 

Lar  e  T    a  ^"  sma^  kut  snowv  species  with  rather 

blade  large  shiny  leaves  2-4  inches  long,  light 

Liparis  lilii-       green.     The  flowers  showy,  brownish  or 
f°lia  madder  purple,  with  reflexed  sepals  and 

Madder  purple  petals  tne  latter  exceedingly  narrow,  the 
June-July 

lip  J  inch  long  and  broad.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, the  cluster  sometimes  5  inches  tall.  The  Greek 
name  in  allusion  to  the  shining  leaves.  4-9  inches  high. 
Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Mo. 

A  small  species  commonly  found  in  ever- 
Early  Coral  / 
£0ot                   green  woods,  with  a  ruddy,  irregular  root 

Corallorhiza        resembling  coral,  and  a  straight  yellowish 
trifi da  bro  wn  leafless  but  scaly  stem  bearing  small, 

Dull  madder      uninteresting  madder  purple  flowers,  with 
May-June  ^n^  sePalg  an(^  petals  and  a  whitish  lip  ; 

the  seed  capsule  nearly  J  inch  long.  The 
name,  Greek,  meaning  coral  and  root.  Common  in 
swamps  and  damp  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.  in 
the  mountains  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Neb.  Found  in  Shel- 
burne  and  Dublin,  N.  H. 

A  slender  but  generally  taller  species 
with  very  sma11'  dul1  purple-brown  flowers, 
Corallorhiza       drooping  on  a  stiff  stem  ;  the  lip  whitish, 
odontorhiza       spotted,  and  the  sepals  and  petals  marked 
Dull  madder       with  purple  lines.     The  flower-stem  pur- 
plish brown.     6-12  inches  high,  leafless, 
September          but  with  one  or  two  sheathing  scales.     In 
evergreen  woods,  especially  under  arbor- 
vitae.     Common  from  Mass,  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.,  and 
southwest  to  Mo. 

A  taller,  large-flowered  species,  the  stem 
noot  of  which  has  several  close  scales.     Many 

Corallorhiza        slightly  fragrant  flowers,  with  the  white 
maculata  Hp  spotted  and  lined  with  purple-brown. 

Madder  purple  Common  in  spruce  woods.  10-18  inches 
September  high.  Me.,  south  to  Fla.,  and  west  to 
Neb.  and  Cal.  Found  at  Mt.  Agassiz, 
Bethlehem,  and  Sandwich,  N.  H.,  and  the  White  Mt. 
Notch. 

70 


Flower 
twice  nat. 
size. 


Large  Twaj/ blade, 
tiparis  liliifolia. 


Early  Coral  Root.  J^S 
Corallorhiza'-trifida. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacex. 


Heart=leaved  A  delicate  plant  with  a  very  slender 
Twayblade  stem  bearing  two  opposite  light  green, 
Lister  a  cor  data  stemless  leaves  shaped  somewhat  like  the 
Madder  purple  ace  of  spadeSf  and  a  loose  ciuster  about  2 
inches  long  of  tiny  dull  purple  flowers. 
The  flower  is  without  a  spur  but  possesses  a  very  long 
two-cleft  lip,  bearing  nectar  in  a  furrow ;  the  slightest 
disturbance  of  a  visiting  insect  causes  the  delicate  ros- 
tellum  above  the  lip  to  explode  and  forcibly  eject  a 
sticky  fluid  which  is  sure  to  hit  the  pointed  tops  of  the 
pollen-masses  lying  just  over  the  crest  of  the  rostellum. 
Thus,  the  insect  coming  in  contact  with  the  sticky  fluid 
withdraws  fluid  and  pollen -masses.  Smaller  members 
of  the  family  Hymenoptera,  the  bees,  etc.,  most  fre- 
quently visit  the  flower,  also  those  of  the  order  Diptera, 
flies,  notably  the  tiny  beelike  ones.  3-10  inches  high. 
Named  for  Martin  Lister  an  early  English  botanist. 
Moist  woods,  Me.  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Ore.  Found  in 
the  woods  about  Mt.  Washington. 

Broad=lipped  A  similar  species  with  leaves  less  heart- 
T  way  blade  shaped  and  flowers  with  a  wedge -oblong 
Listera  conval-  n  much  longer  than  the  narrOw  sepals 
larioidis  ,  ,  ,  ~  ,  ,.  ,  T  , 

Greenish  a        Pe^als.      Sepals  purplish.      In  damp 

yellow  woods.     Me.,  south    to    N.    Car.,  in    the 

June-July          mountains,  and  west. 

Ladies'  Tresses  A  marsh  orchid,  with  a  peculiarly  twisted 
Spiranthes  or  spiral  flower-spike  and  very  light  green 

linear    leaves  not    nearly  as  tall  as  the 
Yellowish  mi      ,, 

hjte  nower-stem.     Ihe  flowers  translucent  y el- 

August-  lowish  white,   or  variably  cream  white, 

September  odorless  or  fragrant,  the  whiter  ones  gen- 
erally most  fragrant,  the  lower  sepals  not  upturned  or 
joining  with  the  upper,  the  latter  arching  and  joined  to 
the  petals;  all  these  parts  with  the  curly-edged  broader 
lip  forming  the  bugle-horn-shaped  tiny  flower.  It  is 
fertilized  by  some  of  the  smaller  bees,  moths,  and  but- 
terflies. In  Spiranthes  the  rostellum  holds  in  its  centre 
a  narrow  boat-shaped  disc  containing  a  sticky  fluid  ;  it 
is  covered  by  a  membrane  easily  ruptured  by  an  insect. 
After  the  rupture  the  exposed  sticky  fluid  glues  itself  to 
the  tongue  of  the  insect  and  the  boatlike  disc  is  with- 
72 


Heart-leaved  Twaybtade.  Li  stera-  cordata\ 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orctildaceae. 


drawn  together  with  the  pollinia  which  are  already 
attached  to  it  at  the  back.  When  the  flower  first  opens 
the  tube  or  passage  between  the  rostellum  and  the  lip  is 
exceedingly  narrow,  hence,  the  former  is  easily  ruptured 
by  visitors.  Later  the  space  widens  as  the  column 
topped  by  the  rostellum  moves  upward  in  the  maturer 
development  of  the  flower.  As  a  consequence,  only 
those  flowers  which  are  mature  are  sufficiently  open  for 
the  insect  to  reaoh  the  stigma  and  thereon  leave  the 
pollen  of  a  younger  flower.  The  name  is  from  the 
Greek,  for  coil  and  flower,  alluding  to  the  spiral  growth 
of  the  flowers.  6-24  inches  high ;  not  more  than  9 
inches  in  northern  N.  H.  In  wet  meadows  and  grassy 
swamps.  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  slender  and  tall  species  with  grasslike 
Ladies' Tresses  li^llt  green  leaves,  and  a  leafy  stem  bear- 
Spiranthes  ing  a  much  twisted  flower-spike  of  yellow= 
prcecox  white  spreading  blossoms.  The  lateral 

Yellowish  sepals  free,  the  upper  one  closely  con- 
Jiil*  CAU  ust  nected  with  the  two  petals,  the  lip  often 
dark-striped.  10-30  inches  high.  In  moist 
grassy  places.  A  southern  species  confined  to  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  from  N.  J.  to  Tex. 

An  exceedingly  slender  and  tall  species, 
Slender  Ladies' 
Tresses  smooth  or  rarely  woolly  above,   bearing 

Spiranthes  small  withering  bracts  or  leaflets  along  the 
gradlis  flower-stem  which  is  terminated  by  a  very- 

Cream  white  mucn  twisted  cluster  of  very  many  slender 
October"  flowers,  translucent  cream  white,  and  very 

fragrant.  The  odor  of  Spiranthes  is  pe- 
culiarly aromatic,  reminiscent  of  the  horse-chestnut,  but 
remarkably  sweet.  The  sepals  of  the  flower  are  a  little 
longer  than  the  lip,  which  is  greenish  above  with  white 
margins.  The  ovate  leaves  at  the  root,  wither  before  the 
flowers  bloom.  Visited  by  the  bumblebee  (Bombus 
Americanorum)  and  the  small  bee,  Calliopsis  andreni- 
formis  (Prof.  Robertson).  10-22  inches  high.  Common 
in  dry  situations,  in  pastures,  fields,  and  half -wooded 
hillsides.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.  It 
is  rare  in  central  N.  H.,  where  S.  cernua  is  plentiful. 

74 


Ladies' Tresses.       lllli///       Spiranthes  gracilis. 
Spiranthes  cernua,    Spiranthes  Romanzo^ana. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchldacea* 


Spiranthes  Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  replaces  it  in 
Romanzofflana  northern  regions.  This  shorter  species  has 
White,  creamy  a  thick  and  short  flower-spike,  with  very 
or  greenish  fragrant  greenish  cream  white  flowers 
somewhat  hooded  by  the  combined  sepals 
and  petals.  Leaves  linear.  6-12  inches  high.  Me.,  N. 
Y. ,  and  Pa. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Cal. 

A  remarkably  odd  and  attractive  little 

Rattlesnake  orchid,  with  the  very  dark  blue-olive  green 
Plantain  ,  ,  .,,  *;,  ,  _. 

Epipactis  re-      leaves  marked  with  darker  cross- veins.     It 

pens  var.  ophioi-  has  ascaly,  slender,  slightly  woolly  flower- 
des  (Femald)  stem,  set  on  one  side  only  with  translucent 
White,  creamy  greenish  or  creamy  white  small  flowers ; 
Juf^'early  ^ne  sacu^e  ^P  °^  ^ne  flower  has  a  recurved 
August  "  wavy  margin.  The  pollen-masses,  called 

pollinia,  are  made  up  of  numerous  packets 
connected  by  threads  which  run  together  and  form  a 
single  flattened  brown  ribbon  the  end  of  which  is  fas- 
tened to  the  rostellum.  The  rostellum  when  rubbed  is 
removed  and  carries  with  it  a  bit  of  membrane  to  which 
the  pollinia  are  attached  ;  this  clings  to  the  tongue  of  the 
bee,  and  all  is  properly  withdrawn,  and  carried  to 
another  probably  more  mature  flower,  whose  stigma  is 
easily  accessible,  as  in  the  case  of  Spiranthes.  Named 
for  John  Goodyear  an  early  English  botanist. r  5-8  inches 
high,  rarely  higher.  Under  hemlocks  and  spruces,  in 
the  northern  woods.  Me.,  N.  H.  (frequent  in  the  White 
Mts.),  south  to  the  Great  Smoky  Mts.  of  N.  Car.,  west 
to  Mich.  The  original  species  G.  repens  is. definitely 
known  only  in  the  extreme  north  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
Epipactis  ^ke  commonest  species  in  northern  New 

tesselata  England,  with  a  stouter  stem  than  that  of 

White,  creamy  the  preceding  species,  and  a  little  taller. 
or  greenish  Leaves  5-9  ribbed,  the  veins  bordered  by 

pale  green  pencilings,  the  whole  leaf  irregu- 
larly mottled  with  light  and  dark  green,  rarely  with- 
out the  markings.  The  lip  of  the  flower  is  less  sac-shaped, 
with  a  less  recurved  margin.  In  hillside  woods.  Me., 
northern  N.  Y. ,  south  to  the  Catskills  and  Hartford, 
Conn.  (M.  L.  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  No.  1,  p.  6.) 

1  Formerly  Goodyera;  for  the  older  names,  see  Index. 
76 


Rattlesnake  Plantaj  n. 
Epipactis  repens  var  orphioides.  Epipactis  tessellaia. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchldacese. 


Epipactis  Stem  stout,  leaves  stiff,  plain  green  or 

dedpiens  indistinctly    marked,    often    with    broad 

White,  creamy  white  ribs,  or  rarely  mottled  as  in  the  fore- 
or  greenish  going  species.  The  flower-spike  thick  and 
one-sided  ;  the  lip  of  the  flower  is  large  at 
the  base  and  tapers  to  the  point  with  the  edges  curved 
inward.  8-20  inches  high.  In  dry  woods,  generally 
among  evergreens.  Aroostook  Co.,  Me.,  Que.,  N.  B., 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  from  Lake  Huron  westward. 
(M.  L.  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i,  No.  1.,  p.  7).  This  is  the 
largest  of  all  the  species, 

Epipactis  This  is  the  commoner  rattlesnake  plan- 

pubescens  tain  of  southern  New  England  ;  its  flower- 

White,  creamy  spike  is  thick,  blooms  upward,  and  is  not 
one-sided'  The  nower-stem  is  stout, 
densely  woolly,  and  bears  several  lance- 
shaped  scales.  The  flower  has  a  pronounced  sac- 
shaped  blunt  lip  the  margin  of  which  is  not  recurved. 
Leaves  dark  blue-olive  green,  white-veined,  the  middle 
vein  broad.  6-18  inches  high.  In  dry  evergreen  woods, 
southern  Me.,  and  central  N.  H. ,  south  and  west  to  Minn. 
Arethusa  A  large  single-flowered  and  delicate 

Arethusa  bul-     scented  orchid,  the  light  magenta-crimson 
Magenta=crim=  Pe*a^s  and  sepals  of  which  point  upward 
*  son  like  the  fingers  of  a  half-open  hand  viewed 

May-June  in  profile.  The  lip  of  the  flower  is  recurved 
and  spreading,  with  the  broad  apex  often  fringed, 
magenta  blotched,  and  crested  in  three  white  hairy 
ridges  ;  this  forms  a  conspicuously  colored  landing  plat- 
form for  the  visiting  insect,  usually  a  bumblebee,  who, 
after  pressing  beneath  the  column  and  sipping  the  nec- 
tar, backs  out  brushing  against  the  edge  or  lid  of  the  an- 
ther, opening  it  and  emptying  the  enclosed  pollen  upon 
his  head,  as  is  also  the  case  with  Pogonia  ophioglossoides. 
The  column  is  topped  by  the  lid-like  anther  instead  of 
the  usual  rostellum,  and  the  pollen-masses  are  not  pear- 
like  and  stemmed,  The  solitary  leaf  is  linear,  and  hidden 
in  the  sheathed  scape;  it  appears  after  the  flowering 
season.  Rarely  a  plant  produces  two  flowers  ;  these  vary 
from  1-2  inches  in  length.  Fruit  capsule  elliptical, 

78 


Rattlesnake  mjr  PknUin. 

Epipactis  W  pubescens, 


Arethusa  bulbosa^ 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese. 


about  1  inch  long.     5-10  inches  high.     Common  in  bogs, 
from  Me.,  south  to   N.   Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ind. 
Named  for  the  fountain  nymph  Arethusa. 
Grass  Pink  ^-  smaller-flowere(i,  but  very   beautiful 

Coiopogon  orchid,  slender-stemmed,  and  with  one 
pulchellus  linear  bright  green  leaf.  Flower-stem 
Magenta=pink  bearing  3-9  magenta-pink  sweet-scented 
June-July  .,,  .  ,.  ,. 

flowers  with  a  long  spreading  lip  crested 

with  yellow,  orange,  and  magenta  hairs  ;  the  anther 
and  pollen  are  as  in  Arethusa.  Name  from  the  Greek, 
beautiful  and  beard,  referring  to  the  handsome  bearded 
lip.  10-16  inches  high.  In  bogs,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Often  found  in  company  with 
the  next. 

A  most  delicate  little  orchid    bearing 
Snake  Mouth 

Pogonia  generally  solitary,  raspberry-scented  crim- 

ophioglossoides  son-pink  flowers  with  a  small  light  green 
Crimson=pink  lance-shaped  leaf  half-way  up  the  stem, 
June-July  an(j  a  ^nv  one  jugj.  below  ^he  blossom; 

sometimes  a  long-stemmed  leaf  proceeds  from  the  root. 
The  flower  has  sepals  and  petals  of  equal  length  over- 
hanging a  beautifully  crested  and  fringed  lip,  curved 
like  the  hollow  of  one's  hand,  which  furnishes  an  alight- 
ing platform  for  the  visiting  insect,  who  pushes  forward 
in  the  narrow  space  between  the  stigma  and  the  lip, 
scraping  pollen  off  its  back  in  its  progress.  The  pollen 
attaches  to  the  gummy  stigma.  In  retreating,  the  lid  of 
the  anther  catches  on  the  back  of  the  visitor,  swings 
open,  and  fresh  pollen  is  deposited  for  the  benefit  of  the 
next  flower.  This  orchid  has  no  rostellum  and  its  poL 
len  is  not  in  stemmed  pearlike  masses.  The  name, 
Greek,  bearded,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  some  of  the  spe~ 
cies.  8-13  inches  high.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps. 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Kan;  also  in  Japan.  Fre- 
quently found  in  company  with  Calopogon. 
Nodding  A  local  species  less  showy  than  the  fore- 

Pogonia  going,  but  remarkable  for  its  dainty  pen- 

Pogonia  dulous  flowers,   which  are    considerably 

irianlhophora  ^  _.  ..     _    _^     .         ,  , 

Light  magenta  smaller.     With  2-8  tiny  leaves,  alternat- 

August-  ing,  and  clasping  the  stem.    There  are  1-6 

September          long-stemmed  flowers  which  proceed  from 

80 


Grass  Pink. 
C&lopogon  pulchellus. 


Snake  .Mouth. 
Pogonia  ophioglossoides, 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacex. 


between  the  stem  and  leaf.     3-8  inches  high.     In  rich 
woods,  from  R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Wis.,  and  Kan. 

.  Distinguished  by  its  circle  of  five  light 

verticiUata  green  leaves  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 
Purple  and  Flower  dull  purple  with  long  stem  and 
green=yellow  long  narrow  greenish  sepals,  erect  or  in- 
May-June  clining  above  the  circle  of  leaves.  8-12 
inches  high.  Moist  woods.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Ind. 
and  Wis.  Rare  in  the  east.  Found  in  Middlesex  Co. , 
Mass.  (Miss  M.  P.  Cook.)  See  Appendix. 
Showy  Orchis  This,  with  another  more  northern  spe- 
Orchis  cieSj  is  our  only  true  orchis.  There  are 

:?ed  two  light  shiny  leaves  proceeding  from 

and  white  ^e  base  of  the  stem  ;  the  latter  is  thick 
May-June  and  angular  in  section,  bearing  at  its  sum- 
mit a  few  showy  flowers  with  magenta  sepals  and  petals 
united  in  a  hood,  and  beneath  them  the  conspicuous,  al-  ' 
most  white  lip  ;  behind  the  lip  is  the  rather  long  spur, 
in  which  is  secreted  an  abundant  supply  of  nectar  for 
the  thirsty,  visiting  insect ;  the  latter,  generally  a  queen 
bumblebee  (Bombus  Americanorum  is  a  common  visi- 
tor), thrusts  its  head  into  the  spur,  brushing  carelessly 
past  the  rostellum  at  the  top  of  the  column,  and,  ruptur- 
ing its  thin  membrane,  exposes  the  two  sticky  round 
discs  attached  to  the  pear-shaped  pollen-clusters.  These 
discs  immediately  fasten  upon  the  bee's  face  or  forehead, 
and  when  the  creature  retires  it  carries  with  it  discs  and 
pollen-clusters.  Finally  when  the  next  flower  is  visited 
the  pollen  is  scraped  off  upon  its  sticky  stigma.  Orchis 
spectabilis  is  5-10  inches  high,  and  frequents  rich  moist 
woods,  especially  hemlock  groves,  from  Me.,  south  to 
Ga. ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb.  It  is  found  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut  west  of  the  White  Mts.  The  name 
is  Latin,  meaning  a  plant  with  oblong  roots.  (Pliny.) 

Orchis  rotundifolia  is  a  less  common 
rotundifolia  species  with  but  one  leaf,  oval  or  nearly 
Magenta  round,  and  smaller  flowers  about  the  same 

and  white  color  but  deeper  than  those   of   O.  spec- 

June-July          taUlis.      From    northern    Me.    and  Vt.f 
westward.     Flower  lip  white  magenta-spotted. 

82 


Showy  Orchis. 

Orchis  spectabilis.    Pogonia.  verticil!  art  a. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchldacex. 


A  slender  species  with  a  single  obtuse 
Orch?sW°°d  lanceolate  leaf  less  tnan  %  of  the  way  up 
Habenaria  the  stem,  and  two  or  three  tiny  scalelike 
davellata  ones  above  it.  The  insignificant  very 

Greenish  small  greenish  5-12  white  flowers  with 

tiny  sepals  and  petals,   a   wedge-shaped 
June-July 

lip,  and  a  characteristic  long  slender  spur 

curved  upward,  and  around  to  one  side.  The  pollen- 
clusters  of  the  Habenarias  are  short-stemmed  and  ter- 
minated with  a  sticky  gland  which  is  so  arranged  that 
it  easily  fastens  upon  the  heads  or  faces  of  visiting  in- 
sects. The  plant  is  6-18  inches  high.  Name  from  the 
Latin,  habena  a  bridle  or  rein,  alluding  to  the  narrow 
lip  of  some  species.  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  south  in 
the  mountains  to  N.  Car.  Found  in  Campton  and  Jaff- 
rey,  N.  H.,  and  in  the  White  Mts. 

Habenaria  in-  Tllis  southern  species  has  several  leaves 
tegra  upon  its  slender  stem,  and  a  dense  flower- 

Orange-yellow  cluster,  orange-yellow.  10-20  inches  high. 
July  Wet  pine-barrens.  N.  J.,  south. 

Habenaria  *s  another  southern  species,  with  several 

nivea  very  narrow  leaves  low  on  the  stem,  and 

White  a  loose    many-flowered    spike    of    small, 

July-August      fragrant,  slightly  greenish  white  flowers, 
each  with  an  exceedingly  slender  curving  spur.     Wet 
pine-barrens.     Del. ,  south  to  Ala.  and  Fla. 
Habenaria  A  ver^  common  yellow-green-flowered 

jlava  species,  with  a  stout  stem,  several  lance- 

Yellow=green  shaped  leaves,  and  small  flowers  with 
June-July  yellow-green  sepals  and  petals,  the  blunt 
lip  toothed  on  either  side  and  slightly  protuberant  in  the 
centre  at  the  base,  the  slender  spur  twice  its  length. 
10-24  inches  high.  Common  in  all  wet  places,  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

Habenaria  Characterized  by  the  numerous  bracts 

bracteata  or  leaflets  from  the  bases  of  which  the  tiny 

Light  green  flowers  spring.  The  lower  leaves  broadly 
June-August  ovate,  the  upper  ones  mere  long  bracts 
scarcely  three  times  the  length  of  the  pale  green  flowers. 
The  lip  of  the  flower  toothed  at  the  tip  and  oblong,  twice 
as  long  as  the  white  spur.  6-20  inches  high.  Damp 
84 


Green  Wood  'Orchis. 
H&benari& 


Haben&ria 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacess. 


woods  and  meadows,  from  Me.,  south  in  the  mountains 
of  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn. ,  and  reported  in  Neb.  (Webber). 

A  tall  and  leafy  northern  species,  with 
Habenaria 

hyperborea  green,  or  yellow-green  flowers,  erect  lance- 
Green,  yellow-  shaped  leaves,  and  a  dense  narrow  flower- 
green  spike  sometimes  12  inches  long,  or  longer. 
June-July  Flower-spur  short  and  incurved,  petals, 
sepals,  and  lip  much  shorter  than  the  ovary.  8-30  inches 
high.  Cold,  wet  woods.  Me.,  to  N.  J.  and  Iowa. 

A  very -similar  species  with  much  nar- 

Habenana  J  * 

dilatata  rower  leaves  and  greenish  white  flowers 

Greenish  white  with  small  obtuse  sepals.  The  white-lip 
June-July  lance-shaped  from  a  lozenge-shaped  base. 

Cold,  wet  bogs.     Me.,  to  Mich,  and  Minn,  and  N.  J. 

The  two  large,  shining,  nearlv  round,  or 
Hooker's 
Orchis  broadly  oval  light  green  leaves  usually  he 

Habenaria  upon  the  ground,  but  are  sometimes  raised 
Hookeri  above  it.  The  somewhat  twisted  and  bare 

Whitish  stem  bears   10-20    upright  flowers,   with 

yellow=green  .         ,       , 

June-August     green    lateral    sepals   curving  backward, 

narrow  yellow-green  petals,  and  the  throat 
accented  by  two  lateral  spots  of  yellow-ochre.  The  lip 
is  lance-shaped,  incurved,  and  pointed ;  the  slender  white- 
green  spur  nearly  1  inch  deep  is  especially  adapted  to 
the  long  tongues  of  the  moths.  8-15  inches  high. 
Woods  and  borders  of  wooded  swamps  from  Me. ,  south 
to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

A  larger  species,  the  two  nearly  round 
Leaved  Orchis  ^eaves  °^  which  are  sometimes  7  inches 
Habenaria  across,  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground  ;  they 
orbiculata  are  light  green  and  shining  above,  and 
Whitish  silvery  white  beneath.  The  stem  is  not 

yellow=green      fo  fe   t   b       t  d       th      wnitish   yellow- 

July-August 

green  flowers  in  a  loose  cluster,  with  the 

upper  sepal  nearly  round,  the  lateral  ones  ovate,  and 
the  narrow  lip  obtuse  and  drooping,  almost  three  times 
the  length  of  the  small  lance-shaped  petals  ;  the  slender, 
curved,  whitish  spur  nearly  2  inches  long  thickened 
toward  the  blunt  point  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  long 
tongue  of  one  of  the  lesser  sphinx-moths.  "  A  larger  in- 

86 


HooKer's  Orchis. 


Habenaria   Hookeriana. 
Habenana  Hooker 


Haben^ria  hyperborean 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacex. 


dividual  might  sip  the  nectar  it  is  true,  but  its  longer 
tongue  would  reach  the  base  of  the  tube  without  effect- 
ing the  slightest  contact  with  the  pollen "  (Wm. 
Hamilton  Gibson).  The  pollen  is  usually  withdrawn 
fastened  upon  the  moth's  eyes.  1-2  feet  high.  Rich 
evergreen  woods.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  in  the  moun- 
tains, west  to  Minn. 

This  is  a  southern  species  among  a  group 
Yellow  Crested     f   *  .         ,    ~     -,  .  .,, 

Orchis  fringed  Orchises,   with  narrow  lance- 

Habenaria  shaped  leaves  below  diminishing  to  the 
cristata  size  of  bracts  above,  and  orange-yellow 

Orange-yellow  flowers  with  narrow  fringed  petals,  and  a 
August1"^  Very  deePlv  fringed  lip.  Spur  about  J  inch 

long.  The  anther  cells  widely  separated 
at  the  base.  8-20  inches  high.  In  bogs,  from  N.  J., 
south.  Rather  rare  in  N.  J. 

Yello  F  *  d  An  exceedingly  handsome  slender  spe- 
Orchis  cies,  with  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  large 

Habenaria  many-flowered  spike  of  showy  golden  or 
ciliaris  orange-yellow  flowers  with  ovate  sepals, 

Jrty5£ri e"OW  narrow  fringed  petals,  and  a  deeply  fringed 
August  "  hP-  The  spur  long  and  slender,  and  the 

anther  cells  as  in  the  preceding  species. 
12-24  inches  high.     In  meadows  and  wet  sandy  barrens, 
from  Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 
White  Fringed      A  similar  species.     The  white  fringed 
Orchis  flowers  a  trifle  smaller,  with  a  less  deeply 

Habenaria  fringed  lip  ;  the  latter  J  the  length  of  the 
blephariglottis  spur.  12-21  inches  high.  In  swamps  and 

JtU^earl  b°gS   fr°m    Me"   SOUth  to   N>   J''    wesfc  tO 

August    :  Minn.     Blooms  a  few  days  earlier  than  H. 
ciliaris  where  the    two    grow    together. 
(Britton.) 

Habenaria  A  western  species  with  fragrant  large 
leucophcea  greenish  white  or  white  flowers,  the  fan- 
White,  shaped  lip  three-parted,  broad,  and  fringed. 

greenish  Spur  11  inches  long,  so   it   is  especially 

June-July  ,      ,  .  ,. 

adapted  to  the  long-tongued  sphinx-moths 

(Sphingidce).  18-30  inches  high.  Western  N.  Y.,  south 
to  Ky. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


88 


H.nivea.  pg.84 
I'Asize. 


H.  integral.    pg.84 
i2/3  size. 


H.  cristate. 
2 1/2  size. 


H .  blephariglottis. 


tiat.size. 


Yellow  Fringed  Orchis  Habenapia  ciliaris. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese. 


A  common  species  remarkable  for  its 
Fringed  lacerated  three-parted  flower-lip,  and  un- 

Orchis  substantial    translucent    white   which    is 

Habenaria         sometimes  greenish  and   sometimes  yel- 
^frc  lowish.      Leaves     lance-shaped,    smaller 

greenish  above.      The  long   flower-spike  crowded 

June-July  with  the  inconspicuous  deep-spurred  flow- 
ers. The  pollen-cells  are  not  widely  sepa- 
rated. Wm.  Hamilton  Gibson  describes  the  structure  of 
the  flower  thus,  after  remarking  that  no  botanist  has  men- 
tioned its  distinct  peculiarity.  * '  The  nectary  instead  of 
being  freely  open  is  abruptly  closed  at  the  central  portion 
by  a  firm  protuberance  or  palate  which  projects  down- 
ward from  the  base  of  the  stigma,  and  closely  meets  the 
lip  below."  The  opening  is  thus  divided  into  two  lateral 
ones,  each  lying  directly  beneath  a  sticky  elongated 
pollen-disc.  Thus  the  insect,  generally  a  butterfly,  in- 
serts its  tongue  exactly  where  the  latter  will  touch  the 
disc  which  is  sure  to  clasp  it  and  be  withdrawn  together 
with  the  pollen.  H.  lacera  is  10-22  inches  high,  and  is 
found  in  bogs  and  wet  woods  from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. , 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

In  appearance  this  white  orchis  is  distinctly  different 
from  all  others.  Although  its  similarity  to  the  next 
species  is  marked,  it  is  structural  and  therefore  not  so 
evident  to  a  casual  observer.  The  flower  is  well  named  j 
its  lacerated  flower-lip  is  literally  torn  to  divisions  of 
threadlike  fineness,  and  the  general  effect  is  accordingly 
unique.  No  other  orchis  is  like  it ;  the  flower  of  H. 
psycodes  has  a  compact  settled  figure  ;  that  of  H.  clavel 
lata  is  distinct  and  has  a  swirling  appearance  due  to  the 
curving  spur,  while  that  of  H.  blephariglottis  is  a  char- 
acteristically fringed  affair  of  orderly  appearance.  But 
this  orchis  is  a  thing  of  "  shreds  and  tatters." 


90 


Ragged 

FrmgedHi^Orchis. 
leucophaea.          Habenaria 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceat. 


A  similar  species  but  of  more  imposing 
Smaller  Pur-     propOrtiOns5    with    elliptical    and    lance- 
pie  Fringed 
Orchis  shaped  leaves,  and  fragrant  magenta-pink 

Habenaria  or  lilac-pink  flowers  variably  pale  or  deep, 

psycodes  with  the  fringed  lip  three-parted,  and  a 

Magenta-pink  j   inch  j               1-3   feet   fai   h       Com_ 

July-early  ,      -          -•   • 

August    "  monly  found  in  swamps  and  wet  woods 

from  Me. ,  south  to  N.  Car. ;  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar  but  much  larger  species  with 
Fringed'orchis  fl°wers    twice    the   size   of    those    of    H. 
Habenaria         psycodes,  fragrant,   and  variable  in  ma- 
fimbriata  geiita-pink    from    a    deep    tone    even  to 

Magenta-pink  white.  The  upper  sepal  and  petals  close 
together,  the  lateral  sepals  small,  ovate 
and  acute.  The  three  divisions  of  the 
broad  lip  more  deeply  fringed.  Flower-spike  sometimes 
12  inches  long  and  2J  inches  across.  Anther  cells  sepa- 
rated at  the  base.  In  both  flowers,  H.  psycodes  and  H.  . 
fimbriata,  fertilization  is  generally  effected  by  moths 
and  butterflies  whose  heads  and  eyes  are  often  decorated 
by  the  pear-shaped  pollen-masses.  The  crowded  flower- 
spike  allows  the  butterfly  to  land  indiscriminately  here 
or  there  among  the  spreading  fringed  lips,  and  inserting 
its  tongue  obliquely  in  the  nectary  it  brushes  the  pollen- 
disc  on  the  side  approached  and  the  pollen-mass  is  with- 
drawn (Wm.  Hamilton  Gibson). 

The  difference  between  H.  psycodes  and  H.  fimbriata 
is  distinct  and  absolute ;  there  is  no  need  for  confusion 
in  the  identification  of  the  two  species,  although  it  must 
be  evident  to  a  close  observer  that  intergrading  types  are 
not  infrequent.  H.  psycodes  has  more  conventional, 
compact  flowers  with  an  even  (not  ragged)  very  short 
fringe,  and  they  are  about  half  the  size  of  those  of  H. 
fimbriata.  They  are  also  distinctly  muscat-scented. 

This  is  a  truly  purple  flowered  species, 
Purple  Orchis     J  mu 

Habenaria         found  in  the  south  and  southwest.     The 

peramcena          fan-shaped  lip  is  toothed  but  not  fringed^ 
Purple  and  the  leaves  are  somewhat  narrower. 

July-August      The  long  gpur  curved      12_3o  inches  high. 

Wet  meadows,  N.  J.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  111.  and  Ky< 
92 


Large  Purple-Fringed  Orchis.     Habenaria  fimbriata. 


Smaller  Purple  Fringed  Orchis.      Habenaria  psycodes. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese. 


A  handsome  but  rather  small-flowered 
\Vnite  Lady  s 
Slipper  orchis,  with  3-4  light  green  narrow  ellipti- 

Cypripedium  cal  leaves  ;  the  flower  with  two  wavy  and 
candidum  twisted  narrow  green  petals,  three  broader, 

White  green,  purple-blotched  sepals,  and  a  pouch 

May-early  July        ,. 

or  lip  open  at  the  top  by  a  fissure,  white 

outside,  purple-streaked  inside,  containing  nectar  at  its 
base.  Two  of  the  sepals  are  joined  together  under  the 
lip.  The  column  of  Cypripedium  is  flanked  on  either 
side  by  a  fertile  stamen  bearing  a  two-celled  anther, 
opening  lidlike,  the  pollen  loose  and  sticky-powdery 
within — in  this  respect  the  genus  is  distinctly  different 
from  those  already  described.  The  stigma  is  hidden  be- 
neath the  third,  sterile  stamen  crowning  the  column, 
exactly  between  the  anthers  ;  it  is  moist  and  roughish. 
In  the  process  of  fertilization  by  the  insect,  generally  a 
bee,  the  latter  enters  the  pouch  by  the  fissure,  sucks  the 
nectar  from  its  base,  and  escapes  by  crowding  through 
the  small  opening  immediately  beneath  one  of  the  an- 
thers, receiving  upon  its  back  the  sticky  pollen  in  the 
exit.  In  the  next  flower  the  insect  brushes  first  against 
the  stigma,  leaving  some  of  the  pollen,  as  it  takes  its 
departure  in  the  manner  described .  The  rather  rare  (7. 
candidum  is  6-10  inches  high,  and  is  found  in  bogs  and 
wet  meadows  from  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Mo.  The  name  is  from  KvitpiS,  Venus,  and  itodiov, 
buskin, — Venus's  buskin. 

This  is  a  taller  species,  with  a  slender 
Lady's  Slipper  leafy  stem,  and  showy  fragrant  yellow 
Cypripedium  flowers  the  petals  and  sepals  of  which  are 
parvijlorum  madder  purple  streaked  ;  the  narrow  pet- 
Yellow  als  are  usuaiiy  twisted,  and  the  bright 
golden  yellow  lip  as  well  as  the  summit  of 
the  column  is  more  or  less  blotched  and  striped  with 
madder  purple.  12-24  inches  high.  Woods  and  wood- 
land bogs,  Me.,  south  among  the  mountains  to  Ala.,  and 
west.  Var.  pubescens  is  a  large  form  of  this  species^ 
characterized  by  its  greater  height  and  larger  flowers. 


94 


Yellow  L&dys  Slipper  Cypripedium  parviflorum 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orcbidaceas 


This  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  plant 
Showy  Lady  s 

Slipper  of  the  whole  genus.     The  stem  is  stout 

Cypripedium       and  leafy  to  the  top,  the  flower  fragrant ; 
hirsutum  its  pouch  is  white  more  or  less  blotched  or 

White,  cnm=     stained  with   velvety  light    crimson-ma- 

son=magenta 

June-July          genta,  the  sepals  and  petals  white,  broad 

and  not  longer  than  the  rotund  pouch. 
The  sterile  stamen  long-heart-shaped,  stained  yellow  at 
the  tip  and  spotted  crimson,  crowns  the  column  (see 
C.  acaule).  1-2  feet  high.  Swamps  and  wet  woods 
Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn. 

The  commoner  and  more  familiar  lady's 
Moccasin  slipper,  with  two  large  leaves  from  the 

Stemless  root,  without  a  plant-stem,  the  slightly 

Lady's  Slipper  fragrant  flowTer  terminating  a  long  slender 
Cypripedium      stem  with  a  green  leaflet  or  bract  at  the 

acaule  point  of  junction  ;  the  pouch  crimson-pink 

Crimson-pink     ,        ,        ,  .,   ,       .      ,       .,, 

May-early  July  (rarel7  white)  veined  with  a  deeper  pink, 
sepals  and  petals  greenish  and  brown, 
more  or  less  curved  and  wavy.  The  third,  or  sterile 
stamen  of  Cypripedium  crowning  the  column  and  over- 
hanging the  stigma  is  variable  according  to  the  species  ; 
in  C.  acaule  it  is  angularly  six-sided,  in  C.  candidum 
lance-shaped,  var.  piibescens  long  triangular,  and  in  C. 
spectabile  heart-shaped ;  beneath  these  is  the  hidden 
stigma  which  receives  pollen  from  the  backs  of  visiting 
bumblebees  or  honeybees,  or  most  frequently  from  the 
smaller  bees,  members  of  the  tribes  Andrena  and  Hal- 
ictus  (C.  M.  Weed).  In  My  Studio  Neighbors  Win. 
Hamilton  Gibson  describes  at  length  the  fertilization  of 
C.  acaule  by  the  bumblebee.  8-12  inches  high.  Me.  to 
N.  Car.  and  Ky.,  west  to  Minn. 


1 


r*f     A 

Up-*  *     ', 

in* 


^iHj 


Shovvy  Lady's  Slipper.        Cypripedium   spectabile. 
Cvpripedium  hirsutum 


Moccasin  Flower. 


Cypripediumaaule. 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.     Aristolochiacese. 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.     Aristolochiacece. 

A  small  family  of  twining  or  low  herbs,  having  per- 
fect flowers— with  six  or  more  stamens  and  a  pistil.  The 
leaves  stemmed,  and  either  alternate  or  proceeding  from 
the  root.  The  flower-cup  or  calyx,  without  petals, 
united  with  the  ovary  or  fruit  receptacle,  and  lobed  or 
irregular.  Assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by 
various  smaller  insects. 

The  two  long-stemmed  deep  green  veiny 
Asarum^  leaves  soft  woolly,  and  heart-shaped,  their 
Canadense  stems  hairy  ;  the  flower  with  three  dis- 
Brown=purple  tinct  pointed  brownish  or  madder  purple 
April-May  divisions  to  the  calyx  which  is  closely 
united  to  the  solid  seed  receptacle  or  ovary,  green  out- 
side ;  the  cup  white  below  marked  by  a  hexagon  in  pur- 
ple-brown. A  curious  woodland  plant  whose  odd  flower 
is  half  concealed  by  its  low  position  and  its  sober  color 
which  not  infrequently  resembles  the  leaf-mould  just 
beneath  it.  Its  proximity  to  the  ground  and  the  fre- 
quent visits  of  the  fungus  gnats  and  the  early  flesh-flies 
suggest  that  these  have  most  to  do  with  the  fertilization 
of  the  plant.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  in  rich  woods 
from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Mo.  arid  Kan. 
Asarum  ^  soutnern  species  with  evergreen  leaves 

arifolium  arrow-heart-shaped,  and  urn-shaped  flow- 

Green-purple  ers  dull  green  outside,  dull  purple-brown 
April-June  inside,  with  three  short  blunt  lobes.  One 
leaf  only  put  forth  each  year.  In  woods  from  Va. ,  south 
to  Tenn.,  Ala.,  and  Fla. 

Asarum  A  southern  species  confined  to  moun- 

virginicum  tain  woods,  with  1-3  leaves,  round-heart- 

Brown=purple  shaped,  smooth  and  leathery  in  texture, 
May-June  an(j  about  2  inches  broad,  the  surface 
generally  mottled  white-green.  The  brown-purple  flow- 
er about  |  inch  long  with  3  blunt  lobes,  net- veined  inside. 
Filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Va.  and  W.  Va. 
toGa. 

Similar  in  character,  but  with  very  large 
Asarum  bell-shaped    flowers     1^-2    inches    long. 

grandtjlorum         _,  -_._.          „.  .,     __       _. 

Mountains,    Va.,    Tenn.,    and    N.    Car. 
98 


Wild  Ginger*. 


Canadense. 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.     Aristolochiaceae. 


Virginia  ^  woolly  stemmed  and  familiar  medici 

Snakeroot  nal  herb,  the  long  heart-shaped  leaves  thin 
Aristolochia  and  green  on  both  sides,  and  the  dull 

Serpentana        greenish    flowers  with    curving    crooked 

Dull  green 

June-July          long  stems,  near  the  root,  as  in  Asarum, 

the  calyx  curved  like  the  letter  S.  Some- 
times the  flowers  are  fertilized  in  the  bud  without  open- 
ing (Britton),  but  often  they  trap  many  of  the  smaller 
insects— notably  gnats  who  possibly  assist  fertilization. 
Fruit  an  ovoid  ribbed  capsule.  8-20  inches  high.  Conn, 
and  N.  Y.,  south  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo. 

A  familiar  tall  vine  in  cultivation  from 
Dutchman's        _T        ^     ,  .,.  ,    _ 

PI  New  \ork  south,  trailing  most  frequently 

Aristolochia  over  arbors,  porches,  and  piazzas.  Smooth 
macrophylla  heart-shaped  light  green  leaves,  and  hook- 
Dull  green,  shaped  flowers,  the  yellow-green  veiny 
e°W  *  ^u^e  with  a  flat,  three-lobed  purple-brown 

throat,  resembling  a  Dutch  pipe  ;  it  en- 
traps early  small  insects  —  gnats  and  flies.  10-25  feet 
high.  In  rich  woods  southern  Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  west 
to  Minn. 

The  Dutchman's  pipe  is  one  of  those  vigorous,  stolid, 
and  satisfactory  vines,  big  leaved  and  curiously  flowered, 
which  commends  itself  to  the  horticulturist.  It  re- 
sponds readily  to  cultivation. 

Aristolochia  A  similar  vine,  but  characterized  by  an 

tomentosa  extreme  woolliness  ;  leaves  round-heart- 
Dull  green,  shaped,  veiny,  and  smaller  than  those  of 
purple=brown  A  sipho.  The  flowers  a  yellower  green, 
May-June  ..*  .  -,.  i  n  ,1  i 

with  calyx  exceedingly  woolly,  the  deep 

purple-brown  throat  nearly  closed  and  oblique.  N.  Car., 
south,  and  west  to  Mo. 

There  is  also  a  southern  form  of  Aristolochia  Serpen- 
taria  called  var.  hastata,  with  very  narrow  lance-shaped 
or  linear-oblong  leaves,  arrowhead  in  outline,  which  is 
found  from  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  and  La. 


Flower  of 

A.  macrophylta. 


VirginiaSnakepoot.          Aristolochia  seppentaria. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacess. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacece. 

Herbs  with  alternate  toothless  leaves  and  swollen- 
jointed  stems,  usually  a  stipule  or  leaflet  above  each 
joint,  and  small,  generally  perfect  flowers  (or  sometimes 
dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous  ones)  without 
petals,  the  calyx  2-6  parted. 

The    docks    are    mostly    uninteresting 
Patience  Dock 

Rumex  northern  weeds  that  cumber  fertile  ground , 

Patientia  and  decorate  waste  places  ;  many  of  them 

Green  like  the  patience  dock  come  from  the  old 

May-June  country.  This  species  has  smooth  broad 
lance-shaped  leaves,  broadest  just  above  the  base,  and 
the  flowers  are  green,  tiny,  inconspicuous  and  drooping, 
replaced  by  seed-wings  or  heart-shaped  discs,  resembling 
miniature  palm-leaf  fans.  2-5  feet  high.  Vt. ,  N.  Y., 
and  Pa.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Kan. 

Dark  green  smooth  leaves,  the  lowest 
Great  Water 
Dock  very  long,  a  branching,  stout  stem,  and 

Rumex  densely  flowering,   circling  clusters ;  the 

Britannica  tiny  flowers  nodding,  replaced  by  seed- 
Green  wings  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding 

July-August  gpecies>  3_6  feet  high.  In  wet  situations, 
Me. ,  Pa. ,  west  to  Minn. ,  Iowa,  and  Neb. 

A  smooth  deep  green  species,  similar  to 
Rumex  the  above>  with  a  grooved  stem,  and  long- 

verticillatus  stemmed  lance-shaped  leaves.  Flowers  in 
Green  dense  circles,  the  outline  of  the  seed-wing 

May  July  top-shaped.       2-5    feet    high.       Swamps. 

Common  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Iowa. 
Curled  Dock          This  is  the  ver^   common  curled  leaf 
Rumex  crispus    dock  throughout  the  U.  S. ,  a  troublesome 
Green  weed  from  the  old  country.     Leaves  wavy 

June-August  on  tlie  margin)  flowers  replaced  by  heart- 
shaped  pointed  seed-wings  1-4  feet  high. 

A  species  very  nearly  like  R.  crispus  and 
Rumex  only  distinguishable  from  it  by  the  elon- 

gated (lance-ovoid)  grain  on  the  seed  wing. 
This  is  a  widely  distributed,  more  or  less  common  form, 
and  questionably  a  variety  only. 


Curled  Dock. 


Winged  seed  R.P 

Rumex  cpispus. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacese. 


Bitter  Dock  Another  weed  from   the   old   country, 

Rumexobtusi-  common  in  fields  and  waste  places.  A 
folius  loose  and  thinly  flowered  spike  ;  the  stem 

Green  rough  and  stout  and  the  somewhat  wavy 

June-August      ,  ,        .  , 

leaves  oblong   and  wider   than   those   of 

the  other  species.  The  seed- wings  with  a  few  spines  on 
either  side.  2-4  feet  high.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to 
Ore. 

Golden  Dock  -^  sea-snore  species,  an  annual ;  with 
Eumexpersi-  light  green,  narrow,  lance-shaped  leaves, 
carioides  the  plant  more  or  less  woolly,  and  greatly 

Green  branched,    the     circles    of     the     flowers 

crowded  together  into  a  compact  spike, 
the  seed-wings  narrow  and  pointed,  golden  yellow  in 
autumn,  bearing  2-3  long  spines  on  either  side.  In  the 
sand  along  the  shores.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  from 
Kan.  and  Minn.,  west  and  north.  It  has  been  confused 
with  R.  maritimus  of  the  old  country. 

A  most  troublesome  small  weed  from 
Field  or  Sheep   the    old     world?    with     long-arrowhead- 

RvmeosAceto-  sliaPed  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste,  and  in- 
sella  conspicuous  flowers  in  branching  spikes, 

Green,  Brown-  green,  or  later  brown-red;  the  whole  plant 

sometimes  turning  ruddy  in  dry,  sterile 
September  fields.  It  will  generally  flourish  in  one 

place  for  two  or  three  years  and  then  die 
out.  The  flowers  are  dioecious,  that  is,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  ones  are  found  upon  separate  plants,  and 
are  therefore  fertilized  by  insects  ;  bumblebees,  honey- 
bees, and  the  smaller  butterflies  are  the  commonest 
visitors.  6-12  inches  high.  Growing  everywhere. 

The  genus  Polygonum,  the  name  from  TtokvS,  many, 
and  yorv,  knee,  alluding  to  the  many  joints  of  the 
plants,  comprises  about  twenty-five  distinct  species,  all 
of  which  may  be  characterized  by  the  term  weed  !  They 
are  aesthetically  uninteresting  and  many  are  extremely 
troublesome  in  the  farmer's  vegetable  garden.  They 
mostly  bear  pink  perfect  flowers  grouped  in  a  slender 
grasslike  spike. 


104 


Sheep  ..Sorrel.  '  it         Rumex  Acetoselld. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacese. 


Knotgrass 
Polygonum 
aviculare 
Greenish 
yellow 
June- 
September 

sheaths. 

Erect  Knot- 
weed 

Polygonum 
erectum 
Greenish 
yellow 
July- 
September 


A  slender  species  with  a  weak  stem, 
bluish  green,  small  lance-shaped  leaves, 
scaly  joints,  and  greenish  pink- tipped 
flowers.  Common  everywhere  in  culti- 
vated and  waste  ground.  The  blue-green 
leaves,  alternate,  or  are  in  appearance 
clustered,  and  issue  from  tiny  brown 
A  mostly  prostrate  weed  of  roadsides. 

A  stouter  and  a  yellowish  green  stem, 
leafy ;  the  leaves  nearly  oval,  and  the 
flowers  greenish  yellow.  A  common  way- 
side weed  north  of  Tenn.  and  Ark.,  east 
and  west.  The  stem  of  this  species  is 
noticeably  erect  with  no  tendency  to 
sprawl. 

A  somewhat  red-jointed  species,  at  home 
in  wet  waste  places,  with  shiny  lance- 
shaped  leaves,  and  pink  Or  white-green 


Pennsylvania 
Persicaria 

Polygonum 
Pennsylvanicum  ^ 
Pink  or  white-  nower-clusters;  the  upper  branching  stems 
green  and  flower-stems  beset  with  tiny  hairlike 

glands.     Common  everywhere.      It  has  a 
branching,  sprawling  habit. 

A  smooth-stemmed  species,  from  the  old 
world,  with  similar  leaves  and  crimson- 
pink  or  deep  magenta  flowers,  the  leaves 
rough  and  generally  marked  with  a  darker 
green  triangle  in  the  middle.  Very  com- 
mon in  waste  damp  places. 

A  common  weed  in  all  wet  "waste  places, 
indigenous  in  the  far  northwest,  but 
naturalized  from  Europe  in  the  east. 
Leaves  narrow  lance-shaped,  very  acrid 
and  pungent,  and  fringed  with  tiny 
bristles.  Flowers  mostly  green  in  a  slim 
long  cluster,  nodding.  An  annual  1-2  feet 
high.  The  indigenous  species  P.  hydropiperoides  with 
an  equally  wide  distribution  has  pink  or  flesh-colored  or 
greenish  flowers,  branching  stems,  and  very  narrow 
leaves,  not  acrid.  Common  south,  and  reported  in  Neb. 
(Webber). 


July- 
September 

Lady's  Thumb 

Polygonum 
Persicaria 
Crimson=pink 
June- 
September 


Smartweed 
Water  Pepper 

Polygonum 
,  Hydropiper 
Green 
July- 
September 


106 


Smartweed. 
Polygonum 

hydropiperoides.  Hr 


Lady's  Thumb. 
Polygonum  Percicaria. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.    Polygonaceas. 


Polygonum  virginianum  has  a  smooth  stem,  ovate  to 
elliptical  leaves,  fringed  sheaths,  and  tiny  flowers  in 
color  like  the  next,  borne  on  erect  slender  spikes  often 
10  inches  long.  1-4  feet  high.  Woodland  margins, 
N.  H.  to  Minn.,  and  South. 

A  perennial  species  with  broad-arrow- 
Halberd=leaved .        , r,  , 

Tearthumb         head-shaped  leaves,  and  a  ridged  reclining 

Polygonum  stem  beset  with  fine  teeth  curved  back- 
arifolium  ward.  Leaves  long-stemmed,  and  prickle 

Pink,  greenish  nerve(j  Insignificant  pink  or  greenish 
September  flower-clusters.  In  pulling  up  the  weed 
the  thumb  and  fingers  are  apt  to  be  torn 
with  the  saw-edged  stems,  hence  the  common  name. 
2-6  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  in  wet  soil. 

An  annual  species  climbing  over  other 
Arrow-leaved       .  .,.  ,     _ 

Tearthumb        plants,  with  a  weak  four-angled  reclining 

Polygonum         stem    beset    with    prickles    only    at    the 

sagittatum          angles ;     the      narrow-arrowhead-shaped 
leaves,  far  apart,  sometimes  blunt-pointed, 

September         short  stemmed,  or  the  smaller  leaves  with- 
out steins.     Flowers  five-parted,  pink,  in 

small   dense   clusters.     Common  in  low,   wet  ground, 

every  where. 

A  perfectly  smooth  species,  with  slender 

Climbing  False  climbing  reddish  stem,  arrowhead-shaped 

Buckwheat 

Polygonum         leaves,  and  leafy  flower-spikes,  the  tiny 

scandens  flowers    green- white  or  pink,   the  calyx 

Green- white  five-parted.  Climbing  over  rocks  and 
P|nk  Magenta  bushes  6-12  feet  high.  In  moist  places, 
Julv_  common  everywhere.  A  rather  decorative 

September         vine  but  often  troublesome  in  the  vege- 
table garden. 

The  familiar  buckwheat  in  cultivation 
Buckwheat  .  ,  — , 

Faqopyrum        escaped  to  way  sides.     From  the  old  world; 

esculentum          with  arrowhead-shaped  leaves,  and  green- 
Greenish  ish  white  flowers  sometimes  pinkish,  the 
white  calyx  five-divided,  and  with  eight  honey- 
Se^ember          glands  alternating  with  the  rtamens ;  the 
flowers  fertilized  mostly  by  honeybees ; 
the  honey  of  a  peculiarly  fragrant  character  but  dark  in 
color.     Seed  beechnut-shaped.     Common  everywhere. 
108 


Leaf  of  Polygonumarifoliutn. 


Arrow-leaved  Tearthumb.       Polygonum  sagittatum, 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.     Chenopodiaceas. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.     Chenopodiacece. 

Uninteresting  herbs — weeds,  many  of  which  are  from 
the  old  country  ;  with  minute  green,  perfect  flowers 
with  a  persisting  calyx.  The  spinach  and  beet  are  mem- 
bers of  this  family. 

Lamb's=quar=  The  family  is  divided  into  nine  tribes, 
ters,  or  Pig-  chief  among  which  is  Chenopodium.  Some 
weec  .  of  these  are  quite  western,  others  are  of 
album  C  *ke  °^  world  and  have  been  introduced  in 

Green  the  east.     Lamb's-quarters  is  common  east 

June-Septem=  and  west.  Leaves  mealy- white  beneath, 
varying  from  rhombic-oval  to  lance-shaped 
or  narrower,  the  lower  ones  coarse-toothed.  The  green 
flower-clusters  dense,  and  dull  green.  Var.  viride, 
commoner  eastward,  is  less  mealy,  and  has  a  less  dense 
flower-spike  (Gray's  Manual).  1-4  feet  high.  Waste 
places.  The  name  from  the  Greek  meaning  goose  and 
foot,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  some 
species. 

Jerusalem  Oak,  An  annual  species,  from  the  old  country, 
or  Feather  not  mealy,  but  with  an  aromatic  odor. 

Geranium          Leaves    smaller,    slender    stemmed,    and 

Chenopodium       .        .          ,   ...    .  ,    ,       mi        ~ 

Botrys  deeply  subdivided.     The  flowers  green  in 

Green  dense  heads,  the  spike  leafless,  the  calyx 

July-Septem-  three-parted.  1-2  feet  high.  In  autumn 
ber  the  leaves  fall  off  and  leave  the  stem  and 

seed-spike  naked.  C.  ambrosioides,  or  Mexican  Tea,  is  a 
similar  introduced  species,  with  a  densely  flowered  leafy 
spike  ;  the  leaves  lanceolate.  Both  are  common  in  waste 
places.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  var.  anthelminticum, 
or  Wormseed,  differs  from  the  typical  C.  ambrosioides 
in  its  leaves  which  are  coarsely  toothed  and  sometimes 
deeply  incised,  and  its  flower-spike  which  is  more  elon- 
gated and  nearly  leafless.  At  most  the  leaves  of  C.  am- 
brosioides are  wavy-edged  or  else  toothless,  but  the 
variety  is  inconstant,  and  individual  plants  with  inter- 
grading  leaves  are  common.  In  the  south  the  var.  an- 
thelminticum  is  perennial;  otherwise  both  type  and 
variety  are  annuals.  2-3  feet  high.  Naturalized  from 
Tropical  America. 


Jerusalem  Oak. 


Chenopodium  Botrys. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY.     Amarantaceae. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY.     Amarantacece. 

Weeds  ;  some  of  those  of  a  ruddy  color,  mostly  foreign, 
are  widely  cultivated.  The  perfect  flowers  with  lapping 
scales  or  leaflets  (generally  three)  which  retain  their  color 
when  dry  ;  hence  the  name  'AjudpavroS,  meaning  un- 
fading. 

An  annoying  weed,  common  in  culti- 
Amarantusre-  vated  ground  and  in  gardens,  with  light 
troflexus  green  roughish  leaves  and  stem  ;  leaves 

Green  long-stemmed  and  angularly  ovate.  The 

August-0cto=  dull  green  flowers  in  a  stiff  bristly  spike. 
1-8  feet  high.  Common  east  and  west,  in- 
troduced from  the  old  world. 

A  similar  species,  but  smoother  and  a 

Amarantus 

hybridus  darker  green,  with  slenderer  Imear-cylm- 

Green  drical,  bending  spikes,  branching.  The 

August-Octo-  flowers  also  similar,  but  with  more  acute 

sepals.  2-6  feet  high.  Apparently  indi- 
genous in  the  southwest,  but  introduced  eastward.  Am- 
arantus hybridus  Forma  hypochondriacus  (Linnaeus) 
Robinson.  In  cultivation  called  Prince's  Feather.  A 
deep  red  form  of  the  species  in  common  cultivation  and 
a  frequent  escape.  It  is  a  perfectly  smooth  annual  with 
thick  flower-spikes.  Introduced  from  Tropical  America. 
Tumble  Weed  A  low,  smooth,  greenish  white-stemmed 
Amarantus  species  with  light  green,  small  obovate 

leaves,  obtuse  at  the  point,  and  with  many 
July-Septem=  branches.  The  flowers  green,  and  crowded 
ber  in  close  small  clusters,  at  the  stem  of  each 

leaf.  6-20  inches  high.  In  the  west,  late  in  autumn, 
the  withered  plant  is  uprooted  and  tumbles  about  in  the 
wind,  hence  the  popular  name.  Common  in  waste 
places. 


1X2 


Pigweed.  Tumble  Weed. 

Amarantus  retroflexus.         OP  Amarantus  gracizans. 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Portulacaceae, 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Portulacacece. 

A  small  group  of  low  herbs  with  thick  juicy  leaves, 
and  perfect  but  unbalanced  flowers — that  is,  with  two 
sepals  and  five  petals  and  as  many  stamens  as  petals, 
or  more  sepals,  or  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens,  or 
sometimes  the  petals  altogether  lacking.  Cross-ferti- 
lization is  largely  effected  by  bees  and  butterflies.  Fruit 
a  capsule  filled  with  several^or  many  shell-shaped  or 
kidney-shaped  seeds. 

An  annual  ;    a  fleshy-leaved  prostrate 
Purslane  or        weed  naturalized  from  the  old  world    and 
P  usley 
Portulaca          commonly  found  in   gardens  and   door- 

oleracea  yards.     Stems   thick  and   often  a  terra- 

Yellow  cotta  pink,  leaves  dark  green,  thick,  and 

gUI  round-end  wedge-shaped.     The  tiny,  soli- 

tary yellow  flowers  with  five  petals  open 
only  in  the  morning  sunshine,  7-12  stamens.  The 
branches  hug  the  ground  and  spread  or  radiate  in  an 
ornamental  circle  ;  they  are  3-10  inches  long.  In  early 
days  the  plant  was  used  as  a  pot  herb.  It  is  indigenous 
in  the  southwest,  but  is  firmly  established  in  the  north 
where  it  flourishes  under  any  and  all  conditions,  and  has 
become  a  very  troublesome  weed. 

A   charmingly   delicate   flower    (rarely 
(luite  wm*te)  of  early  spring,  distinguished 
ginica  f°r  its  flush  of  pale  crimson-pink,  and  its 

Pale  pink  or       veins  of  deeper  pink  starting  from  a  yel- 
white  low  base.     The  deep  green  leaves  are  linear 

ay  or  broader,  the  two  upper  ones  located 
at  about  the  middle  of  the  plant-stem.  The  flower  has 
five  petals  and  but  two  sepals.  Its  golden  stamens  de- 
velop before  the  stigma  is  mature,  making  cross-ferti- 
lization a  certainty.  Its  visitors  in  search  of  pollen  and 
nectar  are  mostly  the  bumblebees  Bombus  vagans  and 
B.  pennsylvanicus,  the  beelike  flies  called  Bombylidce, 
and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrenidce  ; 
also  among  the  butterflies  are  Colias  philodice,  yellow, 
and  Papilio  ajax,  buff  and  black.  Stem  6-12  inches 
high.  In  open  moist  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  southwest  to  Tex. 


Purslane. 
Portulaca  oleracea. 


Spring  Beauty. 
ClaytonidVirginica. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllacex. 


A  species  similar  in  all  respects  except 
Claytonia  .,     .    .,      ,  ,          ,        ,  , 

Caroliniana  *^at  *  e  *eaves  are  broader,  lance-shaped, 
and  the  basal  ones  are  quite  obtuse  ;  the 
flowers  are  also  fewer  and  smaller.  Me.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  among  the  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
Named  for  John  Clayton,  an  early  American  botanist. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllacece. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  generally  characterized  by 
smooth  stems  and  swollen  joints,  opposite-growing  leaves 
without  teeth,  and  regular,  perfect  flowers,  with  five 
(rarely  four)  sepals,  the  same  number  of  petals,  and 
twice  as  many  stamens.  Fertilized  by  bees  and  moths. 

An  annual  escaped  from  gardens,  nat- 
Deptford  Pink 
Dianthus  urahzed  from  Europe,  with  light  green 

Armeria  narrow,   erect  leaves,   hairy  and  small  ; 

Crimson-pink  and  clustered  crimson-pink,  white-dotted 
flowers  whose  five  petals  are  toothed  or 
jagged-edged,  resembling  Sweet-William. 

6-18  inches  high.     Fields  and  waysides  Me.  to  Md. ,  west 

to  Mich.     Common  eastward  ;  found  in  Lexington,  Mass. 

A  perennial  (growing  from  a  matlike 
Maiden  Pink  r 

Dianthus  base)  smooth  or  somewhat  hoary,  escaped 

deltoides  from  gardens,  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Crimson-pink  Leaves  small  and  narrow  lance-shaped, 
June-August  erect>  The  little  crimson-pink  or  white- 
pink  flowers  bloom  singly,  and  have  broader  petals 
which  are  pinked  at  the  edge.  6-12  inches  high.  The 
face  of  the  flower  more  nearly  resembling  Sweet- 
William.  In  fields  and  waste  places.  N.  H.,  Mass.,  and 
northern  N.  Y»  to  Mich.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  very  common  perennial  species,  natu- 
Bouncing  Bet    raiized  from  Europe,  the  flowers  of  which 

have  an  old-fashioned  spicy  odor  ;  they  are 
Saponana  r     *  ' 

offidnalis  delicate  magenta-pink  and  white,  scallop- 

Pale  magenta=  tipped,  and  grow  in  clusters,  the  single 
Pink  blossom  remotely  resembling  a  pink. 

September          Leaves    ovate,    3-5   ribbed,   and    smooth. 

Stem,  thick  jointed,  1-2  feet  high.     Com* 
mon  in  waste  places    Found  in  Nantucket. 
116 


Bouncing  Bet. 


S&ponaria  officinal  is. 


Deptford  Pink. 
Diaxithus 


Maiden  Pink. 
Dia.nthus  deltoidea. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


gtarr  The  lance-shaped  leaves  and  the  stem 

Campion  are    fine-hairy ;    the    former    in    distinct 

Silene  stellata  clusters  of  four.  The  flowers  are  white, 
White  arranged  in  a  loose  terminal  spike,  star- 

June-August  ghaped  and  fringed-edged,  the  stamens 
very  long.  A  beautiful  and  delicate  wild  flower  fre- 
quently visited  by  Colias  philodice,  the  small  yellow 
butterfly,  and  many  moths.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  in 
wooded  slopes,  from  R.  I.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west  to 
Minn. 

Wild  Pink  ^  very  low  species  with  a  somewhat 

Silene  Pennsyl-  sticky-hairy  character  immediately  be- 
vanica  neath  the  flowers,  most  of  the  blunt 

Crimson-pink  lance-shaped  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  ; 
the  upper  leaves  small.  The  crimson-pink 
flowers  with  somewhat  wedge-shaped  petals.  The  calyx 
tubular  and  adapted  to  the  tongues  of  butterflies  and 
moths,  by  which  the  flower  is  cross-fertilized.  4-9 
inches  high.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  southern  N.  "Y., 
Penn.,  and  Ky. 

A  delicately  beautiful,  foreign,  perennial 
Campion  species  which  has  become  naturalized  in 

Silene  this  country.     The  deep  green  leaves  are 

latifolia  smooth  and  ovate-lance-shaped.    The  flow- 

ers are  white  with  the  five  petals  deeply 
two-lobed ;  the  pale  green  flower-cup  is 
greatly  inflated,  almost  globular  in  shape,  and  beauti- 
fully veined  with  green  markings  not  unlike  those  of  a 
citron  melon.  The  ten  anthers  (on  long  stamens)  are 
sepia  brown  when  mature.  8-18  inches  high.  In  mead- 
ows and  moist  hollows  beside  the  road.  Me.,  south  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  111. 

A  homely  but  curious  annual  species 
Catchily  whose  small  flowers  open  only  for  a  short 

Silene  Antir-  time  in  sunshine.  The  joints  of  the  stem 
rhino,  are  glutinous  (hence  the  common  name), 

pink  and  evidently  prevent  any  stealing  of  the 

nectar  by  creeping  insects  (such  as  ants) 
September  J 

which  are  useless  as  pollen  carriers.     The 

flower-calyx  is  ovoid  with  the  pink  petals  above  insigni- 


118 


Silene  latj/olia 


Starry  Campion. 
Silene  steilata. 


PINK  FAMILY.     CaryopbyUaceae. 


ficant.     10-25  inches  high.     Common  in  waste  places 
everywhere. 

Like   the  bladder  campion  ;  a  foreign 

sPecies  with  a  beautifully  marked  calyx 
Silene  nocti-  resembling  spun  glass,  but  smaller,  the 
flora  petals  similar.  The  plant  is  hairy-sticky, 

White  the  leaves  blunt  lance-shaped.     The  white 

u  y~  flowers  are  delicately  fragrant,  and  open 

only  at  dusk,  closing  on  the  following 
morning.  Probably  it  is  exclusively  fertilized  by  moths, 
as  many  such  visitors  may  be  seen  sipping  at  the  newly 
opened  blossoms  in  the  early  evening.  1-3  feet  high. 
Common  in  waste  places  everywhere.  Found  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H. 

A  charming  plant  naturalized  from  the 
Evening  Lych=     ...  .^        «          i         /=        i     - 

nis  or  White       °^     country,    with     densely     fine-hairy, 

Campion  ovate-lance-shaped  leaves  and  stem,  both 

Lychnis  alba       dark    green  ;    the    leaves    opposite.     The 
Wnite  sweet-scented  flowers  are  white,  closely 

resembling  those  of  Silene  noctiflora ;  in 
Lychnis,  however,  the  flower  has  five  styles,  in  Silene, 
three.  Both  species  open  their  blossoms  toward  evening 
and  close  them  during  the  following  morning.  The 
white  petals  are  deeply  cleft  and  crowned  at  the  base 
with  miniature  petallike  divisions.  The  calyx  is  in- 
flated, and  often  stained  maroon-crimson  along  the  ribs, 
which  are  sticky -hairy  ;  after  becoming  still  more  in- 
flated it  withers  and  leaves  exposed  the  vase-shaped 
light  brown  seed-vessel,  pinked  at  the  small  opening 
above.  1-2  feet  high.  In  waste  places  and  borders  of 
fields,  from  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.  Probably  farther 
west.  Found  at  Phillip's  Beach,  Marblehead,  Mass. 

A  densely  hairy  straight-branched  an- 
Corn  Cockle  J  , 

Agrostemma       nual,  adventive  from  Europe,  and  found 

Githago  mostly  in  grain  fields.     The  magenta  flow- 

Magenta  ers>  not  brilliant,  but  broad  and  showy, 

~    .  with  very  long   linear  sepals   much  ex- 

ceeding the  petals  in  length.  Fertilized 
by  butterflies  and  moths.  1-3  feet  high.  Common  or 
occasional  throughout  the  country,  Reported  in  Neb- 
( Webber). 


Evening  Lychnis. 


Lychnis    alba. 


Corn  Cockle 


Agrostemm  Qithago. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


Ragged  Robin 
or  Cuckoo 
Flower 
Lychnis  Flos- 
cuculi 
Pink  or 
crimson 
June- 
September 


A  slender  perennial,  also  adventive 
from  Europe,  found  in  old  gardens.  The 
plant  is  downy  below,  and  slightly  sticky 
above,  the  leaves  slender  lance-shaped 
above,  and  few,  but  blunt  lance-shaped  be- 
low. The  pink,  or  crimson,  or  light  violet 
petals  of  the  ragged-looking  flowers  are 
deeply  cut  into  four  lobes  each,  the  two 
lateral  lobes  very  small.  Fertilized  in 
great  measure  by  bees  and  butterflies,  the  bumblebee, 
perhaps,  the  most  frequent  visitor.  1-2  feet  high.  Com- 
mon in  wet  and  waste  ground,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J., 
and  southwest  to  Penn. 

A  tiny  annual  widely  branched  and 
rough-downy,  naturalized  from  Europe  ; 
with  small  ovate  leaves  and  miniature 
white  flowers,  the  sepals  of  which  are 
rather  long,  and  rough.  2-8  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  sandy  places  everywhere. 
Another  similar  tiny,  dainty  plant,  but 
with  arctic  proclivities,  having  much 
larger  flowers  with  translucent  white 
petals  notched  at  the  tip.  The  crowding 
leaves  are  linear  and  threadlike,  the  plant 
grows  in  a  dense  tuft  from  the  root,  in 
crevices  of  rocks.  2-5  inches  high.  On 
Mt.  Washington  and  the  higher  peaks  of 
N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Va.,  and  N.  Car.  Also  on  river  banks  at 
Bath,  Me.,  and  on  Mt.  Desert  Island,  and  near  Middle- 
town,  Conn.  On  Mt.  Washington,  where  it  is  called 
the  "  Mountain  Daisy,"  it  snuggles  close  to  the  rocks  in 
sheltered  situations,  but  holds  its  own,  almost,  if  not 
quite  alone,  on  the  highest  points  of  the  bleak  Presi- 
dential range,  from  5000  to  6290  feet  above  tide- water, 
where  snow  lasts  during  eight  months  of  the  year. 

A  seaboard  species  growing  in  dry 
sand.  Branches  nearly  bare,  and  with  few 
dainty  white  flowers  about  J  inch  broad. 
The  tiny  awl-shaped  lower  leaves  densely 
overlapping.  4-9  inches  high.  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
south. 


Thyme=Ieaved 
Sandwort 

Arenaria 
serphyllifolia 
White 
May-August 

Mountain 
Sandwort  or 
Mountain 
Daisy 

Arenaria 
Grcenlandica 
White 
June-August 


Pine-barren 
Sandwort 

Arenaria 
caroliniana 
White 
May-July 


122 


_    -        _ 

Cerasium  arvense.          Lychnis  Flos-cuculi 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllacex. 


.  The  commonest  weed  of  Europe,  most 

Steiiaria  media  widely  distributed  through  North  Amer- 
White  ica,  but  possibly  indigenous  in  the  farther 

April-October  north.  A  weak-stemmed  low-lying  an- 
nual, with  small  ovate  pointed  light  green  leaves,  slightly 
woolly  stems,  and  minute  white  flowers  with  five  petals 
almost  cleft  in  twain,  and  five  larger  green  sepals  much 
longer  than  the  petals.  2-4  inches  high.  On  damp 
ground  everywhere.  An  especial  favorite  of  birds  and 
chickens. 

A  tall  very  slender  species  with  many 
Long=leaved  .  .  .*. 

Stitchwort        branches,   the  stem  with  rough    angles, 

Steiiaria  and  the  light  green  leaves  small  and  lance- 

longifolia  shaped.    The  tiny  flowers  like  white  stars, 

with  five  white  petals  so  deeply  cleft  that 

they  appear  as  ten,  sepals  nearly  equalling 

the  petals  in  length.     10-20  inches  high.     In  wet  grassy 

places  everywhere.     Reported  in  Neb.  (Webber). 

A  similar  species  with  smaller  lance- 
Stitchwort  shaped  leaves  widest  just  above  their  base, 
Steiiaria  a  four-angled  stem,  and  white  flowers 

graminea  with  deeply  cleft    petals.      12-18  inches 

White  high.     In  fields  and  grassy  waysides  from 

Me.  to  western  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.      Intro- 
duced from  Europe,  but  said  to  be  indigenous  in  Canada. 
A  bothersome  weed  common  in  culti- 
Larger  Mouse-  vate(j  fields,  naturalized  from  Europe,  but 
ear  Chickweed          ,     ,,     .     ,.  A,       „     ,, 

Cerastium          probably  indigenous  m  the  farther  north. 

vulgatum  Stem  hairy  a'nd  clammy,  leaves  oblong. 

White  The    somewhat    loosely    clustered    white 

May-  flowers   with   two-cleft   petals,  but  with 

short  sepals.     6-15  inches  high. 

A  low,  rather  large-flowered,  handsome 
Chickweed  species,  the  broad  petals  also  deeply  cleft, 
Cerastium  the  sepals  very  short,  the  stems  downy  or 
arvense  smooth,  and  the  leaves  rather  broad  lin- 

White  ear>     4_io  inches  high.     In  dry  or  rocky 

April-July  situations.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to 
Mo.,  Neb.,  and  Cal. 


Chickweed. 
Stdlaria,  media. 


Mountain  Sandwort 


Long-leaved 
Stitchwort. 
Stellaria 
longifblia. 


WATER=LILY  FAMILY.     Nymphsecess. 


A  common  little  low  plant  in  sandy 
Spergularia  waste  places  sometimes  near  the  coast 
rubra  but  not  on  the  shore.  Leaves  linear  and 


flat,  in  clusters  about  the  frail  stem.  Tiny 
June-August  flowerS)  crimson-pink,  sepals  glandular- 
hairy.  The  plants  grow  in  dense  company.  2-6  inches 
high.  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  Va.,  west  to 
western  N.  Y. 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY.      Nymphceacece.. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  floating  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary flowers  with  3-5  sepals,  numerous  petals,  and  dis- 
tinct stigmas  or  these  united  in  a  radiate  disc.  Fertilized 
by  bees,  beetles,  and  aquatic  insects. 

The  common  and  beautiful  white  pond- 
Water-Lily  ,.,  - 

Castalia  ^  found    in    still    waters    everywhere. 

odorata  Leaves  dark  green,  pinkish  beneath,  ovate- 

White  round,  cleft  at  the  base  up  to  the  long 

June-  stem.     The  white  flowers,  often  5  inches 

in  diameter  when  fully  developed,  open  in 
the  morning  and  close  at  noon  or  later ;  they  are  fre- 
quently pink-tinged  ;  the  golden  stamens  and  anthers 
are  concentric,  and  are  luminous  in  quality  of  color. 
They  mature  after  the  stigma  does,  and  cross-fertiliza- 
tion occurs  by  the  agency  of  bees  and  beetles  in  general. 
The  flower  yields  pollen  only.  The  var.  rosea,  in  south- 
eastern Mass.,  and  Nantucket,  is  deeply  pink-tinged. 
The  var.  minor  is  small,  with  flowers  less  than  three 
inches  broad. 

A  common  odorless  yellow  pond-lily 
Yellow  Pond-  found  often  in  the  same  water  with  the 
Spatter-dock  Preceding  species.  With  ovate  leaves  or 
Nymphaa  broader,  and  small,  green  and  yellow  cup- 

advena  shaped  flowers,  with  6  green  sepals,  some- 

Golden  yellow    times  purple-tinged,  yellowish  inside  ;  the 
petals  yield  nectar ;  they  are  small,  nar- 
row, thick,  and  yellow — stamenlike.     The 
stigma  is  a  pale  ruddy  or  deep  golden  yellow-rayed  disc, 
beneath  which  the  undeveloped  anthers  are  crowded.    On 
the  first  opening  of  the  flower  there  is  a  triangular  orifice 
126 


Waiter  Lily 
Castalia, 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranitnculaceas. 


over  the  stigma  so  small  that  an  entering  insect  must 
touch  the  stigma.  On  the  following  day  the  flower  ex- 
pands fully  and  the  anthers  beneath  the  stigma  unfold, 
spread  outward,  and  expose  their  pollen.  Cross-fertiliza- 
tion is  thus  insured,  and  is  generally  effected  by  means  of 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  (so  says  Prof.  Robert- 
son) the  beetle  named  Donaciapiscatrix.  A  very  common 
and  familiar  plant  in  stagnant  water,  with  stouter  stem 
and  coarser  leaves  than  those  of  the  preceding  species. 
N.  rubrodisca  is  a  slenderer  form  the  smaller  flower  of 
which  has  a  crimson  stigma.  Northern  Vt.  to  Mich, 
and  Penn. 

This  is  a  very  slender  species,  with  flow- 
mall  Yellow    erg  scarceiy  i    inch    wide.     Sepals    only 
Nytfipha?         three.      The  stigma  disc,  dark  red.      In 
microphytta        ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  Me.  to  south. 
Golden  yellow  ern  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
June- 
September 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacece. 

A  large  family  of  perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  gen- 
erally regular  but  sometimes  irregular  flowers  ;  with 
stamens  and  pistil,  or  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flow- 
ers on  different  plants  ;  3-15  petals,  or  none  at  all ;  in  the 
last  case  the  sepals  petallike  and  colored.  Generally  fer- 
tilized by  the  smaller  bees,  butterflies,  and  the  beelike 
flies. 

A  most  beautiful  trailing  vine  commonly 

Virgin's  found  draped  over  the  bushes  in  copses 

Bower 

Clematis  an(^  ^7  nioist  roadsides.     The  leaves  dark 

Virginiana        green,  veiny,  with  three  coarsely  toothed 
Greenish  leaflets  ;  the  flat  clusters  of  small  flowers 

White  with  four  greenish  white  sepals  and  no 

petals,  polygamously  staminate  and  pistil- 
late on  different  plants  ;  cross-fertilized  by  bees,  the  bee- 
like  flies  (Bombylius),  and  the  beautiful  and  brilliantly 
colored  flies  of  the  tribe  Syrphidce.  In  October  the 
flowers  are  succeeded  by  the  gray  plumy  clusters  of  the 
withered  styles  (still  adherent  to  the  seed-vessels),  which 
128 


& 


rfer, 


i>~> 


Virgin's  Bower.  \PurpleVirgiris  Bower. 

Clematis' Virginians.  Clematis  verticillana 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacese. 


appear  under  the  glass  like  many  tiny  twisted  tails. 
The  plants  presenting  this  hoary  appearance  gave  rise  to 
the  popular  name,  Old  Man's  Beard.  The  vine  supports 
itself  by  a  twist  in  the  leaf -stem,  the  latter  revolving  a 
number  of  times  in  the  course  of  growth.  Stem  about 
12  feet  long.  Waysides  and  river-banks.  Me.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  S.  Dak. 

A  southern  species  with  solitary,  thick, 
Ieather3r >  bell-shaped,  dull  purple  flowers 
Viorna  without  petals,  the  purple  sepals  about  1 

Dull  purple  inch  long.  The  three  or  more  leaflets  with 
May-July  unbroken  edges  or  lobed.  In  early  autumn 

the  hoary  plume  is  brownish.  Southern  Pa.,  south  to 
Ga.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Ohio. 

A  rather  rare  species  found  in  rocky 
Purple  Virgin's  .  ,_..."  A.  ,  .,,  ... 

Bower  places    among    the    northern   hills,   with 

Clematis  leaves  similar  to  those  of  C.  Virginiana, 

verticillaris  and  showy  light  purple  flowers,  downy  in- 
Light  purple  g^e  an(j  outside,  sometimes  over  3  inches 

broad  ;  the  four  purple,  finely  veined  se- 
pals expanding  only  to  a  cup-shape.  The  plumes  brown- 
gray.  Me.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  slender  tall  species  the  leaves  and 
Anemone*1*  stem  of  wnicn  are  silky  haired,  leaves  dark 
Anemone  green  and  veiny ,  ornamentally  cut  (or  lobed) 

cylindrica  into  3-5  parts.  The  solitary  flowers  without 
Greenish  white  petaiSj  but  with  5-6  greenish  white  sepals, 

are  set  on  a  tall  stem.  The  fruit  a  nar- 
row, cylindrical,  burrlike  head  1  inch  or  more  in  length. 
2-6  flowers  are  borne  on  each  plant.  18-24  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  woods  and  by  wooded  roadsides,  from 
the  lower  Androscoggin  Valley,  Me.,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  and 
northern  N.  J.,  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  S.  Dak.  The 
name,  Greek,  meaning  a  flower  shaken  by  the  wind. 

This  is  the  common  tall  anemone  of 
I?  T*HC"  *  wooded  roadsides  and  banks.  The  leaves 
Anemone  and  stem  are  more  or  less  hairy  and  deep 

Anemone  olive    green,    the    leaves     conspicuously 

Virginiana    ^     veined.    The  flowers  generally  have  five  in- 

conspicuous  sepals  white  or  greenish  white 

inside  and  greener  outside ;  the  flower- 

130 


Thimble-weed.      Large  White-flowered  Anemone. 
Anemone  Virgini&na.          Anemone  riparia. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


bead  usually  1  inch  or  less  across,  is  succeeded  by  the 
enlarged  fruit-head  similar  in  shape  to,  and  about  as 
large  as,  a  good-sized  thimble.  Fertilized  by  the  bum- 
blebees, the  smaller  bees  (among  them  the  honeybee), 
and  the  brilliant  little  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce.  2-3 
feet  high.  Me. ,  south  to  S.  Car. ,  west  to  Kan. ,  Neb. ,  and 
S.  Dak.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  slender,  tall,  and  handsome  plant  in- 
Large  White- 
flowered  termediate   between    the    two    preceding 

Anemone  species,  with  large  white  flowers  maturing 

Anemone  earlier  than  those  of  the  foregoing,  and 

ripana  with  smoother  stem  and  leaves ;  the  latter 

wwte  thin,  and  unequally  cleft  into  coarsely  and 

June-July  sharply  toothed  segments.  The  five  thin 
sepals  generally  obtuse  and  a  strong  white. 
The  short  cylindrical  fruit-head  slenderer  than  that  of 
A.  Virginiana.  12-35  inches  high.  Banks  of  rivers  and 
streams,  and  on  rocky  banks,  from  the  St.  John  River, 
Fort  Kent,  Me.,  Willoughby  Lake  and  western  Vt., 
Uxbridge,  Mass.,  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Sullivan  Co., 
N.  Y.  (M.  L.  Fernald,  Rliodora,  vol.  i.,  p.  51).  Found 
on  the  borders  of  the  pond  near  the  Arondack  Spring, 
Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

A  northern,  rather  coarse  stemmed  spe- 

Anemone  c*es'   verv   much   branched,    with  broad, 

Anemone  sharply  toothed,  three-cleft  leaves ;   their 

Canadensis         under  surfaces  rather    hairy.      The    five 

white  sepals  quite  blunt,  and  the  flower  1- 

1J  inches  broad.     The  fruit-head  globular. 

1-2  feet  high.     Low  moist  grounds,  from  western  N. 

Eng.,   south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Kan.   and  S.    Dak. 

Common  in    western  Vt.,   along  the  slopes    of    Lake 

Champlam. 

A  silky-hairy  plant  of  the  west,  bearing 
Pasque  Flower        .  * 

Anemone  patens  a  Sm^le  erecfc  Pale  vlolet  O1*  Bender-white 

var.  Wolf-  flower  of  5-6  sepals  (not  petals)  an  inch 

gangiana  more  or  less  long.     The  leaves  divided  into 

Pale  violet         many  narrow  linear  lobes,  the  one  below 
the  flower  stemless,  the  basal  ones  slender- 
stemmed.     Fruiting  head  like  Clematis,  the  silky  achenes 
(seeds)    with    long    feathery    tails.     6-14  inches    high. 
Prairies,  Wis.,  111.,  and  Tex.  west. 
132 


IA. patens  van  Wol^angianai 


C&nadi&n  Anemone. 
Anemone    Caoudensis. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae* 


A  species  very  similar  to  the  next  but 
Mountain 
Anemone  with  stouter  stem   and  trifoliate   leaves, 

Anemone  trifolia  rarely  the  basal  ones,  five-divided.     The 
White  petallike  sepals  ovate-oblong,  the  flower 

about  1J  inch  broad.  6-15  inches  high. 
Chiefly  in  mountain  woods  of  the  south,  Pa.  to  Ga. 
Also  in  the  south  Austrian  and  the  Italian  Alps.  The 
European  A.  nemorosa  with  thicker  sepia-colored  roots 
has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  eastern  Mass.  (J.  H. 
Sears). 

A  beautiful,  delicate,  and  low  little  plant 

common  in  the  early  spring  in  woodlands, 
Anemone  .  .  ,  „,-,,... 

or  Wind  with  deep  green  leaves  of  five  divisions, 

Flower  and  frail  white,  or  magenta-tinged  blos- 

Anemone  soms  of    from   4-9  petallike  sepals ;   the 

quinquefolia  soiitary  flower  frequently  1  inch  across. 
April-June  Cross-fertilized  by  the  early  bees  and  bee- 
like  flies  (Bombylius).  Common  on  the 
borders  of  the  woods.  4-8  inches  high.  Me. ,  south  to 
Ga. ,  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

The  earliest  flower  of  spring,  appearing 
Liverwort  or 
Hepatica  before  its  leaves,  and  generally  found  half 

Hepatica  hidden  among  the  decaying  leaves  of  au- 

triloba  tumn  that  cover  the  woodland  floor.     The 

Lilac  white,  blossom  about  f  inch  broad,  with  6-12 
lustrous  sepals  varying  in  color  from  lilac 
white  to  pale  purple  and  light  violet,  be- 
neath which  are  three  leaflets  closely  resembling  a  calyx* 
or  the  outer  floral  envelop.  The  three-lobed  olive  green 
leaves  last  throughout  the  winter,  the  newer  ones  to- 
gether with  stems  and  flower-stems  are  extremely  hairy. 
About  3  inches  high.  Common  from  the  seaboard  west 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

This  is  a  species  close  to  the  preceding 
Hepatica  .        .    ,      ..       mu      i 

acutiioba  one  anc*  °^ten  passing  into  it.     The  leaves 

are  three-  or  sometimes  five-lobed,  with 
acute  tips,  and  the  three  little  leaflets  beneath  the 
flower  are  also  pointed.  Range  the  same  as  H.  triloba, 
in  fact,  both  species  are  often  found  together  in  the  same 
woods. 


134 


Wood  Anemone. 
Anemone  quinquefoliaL  C\ 


Rue  Anemone. 
Anemonella 
thalictroides. 


Liverwort. 
Hep&tica  triloba.      \{ 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranuncula^ese. 


A    frail    and    delicate    spring     flower, 
Rue  Anemone 

Anemonelia        usually  white  but  rarely  magenta-pink- 

thalictroides  tinged,  which  often  blooms  in  company 
White,  or  with  Anemone  quinqui 'folia,  but  readily 

pink-tinged  distinguished  from  it  by  the  2-3  flowers 
March-May 

in  a  cluster,  the  other  bearing  a  solitary 

blossom.  The  deep  olive  green  leaves  in  groups  of 
three  closely  resemble  those  of  the  meadow  rue  ;  they 
are  long-stemmed.  The  flower  with  usually  six  delicate 
white  petallike  sepals,  but  there  are  variations  of  from 
5-10.  The  flowers  are  perfect  (with  orange-yellow 
anthers),  and  are  probably  cross-fertilized  largely  by  the 
early  bees  and  beelike  flies.  5-9  inches  high.  Common 
everywhere  in  thin  woodlands. 

Early  Meadow  A  beautiful  but  not  showy,  slender 
Rue  f  meadow  rue  with  the  staminate  and  pistil- 

Thalictrum  late  flowers  on  separate  plants.  The 
dioicum 

Green,  terra-  bluish  olive  green  leaves  lustreless,  com- 
cotta  pound,  and  thinly  spreading  ;  the  droop- 

April-May  ing  staminate  flowers  with  generally  four 
small  green  sepals,  and  long  stamens  tipped  with  terra- 
cotta, and  finally  madder  purple.  The  pistillate  flowers 
inconspicuously  pale  green.  An  airy  and  graceful 
species,  common  in  thin  woodlands.  1-2  feet  high. 
Me.,  south  to  Ala.,  and  west  to  Mo.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Kan. 

The  commonest  species,  remarkable  for 
Tall  Meadow       .,  '        ..^     „ 

Rue  its  starry  plumy  clusters  of  white  flowers, 

Thalictrum  lacking  petals,  but  with  many  conspicuous 
polygamum  threadlike  stamens.  The  flowers  are 

W"lte  polygamous,    that     is,     with    staminate, 

July-Septem- 

kgj.  pistillate,  and  perfect  ones  on  the  same  or 

different  plants.  The  leaves  are  com- 
pound, with  lustreless  blue-olive  green  leaflets  ;  the 
stout  stem  light  green  or  magenta- tinged  at  the  branches. 
The  decorative,  misty  white  flower-clusters  are  often  a 
foot  long ;  the  delicate-scented  staminate  flowers  are  a 
decided  tone  of  green- white.  This  species  is  an  especial 
favorite  of  many  bees,  moths,  and  smaller  butterflies,  by 
which  it  is  cross-fertilized.  3-10  feet  high.  Common 
in  wet  meadows  from  Me.,  west  to  Ohio,  and  south. 

136 


Tall  Meadow  Rue.      Thalictrum  potygajnura 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacese. 


A  species  similar  in  most  respects  to  the 

Thahctrum  ,     .  1  ,1-1  i  -, 

revolutum  next,  but  the  leaves  thicker,  and  under  a 

glass  covered  with  a  glandular  fine-hairi- 
ness, the  wavy  particles  (glands)  easily  discerned  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf.  Rocky  woods,  Me.,  e.  Mass., 
N.  J.,  and  N.  Car.,  also  s.  Ind. 

The  stem   of  this   species  is  generally 
Purplish 
Meadow  Rue      stained   with    madder  purple,  but  some- 

Thalictrum  times  it  is  green  with  only  a  slight  ma- 
dasycarpum  genta  tinge  in  parts.  The  leaves  are 
White-purple  three-toothed,  bluish  green  and  similar 
in  shape  to  those  of  the  preceding  species. 
The  flowers  are  white  with  a  brown -purple  tinge,  and 
are  also  polygamous.  3-6  feet  high.  On  the  borders  of 
wooded  hills,  and  copses,  in  dry  situations.  N.  J.,  and 
west. 

An   insignificant   marsh  species  closely 
Water  Plantain     ...    _ 
Spearwort          allied  to  the  buttercup,  with  yellow  flowers 

Ranunculus  i  inch  broad,  the  5-7  petals  rather  narrow. 
laxicaulis  The  lance-shaped  leaves  almost  if  not  quite 

Yellow  toothless,  and  clasping  the  jointed  stem, 

which  often  sends  out  roots  from  the 
joints  ;  the  lower  leaves  contracted  into  a  broad  stem 
clasping  the  plant  stem.  1-2^  feet  high.  Common  in 
wet  places,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn, 
and  Mo.  Name  from  the  classic  Rana,  a  frog,  referring 
to  the  marshy  home  of  the  genus. 

Rather  an    attractive  biennial  species, 
Small-flowered 

Crowfoot  commonly    found    beside    the    woodland 

Ranunculus  brook,  the  lower  leaves  of  which  are  some- 
abortivus  what  kidney-shaped,  and  the  upper  ones 

Yellow  slashed  like  those  of  the  buttercup,  but 

April-June  1,1  ^       -,  \    -    ,  . 

very    moderately    so ;    the  leaves   bright 

green  and  smooth.  The  small  flowers  with  globular 
heads,  and  reflexed  or  drooping  yellow  petals  ;  the  head 
about  J  inch  broad.  6-24  inches  high.  In  shady  and 
moist  ground,  everywhere.  The  var.  eucyclus  (Fernald) 
is  a  common  form  in  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Mass.,  with  slender 
and  zigzagged  stem,  and  thin  leaves,  the  lower,  rounded 
ones  with  narrowed  cleft  ;  the  flowers  are  smaller,, 
Found  at  Ammonoosuc  Lake,  Crawford  Notch. 

138 


Water  Plantain. 

Ranunculus  Uxic&ulis. 


Small-flowered  Crowfoot. 
Ranunculus  abortivusvar.eucyclus 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacese. 


__  A  woodland  crowfoot  distinguished  by 

Hooked 

Crowfoot  1*s  remarkably  hooked  seed-vessels  which 

Ranunculus  are  gathered   in   a  cluster  about  •£   inch 

recurvatus  broad.     The  light  yellow  flowers  with  the 

Light  yellow  calyx  (flower-envelop)  curved  backward, 
April-June  *  \>. 

and  with   usually  live   small  petals,  are 

rather  inconspicuous.  The  stem  and  olive  green  leaves 
are  hairy,  the  latter  generally  three-lobed,  veiny,  and 
toothed,  but  the  root  leaves  are  seldom  divided.  10-20 
inches  high.  Common  in  woods  everywhere. 

Another  woodland   or  hillside  species, 
Early  Butter- 
cu_  with  deep  yellow  flowers  almost  an  inch 

Ranunculus  broad.  The  plant  rather  low,  with  fine 
fascicularis  silky  hairs  on  stem  and  leaf,  the  latter 

dark  S16611'  and  deePlY  lobed»  with  3~5 
divisions.  The  flower  with  often  more 
than  five  petals  which  are  rather  narrow  ;  the  fruit- head 
about  J  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  slender  curved  spine  to 
each  seed-vessel.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  on  the 
borders  of  wooded  hills,  in  the  spring,  from  Me.,  south  to 
S.  Car. ,  and  west.  The  first  buttercup  of  the  year  ;  all 
are  fertilized  mostly  by  early  bees,  flies,  and  the  smaller 
butterflies,  notably  Colias  philodice,  but  the  commoner 
visitors  are  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 

This  is  the  next  buttercup  of  the  spring, 
Swamp 

Buttercup  and  one  connne(l  to  swamps  and  low  wet 
Ranunculus  grounds.  The  flowers  are  deep  yellow  and 
septentrionalis  fully  1  inch  broad.  The  hollow  stem  is 

Deep  yellow       generally    smooth,    but    sometimes    fine- 
Late  April- July  f    .  ,.    .,    , 
hairy  ;  the  deep  green  leaves  are  divided 

into  three  leaflets,  each  distinctly  stemmed,  and  three- 
lobed,  or  only  the  terminal  one  stemmed  ;  the  uppermost 
leaves  are  long,  narrow,  and  toothless.  This  buttercup 
is  very  variable  in  both  size  and  foliage,  its  branches  are 
upright  or  reclining,  and  its  leaves  coarsely  cleft  and 
divided.  1-2  feet  high,  or  more.  Common  in  moist 
rich  ground  everywhere.  Like  most  of  the  other  but- 
tercups, this  one  depends  mainly  upon  the  beelike  flies 
(Bombylius)  and  the  little  bees  of  the  family  Andrenidce 
for  fertilization. 

140 


Leaf  I  of 

Ranunculus  faseicularis. 


Swamp  Buttercup.       Ranunculus  septentrionalis. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacese. 


c  s  B  t  A  species  of  a  similar  character,  the  leaves 
tercup  "  frequently  white-spotted  or  blotched ;  the 

Ranunculus  deep  yellow  flowers  nearly  1  inch  broad, 
repens  blooming  a  little  later.  The  seed-vessel 

Deep  yellow  tipped  with  a  short  stout  spine,  thus  differ- 
ing from  the  rather  deciduous  long 
straight  spine  of  R.  septentrionalis.  This  buttercup 
creeps  or  spreads  over  the  ground  by  runners.  Roadsides 
and  waste  places  or  low  grounds,  generally  near  the 
coast,  and  mainly  introduced  from  Europe,  but  also 
indigenous. 

Bristl  Crow  Often,  and  improperly,  called  a  butter- 
foot  '  cup ;  the  flower  has  a  thimble-shaped, 
Ranunculus  green  head  formed  of  the  pistils,  and  in- 
Pennsylvanicus  significant,  round  yellow  petals  surround 
Yellow  fa  j£  jg  gmaii  scarcely  ^  inch  across,  and 
June-August 

does  not  in  the  remotest  degree  suggest 

the  cup-shape  of  the  buttercup.  The  stem  is  remarkably 
stiff-hairy,  and  irritating  to  the  touch  ;  it  is  hollow, 
coarse,  light  green,  and  leafy  to  the  top.  Leaves  light 
green,  three-divided,  with  each  division  three-lobed, 
cut  and  slashed  like  R.  acris,  and  hairy  above  and 
beneath.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  wet  situations, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west. 

A  small  erect  plant  proceeding  from  a 
Bulbous  But- 
tercup  bulbous  base  or  root,  with  hairy  stem  and 

Ranunculus  leaf,  and  large  bright,  1  inch  wide,  deep 
bulbosus  or  golden  yellow  flowers,  the  green  sepals 

Golden  or  deep  of  which  are  strongly  reflexed.  The  leaves 
Ma  ^-July  are  deep  green>  decoratively  cut  and 

slashed,  three-divided,  each  division  three- 
lobed,  with  only  the  terminal  one  stemmed,  the  lateral 
ones  nearly  if  not  absolutely  stemless.  8-16  inches  high. 
Roadsides  and  fields  ;  abundant  in  N.  Eng.,  and  natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Muller  records  the  fact  that  over  60 
different  species  of  insects  visit  these  old  world-butter- 
cups, i.  e.,  R.  repens,  R.  bulbosus,  and  R.  acris. 


142 


Leaf  and  flower  showing  reflexed 
sepals  of  Ranunculus  bulbosus. 


Bristly  Crowfoot.    Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


~  „  This  is  the  common  buttercup  of  fields 

Tall  Buttercup 

Ranunculus  anc*  meadows,  which  has  become  natural- 
acris  ized  from  the  old  country.  The  stem  is 

Golden  or  deep  hairy,  branched  and  less  hairy  above,  and 

-llow  deep  green.     The  leaves  deep  green  with 

May- August  ^  .... 

3-7  stemless  divisions,  and  these  are  again 

correspondingly  divided  into  linear  segments  ;  they  are 
cut  and  slashed  in  a  most  decorative  and  complicated 
fashion,  only  the  upper  ones  showing  the  simple  three- 
parted  figure.  The  flowers,  nearly  1  inch  broad,  are 
lustrous  light  golden  yellow  within,  and  light  yellow 
without,  the  5  broad  petals  overlapping.  The  flowers 
are  set  on  long  slender  stems,  and  sometimes  continue 
to  bloom  until  frost.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  every- 
where, especially  upon  moist  meadows.  The  variety 
named  R.  acris,  var.  Steveni  (Lange),  is  similar  except  in 
the  shape  of  its  leaf,  which  has  very  broad  instead  of 
linear  segments,  which  impart  to  the  plant  a  thicker 
and  heavier  appearance  in  the  field.  This  variety  is  the 
common  form  in  northern  N.  Eng.  Found  at  Alstead 
Centre,  and  Jefferson,  N.  H.  (M.  L.  Fernald  in  Rhodora^ 
vol.  i,  p.  227). 

Marsh  Mari-  ^  thick  and  hollow-stemmed  stocky 
gold"  plant  common  in  marshes  in  spring,  with 

Caltha  palustris  round  or  kidney-shaped  deep  green  leaves 
Golden  yellow  obscurely  blunt-toothed,  and  brilliant 
April-May  ...  , 

golden  yellow  flowers  resembling  butter- 
cups. Often  wrongly  called  cowslips.  The  flowers  are 
perfect  with  5-9  petallike  sepals,  and  numerous  stamens  ; 
they  are  honey- bearing,  and  although  the  anthers  and 
stigmas  mature  simultaneously,  cross-fertilization  is 
favored  by  the  anthers  opening  outwardly,  and  the 
outermost  ones  farthest  from  the  stigmas  opening  first 
(Muller).  The  flowers  are  chiefly  fertilized  by  the 
beautiful  yellow  flies  belonging  to  the  family  Syrphidce. 
The  classical  name  Caltha  means  cup,  and  palus  a 
marsh — marsh-cup.  8-24  inches  high.  Common  in  wet 
meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west. 

The  var.  flabellifoha  is  a  slender  weak-stemmed  form 
with  open  fan-shaped  leaves,  and  much  smaller  flowers. 
Found  in  cold  mountain  springs,  N.  Y.,  the  Pocono  Mts. 
144 


Marsh  Marigold. 


Caltha  paJustris. 


Ranunfculus 
acpisl  V&P.  Steven i. 


Buttercup. 
Ranunculus 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.    Ranunculaceae. 


of  Pa.,  northern  N.  J.,  and  Md.  The/var.  radicans  is  a 
prostrate  or  decumbent  (rising  at  the  tip  ends)  form, 
similar  to  the  foregoing,  but  with  a  creeping  Habit. 
Woodlawn  and  West  Hampton,  N.  Y.  (Rydberg). 

A  species  found  only  in  north  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  and  the  northwest,  has  white 

natans 

or  palest  magenta-pink  flowers  about  J 
inch  broad.  Summer.  Generally  afloat  in  ponds  and 
streams,  or  growing  on  the  muddy  margins. 

A  tiny  woodland  plant  whose  bittei 
Goldthread  golden  yellow  threadlike  roots  contribute 
Copt  istri folia  ..  ,..  ,  J  ,  „  t,  i  -,,.,.  -, 

White  to  the  medicinal  stock  of  the  old-fashioned 

May-July  country  housewife.     The  evergreen  leaves 

are  lustrous  dark  green,  three-lobed,  scal- 
loped, finely  toothed,  and  long-stemmed.  The  solitary 
flower  terminating  a  long  slender  stem  has  5-7  white 
sepals,  and  has  many  obscure  little  club-shaped  petals, 
15-25  white  stamens  with  golden  anthers,  and  3-7  pistils 
on  slender  stalks.  The  strange  petals  terminating  the 
minute  cuplike  discs  are  really  nectaries  intended  to 
minister  to  thirsty  insects.  According  to  C.  M.  Weed 
the  flower  is  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  a  fungus  gnat — 
a  little  two- winged  fly,  and  occasionally  by  a  small 
elongated  beetle  called  Anaspis  flavipennis.  3-6  inches 
high.  In  bogs  of  woodlands  or  shady  pastures,  from 
Me.,  south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  name  from 
the  Greek  to  cut,  in  reference  to  the  cut-leaf. 
Columbine  ^  most  delicate  but  hardy  plant  com- 

Aquilegia  mon  on  rocky  hillsides  and  the  borders  of 

Canadensis  wooded  glens.  The  long- stemmed  com- 
Scarlet,  yellow  pOUn(j  leaves  are  light  olive  green,  with 
jui"  €  three-lobed  leaflets.  The  flowers  are 

graded  from  yellow  through  scarlet  to  red 
at  the  tip  of  the  spurs.  The  petals  are  the  5  tubes  cul- 
minating in  the  spurs,  and  the  5  sepals  are  the  spreading 
ruddy  yellow  leaflets  grading  into  a  greenish  yellow, 
situated  between  the  tubes.  Stamens  yellow.  Fertilized 
by  moths  and  butterflies.  1-2  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  altogether  golden 
yellow.  The  long  spurs  indicate  the  adaptation  of  the 
flower  to  long-tongued  insects. 
146 


Columbine. 


Aquilegia  C&n&densi& 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.    Ranunculacese. 


A  slender  and  smooth  species  of  larkspui 
Tall  Larkspur  . 

Delphinium        found  in  the  woods  from  Pennsylvania 

exaltatum  southward.  The  deep  green  leaves  have 
Light  violet  generally  five  divergent,  lance-shaped  or 
July-August  wedge-shaped  lobes,  and  the  light  purple 
or  blue-violet  flowers  are  borne  in  a  slim  spike  some- 
times 10  inches  long.  2-6  feet  high.  In  woods,  from 
Allegheny  and  Huntington  Cos.,  Pa.,  south  to  N.  Car., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb.  The  Delphiniums  are 
mostly  fertilized  by  the  beelike  flies,  honeybees,  and 
bumblebees. 

A  European  species,  in  cultivation  and 
Field  Larkspur 

Delphinium        escaped  to  roadsides  and  fields,  with  dis- 

Consolida  sected    deep    green    leaves    having    very 

Lilac  to  uitra=   narrow    linear    lobes,    and    a    scattered 

marine  blue  flower-spike  of  showy  flowers  1  inch 
July-August  , 

broad,  long-spurred,  and  varying  in  color 

from  pale  magenta,  lilac,  and  purple  to  ultramarine 
blue.  The  commoner  species  in  cultivation  is  D.  Ajacis, 
with  larger  flower-clusters  and  with  woolly  pods  ;  this 
has  also  sparingly  escaped.  12-30  inches  high.  South- 
ern N.  J. ,  Pa. ,  and  south. 

A  handsome  wild  flower,  slender- 
stemmed>  weak,  and  disposed  to  seek  sup- 
uncinatum  port.  The  delicate  character  of  the  plant 
Violet=  is  not  unlike  that  of  the  columbine.  The 

ultramarine  deep  green  leaves  are  toothed,  have  3-5 
lobes,  and  are  rather  thick.  The  purple- 
or  violet-ultramarine  flowers  are  composed 
of  5  sepals,  the  upper  one  enlarged,  forming  the  hood, 
and  2  petals  (three  more  are  stamenlike.  abortive,  and 
inconspicuous)  concealed  beneath  the  hood  ;  the  stamens 
are  numerous.  Undoubtedly  the  flower  is  largely  ferti- 
lized by  the  bumblebee  who  is  its  constant  visitor  ;  the 
stamens  ripen  before  the  pistils,  and  cross-fertilization  is 
thus  insured.  2-4  feet  high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  J. 
and  Pa. ,  and  south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga. 


148 


Goldthread. 


Monkshood. 


Coptis  trifolia..  ,,,.«r «  •"*   '  Aconitum  uncinatum 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacese. 


A  tall  spreading,  slender-stemmed  wood- 
Snakeroot  land  plant,  with  fuzzy,  feathery  white 
Cimicifuga  flowers  borne  in  a  6-20  inches  long,  wand- 
racemosa  like  cluster,  having  a  disagreeable  foetid 

odor,  and  compound,  sharply  toothed, 
light  green  leaves.  The  4-8  petals  are 
stamenlike,  and  the  stamens  are  numerous.  The  flower 
is  assisted  in  fertilization  by  the  green  flesh-flies.  Fruit 
berrylike  and  purplish.  3-8  feet  high.  Woods,  Me., 
south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
R  A  bushy  woodland  plant  with  compound 

Baneberry  ^~^  parted  leaves,  the  leaflets  toothed  and 
Actaa  rubra  lobed,  the  lower  end-leaflets  sometimes 
White  again  compound.  The  tiny  white,  perfect 

pnl-June  flowers  with  4-10  exceedingly  narrow  pet- 
als and  numerous  stamens  ;  the  4-5  sepals  petallike  and 
falling  when  the  flower  blooms.  Cross-fertilized  by  the 
small  bees,  especially  of  the  species  Halictus.  The  stig- 
mas mature  before  the  anthers  are  open,  thus  securing 
cross-fertilization.  Fruit  a  thick  cluster  of  coral  red, 
oval  berries  (poisonous);  slender  stems.  1-2  feet  high. 
Woods,  from  Me.,  southwest  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  and  west. 
A  similar  species  with  the  same  distribu- 
Baneberry  tion.  The  leaflets  are  more  deeply  cut, 
Actceaalba  the  teeth  are  sharper,  and  the  lobes  are 
Wh»te  acute.  The  narrow,  stamenlike  petals  are 

Late  April-  blunt  at  the  tip,  and  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens. Fruit  a  china  white  berry  with 
a  conspicuous  purple-black  eye  ;  the  stems  are  thick  and 
fleshy,  and  usually  red.  Forms  with  slender-stemmed 
white  berries,  and  fleshy-stemmed  red  berries  occasion- 
ally occur,  but  these  are  considered  hybrids  [see  note 
in  the  Appendix].  The  Actceas  are  not  honey  flow- 
ers and  the  smaller  bees  (Halictus)  visit  them  for  pollen. 

A  stocky  yellow-rooted  perennial,  send- 
Orangeroot 

Hydrastis  lnS  UP  m  spring  a  single  clear    green, 

Canadensis         round,  veiny  root-leaf,  lobed  and  toothed, 

Greenish  and  a  hairy  stem  terminated  by  two  small 

leaves,  from  the  uppermost  one  of  which 

springs    an    insignificant    green- white 

flower  scarcely  £  inch  broad,  with  numerous  stamens, 

150 


Red  Baneberry 
Actaea  rubra. 


Fruit  of 
Actasa  alba. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidacese. 


about  a  dozen  pistils,  and  no  petals.  Visited  by  the 
smaller  bees  and  the  beelike  flies.  The  fruit  a  small  head 
of  tiny  red  berries  clustered  like  the  lobes  of  a  raspberry. 
1  foot  high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  Y.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidacece. 

A  family  of  shrubs  and  herbs  with  perfect  flowers 
having  one  pistil,  and  as  many  stamens  as  petals  (except 
Podophyllum)  arranged  opposite  each  other.  The  flow- 
ers of  the  barberry  are  especially  adapted  to  cross-fertili- 
zation ;  but  other  members  of  the  family  are  self -fertilized, 
or  cross-fertilized  by  the  agency  of  insects,  chiefly  bees. 
Blue  Cohosh  ^n  earlj  flowering  plant  common  in  the 
or  Papoose  west,  with  generally  but  one  compound 
R°ot  leaf  (at  the  top  of  the  long  stem)  three 

Caulophyllum  timeg  parted  the  leaflets  having  2-3  lobes ; 
thahctroides 

Greenish,  or  a  smaller  similar  leaf  accompanies  the 
yellowish  flower-stalk.  The  whole  plant  is  covered 
April-May  with  a  white  bloom  when  young.  The 
simple  stem  is  terminated  by  a  small  cluster  of  yellow- 
green,  or  yellowish  flowers  J  inch  broad,  with  6  petallike 
sepals,  and  6  insignificant  hood-shaped  petals  grouped 
closely  about  the  central  pistil.  The  stigma  is  receptive 
before  the  anthers  are  ripe,  thus  assuring  cross-fertiliza- 
tion. Frequently  visited  by  the  early  bumblebees,  and 
bees  of  the  family  Andrenidce.  The  seeds  berrylike  and 
blue,  in  a  loose  cluster.  1-3  feet  high.  Rich  woodlands 
from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Neb. 

A  little  plant  when  in  flower,  scarcely  8 
Jeffersonia  inches  tall,  but  attaining  double  that 
diphylla  height  later  in  the  season  when  in  fruit. 

White  The  single  white  flower,  about  an  inch 

April-May  broad,  with  8  oblong  flat  petals,  and  half 
as  many  early-falling  sepals,  is  a  trifle  like  the  bloodroot 
blossom,  but  lacks  the  latter's  delicacy  and  purity  of 
color.  The  long-stemmed  leaf  is  parted  almost  com- 
pletely into  two  angularly  ovate  lobes,  whitish  beneath. 
Finally  (when  fruiting)  15-18  inches  high.  Woods,  west- 
ern N.  Y.,  south  to  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Wis. 
152 


The  fleshy-covered  cadet  blue  seeds 

showing  groups  in  pairs 

After  bursting  of  the 

ovary. 


'Twinleaf.  '  Blue  Cohosh. 

Jeffersoniadiphylk.  C&ulophyllum  thaJictroides. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.    Berberidacese. 


Ma  A  le  or  ^~  common»  handsome  woodland  plant 
Mandrake  '  remarkable  for  its  large  leaves  which  fre- 
Podophyllum  quently  measure  a  foot  in  diameter  ;  the 
peltatum  flowerless  stem  of  the  plant  bears  a  leaf 

/  A  il-M  w^h  7-9  lobes,  peltate  in  character  ;  i.  e., 
supported  by  the  stem  in  the  centre,  as  an 
umbrella. 

The  May  Apple  has  also  been  called  Umbrella  Leaf,  and, 
in  allusion  to  its  peculiar  lemonlike  fruit,  Wild  Lemon. 
The  floivering  stalks  bear  two  less  symmetrical  leaves, 
from  between  the  stems  of  which  droops  the  ill-smelling 
but  handsome  white  flower  nearly  2  inches  broad  ;  it 
usually  has  6  petals  and  twice  as  many  stamens  ;  it  is 
without  nectar,  but  is  nevertheless  cross-fertilized  by  the 
early  bees  and  the  bumblebees  ;  these  collect  the  pollen. 
Profi  Robertson  believes  that  the  plant  may  be  occa- 
sionally self-fertilized  ;  although  the  anthers  do  not 
reach  out  as  far  as  the  stigmas,  they  sometimes  do  touch 
the  tip  edge  of  the  stigma.  Fruit  a  large,  fleshy,  edible, 
lemon-shaped  berry.  Leaves  and  root  poisonous,  and 
medicinal.  The  plant  is  12-18  inches  high,  and  is  com- 
mon in  damp  rich  woods,  from  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Neb.,  and  south.  Not  in  northern  New  England. 

A  plant  of  the  woodlands  so  common  in  spring  about 
the  neighborhood  of  Greater  New  York,  seems  con- 
spicuously and  strangely  absent  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton, where  the  Skunk  Cabbage  apparently  takes  its 
place.  Mrs.  Dana  remarks  that  Podophyllum  "  attracts 
one's  attention  by  the  railways,"  which  is  perfectly  true 
of  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  but  it  does  not 
apply  to  New  England.  The  plant  is  found  at  Concord, 
Mass.,  but  it  was  transplanted  there  ;  in  Vermont  it  is 
known  only  at  a  few  stations,  in  New  Hampshire  it  is 
rare  if  not  absent,  and  in  Maine,  so  far  as  my  knowledge 
goes,  it  is  quite  unknown. 


1*4 


May  Apple. 


A 

Podophyllum  peltatum. 


POPPY  FAMILY.    Papaveracese. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveracece. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  or  yellow  sap,  and  regular  or  ir- 
regular perfect  flowers  with  4-12  petals,  generally  two 
early-falling  sepals,  and  many  stamens.  The  irregular 
flowers  spurred  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  bees.  Fruit  a  dry  capsule  usually  one-celled. 
Not  honey-bearing  flowers. 

Bloodroot  A  most  beautiful  but  fragile  flower  of 

Sanguinaria  early  spring,  1J  inches  broad,  with  gen- 
Canadensis  erally  8  (rarely  12)  brilliant  white  petals 

^hl.^e™  four  of  which  alternating  with  the  others 

April-May  &  . 

are  a  trifle  narrow,  and  impart  a  four- 
sided  aspect  to  the  full-blown  blossom.  The  petals  ex- 
pand flatly  in  the  morning,  and  become  erect  to  ward  late 
afternoon,  and  close  by  evening.  The  two  sepals  fall 
when  the  flower  opens.  The  golden  orange  anthers 
mature  after  the  two-lobed  stigma,  which  is  shrivelled 
when  the  pollen  is  ripe  ;  the  outer  stamens  are  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  inner  ones  in  the  advanced  flower,  and 
the  stigma  is  prominent  in  the  new  flower,  so  cross-fer- 
tilization is  practically  assured.  The  blossom  attracts 
insects  which  gather  pollen  but  find  no  honey,  and  its 
chief  visitors  are  honeybees,  bumblebees,  the  smaller 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  the  beelike  flies 
(Bonibylius).  As  the  plant  breaks  through  the  ground 
in  early  April,  the  leaf  is  curled  into  a  cylinder  which 
encloses  the  budding  flower  ;  afterward  the  blossom 
pushes  upward  beyond  the  leaf.  Eventually  the  light 
blue-olive  green  leaf,  generally  with  seven  irregular  shal- 
low lobes,  is  6-10  inches  broad.  The  dull  orange-colored 
sap  is  acrid,  astringent,  and  medicinal  in  quality.  Fruit- 
capsule  elliptical-oblong  with  many  light  yellow-brown 
seeds.  Plant  finally  about  10  inches  high.  Common 
everywhere  on  the  borders  of  rich  woods  shaded  road- 
sides, and  copses. 

Celandine  A  western  woodland  species  with  yellow 

poppy  juice,  deeply  lobed  light  green  leaves  slen- 

diphyllum™  der-stemmed  and  smooth,  and  with  small 
Golden  yellow  four-petaled  poppylike  golden  yellow 
April-May  flowers  one  inch  broad,  solitary,  or  2-3  in 

156 


Bl  ood  root.  Celandine  Poppy. 

Sanguinaria  Canadensis.          Stylophorum  diphyllum., 


FUMITORY  FAMILY.    Famariaceae. 


a  terminal  cluster.  Fertilized  mainly  by  the  smaller 
bees.  The  ovoid  seed-pod  hairy.  The  two  sepals  falling 
early.  12-16  inches  high.  In  low  damp  woods,  from 
western  Pa.,  west  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Wis.  Found  near 
St.  Libory,  St.  Glair  Co.,  111. 

Celandine  ^     common     weed     naturalized     from 

Cheiidonium  Europe,  and  found  usually  in  or  about  the 
majus  eastern  towns.  The  leaves  are  somewhat 

Deep  yellow  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
May-August  ,.,_,,  ,1 

light  lustreless  green,  smooth,  and  orna- 
mentally small-lobed.  The  small  deep  yellow  flower 
(with  four  petals),  f  inch  broad  or  less,  has  a  prominent 
green  style,  and  many  yellow  stamens.  The  plant  has  a 
strong  yellow  sap.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  waste 
places  eastward.  Found  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  Ply- 
mouth, N.  H. 

A  yellow  poppy  with  prickly  thistlelike 
Prickly  Poppy   .         J 
Argemone  leaves,  very  light  green  and  smooth  with 

Mexicana  &  slight  whitish  bloom,  commonly  culti- 

Yeliow  vated,  and  escaped  to  roadsides  and  waste 

June-Septem-  piaces  .  a  native  of  Mexico.  Flowers 
usually  two  inches  broad  or  more,  with 
four  bright  yellow  petals,  and  numerous  golden  stamens. 
This  poppy  like  all  others  is  sought  by  the  honeybee  for 
its  pollen- ;  it  does  not  yield  honey.  The  broad  surface 
of  the  stigmas  of  poppies  in  general  being  a  convenient 
alighting  platform  for  insects,  the  flowers  are  surely 
adapted  to  cross-fertilization  ;  although  the  anthers  ripen 
in  the  bud,  and  are  directly  over  the  stigma,  Mtiller  is  of 
the  opinion  that  cross-fertilization  prevails.  Self-fertili- 
zation in  the  case  of  Argemone  is  even  less  likely,  as  the 
stigmatic  surface  is  small  and  far  less  exposed  to  the 
overhanging  anthers.  The  fruit-capsule  nearly  an  inch 
long,  and  armed  with  prickles.  Rarely  the  flowers  are 
white.  Stem  stout,  bristly,  and  1-2  feet  high.  Usually 
found  near  dwellings  and  on  the  neglected  borders  of 
old  highways,  from  N.  Eng.  south,  and  west  to  Ohio. 

FUMITORY  FAMILY.     Fumariacece. 

Near  Papaveracece ;  flowers  irregular,  sack-shaped, 
with  4  united  petals,  6  stamens;  leaves  compound  dis- 
sected. 

1*8 


Celandine. 
Chelidonium  majus. 


Prickly  Poppy. 
Argemone 
Mexicans. 


FUMITORY  FAMILY.    Fumariaceae. 


Climbing  A  beautiful  and  delicate  vine  climbing 

Fumitory,  or  and  trailing  over  thickets  or  shrubbery, 
Mountain  with  an  attenuate,  sack-shaped  white 

Adiwmia  flower  tinted  greenish  and  magenta-pink, 

•fungosa  or  very  pale  pink,  in   drooping  clusters. 

White,  tinted  The  leaves  are  compound,  smooth,  prettily 
magenta- pink  subdivided,  mostly  three-lobed,  and  the 
June-October  vine  climbs  by  means  of  their  slender 
stems.  The  weak  and  slender  stem  8-12  feet  long.  In 
moist  situations,  woods  and1  thickets,  from  N.  Eng.,  west 
to  Wis.  and  eastern  Kan.,  and  south  to  N.  Car.,  among 
the  mountains.  Named  for  John  Adlum,  of  Washington, 
a  horticulturist,  first  interested  in  the  cultivation  of 
grapes  in  this  country. 

This  is  one  of  the  daintiest  wild  flowers 
Breeches  °^  ^ne  sPrinS'  common  in  southern  New 

Dicentra  York,  but  rare  or  entirely  absent  in  north- 

Cucullaria  eastern  New  England.  It  occurs  fre- 
White,  quently  in  Vermont,  but  is  quite  unknown 

in  the  uPlands  of  New  Hampshire.  The 
plant  is  characterized  by  a  feathery  com- 
pound leaf,  long-stemmed  and  proceeding  from  the  root, 
thin,  grayish  (almost  sage)  green  in  tint,  blue  and  paler 
beneath ;  the  leaflets  are  finely  slashed  and  are  distrib- 
uted trifoliately,  i.  e. ,  in  three  parts.  The  flowering 
stalk  also  proceeds  from  the  root,  and  bears  4-8,  rarely 
more,  nodding  white  flowers,  of  four  petals  joined  in 
pairs  and  forming,  two  of  them,  a  double,  two-spurred, 
somewhat  heart-shaped  sack,  the  other  two,  within  the 
sack,  very  small,  narrow,  and  protectingly  adjusted  over 
the  slightly  protruding  stamens.  The  spurs  are  stained 
with  light  yellow.  The  flower  is  cross-fertilized  mostly 
by  the  agency  of  the  early  bumblebees  (Bombus  separa- 
tus,  B.  virginicus,  B.  vagans,  and  B.  pennsylvanicus). 
Prof.  Robertson  (see  Botanical  Gazette,  vol.  14,  p.  120) 
explains  in  detail  the  character  of  the  flower  and  its  vis- 
iting insects.  Honeybees  collect  only  pollen ;  their 
tongues  are  too  short  to  reach  the  nectar  which  is  se- 
creted in  two  long  processes  of  the  middle  stamens  ;  the 
proboscis  of  the  bumblebee,  8  mm.  long,  reaches  it,  that 
of  the  honeybee,  6  mm.,  can  not.  The  honeybee 
160 


Dutchman's  Breeches,!      *'    Dicentr&Cucullaria 


FUMITORY  FAMILY.    Fumariacc*. 


alights  on  the  flower,  forces  its  head  between  the  inner 
petals,  and  gathers  only  the  pollen  with  its  front  feet ! 
Such  a  pendulous  position  as  the  flower  compels  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  for  insects  other  than  bees  to  maintain, 
Butterflies  therefore  visit  the  flower  with  less  success 
than  bumblebees.  Pieris  rapce  (Cabbage  butterfly,  white), 
Papilio  ajax  (buff  and  black,  crimson  spots),  and  Danais 
archippus  (the  Monarch,  black-and-tan)  are  common 
visitors  ;  so  are  the  little  long-tongued  flies  of  the  tribe 
Bombylius  (the  beelike  flies).  Flowering  stem  5-9  inches 
high.  In  thin  woodlands  and  on  rocky  slopes  from  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Neb.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Mo.  The  name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  twice-spurred. 

A  similar  species  with  more  attenuate 
Squirrel  Corn     _ 
Dicentra  flowers,  white   or  greenish  white  tinted 

Canadensis  with  magenta-pink,  4-8  on  the  stalk,  all 
White,  very  short-stemmed,  and  narrow  at  the 

magenta=pink  b  slightly  fragrant.  6-12  inches  high, 
May-June  °  "  . 

the  roots  bearing  many  little  tubers  re- 
sembling yellow  peas,  hence  the  common  name.  Rich 
woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Va., 
and  west  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  and  Mo. 

Dicentra  exima  is  a  tall  rare  species,  with  less  finely 
cut  leaves,  large  and  smooth,  and  with  narrow  magenta- 
pink  flowers.  Sometimes  cultivated.  1-2  feet  high. 
Rocky  slopes.  Western  N.  Y. ,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. , 
along  the  mountains. 

Pale  Cor  delis  ^^s  *s  another  conspicuously  delicate 
Corydalis  wild  flower  of  spring.  Its  relationship 

sempervirens  with  Dicentra  is  manifested  by  the  pale 
Pale  pink  foliage  and  the  attenuated  sacklike  blos- 

ay-Augus  gom  .  jn  ^ew  jEngland  it  seems  almost  to 
supplant  Dutchman's  Breeches.  The  pale  or  whitish 
green  leaves  are  compound,  and  cut  into  ornamental 
segments  which  are  generally  three-lobed.  The  pale 
crimson-pink,  or  sometimes  magenta-pink,  slightly 
curved  corolla  is  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  somewhat 
round  at  the  top  (which  is  really  the  bottom),  and  two- 
flanged  at  the  bottom  or  mouth,  which  is  golden  yellow 
The  leaves  are  scattered  alternately  on  the  plant-stem  at 
the  branching  summit  of  which  are  groups  of  rarely 
162 


Pale  Cpryctalisv 
Corydalis  sempervirens 


Squirrel  Corn. 
Dicentra,  Canadensis, 


F.UMITORY  FAMILY.    Fumar/ace*. 


more  than  four  flowers.  The  slender  and  erect  stem 
whitened  with  a  slight  bloom  and  often  stained  pinkish, 
is  S-22  inches  high.  The  seed-pods  are  erect  and  slen- 
der, Ij  inches  long.  In  rocky  situations,  from  Me., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Found  in  the 
Middlesex  Fells,  near  Boston. 

A  golden  yellow-flowered  species  cem- 
Golden  . 

Corydalis  mon  in  the  west.      The   compound  pale 

Corydalis  green  leaves  are  beautifully  cut  into  three- 

aurea  lobed  segments,  and  the  bright  deep  yel- 

Golden  yellow  low  corona  is  abOut  J  an  inch  long.  The 
March-May  ,  ,  .  ,  ,  ,.  ,  , , 

seed-pod    is    beady    in    outline,    slightly 

curved,  and  stands  at  an  angle  relatively  with  its  neigh- 
bors. The  slender  stem  6-14  inches  high.  In  woodlands 
from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Wis.  and  Neb. 

The  var.  occidentalis  has  larger  flowers,  with  the  spur  a 
trifle  shorter  than   the   body.     The   pod   less  lumpy  or 
contracted  about  the  seed,  the  latter  acute-edged.     Bar- 
rens and  prairies,  Mo.  west  and  southwest. 
Corydalis  ^  slender  and  smooth  species,  the  flower- 

flavula  stems  particularly  delicate,  and  the  tiny 

Light  yellow  flower  a  pale  golden  yellow,  the  spur  only 
May-June  _i_  incn  long,  outer  petals  sharp-pointed 

and  slightly  longer  than  the  inner  ones.  Pods  droop- 
ing. 6-12  inches  high.  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and  La. 

Like  the  preceding  but  the  flower  scarcely 
Corydalis  spurred,  and  the  slight  crest  not  toothed,  or 

micrantha  often       ite  absent.     Pods  nearly  upright. 

March-April  ,  . 

Va.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

Corydalis  Flowers   much   larger,  f    inch   long,    a 

crystallina  deep   bright  yellow,  spur   as  long  as  the 

Deep  yellow  body,     stem     short.     8-18    inches    high. 

April-June  Mo  ?  Kan  ?  and  Ark> 

A  small  delicate  weed  adventive  from 

Europe,  found  mostly  within  the  seaboard 
Fumarta 

officinalis  States.     The  light  green  leaves  are  finely 

Crimson=pink  cut,  and  the  small  crimson-pink  or  ma- 
or  magenta  genta-pink  flowers  with  crimson  tips  are 
SU"t  ~  b  borne  in  a  dense,  long,  narrow  spike.  The 

reclining  stem  6-20  inches  long.     Waste 
places  and  near  or  in  old  gardens,  from  Me.   to  Fla. 

164 


Fumitory. 

(Sometimes  climbing  to  a  height  of  4  feet.) 

Fumaria  officinal  is.  Corydalis  crystallina.. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferae. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferce. 

The  Latin  name  of  this  family,  from  Crux,  a  cross, 
arose  from  the  resemblance  of  the  four  opposing  petals 
of  its  flowers  to  the  form  of  a  cross.  There  are  also  four 
deciduous  sepals,  one  pistil,  and  six  stamens,  two  of 
which  are  short;  rarely  there  are  less  than  six.  The 
flowers  are  generally  small  and  not  showy,  but  they 
produce  honey,  and  are  accordingly  frequently  visited 
by  the  honeybees,  the  smaller  bees,  and  the  brilliantly 
colored  flies  of  the  family  Syrphidce. 

A.  low  woodland  plant  with  inconspicu- 
Toothwort  or  -  0  .      ,        -IT-         » 

Crinkleroot        ous  fl°wers  f  inch  wide,  having  four  pet- 
Dentaria  alg  an(l  niany  yellow  stamens.      The  basal 

diphylla  leaves    long-stemmed,     three-lobed,    and 

toothed,  the  two  upper  stem-leaves  similar 
and  opposite ;    all  smooth.      The  flowers 
borne  in  a  small  terminal  cluster.     The  slender  seed- 
pods  one  inch  long.     The  long  root  is  wrinkled,  toothed, 
and  is  edible,  possessing  a  pleasant  pungent  flavor,  like 
watercress.     8-13  inches  high.     In  rich  woodlands  and 
damp  meadows,  from  Me. ,  south  to  S.  Car. ,  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar  species,  but  with  the  leaves 
Toothwort         deeply  cut  into  narrow  lobes,  sharply  and 
Dentaria  coarsely  toothed ;    three  are  borne  upon 

laciniata  the  smooth,  or  sparingly  woolly  stem  not 

White  or  far  below  the  flower-cluster.      The  basal 

A"  "l-Ma  leaves  are  developed  after  the  flowering 

time.  The  flowers  are  often  faintly  tinged 
with  magenta-pink.  Root  also  peppery.  Common  every- 
where in  moist  woods  or  on  the  borders  of  thickets. 

A  smooth  and  less  conspicuous,  slender 
spring  Cress 

Cardamine          plant    found    beside    springs,   or   in  wet 
bulbosa  meadows,  with  somewhat  angularly  round 

White  root-leaves,  and  sparingly  coarse-toothed, 

April-May  Qvate  stem_leaves.  The  flowers,  like  tooth- 
wort,  i  inch  broad,  succeeded  by  a  long  beanlike  pod. 
6-16  inches  high.  Common  every  where.  The  var.  pur- 
purea,  with  magenta-purple  flowers,  has  a  slightly 
woolly  stem,  and  blooms  a  little  earlier.  Western  N.  Y., 
south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Wis.  and  S.  Dak. 
166 


Ra.d  i  c  u  la. 
Nasturtium-aquaticuin 
Pa9e  170 


Leaf  of.   . 
Dentaria.  lacini&ta.. 
'/3  size. 


Toothwort 
Dentaria  diphylla. 


caroliniaLna.  Cardacmine  bulbosai 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferse. 


Small  Bitter  ^  bitter-tasting  little  herb  easily  dis- 
Cress  tinguished  by  its  exceedingly  long  thin 

Cardamine  seed-pods  which  are  an  inch  long  and 
hirsuta  erect.  The  tiny  flowers  with  four  narrow 

A     *ui  petals  are  white,  and  are  frequently  visited 

by  the  brilliant  flies  of  the  family  Syrphi- 
dce.  The  little  compound  leaves  mostly  at  the  base  of 
the  plant  form  a  rather  pretty  rosette  ;  the  few  upper 
leaflets  are  exceedingly  narrow.  3-12  inches  high. 
Common  everywhere  in  wet  places. 

This    is   a   generally  hairy  little  plant 
Cres^  (sometimes  it  is  nearly  smooth)  with  a  tall 

Arabis  hirsuta,  slim  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  cluster 
Greenish  white  of  tiny  white  or  greenish  white  flowers 
May-July  beneath  which  in  the  later  season  of  its 

bloom  appears  a  succession  of  slim  seed-pods.  The  clus- 
tered basal -leaves  are  hairy,  toothed,  and  lance-shaped, 
but  blunt  at  the  tip  ;  the  stem-leaves  clasp  the  stem,  and 
are  widely  toothed  and  small.  12-20  inches  high. 
Common  on  rocky  banks,  and  in  stony  pastures  from 
Me.,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west. 
Arabis  la&vigata  A  perfectly  smooth  species  with  a  slight 
Greenish  white  bloom,  taller  than  the  preceding,  and  with 
April-May  stem-leaves  which  clasp  the  stem  and  are 
almost  pointed  either  side  of  it — what  is  sometimes  called 
a  sagittate  (arrow-shaped)  base.  Resembling  in  other 
respects  the  species  above  described.  1-3  feet  high. 
Similarly  distributed  but  not  farther  west  than  Minn. 
Carolina  Wh't-  ^ur  na^ve  whitlow-grass  distinguished 
!ow=grass  a^  once  by  its  slender  or  linear  seed-pods, 
Draba  Carolini-  which  are  longer  than  their  stems.  The 
ana^  tiny  flowers  and  the  pods  below  them 

terminate  a  Ions:  smooth  stem  :  the  little 
March-May 

obtuse-ovate  leaves  nearly  at  the  base  of 

the  plant.  An  annual  of  miniature  proportions.  1-5 
inches  high.  In  sandy  and  barren  fields  from  eastern 
Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Ark. 


168 


Hairy  Rock  Cress..     Small  BitterCress.  Cardamine  hirsute 
Arabia  hi  rsuta.      The  form  often  separated  as  CardaminePenns^lYdnica. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferse. 


A  species  naturalized  from  Europe,  and 
low^gra^s  "  cornmon  throughout  our  range  in  barren 
Drabaverna  fields  and  beside  the  road.  The  four  white 
White  petals  are  deeply  notched  ;  the  small  hairy 

March-May  lance-shaped  and  toothed  leaves  are  clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  the  flowering-stems.  The  pods  are 
shorter  than  their  stems,  and  elliptical.  Flower-stems 
leafless,  and  smooth  above  but  a  trifle  hairy  below. 
1-5  inches  high. 

Watercress  -^  common  aquatic  plant,  much  prized 

Radicula  for  its  pungent-tasting  young  leaves, which 

Nasturtium-  are  smooth,  dark  green,  or  brownish  green 
aquaticum  }n  spring^  an(i  lighter  green  in  summer. 

A  r\\-\u  Kst  ^ne  insignificant  white  flowers  terminate 
the  branching  stems.  Leaves  compound 
with  3-9  roundish  leaflets.  The  scientific  name  is  from 
nasus,  nose,  and  tortus,  twisted,  in  reference  to  its  sting- 
ing effect  upon  the  nose.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  4-10 
inches  high.  In  brooks  and  small  streams  everywhere, 
except  in  the  northernmost  parts  of  our  range. 

A    yellow-flowered     species     common 
Marsh  Water- 
cress  everywhere,  but  naturalized  from  Europe 

Radicula  in  the  seaboard  States  ;  indigenous  in  the 

pziusiris  west.     The  leaves  ornamentally   cut,   of 

Yellow  usually    seven    segments.     Pods    oblong, 

May-August         ,  .         „     , 

about  equaling  the  length  of  the  stems. 

1-3  feet  high.     In  wet  situations. 

Lake  Cress  ^n  a(lua^c  species,  the  finely  dissected 

Radicula  leaves   under   water,   the   upper,   oblong, 

aquatica  slightly    toothed    leaves    above    it.      The 

White  white  flowers  on  slender  stems,  smaller 

than  those  of    the   Horseradish,   and  in 
loose  clusters.     1-2  feet.     N.  Vt.  to  Minn.,   southwest. 

A  coarse  species  well  known  for  the  im- 
norseradish 

Radicula  mensely  strong  peppery  quality  of  its  large 

Armor ada  white  roots  which  furnish  a  favorite  spring 

White  table  relish.     The  oblong  leaves  toothed, 

June-August  and  roughly  veined,  the  basal  ones  large. 
The  small  white  flowers  rather  conspicuous.  Pods  nearly 
round.  Escaped  from  cultivation,  into  moist  ground 
everywhere;  naturalized  from  Europe.  20-30  inches 
high. 

170 


Whitlow-grass. 
Draba  verna. 


7*  Hedge^WMustard. 
)isymbrium  officinale. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferas. 


A  bright  yellow-flowered  species  with  a 
Yellow  Rocket 

or  Winter  Cress  simple  stem  terminated  by  one  or  more 
Barbarea  vul-  showy  spikes  of  flowers  beneath  which  the 
garis  long  curved  seed-pods  later  appear  in  a 

Yellow  loose    cluster.     Upper     leaves     stemless, 

April-May  1  .  ,.    .   . 

lower  ones  cut  m  usually  five  divisions,  the 

terminal  one  very  large  ;  all  deep  shining  green.  The 
pretty  four-petaled  flowers  with  six  stamens  four  of 
which  are  quite  prominent,  are  frequently  visited  by  the 
early  bees  and  handsome  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce. 
They  yield  honey  and  pollen.  1-2  feet  high.  In  moist 
places  along  the  road,  and  in  meadows.  Me. ,  south  to 
Va. ,  and  west.  Naturalized  from  Europe,  but  indigenous 
in  the  west. 

A  homely  straggling  weed  with   tiny 
Hedge  Mustard 

Sisymbrium  "£h*  yellow  flowers,  and  light  green,, 
offidnale  smooth  leaves,  with  3-6  lobes,  irregularly 

Light  yellow  blunt-toothed.  The  generally  smooth  stem 
May-Septem-  with  tall  wi^ely  spreading,  wiry  branches, 
tipped  with  a  few  flowers  and  curiously 
set  with  the  close-pressing  pods.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
waste  places  throughout  our  range.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Charlock  or  A  coarse  and  vexatious  weed  in  culti- 

Field  Mustard  vated  fields  and  waste  places,  adventive 
Brassica  from  the  old  countiy>  an(j  widely  distrib- 

Yellow  uted  through  the  northern  States.     The 

May-Septem-  light  yellow  flowers  over  -|-  inch  broad,  in 
her  small  terminal  clusters.  The  leaves  ovate 

with  few  if  any  lobes,  indistinctly  or  sparsely  toothed, 
with  short  stems  or  none  at  all.  The  seed-pods  f-inch 
long,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  and  lumpy  in  con- 
tour. 1-2  feet  high.  Me.,  west  to  Neb.  and  S.  Dak., 
and  south. 

Another  common  weed  in  grain  fields, 
Black  Mustard          11-1,1  -11 

Brassica  nigra  and  beslde  the  road'  A  more  Wlde1^ 
Yellow  branched  plant  than  the  preceding,  and 

June  Septem-  with  far  more  deeply  lobed  leaves ;  one 
ber  terminal  large  division,  and  generally  four 

lateral  ones,  all  finely  toothed.  The  small  pure  light 
yellow  flowers  less  than  -J  inch  broad  are  frequently 


Leaf  of 

Field 

Mustard.    B.  eWensis". 


"\   '•> 
^    VHi 

Black  Mustard 


nigra.. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferie. 


visited  by  the  smaller  bees,  and  Syrphid  flies  ;  the  pistil 
much  exceeding  the  stamens  in  length,  adapts  the 
flower  to  cross-fertilization.  The  pod  is  J  inch  long, 
four-sided,  and  lies  close  to  the  stem ;  the  seeds  are 
black-brown.  2-5  feet  high.  Naturalized  from  Europe, 
and  extending  throughout  our  range. 
White  Mustard  A  similar  but  rarer  species,  more  or  less 
Brassica  alba  hairy,  with  bristly  pods,  contracted  be- 
Yellow  tween  the  seeds ;  these  are  light  yellow- 

June-August     brown      The  flowers  are  a  httle  largen 

1-2  feet  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides,  escaped  from 
gardens  ;  naturalized  from  Europe.  Both  of  these  last 
species  introduced  into  Neb. 

Shepherd's  A  very  common  weed  on  roadsides  near 

Purse  dwellings,   and    on  waste    ground,   with 

partorte  BUrSa~  i[ny  Whlte  flowers«  The  Latin  name  is 
White  literally  a  shepherd's  little  purse,  in  allti- 

April-Septem=  sion  to  the  shape  of  the  tiny  seed-pods. 
ber  The  root-leaves  are  deeply  cut,  and  form  a 

rosette,  the  stem-leaves  are  small,   lance-shaped,   and 
indistinctly    toothed.     8-18    inches    high.     Naturalized 
from  Europe,  and  distributed  throughout  our  range. 
Wild  Pepper-         A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  more 
grass  branched,    remarkable    for    its    peppery- 

L^™u™Vir~  tastinS  seed-P°ds  wm'ch  cluster  thickly 
\Vhite  about  the  flowering  stems  in  a  cylindrical 

May-Septem-  curving  column  beneath  the  few  terminat- 
ber  ing  white  flowers.  Basal  leaves  obovate 

(tapering  to  a  stemlike  base)  with  a  few  small  lateral 
divisions,  stem-leaves  small  and  lance-shaped ;  all 
toothed.  6-15  inches  high.  Common  on  roadsides 
everywhere. 


174 


Peppergrass.  Iff^      Shepherd's"' 

Lepidium  Virginicum.     ™     Capsella-Bursa-pastopis. 


PITCHEK  PLANT  FAMILY.     Sarraceniaceae. 


PITCHER  PLANT  FAMILY.     Sarraceniacece. 

Swamp  plants  with  pitcher  like  leaves,  and  nodding 
flowers  with  4-5  sepals,  five  petals,  numerous  stamens, 
and  one  pistil ;  represented  by  only  one  species  in  the 
northern  United  States. 

Pitcher  Plant  ^  curi°us  and  interesting  plant  found 
Sarracenia  in  peat-bogs  throughout  the  north.  The 
purpurea  strange  hollow  leaves,  keeled  on  the  inner 

Dull  dark  red  gl(je  towar(i  the  flower-stem,  are  usually 
partly  filled  with  water  and  the  fragments 
of  insects ;  the  latter  are  apparently  drowned,  and  no 
doubt  contribute  to  the  physical  sustenance  of  the  plant ; 
but  the  raw-meat  coloring,  the  red  veining,  and  the  gen- 
eral form  of  the  flower  are  conducive  to  the  attraction 
of  carrion  flies,  which  are  especially  fitted  for  the  cross- 
fertilization  of  the  flower.  The  style  within  the  blossom 
is  strangely  like  an  umbrella  with  five  ribs,  the  stigmatic 
surface  on  the  inside.  The  folding  petals  and  the  flow- 
er's drooping  position  certainly  protect  the  ripening  pol- 
len from  any  disturbance  by  the  elements,  but  the 
inquisitive  insect  finds  easy  access  to  it.  The  general 
coloring  of  the  whole  plant  is  green  with  red-purple 
veining  ;  the  sepals  are  madder  purple,  and  greenish  on 
the  inside,  the  petals  are  dull  pink,  and  the  umbrellalike 
style  green.  The  outer  surface  of  the  pitchers  is  smooth, 
but  the  inner  surface  is  covered  with  fine  bristles  point- 
ing downward,  which  manifestly  interfere  with  the  es- 
cape of  trapped  insects.  The  pitchers  are  circled  about 
the  root  in  radiating  lines,  and  they  measure  4-10  inches 
in  length ;  the  flower-stem  is  frequently  a  foot  high. 
The  plant  is  commonly  found  in  the  black  peat-bogs  of 
wooded  hills  or  in  mountain  tarns  where  there  is  scant 
sunshine.  When  the  plant  is  more  exposed  to  the  sun 
its  green  coloring  predominates.  It  is  common  north 
and  south,  and  extends  as  far  west  as  Minn. 
Trumpets  ^-  southern  species  with  elongated, 

Sarracenia  flava  trumpet-shaped  leaves  nearly  erect.  The 
Dull  yellow  flowers  a  light  ochre  or  dull  yellow,  the 
APril  petals  narrow,  long,  and  drooping.  1-3 

feet  high.     Bogs,  Va.  south,  and  west  to  La. 

176 


Pitcher  Plant 
S&rracenia  pur  purest  8 


SUNDEW  FAMILY.     Drosemcex 


SUNDEW  FAMILY.     Droseracece. 

Bog  plants  with  sticky-hairy  leaves  which  are  coated 
with  a  fluid  designed  to  attract  and  retain  insects — they 
are,  in  fact,  carnivorous.  The  small  flowers  are  perfect, 
with  five  petals,  and  few  or  many  stamens,  with  the  an- 
thers turned  outward.  Fruit  a  1-5-celled  capsule.  The 
tiny  red  filaments  of  the  leaves  curl  and  clasp  about  a 
captured  insect,  and  ultimately  its  juices  are  absorbed. 

A  very  small  plant  with  long-stemmed 
Round=leaved  ,    , 

Sundew  round  leaves  lying  close  to  or  upon  the 

Drosera  ground,  both  leaf  and  stem  covered  with 

rotundifolia       long,  fine,  red  hairs.     The  red  flower-stem 
White  js  erect  an(j  smooth,  and  bears  about  four 

or  six  small  white  flowers,  which  are  fre- 
quently visited  by  the  fungous  gnats  and  other  small 
woodland  insects.  The  flower-cluster  is  one-sided,  bends 
over,  and  the  blossoms  open  one  at  a  time  only  in  the 
sunshine.  The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  clear  drops  of 
fluid,  which  appear  like  small  dewdrops ;  hence  the 
popular  name,  also  the  Greek  dpotfspoS,  meaning  dewy. 
The  whole  plant  is  so  saturated  with  color  that  its  sap 
stains  paper  a  ruddy  madder  purple.  4-9  inches  high. 
In  bogs,  from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  the  Daks. 
Long-leaved  ^  very  similar  species,  but  with  elon- 

Sundew  gated  blunt-tipped  leaves  whose  stems  are 

Drosera  iong  and  rather  erect.     Differing  further 

from  the  preceding  species  by  the  naked 
leaf -stems,  the  red  hairs  appearing  only  upon  the  little 
leaves.  It  is  not  so  common  as  the  other  species,  but 
occupies  about  the  same  territory. 

Slender  -^-  western  species  with  3-inch  long,  slen- 

Sundew  der  or  linear  leaves,  also  with  naked,  erect 

Drosera  stems.    The  white  flowers  are  few.    Shores 

linearis  of  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron. 

The  leaves  of  this  larger  species  are  re- 
Thread=leaved 
Sundew  duced  to  a  mere  threadlike  shape  with  no 

Drosera  distinct    stem ;    they   are  glandular,   red 

filiformis  hairy  throughout,  the  hairs  terminated  by 

Purple-  a  red  bead  or  dot      The  flowers  are  fully  J 

inch    broad,    and    dull    purple  -  magenta. 
178 


Drosera  longifolia 
var>.  Americana 


Drosera 
filiformis. 


Round- 
leaved 
Sundew. 


»^  rotund  ifblia. 


ORPINE  FAMILY.     Crassulacess. 


There  are  many  in  the  cluster.  8-18  inches  high.  In 
wet  sand  near  the  seacoast,  from  Mass.,  south.  Found 
in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  Nothing  is  more 
dainty  and  beautiful  under  the  magnify  ing-glass  than 
the  spun-glasslike,  glandular,  ruby  hairs  of  the  Droseras. 

ORPINE  FAMILY.      Crassulacece. 

Rather  fleshy  or  succulent  herbs,  with  absolutely  sym- 
metrical small  flowers  ;  the  petals,  sepals,  pistils,  and 
stamens  equal  in  number,  or  the  last  double  in  number, 
differing  only  in  this  respect  from  Saxifragacece. 

A  familiar  weed  of  ditches  and  swamps 
Stonecrop  with  insignificant  greenish  yellow,  or  yel- 
Penthorum  low-green  flowers,  in  slender  bending 
sedoides  clusters  of  2-3  branches,  at  the  top  of  the 

Yellow=green     erect  stenij      Tne  latter  is  smooth,  usually 

September  branched,  and  bears  lance-shaped,  or  ellip- 
tical, pointed,  light  green  leaves,  finely 
toothed.  The  flower  has  five  sepals,  but  rarely  any  pet- 
als, ten  stamens,  and  five  pistils  united  below,  finally 
forming  a  five-angled  seed-vessel.  Not  fleshy-leaved. 
8-20  inches  high.  Me.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Neb. 

A  small  species  at  home  on  rocky  ledges 
Stonecrop  and  ^n  s*ony  woodlands.  It  has  little  five- 

Sedum  petaled  white  flowers  growing  on  horizon- 

ternatum  tally  spreading  branches.     The  leaves  are 

small,  toothless,  fleshy,  and  rather  wedsre- 
April-June  e. 

shaped ;  the  lower  ones  are  generally  in 

groups  of  three.  The  flower-cluster  is  three-spiked  and 
leafy.  3-8  inches  high.  The  name  is  from  sedeo,  to  sit. 
Live=forever  ^  common  perennial,  with  a  stout  light 
or  Garden  green  stem  and  very  smooth,  fleshy,  dull- 

Orpine  t  toothed  leaves,  which  children  are  fond  of 

splitting  by  lateral  pressure  with  the  fin- 

purpureum 

Dull  garnet  &ers'  and  forming  mto  green  "purses." 
red  It  is  adventive  from  Europe,  and  is  gener- 

June-  ally  an  escape  from  gardens,  establishing 

September         jtself  in  £elds  and  on  roadsides.     The  light 
green  leaves,  particularly  when  young,  are  covered  with 
a  whitish  bloom.     The  small  flowers  in  thick  clusters  are 
opaque  crimson.     10-18  inches  high.     Common. 
180 


Live-forever 
Sedumpurpureum. 


Penthorum 

sedoides, 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragacece. 

A  large  family  of  herbs  or  shrubs  related  to  the  family 
Rosacece,  but  differing  from  it  by  having  albumen  in  the 
seeds,  and  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  mostly  perfect  with  usually  five  petals, 
fertilized  by  the  aid  of  the  smaller  bees,  and  the  flies 
(Syrphidce),  or  in  some  instances  butterflies. 

A  little  plant  hugging  the  rocks  on  dry 
"  hillsides  and   blooming    along   with  the 


Saxifraga  first  flowers  of  spring;  the  buds  are  formed 
Virginiensis  early,  and  appear  like  little  (fine-haired) 
White  balls  in  the  centre  of  the  rosettelike 

April-May 

clusters  of  obovate  leaves  close  to  the 
ground.  Eventually  a  cluster  expands  to  a  branching 
downy  stem  bearing  many  little  white,  five-petaled, 
perfect  flowers  with  ten  yellow  stamens.  The  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  rather  odd  and  pretty  madder  purple 
seed-vessels  which  are  two-beaked  ;  often  the  color  is 
madder  brown.  Besides  some  of  the  earlier  bees,  the 
Antiopa  butterfly  (rusty  black  with  a  corn  color  bor- 
der) and  the  tortoise-shell  butterfly  (brown  and  tan) 
may  be  included  as  among  the  frequent  visitors  of  the 
flower  ;  but  whether  they  play  any  important  part  in 
the  process  of  fertilization,  it  is  difficult  to  say.  4-10 
inches  high.  Me.  ,  south  to  Ga.  ,  and  west  to  Minn. 
S  am  Saxi-  ^  much  larger  plant  with  less  attractive, 
frage  greenish  white  flowers  with  very  narrow 

Saxifraga  (linear)  petals.  The  stem  is  somewhat 
Pennsylvania  sticky-hairy  and  stout.  The  larger  blunt 
Greenish  white  lance.shaped  leaves  are  scarcely  toothed, 

and  are  narrowed  to  a  rather  broad  stem. 
12-30  inches  high.  In  bogs  and  on  wet  banks  from 
Me.,  south  to  Ya.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.  The 
name  saxifrage  is  from  Saxifragus,  meaning  a  rock  or 
stone  breaker!  but  it  is  far  from  evident  that  the  plant's 
roots,  in  spreading  between  the  crevices  of  rocks,  succeed 
in  breaking  stone  by  vigorous  growing  ;  the  name  may 
as  well  be  referred  to  reputed  medicinal  virtues  of  the 
roots. 


182 


Early  Saxifrage.  Saxifraga  Virginiensis. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceaz 


False  Mitre-  ^n  attractive  little  plant  that  decorates 

wort,  Foam-  the  moist  woodland  floor  with  its  orna- 
flower,  or  mental  leaves  all  through  the  summer. 

Coolwort  The  feathery  spike  of  fine  white  flower* 

Tiarella  cordi-  „  * 

f0lia  with    five    petals   appears    conspicuously 

White  above  the  leaves  in  late  spring  or  early 

Late  April-  summer  ;  the  ten  prominent  stamens  have 
early  June  orange  anthers,  and  the  long  pistil  in  the 
centre  is  white.  The  leaves  remotely  resemble  those  of 
the  mountain  maple,  but  they  are  small,  rough  hairy 
over  the  upper  surface,  and  dark  green,  sometimes 
mottled  with  a  brownish  tone.  The  little  seed-capsule 
is  characteristically  cloven  like  a  tiara,  hence  the  name  ; 
the  heart-shaped  form  of  the  leaf  accounts  for  the 
specific  cordifolia.  6-12  inches  high.  In  rich  woods, 
from  Me.,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west 
to  Minn.  Common  in  the  woods  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains. 

Mitrewortor  The  true  mitrewort  is  verv  easily  dis- 
Bishop's  Cap  tinguished  from  the  false,  by  several 
Mitella  diphylla  marked  differences;  half-way  up  the  stem 
Whlte  are  two  opposite  leaves  nearly  if  not  quite 

April-May  rm        a  •  A       e    v    • 

stemless.  The  flowers  instead  of  being 
borne  on  rather  long  individual  stems  in  a  thin  feathery 
cluster,  are  short-stemmed  and  distinctly  separated;  the 
tiny  white  blossom  has  five  petals  beautifully  fringed, 
which  remind  one  of  a  highly  ornamental  snow  crys- 
tal. This  plant  is  also  hairy  throughout.  The  name 
means  a  little  mitre,  alluding  to  the  mitre-shape  of  the 
seed-pod.  8-16  inches  high.  Rich  woods,  Me.,  south  to 
N.  Car. ,  and  west  to  Minn. 

Naked  Mitre-  ^  nlucn  smaller  and  daintier  species  dis- 
wortor  tinguished  by  its  naked  stem,  which  is 

Bishop's  Cap  without  the  two  leaflets,  and  is  slightly 
Mitella  nuda  hairy.  The  leaves  approach  a  somewhat 
und  form'  and  the  snow-crystallike 

flowers  are  greenish  white,  and  few. 
They  have  ten  yellow  stamens.  4-7  inches  high.  In 
cool  woods  and  mossy  bogs,  from  N.  Eng.,  south  to  Pa., 
and  west.  The  Mitellas  are  common  in  Vermont,  but 
rare  or  absent  in  central  New  Hampshire. 
184 


False 


Tiarellacordi/blidu 


Naked  Mitrewopt 
Mitel  la.  nuda. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragacesb. 


Alumroot  ^  stout  and  tall  plant  bearing  some  re. 

Heuchera  semblance   to    Mitella  nuda    on  a  large 

Americana  scale;  but  the  flowers  are  distinctly  differ- 
Whitish  green  ent.  they  are  borne  in  a  long  loose  cluster, 
usually  4-5  on  one  of  the  small  branching 
stems,  small,  bell-shaped,  with  inconspicuous  green 
petals,  very  prominent  stamens  tipped  with  orange 
anthers,  of  which  there  are  but  five.  The  leaves  are 
heart-shaped  and  scalloped  ;  the  teeth  blunt.  The  stem 
is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  is  2-3  feet  high.  Named  for 
Johann  Heinrich  von  Heucher,  a  German  botanist  of  the 
early  eighteenth  century.  Rocky  woodlands  N.  Y.  and 
Conn.,  west  to  Minn.,  southwest  to  Ala.  and  La. 

An  insignificant  plant  of  cold  bogs  or 
Golden  Saxi=  ., . 

Ira  wet  places,  with  a  slender  low-growing, 

Chrysosplenium  forking  stem,  with  roundish  fine-scalloped 
Americanum  generally  opposite-growing  leaves,  and 
Yellow  or  pur=  fine  yeliowisn  or  purplish  green  flowers 
A^H-June  with  orange  anthers,  growing  close  be- 
tween the  points  where  the  leaves  join 
the  plant  stem.  In  wet  shady  places,  Me.,  south  along 
the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 
Stems  3-7  inches  long.  The  name  means  golden  spleen, 
from  reputed  medicinal  qualities. 

An  interesting  perennial  herb  with  sin- 
Grass=of=Par=       ,  ,  .,     £  ,  ,.      ,   , 

gle  cream  white  flowers  delicately  veined 

Parnassia  with  green,  about  1  inch  broad.     A  single 

Carolinians  ovate  olive  green  leaf  clasps  the  flowering 
White  green=  stem;  the  others  are  long,  slender-stemmed 
June6-  an(^  heart-shaped,  and  spring  from  the 

September  root.  The  flower  has  five  petals  and  five 
straw  yellow  anthers  terminating  the  fer- 
tile stamens  and  alternating  with  the  petals  ;  a  number 
(perhaps  15)  of  abortive  stamens  encircle  the  green 
pistil.  The  blossom  is  visited  by  bees  and  the  smallest 
butterflies  (skippers);  chief  among  the  visitors  are  the 
larger  ones  named  Colias  philodice  (yellow),  and  Pieris 
rapce  (white).  8-20  inches  high.  In  swamps  and  wet 
meadows,  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Iowa. 


186 


Chrysosplenium 
americanum. 


Grass  of  Parnassus 
Carolinians 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacex. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Kosacece. 

An  extensive  family  highly  esteemed  for  its  luscious 
fruits,  and  for  its  most  beautiful  flowers,  which  are  de- 
pendent in  a  great  measure  upon  the  bees  for  cross- 
fertilization.  The  flowers  are  extraordinarily  rich  in 
pollen  and  honey  ;  the  raspberry  yielding  the  finest 
flavored  honey  which  is  known.  The  leaves  are  alter- 
nate-growing, and  accompanied  by  stipules,  or  small 
leafy  formations  at  the  base  of  the  leaf -stalk.  The 
flowers  are  regular  and  generally  perfect,  with  usually 
five  sepals  and  as  many  petals  (seldom  more  or  less), 
numerous  stamens,  and  one  or  many  pistils.  Rarely 
the  petals  are  absent.  The  family  is  very  closely  allied 
to  Saxifragacece,  and  Leguminosw.  It  is  mostly  com- 
posed of  trees  and  shrubs,  although  the  herbaceous 
members  are  many. 

Meadowsweet  ^  common  flower  on  the  borders  of  the 
Spircea  road  in  bloom  throughout  the  early  sum- 

latifolia  mer.     A  shrub  with   light  green,  nearly 

Flesh  pink  smooth,  ovate,  sharply  toothed  leaves, 
June-August  and  &  usually  yellowish  buff  stem  of  a 

wiry  character,  upon  which  are  freely  set  the  alternate 
leaves.  The  beautiful  flower-spike  is  pyramidal  but 
blunt  and  branching,  and  is  closely  crowded  with 
flesh  pink  and  white  flowers,  resembling  miniature 
apple-blossoms,  with  prominent  pink-red  stamens.  It 
is  frequently  visited  by  the  smaller  butterflies  and  the 
bees,  and  possesses  a  slight  fragrance.  The  name  is 
from  the  Greek,  and  means  twisting,  alluding  to  the 
twist  in  the  pods  of  some  species.  2-4  feet  high.  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  S.  Dak. 

A    similar    species,  but    readly    distin- 
Hardhack  or  .  _      _    ,  ,, 

steeplebush  guished  by  its  woolly  stem  (terra-cotta 
Spiraea  tomen-  red)  and  leaves  ;  the  latter  are  olive  green 
tosa  of  a  dark  tone  above,  and  very  whitish 

Deep  pink  an(j  woonv  beneath.     The  slender  steeple- 

September         ^6  flower-spike  is  crowded  with  tiny, 
deep  rosy  pink  flowers,  smaller  than  those 
of  the  preceding  species ;    the  succession  of   bloom  is 
unfortunately  slow,  and  downward,  so  the  top  of  the 
188 


Meadowsweet 

Spiraea  latifolia. 


Hardback. 
Spiraea  tomentosa. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


spike  is  often  in  a  half -withered  condition.  2-4  feet 
high.  In  dry  or  wet  ground,  same  range  as  the  pre- 
ceding species. 

A  tall  western  species,  also  in  cultiva- 
Queen=of=the= 
Prairie  tion,  with  handsome,  fragrant,  deep  pink, 

Filipendula  or  peach-blossom-colored  flowers,  and  cut- 
rubra  lobed,  deep  green,  smooth,  large  leaves  of 

Deep  pink  sometimes  seven   divisions.     It  grows  in 

moist  situations  or  on  the  prairies.  The 
terminal  leaflet  is  larger  than  the  others.  The  large 
compound  flower-cluster  of  perfect  fine-petaled  flowers, 
is  feathery  in  character.  2-8  feet  high.  Western  Pa., 
south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Iowa.  An 
escape  to  roadsides  in  Peacham,  Randolph,  and  Lower 
Cabot,  Vt.  (Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston). 
Goat's  Beard  Another  tall  and  handsome  species  with 
Aruncus  a  compound  flower-spike  formed  of  many 

sylvester  little  spikes  about  as  large  around  as  one's 

Yellowish  Httle  finger  The  tiny  narrow-petaled 
May-July  flowers  are  yellowish  white,  and  are  an 

exception  to  the  general  rule  of  the 
family,  as  they  are  staminate  on  one  plant  and  pistillate 
upon  another.  The  stem  is  smooth  and  the  deep  green 
leaves  are  compound,  with  sometimes  eleven  small  leaf- 
lets. The  pistillate  flower  has  usually  three  distinct 
pistils.  3-6  feet  high.  In  rich  woods,  N.  Y.,  south  to 
Ga. ,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  shrubby  roadside  species  which  suffers 
Purple  Flower-      ...  .  ,       ,.  ,,      -^ 

in  -Raspberry  wlt^  a  misleading  name;  the  Rose  Family 
Rubus  odoratus  is  quite  incapable  of  producing  a  true 
Crimson-pink  purple  flower.  This  big-leaved  plant  ex- 
or  magenta-  hibits  a  wild-roselike  flower  of  five  broad 
J^e-Au  ust  Petals  whose  color  is  at  first  deep  crimson- 
pink,  and  at  last  a  faded  magenta-pink. 
The  large  maplelike  leaves  are  3-5  lobed  and  a  trifle 
hairy.  The  stem  is  covered  with  short  red  or  brown 
bristly  hairs ;  the  flower-stems  are  particularly  red,  as 
well  as  the  calyx,  or  flower-envelop.  The  fruit  is  in- 
sipid and  resembles  a  flat,  red  raspberry  ;  it  is  often 
called  Thimble-berry.  3-5  feet  high.  Common  in  stony 
woodlands,  beside  the  shaded  road,  and  in  copses.  Me., 
190 


Queen-of-the|/Prairie. 
Filipendula'rubpa. 


Goats  Beard 
Aruncus  sylvesten 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceas. 


south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Mich.     The  name  rubus  is  an 

ancient  one  for  bramble,  from  ruber,  red. 

Cloudberry,  or      One  °^  the  interesting  relatives  of  the 

Mountain           common  raspberry  which  finds  its  home 

Raspberry          among  the  clouds  of  high  mountain-tops, 

Rubus  Chamc*.    It  ig  found  in  the          fc  b          of  the  White 

morus 

White  Mountains  and  on  the  coast   of   eastern 

June-July  Maine.  The  cloudberry  is  another  in- 
stance of  a  break  in  the  family  rule  :  the 
flowers  are  staminate  on  one  plant  and  pistillate  on 
another.  The  solitary  white  flower  is  about  an  inch 
broad.  The  plant-stem  is  herbaceous,  not  shrubby,  and 
the  leaves  are  rather  roundish  with  5-9  lobes  ;  the  stem 
is  unbranched  and  with  only  2-3  leaves.  The  fruit  is  a 
pale  wine  red,  or  when  nearly  ripe,  amber  color,  and 
possesses  a  delicate  flavor  ;  the  lobes  are  few.  3-10 
inches  high.  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  north  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

A  delicate  woodland  plant  with  a  white 
Dalibarda  .  .  ...       ,. 

repens  blossom  like  that  of  the  wild  strawberry, 

White  and  densely   woolly  or  fine-hairy  stems 

June-  and  leaves ;    the   latter  are  dark  green, 

September  heart-shaped,  and  wavy  or  scallop-toothed. 
In  form  they  closely  resemble  those  of  the  common  blue 
violet.  The  1-2  white  flowers  about  J  inch  in  diameter 
are  borne  on  long  fuzzy,  sometimes  ruddy  stems  ;  it  is 
said  that  they  fertilize  in  the  bud  before  opening.  2-4 
inches  high.  In  the  northern  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to 
southern  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Ohio  and  Mich.  Found  in 
Langdon  Park,  Plymouth,  N.  H. 

A  rather  tall,  fine-hairy  plant  with  an- 
White  Avens 

Geum  gular,  branching  stem,  insignificant  five- 

canadense  petaled  white  flowers,  and  three-divided 

White  leaves,  except  the  simple  uppermost  ones  ; 

June-August  the  root_ieaves  of  3.5  leaflets,  all  toothed. 
The  flowers  succeeded  by  a  burlike  densely  bristly  seed- 
receptacle.  18-24  inches  high.  On  the  borders  of  woods 
and  shaded  roads.  Common  in  the  north,  but  south 
only  to  Ga. 


192 


repens. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacex. 


A  bristly  hairy-stemmed  plant  common 
Rough  Avens  .  f 

Qeum  m  low  grounds  and  on  the  borders  of  low 

V.irginianum  damp  woods,  with  flowers  and  leaves  simi- 
Cream  white  lar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.  The 
May-July  stem  very  stout.  The  flower  has  incon- 
spicuous cream  white  petals  which  roll  backward. 
Common  over  the  same  territory. 

A  slightly  hairy  species  with  compound 
Geumstrictum  lower  leaves  the  leaflets  wedge-shaped 

Golden  yellow        .,,  ,    ' 

July-August      W1th  round  tips,     the  upper  leaves  with 

3-5  leaflets  irregular,  oblong,  and  acute. 
Flowers  golden  yellow.  Fruit-receptacle  downy.  Moist 
meadows  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and 
S.  Dak. 

An  aquatic  or  marsh  species,  with  lyre- 
Purple  Avens  ,*.  . 
Geumrivale  shaped  root-leaves,  and  irregular  corn- 
Brownish  pound  upper  leaves  ;  the  stem-leaves  few, 
purple  and  three-lobed.  The  nodding  flowers 
July-August  brownish  or  rusty  purple,  with  obovate 
petals  terminating  with  a  claw.  2  feet  high.  Bogs  and 
wet  meadows,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 

An  exceedingly  pretty  and  graceful  but 
Long-plumed 

Avens  rare  avens>  wl*h  a  decorative,  deeply  cut 

Geum  triflorum  leaf,  and  a  ruddy  flower-stalk  generally 

Dull  crimson-    bearing  three  ruddy  flowers  with  scarcely 

opened    acute,    erect    calyx-lobes.      The 

fruit  is  daintily  plumed  with  gray  feathery 

hairs,  about  an  inch  long.     6-12  inches  high.     Dry  or 

rocky  soil.     Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  south  to  Mo. 

This  is  a  dwarf  species  with  smooth 
Geum  Peckii  stem  and  showy  pure  yellow  flowers  quite 
Yellow  an  incn  broad,  which  is  found  on  Mt. 

So'  tern her         Washington,  and  other  high  peaks  in  the 
north.     The  ornamental  roundish  leaves 
are  nearly  smooth  —  except  the  veins.     Also  on  the  high 
mountains  of  N.  Car. 


194 


Avens. 

Geum  triflopum.'  Geum  Peckii. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Rosacex. 


WildVir  inia  commonest    wil(^    strawberry,    at 

Strawbenry  *  home  in  the  rough  dry  pasture  lands  of 

Fragaria  the     north     and    south.      Rather    broad, 

Virginiana  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  blunt- tipped,  and 

White  hairy.     The  flower-stalk  not  longer  than 

April-June  ,  ,      .  ,  ; 

the  leaves,  and  with  spreading  hairs.     The 

flower  has  many  orange-yellow  stamens  offset  by  the 
five  round  white  petals.  The  scarlet  fruit  is  ovoid,  and 
the  tiny  seeds  are  imbedded  in  pits  over  the  surface. 
3-6  inches  high.  Common  throughout  our  range  ;  gen- 
erally in  fields.  The  name  from  the  Latin  fraga, 
fragrant. 

A  slender  species  with  thin  leaflets  which 
American  are  more    ovate  and    less  wedge-shaped 

Strawberry       than  those  of  the  other  species,  and  have 
Fragaria  vesca     silk-silvery  hairs  on  the  under  side.     The 
var.  A  mericana  scarlet  fruit  is  more  conical,  and  the  seeds 
are  borne,  not  in  pits,  but  upon  the  shining, 
smooth  surface.    The  sepals  are  reflexed  or 
turned  backward  from  the  fruit.     This  species  is  remark- 
able for  its  very  long,  delicate  runners.     3-6  inches  high. 
In  rocky  woodlands  and  pastures.     From  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J., 
and  Pa. ,  west. 

Until  recently  both  these  very  distinct  species  were  in- 
cluded under  one  title;  but  the  types  are  easily  distin- 
guished apart,  even  by  the  leaves,  and  the  fruit  is 
certainly  conspicuously  different.  Fragaria  virginiana 
var.  illinoensis  is  a  western  form  found  from  western 
N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southwest.  It  is  larger  than  the 
typical  F.  virginiana,  and  the  fine  woolly  hairs  on  the 
flower  stems  are  mostly  wide-spreading  ;  those  on  F. 
virginiana  are  somewhat  loosely  set  against  the  stem. 
The  typical  F.  vesca  is  a  stocky  plant  with  strongly 
veined,  deeply  toothed  light  green  leaflets.  The  fine 
hairs  on  the  flower-stems  are  close-lying,  those  of  the 
leaf  stems  are  mostly  wide-spreading.  The  fruit  is 
broadly  conic  or  nearly  globular.  In  old  fields  or  dry 
open  woods,  mostly  from  N.  E.  to  Pa. 


196 


American 

Wild  Virginia  Strawberry.       Wood  Strawberry, 
rid  virginiana.          Fragaria  vesca  var  americdnd. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Rosacex. 


A  weedy  plant  differing  from  the  com- 

Norway  mon  cinquef  oil  by  an  extremely  hairy  stem 

Cinquefoil 

Potentilla  mons-  and  leaf  ?   the  latter  1S    Composed    also    of 

peliensis  var.  three  leaflets  instead  of  five,  and  it  slightly 
norvegica  suggests  the  strawberry  leaf.  The  five 

not  very  conspicuous  petals  are  somewhat 
September  isolated  in  the  green  setting  of  the  flower, 

which  is  very  leafy  in  character.  There 
are  15-20  stamens.  12-30  inches  high.  In  dry  or  waste 
ground  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west.  The  name 
is  from  potent  for  the  plant's  reputed  medicinal  powers. 

A  similar  stout  plant,  with  a  character. 
Rough-fruited    .  ,. 

Cinquefoil         istically  rough,  horned  seed-vessel.     The 

Potentilla  recta  five  rather  narrow  leaflets  are  deep  green, 
Yellow  very  hairy  beneath,  and  slightly  so  above. 

The  flowers  are  pure  yellow,  and  £  inch 
September  ,  , .  4 

broad ;  the  petals  are  much  larger  than  the 

lobes  of  the  calyx  (flower-envelop),  which  is  the  reverse 
of  the  case  with  the  Norway  cinquef  oil.  Erect,  1-2  feet 
high.  Adventive  from  Europe,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
old  gardens  and  waste  grounds.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and 
west  to  Mich.  Found  at  Exeter,  Penobscot  Co.,  Me. 

A  small  species  remarkable  for  its  sil- 
very   character.     The    leaflets    are    dark 
Cinquefoil 
Potentilla          green    above    and  silver  white  beneath. 

argentea  The  stem  is  also  covered  with  the  silky 

Yellow  white  wool,  beneath  which  appears  the 

pale  terra-cotta  tint  of  its  surface.  The 
September 

five    wedge-shaped,    narrow   leaflets    are 

rolled  back  at  the  edge,  and  quite  deeply  cut.  The  pure 
yellow  flowers  are  rather  small,  and  loosely  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  5-12  inches  long.  In  dry  and 
sterile  fields,  or  sandy  soil,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west 
to  the  Daks. 


198 


SP^-   Potentilla  recta. 


P.arcjentea, 


Norway  Cinque/oil.         lilPotentillamonspeliensisvarnorvegicd. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Rosaceae. 


Potentilla 
Robbinsiana 
Yellow 
June-August 


A  dwarf  Alpine  species  found  o*A  oib 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  rather 
soft-hairy  when  young,  but  smooth  later, 
and  with  three  coarsely  toothed  leaflets, 
deep  green  and  somewhat  broad.  The 
small  yellow  flowers  are  slender-stemmed  and  generaUy 
solitary.  1-3  inches  high.  Found  about  the  Lake  of 
the  Clouds  and  elsewhere  on  Mt.  Washington.  Poten- 
tilla tridentata,  also  found  on  Mt.  Wash- 
ington and  Mt.  Wachusett,  is  less  dwarfed, 
but  low-growing.  The  three  leaflets  are 
coarsely  three-toothed  at  the  tip,  smooth 
and  thick.  The  flowers  are  white.  1-10 
Coast  of  Mass.,  northward,  and  shores  of 
the  upper  Great  Lakes. 

This  is  the  only  purple-flowered  five- 
finger  and  it  is  therefore  readily  distin- 
guished from  the  others.  The  reddish 
stem  is  stout,  mostly  smooth,  and  a  trifle 
woody  at  the  base.  The  leaves  have  from 
5-7  leaflets  which  are  blunt-tipped,  and 
sharp-toothed.  The  rather  pretty  flowers 
are  magenta-purple  within  and  pale  or 
greenish  without,  through  the  influence  of  the  some- 
what longer  green  sepals  ;  the  blossom  is  nearly  one  inch 
broad,  and  its  petals  are  pointed.  6-20  inches  long.  In 
swamps  and  cold  bogs,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and 
west  to  Cal. 

This  is  indeed  a  shrubby  species  with 
nearly  erect  stems,  tan  brown  in  color, 
and  quite  leafy ;  the  bark  is  inclined  to 
peel  off  in  shreds.  The  leaves  are  entirely 
different  from  those  of  the  other  species  ; 
they  are  toothless,  olive  yellow-green,  with 
5-7  lance-shaped  leaflets  whose  edges 
curve  backward.  They  are  silky  hairy.  The  deep  yel- 
low flowers,  with  rounded  petals  are  generally  an  inch 
broad.  1-2  feet  high.  It  is  a  troublesome  weed  in  N. 
Y.,  western  Vt.,  Mass.,  and  parts  of  the  west.  Swamps 
and  wet  places,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west. 


Potentilla 
Iridentata 
White 
June-August 

inches  high. 


Marsh  Five= 
finger  or  Pur- 
ple Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 

palustris. 

Magenta=> 

purple. 

June-August 


Shrubby 
Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 
fruticosa 
Yellow 
June- 
September 


Potent!  lla  I tri dentate 


Purple  Cinquefoil.  Potentillapalustris. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaces 


The  silverweed  is  decoratively  beautiful, 

Potentilla  an(^  *s  remar^able  for  its  very  silky  hairs 

Anserina  which  cover  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  ; 

Yellow  the  latter  are  tansylike  with  about  7-23 

sharp-toothed  leaflets.   The  yellow  flowers 

are  solitary.     Stem  1-3  feet  long.     In  salt 

marshes  and  on  wet  meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J., 

and   west  to   Neb.     Common  on  the  beaches  of  Lake 

Champlain. 

The  commonest  of  all  the  five-fingers, 
^en  wrongly    called    wild    strawberry, 
Potentilla  with  pure  yellow  flowers  about  -|  inch 

canadensis  broad.  It  decorates  meadow  and  pasture, 
var.  simplex  fertile  and  sterile  grounds,  and  weaves  its 
April-August  ,  .  ,  ^, 

embroidery  over  the   stony  and    barren 

roadside.  Its  five  deep  green,  shiny,  long-stalked  leaf- 
lets are  sharply  toothed,  firm,  and  smooth,  altogether 
harder  in  character  than  the  three  strawberry  leaflets. 
The  whole  plant  is  generally  smooth,  but  sometimes 
thinly  hairy.  Flowers  solitary,  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce.  Runners  6-20  inches  long. 
Common  everywhere  in  the  north.  From  southern 
Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt.,  and  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.  The  common 
similar  form  (or  species)  is  Potentilla  Canadensis,  which 
is  fine- woolly  over  the  stems,  and  does  not  creep  over 
the  ground  so  characteristically  as  the  var.  simplex. 
Agrimony  ^  most  common  weed  with  a  glandular- 

Agrimonia  hairy  simple  stem,  and  compound  leaves 

Gryposepala  with  a  hairy  stalk  ;  spicy-odored  when 
Yellow  crushed.  The  usually  seven  bright  green, 

June-August  many  .  ribbed  ovate  ieaflets  coarsely 
toothed ;  the  interposed  tiny  leaflets  are  ovate  and 
toothed ;  there  are  generally  three  pairs  occupying  the 
spaces  between  the  larger  lateral  leaflets.  The  slender 
spikes  of  five-petaled  yellow  flowers  with  orange  anthers 
are  not  showy.  The  seeds  are  sticky  and  adhere  to  one's 
clothing.  2-4  feet  or  more  high*.  Common  on  the  borders 
of  woods  and  in  thickets.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and 
west.  Found  on  the  roadside  near  the  Profile  House, 
Franconia  Notch,  N.  H. 

202 


T 


Agrimone. 
Ajjrimonia  gryposepala. 


Cinque/oil. 
Potentilld  canadensis  van  simplex. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceas. 


A  comparatively  thornless  wild  rose, 
Smooth  Rose  with  usually  5-7  blunt  or  round-tipped 
Pi°nk6J  leaflets  rather  short-stalked,  and  pale  be- 

June-July          neath  ;  simply  toothed.     Rarely  there  are 

a  few  straight  slender  prickles  upon  the 
smooth  stem  which  is  usually  covered  with  a  slight 
bloom.  The  pale  crimson-pink  flowers  are  nearly  3  in- 
ches broad  and  are  solitary  or  in  small  clusters.  The 
fruit  is  either  globular  or  pear-shaped  with  persisting 
sepals.  2-4  feet  high.  On  rocky,  moist  ground,  New- 
foundland to  Vt.  and  northern  N.  J.,  and  west  to  111., 
S.  Dak.,  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Sepals 
hairy  and  toothless. 

Swamp  Rose  A  verv  busnv  species,  extremely  decora- 
Rosa  Carolina  tive  in  character,  armed  rather  sparingly 
Pink  with  stout  hooked  spines.  The  5-9  olive 

June-August  green  ieaflets  sharp-toothed,  long-stalked, 
and  the  stalk  bordered  with  very  narrow  somewhat 
toothed  stipules  (leafy  formations)  ;  the  leaflets  either 
blunt  or  sharp-tipped.  The  small  clusters  of  flowers 
succeeded  by  showy,  globular,  red  fruit  which  some- 
times sheds  its  withered  sepals.  The  pale  crimson-pink 
flowers  2-3  inches  broad.  Largely  fertilized  by  bees. 
2-7  feet  high.  Common  in  swamps  and  low  ground 
everywhere.  Found  at  Sankaty  Head,  Nantucket. 
D  f  WId  "^  *ow  sPec*es  with  generally  lustrous 

green    leaves   of  from   3-7    oval   leaflets 


Rosa  virginiana  coarsely  and  simply  toothed  ;  the  stipules 
pink  (compare  with  species  above)  are  narrow 

June-July  an(j  flaring.  ^  marked  characteristic  of 
this  rose  is  the  glandular-hairy  globose  fruit,  stem,  and 
lobed  sepals  ;  before  maturity  this  condition  is  quite 
marked.  The  spines  are  wide  at  the  base  and  rather 
decidedly  or  else  slightly  curved  ;  the  stems  are  mostly  a 
ruddy  madder  brown.  Flowers  a  pale  or  deeper  crim- 
son-pink, in  small  clusters,  generally  very  few  together. 
The  commoner  rose  of  N.  J.  and  Pa.  1-5  feet  high. 
In  moist  situations.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to 
Wis.  Outer  sepals  with  1-2  small  lobes. 

204 


Wild  Swamp  Rose,  Rosa  Carol i  na. 


Smooth  Rose. 


Spines  of  Rosalucida. 

Rosa  blanda. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacese. 


A    low    slender-stemmed    species    with 

Rosa  humilis 


Pasture  Rose     straight>     slight     t}1Orns,     and     narrow, 


spreading  stipules.  Flowers  often  solitary. 
1-3  feet  high.  Under  the  name  Rosa  humilis  lucida 
(Rosa  lucida  of  Gray's  Manual,  sixth  ed.),  the  rose  of 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  west  is  described  by 
Britton  and  Brown  as  having  thick  shining  leaves  with 
broad  stipules,  and  numerous  flowers.  Under  Rosa 
humilis,  the  description  embraces  a  narrow,  toothless 
stipule,  usually  five  leaflets,  thin  and  somewhat  shining, 
few  or  solitary  flowers,  a  glandular-hairy  calyx  and 
stem,  and  sepals  commonly  lobed.  Me.  to  Minn,  and 
south. 

Northeastern  Tllis    is   a    wild   rose    °f    the    n°rtheast, 

R^SC  limited  to  that  section  lying  between  Mas- 

Eosa  nitida  sachusetts  and  Newfoundland.  It  is  char- 
Pink  acterized  by  a  stem  thickly  crowded  with 

bristly  prickles,  and  spines  scarcely  stouter. 
The  5-9  leaflets  are  ovate  pointed,  shining  green,  and 
sharply  toothed ;  the  stipules  are  broad.  Flowers  pale 
pink,  solitary,  or  very  few  in  a  cluster ;  the  fruit  is  globu- 
lar, and  the  sepals  are  not  lobed.  A  low  species  rarely 
over  20  inches  high.  On  the  borders  of  swamps. 
Sweetbrier  ^ne  WU(^  rose  or  eglantine  of  the  poets, 

Rosarubiginosa  adventive  from  Europe.  It  is  remarkable 
Pink  for  its  sweet-scented  foliage  which  is  rem- 

June-July  miscent  of  the  fragrance  of  green  apples, 
and  for  its  long,  arching  stems,  which  are  beautiful 
with  compactly  set  clusters  of  pure  pink  bloom.  The 
very  small  5-7  leaflets  are  double-toothed,  roundish,  deep 
green  above,  and  lighter  colored  beneath,  where  they 
are  resinous,  and  aromatic  when  crushed  ;  the  leaves  are 
also  characteristically  glandular-hairy.  The  somewhat 
small  flowers  are  pink,  or  pale  creamy  pink,  and  clus- 
tered along  the  main  stem  upon  short  stalks.  The  de- 
cidedly recurved  spines  and  the  stem  are  madder  brown 
when  old.  4-6  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  from 
Tenn.  and  Va.,  northward.  Another  foreign  species, 
Rosa  canina,  but  slightly  separated  from  Rosa  rubigi- 
nosa,  has  usually  simply  toothed  leaves  which  are  not 
so  odorous.  Common  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware. 

206 


Sweet  brier. 


Ros&  pubiginosa. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosas. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosce. 

A  very  large  family  of  food-producing  plants,  with 
Ibutterflylike  flowers,  and  alternate,  usually  compound 
leaves,  generally  without  teeth.  The  flowers  are  perfect 
.and  are  borne  singly  or  in  spikes  ;  they  are  fertilized 
largely  by  bees  and  butterflies. 

A  smooth  and  slender  plant  with  deep 
Wild  Indigo 
^aptisia  gray-green,  triple  leaves  of  wedge-shaped 

tinctoria  leaflets  covered  with  a  slight  bloom  ;  they 

Yellow  are  almost  stemless.     The  small  pealike 

June-August  blossoms  are  pure  yellow,  and  terminate 
the  many  branches  of  the  upright  stem.  The  flowers 
.are  visited  by  the  butterflies  and  the  Syrphid  flies,  but 
the  honeybee,  the  leaf-cutter  bee  Megachile,  and  the 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  are  probably  the  most  effi- 
cient agents  of  cross-fertilization.  The  plant  grows 
with  a  bushy  luxuriance  in  favorable  situations,  and  has 
-a  most  remarkable  habit  of  turning  black  upon  wither- 
ing. 18-28  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  everywhere. 
Not  in  central  N.  H. ,  but  common  at  Nan  tucket.  Found 
at  Pownal,  Vt. 

A  beautiful,  tall,  western  species,  with 
Blue  False 

Indigo  Pa^e    green    smooth    stem,    light    green 

Baptisia  wedge-shaped,  short-stalked  triple  leaves, 

•australis  and  loose   flower-clusters,   sometimes   10 

Light  violet  inches  long,  of  light,  dull  violet  blossoms 
quite  1  inch  long,  of  a  soft,  aesthetic  hue. 
The  peapodlike  fruit  is  tipped  with  a  spur.  Plant  3-6 
feet  high.  On  rich  alluvial  soil,  western  Pa.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo.  Quite  handsome  in  cultivation. 

The  rattlebox,  so  named  because  the 
Crotalaria  seeds  rattle  about  in  the  boxlike,  inflated, 
.sagittalis  sepia-black  pods,  has  oval  pointed  leaves, 

Yellow  toothless,   and  nearly  stemless,   growing 

June-August  aiternateiy  along  the  bending  stem.  The 
yellow  flowers  are  scarcely  J  inch  long.  The  stems  and 
-edges  of  the  leaves  are  soft-hairy.  4-12  inches  high. 
In  dry  sandy  soil  everywhere,  but  not  very  common. 


208 


1 

Blue 

False  Indigo. 
Baptisia  austral  is. 


PULSE  FAMILY.    Leguminosae. 


Blue  Lu  ine  T^S  *S  °ne  °f  Our  most   charming  so- 

Lupinus  called  blue  wild  flowers ;  but  it  rings  all 

perennis  the    changes  on  violet  and  purple,   and 

Violet  scarcely  touches  blue.     The  pealike  blos- 

May^June  gom  jiag  vjoie^  or  deep  purple  wings  and 
a  light  violet  hood  veined  with  blue- violet.  Rarely  the 
sweet-scented  flowers  are  magenta-pink  or  even  white. 
The  horse-chestnutlike  leaf  has  generally  eight  narrow, 
light  green  leaflets.  Stem  and  long-stalked  leaves  are 
generally  tine-hairy,  and  frequently  show  a  few  touches 
of  purple-red  through  the  green.  The  flower-spike  is 
quite  showy,  and  pinkish  early  in  the  bud.  Fertilized 
by  bees.  1-2  feet  high.  In  sandy  fields  everywhere. 

A  naturalized  species  of  clover,  origi- 
Rabbit=foot  or 

Stone  Clover  nally  from  Europe,  remarkable  for  its 
Trifoiium  oblong  fuzzy  flower-heads,  the  corolla  of 

arvense  which  is  green-white  and  the  calyx  green 

Gray=pink  with  pink  tips,  all  in  effect  rather  gray- 
Se^ember  Pmk.  The  light  green  triple  leaves  have 
narrow,  long  leaflets  with  blunt  tips.  The 
flowers  are  sweet-scented.  4-10  inches  high.  Common 
in  poor  soil,  old  fields,  and  pastures,  everywhere. 

This  is  our  commonest  field  clover  and  a 
Red  Clover  ..          .     "        .         .  ,  . 

Trifoiium  special  favorite  of  the  bumblebee  upon 

pratense  whom  it  is  almost  wholly  dependent  for 

Crimson  or        fertilization.      The   plant  was  introduced 

into  Australia  some  years  ago  and  failed 
May-Septem= 
k  r  to  produce  seed  the  first  year  through  its 

separation  from  the  American  bumblebee. 
Later  when  the  insect  was  transported  the  plants  flour- 
ished from  season  to  season.  The  three  (rarely  4-5) 
rather  soft,  dull  bluish  green  leaflets  are  conspicuously 
marked  by  a  whitish  or  yellow-green  triangle.  There 
are  two  hairy  white  and  green  stipules  or  leafy  wings  at 
the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk.  Stem  and  leaves  are  soft- 
hairy.  The  somewhat  pyramidal  globular  flower-head 
ranges  through  crimson  or  magenta  to  paler  tints  of  the 
same  colors,  and  even  white  ;  it  yields  a  plentiful  supply 
of  nectar,  which  is  scarcely  reached  by  the  short  tongues 
of  honeybees  ;  also,  the  butterflies  are  not  sufficiently 
heavy  to  depress  the  keel  of  the  floiet  and  thus  expose 

210 


191 


Rabbit-foot  Clover.  Tnifolium  anvense. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosas. 


the  anthers.  The  burly  bumblebee  is  therefore  the  best 
pollen  disseminator  of  this  particular  clover.  8-24  inches 
high.  Common  in  fields  and  on  roadsides,  everywhere. 

This  is  also  one  of  our  most  common 
White  Clover        . 

Trifolium  clovers,  and  a  permanent  resident  of  the 

repens  grassy  roadside.     It  is  generally  smooth, 

Cream  white  with  roundish  or  heart-shaped  leaflets 
May-October  marke(j  iess  distinctly  with  a  triangle, 
and  frequently  4-5  leaflets  are  found  on  a  single 
stalk.  The  globular  flower-heads  are  a  translucent 
cream  white,  and  the  florets  are  sometimes  more  or  less 
tinted  with  flesh  pink.  Eventually  the  florets  are  re- 
flexed.  Fertilized  by  bees,  and  rich  in  honey.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  identical  with  the  Shamrock  of  Ireland,  but 
it  is  native  in  the  extreme  north.  4-10  inches  long. 
Creeping  by  runners.  Common  everywhere. 

A  species  somewhat  similar  to  our  white 
Alsike  or  Alsa=  .,11  i  • 

tian  Clover        clover,  but  with  a  branching,  stout,  and 

Trifolium  rather  juicy  stem.     The  leaflets  are  gen- 

hybridum  erally    obovate    but    not    reverse    heart- 

Creamy  rose      shape(i .  ^  e<>  witn  the  iobed  tip;  the  edges 

May-October  are  finely  toothed,  and  the  surface  is  not 
marked  with  the  triangle ;  a  pair  of  flar- 
ing stipules  or  leafy  wings  are  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk. Flower-heads  similar  to  those  of  white  clover  but 
varying  from  pinkish  cream  to  crimson-pink ;  the 
withered  florets  brownish  and  turning  downward,  ex- 
tremely sweet-scented,  and  rich  in  honey.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  bees.  1-2  feet  high.  On  roadsides,  in  mead- 
ows, and  in  waste  places,  from  Me.  to  Idaho,  and  south 
to  Ga. 

A  small  annual  species,  with  a  smooth 
Yellow  or  ,    ,.    ,  , 

Hop  Clover         stem   and  light  green,  narrow  and  long 

Trifolium  leaflets,   scarcely    suggesting   the  clover- 

agrarium  leaf.     The  stem  is  branched  and  stands 

Pale  golden  nearly  upright,  or  reclines  ;  the  leaflets 
June-^Septem-  are  verv  finety  but  rather  imperceptibly 
ber  toothed.  The  small,  dull  golden  yellow 

florets  bloom  from  the  base  of  the  flower- 
head  upward,  and  the  withered  florets,  turning  down- 
ward and  becoming  Drownish,  resemble  dried  hops. 

212 


Mop  Clover.  Alsike  Cloven 

Trifolium  agr&rium.  Tnfolium  hybridum. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Legummosse. 


6-15  inches  high.  Common  on  roadsides  and  in  sandy 
fields.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Iowa. 

Similar  in  many  respects  to  the  forego- 
CloverOP  ing'  but  lower>  more  spreading,  and  the 

Trifolium  stems  and  leaves  fine-hairy.     The  leaflets 

procumbens  are  shorter  and  blunt- tipped,  the  middle 
Pale  golden  One  slightly  stemmed  and  the  lateral  ones 
Junelfe  tern  stemless-  Tne  stipules  (leafy  formations 
ber  at  the  base  of  the  leaf -stalks)  are  broader 

than  those  of  the  preceding  species ;  they 
are  pointed  ovate.  The  tiny  standard  of  the  floret  is 
wide-spread,  and  not  curled  up  at  the  edges  as  in  T. 
agrarium.  3-6  inches  high.  Occasional  or  common 
everywhere,  especially  on  roadsides. 

This  is  sometimes  called  yellow  sweet 
Yellow  Melilot 

Melilotus  offi-  cl°ver>  but  its  resemblance  to  clover  is  in 
cinalis  its  character  rather  than  its  aspect.  It  is 

Light  golden     a  foreign  flower  which   has  established 

yellow  itself  in  all  waste  places  especially  in  our 

June-August  _,.      ,.          i      «  j. 

seaport  towns.     The  three  leaflets  are  long, 

blunt- tipped,  and  toothed.  The  light  golden  yellow 
flowers  are  strung  along  in  a  delicate  spike.  The  stem  is 
smooth  and  2-4  feet  high .  Melilotus  alba  is  a  similar,  tall- 
er, white-flowered  species.  Both  common  everywhere. 
Alfalfa  or  ^  Perennial  much  cultivated  for  fodder 

Lucerne  in  the  west  and  south  ;  naturalized  from 

Medicago  sativa  Europe.  Found  in  dry  fields  and  sandy 
Purple  wastes  in  the  East.  The  three  leaflets  are 

long  and  narrow,  toothed  toward  the  tip 
which  is  obtuse,  and  furnished  with  a  tiny  sharp  bristle; 
each  leaflet  has  a  distinct  stalk,  and  that  of  the  middle 
leaflet  is  bent  upward.  The  purple  florets  in  short  clusters. 
12-25  inches  high.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west. 

A  generally  smooth,  tall  beautiful  peren- 
Astragalus  nial  witn  a  branching  stem ,  and  compound 
Canadensis  leaves  of  13-25  or  more  bluish  green,  ellip- 
Oreenish  tical  leaflets  set  oppositely  upon  the 

cream  yellow  siender  leaf-stem,  in  general  appearance 
July-August  like  thoge  of  the  locugt  tre6i  The  cream 


214 


Alfalfa. 
Medicago  sativa.. 


Yellow  Mel i lot. 
Melilotus  officinalia, 


PULSE  FAMILY.    Leguminosse. 


yellow  slender  blossoms  are  green-tinged  especially  at  the 
base,  and  are  thickly  set  in  a  dense  spike  springing  from 
the  junction  of  the  leaf-stalk  with  the  plant  stem.  They 
are  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  the  long-tongued  bees ; 
the  bumblebees,  Bombus  separatus,  B.  americanorum, 
and  B.  pennsylvanicus  are  frequent  visitors,  as  are  the 
butterflies, — Colias  philodice,  the  clouded  sulphur,  and 
Papilio  asterias,  the  black  swallowtail.  The  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  short,  broad,  leathery,  straight,  and 
pointed  pods.  1-4  feet  high.  Along  streams  and  river- 
banks,  from  western  New  York,  and  on  the  shores  and 
islands  of  Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Ga. 
and  La. ,  and  west  to  Col. 

An  annual  (adventive    from    Europe), 
Nonesuch  or  v          .  ,n     i    • 

Black  Medick  wlth  a  somewhat  twisted  stem  partly  lying 
Medicago  on  the  ground,  slightly  downy  or  rough  ; 

lupulina  the  three  leaflets  obovate  or  wedge-shaped 

;llow  with  a  bristle  tip.     The  yellow  flowers  in 

September         small,  short  spikes.     About  6  inches  high. 

Pods  almost  black,  kidney-formed,  con- 
taining but  one  seed.  Common  in  waste  places  every- 
where. 

Tick  Trefoil  ^   common   weed  which    flourishes  in 

Desmodium  dry  woods.  The  generally  leafless  flower- 
nudiflorum  stem  rises  from  the  root,  and  bears  a 
Pale  magenta  scattered  cluster  of  very  small  magenta- 
Ju/^Au  ust  Pmk  or  ^ac  flowers,  the  broad  upper 

petals  of  which  are  notched  at  the  apex 
and  turned  backward,  the  lower  narrow  ones  are  lilac 
and  white ;  the  stamens  are  prominent.  The  flower  is 
fertilized  by  honeybees  and  many  other  smaller  bees, 
especially  those  of  the  genus  Halictus.  The  stout, 
shorter  leaf -stalk  is  terminated  by  the  leaf -clusters,  of 
three  ovate,  toothless  leaflets.  The  hairy  two-jointed 
pods  or  seed-vessels  stick  to  one's  clothing  or  are  dis- 
tributed by  some  similar  means  of  transportation.  18- 
25  inches  high.  In  woodlands  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn. 


216 


Tick  Trefoil. 
Desmodium  nudiflorum 


•N?  *  J 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosae. 


This  species    has    similar   flowers,   but 
Desmodium        they  are  considerably  larger  and  borne 

grandiflorum         Qn        glender  gtalk   which   riseg   from   th 
Pale  magenta 

June-  plant-stem  at  the   point  where  the  leaf- 

September  stalks  spring  outward.  The  broad, 
pointed  leaflets  are  much  larger  and  a 
trifle  hairy.  The  strange  seed-pod  like  that  of  the  fore- 
going species  is  2-3  jointed.  The  name  is  from  detfjuoS 
a  chain,  alluding  to  the  connecting  joints  of  the  pod. 
By  means  of  these  joints  the  pods  attach  to  the  furry 
coats  of  animals.  1-4  feet  high.  The  same  distribution. 

Desmodium  The  stem  of  this  silkv  liailT  tick  trefoil 

rotundifolium  bends  or  lies  near  the  ground.  The  leaflets 
Purple-  are  quite  round,  comparatively  speaking, 

™**nta  soft-hairy,  and  not  pointed.    The  flowers 

September         are  ^S^t    purple-magenta,   and  the   pod 
3-5  jointed,  constricted  nearly  equally  at 
both  edges.     2-5  feet  long.     About  the  same  distribution. 
Desmodium  Tnis  sPecies  ^as    oblong    lance-shaped 

Dilienii  leaflets,  or  quite  ovate  ones,  nearly  if  not 

Pale  magenta  quite  smooth  above,  an  erect  and  nearly 
Jul  smooth  stem,  and  branching  flower-stalks 

bearing  very  small  pale  magenta  flowers. 
Pod  2-4  jointed,  the  sections  nearly  triangular.  2-3  feet 
high.  Not  farther  south  than  Va.  and  Ky.,  west  to  Neb. 
Desmodium  -^  st^  narrower-leaved  species,  the  deep 

paniculatum  green  leaflets  scarcely  2  inches  long,  and 
Pale  magenta  linear  lance-shaped,  resembling  willow 
JUly~  h  leaves.  The  flower-spikes  are  rather  hori- 

zontally branched  ;  Pale  magenta  flowers 
very  small.  Pod  4-6  jointed.  The  slender  stem  2-3  feet 
high.  Common. 

The  most  showy  species  of  the  genus, 

Tref ^t|an  TfCk    with  crowded  flower-clusters  terminating 

Desmodium        a  tall>  stout,  and  hairy  stem.     The  leaves 

Canadense          are  nearly  without  stalks,  or  with  short 

Dull  magenta-  ones,  and  the  three  leaflets  (longer-stalked) 

are    oblong    lance-shaped.      The    flowers 

September         (larger  than  those  of  the  other  species)  are 

nearly  £  inch  long,  and  vary  in  color  from 

magenta  to  magenta-pink.    Pods  3-5  jointed  and  quite 

218 


Canadian  Tick  Trefoil.      Desmodium  Canadense. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosse. 


hairy.     2-6   feet    high.     Common    on    the    borders    of 

copses  and  on  river  banks,  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car., 

and  west  to  Mo.  and  Neb. 

Trailing  Bush        An  interesting  little  plant  with  a  trailing 

Clover  habit,  its   perpendicular   branches    rising 

Lespedeza  from  a  stout  horizontal  stem.     The  little 

procumbent        leaves    &re   cloverlike<     The   whole   planfc 

Purple=magen=  . 

ta  or  magenta-  woolly  hairy.     The  tiny  pealike  blossoms 

pink  magenta-pink  or  a  light  purple-magenta. 

August-  12-25  inches  long.     Common  in  dry  soil 

September          everywhere. 

Lespedeza  -^-n  upright  and  tall  species  with  small 

violacea  elliptical  leaflets  distinctly  stalked.     Stem 

Purple  sparingly  hairy  and  much  branched.     The 

August-  small  flowers  purple  or  violet-purple.     1-3 

September  ,.    .         _T.  . 

feet  high.     Common  in  dry  soil,  and  on 

the  borders  of  copses  everywhere. 

Lespedeza  An    erect    species    with    smooth,  dark 

virginica  green,     cloverlike     leaves,     crowding    a 

Purple  rather  straight,   generally  smooth  stem, 

which  is  terminated  by  the  small,  crowded,  purple 
flower-cluster  ;  smaller  clusters  also  spring  from  the 
junction  of  stem  with  leaf-stalk.  The  Lespedezas, 
especially  this  one,  are  apt  to  exhibit  two  kinds  of 
flowers  ;  those  with  showy  petals,  which  are  sterile,  and 
those  petalless  and  minute,  which  are  abundantly  fer- 
tile. According  to  Prof.  Robertson,  the  chief  visitors  of 
this  flower  are  the  bumblebee  Bombus  americanorum, 
the  leaf-cutting  bee  (Megachtte),  and  the  ground  bee 
(Halictus ;  notably  H.  ligatus).  Among  the  butterflies, 
Colias  philodice  and  Pamphila  cernes  are  occasional 
visitors.  1-3  feet  high.  Mass,  and  Mich. ,  south. 
Lespedeza  This  species  has  yellow-white  flowers 

hirta  purple-spotted ,  which  grow  in  small  dense, 

Yellow=white,  bristly,  oblong  spikes.  The  stem  is  silky 
spotted  hairy,  and  the  round-ovate  leaflets  are 

slightly  separated  by  the  conspicuous  stalk  of  the  middle 
one.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  on  dry 
hillsides. 


220 


Leaves  with  a  bristly  extension  of  the  midri 


Bush  Clover. 


Lespedeza  violacea: 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosas. 


Lespedeza  The  flowers  of  this  species  are  clustered 

capitata  in  small  round  heads  terminating  a  stiff, 

White  straight  stalk,  which  is  silky  hairy.     The 

leaves  have  three  oblong  leaflets,  and  are 
nearly  stemless.  The  flowers  are  similar  to  the  fore- 
going species,  or  they  are  white,  magenta  streaked. 
Visited  by  the  leaf -cutter  bee  (Megachile  brevis)  among 
many  others.  2-4  feet  high.  Same  situations  everywhere. 
Common  Vetch  A  climbing  annual  adventive  from  Eu- 
Vida  sativa  rope  where  it  is  cultivated  for  fodder  ;  one 
Purple  of  t}ie  genus  is  also  extensively  cultivated 

May-August      -n  Italv>  notably  about  Napies,  and  in  the 

vicinity  of  Pompeii.  The  flowers,  which  are  purple  or 
even  magenta-pink,  grow  in  pairs  or  singly  at  the  junc- 
tion of  stem  with  leaf-stalk.  The  8-10  leaflets  are  obtuse 
oblong,  notched  at  the  tip,  and  the  stalk  terminates  in 
two  twining  tendrils.  The  pod  resembles  that  of  the 
pea,  but  it  is  long  and  slender.  Stem  1-3  feet  long.  N. 
Eng.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak. 
Cow  Vetch  A  perennial,  and  graceful  plant  climbing 

Vida  Cracca  by  tendrils,  and  characterized  by  a  fine, 
Light  violet  downy  hairiness.  The  compound  leaf  has 
June-August  twenty  or  more  lance-shaped  leaflets  ter- 
minated abruptly  by  a  bristlelike  point.  The  small 
bean-blossomlike  flower  is  light  violet,  the  upper  petal  is 
lined  with  a  deeper  violet ;  the  cluster  is  sometimes  quite 
four  inches  long,  and  is  one-sided ;  it  grows  from  be- 
tween the  leaf -stalk  and  the  plant-stem.  The  color  of 
the  foliage  is  rather  gray  olive  green.  Fruit  like  a  small 
pea-pod.  Stem  2-3  feet  long.  Dry  soil,  on  the  borders 
of  thickets,  and  cultivated  fields.  Me.  and  N.  J.,  west 
to  Iowa  and  Minn. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  foregoing 

by  its  generally  smooth  character  and  its 
Light  violet  obtuse  elliptical  leaflets  which  are  less  in 

number  (8-14)  and  distinctly  veined.  The 
light  violet  flowers  are  larger,  and  only  3-9  form  the 
rather  loose  cluster.  2-3  feet  long.  In  moist  soil.  Me., 
south  to  Va.  and  Ky.,  and  west  to  Nev.  The  Vicias 
are  in  general  cross-fertilized  wTith  the  assistance  of  the 

222 


Vicia 


CowVetch. 


Vicia  Craocau 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Legutnmosss. 


family  Hymenoptera,  the  bees ;  the  honeybee  is  one  of 
the  commonest  visitors. 

A  seaside  plant,  but  one  common  also  on 
Beach  Pea  ^ 

Lathyrus  ^e  snores  °f  the  Great  Lakes ;   its  con- 

maritimus  struction  and  habit  similar  to  those  of 
Ruddy  purple  Vicia.  There  are  6-12  oval  leaflets,  bris- 
May-August  tie-tipped,  and  a  ruddy  purple  flower-clus- 
ter of  5-12  bean-blossom-shaped  florets ;  the  cluster  is 
somewhat  long-hemispherical  in  outline.  At  the  base 
of  the  compound  leaves  are  a  pair  of  conspicuous  arrow- 
head-shaped stipules,  or  leaflets.  The  pod  is  veiny  and 
about  2  inches  long.  The  stout  stem  is  angled  and  1-2 
feet  high.  Sandy  soil  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to 
Oregon. 

This  is  a  slender  marsh-loving  plant  with 
a,   y*us  an  angled  and  winged  stem,  narrow  lance- 

shaped  stipules  (leafy  formations  at  the 
base  of  the  compound  leaves),  and  with  2-4  pairs  of 
lance-shaped  leaflets.  The  loose  and  ruddy  purple  spare 
flower-cluster  (of  2-6  flowers  about  J  inch  long)  is  as  long 
as  the  compound  leaf.  The  narrow,  veiny  pod  is  about 
2  inches  long.  Stem  1-3  feet  long.  In  wet  situations, 
from  Me.,  Mass.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  Y.,  west  to  the  Pacific 
coast. 

A  climbing  vine  reaching  a  height  of 

about  f our  or  five  f  eet«  The  r°ot  is  tuber' 
Maroonand  ous  and  edible.  The  compound  leaf  is 
pale  brown-  composed  of  3-7  toothless,  ovate  pointed 

leaflets,  smooth  and  Jight  green.  The  ses- 
September  thetic  flower-cluster  is  maroon  and  pale 

brown-lilac  in  color  with  a  texture  of 
velvet ;  the  bean-blossomlike  florets  are  cloyingly  sweet, 
and  suggest  English  violets  with  a  slight  and  strange 
horse-chestnut  odor.  They  are  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
various  bees,  including  the  honeybee.  The  name  is 
from  aitiov,  a  pear,  alluding  to  the  pear-shape  of  the 
tubers.  The  plant  is  exceedingly  beautiful  and  worthy 
of  cultivation.  On  low,  damp  ground,  from  Me. ,  south, 
and  west  to  S.  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  and  Kan.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.  H. 

224 


Ground  Nut. 


Apios  tuberose. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosae. 


Another  perennial  cli mber ,  distinguished 
Phaseoius  ky  its  leaf  of  three  leaflets  pointed  at  the 

t>olystachyus  tip  and  rounded  at  the  base.  The  plant  is 
Red=purple  very  fine-hairy  and  considerably  branched. 
July-Septem-  The  flower-cluster  is  thin  and  about  4- 
8  inches  long  ;  the  red-purple  blossoms 
are  scarcely  over  %  inch  long.  The  pods  are  stalked, 
drooping,  and  a  trifle  curved.  Stem  5-12  feet  long.  In 
thickets  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  similar,  but  annual  species,  with  a 

Strophostyles        ,  .    .  .  „         . 

helvola  low-twining  stem  about  6-8  feet  long,  the 

Greenish  white  leaflets  sometimes  bluntly  lobed  and  some- 
or  purple  times  entire.     The  3-10  greenish  white  or 

July-Septem-    recl-purple  flowers  about  \  an  inch  long, 

in  a  loose  cluster.  The  slender  linear 
pod  is  fine-hairy  and  about  3  inches  long  or  less. 
Stem  branching  at  the  base  and  about  4-8  feet  long. 
Sandy  river-banks,  and  meadow  borders,  Mass.,  south, 
and  west  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
west to  Kan. 

A  dainty  vine  with  delicate  light  green 
Peanut  leaves  formed  of  three  smooth,  angularly 

Amphicarpcea    ovate-pointed  leaflets,    and   bearing   two 
monoica  kinds  of  fruit.     The  perfect  lilac  or  ma- 

Magenta=lilac    genta-lilac  narrow  blossoms  are  in  small 
tember  drooping  clusters  ;  these  are  succeeded  by 

many  small  pods  about  an  inch  long  hold- 
ing generally  three  mottled  beans.  The  other  fruitful 
blossom  is  at  the  base  or  root  of  the  plant  in  rudimen- 
tary form  with  but  few  free  stamens  ;  it  is  succeeded  by 
a  pear-shaped  pod  containing  one  large  seed— hence  the 
name  wild  peanut.  The  name  of  the  plant  means  both 
and  fruit,  in  reference  to  the  two  kinds  of  fruit.  The 
pod  of  the  upper  blossom  is  curved  and  broad  at  the  tip, 
it  matures  about  the  middle  of  September.  The  slender 
stem  twines  about  the  roadside  shrubbery,  and  is  from  3- 
7  feet  long.  Common  everywhere  in  moist  ground  from 
Me.,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  La.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.H. 


226 


m 


Wild  Bean/ 
Phaseolus  pojystachyus. 

Hog  Peanut. 
^Arnjphicarpaea  monoica. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Legumiaosas 


Wild  Senna  ^  showy   and    decorative    plant    with 

Cassia  compound   leaves  of  12-18  broad  lance- 

Marilandica  shaped  leaflets  of  a  rather  yellow-green 
Golden  yel-  tone.  They  are  smooth  and  somewhat 
t°Wedr°Wn"  sensitive  to  • the  touch.  The  flower-clus- 
July^August  ters  are  loosely  constructed.  The  light 

golden  yellow  flowers  of  five  slightly  un- 
equal petals  are  accented  in  color  by  the  prominent 
chocolate  brown  of  the  anthers  ;  the  stamens  are  very 
unequal  in  length.  3-8  feet  high.  In  swamps  and  al- 
luvial soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
Kan.,  and  La. 

Partridge  Pea  An  erect  annual  species  with  large 
Cassia  showy  yellow  flowers,  1£  inches  across,  in 

ChamcBcrista      groups  of  2-4  at  the  bases  of  the  sensitive 

leaves ;  often  the  five  petals  are  purple- 
ber  '  spotted  at  the  base.  The  20-30  leaflets, 

less  than  an  inch  long,  are  blunt  lance- 
shaped  and  pointed  with  a  tiny  bristle.  The  slender 
pod  about  2  inches  long  is  slightly  hairy.  1-2  feet  high. 
In  dry  or  sandy  fields,  everywhere.  Mass,  to  Minn,  and 
south.  The  var.  robusta,  taller,  stouter,  and  hairy.  111., 
Ky.,  and  southwest. 

A  similar  species,  but  tall,  and  with  very 
Wild  Sensitive  ,    .  r 

plant  small  and  inconspicuous  yellow  flowers. 

Cassia  The   12-40  tiny  leaflets   scarcely  f  inch 

nictitans  long.     The  flowers  in  groups  of  2-3  at 

the  bases  of  the  leaves,     6-12  feet  high.  Me.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.     Not  in  N.  H.,  and 
if  in  Me.  exceedingly  rare,  for  only  one  record  exists. 
Cassia  depressa       A  species  mostly  lying  on  the  ground, 
Yellow  with  a  slender,  weak  stem  and  4-10  pairs 

July-Septem=.  of  leaflets  smaller  than  those  of  C.  chmiice- 
ber  crista,  but  the  flowers  larger  and  blooming 

later.  Found  only  in  the  south  from  Fla.  to  Miss,  and  Mo. 
Cassia  Similar  to  C.  marilandica  but  with  14-20 

Medsgeri  leaflets.     Pods  2-3 1  inches  long,  the  seg- 

Yellow  ments  shorter  than  they  are  broad,  the 

August  seeds  twice  as  long  as    they  are  thick. 

Stipules  linear  lance-shaped.  Pa.  to  Kan.,  south  to  Ga« 
and  Tex.  See  Appendix. 

228 


Strophostyl 


rles 


Flower  S^lea^f  of 
Wild  Senna.. 
Cassia 


r 

Partridge  Pea. 
Cassia,  Chamaecrista. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniaceas. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniacece. 

A  small  family  of  plants  with  sj^mmetrical  and  per- 
feet  flowers  of  mostly  five  parts,  viz.  :  five  petals,  five 
sepals  (usually  distinct),  and  five  stamens  or  twice  that 
number.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees,  but- 
terflies, and  the  beelike  flies. 

A  delicate  wild  flower  pale  or  deep  ma- 
Wild  Geranium 

or  Cranesbill  genta-pmk,  or  quite  light  purple  ;  some- 
Geranium  times  the  ten  anthers  are  a  delicate  peacock 
maculatum  blue.  The  deeply  cut,  five-lobed  leaf  is 
Magenta=pink  rough-hairy  ;  the  stem  and  the  unfolded 
flower-envelop  (the  bud)  are  also  remarka- 
bly hairy.  The  blossoms  are  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  the 
agency  of  honeybees,  and  the  smaller  bees  of  the  genus 
Halictus — particularly  Halictus  coriaceus,  and  the  Syr- 
phid  flies.  The  .flower  is,  perhaps,  quite  incapable  of 
self-fertilization  in  the  absence  of  insects,  as  the  pollen 
is  ripe  and  the  anthers  fall  away  before  the  stigma 
is  receptive.  The  leaves  with  their  brown  or  white 
spots  are  the  occasion  of  the  specific  title,  maculatum. 
1-2  feet  high.  In  woodlands  and  wooded  roadsides, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west.  Found  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H. 

A  rather  handsome  and  decorative  spe- 
Herb  Robert          .          ., 

Geranium  cies  adventive  from  Europe,  distinguished 

Robertianum      for  its  generally  ruddy  stems  and  strong 
Magenta  odor  when  bruised.    The  ornamental  leaves 

with  3-5  divisions  are  deep  green  some- 
times modified  w^ith  the  ruddy  tinge  of 
the  plant.  The  flowers  are  deep  or  pale  magenta,  and 
are  succeeded  by  long-beaked  seed-vessels.  10-18  inches 
high.  On  the  borders  of  rocky  woods,  from  Me.,  south 
to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  distin- 

BickneUii  guished  by  its  almost  skeleton-lobed  leaf 

and  remarkable  seed-vessel  the  persistent 

style  of  which  splits  upward  from  the  base  and  bears  the 

seed  at  the  tip.     The  flowers  are  pale  magenta,  and  are 


Herb  Robert 
Geranium  Roberti&num. 


Geranium  Bicknellii, 


FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY.    Limnanthacese. 


generally  borne  in  pairs.  8-16  inches  high.  Me.  to 
southern  N.  Y.,  and  northwest  to  western  Ontario, 
Canada. 

Geranium  Another  similar  species  but  one  more 

Carolinianum  commonly  distributed  through  the  South 
Pale  magenta  The  leaves  are  deeply  cut  and  narrowly 
May-August  iobed,  and  the  pale  magenta  flowers  are 
borne  in  compact  clusters.  The  beak  to  the  seed-vessel 
is  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  is  short-pointed  in  contradiS' 
tinction  to  that  of  the  foregoing  species,  which  is  long- 
pointed.  The  curved  sections  of  the  beak  are  also 
shorter.  The  stem  is  fuzzy  and  8-15  inches  high.  In 
poor  soil  from  Me.,  south  to  Mex. ,  and  west.  This  gera- 
nium as  well  as  the  others  is  more  or  less  dependent 
upon  the  small  bees  (Halictits),  and  the  Syrphid  flies 
for  cross-fertilization.  The  flower  has  ten  perfect  sta- 
mens, however,  and  the  inner  circle  of  their  anthers  is 
so  near  the  stigma  that  self-pollinization  may  easily 
occur  ;  that  is  the  expressed  opinion  of  Professor 
Robertson. 

An  uncommon  species  introduced  from 

Geranium  _. 

pratense  Europe,  confined  to  Canada,  northeastern 

Purple  Maine,  and  eastern  Massachusetts.    Leaves 

June-Septem=    with  mostly  7  deeply  cut  lobes  ;  the  flower- 
stems  and  seed-vessel  beak  glandular-hairy. 
Flowers  deep  magenta-purple.     24  inches  high.     Open 
fields.      See  Appendix. 

FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY.    Limnanthacece. 

Plants  with  3-6  parted  flowers  and  compound  (pinnate) 
leaves. 

False  Mermaid  ^  s^en(^er  an(*  weak-stemmed  little  plant, 
Floerkea  pro-  with  small  compound  leaves  of  from  3-5 
serjnnacoides  leaflets  sometimes  thrice  cleft.  The  tiny 
White  white  flowers  with  three  petals  are  borne 

April-June  singly  on  long  and  slender  stems  proceed- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  leaves.  The  flower  is  succeeded 
by  1-3  fleshy  spherical  seed  receptacles  which  are  set 
snugly  within  the  remaining  three  sepals.  6-15  inches 
high.  In  swampy  land,  and  on  river-banks,  from  Me., 
southwest  to  Pa. ,  and  westward. 
232 


Cranesbill. 
Geranium 
m&culatum. 


Geranium  Carolinianum. 


SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalidaceas. 


SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalidacece. 

A  small  family  of  low  herbs  in  our  range,  with  trifoli- 
ate leaves  and  perfect,  regular  flowers  of  five  parts  ;  the 
ten  stamens  united  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  five-celled  cap- 
sule. Juice  sour  and  watery.  Cross-fertilized  by  the 
smaller  bees  and  the  beelike  flies. 

One  of  the  most  dainty  of  all  woodland 
Wood  Sorrel          ,  .  ,     n  ., 

Oxalis  plants,  common  in  cool,  damp  situations. 

Acetosella  The  leaf  composed  of  three  light  green 
White  pink=  heart-shaped  leaflets  which  droop  and 
veined  fol(j  together  after  nightfall.  The  frail 

flowers  nearly  an  inch  broad,  with  five 
notched  petals,  are  borne  singly  on  delicate  long  stems, 
and  are  either  pinkish  white,  striped  with  crimson  lines, 
the  color  deepening  toward  the  centre  of  the±>lossom, 
or  white  with  crimson-pink  lines.  Fertilizer  by  the 
smaller  bees  (Halictus),  and  the  Syrphid  flies.  Cleisto- 
gamic  flowers  (a  kind  fertilized  in  the  bud  without 
opening)  are  also  borne  on  small  curved  stems  at  the 
base  of  the  plant.  A  stemless  perennial  about  3-4  in- 
ches high,  growing  from  a  creeping  scaly-toothed  root. 
Common  in  thin,  damp  woods  from  Me.  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  Car.,  arid  west  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. Found  at  Profile  Lake,  Franconia  Notch,  N.  H. 
A  native  of  the  old  world,  and  a  most  interesting  flower 
frequently  introduced  in  the  paintings  of  Fra  Angelico 
and  Sandro  Botticelli. 

Violet  Wood  Another  most  dainty  woodland  species 
Sorrel  common  in  the  South,  and  cultivated  as  a 

Oxalis  violacea  house  plant  in  the  North.  The  leaves  are 
Pale  magenta  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

The  flowers  are  variable,  sometimes  white, 
but  generally  light  magenta  (the  rose  purple  of  Dr. 
Gray)  ;  they  are  never  violet.  The  long  flower-stalks 
bear  3-6  or  more  blossoms,  in  contradistinction  to  O. 
Acetosella  which  bears  but  one  flower  on  a  stalk.  It  is 
frequented  by  the  same  class  of  insects  which  visit  the 
last.  4-8  inches  high.  Rocky  ground  and  thin  woods, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  the  Rockies.  Also  among 
the  Andes,  Sonth  America. 

234 


Wood  Sorrel 

•«  Ox  alls  AcetoselLx 


SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalidacese. 


One  of  the  commonest  yellow  son  els  of 

Sor!°e7or  ^  the  n°rth  '  nOt  a  woodland  Plant  but  f amil- 
Lady's  Sorrel  *ar  ^7  eveIT  roadside  and  in  every  field  and 
Oxalis  garden.  The  light  green  stem  erect,  rather 

comiculata          smooth,  or  sparingly  hairy  (viewed  under 
e  *JT    t          the  glass) ;  the  leaves  of  three  heart-shaped 
ber    "  '    leaflets  (smaller  than  those  of  the  last  spe- 

cies), long-stemmed  and  somewhat  droop- 
ing ;  without  small  leafy  formations  at  the  junction  of 
leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  The  rather  deep  lemon  yellow 
flowers  scarcely  £  inch  broad,  with  five  long  ovate  petals 
and  ten  yellow  stamens  alternately  long  and  short ;  the 
heart  of  the  blossom  is  green.  There  are  2-6  flowers 
on  a  somewhat  horizontally  spreading,  branched  stem, 
which  are  succeeded  by  hairy  seed-pods  -J-  inch  long  set 
at  scarcely  a  wide  angle  with  their  stalks.  Visited  by 
the  smaller  bees,  and  Syrphld  flies,  and  also  occa- 
sionally by  the  tiny  butterflies  (Hesperia).  3-12  inches 
high,  with  a  weak  stem  but  strong  root.  The  O.  cor- 
niculata,  var.  stricta,  of  the  sixth  ed.  of  Gray's  Manual. 

A  far  less  common  species,  an -annual  or 
Yellow  Wood  .  .    .         *  ' 

Sorrel  or  perennial,  sustaining  itself  by  far-reaching 

Lady's  Sorrel  running  roots.  Generally  less  upright 
Oxalis  stricta  than  the  last.  With  leafy  formations  at  the 
May-Septem-  baseg  of  the  ieaf-stalks.  Pods  elongated, 
and  erect,  often  set  at  a  sharp  angle 
with  their  stalks.  In  other  respects  very  similar  to  the 
foregoing  species,  but  rare  ;  near  Burlington,  Vt. 

A  tall  species  with  a  nearly  smooth  stem 
Oxalis  grandis  ,  ,  ,  ,        .,,          «, 

Yellow  and  branches,  or  these  covered  with  soft 

May-August      fine  hairs.     The  leaflets  large,   often   1J 

inches  broad,  sometimes  edged  with  dull 
magenta.  The  yellow  flowers  often  f  inch  broad.  12-20 
inches  high.  Sandy  woodlands  and  river  margins,  Pa. 
to  111. ,  and  south. 

A  very  Blender  species  blooming  in  the 

same  season,  the  stem  sparingly  hairy,  and 
the  stems  of  the  yellow  flowers  threadlike,  the  clusters 
mostly  two-flowered.  9-18  inches  high.  In  sandy  wood- 
lands, s.  Me.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  Conn,  south.  O.  repens  is  a 
prostrate,  creeping  form  confined  mostly  to  greenhouses. 
236 


Characteristically  hairy 
in  all  its  parts. 

Yellow  Wood  Sorrel. 
Oxdlis  strict*.  Oxalis  corniculata. 


FLAX  FAMILY.     Linacese. 


FLAX  FAMILY.     Linacece. 

A  small  family  mostly  composed  of  not  very  tall  herbs, 
slender  and  frail  flowered,  but  remarkable  for  having 
furnished  the  world  with  linen  from  time  immemorial. 
The  perfect,  symmetrical  flowers  (of  the  genus  Linum) 
have  five  petals,  sepals,  styles,  and  stamens  ;  the  petals 
before  expansion  are  rolled-up.  The  fruit  is  usually  in  a 
capsule.  Mostly  fertilized  by  the  smaller  bees  and  bee- 
like  flies. 

A  smooth  perennial,  with  small  yellow 
Wild  Yellow        _  .       ,.          /',»•*. 

Fjax  flowers  terminating  slender  branches  ;  the 

Linum  five  tiny  yellow  petals  scarcely  give  the 

Virginianum      flower   a    width   of  -^   inch.      The    small 

Yellow  leaves  are  lance-shaped,   thin,   and  one- 

June-August          -i  T      n        rrn  ,  i         •    j     l 

ribbed.     The  sepals  are  ovate  and  pointed. 

1-2   feet    high.      Dry    woodlands,    and    shady    places, 

throughout  the  north,  and  south  to  Ga. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  an  an- 

sulcatum  nual  with  a  usually  simple  stem  and  alter- 

nate leaves  ;  the  stem  corrugated,  at  least 

above,  the  sharp,  lance-shaped  leaves  three-ribbed,  and 

the  yellow  flowers  a  full  half-inch  broad.     1-2  feet  high. 

In  dry  soil  from  E.   Mass.,  west  to   the  Great  Lakes, 

through  the  mountains  south  to  Ga.,  and  southwest  to 

Tex.     Rare  along  the  seacoast. 

A  rather  delicate-appearing  and  pretty 
Common  Flax  ..        „       rr— 

Linum  annual  adventive  from  Europe  or  escaped 

usitatissimum  from  cultivation  ;  it  has  been  under  culti- 
Light  blue=  vation  since  prehistoric  times  for  its  linen 
violet  fibre  and  its  geed  oil  The  stem  erect, 

be"6  "    branching,  and  ridged,  the  alternate  leaves 

lance-shaped,  sharp,  and  three-ribbed.  The 
delicate  blue-violet  flowers,  f  inch  broad,  with  five 
slightly  overlapping  petals,  are  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
honeybee.  9-20  inches  high.  Along  roadsides,  by  rail- 
ways, in  cultivated  fields,  and  in  waste  places. 

A  very  similar  species  also  introduced 
Linum  humile     f^m  Europe,  but  the  stem  not  as  tall ;  the 
seed  capsule  opening  by  partitions  which  are  hairy -edged 
238 


L.  carol  inianum. 


«  w/y 

Common  Flax.  Linum  usitatissimum. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacess. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacece 

Mostly  herbs  with  generally  alternate  leaves,  and  per- 
fect but  irregular  flowers  with  five  sepals,  the  two  late- 
ral ones  petallike,  large,  and  colored ;  the  others  small. 
The%three  petals  are  connected  with  each  other  in  a  tube- 
like  form  ;  the  lower  one  is  often  crested  at  the  tip.  The 
generally  eight  stamens  are  more  or  less  united  into  one 
or  two  sets  and  in  part  coherent  with  the  lower  petal, 
but  free  above.  Stigma  curved  and  broad  ;  the  anthers 
generally  cup-shaped  and  opening  by  a  slit  or  hole  at  the 
apex.  Cross-fertilization  effected  by  the  agency  of  bees 
and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  exceedingly  dainty,   low  perennial 

lilk"   rising    from    prostrate    stems   and    roots 

Flowering         sometimes  a  foot  long.     The  few  broad, 

Wintergreen     ovate,  bright  green  leaves  are  crowded  at 

Poly  gala  the  summit  of  the  stems,  the  lower  ones 

paudfoha          reduced  to  the  size  of  a  mere  scale.     The 

Magenta  or         ,  . .         . ,  1,1  •    , 

wnite  leaves  live  through  the  winter  and  turn 

May-July  a  bronze  red.  The  flowers,  nearly  f  inch 
long,  are  generally  magenta  or  criinson- 
magenta,  and  rarely  white.  The  three  petals  are  united 
in  a  tube,  the  lowest  one  terminating  in  a  pouch  con- 
taining the  pistil  and  anthers,  and  furnished  at  the  end 
with  a  fringe  or  beard.  This  last  serves  as  a  landing  plat- 
form for  bees  who  will  naturally  depress  the  pouch  by 
their  weignt ;  the  rigid  pistil  and  stamens,  however,  re- 
fusing to  bend  with  the  pouch  are  forced  out  through  a 
slit  at  the  top  of  the  latter  and  come  in  direct  contact 
with  the  under  parts  of  the  insect  visitor.  Thus  cross- 
fertilization  is  in  a  large  measure  secured  by  the  pollen- 
daubed  bee  brushing  against  the  exposed  stigma  of  the 
next  flower  visited.  The  honeybee  and  the  ground  bees 
of  the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrenidce  are  the  common- 
est visitors.  The  little  plant  often  bears  cleistogamous 
subterranean  flowers  on  tiny  branchlets.  Erect  stem  3-6 
inches  high.  Common  in  damp,  rich  woods,  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  111.  and  Minn.  Found  at 
Holderness,  N.  H.  ;  white  specimens  near  Bangor,  Me. 


240 


tffl 


Fringed  Polygala.         Polygala  p&ucifolia. 


Seneca  Snakeroot.  Polygala.  Senega. 


MILK  WORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacese. 


_.„_      ^  The  tiny  aesthetic,  dull  crimson  flowers 

MHkwort  .  ,.  .  .  . 

Polygala  of  tnis  sPecies  are  borne  in  delicate  long 

polygama  clusters  at  the  tips  of  the  leafy  stems.    The 

Dull  crimson  leaves  are  light  dull  green,  lance-shaped, 
June-July  an(j  crowded  on  the  slender  stem,  tooth- 
less, and  rather  blunt,  with  a  bristlelike  tip.  Rarely  the 
flowers  are  nearly  white  ;  the  eight  stamens  are  more  or 
less  conspicuous.  The  plant  also  bears  cleistogamous 
flowers  on  subterranean  horizontal  branches,  and  these 
are  numerous  enough  to  justify  the  specific  title,  poly- 
gama. 5-15  inches  high.  Dry  sandy  soil  common 
everywhere,  but  locally  abundant  only. 
_  A  much  less  showy  species  with  white 

Snakeroot  or  greenish  white  flowers  and  fewer  lance- 
Polygala  shaped  leaves,  the  lowest  ones  very  small 

Senega  and  scalelike.     The  small  terminal  flower- 

White  or  cluster  dense.     It  bears  no  cleistogamous 

greenish  white  blossoms>  Stem  6_13  inches  high,  simple 
May-June 

or  slightly  branched.    In  rocky  woodlands, 

from  western  New  Eng.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  among  the 
mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  branching    and    leafy  species    with 
Polygala 
sangUinea  globular  or  oblong,  compact  flower-clus- 

Magenta  ters   of   deep  or  pale  magenta  blossoms ; 

June-  rarely  they  are   white.    .It  is  the  calyx 

September  which  contributes  the  ruddy  magenta  to 
the  flower ;  the  yellowish  petals  are  hidden  within. 
The  stem  is  slightly  angled.  The  little  leaves  are  similar 
to  those  of  P.  polygama.  6-12  inches  high.  In  moist 
and  sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  New  Eng.,  south  to  S. 
Car.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  La. 

A  southern  species  with  a  slender  stem 
mariana  much   branched  at  maturity,  and  small, 

Magenta  narrow,  linear  leaves.  Flower  spikes  nearly 

July-Septem=  globular,  the  flowers  light  magenta. 
ker  Bracts  deciduous.  6-15  inches  high.  In 

pine  barrens  and  dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  south,  and  south- 
west to  Tex. 


242 


Milkwort. 
Polygala,  polygama.       Potygata  5&nguinea, 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacea 


An  attractive  species  whose  leaves  are 

Cross-leaved      generally  arranged  in  clusters  of  four  — 
JVlilkwort  .„       ,.,,  .    ,         ^A 

Folygala  hence  the  specific  title,  cruciata.     Stem 

crudata  square  or  almost  winged   at  the   angles, 

Dull  magenta-  widely  branched,  and  smooth.     The  deli- 
pink  cate  dull  magenta  flowers  in  heads  like 

Se  tember          clover  bloom,  with  the   florets   crowded. 
3-13  inches  high.     Margins  of  swamps,  or 
low  ground,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  La. 
A  species  very  similar  to  the  last,  but 
Short-leaved      with  a  sien(jerer  stem  an(}  shorter  leaves 
Milkwort  .      .       ,.   ,    ..     ,     .,       m.        _ 

Poly  gala  more  sparingly  distributed.     The  flower- 

brevifolia  spikes    much    smaller     and    the    flowers 

Dull  magenta-   stemmed.    3-10  inches  high.    A  coastwise 
pmk  Polygala,  common  on  the  borders  of  brack- 

September         *sn  swamPs>  from  R.  L,  Long  Island,  N. 

J.,  and  Del.,  south. 

A  slender  and  smooth  species  with  usu- 
Whorled  aiiy  many  branches,  and  with  long  slender 

lance-shaped  leaves  tipped  with  a  slight 
verticillata  bristle,  arranged  in  circles  of  4-5,  or  scat- 
Magenta-  tered  singly  among  the  branches.  The 
tinged  or  greenish  w^hite  or  magenta- tinged  flowers 

are  compactly  clustered  in  conic  spikes, 
September  nearly  an  inch  long.  The  little  florets  are 

distinctly  stemmed.  All  the  Poly  galas  are 
assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by  the  bees  and 
some  of  the  smaller  butterflies,  notably  Colias  philodice, 
yellow.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  everywhere  in 
fields  or  on  roadsides.  The  var.  ambigua  is  nearly  the 
same  in  structure,  but  is  taller,  slenderer,  and  only  the 
lower  leaves  are  in  circles ;  the  others  are  alternate. 
The  flower-spikes  are  very  long  and  loose,  some  of  the 
lower  flowers  being  isolated ;  the  blossoms  are  a  trifle 
larger,  and  mostly  a  pale  ma,genta.  In  dry  soil,  N.  Y., 
N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  southwest  to  Tenn. 
and  La. 


244 


Cross-leaved  MilRwort.         Polygata  cruciate. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     Euphorbiaceae. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     Euphorbiacece. 

Plants  with  usually  a  milky  and  acrid  juice,  bearing 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  one  plant  or  exclu- 
sively either  kind  on  one  plant,  so  there  shall  be  stami- 
nate ones,  and  pistillate  ones,  hence  they  are  largely 
dependent  upon  insects  for  fertilization.  The  flowers 
are  irregularly  or  imperfectly  constructed,  i.  e.,  in  some 
instances  without  petals,  and  in  others  polypetalous  or 
even  monopetalous.  Fruit  generally  a  three-lobed  cap- 
sule. Represented  in  the  northern  countries  by  the 
genus  Euphorbia,  but  largely  a  tropical  family. 

A  prostrate,  spreading  weed  common  in 
Seaside  Spurge  '  J 

Euphorbia  tne  sand  °f  the  seashore  ;  stem  branched 
polygonifolia  and  smooth.  Flowers  inconspicuous  and 
Whitish  green  usually  solitary  at  the  bases  of  the  small 

July-  linear  oblong  leaves.     Seed-capsule  round- 

September 

ovoid,   and  ash  gray-colored.     Branches 

8-7  inches  long.  Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  R.  I., 
south,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  prostrate  weed  common  throughout 
Milk  Purslane  North  America,  in  open  places  and  on 
°r  ^°e  '  roadsides.  Stems  usually  dark  red,  hairy 

Euphorbia  an(l  spreading  radiately  like  common  pus- 
maculata  ley ;  leaves  toothed,  red -blotched,  and 

Whitish  or  dark  green  in  color,  oblong  and  obtuse, 
jU  y  about  1  inch  long.  The  whitish  or  ruddy 

September         inconspicuous  flowers  growing  at  the  bases 
of  the  leaves.     Branches  3-12  inches  long. 
Common  everywhere.      See  Appendix. 

A  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  annual,  the 
Preslii  *  oblique  and  three-ribbed  leaves  of  which 

Whitish  or  are  red-spotted  and  margined  ;  similar  to 
ruddy  those  of  the  preceding  species.  The  stem 

branched  and  nearly  upright.     The  insig- 
nificant flowers  whitish  or  ruddy,  and  obo- 
void  in  shape.     8-20  inches  high.     Common  everywhere 
in  fields,  by  roadsides,  and  on  the  borders  of  thickets. 


246 


Spurge. 

E.Helioscopia.      Euphorbia  PresliL          E.macula-U. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     Euphorbiaceae. 


White  Mar=  -^  verv  handsome  species  cultivated  for 
gined  Spurge,  its  ornamental  white-margined  leaves  sur- 
er Snow  on  rounding  the  rather  insignificant  flowers. 
the  Mountain  An  annuai  witn  bright  green  foliage,  the 
Euphorbia  ,  .  , 

marginata  leaves  ovate-pointed,  toothless  and  stalk- 
White  less.  Stem  stout  2-3  feet  high.  In  dry 
May-  soil,  Ohio  and  Minn,  west  to  Col.  Also  an 
September  escape  from  gardens  in  the  east. 

An    annual    species    naturalized    from 
Europe,  with  a  smooth,  erect,  stout  stem, 

Helioscopia  often  branched    from  the  base.     Leaves 

Greenish  obovate  and  finely  toothed.     The  insignifi- 

andtan  cant  flowers  terminating  the  branchlets, 

of  an  indeterminate  color,  generally  green 
September 

and  tan.     8-12  inches  high.     Common  in 

waste  places  from  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  and  along  the  Great 
Lakes. 

A    perennial    spreading   by    horizontal 

rootstocks,  and  an  escape  from  gardens 
Euphorbia  *°  roadsides  and  waste  places  in  the  east- 
Cyparissias  ern  States.  Leaves  bright  light  green, 
Greenish  linear  and  almost  filiform.  The  stems 

and  tan  thickly    clustered    and    very    leafy,    ter- 

September         minated   by    a    large    flower-cluster   flat 

dome-shaped.  The  insignificant  flowers 
indeterminate  in  color,  but  generally  greenish  dull  yel- 
low, or  tan,  or  russet  red  ;  they  are  rather  ornamental, 
with  crescent-shaped  glands.  The  plant  is  milky  juiced, 
like  all  the  Euphorbias ,  and  it  has  become  naturalized 
from  Europe.  It  is  poisonous  if  eaten  in  any  quantity. 
Fertilized  by  bees  and  butterflies.  5-12  inches  high. 
Common  everywhere  in  the  east.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.  H.,  near  an  old  graveyard. 

Euphorbia  ^n  °^  world  species  with  a  tall,  stocky, 

ludda  smooth  stem,  and  long  lance-shaped  leaves, 

July-Septem=    the  floral  ones   heart-shaped  and  with  a 

bristlelike  tip.  The  seed  pods  finely  wrink. 
led.  Along  roadsides  and  in  fields  of  the  Susquehanna 
Valley,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  Similar  to  E.  Cyparissias  in 
general  appearance  with  the  exception  of  the  broader 
leaves.  8-18  inches  high. 


Cypress  Spurge. 
Euphorbia  Cyparissias. 


Snow  on  the  Mountain. 
Euphorbia  marginata. 


CASHEW   FAMILY.     Anacardiaceas. 


CASHEW  FAMILY.     Anacardiacece. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  compound  leaves,  and 
small  regular,  generally  polygamous  flowers,  i.  e.  pistil- 
late, staminate,  and  perfect  flowers  on  the  same  plant 
or  on  different  plants  ;  the  flowers  of  five  parts  in  gen- 
eral. Fruit  a  berry.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees,  the  beelike 
flies,  and  butterflies.  The  juice  of  some  species  is  in- 
tensely poisonous. 

Dwarf  Sumac  A  shrub  with  fine-hairy  branches,  and 
Rhus  copaiiina  compound  dark  green  leaves  of  9-21  ovate 
Green=white  lance-shaped  shining  leaflets,  toothless, 
July-August  or  with  few  obscure  teeth;  the  stem 
is  wing-margined  between  the  leaflets.  The  green- 
white  flowers  are  polygamous,  and  collected  in  a  cone- 
like  terminal  cluster,  succeeded  by  the  maroon-red  hairy 
fruit.  1-7  feet  high  ;  sometimes  a  tree  25  feet  high. 
Common  on  rocky  hillsides  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

Staghorn  ^   similar  and  very  common  shrub  in 

Sumac  thickets  among  the    hills,    with    golden 

Rhus  typhina  brown  twigs  densely  covered  with  velvety 
June  hairs,  and  leaves  of  11-31  lance-shaped, 

sharply  toothed  leaflets,  dark  green  above  and  whitish, 
fine-hairy  beneath  ;  turning  a  brilliant  scarlet  in  the 
early  fall.  The  leaf-stem  not  winged.  The  polygamous 
green-white  or  whitish  green  flowers  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding ;  the  fruit  very  densely  covered  with  maroon-red 
hairs.  Dry,  rocky  soil?  especially  among  the  moun- 
tains, from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
The  wood  is  a  dull  greenish  yellow  handsomely  grained  ; 
the  bark  is  used  for  tanning  leather. 

A  similar  smooth-stemmed  shrub  with 
smmath  leaves  of  11-31  toothed  leaflets,  dark  green 

Khusglabra  above  and  whitish  beneath  ;  the  stem  not 
winged.  The  flowers  and  fruit  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species.  2-12  feet  high,  some- 
times 18  feet  high.  About  the  same  distribution  as  the 
above. 


250 


Rhus  copal  lim. 


CASHEW  FAMILY.     Anacardiaceae. 


Poison  Sumac  ^n  exceedingly  poisonous  shrub  with 
Rhus  Vernix  compound,  smooth,  lighter  green  leaves, 
Whitish  green  green  on  both  sides,  of  7-13  thin  obovate 
June  but  pointed  leaflets  without  teeth.  More 

frequently  found  in  swampy  land,  and  irritatingly 
poisonous  to  the  touch.  The  flowers  are  whitish  green 
and  are  borne  in  loose  clusters  at  the  angles  of  the 
leaves  ;  they  are  also  polygamous.  Fruit  a  green-gray 
berry  in  slim  clusters.  6-15  feet  high,  or  sometimes  24 
feet  high.  In  wet,  low  grounds,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  vine  with  a  shrubby  character  in  its 
Poison  Ivy 
Rhu8  more  southern  range,  but  pushing  its  way 

toxicodendron  with  rapidly  running  rootlets  in  the  colder 
Whitish  green  northern  region.  A  noxious  poison,  in- 
May-June  deed,  producing  a  painful,  burning  erup- 
tion of  the  skin,  if  the  latter  comes  in  contact  with  any 
part  of  the  plant  ever  so  lightly  ;  some  persons  are  far 
more  susceptible  to  the  poison  than  others,  but  it  has 
been  demonstrated  that  it  acts  only  by  contact.  An 
excellent  remedy  to  use  until  a  physician  can  be  con- 
sulted, is  the  well-known  Extract  of  Witch-hazel 
("Pond's  Extract")  applied  by  saturating  cloths  and 
wrapping  them  about  the  inflamed  parts.  The  triple 
leaf  of  Poison  Ivy  should  never  be  mistaken  for  that  of 
the  Virginia  Creeper,  which  has  five  leaflets  strongly 
toothed.  The  leaflets  of  the  poisonous  plant  are  smooth, 
but  not  shining,  light  green,  toothless,  and  generally 
ovate-pointed  without  lobes ;  but  sometimes  the  larger 
leaves  are  shallowly  notched  or  sinuous  at  the  edge. 
The  flowers  are  whitish  green,  and  with  the  fruit  are 
similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.  Climbing  high 
on  the  trunks  of  trees,  on  stone  walls,  in  thickets,  or 
running  over  low  ground,  or  meadows ;  sometimes 
bushy,  erect,  with  gray  stems  2-3  inches  thick,  and  1-4 
feet  high.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Utah,  Ark., 
and  Tex.  Common  in  the  Pemigewasset  Valley,  N.  H. 


Poison  Sumac. 
Rhu5  Vernix. 


Poison  Ivy. 

Rhus  toxicodendron. 


STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.     Celastracex 


STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.     CelastracecR. 

Shrubs  with  simple  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  regular,  generally  perfect  flowers  with  4-5  petals 
and  as  many  stamens  inserted  on  a  disc  set  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  (or  sometimes  merged  into  it)  and  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  pod  with  2-5  cells.  Insect 
visitors  commonly  bees. 

A  twining,  shrubby  vine  common  on  old 
tersweef  '  '  s^one  wa^s  and  roadside  thickets,  and 
Waxwork  sometimes  climbing  trees  to  a  height  of 
Celastrus  twenty  or  more  feet.  The  light  green 

scandens  leaves  are    smooth  and  ovate  or  ovate- 

wMtei8h  oblong,  finely  toothed,  and  acute  at  the 

june  tip  ;  they  grow  alternately  and  somewhat 

in  ranks  owing  to  the  twisting  of  the  stem. 
The  tiny  flowers  are  greenish  white,  and  grouped  in  a 
loose,  spikelike  terminal  cluster  ;  the  five  minute  petals 
are  finely  toothed  along  the  edge,  and  the  five  stamens 
are  inserted  on  a  cup-shaped  disc,  in  the  manner  ex- 
plained above.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  in  September 
by  the  beautiful  orange  fruit,  a  globular  berry  in  loose 
clusters,  but  properly  speaking  a  capsule  whose  orange 
shell  divides  into  three  parts,  bends  backward,  and  ex- 
poses the  pulpy  scarlet  envelop  of  the  seed  within.  The 
fruit  is  charmingly  decorative,  and  if  it  is  picked  and 
placed  in  a  warm  room  before  the  shells  open,  it  will  ex- 
pand and  remain  in  a  perfect  condition  thoughout  the 
winter.  Climbing  6-25  feet.  Along  roadsides,  streams, 
etc.,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  among  the  mountains, 
and  west  to  the  Daks.,  Kan.,  Oklahoma,  and  N.  Mex 
Rare  in  the  White  Mountain  region  of  N.  H. 

A  low  evergreen  shrub  with  tiny  incon- 
Mountain  ...  „ 

Lover  spicuous  flowers  with  four  spreading  petals 

Pachistima          and  as  many  sepals  of  equal  length,  brown- 
Canbyi  green.     The  small  blunt  leaves  opposite, 

Brown=green     linear-oblong,    slightly   toothed,   and    the 
edges  rolled  back.     4-1 2  feet  high.     Rocky 
slopes  of  mountains  in  Va.  and  W.  Va. 

254 


Bittersweet. 
Celastrus  scandens, 


JEWEL=WEED  FAMILY.     Balsaminace<#- 


JEWEL-WEED  FAMILY.     Balsaminacece. 

Juicy -stemmed  herbs  with  smooth  simple- toothed 
leaves  and  irregular  perfect  flowers  whose  sepals  and 
petals  are  not  clearly  distinguished  as  such,  the  spurred 
sack  being  one  of  the  three  sepals  ;  the  other  two  are 
lateral  and  small.  Petals  five,  or  three  with  two  of 
them  two-cleft  into  dissimilar  lobes.  The  five  stamens 
are  short.  Admirably  adapted  to  fertilization  by  long- 
tongued  insects,  such  as  bumblebees. 

A  common,  translucent- stemmed  plant 
Pale  Touch-  Q£  wet  an(i  sha(ly  situations  in  the  north, 
me=not  or  .  „  J  .  .  ..  „,.  ,  . 

JeweUweed       especially  on  mountainsides.     The  sack  of 

Impatiens  the  pale  yellow,  sparingly  brown-spotted 

paiiida  honey-bearing  flower  is  obtuse  and  rather 

Pale  yellow  short— in  fact,  somewhat  bell-shaped,  or 
September  as  broad  as  it  is  long.  The  spur  is  scarcely 
^  the  length  of  the  sack.  It  is  a  more  ro- 
bust and  a  lighter  green  species  than  the  next.  Un- 
doubtedly it  is  assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by 
the  bumblebee  and  the  honeybee.  Throughout  the  north, 
and  south  as  far  as  Ga.,  but  by  no  means  as  common  as 
I.  biflora. 

The  commoner  one  of  the  two  species, 
Spotted  Touch-  usuaj}y  ruddy  stemmed  ;  very  variable  in 
Im  aliens  color,  with  smaller  flowers,  sometimes 

biflora  deeply  freckled  with   red-brown  over  a 

Gold  yellow  deep  gold-colored  ground,  and  at  other 
variable  times  pale  buff  yellow  scarcely  spotted. 

The  sack  is  deep,  longer  thai*  it  is  broad, 
September 

and  terminates    with    an  incurved  spur 

nearly  one  half  or  fully  one  third  of  its  length.  In  Pro- 
fessor Robertson's  opinion  it  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
long  bill  of  the  hummingbird,  but  it  is  also  visited  by 
the  hone}rbee,  bumblebee,  and  the  bees  known  as  Melis- 
sodes  bimaculata  and  Halictus  confusus,  as  well  as  the 
butterfly  Papilio  troilus.  The  flower  develops  its  sta- 
mens first,  and  afterward  its  pistil,  so  cross-fertilization 
is  almost  an  assured  thing.  2-5  feet  high.  Me.,  south, 
and  west  to  Mo.  Found  in  Camp  ton,  N.  H. 


Jewel  weed 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Rhamnaceas. 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Ehamnacece. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  thorny,  with  simple,  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  and  small  regular,  perfect  or  polyga- 
mous flowers.  There  are  4-5  petals  to  the  rather  incon- 
spicuous flowers,  or,  in  some  cases,  none  at  all.  The 
fruit  a  berry,  or  a  capsule.  Visited  by  bees  and  flies. 

A  shrub  commonly  cultivated  for  feedges 
Buckthorn  as  its  twigs  are  often  armed  with  formida- 
Ehamnus  ble  thorns.  A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia, 

catJiartica  and  an  escape  from  cultivation  in  this  coun- 
Whitish  green  t  particularly  in  New  England  and  New 
May-June  /  ,  „,  .  , 

York.     The  smooth  deep  green  leaves  are 

ovate  and  finely  toothed  ;  they  grow  alternately.  The 
flowers  are  clustered  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves,  and  are 
an  inconspicuous  white-green  :  they  are  staminate  and 
pistillate  on  different  plants,  and  scarcely  measure  a  tenth 
of  an  inch  across.  The  flower  is  succeeded  by  a  black 
berry  the  juice  of  which  is  powerfully  medicinal.  6-16 
feet  high.  In  dry  soil  along  roadsides  and  near  dwell- 
ings, from  Me. ,  west  to  N.  Y. 

A  native  species  with  thornless  branches, 
leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  foreign  spe- 
cies, and  greenish  flowers  without  petals, 
staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants.  There  are 
five  stamens  and  calyx  lobes.  In  swamps,  from  Me.  to 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  Neb.,  and  in  Cal. 

A  shrubby  species  with  a  coarse,  woody 
TeT  JerSCy  brown-green  or  bronzy  stem ,  and  dull  green 
Ceanothus  ovate-pointed  leaves,  sharply  but  finely 
Americanus  toothed,  very  fine-hairy,  and  conspicu- 
Cream  white  ously  three-ribbed  ;  the  stems  short,  and 
May-July  ruddy.  The  tiny  cream  white  flowers  are 

set  in  small  blunt  cone-shaped  clusters  on  long  stems 
from  the  leaf  angles.  There  are  five  slender  petals  and  as  j 
many  stamens.  The  rather  pretty  plumy  flower-cluster 
is  lightly  odorous.  In  Revolutionary  times  the  American 
soldiers  brewed  an  indifferent-flavored  tea  from  the  dried 
leaves.  Stems  1-4  feet  high  ;  root  reddish.  In  dry  open 
woodlands,  from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo, 

258 


New  Jersey  Tea,.         ^Ceanothus  Americans 


VINE  FAMILY.     Vltaceas. 


VINE  FAMILY.     Vitacece. 

Climbing  shrubs  mostly  with  tendrils,  and  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  sap.  The  joints  rather  thick  and  the  bark 
generally  shredded.  The  flowers  are  regular  and  per- 
fect or  polygamous  —  some  plants  with  perfect,  others 
with  staminate  flowers.  Petals  4-5,  stamens  the  same. 
Fruit  a  berry,  or  grape.  Commonly  visited  by  bees  and 
the  beelike  flies. 

The  familiar  wild  grape  of  the  north 
Northern  Fox 
Grape  bearing  large  black  grapes  with  a  bluish 

Vitis  Labrusca  bloom,  tough  skin,  and  a  sweet  and  musky 
Greenish  flavor,  f  inch  in  diameter.  The  tendrils 

May-June  are  forke(j)  the  bark  shreddy,  the  young 
twigs  and  leaves  very  woolly  and  rust-tinged.  The  large 
light  green  leaves,  opposite  a  tendril  or  flower-cluster, 
are  slightly  toothed,  entire,  or  deeply  lobed,  and  rusty- 
woolly  beneath.  The  fertile  greenish  flowers  are  in  a 
compact  cluster  ;  the  grapes,  in  scant  numbers,  ripen  in 
September  and  October.  This  species  is  a  parent  of 
the  Isabella,  Catawba,  and  Concord  grapes.  Thickets, 
from  Chesterville,  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  in  the  mountains, 
and  west  to  Minn.  Common  at  Saddle  River,  N.  J. 
A  species  with  smooth  greenish  branches, 

River    rape  ^  smooth,  shining,  light  green  leaves  ; 

Vitis  vulpina 

the  tendrils  in  irregular  occurrence.     The 

leaves  sharply  three-lobed  (sometimes  more  lobes)  and 
sharply  toothed.  The  blue-bloomed  black  grapes  are 
less  than  J  inch  in  diameter,  and  rather  sweet ;  they  ripen 
from  July  to  September.  Banks  of  rivers  or  near  water, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Ark.  In  the  east  the  grapes  are  sour  and  ripen  late. 

.   .  A  familiar  creeping  or  trailing  vine  ex- 

Creepei-1  tensively  cultivated,  common  in  its  wild 

Psedera  state  on  low,  rich  ground.     It  climbs  by 

quinquefolia        means  of  disc-bearing  tendrils,  and  aerial 
Whitish  green  rootiets.     The  deep  green  leaves  are  com- 
pound,   with    5-7    (generally    with    five) 
lance-shaped,   sharply  toothed    leaflets,   much  curved, 
troughed,  and  conspicuously  veined.     The  insignificant 
yellow-green  or  whitish  green  flowers  are  perfect  or 
260 


Northern  Fox  Grape 


Vitis  Labrusca. 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


polygamous  (staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers 
occur  on  the  same  plant),  and  are  borne  in  a  rather  broad 
cluster  ;  they  are  succeeded  by  the  beautiful,  small  cadet 
blue  berries  early  in  October  ;  both  leaf-  and  berry-stalks 
are  deep  red.  The  leaves  turn  a  brilliant  deep  red  in 
autumn.  In  thin  woods  and  thickets,  from  Me.,  south, 
and  west  to  the  Daks,  and  Tex.  Not  infrequently  it  is 
mistaken  for  poison  ivy  (Rhus  toxicodendrori),  a  needless 
error,  as  the  latter  bears  three  never  five  leaflets. 

MALLOW  FAMILY.    Malvacece. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  more  or  less  cut  or 
divided  leaves.  The  flowers  perfect,  regular,  and  rolled- 
up  in  the  bud  ;  rarely  the  staminate  flowers  are  on  one 
plant,  and  the  pistillate  on  another,  thus  necessitating 
cross-fertilization  ;  or  rarely  there  are  all  three  kinds  of 
flowers,  showing  a  stage  of  development.  There  are 
generally  five  sepals  and  five  petals  ;  the  stamens  are 
indefinite  in  number.  The  fruit  generally  a  capsule. 
Fertilization  assisted  by  bees  and  butterflies. 

An  erect  perennial  plant  with  branching 
stem  and  velvety-downy>  generally  three- 
offirinaiis  lobed  leaves.     They  are  light  green,  ovate, 

Pale  crimson=  toothed,  and  stout-stemmed.  The  holly- 
pink  hocklike  flowers,  an  inch  or  more  broad, 

August-  paje  crimson.pink  an(j  veined  ;    the  sta- 


September  ..   ,    . 

mens  monadelphous,  that  is,  collected  in 

one  column  or  tube  around  the  central  pistil,  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  family.  Flowers  borne  in  small 
terminal  clusters  or  at  the  leaf  -angles.  The  thick  root 
mucilaginous  and  officinal;  it  is  commonly  used  in  confec- 
tionery. 2-4  feet  high.  In  salt  marshes  on  the  coasts  of 
Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

An  exceedingly  common  weed,  annual 
Round=leaved    or  biennial,  creeping  over  the  ground,  with 
>w,  or         ornamental,   dark    green,    round    leaves, 
Malva  having    usually    five    shallow    scalloped- 

rotundifolia       shaped    lobes,    irregularly    toothed  ;    the  . 
White  stalks  very  long.     Flowers  clustered  in 


262 


Common  Mallow.  Malva  rotund i folia. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


magenta-  the  leaf-angles,  white  or  pale  pinkish  ma- 

JeinCOct  h  genta,  magenta-veined ;  in  shape  like  a 
miniature  hollyhock,  but  the  five  petals 
notched.  Stems  4-10  inches  long.  Common  in  waste 
places  and  as  a  garden  weed  everywhere.  The  name  is 
from  the  Greek,  and  refers  to  the  soft  character  of  the 
leaves  (albeit  they  are  hard !) ;  the  popular  name, 
Cheeses,  refers  to  the  round,  cheeselike  form  of  the 
seed-receptacle.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A    common    biennial    with    an    erect 
branchinS    stem'    sightly    fine-hairy    or 
sylvestris  sometimes    smooth.     The    leaves   lighter 

Light  green,  rather  long-stalked,   toothed,  and 

magenta  angularly  five-lobed  or  occasionally  seven- 

or  pinkish  lobed.  The  flowers  with  the  same  family 
September  resemblance  to  the  hollyhock,  magenta- 
pink,  or  light  magenta,  the  petals  with 
about  four  deeper  veins  ;  the  clusters  (few-flowered)  at 
the  leaf -angles.  18-30  inches  high.  A  delicate-flowered 
plant  common  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  every- 
where. Adventive  from  Europe. 

A  very  similar  but  perennial  species, 
Musk  Mallow         .,,     ,,       ,       .    ,.    .   .         \        .        .     , 
Maiva  with  the  leaf  division  deeply  slashed  or 

moschata  cut.     The  medium  green  leaves  with  very 

White  or  narrow  divisions  and  short   stalks.     The 

magenta-pink  wnite  or  very  pale  magenta-pink  flowers 
September  nearly  two  inches  broad,  flat,  and  borne 
in  .terminal  clusters  ;  they  are  also  veined. 
The  leaves  have  a  delicate  odor  of  musk  when  crushed. 
1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  the  same  situations  as  the 
above  species,  with  the  same  distribution  ;  from  Europe. 

A  distinctly  western  flower,  occasion- 
Purple  Poppy- 
mallow  a  y  escaPed  from  cultivation  in  the  east, 
Callirrhce,  &  perennial  bearing  large  showy,  purple- 
involucrata  crimson  or  magenta  flowers  slightly  re- 
Magenta  sembling  the  Malvas.  The  leaves  slashed 
like  those  of  the  preceding  species,  but  not 
so  deeply  ;  the  lobes  more  obtuse.  The  stem  hairy,  and 
the  flowers  borne  singly  with  long  stalks.  1-2  feet  high. 
In  dry  ground,  from  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Utah,  south. 

264 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


A  tall  perennial  with  stout  shrublike 

Swamp  Rose-    stems  and  large  showy  flowers.    The  leaves 

mallow  ,.  .     .    ,  .  ' 

Hibiscus  olive   green,    bright    above   and   densely 

Moscheutos         white  woolly  beneath  ;  ovate  pointed  and 
Pale  pink  or       indistinctly  toothed,  with  long  stalks  ;  the 

lower  leaves  three-lobed.  Flowers  4-6 
September  inches  across,  with  five  broad  petals  con- 

spicuously veined,  pale  crimson-pink  or 
white,  with  or  without  a  crimson  base.  The  flowers  are 
borne  singly  or  in  scant  clusters  ;  they  show  a  strong 
family  resemblance  to  the  hollyhock.  4-6  feet  high. 
The  most  frequent  visitors  of  the  genus  Hibiscus  are  the 
honeybees  and  bumblebees.  In  marshes  near  the  coast, 
and  in  brackish  water  near  saline  springs  in  the  interior, 
from  eastern  Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111.  and  Mo., 
especially  near  the  shores  of  lakes. 

A  similar  but  smooth  species  with  the 

same  period  of  bloom.     The  upper  leaves 
leaved  Rose- 
mallow  often  halberd-shaped,  i.  e.,  like  an  arrow- 

Hibiscus  head  with  conspicuous  flanges,  the  lower 

militaris  aiso  halberd-shaped  or  plainly  three-lobed. 


Totor  Pln  The  flowers  flesh  Pink'  sometimes  with  a 

dark  magenta  centre  ;  2-3  inches  broad. 
Stem  2-5  feet  high.  On  the  banks  of  rivers  and  small 
streams  from  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  species  adventive  from  southern  Eu- 
rope,     with     a    singular    and     beautiful 
Hibiscus  inflated  calyx,  resembling  spun  glass,  five- 

Trionum  angled,  roundish,  and  hairy.     An  annual 

Sulphur  often  escaping  from  gardens,  with  hand- 

some, large  pure  yellow,  or  sulphur-col- 
ored flowers,  with  a  black-purplish  centre,  that  quickly 
fade  ;  hence  called  Flower-of-an-hour.  The  leaves  deeply 
cut,  with  3-7  lobes.  1-2  feet  high.  Near  dwellings  from 
New  Eng.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A    handsome    southern    species,    with 

Hibiscus  large,   deep  red-scariet  flowers   over  six 

coccineus  ,          ,          ,  ,      ,        ,          ,    „,     , 

Red=scarlet        inches    broad,   and    deeply    cleft    leaves. 
Common  in  cultivation.     4-7  feet  high. 
In  deep  marshes  near  the  coast  from  S.  Car.,  south. 


266 


Swamp  Rose -mallow 
Hibiscus  Moscheutos 


ST.  JOHN'S=WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericacese. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericacece. 
A  small  family  of  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  opposite, 
toothless  leaves  generally  stemless,  and  dotted  with  black* 
ish  spots.     The  flowers  perfect,  with  five  (or  four)  parts, 
and  often  with  numerous  stamens.     Fruit  a  capsule. 
St.Peter's-wort     •&•  plant  familiar  in  the  pine  barrens  of 
Ascyrum  stans   New  Jersey,  with  oval,  stemless,  thickish 
Yellow  leaves  and  four-petaled  lemon  yellow  flow- 

ers, closely  resembling  the  next  species. 
The  stem  conspicuously  two-edged.  1-2  feet  high.  In 
sandy  soil,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  south. 

A  low,  branching:,  smooth  plant  with 
St.  Andrew's 
Cross  small  deep  green  leaves,  oblong  or  narrowly 

Ascyrum  obovate,  stemless  and  thin,  growing  op- 

hypericoides        positely.     The  lemon  yellow  flowers  with 
four  petals  arranged  in  pairs  in  the  form 

September         °^  an  X'  ^n  a  ^USi^  cluster,  or  at  the  leaf- 
angles  ;  petals  numerous  ;    flower  f  inch 

broad.     5-10  inches  high.     Sandy  soil,  Nan  tucket,  Mass., 

south,  west  to  Neb.,  and  Tex. 

An  erect  and  showy  perennial  with  tall 

John's=wort       branching  stem,  the  branches  four-angled. 

Hypericum         Leaves    ovate-oblong,    pointed,    stemless 

Ascyron  and  slightly  clasping  the  plant-stem.     The 

Deep  yellow       flowers  large  and  showy,  1-2  inches  broad, 

July-August        ,         ,  .,;;  ' 

deep  lemon  yellow,  with  five  narrow  petals; 

stamens  numerous.     2-6  feet  high.     River-banks  and 
meadows,  Vt.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Minn. 

A  shrubby  species  with  stout,  branching 
John's=wort  stem,  the  branchlets  two-edged,  and  leafy. 
Hypericum  Leaves  deep  green,  lighter  beneath,  linear- 
prolificum  oblong,  and  very  short -stemmed  ;  several 
Golden  yellow  smaner  leaflets  at  the  junction  of  leaf 

with  the  stem.  Flower-clusters  thick, 
loose,  and  flat.  The  flowers  golden  yellow,  with  numer- 
ous deep  golden  yellow  stamens.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
sandy  soil  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  simple-stemmed  species  blooming  in 
Hypericum  h  game  geason  and  with  simiiar  golden 

adpressum 

yellow    flowers.     The  deep  green  leaves 

(rather  closely  set  upon  the  plant-stem)  oblong  or  lance- 
268 


St.  Andrews    Cross. 
Ascyrum  hyperieoides. 


ST.  JQHN'S=WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericacese. 


shaped.     The  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters,  with 
deep  golden  yellow  stamens.     1-2  feet  high.     In  low 
ground,  Nantucket,  Mass.,  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  south  to 
Ga.  and  La.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Hypericum  ^  common  St.  John's- wort  blooming  in 

ellipticum  the  same  season,  with  a  simple,  slightly 
Lighter  gold  four-angled  stem .  Leaves  dull  light  green , 
yellow  thin,  elliptical  (often  perfectly  so)  or  oval, 

obtuse,  and  stemless,  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Flowers  pale  gold  yellow,  about  J  inch  broad  ;  stamena 
numerous  and  golden  yellow.  The  pointed  pods  succeed- 
ing the  flowers  are  pale  terra-cotta  color.  8-20  inches 
high.  In  wet  places  and  along  streams  from  Me.,  south 
to  Conn.,  northern  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  west  to  Minn. 

A    slender-stemmed    species    generally 
Hypericum 

virgatum  branched  above,  the  stem  somewhat  four- 

Bright  ochre  angled.  Leaves  oblong  lance-shaped, 
yellow  acute,  and  stemless.  Flowers  numerous, 

deep  bright  ochre  yellow,  coppery  in  tone  ; 
September 

stamens  numerous,  blossom  same  size  as 

the  preceding.  1-2  J  feet  high.  In  low  grounds,  pine 
barrens  of  central  N.  J.,  Del.,  south,  and  west  to  111. 

This  is,  generally  speaking,  the  com- 
Jolrn™=wort  mones^  species.  A  perennial  naturalized 
Hypericum  from  Europe,  and  a  native  of  Asia.  Stem 
perforatum  simple  or  much-branched.  Leaves  dusky 
Deep  golden  green,  stemless,  small,  elliptical,  or  oblong- 
linear,  more  or  less  brown-dotted.  Flowers 
July-Sep= 
tember  shiny,  deep  golden  yellow,  with  numerous 

stamens  ;  the  clusters  terminal,  on  several 
branchlets.     1-2  feet  high.     Common  everywhere. 
Spotted  St,  -A.  species  with  the  same  season  of  bloom, 

John's=wort  remarkable  for  its  spottiness ;  its  stem 
Hypericum  slender  and  round,  often  tinged  with  dull 

red.  The  leaves  ovate  pointed,  or  oblong, 
thickly  dotted  with  sepia  brown,  stemless  or  nearly  so, 
and  often  flushed  with  a  ruddy  color.  The  golden  yel- 
low flowers  marked  with  thin  blackish  lines,  more  con- 
spicuous upon  the  back  of  the  petal  than  on  its  face. 
1-3  feet  high.  In  moist  places  and  damp  thickets  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 
270 


St.  Johns-wort. 
Hypericum  ellipticum.        Hypericum  perfopatum. 


ST.  JOHN'S=WORT  FAMILY,     fiypericacese. 


Hypericum  An    annual»   and  an   extremely  small- 

mutilum  flowered  species,  diffusely  branched,  the 

Pale  golden  branchlets  four-angled,  and  slender.  The 
orange  leaves  light  dull  green,  oblong  or  ovate, 

blunt-pointed,  and  stemless.  Flowers 
scarcely  £  inch  broad,  pale  golden  orange, 
or  light  orange  yellow,  with  only  5-12  stamens.  6-24 
inches  high.  In  meadows  and  low  grounds  everywhere. 
Hypericum  A  ver^  similar  species,  but  with  linear 

Canadense  leaves  and  tiny  deep  golden  yellow  flowers 
Deep  golden  about  £  inch  broad,  withering  early  in  the 
yellow  day.  The  leaves  light  dull  green  and  ob- 

scurely three- veined,  the  two  side  veins  scarcely  visible. 
The  branches  wiry,  angular,  and  erect.  The  budlike, 
tiny  pods  succeeding  the  flowers  are  conspicuously  ruddy, 
and  exceed  in  length  the  five-lobed  green  calyx.  In 
moist  sandy  soil,  Me.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  and  west 
to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

Also  an  annual,  with  an  entirely  differ- 

or  p"ne"we«l  6nt  aSPect  from  that  °f  the  tw°  Preceding 
Hypericum  species,  although  it  is  tiny-flowered.  The 
gentianoides  stem  erect,  diffusely  branched,  and  appar- 
Deep  golden  ently  leafless;  the  branches  like  slender 

wires,  and  the  leaves  minute  and  scalelike, 
tember  leaning  closely  to  the  branchlets.  Flowers 

deep  golden  yellow,  nearly  stemless,  and 
open  only  in  the  sunlight.  5-10  inches  high.  In  sandy 
soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 
Found  near  Brattleboro,  Vt. 

A  perennial  with  an  erect    stem  and 

Marsh  St.  stemless,  close-set,  light  green,  ovate 
John's=wort 

Hypericum         leaves,  sepia  dotted,   and  with  a  slight 

Virginicum  bloom  beneath.  The  stem,  together  with 
Pinkish  the  leaves,  late  in  the  season  (September) 

is  more  or  less  pinkish  or  crimson-stained, 
6  and  ^e  seed-vessels  are  magenta.     The 

flowers  are  pinkish  flesh-color,  with  orange 
glands  separating  the  three  groups  of  golden  yellow 
stamens.  Flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters.  1-2  feet 
high.  In  marshes,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 


272 


'Drawn  life  siz.e. 


Marsh  St.  Johns-wort. 
Hvoericum    CdJiadense.      HypericumVirginicum, 


ROCK=ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistacex. 


ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistacece. 

Small  shrubs  or  herbs  with  regular  flowers,  the  five 
green  sepals  of  unequal  size,  the  two  outer  smaller  ones 
resembling  bracts,  or  small  leaflets.  Petals  3-5.  But 
one  style  or  none  at  all.  Seed-receptacles  (on  slender 
stalks)  opening  at  the  top.  Visited  by  butterflies  and 
honeybees  in  particular. 

Frostweed  •&*  perennial,   remarkable  for  the   fact 

Helianthemum  that  ice-crystals  form  about  the  cracked 
Canadense  bark  of  the  root  in  late  autumn.  Lance- 

oblong  dull  green  leaves  hoary  with  fine 
June-August 

hairs  on  the  under  side.     With  two  kinds 

of  flowers,  the  early  ones  solitary,  one  inch  broad,  with 
showy  yellow  petals  which  are  more  or  less  crumpled  in 
the  bud,  which  fade  early  and  fall  away  ;  these  early 
blossoms  have  innumerable  stamens.  The  later  ones 
have  few,  and  are  small  and  clustered  at  the  bases  of  the 
leaves.  Pods  of  the  larger  flower  £  inch  long  ;  of  the 
smaller  one,  not  larger  than  a  pin  head.  Low.  In  sandy 
soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  name 
from  the  Greek  words  sun  and  flower  ;  the  flowers  open 
only  once  in  sunshine. 

Hudsonia  A   bushy   little    shrub   with    tiny  awl- 

tomentosa  shaped,  scalelike   leaves,  oval  or  longer, 

Yellow  downy,  and  set  close  to  the  plant-stem. 

May-June  The  smau  yellow  flowers  crowded  along 
the  upper  branches  ;  they  open  only  in  sunshine.  The 
stem  5-10  inches  high,  hoary  with  down.  Sandy  shores 
Me.  to  Md.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.  Also 
on  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Charnplain,  Burlington 
and  Apple  Tree  Bays. 

An  insignificant,   fine-hairy,   perennial 
herb'  with  tin^  linear  leaves,  larger  on  the 


minor 


Greenish  or        upper  parts  of  the  plant,  and  very  small 
magenta=tinted  near  the  base.     The  three  tiny,  greenish 
(or  magenta-  tinted),  narrow  petals  remain 
within  the  green  sepals  after  fading.     The 
pod  nearly  globose,  and  appearing  like  a  pin  head.     The 
upright  smooth    (when    old)  stem  10-18  inches  high, 
Common  in  dry,  sterile  ground. 
274 


Lechea   minor. 

Frostweed. 
Hudsonia,  tomentosa.  •        Helianthemum  Canadense 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceae, 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violacece. 

A  small  family  of  generally  low  herbs  with  perfect, 
but  rather  irregular  flowers  of  five  petals,  the  lowest  of 
which  is  spurred.  There  are  five  perfect  stamens  whose 
anthers  turn  inward  and  lie  touching  each  other  around 
the  pistil.  It  is  a  family  of  nectar-yielding  flowers  com- 
monly visited  by  many  species  of  bees  and  a  few  butter- 
flies, and  cross-fertilization  is  effected  by  their  assistance 
and  by  structural  contrivances.  The  name  is  Latin. 

A  beautiful  violet,  very  common  in  the 
Bird-foot 

yioiet  southeast  part  of  Massachusetts,  including 

Viola  pedata  the  Island  of  Nantucket.  The  plant  is  gen- 
Light  violet  erally  smooth  and  tufted ;  the  leaves,  dull 

etc*  pale  green,  are  cut  into  3-5  segments,  three 

April-June  ,  . 

of  which  are  again  cut  and  toothed,  so 

that  the  average  leaf  possesses  nine  distinct  points,  or 
more.  The  pale  blue-violet  or  lilac  flowers,  larger  than 
those  of  any  other  species,  are  often  an  inch  long.  In 
the  var.  bicolor  the  two  upper  petals  are  deep  purple  ; 
this  form  is  found  from  Mass,  to  Md.  and  111. ;  it  is  com- 
mon in  the  latter  State.  But  the  most  familiar  tint  of 
the  common  Bird-foot  Violet  is  blue-violet,  more  or  less 
dilute,  and  never  blue.  Rarely  there  are  white  flowers. 
The  lower,  spurred  petal  is  grooved,  and  partly  white 
veined  with  violet ;  the  throat  of  the  flower  is  obstructed 
with  the  orange  anthers  and  the  style,  which  bar  the 
way  to  the  nectar  in  the  spur.  The  useful  visitors  which 
effect  cross-fertilization  are  naturally  long-tongued  in- 
sects ;  among  them  are  the  ever-present  yellow  butterfly 
(Coliasphilodice),  and  the  bumblebees,  Bombus  virgini- 
cus,  and  B.  pennsylvanicus.  4-10  inches  high.  In  dry 
sandy  fields.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak., 
and  Mo.  Found  in  the  Middlesex  Fells,  Mass. 

A  very  common  species,  generally 
-ta  smooth>  bui;  sometimes  fine-hairy,  with 
heart-shaped  or  longer,  deep  green  leaves, 
deeply  lobed  or  cut  especially  on  the  sides.  Flowers 
smaller,  and  bright  light  violet,  or  rarely  white.  Dry 
ground,  mostly  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and 
west  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  and  Ark. 

276 


Bird-foot  Violet. 


Viola  pedata. 


Viola.   pa.Jmad:a,.j 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violacese. 


The  commonest  violet  of  all,  familiar  on 
Common  Violet  ,  .  ,  i-r.ii  r™  i 

yj0ia  roadsides  and  in  fields.     The  leaves  deep 

papilionacea  green,  heart-shaped,  scallop-toothed,  and 
Light  purple  somewhat  coiled,  especially  when  young. 

etc-  Both  stem  and  leaf  are  smooth.    The  flower 

April-June  .  ,        „  ,.    ,  ,  ,  , 

varies  in  color  trom  light  purple  to  pale 

violet ;  rarely  it  is  white  purple-veined  ;  the  three  lower 
petals  are  white  at  the  base,  and  two  of  these — the  lateral 
ones — are  beautifully  fringed  or  bearded  at  the  throat  of 
the  flower.  The  leaf -stalks  are  usually  a  little  longer 
than  the  flower-stalks.  3-7  inches  high.  In  low  grounds 
everywhere,  especially  in  marshes  where  the  flower- 
stalks  exceed  those  of  the  leaves,  and  the  flowers  are 
much  larger.  This  species  is  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
bumblebees,  the  insect  touching  the  stigma  first. 
Arrow=leaved  A  veiT  small  species  with  deep  green, 
Violet  arrow-shaped  leaves  with  blunt  points, 

Viola  sagittata  and  scallop-teeth,  but  the  upper  part  of 
Light  violet  the  ieaves  sometimes  plain-edged.  A 
slight  grayish  bloom  often  characterizes 
the  foliage  when  it  is  seen  en  masse.  The  small  flower 
is  light  violet  or  deeper  violet ;  its  lateral  petals  are 
bearded,  as  are  also  the  upper  ones  ;  the  lower  petal  is 
veined,  and  its  spur  is  short.  2-8  inches  high.  In  wet 
meadows  or  dry  borders  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga. ,  and 
west  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Tex.  It  bears  late  cleistoga- 
mous  flowers. 

Selkirk's  Violet  is  a  rather  uncommon, 

Viola  Selkirkii  ,,  , 

small,  woodland  species  generally  found 

among  the  hills.  The  stalks  are  erect  and  smooth,  the 
leaves  dark  green  and  heart-shaped,  deeply  lobed  at 
the  base.  The  flowers  are  pale  violet  and  beardless, 
with  deep  spurs.  Moist  soil,  from  Me.  to  Vt.,  Mass., 
and  Pa.,  and  westward  to  Minn.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia. 

A  small  smooth  species  whose  flower- 
Marsh  Violet  stalks  generally  exceed  those  of  the  leaves, 
Viola palustris  ,  .  ,  ,  ,,  .,  ,  ,.,. 

Light  lilac          which  are  broad  heart-shaped  and  indis- 

May-July          tinctly  scalloped.     Sometimes  the  leaves 
are  kidney-shaped.     The  small  flowers  are 
light  violet  or  lilac,  with  purple  veins ;  the  petals  are 
.    278 


Viola  sagittate., 


Blue  Violet. 
VioU  papilionacea. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violacese. 


nearly,  if  not  quite,  without  beards.  3-6  inches  high. 
In  marshes  and  wet  soil  in  the  alpine  region  of  the 
mountains  of  New  England,  and  north  ;  also  in  the 
Rockies.  A  native  of  Europe.  Found  on  Mt.  Washing- 
ton and  Mt.  Moosilauke,  N.  H. 

S  eet  Wh'te  ^  sma^  sPecies  with  olive  green,  round 
Violet  heart-shaped  leaves  slightly  scalloped,  and 

Viola  blanda  sweet-scented  white  flowers,  very  small, 
White  with  purple-veined  petals,  bearded,  and 

April-May  nQ^  kroa(ny  expanded  ;  fertilized  mostly 
by  the  honeybees,  and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 
3-5  inches  high.  In  swamps,  wet  meadows,  moist 
woodlands,  and  often  in  dry  situations,  from  Me.,  south 
to  Ga. ,  and  local  westward.  The  var.  renifolia  is  slight- 
ly soft-hairy,  the  leaves  are  round  kidney-formed,  and 
the  flower-petals  are  usually  beardless.  From  Me.,  Vt., 
and  Mass. ,  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Minn. 

A  smooth,  remarkably  narrow-leaved 
Lance=leaved  '  J  . 

Violet  species,  the  leaves  lance-shaped  or  even 

Viola lanceolata linear  lance-shaped,  indistinctly  scalloped, 
White  and  generally  blunt.  The  flowers  white, 

April-June  veined  with  dull  purple,  and  the  petals 
beardless  ;  they  are  slightly  fragrant.  Cross-fertilized 
by  the  aid  of  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and 
Andrena.  2-5  inches  high.  Common  in  moist  ground 
and  on  river-banks  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 
It  bears  cleistogamous  flowers. 

A  very  early  and  rather  inconspicuous 
Round=leaved  violet>  most  frequently  found  on  woodland 
Viola  rotundi-  fl°ors  and  rocky  hillsides.  The  stalks  are 
folia  smooth,  or  very  slightly  fine-hairy,  and 

Pale  golden  2-4  inches  high,  generally  the  flower- 
yellow  stalks  exceed  those  of  the  leaves.  The 
smooth  deep  green  leaves  are  round  or. 
long  heart-shaped,  indistinctly  scalloped,  and  small  in 
the  flowering  season;  but  by  midsummer  they  lie  flat 
upon  the  ground  and  attain  a  diameter  of  2-4  inches. 
The  small  flowers  are  pale  golden  yellow,  the  lateral 
petals  are  bearded  and  veined  with  madder  purple  ;  the 
lower  petal  is  also  strongly  veined  and  has  a  short  spur. 
In  cool  and  somewhat  damp,  or  even  dry,  situations 
280 


Sweet  White  Violet.          Lance-le&ved  Violet. 
Viola,  blanda.  Viola 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Vlolacess. 


from  Me.,  south  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Car.,  and  west 
to  Minn.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

This  is  a  rather  tall  and  forking  species 
Downy  Yellow  . 
Violet  lacking  the  lowly  habit  or   the  common 

Viola  pubescens  violet.     The  light  green  stem  is  fine-hairy 
Pale  above,    though    usually    smooth    below. 


shaped,  slightly  scallop-  toothed,  and  some- 
what soft-hairy  to  the  touch.  The  small  flowers  are 
pale  golden  yellow,  veined  with  madder  purple  ;  the 
lower  petal,  conspicuously  veined,  is  short  (set  horizon- 
tally), with  a  two-scalloped  tip  and  a  short  spur.  The 
flowers  grow  singly  on  thin  stalks  from  the  fork  of  two 
leaf-stalks.  The  anthers  and  the  style  obstruct  the 
throat  of  the  flower,  and  the  side  petals,  heavily  bearded, 
compel  the  entering  insect  to  brush  against  the  stigma 
and  finally  against  the  anthers  in  the  effort  to  obtain 
nectar.  The  commonest  visitors  are  the  small  bees  of 
the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrena,  and  the  bee-fly  Bom- 
bylius  fratellus  ;  the  yellow  butterfly,  Colias  philodice, 
is  an  occasional  caller.  6-17  inches  high.  In  woodlands 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Iowa. 
The  var.  scabriuscula  is  not  so  tall,  the  stems  are  slender, 
it  is  only  slightly  fine-hairy,  and  the  leaves  are  generally 
acute  at  the  apex,  and  distinctly  scallop-toothed.  4-12 
inches  high.  In  moist  thickets  or  woodlands  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  Tex.,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  smooth  sweet-scented  species  with  a 
Canada  Violet    J    „     .      .  .  ..  _    ,. 

Viola  Cana-       ta^'  leafy   stem  resembling  that  of  the 
densis  foregoing.     The  heart-shaped,  deep  green 

Pale  purple,       leaves,  broader  or  longer,  with  a  slightly 
whlte  toothed   edge,   on    long    stalks,    growing 

alternately.  The  flowers  springing  from 
the  forking  leaf  -stalks  are  lighter  or  deeper  purple  on  the 
outside  of  the  petals  and  nearly  white  on  the  inside, 
with  the  throat  yellow-tinted;  the  three  lower  petals  are 
purple-  veined,  the  side  petals  bearded,  and  the  middle 
petal  is  acutely  tipped.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  altogether 
white.  5-15  inches  high,  occasionally  more.  In  hilly 
woods  from  Me.  ,  south  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.  ,  among  the 
mountains,  west. 

282 


Downy  Yellow  Violet. 
Viola  pubescens. 


VioU  can&densis 


Viola,  rotund  i  folia.. 


VIOLET  FAMILY. 


Viola  canadensis  passes  through  various  grades  of 
purple  to  a  decided  magenta  pink.  There  are  also  simi- 
lar pink  phases  of  Viola  pedata,  but  the  color  never 
seems  to  be  constant. 

P  I   v  i  t  ^  handsome,  somewhat  western  species, 

Viola  striata  with  smooth,  straight  sterns,  and  deep  dull 
White  or  pale  green,  heart-shaped  leaves,  finely  scallop- 
lavender  toothed,  and  more  or  less  curled  at  the 
April-May  base  when  young,  the  tips  acute.  The 
moderately  large  flowers  white,  cream-colored,  or  very 
pale  lavender,  the  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  lower  one 
thickly  striped  with  purple  veins,  and  broad.  The 
flower-stalk  exceedingly  long.  The  stigma  of  the  flower 
projects  far  beyond  the  anthers,  so  self-fertilization  is 
impracticable  ;  among  the  xiiost  frequent  visitors  (ac- 
cording to  Prof.  Robertson)  are  the  bees  of  the  genus 
Andrena,  and  the  small  bees,  Osmia  albiventris  and 
Halictus  coriaceus.  Colias  philodice,  the  butterfly  who 
"puts  a  finger  in  everyone's  pie,"  is  also  an  occasional 
visitor.  6-16  inches  high.  In  moist  woods  and  fields 
from  western  New  Eng.,  to  Minn.,  and  Mo.,  and  south 
along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga. 

A  low  creeping  violet ;  the  light  green 
Viola  stems  with  many  toothed  stipules  (leafy 

conspersa  formations  at  the   angles  of  the  stems), 

Light  purple  and  small  round  heart-shaped  yellow-green 
April-June  leaves,  obscurely  scalloped,  and  not  pointed 
at  the  tip.  The  pale  purple  or  violet  flowers  are  small, 
with  the  side  petals  slightly  bearded,  and  the  lower  petal 
purple-veined  and  long-spurred.  Rarely  the  flowers  are 
white.  The  seeds  are  straw-color.  2-6  inches  high. 
Visited  by  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus.  Common 
in  wet  woodlands  and  along  shady  roadsides,  from  east- 
ern Que.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  southwest.  Viola  arenaria 
is  characteristically  fine-hairy,  the  leaves  are  ovate  and 
small,  and  the  stipules  are  deeply  toothed ;  the  flower 
spur  is  generally  blunt  and  straight,  though  occasionally 
it  is  abruptly  bent  inward.  The  cleistogamous  flowers 
and  the  seed  capsules  are  borne  in  abundance ;  seeds 
brown.  In  sandy  soil  from  Mass.,  west  to  Minn.,  and 
northwest. 

284 


Pale  Violet. 


Viola, 


OOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.    Lytbracese. 


LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.     Lythracece. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  in  our  range,  with  four-sided  branches 
and  generally  toothless,  opposite  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers,  though  these  are  occasionally  in  two  or  even 
three  forms,  i.  e. ,  with  long  filaments  (the  stem  part  of 
the  stamen  minus  the  anther)  and  a  short  style,  or  vice 
versa.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  4-14,  sometimes  the  petals 
are  absent.  Cross-fertilization  effected  in  a  number  of 
instances  through  the  agency  of  bees  and  butterflies. 
Hyssop  A  sm°°th  branching  annual,  with  pale 

Loosestrife  green  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  alternate 
Lythrum  and  lance-shaped,  with  stemless  base,  at 

Hyssopifolia       which  there  are  frequently  little  narrow 

Pale  purple         .      _    , 

magenta  leaflets,  growing  upon  a  separate  stem  of 

July-  their  own,  which,  lengthening,  forms  late- 

September  ral,  leafy  branches  above.  The  pale  pur- 
plish magenta  flowers  usually  have  six  petals  and  the 
same  number  of  stamens,  or  less  ;  they  grow  singly  in  the 
angles  of  the  leaves.  6-15  inches  high.  In  salt  marshes 
from  Me.  to  N.  J.,  also  (according  to  Britton  and  Brown) 
in  Cal.,  and  along  the  coast  of  South  America. 

A  similar,  paler  flowered  species  with 
Lythrum 
lineare  linear   leaves    growing    oppositely;     the 

tiny  flowers  grow  in  two  forms,  explained 
under  the  family  description  above.  A  perennial  2-3 
feet  high.  Salt  marshes  from  N.  J.,  south  along  the 
coast  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

A  tall  slim  species  with  much  darker 
alatum"  leafage  and  a  smooth,  much-branched,  and 

angled  stem.  The  leaves  alternate  (the 
lowest  opposite),  lance-shaped,  pointed  at  the  tip,  and 
broader  at  the  base.  The  flowers  deep  purple-magenta, 
J  inch  or  more  broad,  and  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  two 
forms,  as  explained  above  ;  the  stamens  very  long  in 
some  blossoms.  1-3  feet  high.  In  low  moist  ground, 
from  Mass.  (East  Lexington,  and  Boston),  Vt.  (Char- 
lotte), south  to  Ky.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Col., 
and  Ark. 


286 


Cuphea  viscosissima. 

Lonq 
Purples. ( 

Lythrum  Salicaria.     Loosestrife.  Lythrum  alatum., 


LOOSESTRIFE  FAMBLY.     Lythraceas. 


A  most   beautiful    species    naturalized 

from  Europe  and  called  by  the  English, 

Loosestrife         Long   Purples,   Spiked  Willow-herb,  etc. 

Lythrum  An  erect,  smooth,  or  slightly  hairy  slender 

Salicaria  perennial,  generally  much-branched.    The 

Purple-  medium  green  leaves  lance-shaped  with  a 

magenta,  light  , 

June-August     heart-shaped  base,  growing  oppositely  or 

in  circles  of  three,  and  stemless.  The 
long-petaled,  purple-magenta  (light  or  deep)  flowers, 
growing  in  circles,  with  8-12  stamens,  longer  and 
shorter  ;  the  flowers,  in  fact,  trimorphous,  that  is,  de- 
veloping three  relative  lengths  of  stamens  and  style. 
Unquestionably  dependent  upon  insects  for  cross-fertili- 
zation ;  the  honeybee,  the  bumblebee,  and  many  of  the 
butterflies  are  common  visitors  ;  Colias  philodice  is  fre- 
quently among  the  number.  20-35  inches  high.  In  wet 
meadows,  and  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  from  Me.,  Vt., 
and  Mass.,  south  to  Del.,  and  in  eastern  N.  Y,  Mrs. 
Dana  says:  "It  may  be  seen  in  the  perfection  of  its 
beauty  along  the  marshy  shores  of  the  Hudson,  and  in 
the  swamps  of  the  Wallkill  Valley."  It  is  also  abundant 
near  Bedford,  Mass..  and  in  Worcester  Co.,  Mass.  It 
responds  readily  to  cultivation. 

Swamp  -A-    somewhat    shrubby    plant,    nearly 

Loosestrife         smooth,  with  reclining  or  recurved  stems 
Decodon  verti-    of  4-6  sides,  and  lance-shaped  leaves  near- 
ly stemless,  opposite-growing,  or  mostly 
in  threes  ;  the  uppermost  with  clusters  of 
small,  bell-shaped  magenta-flowers,  growing  from  their 
bases.      Flowers  with  five  wedge-lance-shaped    petals 
half  an  inch  long.     Stamens  10,  five  short  and  five  long. 
2-8  feet  long.     Swampy  places.     N.  Eng.  south  and  west 
to  Minn,  and  La. 

A  cold  and  clammy,  hairy,  branching, 
Cupheay  fcomely  annual,  with  ovate-lance-shaped 

Cuphea  dull   green  leaves,   and    small    magenta- 

petiolata  pink  flowers  with  ovate  petals  on  short 

Magenta=pink   ciaws>     stem   branching,   1-2  feet  high. 

September         Dry  sandv  fields  from  R-   L  south  to  Ga. 
and  west  to  Kan.  and  La, 


288 


Swamp  Loosestrife.  Decodon  verticil latus. 


MEADGW-BEAUTY  FAMILY.    Melastomaceas* 


MEADOW-BEAUTY  FAMILY.     Melastomacece. 

Herbs  (in  our  range)  with  opposite  leaves  of  3-7  veins, 
and  perfect,  regular  flowers  having  four  petals,  and  as 
many  calyx-lobes  ;  there  are  either  four  or  eight  promi- 
nent stamens ;  in  our  species  the  anthers  open  by  a  pore 
in  the  apex.  The  stigma  being  far  in  advance  of  the  an- 
thers, the  flower  is  cross-fertilized,  and  mostly  through 
the  agency  of  butterflies  and  bees.  The  seed  are  in  a 
four-celled  capsule. 

A  stout-stemmed  perennial,  sometimes 
beauty  or  branched  (the  stem  rather  square),  with 

Deer=grass.  smooth,  light  green,  three-ribbed  leaves, 
RhexiaVirginica  sharp-toothed,  ovate  pointed  or  narrower, 
Magenta  and  stemiess>  The  flowers  with  four 

broad  magenta  or  purple-magenta  petals  ; 
the  golden  anthers  large.  There  are  eight  stamens 
slightly  varying  in  length  ;  the  pistil  reaching  beyond 
them  secures  the  cross-fertilization  of  the  flower ;  the 
honeybee  and  Colias  philodice  (the  omnipresent  yellow 
butterfly)  are  the  only  visitors  I  have  happened  to  ob- 
serve. 10-18  inches  high.  In  sandy  marshes,  from  Me, 
south,  and  local  west  to  111.  and  Mo. 

A  similar  species,  with  square  stem  and 
Rhexia  aristosa  it  i-  mi  i 

narrow,  small,  linear  leaves.     Ihe  large 

rounded  petals  of  the  magenta  flowers  are  furnished  with 
a  tiny  awnlike  point.  In  sandy  swamps,  and  the  pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey,  south  to  S.  Car.,  local. 

A  slender,  round-stemmed  species,  rather 
Rhexia  Mariana  ,  ,  ...  ,  ,  ,. 

hairy,  and  with  short-stemmed  linear- 
oblong,  toothed  leaves,  three-ribbed,  and  acute.  The 
flowers  are  light  magenta  and  similar  to  those  of  Rhexia 
Virginica.  In  sandy  swamps,  and  in  the  pine  barrens  of 
New  Jersey,  south  and  southwest  to  Tex.  The  name, 
from  the  Greek  pij&S,  means  a  breaker  crevice,  alluding 
to  the  situation  of  the  plant. 

A  smooth  species  with  a  square  stem  and 
Rhexia  dliosa  Qvate  almost  gtemless  leaves  with  bristly 
fringed  edges.  Flowers  like  those  of  R.  virginica  but. 
purple,  the  anthers  oblong  and  straight,  not  spurred. 
1-2  feet  high.  Md.  south. 

290 


Meadow  Beauty. 


R.&ristosai. 


Rhexia,  virgin!  c  a. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onageace&. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracece. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs.  The  perfect  flowers 
commonly  with  four  petals  and  four  sepals  (rarely  2-6), 
and  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens ;  the 
stigma  with  2-4  lobes.  Fertilized  by  moths,  butterflies, 
and  bees. 

A    nearly    smooth    herb    with    many 
Ludwigia  branches,  and  lance-shaped,  toothless,  op- 

alternifolia  posite-growing  leaves  which  taper  to  a 
Yellow  point  at  either  end.  The  solitary  light 

June-  yellow,  four-petaled  flowers,  about  J  inch 

September          , 

broad,  with  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the 

petals.  The  seed-capsule  is  four-sided  and  wing-mar- 
gined, rounded  at  the  base  ;  the  seeds  eventually  become 
loose  and  rattle  about  when  the  plant  is  shaken.  2-3 
feet  high.  Common  in  swamps,  from  Mass.,  to  north- 
ern N.  Y.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Kan. 

A  less  showy  species  with  very  narrow 
Ludwigia  ,  /  ,     . 

polycarpa  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  tiny  mconspicu- 

Green  ous,  stemless  flowers  whose  rudimentary 

July-  petals  are  pate  green.     The  flowers  grow 

September  at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  with  plant- 
stem.  The  four-sided,  top-shaped  seed-capsule  is  fur- 
nished at  the  base  with  linear  or  awl-shaped  leaflets. 
1-3  feet  high.  In  swamps  from  Mass,  southwest  to  Ky., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

A  common  uninteresting  aquatic  species 
Purslane  found  in  swamps  and  ditches.     The  tiny 

Ludwigia  inconspicuous  flowers  without  petals,  or, 

palustris  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water,  with 

Pale  reddish  verv  smai]_  ruddy  ones.  The  lance-shaped, 
September  opposite-growing,  slender-stemmed  leaves 
(with  the  flowers  growing  at  their  bases) 
an  inch  long  or  less.  The  elongated  capsule  indistinctly 
four-sided.  Stems  4-12  inches  long,  creeping  or  float- 
ing. Shallow  marshes,  and  muddy  ditches  everywhere* 
Named  for  C.  G.  Ludwig,  a  German  botanist. 


292 


L.palustris       Page  292          L. 

Seedbox. 
Ludwigia  alternifolia 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


A  tall  perennial  herb  with  ruddy  stem 

TeW<lt/-ii01       an(l  dark  olive  green,  lance-shaped,  white- 
Great  Willow 
Herb  ribbed  leaves  without  teeth  or  nearly  so, 

Epilobium  resembling  those  of  the  willow.  The  light 
angustifolium  magenta  or  rarely  white  flowers  in  a  ter- 
Light  magenta  minal  showy  fee  with  four  broad  and 
July-August 

conspicuous  petals,  eight  stamens,  and  a 

prominent  pistil.  The  slender  velvety,  purple-  tinged 
pods,  gracefully  curved,  open  lengthwise  and  liberate  a 
mass  of  silky  down  in  late  August  and  September,  which 
gives  the  plant  a  wild  and  dishevelled  appearance.  4-7 
feet  high.  Common  on  newly  cleared  woodland,  es- 
pecially where  the  ground  has  been  burned  over.  From 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  foreign  perennial  species  wThich  has 
Hairy  Willow     ,  ,.      'j 

Herjj  become  naturalized  about  towns  near  the 

Epilobium  coast.  The  deep  yellow-green  leaves  ob- 
hirsutum  long  lance-shaped  ,  finely  toothed  and  stem- 

Magenta  legg>     The  four.petaled  magenta  flowers, 

July-August  .  , 

|  inch  broad,  in  a  short  terminal  cluster, 

or  between  leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  There  are  eight 
stamens.  Seed-pod  long  and  slender,  the  seed  wafted  by 
means  of  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  the  tip.  3-4  feet 
high,  densely  soft-hairy,  stout  and  branching. 

A  small  uncommon  species.     The  stem 
Epilobium  angled  or  marked  with  hairy  lines,  sparse- 

Uilf™  l?   finely   hairy   throughout-     The  broad 

July-August  linear,  obtuse  leaves  erect  or  ascending, 
and  stemless,  with  curled-back  margins. 
The  seed-capsules  extremely  long  and  with  scarcely  ap- 
parent slender  stems.  6-12  inches  high.  Flowers  the 
same  as  in  the  next  species.  White  Mountains,  N.  H., 
and  Vt.  ,  west  to  Minn.  Found  on  Mt.  Washington. 

A  very   slender  swamp    species,    with 
Epilobium  small  linear  or  narrow  lance-shaped  light 

densum  green  leaves  with  a  short  but  distinct  stem, 


July-  August      and   tiny  ^ac  or  Pa^e  m&genta  flowers, 
scarcely  J  inch  broad.     The  whole  plant 
minutely  hairy  together  with  the  capsule.  More  branched 
than  the  next  species.     1-2  feet  high.     In  bogs  from 
Me.,  southwest  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 
294 


Epilobium  densum. 


Epilobium  coloratum 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


A  similar  species  with  densely  soft  white- 
Epilobium  hairy  stem,  leaves,  and  seed-pod.  The 

Lj°iac  leaves  broader  and  less  acute  than  those 

July-August      °f  the  last  species,  with  short  stems  or 

none  at  all.  The  veins  distinct.  Flowers 
like  those  of  the  previous  species.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
bogs  from  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  very  common  species  in  the  north, 
Epilobium  with  a  minutely  hairy  branching  stem, 
Lilac0  l  often  ruddy,  and  lanceolate  leaves,  dis- 

July-August      tinctly  but    not    conspicuously    toothed, 

short-stemmed,  and  yellow-green  in  color, 
often  ruddy-tinged.  The  tiny  flowers  pale  lilac,  and 
sometimes  nodding ;  in  fact,  all  these  small-flowered 
Epilobiums  after  being  plucked  show  nodding  blossoms. 
Seed-pod  green,  exceedingly  long  and  slender,  the  seeds 
dark  brown,  the  hairy  plume,  at  first  pale,  finally  cinna- 
mon brown.  1-8  feet  high.  In  wet  situations  every  where. 
Differs  from  the  foregoing  species  in 
Epilobium  having  erect  flowers  (though  they  may 

odenoca  nod  ^  ^^   broader,  blunter,   and  less 

July-August      toothed  leaves  with  shorter  stems,   and 

lighter  colored  seeds  with  a  slight  prolon- 
gation at  the  top.  1-3  feet  high.  In  wet  situations 
throughout  the  north ;  not  south  of  Pa.  The  silky 
plumes  of  the  seeds  of  these  few  last  small-flowered 
species  described  may  become  grayish  white  as  in  E. 
adenocaulon  ;  but  at  first  they  are  absolutely  white.  At 
best  the  Epilobiums  are  a  difficult  genus  to  separate  dis- 
tinctly, and  are  not  a  little  puzzling  to  the  botanist. 

A  very  familar  biennial,  and  nocturnal 
Common  .  ...  ,.  , 

Evening  species,  with  light  green  leaves  more  or 

Primrose  less  lance-shaped,  sometimes  broad,  slight- 

CEnothera          ly    resembling    those    of    the    fireweed, 
biennis  slightly  toothed  or  toothless.    Large  showy 

July5-  August      Pure  vellow  flowers,  lemon-scented,  with 
eight  prominent  and  spreading  stamens  ; 


296 


Evening  Primrose.          (Enother&biennis. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


the  golden  pollen  is  loosely  connected  by  cobwebby 
threads,  and  is  transported  from  flower  to  flower  mostly 
by  moths  ;  the  Isabella  tiger-moth  (Pyrrharctic  Isabella) 
is  chief  among  the  number.  The  blossoms  are  also  fre- 
quented by  the  honeybee  and  bumblebee  ;  they  usually 
open  just  before  sundown,  and  fade  in  the  strong  sun- 
light of  the  following  day  ;  the  sudden  opening  of  the 
flower  in  the  twilight  hour  is  interesting  and  remark- 
able. The  soft-hairy  plant-stem,  leafy  throughout,  is 
1-6  feet  high.  Roadsides  and  fields  everywhere  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  flower  of  var.  grandiflora, 
from  the  southwest,  is  very  large  ;  the  corolla  is  3-4 
inches  in  diameter.  It  is  commonly  cultivated.  The 
var.  cruciata  has  remarkably  narrow  petals  linear  and 
acute  ;  Mass. ,  Vt. ,  and  N.  Y. 

Oakes's  Even=  An  annual,  slenderer  than  the  foregoing 
ing  Primrose  species,  and  not  hairy  but  covered  with 
(Enothera  a  g^g^t  ciose  WOolliness.  The  calvx-tips 

Oakesiana  ,         ,  ^ 

Pure  yellow        not   conspicuously    close   together.      Dry 
July-August      situations  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  west  to  Neb. 
(Enoihera  ^  ^ower  slightly  fine-hairy  species  with 

ladnata  oblong     or    lance-shaped     leaves    wavy- 

Pure  yellow  toothed  or  often  deep-cleft  like  those  of 
May-July  the  dandelion  ;  the  small  light  yellow 

flowers  borne  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  turn  pinkish  in 
fading.  About  1  foot  high.  In  sandy  soil,  from  N.  J. 
south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  Also  in  Vt. 
according  to  Britton  and  Brown,  but  not  recorded  by 
Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston,  in  Flora  of  Vermont. 

A  small  slightly  hairy  biennial,  with  di- 
Sundrops 
{Enothera  urnal,  rather  small  pure  yellow  flowers, 

pumila  borne  in  a  loose  spike  or  at  the  bases  of 

Pure  yellow  the  leaves,  the  latter  light  dull  green, 
May-July  toothless  and  obtuse,  lance-shaped  but 

broader  nearer  the  tip.    10-20  inches  high.    In  dry  sunny 
fields,  from  Me.  to  N.  J». ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
<Enothera  glauca      A  southern  species  with  very  large  pure 
May-Septem-    yellow  flowers  lj-2f  inches  broad,  and  long 
ber  ovate  leaves,  wavy-toothed.     The  smooth 

seed-capsule  oblong  and  with  four  broad  wings.     20-34 
inches  high.     In  dry  mountain  woods,  Ya.  to  Ky.,  south. 
298 


Sundpops. ' 
(Enothena. /ruiticosa        /TCEnothePa. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


A  similar  diurnal  species  with  flowers 
Sundrops  .  \ 

CEnothera  4~  *  lncn  broad,  borne  in  a  loose  spike  or 
fruticosa  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  ;  the  latter  are 

Pure  yellow  oblong  or  lance-shaped  and  very  slightly 
May-July  toothed.  Cross-fertilized  by  butterflies 

and  bees,  especially  those  of  the  genus  Andrena,  and 
the  brilliant  little  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce.  The 
stigma  extends  far  beyond  the  anthers,  so  self-fertiliza- 
tion is  impossible  except  with  the  agency  of  insects. 
The  seed-pods  strongly  ribbed  and  winged.  Very  varia- 
ble, 1-3  feet  high.  Common  in  fields  and  on  roadsides 
everywhere.  The  var.  Unearis  is  slender,  has  very  nar- 
row, linear-lance-shaped  leaves,  and  the  less  ribbed  seed- 
pods  taper  into  the  slender  stalk.  From  Conn,  south, 
and  west  to  Mo.  Blooming  from  June  to  September. 

An  inconspicuous  perennial  of  damp  and 
Nightshade  shady  woodlands,  with  opposite  thin,  frail 
Circcea  deep  green  leaves,  ovate  pointed,  remotely 

Lutetiana  toothed,  and  long-stemmed.  The  tiny 
White  white  flowers  have  two  petals  so  deeply 

July-August      cleft  that  thev  appear  ag  f  Qur  .  tney  are 

borne  at  the  tip  of  a  long  slender  stem,  which  is  set 
about  with  the  little  green  burlike,  white-haired,  nearly 
round  seed-pods.  Fertilized  by  the  beelike  fly  (Bombyli- 
us),  the  brilliant  green  Syrphid  fly,  and  the  mining  bee 
(Andrena).  Plant-stem  very  smooth  and  swollen  at  the 
joints.  Common  in  cool  and  moist  woodlands  every- 
where. Named  for  the  enchantress  Circe.  This  and  the 
next  species  are  often  found  close  together  in  Campton, 
N.  H. 

Circcea  ^  smaller  species,  the  stem  of  which  is 

alpina  watery     and     translucent,     ruddy     and 

White  smooth.      The  thin  and    delicate    heart- 

July-August  shape(i  leaves  are  shiny,  coarsely  blunt- 
toothed,  and  distinctly  different  from  those  of  the 
preceding  species.  Tiny  leaflets,  or  bracts,  are  set  im- 
mediately beneath  the  flowers.  The  burlike  buds  are 
club-shaped.  3-8  inches  high.  Common  only  in  the 
north  among  the  mountains.  Low,  8-16  inches  high. 

The  leaves  ovate  and  almosc  heart-shaped  ; 

pedicels  usually  with  tiny  bracts.     Que.  to 


intermedia,  ,  ~. 

la.  and  Tenn. 


300 


CircaeaLutetiana. 


Circaea  alpina,. 


GINSENG  FAMILY.    Araliacese. 


GINSENG  FAMILY.     Araliacece. 

Generally  herbs  in  our  range,  with  compound,  mostly 
alternate  leaves  and  tiny  five-petaled  flowers  in  crowded 
clusters  ;  stamens  five,  alternate  with  the  petals  ;  the 
flowers  perfect  or  more  or  less  polygamous  ;  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  occurring  on  the  same  plant. 
Fruit  a  cluster  of  berries,  which  with  the  root,  bark,  etc., 
are  slightly  aromatic.  Visited  by  numerous  woodland 
insects  as  well  as  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  oc- 
casionally by  butterflies. 

Spikenard  ^-    ^a^'    branching,    smooth    woodland 

Aralia  herb,   with   a  round,   blackish  stem,  and 

racemosa  large  compound  leaves  of  generally  15-21 

Green=white  ovate  leaflets,  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
July-August  finelv  double-toothed,  and  deep  green  with 
brownish  stems.  The  greenish  white  flowers  are  ar- 
ranged in  small  round  clusters  which  in  the  aggregate 
form  a  large,  terminal,  pointed  spike,  or  perhaps  several 
smaller  spikes  form  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Visited  by 
tlie  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus^  and  the  beelike  flies 
(Syrphidce).  Fruit  around  dull  brown-crimson  berry  (in 
compact  clusters)  sometimes,  when  over-ripe  dull  brown- 
purple.  The  large  roots  are  esteemed  for  their  spicy  and 
aromatic  flavor.  3-5  feet  high.  Rich  woodlands  from 
Me.,  south  through  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west  to 
Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Mo. 

A    characteristically    fine-hairy    plant, 
Bristly  Sar= 

with  similar  leaves  generally  hairy  on  the 

Wild  Elder  veins  beneath  and  irregularly  double- 
Araiia  hispida  toothed ;  they  are  perhaps  longer  and 
Dull  white  more  pointgd  than  those  of  Aralia  race- 
June-early  nwsat  and  rounded  at  the  base.  The  tiny 
dull  white  flowers  are  arranged  in  some- 
what hemispherical  clusters,  several  of  which  crown  the 
summit  of  the  stem.  The  fruit  is  somewhat  oblate- 
spheroidal  in  shape  and  dull  brown-crimson  when  ripe. 
12-34  inches  high.  In  rocky  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to 
N.  C.,  in  the  mts. ;  west  to  Minn.  Two  rare  forms  of  A. 
nudicaulis  (next  page)  are  :  var.  elongata,  with  narrower 
longer  leaflets.  Catskill  Mts.,  and  var.  prolifera,  with 
25-40  leaflets  and  5-70  little  flower-groups,  w.  N.  J. 
302 


Bristly  Sarsaparilla, 


idc  hispid  A. 


GINSENG  FAMILY.    Araliacese. 


A  so-called  stemless  Araha,  whose  true 
Wild  Sar-  . 

saparilla  plant-stem  scarcely   rises  above  ground, 

Aralia  the  leaf -stem  and  flower-stem  apparently 

nudicaulis  separating  near  the  root.  There  is  a  single 
Green-white  long-stalked  leaf  rising  7-12  inches  above 
the  ground,  with  three  branching  divisions 
of  leaflets ;  there  are  about  five  ovate,  finely  toothed, 
light  green  leaflets  on  each  division.  The  flower-stalk  is 
leafless  and  bears  3-7  rather  flat  hemispherical  clusters 
of  greenish  white  flowers  whose  tiny  petals  are  strongly 
reflexed ;  the  five  greenish  stamens  are  conspicuous. 
The  fruit  is  a  round  purple-black  berry  in  clusters.  Com- 
mon in  moist  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  along  the 
mountains  to  N.  C.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Mo.  The  aromatic  roots  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
true  Sarsaparilla  (Smilax  officinalis).  The  vars.  on  p.  302. 
The  roots  of  Ginseng  which ,  in  the  esti- 
Panax  mation  of  the  Chinese,  are  possessed  of 

quinquefolium  some  potent  medicinal  virtue,  are  so  much 
Pale  green-  in  demand  for  export  that  through  the  as- 
siduity of  collectors  the  plant  has -become 
rare.  The  large  deep  green  leaf  has  five 
thin,  obovate,  acute-pointed  leaflets,  sharply  and  ir- 
regularly toothed  ;  in  arrangement  it  slightly  resembles 
the  horse-chestnut  leaf.  The  plant-stem  is  smooth  and: 
green,  and  the  compound  leaves  are  borne  three  in  a 
circle.  The  yellowish  green  flowers  (the  staminate  lily- 
of-the-valley-scented)  are  crowded  into  a  single  hemi- 
spherical cluster  ;  they  are  polygamous.  The  fruit  is  a 
deep  ruby  red  berry,  in  a  scant  cluster.  The  name  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Chinese  Jin-chen,  meaning  manlike 
(from  the  two-legged  appearance  of  the  root).  The  plant 
is  small — 8-15  inches  high.  Rare  in  rich  cold  woods. 
Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Vt.  to  Conn.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  tiny  species  with  a  spherical  root,  gen- 
Dwarf  Ginseng  £ 
Panax  tri-          erally  three  compound  leaves  composed  of 

folium  about  three  toothed,  ovate  leaflets,  and 

Dull  white  dull  white  flowers,  staminate  and  pistil- 
May-June  late,  on  the  same  plant,  borne  in  a  single 
cluster.  Fruit  yellow.  4-8  inches  high.  Me. ,  south  to 
Ga. ,  in  the  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

304 


Ginseng 
nudicaulis.     Panax  quinquefolium>         trifotium. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferse. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.      Umbelliferce. 

Herbs  with  hollow  stems,  generally  deeply  cut  com- 
pound leaves,  and  tiny  flowers  in  mostly  broad  flat-topped 
clusters,  perfect  (often  polygamous),  having  five  petals, 
as  many  stamens,  and  two  styles.  In  some  flowers  the 
styles  protrude  from  the  yet  undeveloped  blossom,  and 
the  stigmas  are  touched  by  the  visiting  insect  long  be- 
fore the  anthers  are  mature,  thus  securing  cross- fertiliza- 
tion. Commonly  visited  by  countless  insects,  including 
the  honeybee,  the  bumblebee,  and  many  butterflies, 
chief  among  which  are  the  Black  Swallowtails.  The 
many  species  are  not  easily  distinguished  apart,  as  the 
flowers  are  very  similar ;  in  general,  minute  character- 
istics of  the  seed  show  the  radical  differences  best. 
Strong-scented  plants  remarkable  for  their  aromatic  oil. 
One  of  our  commonest  weeds,  natural- 
Wild  Carrot  ized  from  Europe,  and  familiar  by  every 
or  Queen 
Anne's  Lace  wayside  near  a  dwelling.  A  coarse  and 

or  Bird's  Nest  hairy -stemmed  biennial  with  exceedingly 
Daucus  Carota  fine-cut  leaves,  yellowish  green,  and  rough 
Dull  white  to  the  touch  ;  they  are  thoroughly  decora- 

Se  tember  ^ve*  '^^le  ^u^  wm^e  flowers,  in  extremely 
flat-topped  clusters,  are  gracefully  dis- 
posed in  a  radiating  pattern  as  fine  as  lace  ;  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  cluster  is  frequently  found  a  single  tiny  deep 
purple  floret.  Visited  by  innumerable  insects,  flies,  but- 
terflies, bees,  and  moths,  most  of  which  are  attracted  by 
the  peculiarly  strong  odor.  The  aged  flower-cluster 
curls  up  and  resembles  a  bird's  nest,  from  which  circum- 
stance the  plant  derives  that  name.  2-3  feet  high.  In 
waste  places  and  fields  everywhere  ;  it  is  often  a  most 
troublesome  weed.  A  near  relative  of  the  garden  carrot. 
A  smooth,  perennial  species  somewhat 
ParsieC  similar  in  appearance  to  wild  carrot,  but 

Conioselinum  with  a  slender-branched  flower-cluster 
chinense  composed  of  far  less  showy  dull  white 

Dull  white         flowers.      The  leaves  similar,    the  lower 
u^"st~  long-stemmed,  the  upper  quite  stemless. 

The    fruit    or  seed  is  smooth,   flat,   and 
prominently  five-ribbed,  the  two  side  ribs  exceedingly 


Conioselinum 
chinense. 


Wild  CaPPOt. 


Daojcus  C&rota. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelh ferae. 


broad.  2-4  feet  high.  In  cool  swamps  among  the  hills, 
from  Me.  and  Vt.,  southwest  through  the  mountains  to 
N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  tall  and  slender  species,  poisonous  to 
°w  *"e  taste,  and  with  large  tuberiferous  roots. 

rigidior  The  leaves  are  deep  green,  and  altogether 

Dull  white  different  in  form  from  those  of  the  pre- 
August-  ceding  species ;  they  are  long-stemmed 

and  composed  of  3-9  lance-shaped  or 
broader,  remotely  toothed  leaflets,  more  or  less  variable 
in  shape.  The  tiny  dull  white  flowers  are  in  slender 
clusters.  The  seed  is  flat-sided,  broad,  and  the  ribs  are 
not  sharp  or  prominent ;  the  side  ribs  are  broad.  An- 
other denizen  of  the  swamps;  from  N.  Y.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Named  for  Prof.  Tiedemann,  of 
Heidelberg.  Formerly  Tiedemannia. 

A  common  very  tall  perennial  with  a 
Cow  Parsnip 

Heracleum         stout,    hollow,    ridged    stem,    sometimes 

lanatum  stained  lightly  with  dull  brown-red.     The 

Dull  white  leaves  are  dark  green,  compound — in  three 
June-July  divisions,  toothed  and  deeply  lobed,  rather 
soft-hairy  beneath,  and  with  a  leafy  formation  at  the 
junction  of  the  leaf -stem  and  plant-stem.  The  insignifi- 
cant dull  white  flowers,  in  large  flat  clusters,  have  five 
petals,  each  of  which  is  deeply  notched  and  of  unequal 
proportions.  The  seed  is  very  broad,  fiat,  and  generally 
oval.  4-8  feet  high.  Wet  ground,  shady  borders  of 
moist  thickets,  from  Me. ,  south  to  N.  Car. ,  and  west  to 
S.  Dak.  and  Mo.  Named  for  Hercules. 

A  common  biennial  familiar  on  waysides 
Wild  Parsnip  and  the  borders  of  fields>  with  a  tough, 
Pasttnaca  ,  ... 

sativa  strongly  grooved,  smooth  stem,  and  with 

Light  gold  dull  deep  green,  compound  leaves  corn- 
yellow  posed  of  many,  toothed,  thin,  ovate  divi- 
June-  sions.  The  dull  (in  effect  greenish)  light 
gold  yellow  flowers  are  gathered  in  small 
clusters  set  on  slender  stems,  and  form  a  broad,  flat- 
topped  cluster.  The  stem,  2-5  feet  high,  is  extremely 
strong  and  difficult  if  not  impossible  to  break.  Seeds 
flat  and  thin.  Common.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 


308 


Cowbane. 
Pg.3o8  Oxy polls  rigid! or. 


Golden  Alexanders. 
Thaspium  aureum. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferae. 


Sometimes  called  Golden  Alexanders. 
Parsnip  ^  western  species  not  very  distant  from 

Thaspium  Zizia  aurea.     It  has  medium  green  lance- 

aureum  shaped  or  ovate,  toothed  leaflets,  three  of 

Golden  yellow  which  generally  compose  a  leaf  ;  the  root- 
une- August  ]eaves  are  singie)  mostly  distinctly  heart- 
shaped,  the  others  simply  rounded  at  the  base.  The 
golden  yellow  flowers  are  gathered  in  sparse  flat-topped 
clusters.  The  seed  is  equally  angled  with  deep  flanges 
or  ribs  and  is  distinctly  different  in  this  respect  from  th'e 
flat  seeds  of  Pastinaca  sativa ;  they  mature  in  early  au- 
tumn. 15-36  inches  high.  Found  on  the  borders  of 
thickets,  and  woodland  roads,  from  Ohio,  west»to  Mo., 
southwest  to  Tenn.,  and  west  to  111.  The  var.  atropur- 
pureum  bears  deep  dull  purple  flowers,  and  is  confined 
to  the  same  range.  T.  barbinode  is  a  similar  species 
with  stem-  and  leaf-joints  and  flowering  stems  more  or 
less  fine-hairy.  Leaves  with  3-6  leaflets.  Flowers  light 
gold  yellow.  Seed  with  seven  prominent  wings.  Beside 
streams,  commonest  in  the  Mississippi  Valley;  N.  Y., 
west  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

A  stout  and    branching  species    often 
>nlp  growing  in  shallow  water.    The  compound 
cicutcefoiium      leaves  deep  green,  with  7-15  linear  or  lance- 
Dull  white         shaped  leaflets  sharply  toothed  ;  the  finely 
July-  cut    lower    leaves    generally  submerged. 

September  The  dull  white  flowers  are  in  a  flat  dome- 

shaped  cluster.  The  seeds  are  prominently  ribbed,  and 
the  leaves  are  variable  in  form.  2-6  feet  high.  Through- 
out the  country. 

A  similar  but  smaller  aquatic  species  6- 
Berula  34  inches  high,  with  7-19  leaflets,  more  or 

less  lobed,  and  a  dome-shaped  cluster  of 
white  flowers.  From  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Neb.  Also  in 
the  Rockies  and  the  far  west. 

A  very  common  smooth  perennial,  found 
Parsni  *"  "  on  sna(^e^  roadsides  or  meadow  borders. 
Zizia  aurea  The  medium  light  green  leaves  are  doubly 
Light  gold  compound  ;  generally  three  divisions  (or 
yellow  leaflets,  properly  speaking)  of  3-7  leaflets, 

all  narrow,  pointed,  and  sharply  toothed^ 

310 


Early  Meadow  Parsnip. 


ZiziiaureaT* 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferas. 


but  varying  to  broader  types.  The  stem  is  often  branched. 
The  tiny  dull  light  gold  yellow  flowers  have  prominent 
stamens,  and  are  collected  in  many  small  clusters,  each 
widely  separated  from  the  other,  but  all  forming  a  thin 
radiating  cluster.  Visited  commonly  by  many  flies, 
small  butterflies,  and  but  few  bees.  Seeds  slightly 
ribbed.  16-34  inches  high.  Everywhere.  Me.  to  S.  Dak. 
Caraway  ^  common  weed  in  the  north,  natural- 


Carum  carvi  ized  from  Europe.  Biennial  or  perennial  ; 
Dull  white  the  lower  basal  leaves  long-stemmed,  the 
June-July  upper  stemless  ;  all  finely  cut,  and  orna- 
mental ;  deep  olive  gray  -green  ;  the  flowers  grouped  like 
those  of  wild  carrot,  but  far  less  showy,  dull  white  or 
gray-white,  in  scattered  thin  groups  like  Zizia.  The 
seed  is  oblong,  slightly  curved,  plainly  ribbed,  exceed- 
ingly aromatic,  and  is  much  used  as  a  spice  in  cakes, 
and  also  in  confectionery.  The  flowers  are  frequently 
visited  by  various  flies  and  bees,  the  yellow  butterfly 
Colias  philodice,  and  also  the  white  cabbage  butterfly 
Pieris  rapce.  1-2  feet  high.  Local  from  Me.,  west  to 
Pa.,  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 
An  erect,  slender,  usually  much- 

branched  and  smooth  perennial  herb,  very 
lock  or  Spot- 
ted  Cowbane      poisonous  to  the  taste.     The  stem  marked 

Cicuta  with  dull  magenta  lines.    The  leaves  deep 

maculata  green,  smooth,  often  tinged  ruddy,  with 

Dull  white         coarse    sharp    teeth,    and    conspicuously 
June-August 

veined,  the  lower  ones  nearly  a  toot  long. 

The  9-21  leaflets  lance-shaped  or  broader.  The  incon- 
spicuous dull  white  flowers  in  a  thin,  flat,  somewhat 
straggling  cluster  ;  they  are  polygamous.  The  seed 
ovate,  flat  on  one  side,  or  nearly  so,  and  inconspicuously 
ribbed  on  the  other.  3-6  feet  high.  Visited  by  number- 
less bees,  wasps,  and  butterflies.  Wet  meadows  and 
borders  of  swamps,  from  Me.  ,  south  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 
A  similar  much-branched  herb,  from 
Hemlock  which  is  obtained  a  virulent  poison,  used 

Conium  in  medicine.      It  bears  the  name  of  the  , 

maculatum        Hemlock  employed  by  the  ancient  Greeks 
Dull  white         jn  putting  to  death  their  condemned  po- 
litical prisoners,  philosophers,  and  crimi- 


Spotted    Cowbane 


Cicuta  maculate 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferse. 


nals.  Socrates  died  by  this  means.  The  dark  green 
leaves  are  deeply  dissected  and  toothed  ;  the  leaf -stems 
are  sheathed  at  the  base,  and  the  dull  white  flower-clus- 
ters are  slender-branched.  The  ovate  seeds  are  flat  and 
irregularly  ribbed.  The  stem  is  also  spotted  or  marked 
with  ruddy  color  like  that  of  Cicuta.  2-5  feet  high.  In 
waste  places,  Me.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Del.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Iowa  ;  also  in  Cal.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sweet  Cicel  Tlie  round>  su*gntry  silky  hairy  stem  (es- 

Osmorrhiza  pecially  when  young)  of  this  familiar  per- 
Claytoni  ennial  herb  is  dull  green  often  much  stained 

Dull  white  with  dull  madder  purple — a  brownish  pur- 
May-June  plgj  Tlie  compound  ieaf  is  cut  an(j  toothed 
similar  to  that  of  Poison  Hemlock;  when  young  it  is  distin- 
guished by  its  fine-hairiness ;  later  that  characteristic  is 
less  evident ;  it  is  mostly  three-divided,  appears  fernlike, 
deep  green,  and  thin.  The  lower  leaves  are  large,  some- 
times considerably  over  a  foot  long.  The  stems  of  the 
dull  white  flower-clusters  are  slender  and  few,  conse- 
quently there  is  no  appearance  of  an  aggregate  flat- 
topped  cluster  such  as  generally  distinguishes  the  family 
Umbelliferce.  The  flowers  are  staminate  and  perfect, 
the  latter  maturing  the  anthers  first ;  cross-fertilized  by 
many  flies  and  bees.  The  tiny  blossom  has  five  cloven 
white  petals  and  a  very  short  style,  scarcely  ^  inch  long, 
which  distinguishes  it  from  the  next  species.  16-34 
inches  high.  In  moist  rich  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south 
through  the  mountains  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Neb.  The  large  aromatic  roots  are  anise-flavored  and 
edible,  but  the  similar  general  appearance  of  the  Poison 
Hemlock  often  leads  to  dangerous  if  not  fatal  results. 

This  is  so  similar  to  the  preceding  that 
Osmorrhiza  the  differences  are  not  obvious  to  the 
longistylis  .  .  „.,  ,  ,  . 

casual  observer.     Ine  leaves  and  stem  are 

either  very  slightly  hairy  or  smooth.  The  style  under 
the  magnifying  glass  shows  a  greatly  superior  length;  it 
is  fully  TV  inch  long  or  more.  The  seeds  of  both  species 
are  nearly  alike,  linear,  compressed,  and  bristly  on  the 
ribs.  The  roots  of  O.  longistylis  are  more  spicy  than 
those  of  O.  brevistylis.  Me.,  south  to  Ala.,  and  west  to 
the  Dakotas. 


Seed-\\ vessel  of 
Osmopphiza  longistylis 
showing  the  long  double  style. 

Sweet  Cicely 


OsmorrhizaClaytoni. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferae. 


A  small,  creeping  marsh  plant,  with  a 
Pennywort  weak,  pale  green,  smooth  stem,  which  fre- 
Hydrocotyle  quently  takes  root  at  the  joints,  and  a 
Americana  round-hear t-shaped,  light  green  leaf,  thin, 
Dull  white  smooth,  and  shining,  the  edge  doubly  scal- 
June-August  i  -,  -,  ,-,  •  \  i 

loped,  and  the  stem  about  an  inch  long. 

The  tiny  white  flowers,  1-5  in  a  cluster,  are  inconspicu- 
ous and  grow  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  In  wet  places, 
Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

The  green  stem  is  smooth,  light  green, 
eta*6  °f  slightly  grooved,  and  hollow  like  most  of 
Snakeroot  ^e  members  of  the  Parsley  Family.  The 
Sanicula  leaves  are  deep  green  of  .a  bluish  tone, 

marilandica  smooth,  toothed,  and  palm-shaped,  that  is 
Gre«nish  with  radiating  lance-shaped  leaflets,  ar- 

May°-July  ranged  like  those  of  the  horse-chestnut ;  of 
the  five  leaflets  the  lower  two  are  deeply 
cleft ;  the  upper  leaves  are  in  three  divisions  and  stem- 
less.  The  tiny  pale  greenish  yellow  flowers  are  in  very 
small  clusters  ;  the  five  petals  of  each  floret  are  curiously 
incurved  toward  the  centre  of  the  flower,  and  beneath 
them  are  the  five  stamens  securely  restrained  from  ac- 
complishing the  process  of  self-fertilization ;  later  the 
petals  unfold ;  the  flowers  are  both  staminate  and  per- 
fect, intermixed.  In  the  few  perfect  flowers  the  two 
mature  styles  protrude  beyond  the  petals,  and  the  visit- 
ing insect  must  brush  against  them,  generally  after  hav- 
ing visited  some  staminate  flower.  Cross-fertilization 
now  completed,  the  styles  curve  backward  so  that  the 
withering  stigmas  are  safely  out  of  the  way  of  the  ma- 
turing stamens,  which  are  not  released  from  the  enfold- 
ing petals  until  the  anthers  begin  to  shed  their  pollen. 
The  long  stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  mature  early, 
and  are  a  conspicuous  factor  in  the  green-yellow  color- 
ing of  the  flower-clusters.  The  fruit,  a  tiny  ovoid  bur 
with  many  hooked  bristles,  often  retains  the  recurved 
slender  styles.  Visited  by  the  Syrphid  flies,  the  bees, 
and  a  few  butterflies.  18-38  inches  high.  In  rich  wood- 
lands. Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 


Water  Pennywort.     Hyd  pocotyle  Americana. 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornaceic. 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornacece. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  or  alternate  toothless 
leaves,  and  generally  perfect  flowers— sometimes  they 
are  dioecious  ;  that  is,  the  two  kinds  of  flowers  grow  on 
separate  plants  ;  or  polygamous,  that  is,  perfect,  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  flowers  growing  on  the  same  plant  or 
different  plants.  The  genus  Cornus,  within  our  range, 
which  is  represented  here  by  two  species,  has  perfect 
flowers.  Cross-fertilization  is  effected  mostly  by  bees 
and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  exceedingly  dainty  little  plant  com- 
Buifchberry5  mon  on  woo(iecl  hilltops,  and  remarkable 
Cornus  f°r  ^s  brilliant  scarlet  berries  which  grow 

Canadensis  in  small,  close  clusters.  The  leaves  are 
Greenish  white  light  yellow-green,  broadly  ovate  pointed, 
May-July  toothless,  and  deeply  marked  by  about  5-7 

nearly  parallel,  curving  ribs ;  they  are  set  in  circles. 
The  flowers  are  greenish  and  tiny,  closely  grouped  in  the 
centre  of  four  large  slightly  green- white  bracts,  or  leaf- 
lets, havingj  the  semblance  of  petals,  and  imparting  to 
the  whole  the  appearance  of  a  single  blossom  about  an 
inch  broad.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  in  late  August 
by  a  compact  bunch  of  exceedingly  beautiful  but  insipid 
scarlet  berries,  of  the  purest  and  most  vivid  hue.  The 
commonest  visitors  are  the  bees  of  the  genera  Andrena 
and  Halictus,  together  with  many  wroodland  flies  —  bee- 
flies,  and  the  familiar  "bluebottle."  3-8  inches  high. 
In  cool,  damp,  mossy  woods  ;  frequently  found  on  sum- 
mits over  4000  feet  high,  among  the  Adirondacks  and 
the  White  Mountains.  From  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and 
west  to  Ind.,  Minn.,  Col.,  and  Cal. 

A  tall  shrub  and  often  a  tree,  whose 
Flowering 
Dogwood  familiar  flowers,  appearing  just  before  or 

Cornus  florida  with  the  ovate  deeper  green  leaves,  have 
Greenish  white  four  similar  broad  green-white  or  rarely 
ApriUJune  pinkish  bracts,  ribbed,  and  notched  on  the 
blunt  tips.  Fruit  ovoid  and  scarlet,  in  small  groups. 
7-40  feet  high.  Vt. ,  Mass. ,  south  to  Ky.  and  Fla. ,  and 
west  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  Name  from  cornu,  a  horn,  in  al- 
lusion to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 


Flowering  Dogwood 
Cornus  florida. 


Bunchberry.      I 
Cornus  Canadensis. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceae. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolacece. 

Formerly  classed  as  a  suborder  under  the  Heath  Fam- 
ily. Generally  evergreen  perennials  with  perfect,  nearly 
regular  flowers,  the  corolla  very  deeply  five-parted,  or 
five-petaled  ;  twice  as  many  stamens  as  the  divisions  of 
the  corolla ;  the  style  short,  and  the  stigma  five-lobed. 
Fruit  a  capsule.  Visited  by  numerous  flies  and  bees,  a& 
well  as  smaller  butterflies. 

A  familiar  and  beautiful  evergreen  plant 

of  the  deep  woods»  generally  found  under 
Chimaphila  pines,  spruces,  or  hemlocks.  The  dark 
umbellata  green  leaves  are  thick  and  shining,  sharply 

Flesh  or  toothed  along  the  upper  half  of  the  edge 

Yun^ul^       and  indistinctlv  toothed  on  the  lower  half; 

they  are  blunt  or  abruptly  dull-pointed  at 
the  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  short-stemmed,  and 
arranged  in  circles  about  the  buff-brown  plant-stem. 
The  flowers  are  dainty  pale  pinkish  or  waxy  cream 
color  ;  the  corolla  has  five  blunt  lobes  which  turn  back- 
ward as  the  flower  matures,  and  at  the  base,' next  to  the 
dome-shaped  green  ovary,  is  a  circle  of  pale  magenta  ; 
the  ten  short  stamens  have  five  double  madder  purple 
anthers  ;  the  style  is  remarkably  short — scarcely  notice- 
able, and  the  gummy  stigma  is  nearly  flat  and  five- 
scalloped.  The  flowers  are  delicately  scented.  Mostly 
fertilized  through  the  agency  of  the  bees  of  the  genera 
Halictus  and  Andrena,  and  the  numerous  small  flies 
common  in  woodlands ;  the  stigma  is  very  sticky  and 
broad.  Seed-pod  a  globular  brown  capsule.  6-12  inches 
high.  In  dry  woods,  from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Cal. 
Spotted  A-  very  similar  species  remarkable  for 

Wintergreen  its  green- white-marked  leaves.  The  leaves 
Chimaphila  instead  of  being  broad  and  blunt  near  the 
maculata  tip  like  those  of  0.  umbellata,  taper  grad- 

ually to  a  point ;  they  are  remotely  toothed,  dark  green, 
and  strongly  marked  w4th  white-green  in  the  region  of 
the  ribs.  They  are  about  two  inches  long.  3-9  inches 
high.  Somewhat  common  in  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  White 
Mountains,  extending  westward  only  as  far  as  Minn.  The 
name,  from  Rei^cc,  winter,  and  cptJidoo,  to  love. 
320 


Pipsissewa. 
Chimaphila 
umbellata. 


maculate 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceae. 


One-flowered  A  Very  Sma11  plant'  bearin£  a  single 
Pyroia  blossom,  somewhat  like  that  of  the  com- 

Moneses  mon  Shinleaf .     The  leaves  are  thin,  deep 

uni flora  green,  shining,  round  or  nearly  so,  with 

Ivory  white  rather  fine  indistinct  teeth,  and  flat- 
June-August 

stalked.  The  five  petals  of  the  cream- 
colored  or  ivory  white  flower  are  a  bit  pointed  ;  the  ten 
white  stamens  have  two-pointed  dull  yellow  anthers, 
and  the  long  green  pistil  bends  downward  ;  not  far  be- 
low the  flower  on  the  stem  is  a  tiny  bract  or  minute 
leaflet.  2-5  inches  high.  In  pine  woods  usually  near 
brooks.  From  Me.,  south  to  R.  I.  and  Pa.,  and  west  to 
Mich,  and  Ore.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  South 
to  Col.  Flowers  with  the  petals  crinkly-edged. 
Small  Pyroia  A  northern  woodland  plant  with  ovate 
Pyroia  secunda  pointed  deep  green  leaves,  rather  round- 
Greenish  white  toothed,  and  long-stemmed  ;  the  leaves 

circled  near  the  base  of  the  plant-stem. 
The  leaf-stalks  are  also  somewhat  flat  and  troughed.  The 
flower-stalk  is  tall,  bracted  or  remotely  set  with  minute 
leaflets,  and  bears  a  one-sided  row  of  small  greenish 
white  flowers  which  finally  assume  a  drooping  position  ; 
the  corolla  is  bell-shaped  and  five-lobed ;  the  pistil  is 
extremely  prominent.  The  slender  flow^er-stalk  is  often 
bent  sideways.  3-9  inches  high.  In  woodlands,  from 
Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Found  on  the 
slopes  of  the  White  and  Adirondack  Mountains.  The 
var.  puinila  is  a  tiny  form  2-4  inches  high,  with  rounded 
leaves,  and  but  3-8  flowers.  Vt.  (Bristol,  Sutton,  New- 
ark, and  Fairhaven),  Me.,  and  N.  H.,  but  not  common, 
and  west  to  Mich.,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
Blooms  from  July- August. 

Pyroia  This  is  a  small-leaved  species  with  dainty 

chlorantha  drooping  flowers,  and  a  stem  of  very  mod- 
Greenish  white  erate  height  without  bracts  or  minute 
June-July  leaflets,  or  at  least  possessing  but  one. 
The  leaves  are  dull  olive  green,  obscurely  scalloped- 
edged,  rather  round,  and  thicker  than  those  of  the  com- 
mon Pyroia  (Shinleaf).  The  nodding,  greenish  white 
flowers  have  obtuse,  elliptical,  convergent  petals0  They 


322 


secunda. 


One-flowered  Pyrola 


Moneses 


PYROLA  FAMILY.    Pyrolaceae. 


&re  slightly  fragrant.     4-9  inches  high.     But  3-9  flowers. 
Woods,  Me.,  south  to  Md.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  Col. 
Shinleaf  Perhaps  the  commonest  of  all  the  Py- 

Pyrola  eiliptica  rolas,  rather  taller  than  P.  chlorantha, 
Greenish  white  with  evergreen,  dark  olive  green,  ellipti- 
June-July  CSL^  ^ninj  an(j  obscurely  shallow-toothed 

leaves,  the  stalks  somewhat  flat  or  troughed ;  they  ex- 
ceed their  stalks  in  length.  The  greenish  white  waxy 
flowers  nod  ;  they  are  very  fragrant ;  the  five  petals  are 
thin  and  obovate,  and  form  a  protective  cup  about  the  pale 
ochre  yellow  anthers  ;  the  pistil  is  extremely  long,  bends 
downward  and  then  curves  upward,  exposing  the  tiny 
five-lobed  stigma  to  the  visiting  insect  which  is  most 
likely  to  alight  upon  the  invitingly  exposed  pistil.  The 
flowers  form  a  loose  cluster,  each  on  a  ruddy  pedicel 
(stemlet),  and  are  borne  on  an  upright  stalk  generally 
ruddy  at  the  base,  and  having  a  tiny  leaflet  or  bract 
half-way  up.  Commonly  visited  by  the  beelike  flies 
(Syrphidce),  and  the  bees  of  the  genera  Halictus  and 
Andrena.  5-10  inches  high.  Rich  woods,  from  Me., 
south  to  Md. ,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  111.  The  name  is 
from  Pyrus  or  Pirum,  a  pear,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of 
the  leaf. 

A  similar  but  much  taller  species,  with 
p  u     ~  nearly  round  or  very  broad  oval  leaves, 

Pyrola  thick,  very  indistinctly  toothed  or  tooth - 

americana  less,  and  a  deep  shining  green  ;  the  stems 

White  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  and  nar- 

rowly margined ;  they  are  evergreen. 
The  white  waxy  flowers  are  like  those  described  above, 
but  the  roundish  obovate  petals  spread  open  much  more  ; 
they  are  also  very  sweet-scented.  8-18  inches  high..  In 
dry  or  damp  sandy  woodlands,  from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. , 
and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Ohio. 

This  similar  species  has  pale  crimson  or 

•Pyrof  magenta  flowers,  and   very  round  heart- 

asanfolia  J  , 

shaped  leaves,  rather  wide,  shining,  and 

thick.  The  southern  limit,  northern  N.  Y.  and  New 
Eng.  But  both  species  are  more  frequently  found 
northward. 


324 


Shinleaf. 


**«f; 

Pypola  asapjfolia, 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolacex. 


Indian  Pipe 

Monotropa 
uniflora 
White  or 
pinkish 
July-August 


A  familiar  clammy,  white,  parasitic 
plant,  deriving  its  nourishment  from  roots 
and  decayed  vegetation,  generally  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  rotting  trees.  The  stem 
is  thick,  translucent  white,  and  without 
leaves,  except  for  the  scaly  bracts  which 
take  their  place.  The  wliite  or  delicately  pink-salmon- 
tinted  flower  has  five,  or  sometimes  four,  oblong  petals, 
and  the  10-12  stamens  are  pale  tan  color.  The  flower  is 
in  a  nodding  position,  and  is  usually  solitary,  although 
rarely  two  may  be  found  on  one  stem  ;  the  latter  is  often 
pink- tinged  and  springs  with  several  others  from  a  mat 
of  entangled  fibrous  rootlets.  The  enlarged  ovary  finally 
assumes  an  erect  position,  becoming  a  pale  tawny  sal- 
mon color  ;  it  is  usually  ten-grooved  and  five-celled,  and 
forms  a  large,  fleshy,  ovoid  seed-vessel.  The  plant  is  at 
home  in  the  dim-lit  fastnesses  of  the  forest,  and  it  quickly 
withers  and  blackens  after  being  gathered  and  exposed 
to  sunlight.  3-9  inches  high.  Nearly  throughout  the 
country. 

A  somewhat  similar  parasitic  plant  found 
most  frequently  over  the  roots  of  oaks  and 
pines.     The  stems  are  in  clusters,  and  are 
slightly   downy  ;    they   are   whitish,  pale 
tan  color,  or  reddish,  with  many  bracts. 
The  small  bracts  are  thin,  papery,  yellow- 
ish red,  and  they  turn  black  when  wither- 
ing.    The  small  vase-shaped  flowers  are 
light  crimson-red   more    or  less   touched 
with  yellow  ;  the  tips  of  the  flower  are  quite  yellowish. 
The  cluster  of  3-10,  or  rarely  more,  drooping  flowers  is 
slightly  fragrant.     The  fleshy  vase-shaped  seed-vessels 
become  erect.     4-12  inches  high.     In  dry  woods  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Ore.  and  Ariz.     The  generic 
name  is  from  the  Greek,  and  means  turned  one-sided,  in 
allusion  to  the  one-sided  drooping  method  of  flower- 
growth. 


False  Beech- 
drops  or 
Pine=sap 

Monotropa 
Hypopitys 
Tawny 
reddish,  etc. 
June- 
September 


326 


Indian  Pipe.  False  Beech-drops, 

Monotropa  uni/lora.       Monotropa  Hypopitys. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericacece. 

Mostly  shrubs  and  a  few  perennial  herbs  with  simple 
leaves  and  generally  regular,  perfect  flowers,  the  corolla 
of  4-5  lobes  or  petals,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  Cross-fertilized  by 
various  bees,  by  the  beelike  flies,  butterflies,  and  moths. 
To  this  family  belong  the  blueberries,  huckleberries, 
and  cranberries. 

The  daintiest  member  of  the  Heath 
Snow  berry  Family,  with  (often  terra-cot  ta-colored) 
Chiogenes  roughish  stems  creeping  closely  over  rocky 

hispidula  an(j  mossy  ground.     The  stiff  dark  olive 

evergreen  leaves  are  tiny,  broad,  ovate 
pointed,  and  sparsely  covered  with  brown- 
ish hairs  beneath  ;  the  margin  of  the  leaves  rolled  back- 
ward. The  tiny  white  flowers  are  bell-shaped  with  four 
rounded  lobes.  They  grow  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves 
and  assume  a  nodding  position.  The  berry  is  shining 
china  white,  ovate,  and  about  %  inch  long.  Both  leaf 
and  berry  possess  a  wintergreen  flavor.  Branches  3-11 
inches  long.  In  cool  damp  woods  and  peat  bogs,  fre- 
quent on  hill-tops,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west 
to  Minn.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H.  The  name  (Greek) 
means  "  snow-offspring"  ;  it  is  appropriately  dainty. 

Also  a  trailing,  hillside  plant  of  a  shrubby 

^rltosta'phylos    nature'  with    m°re   °r  leSS   mdd^'    hair^ 
Uva-ursi  rough  branches.      The  toothless  leaves  are 

White  or  pink-  thick,  dark  evergreen,  round-blunt  at  the 
white  tip,   narrowed  at    the    base,    and    finely 

veined.  The  white  or  rarely  pinkish 
white  flowers  are  bell-shaped  or  vase-shaped,  and  are 
borne  in  terminal  clusters.  The  style  extends  far  be- 
yond the  anthers,  and  is  touched  first  by  the  tongue  of 
the  visiting  insect.  The  berry  is  an  opaque  red  ;  it  is 
dry  and  insipid.  In  dry  rocky  soil,  from  Me.,  south  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.  The  name  is 
from  apKToS,  a  bear,  and  GTafpvXr},  a  berry  ;  the  specific 
title  is  mere  Latin  repetition—  Uva,  a  bunch  or  cluster  of 
fruit,  and  Ursus,  a  bear. 


328 


Creeping  Snowberry.         Be&rberry. 

Chiogenes  hispidula.       Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi, 


HEATH  FAMILY.    Ericaceae. 


The  Mayflower  of  New  England,  corn- 
Arbutus  mon  on  the  borders  of  rocky  woods  and 

Epigcea  repens  hillsides,  and  blooming  beside  the  rein- 
White  and  pink  nants  of  snow-drifts  in  early  spring.  It  is 
April-May  common  in  the  vicinity  of  evergreen 
woodlands.  The  light  brown  stems  are  shrubby  and 
tough,  creeping  close  to  the  cold  earth  under  decayed 
leaves  and  grasses  ;  they  are  rough-hairy.  The  old  dull 
light  olive  green  leaves  are  more  or  less  rusty-spotted  ; 
the  sides  spread  angularly  from  the  central  depressed 
rib.  The  new  leaves  develop  in  June.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  netted  with  fine  veins  ;  beneath  it  is  rough- 
hairy  and  much  lighter  in  color.  The  sweet-scented, 
white  or  delicately  pink-  tinted  flowers  are  five-lobed, 
tubular,  and  possess  a  frosty  sheen  ;,  they  are  in  general 
trimorphous,  that  is,  the  stamens  and  styles  are  of  three 
relative  and  reciprocal  lengths  ;  but  commonly  the 
flowers  are  dimorphous  —  confined  to  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate forms.  The  staminate  blossoms  contribute  a 
touch  of  light  yellow  to  the  delicate  surrounding  of  pure 
pink  and  white.  The  commonest  visitors  are  the  early 
queen  bumblebees,  Bombus  pennsylvanicus,  Bombus 
terricola,  and  Bombus  bifarius.  The  flower  is  nectar 
bearing.  Branches  6-12  inches  long.  Me.,  south  to 
Fla.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

The  familiar  Boxberry    of  the  Middle 
Wintergreen  or  . 

Checkerberry  States,  common  in  wildernesses  and  all 
Gaultheria  evergreen  woodlands.  The  broad,  ovate, 
procumbens  evergreen  leaf  is  stiff,  thick,  and  shiny 
White  dark  green,  with  few  small  teeth  or  tooth- 

July-August  neariv    stemless.       The 


younger  leaves  are  yellow-green  ;  all  are  clustered  at 
the  top  of  the  buff-brown  or  ruddy  stem.  The  white, 
waxy  flowers  are  vase-shaped  and  nodding  ;  they  grow 
from  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  The  dry  but  exceedingly 
aromatic  berry  is  pure  red  (a  deep  cherry  color),  often 
J  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  formed  of  the  calyx  which 
1  becomes  fleshy,  surrounds  the  seed-capsule,  and  has  all 


330 


Trailing  Arbutus. 
Epigaea  pepens. 


Checkerberry 
Gaultheria  procumbens. 


HEATH  FAMILY.    Ericaceae. 


the  appearance  of  a  true  fruit.  2-5  inches  high.  From 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich.  The  same  aromatic 
essential  oil  exists  in  sweet  birch  as  in  this  wintergreen. 

A  stout   and  tall    shrub    in    its    south- 
Mountain 

Laurel  ern    range»    often  forming  impenetrable 

Kalmia  thickets.     The  stem  and  branches  are  ir- 

latifolia  regular  and  angular  in  growth ;  the  leaves 

White,  pinkish  are  evergreen,  shiny  dark  green,  elliptical, 
May-June  „  rpu  , 

firm,  and  toothless.     The  young  leaves  are 

a  yellower  green.  The  beautiful  flowers  are  borne  in 
large,  dome-shaped  clusters  ;  they  are  exceedingly  con- 
ventional and  ornamental  in  form,  bowl-shaped  with 
five  lobes,  waxy  white,  pinkish- tinged  in  maturity,  and 
pure  pink  in  the  corrugated,  cone-shaped  bud.  There 
are  ten  depressions  or  pockets  in  the  sides  of  the  corolla 
in  which  the  tips  of  the  anthers  are  securely  held,  their 
filaments  forming  a  series  of  arching  spokes  from  the 
centre  of  the  flower  which  is  stained  with  a  tiny  crimson 
star;  the  style  is  prominent  and  pale  green.  The  insect 
visitor,  commonly  a  moth,  often  a  bee,  struggling  and 
pushing  its  way  to  the  heart  of  the  flower,  releases  the 
stamens  and  these  spring  backward,  showering  pollen 
over  the  fuzzy  body  of  the  intruder.  The  pollen  of 
Kalmia  is  more  or  less  connected  by  webby  threads,  and 
its  adhesive  character  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  pur- 
pose of  cross-fertilization  ;  the  next  blossom  visited  by 
the  insect  probably  has  a  receptive  stigma  about  which 
the  pollen  strings  become  quickly  entangled.  The 
flower-stalks  are  hairy-sticky,  thus  preventing  pilferers, 
such  as  ants,  who  would  be  useless  as  fertilizing  agents, 
from  entering  the  blossoms.  The  seed-capsule  is  some- 
what globular  but  five-lobed,  and  at  first  assumes  a  dull 
red  hue.  3-6  feet  high,  and  in  its  southern  range  often 
attaining  a  height  of  20-35  feet.  In  woodlands,  prefer- 
ring sandy  soil  or  rocky  slopes,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Tenn.  and  Ohio.  Named  for  Peter  Kalm,  a 
German  botanist,  who  visited  this  country  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 


332 


Mountain  Laurel 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


Shee    laurel  lesser  proportions,  and  small, 

or  Lambkill        narrow,  drooping  leaves,  elliptical  or  lance- 
Kalmia  angusti-  shaped,  evergreen,  and  dull  olive  green 

often  rusty-spotted,  lighter  green  beneath. 

The  flower  is    crimson-pinfc,   small,   but 

otherwise  like  that  of  Mountain  Laurel, 
except  that  the  filaments  and  all  other  parts  are  more  or 
less  pink-tinged.  The  stem  is  terminated  by  the  newer 
leaves  which  stand  nearly  upright ;  beneath  these  is  the 
encircling  flower-cluster  ;  below,  the  leaves  droop.  The 
foliage  is  poisonous  to  cattle.  8-36  inches  high.  Com- 
mon in  swamps.  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Wis. 
Pale  Laurel  ^  similar  and  even  smaller  species, 

Kaimia  polifolia  blooming  about    the    same  time,   distin- 
Crimson=pink    guished  by  its  two-edged  branches  which 

seem  to  grow  in  sections  set  at  right  angles 
with  one  another.  The  narrow,  evergreen  leaves  grow 
oppositely  or  are  set  in  groups  of  three  ;  the  edges  are 
rolled  back  rather  strongly ;  they  are  conspicuously  white- 
green  beneath.  The  crimson-pink  or  often  light  lilac 
flowers,  |  inch  broad,  terminate  the  stem.  6-20  inches 
high,  confined  to  cold  peat  bogs  and  hillside  swamps, 
from  Me. ,  south  to  northern  N.  J. ,  and  west  to  Mich. 
White  Swamp  ^he  wn<(l  Rhododendrons  are  also  shrubs 
Honeysuckle  which  bear  characteristically  showy  flow- 
Ehododendron  ers.  This  species  has  a  much  branched 
White™  stem,  and  obovate  or  blunt  lance- shaped, 

June-July          yellow-green  leaves,  with  a  few  scattered 

hairs  above.  The  twigs  are  hairy,  and  the 
stem  almost  bare  of  leaves.  The  flowers  (expanding  later 
than  the  leaves)  are  pure  white  or  pink-tinged,  with  the 
outside  surface  covered  with  ruddy,  sticky  hairs ;  they  are 
very  fragrant ;  the  stamens  are  prominent,  the  anthers 
yellow  ;  the  pinkish  pistil  is  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Visited  most  frequently  by  bees,  butterflies,  and  moths, 
and  protected  from  creeping  insects  by  the  sticky-hairy 
outer  surface  of  the  corolla-tube.  3-7  feet  high.  In 
swamps  from  Me.,  south,  west  to  Ohio  and  Ark  ;  gener- 
ally near  the  coast.  The  var.  glaucum  has  much  lighter 
colored  leaves  rather  whitish  beneath,  and  sometimes 
hairy.  Me.  to  Va.  The  name  (Greek)  means  rose-tree. 

334 


PdJe  Laurel.         Rhododendron^ 
KaJmia  polifolia.  calendulaceum. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


Pinxter  Flower  A  m°re  leafy  shrub  with  branching 
or  Wild  stem,  characterized  by  its  extremely  golden 

Honeysuckle  yellow-green  foliage.  The  ovate  leaf 
Rhododendron  ^  and  ig  pointed  at  both  end  the 

nudiflorum 

Pale  or  deep  ed£e  and  surface  are  very  slightly  hairy. 
pink  The  delicate  and  beautiful  flowers  are  pale 

April-May  or  deep  crimson-pink  with  the  base  of  the 
tube  a  trifle  stronger ;  the  broader  corolla  lobes  do  not 
curve  back  conspicuously  ;  the  stamens  and  pistil,  all  ex- 
ceedingly prominent,  are  light  crimson.  The  flowers 
are  delicately  fragrant,  grow  in  small  terminal  clusters 
expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves,  and  when  fading 
the  corollas  slide  down  the  pistils,  depend  from  them  a 
while,  and  finally  drop.  The  most  frequent  visitors  are 
the  honeybees  and  moths.  2-6  feet  high.  In  swamps  or 
in  shady  places,  from  Me.,  south,  and  wrest  to  111. 

A  most  beautiful  and   showy  species, 
Flame  Azalea 

Rhododendron  entirely  southern,  but  commonly  culti- 
calendulaceum  vated.  The  leaves  are  hairy  and  generally 
Orange=yellow  obovate,  sometimes  with  only  a  few 
and  reddish  scattered  hairs  above.  The  flower,  ex- 

panding  with  or  before  the  leaves,  has 
five  broad  lobes  scarcely  if  at  all  backward  curved  ;  it  is 
nearly  flame  color  or  orange-yellow  more  or  less  suffused 
with  pink,  has  very  little  or  no  fragrance,  and  the  outer 
surface  of  the  tube  is  slightly  fine-hairy  and  sticky.  The 
ruddy  stamens  prominent.  4-12  feet  high .  In  dry  wood- 
lands, southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  in  the  mountains,  to  Ga. 
Rhodora  ^  famih'ar  flower  of  New  England  and 

Rhododendron  one  famous  in  the  verses  of  the  poet 
.canadense  Emerson.  The  leaves  are  slightly  hairy, 

Light  magenta  Hg^   green,  oval  or  oblong,   and  rather 

obtuse ;  the  color  deeper  above  and  paler 
beneath.  The  flowers  are  narrow-lobed,  light  magenta, 
and  formed  somewhat  like  the  honeysuckle,  with  the  up- 
per lip  slightly  three-lobed,  and  the  lower  in  two  nearly 
separate  sections  ;  they  grow  in  thin  clusters  terminally, 
and  precede  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  or  else  expand 
with  them.  1-3  feet  high.  Wet  hillsides  and  cool  bogs. 
Me.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  eastern  Pa.,  in  the  mountains. 

336 


PinxterFlowen  Rhododendron  nudiflorum* 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


A  tall  shrub,  or  often  a  tree,  with  showy 
Rhododendron  clusters  of  pink-white  flowers  spotted  with 
maximum  gold  orange,  and  greenish  at  the  base,  the 

Pink  spotted      five  lobes  of  the  corolla,  broad,  blunt,  and 

orange  substantially  even  in  shape.     The  leaves 

June-July  ,  .          ,      ,  .    ~    .      ,         , 

shiny  dark  green,  4-9  inches  long,  ever- 
green, leathery,  drooping  in  the  winter  season,  and 
spreading  in  summer.  They  are  oblong,  toothless, 
slightly  rolled  under  at  the  edge,  and  dark  beneath. 
The  flower-stems  are  sticky-hairy,  thus  preventing  the 
pilfering  of  creeping  insects  ;  the  flowers  are  mostly 
visited  by  bees,  but  the  honey  they  produce  is  said  to  be 
poisonous.  5-35  feet  high.  Damp  woods,  rare  from  Me. 
to  Ohio,  plentiful  from  Pa.  to  Ga. ;  abundant  through- 
out the  Alleghany  region,  where,  on  the  mountain  sides, 
it  forms  impenetrable  thickets. 

A  species  similar  in  many  respects  to 
Rhododendron  ..  _  .  ,  „  ,, 

Catawbiense  the  forgoing,  but  generally  not  more  than 
Light  purple  5  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  broadly  ob- 
or  lilac  long  or  oval,  the  tips  with  an  abrupt  very 

May- June  small  point,  pale  green  beneath.  The 
large  flowers  are  light  purple  or  lilac.  This  species  is 
hybridized  with  other  less  hardy  ones,  notably  the  R. 
arboreum  of  the  Himalayas,  and  from  these  proceed 
most  of  the  Rhododendrons  familiar  in  ornamental 
grounds.  3-6,  or  rarely  18  feet  high.  In  the  higher 
Alleghanies  from  Va.  to  Ga. 

A  dwarf  species  confined  to  the  summits 
.  of  high  mountains  in  the  north.  The  olive 

Rhododendron  green  leaves  are  small,  oval  or  elliptical, 
Lapponicum  and  grouped  in  clusters  on  the  otherwise 
Light  purple  bare  stem.  They  are  covered,  together 
with  the  branches,  with  minute  rusty 
scales.  The  flowers  have  a  five-lobed  corolla  which  is 
bell-shaped  and  light  purple,  dotted.  There  are  5-10 
stamens.  A  prostrate  branching  plant  that  hugs  the 
rocky  slopes  of  the  mountain.  2-12  inches  high.  Sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  and  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  N.  Y.  Found  at  the  head  of  Tuckerman's  Ravine, 
Mt,  Washington,  N.  H. 

338 


Great  Laurel.        Rhododendron   maximum. 


DIAPENSIA  FAMILY.     Diapensiacex. 


DIAPENSIA  FAMILY.  Diapensiaeece. 
Low  perennial  herbs,  or  tufted  shrubs  of  a  mosslike 
character,  very  closely  related  to  the  Ericacece — the  at- 
tachment of  the  stamens  to  the  corolla  being  the  prin- 
cipal difference, — with  five-parted  tiny  flowers  whose 
style  is  tipped  with  a  three-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

An  interesting  and  pretty  mosslike  little 
PyxieorFlow=  ^        •        u  *  ^ 

ering  Moss         plant  common  on  the  pine  barrens  of  New 

Pyxidanthera  Jersey.  The  linear  or  lance-shaped  leaves, 
barbulata  scarcely  ^  inch  long,  are  medium  green, 

White  or  pink    gh  t  th    ti      and  hai         t  th    bage  wh 

April-May 

young  ;  they  are  crowded  toward  the  ends 

of  the  branches.  The  white  or  pale  pink  flowers  are 
small,  with  five  blunt  lobes  between  which  are  curiously 
fixed  the  five  conspicuous  stamens  ;  they  are  numerous, 
and  apparently  stemless.  Branches  prostrate  and  creep- 
ing. 6-10  inches  long.  In  sandy  soil,  dry  pine  barrens. 
From  N.  J.,  south  to  N.  Car.  Found  at  Lakewood, 
N.  J.  The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words,  box  and  an- 
ther,  referring  to  the  anthers  which  open  as  if  by  a  lid. 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY.  Primulacece. 
Herbs  with  leaves  variously  arranged,  and  with  per- 
fect, regular  flowers.  The  corolla  (usually  five-cleft)  is 
tubular,  funnel-formed,  or  salver-formed.  Stamens  as 
many  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  corolla  and  fixed  opposite 
to  them,  but  the  corolla  lacking  in  the  genus  named 
Glaux.  Seeds  in  a  one-celled  and  several- valved  capsule. 
Peatherfoil  "^  Pecu^ar  a(luatic  plant  of  a  somewhat 

Hottonia  spongy  nature,  common  in  shallow  stag- 

inflata  nant  water.      Its  strange    appearance  is 

White  due    to    the   cluster   of    inflated  primary 

June-August  flower.stalks  which  are  about  J  inch 
thick,  constricted  at  the  joints,  and  almost  leafless.  The 
leaves  are  cut  into  threadlike  divisions,  and  are  beneath 
the  water,  densely  distributed  on  the  floating  and  root- 
ing stems.  The  insignificant  whitish  flower,  J  inch 
long,  has  a  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  The 
seed-capsule  is  globular.  Stems  sometimes  18  inches 
long.  Shallow  ponds  and  ditches,  from  Mass.,  to  cen- 
tral N. Y. ,  and  south.  Named  for  Peter  Hotton,  botanist 

340 


Moss  —    — 

Enlarged  blossom  showing  the 
r\        •  i       ii  t_       i_     1    j_  alternate  connection  of  stamens 

Pyxidanthera  barbu  lata.     with  the  lobes  of  the  coroiu. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulacese. 


A  handsome  \vild  flower ,  frequently  coilti- 
Cowsiip  or  vated,  but  confined  in  its  natural  state  to  the 
Shooting  Star  country  west  of  Pennsylvania.  The  blunt 
Dodecatheon  lance-shaped  deep  green  leaves  proceed 
Meadia  from  the  root  tl  are  generally  tooth- 

Light  magenta  i         . 

April-May  less  or  nearl7  so»  and  their  stems  are  long 
and  margined.  The  tall  primary  flower- 
stalk  is  topped  by  a  small  cluster  of  delicate  pendulous 
light  magenta,  pink-magenta,  or  white  flowers,  the  five 
long  corolla-divisions  of  which  are  strongly  turned  back- 
ward. The  exposed  stamens  are  close-clustered — grouped 
in  a  conelike  figure  ;  the  anthers  are  long,  thin,  and 
golden  yellow  ;  the  base  of  each  is  thickened  and  marked 
with  magenta-purple.  The  flower  is  cross-fertilized 
by  bees.  According  to  Professor  Robertson,  a  visiting 
bee  to  reach  the  nectar  must  force  its  tongue  between 
the  anther-tips  and  come  more  or  less  in  contact  with 
the  mature  stigma  ;  the  anthers  at  this  period  are  still 
immature.  Among  the  visitors  are  the  bumblebee  Bom- 
bus  americanorum,  the  bees  o'f  the  family  Andrenidce, 
and  the  clouded  sulphur  butterfly  Colias  philodice. 
8-20  inches  high.  Moist  hillsides,  cliffs,  open  woods, 
or  prairies,  from  Penn.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 
Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  twelve  gods. 

A  delicate  little  plant  found  only  in  the 
Dwarf  Cana-  ,  .  J  £ 

dian  Primrose    northern  part  of  our  range,  bearing  a  fam- 

Primula  ily  resemblance    to   the    j^ellow   English 

mistassinica  Primrose.  The  light  green  leaves  are 
Pale  magenta-  blunt  lance-shaped,  tapering  to  a  distinct 
June-July  stem,  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  rarely 
with  a  slightly  mealy  appearance  beneath, 
and  shallow-toothed.  The  pale  magenta-pink  or  lighter 
pink  corolla  is  five-lobed,  bluntly  scallop- tipped,  and 
stained  with  yellow  in  the  centre  (sometimes  the  yellow 
is  absent).  The  few  flowers  are  clustered  at  the  top  of 
the  long  slender  stalk.  This  species  is  apt  to  intergrade 
with  Primula  farinosa,  a  taller  one,  with  leaves  'white- 
mealy  beneath  (at  least  when  yotfng),  and  flowers  with 
a  more  cuniform  lobe,  borne  in  thicker  clusters.  Con- 
fined to  moist  situations;  Me.,  central  N.  Y.,  and 
Canada. 

342 


Shooting  Stan 
Dodecatheon  Meadia, 

Star  Flower 
mistassinica.  Trientalis  americana. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulacese. 


A  delicate  and  interesting  little  wood- 
star  Flower        ,       -,     ,  .,  i       i          i 
Trientalis           land  plant  with  a  long  horizontally  creep- 

Americana  ing  root  which  sends  upward  an  almost 
White  bare  or  few-scaled  thin  stem  terminating 

May-June  jn  a  cjrcie  of  sharp-pointed,  lance-shaped, 
light  green  leaves,  thin,  shiny,  and  tapering  to  both  ends. 
There  are  5-9  leaves  in  the  circle,  from  the  centre  of 
which  proceed  two  threadlike  stalks,  each  bearing  a 
fragile,  white,  star-shaped  flower  with  6-7  pointed  divi- 
sions. The  stamens  are  long  and  delicate,  with  tiny 
golden  anthers,  which  mature  later  than  the  stigma. 
Cross-fertilization  effected  mostly  through  the  agency  of 
the  beelike  flies  (Bombylius).  3-7  inches  high,  or  rarely 
more.  In  moist  thin  woods,  from  Me.,  west  to  Minn., 
and  south  to  southern  N.  J.  and  the  mountains  of  Va. 
Common  in  the  thin  woodlands  of  the  White  Mountains. 
A  rather  handsome  perennial  commonly 
Loosestrife  found  in  low  moist  situations,  particularly 
Steironema  on  river  flats.  The  smooth  light  green 
ciliatum  leaves  are  ovate  or  ovate  lance-shaped  and 

Yellow  sharply  pointed;  on  the  upper  edge  of  the 

stem  is  a  fringe  of  erect  hairs — hence  the 
specific  term,  ciliatum.  The  leaves  are  in  pairs  which 
are  set  at  right  angles  with  each  other.  The  pretty  light 
golden  yellow  flowers,  not  far  from  a  pure  yellow  tone, 
are  five-lobed,  the  divisions  oval  and  finished  with  an 
abrupt  sharp  point  (called  mucronate) ;  these  tips  are 
somewhat  twisted  or  puckered  ;  about  the  centre  of  the 
corolla  is  a  terra-cotta-colored  ring  ;  within  this  are  five 
straw-colored  stamens  alternating  with  five  abortive 
ones  ;  in  the  centre  is  the  pale  green  pistil.  The  smooth, 
erect  stem  18-22  inches  high  or  more.  Common  in  low 
ground  and  on  the  borders  of  thickets  from  Me.  west  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  to  Ariz. 
Steironema  -&•  narrow-leaved  species  smaller  and 

lanceoiatum  slenderer  in  every  respect.  The  leaves 
Yellow  are  lance-shaped  and  linear,  indistinctly 

June-July  stemmed  and  smooth  ;  the  lower  ones  are 
much  shorter  and  broader,  and  the  stems  are  distinct 
and  long.  The  flowers  are  similar  to  those  of  S.  till- 
atum,  but  smaller — a  little  over  £  inch  broad.  8-20 

344 


Steironemd,    cili&tum. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primuiacese. 


inches  high.  Moist  ground  from  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  and 
south.  The  Steironemas  are  cross-fertilized,  according 
to  Prof.  Eobertson,  by  bees  ;  in  Connecticut  by  Macropis 
ciliata  and  Macropis  patellat a,  and  in  Illinois  by  Macro- 
pis  steironematis.  The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words, 
sterile  and  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  abortive  stamens. 

A  delicate  and  pretty  species  common 
Four=leaved 

Loosestrife  on  a^  *ow  lands,  especially  sandy  river 
Lysimachia  banks.  The  light  green  leaves  are  pointed 
quadrifolia  lance-shaped  or  broader,  and  are  arranged 
Yellow  in  a  circie  of  generally  four,  but  some- 

June-July  .         ^ 

times  three  and  six.     From  the  bases  of 

these  leaves  project  slender  long  stems,  each  bearing  a 
single  star-shaped  light  golden  yellow  flower,  prettily 
dotted  around  the  centre  with  terra-cot ta  red,  which 
sometimes  extends  in  faint  streaks  all  over  the  corolla 
lobes.  The  stamens  and  pistil  project  in  a  cone-shaped 
cluster ;  the  stigma  is  advanced  so  far  beyond  the  an- 
thers that  self-fertilization  rarely  if  ever  occurs.  The 
Lysimachias  are  visited  by  the  bees  of  the  genus  Macro- 
pis,  by  bumblebees,  and  by  honeybees  evidently  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  pollen.  Stem  smooth  or  very  min- 
utely hairy  (under  a  glass),  straight  and  round,  12-30 
inches  high,  simple  or  rarely  branched.  Sandy  soil  or 
often  moist  ground,  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga. 
Lysimachia  Along  with  preceding  species  bloom  the 

terrestris  slender  spirelike  clusters  of  the  simple- 

Yellow  stemmed  Lysimachia  terrestris  whose  flow- 

June-August  erg  are  noj.  appreciably  different,  though 
recorded  by  Dr.  Gray  and  others  as  having  slenderer 
corolla-divisions.  This  variation,  however,  is  not  so  ap- 
parent ;  but  at  the  base  of  the  divisions  the  red  spots  are 
double  in  L.  terrestris,  while  they  are  single  in  L.  quadri- 
folia. The  slender  flower-spike  is  distinctly  characteris- 
tic of  L.  terrestris;  it  forms  an  aggregation  of  misty  yellow 
color  (when  a  large  colony  of  the  plants  is  seen)  which  is 
never  present  with  the  other  species.  Often  little  elon- 
gated bulblets  appear  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves 
lance-shaped  and  sharp-pointed  at  either  end ;  in  both 
species  apt  to  be  sepia-dotted.  Stem  8-20  inches  high. 
Moist  and  sandy  soil.  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga. 

346 


Loosestn/e.l 

Lysim&chicx  terresfrisT^         LysimachU    quadri/bH&. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     PHmulaceae. 


A  hybrid  of  L.  quadrifolia  and  L.  ter. 

Hybrid  restris,    widely   distributed  in  the  north. 

Loosestrife          mi  ... 

Lysimachia         The  smootn  stem  ls  simple  or  very  slightly 
producta  branched,   the    lance-shaped    light  green 

Light  golden     leaves,  pale  green  beneath,  grow  oppos- 
yeilow  itely  or  in  circles  of  3-5,  and  the  terminal 

flower-spike,  loosely  flowered,  is  sometimes 
18  inches  long.  The  corolla-divisions  are  dotted  and 
striped  with  dark  red,  ovate-oblong  and  rounded  at  the 
tips.  From  this  last  fact  it  would  seem  as  though  the 
plant  could  not  easily  be  confused  with  L.  terrestris  or 
L.  quadrifolia^  for  the  flowers  of  both  these  species  are 
decidedly  pointed  star-shaped.  In  low  damp  ground  on 
the  borders  of  thickets,  from  Me.  and  Mass.,  west  to 
Mich.  (Vide  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  pp.  131-134.  M.  L.  Eernald 
on  "Ambiguous  Loosestrifes.") 

An  extremely  beautiful    trailing    vine 

Moneywort        with    a    creeping,    not    climbing,    habit, 
or  Myrtle 

Lysimachia        which  has  become  naturalized  from  Eu- 

nummularia      rope.     It  takes  kindly  to  cultivation,  and 
Light  golden      is  particularly  decorative  when  planted  in 

rustic  baskets  in  which  it  best  displays  the 
September  graceful  pendulous  character  of  its  stems. 

The  leaves  are  dark  green,  shining,  small, 
almost  round,  and  short-stemmed.  One  rather  large 
light  golden  yellow  flower,  with  five  ovate  divisions  to 
the  corolla,  grows  from  the  junction  of  the  leaf -stalk 
and  plant-stem ;  it  is  not  spotted  with  terra-cot  ta  liKe 
the  other  members  of  this  genus.  Stems  6-20  inches 
long.  In  moist  ground  near  dwellings,  mostly  an  es- 
cape from  gardens  ;  Eastern  States.  In  many  places  it 
is  reported  as  a  troublesome  weed.  Found  in  Campton2 
N.  H.,  and  Amherst,  Mass. 

A  low,  fleshy  seaside  plant  with  oblong, 

Glaux  toothless,  and  stemless  light  green  leaves, 

maritema  .  />      i  •   i  ,,  -,.. 

Purple-white     from  the  bases  of  which  grow  the  solitary 
June  dull  purple-white  or  pinkish  flowers  with- 

out a  true  corolla,  but  with  a  five-scalloped 
calyx.  The  seaside  from  N.  J.  and  Cape  Cod  north. 


348 


Moneywort. 

Lysimachia  nummularia\        Glaux  maritima. 


PLUMBAGO  OR  LEADWORT.     Plumbaginaceae. 


A  low  spreading  annual ;  the  common 
Anogollis  1>oor    Man's    Weather-glass   of  England, 

arvensis  which  has  become  naturalized  in  this  coun- 

Red,  pur-  try.      The   small  solitary   flowers    are    a 

pie,  etc.  variety  of  colors,  scarlet,  purple,  white, 

June-August  1,,  .          j    j-    .   . 

etc.     The  corolla  has  five  broad  divisions 

but  hardly  any  tube.  The  leaves  are  ovate,  stemless, 
and  toothless,  and  grow  oppositely  in  pairs,  or  in  circles. 
Stem  6  inches  long.  Waste  sandy  places,  Eastern  States, 
generally  near  the  coast.  The  flowers  open  only  in  sun- 
shine, and  close  at  4  o'clock. 


PLUMBAGO  OR  LEADWORT  FAMILY. 
Plumbaginacece. 

Perennial  herbs  with  small,  perfect,  regular  flowers  of 
five  parts— i.  e.,  five-lobed  corolla,  five  stamens,  and  five 
styles ;  the  flower-tube  funnel-formed  and  plaited  ;  the 
ovary  one-celled  and  bearing  a  solitary  seed.  Seaside 
plants. 

A  seaside  plant  with  a  slender  much- 
Sea  Lavender  brancned  stem  growing  from  a  thick 
or  Marsh  .  .  , 

Rosemary          woody  root  very  astringent  in  character, 

Limonium  the  branches  rather  erect.      The  leaves, 

carolini-  also  starting  from  the  root,  are  blunt  lance- 

shaped  or  obovate,  long-stemmed,  tooth- 
Jul  less  or  nearly  so,  and  tipped  with  a  bristly 

September  point  ;  the  mid-rib  is  prominent.  The 
branches  bear  many  solitary,  or  2-3  (in  a 
group)  tiny  lavender  flowers  with  a  curious  tooth  be- 
tween each  of  the  five  tiny  lobes  ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx 
are  also  very  acute.  The  character  of  the  plant  is  branchy 
and  naked-stemmed,  with  flowers  so  insignificant  that 
the  delicate  lavender  color  is  much  eclipsed  by  the  rather 
light  subdued  green.  1-2  feet  high.  In  salt  marshes 
from  Me.,  south.  Found  in  Nantucket,  Mass. 


Marsh  Rosemary. 
Limonium  carol inianum. 


gall  is 
arvensis. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Qentianaceas. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianacew. 

Smooth  herbs  with  generally  opposite  leaves,  toothless 
and  stemless;  Menyanthes  and  Limnanthemum  are  two 
exceptions  to  this  rule.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect, 
the  corolla  with  4-12  lobes;  alternating  with  these  are  a 
corresponding  number  of  stamens.  Fertilized  mostly  by 
the  bees  and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  erect  and  smooth  annual  naturalized 

from  Europe,  with  several  short  branches 
Centaury 
Centaurium         above,  and  elliptical  or  oblong  light  green 

umbeiiatum  leaves,  somewhat  acute  ;  the  uppermost 
Light  magenta  rather  linear.  The  small  tubular  light 

magenta  flowers  five-lobed  and  verv  nearly 
September 

stemless.     iney  are  numerously  borne  at 

the  summits  of  the  branches.  6-12  inches  high.  Waste 
places  and  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  from  Quebec 
to  Illinois.  The  name  Erythrcea  was  formerly  given 
to  this  genus.  The  flowers  are  \veak  in  color,  and  the 
plants  are  really  more  delicate  than  beautiful. 

A  small  species  from  Europe  similar  in 

Centaurium  , ,         ,,  .  , 

puichellum  many  respects  to  the  foregoing,  but  the 
Magenta=pink  stem  very  much  branched,  the  leaves  oval 
June-  or  long-ovate,  the  larger  lower  ones  blunt, 

September  the  upper  smau  and  acute.  The  flowers 
are  magenta-pink,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  distinctly 
stemmed.  The  tube  of  the  corolla  is  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  five  lobes  of  the  calyx.  3-8  inches  high. 
Waste  places  or  fields,  wet  or  shady,  from  southern 
N.  Y.  to  east  Pa.  and  Md. 

An  erect  and  smooth  annual  naturalized 
Spiked  from  the  old  country   with  small,  blunt, 

Centaury 
Centaurium         oblong,  light  green  leaves  ;  the  upper  ones 

spicatum  rather  acute,  and  all  more  or  less  close  to 

Magenta-pink    the   generally   forking  stem.       The  very 

small  magenta-pink,  or  crimson-magenta 
September 

flowers   tubular  and  five-lobed,   stemless 

and  also  close  to  the  plant-stem,  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
a  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  6-16  inches  high. 
Shores  of  Nantucket,  Mass. ,  and  Portsmouth,  Va. 


Spiked 

Centaury 

Centaurium  spicatum.         Centaurium  pulchellum. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianacese. 


A  not  very  uncommon  wild  flower  in 
Sabbatia  ^ne  swamPs  °^  ^ne  pine  barrens  of  New 

Sabbatia1          Jersey,   with    white,    starlike,    five-lobed 
lanceolata          flowers,  nearly  an  inch  broad,  which  in 

white  fading  turn  yellowish,  and  ovate  or  lance- 

June-Septem-      ,  ,    ,.    ,  , 

ber  shaped  light  green  leaves  with  3-5  ribs. 

The  plant-stem  slender,  somewhat  four- 
sided,   branched    above,    or    sometimes    simple.      The 
branches  are  borne  relatively  opposite.     The  flowers  are 
numerous.     1-3  feet  high.     Pine  barrens  N.  J. ,  to  Fla. 
Rose  Pink  ^he  stem  of  this  species  is  decidedly  and 

Sabbatia  sharply  four-sided,  it  is  also  rather  thick 

angularis  aild    much    branched.      The  light  green 

White  or  Pink    leaves  are  five-ribbed,  ovate,  acute  at  the 
July-August 

tip,  and  somewhat  clasping  at  the  base. 

The  delicately  fragrant  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more 
broad,  pale  crimson-pink  or  'sometimes  white,  and 
marked  in  the  centre  with  a  yellow-green  star  (a  charac- 
teristic of  many  of  the  Sdbbatias).  The  style  is  cle:^  at 
the  tip — i.  e.,  two  stigmas.  The  calyx-lobes  are  about 
one  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  2-3  feet  high.  Fertile 
ground,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Mich.,  and  south. 
Sea  Pink  ^  pretty  species  common  on  salt  mead- 

Sabbatia  ows,  with  crimson-pink  flowers  as  large 

stellaris  as   or  larger  than    a  nickel.      The   light 

green  leaves  oblong  lance-shaped  or  lin- 
ear, the  uppermost  small  and  bractlike. 
The  numerous  flowers  are  borne  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches ;  the  linear  calyx-lobes  almost  equal  (the 
rule  is  flexible)  in  length  the  lobes  of  the  pale  crimson- 
pink  or  white  corolla.  More  than  half  the  style  is  two- 
cleft,  the  stamens  are  golden  yellow,  and  the  centre  of 
the  flower  is  green-yellow  edged  with  ochre  or  some- 
times red.  6-20  inches.  Along  the  coast  from  Me.  to 
Fla.  Closely  allied  to  the  next  into  which  it  appears  to 
pass. 

Like  the  preceding.     The  stem  exceed- 
Sabbatta 

gracilis  lngly  slender  and  much  branched.     The 

Pink  leaves  linear  or  linear  lance-shaped,  the 

uppermost   almost    threadlike.     The    ex- 
ceedingly narrow  lobes  of  the  calyx  equal  in  length  the 
1  The  later  spelling  is  Sabatia. 

354 


Sea  Pink. 
S&bb&tia  stellaris.  S&bb&tia,  gracilis. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianacea*. 


lobes  of  the  corolla  (rarely  they  are  appreciably  shorter)., 
The  style  is  about  half  -cleft.  1-2  feet  high.  Marshes. 
Nantucket,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  ,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

The  largest-flowered  and  most  beautiful 
e  member  of  the  genus.     The  basal  leaves 


Sabbatia  blunt-tipped  and  tapering  toward  the  base, 

dodecandra  the  upper  light  green  leaves  diminishing 
Crimson-pink  to  lance-shape  and  linear.  The  few  crim- 
July-August  .  ,  ~  . 

son-pink  flowers  are  nearly  two  inches 

broad,  with  generally  ten  obovate  corolla  lobes  (an  equal 
number  of  linear  calyx  lobes),  each  marked  with  a 
three-pointed  ochre-edged,  green-yellow  base  which 
contributes  to  the  beauty  of  the  central  star-figure  of 
the  flower  ;  the  stamens  are  golden  yellow,  and  the  style 
is  deeply  two-cleft.  The  flower  is  visited  most  fre- 
quently by  bees  and  the  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce. 
The  wiry  stems,  simple  or  branching  very  little,  are  1-2 
feet  high.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  On  sandy 
margins  of  brackish  ponds  from  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  , 
near  the  coast. 

Fringed  The  most  famous  member  of  the  beauti- 

Gentian  ful  Gentian    group,    remarkable    not    so 

much  for  its  blue  color  as  for  the  delicate, 
Pl  "it-  misty  quality  of  that  color,  and  the  ex- 
blue  pressiveness  of  the  flower-form.  The 

September-  plant  is  a  biennial  wTith  a  leafy,  perpen- 
October  dicular  ,  branched  stem  ,  the  branches  erect, 

somewhat  four-angled,  and  each  bearing  a  single  ter- 
minal flower.  The  flower  is  deep  vase-shaped  with  four 
rounded,  light  violet-blue  lobes  deeply  fringed  and 
spreading  horizontally  only  in  the  sunshine  ;  the  color 
varies  from  pale  to  deep  violet-blue,  with  occasionally  a 
ruddy  tinge,  but  never  with  a  suspicion  of  true  blue, 
though  lines  of  a  deeper  blue-  violet  appear  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  corolla.  The  large  four-pointed  calyx  is 
four-sided,  and  generally  a  bronzy,  yellow-green.  The 
yellow-green  leaves  are  ovate-lance-shaped  or  narrower, 
and  they  are  conspicuously  opposite.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
low  moist  ground  from  Me.  to  the  Daks.  ,  south  to  Iowa, 
and  in  the  mountains  of  Ga. 


356 


Fringed  Gentian. 


Gentians  crimta. 


Rose  Pink. 


Sabbatta  at^gularia 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Qent/anacese. 


A   similar  annual   species    with   lance- 
Gentio.no. 
grocer  a  linear  or  linear  leaves,  a  stem  but  little 

Light  violet=  branched  \vith  a  few  blunt  wedge-shaped 
blue  leaves  at  the  base,  and  violet-blue  flowers 

July-Septem-     nearjy  as  ]arge  as  thoge  of  the  preceding 

species  wath  the  fringe  at  the  summit  of 
the  corolla  short,  or  reduced  to  mere  teeth.  4-18  inches 
high.  Moist  ground  from  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and 
Iowa. 

Also  an  annual ;  the  stem  ridged  and 
Ague=weed          „  .  ,    ,       „,,      , 

Gentiana  four-sided.     The  leaves,  in  general,  ovate, 

quinqueflora  sharply  pointed  at  the  tip,  slightly  clasp- 
Light  violet  =  ing  at  the  base,  and  with  3-7  ribs.  The 
blue  very  light  violet-blue  or  lilac  flowers  clus- 

"        "  tered  at  the  apex  of  the  branches  in  groups 

of  2-7  but  generally  5.  The  flowers  smaller, 
scarcely  an  inch  long,  tubular,  and  terminating  in  five 
triangular  small  bristle-pointed  lobes.  A  common  spe- 
cies in  the  west,  attractive  but  not  so  beautiful  as  the 
Fringed  Gentian.  8-22  inches  high.  Moist  hillsides 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  generally 
in  the  mountains  ;  it  is  found  at  an  altitude  of  over  6000 
feet  on  the  peaks  of  N.  Car.  Occasional  in  Vt. ,  and  absent 
in  central  N.  H.  The  var.  occidental  is  is  taller  nml 
much  branched.  The  calyx  lobes  linear  lance-shaped. 
O.  to  Minn.,  south. 

A    handsome    perennial    species    with 
Downy  Gentian  ,  „ 

Gentiana  usually  a  single  stem,  generally  minutely 

puberula  hairy  and  rough,  and  with  narrow,  rigid, 

Blue=violet  lance-shaped  light  green  leaves,  the  up- 
permost nearly  linear.  The  blue- violet 
flowers  are  bell-shaped  with  five  triangu- 
lar lobes,  rather  open-spreading.  The  calyx  has  five 
linear  lobes  quite  rough  to  the  touch.  The  flowers  are 
borne  in  terminal  clusters  or  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves, 
and  are  seldom  if  ever  solitary.  8-17  inches  high.  On 
prairies  and  in  fields  from  western  N.  Y.  and  Ohio  to 
S.  Dak.  and  Kan.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Common  in 
the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  the  Minnehaha  Falls,  and  on 
the  dry  borders  of  the  great  wheat-fields  of  Minnesota. 

358 


Gentiana  quinquefolia. 


GentianaWprocera. 


^  \('^^ 

Downy  Gentian.        "  /    Gentiana  puberula. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaceaz. 


A  familiar  species  of  the  Middle  and 
Soapwort  Western  States  closely  resembling  the 

Bottle  Gentian.  The  pale  blue-violet,  or 
Saponaria  light  lilac-blue  flower  is  only  partly  open, 
Pale  blue-  the  five  lobes  are  blunt,  erect,  slightly  cut 

at  the  tip,  and  the  flower-cup  is  club- 
October'  shaped,  the  anthers  within  cohering  in 

a  ring.  The  light  green  leaves  are  com- 
monly ovate  lance-shaped,  three-ribbed,  and  pointed 
at  either  end,  the  edges  rough.  The  flowers  form  a 
terminal  cluster;  a  few  grow  from  the  leaf -angles.  They 
are  frequented  by  honeybees  and  bumblebees  ;  Bom- 
bus  americanoru?n  is  a  common  visitor.  Both  this 
Gentian  and  the  preceding  one  ripen  their  pollen  before 
the  stigma  is  receptive  and  cross-fertilization  is  there- 
fore inevitable.  The  smooth  and  slender  stem  is  12-27 
inches  high.  The  juice  of  the  plant  is  soapy.  In  wet 
woodlands  from  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

A  perennial.  In  the  east  this  is  the 
'losed Gentian  commonest  of  all  Gentians;  it  is  remark- 
Gentiana  able  for  its  tight -closed  bottle -shaped 

Andrewsii  corolla,  which  is  contracted  by  plaits  white- 
Violet-blue  striped,  white  at  the  base  and  an  intense 
October"  violet-blue  at  the  apex  ;  sometimes  the 

blue  approaches  ultramarine. .  The  medium 
(sometimes  rusty)  green  leaves  are  smooth,  ovate  lance- 
shaped,  pointed  at  the  tip,  and  generally  narrowed  at 
the  base.  The  flowers  are  mostly  crowded  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  but  some  grow  from  the  leaf -bases;  all  are  set 
close  to  the  leaves,  which  are  conspicuously  arranged  in 
pairs.  Bumblebees  not  infrequently  force  an  entrance 
into  the  corolla,  and  self-fertilization  is  sometimes  ques- 
tionable. The  smooth,  round  stem  1-2  feet  high.  Rich 
woodland  borders,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

A  much  less  common  Gentian  frequent- 
Gentiana  .  . 

linearis  in£  mountain  bogs.     It  is  a  smooth,  slen- 

Light  blue-  der-stemmed  perennial,  with  light  green 
violet  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves  with  three 

ribs,  acute  at  either  end.     The  pale  blue- 
violet  flower-cup  is  contracted  to  a  funnel- 
form  with  rather  scallop-shaped  lobes ;  the  light  green, 
360 


Bottle  Gentian.  Gentiana  Andrewsii. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     OentianaccsB. 


simple,  round  stem  is  10-24  inches  high.  Wet  situations 
among  the  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 
Md.  Found  at  high  elevations  of  the  Adirondack  and 
Green  Mountains. 

A  greenish  white-flowered  species  with 

a  corolla  narrowly  open,  displaying  within 
Greenish  white  stripes  of  magenta-lilac  on  a  greenish 
September-  veined  background,  the  lobes  somewhat 
November  triangular  and  with  a  tooth.  The  flowers 
are  mostly  in  terminal  clusters.  The  medium  green 
leaves  obovate,  the  uppermost  acute  at  the  tip,  the  lower 
ones  blunt  and  short,  all  narrow  at  the  base.  Slender 
stem  8-16  inches  high.  Shaded  woodland  borders  from 
southern  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  south. 

A  smaller  and  exceedingly  delicate  and 
Porphyrio  pretty  species  mostly  confined  to  the  pine 

Light  ultra-  barrens  of  the  Southern  States,  with  a 
marine  blue  simple  or  sometimes  branching  stem,  and 

with  solitary,    bright    light    ultramarine 

blue  flowers  (often  speckled  within)  at 
the  apex  of  the  stem  or  its  branches ;  they  are  much 
larger  than  bluebells.  The  five  lobes  of  the  corolla  are 
deeply  cut,  ovate,  and  open-spreading.  The  small  linear 
leaves  are  less  than  2  inches  long.  6-15  inches  high.  In 
moist  situations  from  southern  N.  J.,  south. 

An  attenuated,   slender,    stiff-stemmed 
Yellow  little  plant,   simple  or  with  a  few  erect 

branches,   destitute   of  leaves,  but    with 

Bartoma  \  J 

virginiana  small  awl-shaped  opposite-growing  scales 

Greenish  closely  hugging  the  stem,  which  is  a  trifle 

yellow  angled,   all  a  yellow-green.      The  lower 

scales  are  close  together,  the  upper  become 

more  and  more  separated.     The  yellow, 

bell-shaped  flowers  of  a  greenish  tone,  with  four  blunt 

(often  slightly  toothed)  lobes,  are  arranged  oppositely  on 

the  plant-stem,   the  peduncles  (flower-stems)  about  as 

long  as  or  longer  than  the  flower.       The  flowers  are 

mostly  terminal  but  inconspicuous  on  account  of  their 

uncertain  coloring.     4-14  inches  high.     In  thin  woods, 

pastures,  and  dry  cranberry  bogs,  but  mostly  in  damp 

soil,  from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 

362 


edit/lower 


Gentians  Porphyrio.         Bartonia   virginiana. 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.    Apocynacex. 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.    Apocynacece. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family  with  few  representatives  in 
our  range.  Plants  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  closely 
related  to  the  Milkweed  Family.  Leaves  opposite  (gen- 
erally) and  toothless.  Flowers  perfect,  five-parted  ;  sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (flower-cup), 
the  latter  rolled  up  in  the  bud.  Fertilized  mostly  by 
butterflies  and  bees, 

A  somewhat  tall  and  shrublike  plant, 
Dogbane**  with  a  smooth,  slender,  branching  stem, 
Apocynum  generally  reddish  on  the  side  exposed  to 
androscemi-  sunlight.  The  opposite  growing,  lustre- 
folium  iess  light  blue-green,  ovate  leaves  are 

toothless,  and  ruddy  short-stalked.  The 
delicate  and  beautiful  little  bell-shaped 
flowers  are  white-pink,  five-lobed,  and  lily-of-the-valley- 
like,  striped  with  pink  on  the  inside  of  the  cup.  The 
clusters  are  small  and  terminate  the  branches ;  their 
most  frequent  visitors  are  bees  and  butterflies,  and 
among  the  latter  are  the  ever-present  little  yellow  Colias 
philodice  and  the  handsome  monarch  (Anosiaplexippus). 
Mtiller  says  the  flower  is  fertilized  by  butterflies,  and 
cements  its  pollen  to  their  tongues.  An  insect  insepara- 
ble from  the  dogbane  is  the  so-called  dogbane  beetle 
(Chrysochus  auratus),  jewellike  and  resplendent  in  met- 
allic red  and  green  of  incomparable  lustre ;  it  is  scarcely 
\  inch  long  (see  Familiar  Features  of  the  Roadside,  p. 
178).  1-4  feet  high.  Common  in  half -shaded  field  bor- 
ders, or  in  thickets  throughout  the  north,  and  south  to 
Ga. 

A  far  less  attractive  species  with  green- 
Indian  Hemp  .  .  ,  ,...•',.  r,  ,1  r.  •  ,  n 

Apocynum  lsn  wni^e,  tiny  flowers  erectly  five-pointed. 
cannabinum  Similar  to  the  above  in  other  respects,  but 
Greenish  white  less  spreading  and  more  upright.  The 
June-August  ieaves  narrower  and  abruptly  acute.  1-3 
feet  high.  On  sandy  river-banks,  in  fields,  and  in  thick- 
ets everywhere.  Both  species  found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 
The  name  is  Greek  in  origin  —  aito,  from,  and  KVGOY,  a 
dog. 

[See  Appendix.) 

364 


Spreading  Dogbane.  Indian  Hemp.    .      rr^,, 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium.     \   Apocynum  cannabinum. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadacese. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asdepiadacece. 

Milky- juiced  plants  with  large  leaves,  and  flowers 
deeply  five-parted,  the  sepallike  corolla  segments  turned 
absolutely  back  at  the  time  of  bloom  ;  the  so-called  co- 
rona within  with  its  five  concave  parts  thus  fully  ex- 
posed ;  the  anthers  and  stigma  remarkably  connected, 
and  the  pollen  cohering  in  waxlike,  granular,  pear- 
shaped  masses  not  unlike  those  of  the  Orchids.  The 
masses  quite  frequently  become  attached  to  the  feet  of 
bees,  and  the  entanglement  causes  their  death.  The 
flowers  are  almost  exclusively  fertilized  by  bees  and  the 
beelike  flies  (see  Miiller's  Fertilization  of  Flowers). 

The  handsomest  member  of  the  genus, 

with  brilliant  light  orange  or  orange-yel- 
Weed  or  Pleu= 
risy  Root  l°w  flowers,  in  erect  flat-topped  clusters 

Asclepias  Sit  the  termination  of  the  branches.  Leaves 

tuberosa  light  olive  green,  narrow  oblong,  or  lance- 

ig  ange  shaped,  hairy  beneath,  and  veiny,  nearly 
September  or  <luite  stemless.  The  juice  is  very 
slightly  if  at  all  milky.  The  stem  some- 
what rough.  The  slender  pods  are  borne  erect  on  a  short 
stalk  with  an  S  curve.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  dry 
fields  everywhere,  especially  south.  Found  on  Cape  Cod. 

A  misnamed  species,  as  its  flowers  are 
Purple 
Milkweed  pure  crimson  or  else  crimson- magenta;  but 

Asclepias  they  are  never  purple.     The  stem  is  usu- 

purpurascens      ally  simple,  green,  and  magenta- tinged  at 
Magenta=  ^g  jea£  junctures.      Leaves  ovate,   and 

Ju'ire-Au  ust     finely  hairy  beneath  ;  smooth  above.     The 
flowers  are  £  inch  long,  with  broad  horns 
abruptly  pointed  inward.     2-3  feet  high.     Common  in 
dry  fields  and  thickets.    Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar,  rather  smooth  species,  the 
Swamp  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on 

Ascle  ias  ^ne  branches  of  the  flower-stalks.     The 

incarnata  leaves  narrow,  or  lance-shaped  ;  all  short- 

Dull  light          stalked.     The  small  flowers  in  small  termi- 
crimson  nal  flat-topped  clusters,  dull  light  crimson 

Se  tember          or  ^u^  crimson-pin^-    2-4  feet  high.    Com- 
mon in  swamps  throughout  our  range. 

366 


•Butterfly  Weed       \  V         Asclepias  tuberosa. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadacese. 


The  var.  pulchro,  is  more  or  less  hairy,  has  broader, 
shorter-stalked  leaves,  and  dull  crimson  or  pink  or  even 
pink-white  flowers.  Common  north,  south  to  Ga. 

The  commonest  of  all  the  Asclepias,  and 
Milkweed  remarkable  for  its  cloyingly  sweet,  some- 
Asdepias  what  pendulous  flower-cluster,  which  is 

syriaca  most  aesthetic  in  color  ;  it  varies  from  pale 

" brown=  brownish  lilac  to  pale  lavender-brown, 
Jul  -August  anc*  fr°m  dull  crimson-pink  and  pink-lilac 
to  yellowish  (the  horns  particularly)  and 
brownish  lavender.  Gray's  and  Britton  and  Brown's 
" green-purple"  is  a  misleading  color  description; 
the  authors  of  Wild  Flowers  of  the  Northeastern 
States  (p.  434)  are  quite  correct  in  their  description  of 
this  flower-color  and  all  others.  The  broad  oblong 
leaves  and  stem  of  the  plant  are  very  finely  hairy,  the 
color  is  light  yellow-green,  and  the  ribs  are  yellowish. 
The  rough-surfaced  seed-pod  is  filled  with  the  silkiest  of 
white  down,  attached  to  flat  yellow-brown  seeds,  over- 
lapping each  other  like  the  scales  of  a  fish.  The  flower- 
clusters  are  borne  at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  and 
plant-stem.  The  flowers  are  mostly  fertilized  by  bees, 
who  not  infrequently  lose  their  lives  by  their  feet  be- 
coming inextricably  entangled  with  the  pollen  masses, 
or  caught  in  the  fissures  of  the  corona  (described  fully 
in  William  Hamilton  Gibson's  My  Studio  Neighbors, 
p.  232).  3-5  feet  high.  Common  everywhere. 

Pale  magenta-purple-stained  green  flow- 
AscUpias 

amplexicaulis  ers  m  a  solitary  terminal  cluster.  The  ob- 
Lilac=green  long,  wavy  leaves  with  a  clasping  base 
July-August  somewhat  heart-shaped.  Rather  uncom- 
mon northward,  but  frequent  in  the  south.  Found  in 
sandy  soil  near  Burlington,  Vt. 

A  rather  tall  milkweed  with  large  ivory 

Milkweed  or  cream- white  flowers,   whose   re  flexed 

Asclepias  corolla-segments  are  green  or  magenta- 

phytolaccoides    tinged  on  the  outer  surface  ;  the  flowers 

Cream  white      iooseiy  clustered  and  drooping.   The  rather 

large  leaves  are- thin  and  pointed  at  either 

end  ;  the  stem  is  slender  and  3-6  feet  high.     One  of  our 

most  dainty  and  beautiful  wild  flowers.     Common  on 

368 


Common  MilKweed.  Asclepias 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.      Convolvulacex. 


the  borders  of  thickets  and  woods  throughout  the  north, 
and  south  to  Ga.  Found  near  Lake  Dunmore,  Vt. 

An  early-flowering  species  with  delicate 
Milkweed  magenta-pink  flowers,  the  reflexed  lobes 

Asclepias  of  which  are  palest  pink.     The  stem  is 

quadrifolia  slender  and  generally  leafless  below,  bear- 
Magenta=pink  -  about  twQ  circleg  of  four  leaves  about 
May-July  .,  .  ,  ,,  ,  .  . 

the    middle    and    two  pairs  of    opposite 

smaller  leaves  at  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.  The  plant 
is  delicate  and  small,  with  few  flower-clusters.  1-2  feet- 
high.  Woods  and  copses,  throughout  the  north,  and 
south  to  N.  Car. 

.  An  extremely  small  narrow-leaved  plant 

verticillata  with  a  slender  stem  leafy  at  the  summit. 
Qreen=white  The  leaves  smooth  and  very  narrowly  lin- 
July-  ear,  generally  grouped  in  circles  of  4-7. 

September  Flowers  greenish  white.  1-2  feet  high. 
Common  on  dry  hills,  especially  so  south.  Me.,  west  to 
S.  Dak. ,  and  south. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.     Convolvulacece. 

Herbs,  in  our  range,  with  twining  or  trailing  stems, 
alternate  leaves,  and  regular,  perfect  flowers  with  gen- 
erally a  bell-shaped  or  funnel-formed  corolla,  and  five 
stamens.  Flowers  visited  by  the  honeybee  and  bumble- 
bee. Self-fertilized  as  well  as  cross-fertilized.  The 
name  from  the  Latin  convolve,  to  roll  together. 

A  small,  erect  or  slightly  twining  plant, 
Btadweed  scarcely  a  foot  long,  with  blunt,  oval, 
Convolvulus  light  green  leaves,  heart-shaped  at  the 
spithamceus  base,  short -stemmed,  about  1-2  inches 
White  long.  Funnel-formed  white  flowers  about 

June-August  £  inches  long?  borne  singiy<  Calyx  in- 
closed in  two  large  leafy  bracts.  In  sandy  or  rocky 
fields,  Me.,  south  and  west. 

A  smooth-stemmed  vine  with  arrow- 
Bi^ndweed  shaped,  triangular,  grayish  green  leaves, 

Convolvulus  slender  -  stemmed  and  acute  -  pointed. 
sepium  Handsome  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped 

370 


Poke  Milkweed. 
Asclepi&s  phytol&ccoides. 


Four-leaved  Milkweed. 
Asclepi&s  quadrifolia. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.      Convolvulacess. 


White,  pink=  flowers  ranging  from  pure  white  to  pink- 
tinged  tinged  borne  singly  on  long  stems;  the 
June-August  „  * 

five    stamens    cream    yellow,    the    pistil 

white.  The  five-parted  calyx  is  inclosed  in  two  pale 
green  bracts.  The  flower  generally  closes  before  noon; 
it  is  sometimes  over  2  inches  broad  and  3  long.  Vine 
3-10  feet  long.  Along  moist  roadsides  and  borders  of 
fields,  climbing  over  shrubbery,  from  Me.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Utah.  Also  in  Europe. 

A  more  or  less  fine-hairy,  trailing  species, 

with  simple  or  slightly  branched  stem,  and 
Bindweed 

Convolvulus  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  arrow-shaped  or 
sepium,  var.  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  1-2  inches 
pubescens  long.  Flowers  white  or  pink-tinged,  borne 

tinned  °r  Plnk"  singly  On  lonS  stalks'  and  about  2  inches 
June-August  l°ng-  Calyx  inclosed  in  two  ovate  bracts. 

1-3  feet  long.     Common.     The  var.  fra- 

terniflorus  has  short    flower-stems    wing-angled.     Va. 

to  Mo.  south.     The  typical  C.  sepium  is  quite  smooth. 

A  smooth-stemmed,  very  slender  species 

with  oblong  and  arrow-shaped  gray-green 
C  Ivulus  leaves,  the  lateral  lobes  of  which  are  acute. 
arvensis  Small  flowers  not  over  1  inch  long,  white 

White  or  pink-  or  pink-tinged,  and  generally  borne  in 
tinged  clusters  of  two.  The  calyx  without  leafy 

September  bracts  at  the  base.  1-2  feet  long.  In 

fields  and  waste  places  from  Me.,  south 
to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  and  west  to  Kan. 

A  miserable  parasite  often  troublesome 
Common  .  r  . 

Dodder  m  gardens,  but  found  in  low,  damp,  shady 

Cuscuta  situations.      It  climbs  high    upon    other 

Gronovii  plants    by    twining    closely    about    their 

Dull  white  stalks  and  exhausting  their  -juices  through 
July-October 

a  thousand  tiny  suckers.     Its  threadlike, 

twisting  stem  varies  in  color  from  dull  yellow  to  dull 
orange,  it  is  crowded  with  bunches  of  tiny  dull  white 
bell-shaped  flowers  having  five  lobes.  The  calyx  is 
greenish  white.  All  the  dodders  start  at  first  from  the 
ground,  but  finally  securing  a  convenient  plant  upon 
which  to  climb,  the  root  in  the  earth  dies  and  they  be- 
come parasitic.  Common  everywhere. 
372 


Hedge  Bindweed. 
Convolvulus  sepium. 


Common  Dodder. 
Cuscuta  Oronovii 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemon/acess. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniacece. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  perfect, 
regular  or  nearly  regular  flowers  with  a  five-lobed  co- 
rolla which  is  rolled  up  in  the  bud,  the  lobes  of  the 
mature  flower  remaining  somewhat  contorted.  Stamens 
five.  Cross-fertilized  most  generally  by  butterflies  and 
bumblebees.  The  name  Phlox  is  from  the  Greek  <pAo'£, 
meaning  flame. 

Downy  Phlox  -^  more  southern  and  western  species 
Phlox  pilosa  with  soft-downy  stem  and  leaves,  the 
Purple,  etc.  latter  deep  green,  linear  or  lance-shaped, 
May-June  without  teeth  and  stemless.  Flowers  from 

pale  crimson-pink  to  purple  and  white.  The  calyx 
sticky-glandular,  the  corolla-tube  usually  fine-hairy. 
1-2  feet  high.  In  dry  ground  from  Southbury,  Conn. 
(E.  B.  Harger),  and  N.  J.,  south,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  and  Tex. 
Another  rather  western  species  with  a 
Phlox  '  somewhat  sticky  fine-hairy  stem,  with 

Phlox  divari-  spreading  leafy  shoots  from  the  base. 
cata  Leaves  wider  than  those  of  the  preceding 

Pale  lilac  or       species,    especially   those    on    the    sterile 

shoots;  they  are  deep  green,  ovate  lance- 
April-June  •    j.   J       rpi  i        •    l    , 

shaped,  and  acute-pointed.  The  pale  violet 
or  lilac  flowers  have  generally  notched  lobes,  they  are 
slightly  fragrant,  and  are  gathered  in  loose  clusters. 
Often  the  lobes  are  without  notches.  9-18  inches  high. 
In  moist  thin  woodlands.  N.  Y.,  south,  west  to  Minn. 
A  very  low  species  with  tufted  stems, 

Ground  or  spreading  over  the  ground  until  it  forms 

Moss  Pink 

Phlox  subulata  compact  masses  resembling  moss..  The 
Crimson  small,  thickish  yellow-green  leaves  sharp- 

pink,  etc.  tipped,  linear,  and   close  set;    the   plant 

April-  mostly    evergreen.       Flowers    few    in    a 

cluster  terminating  the  short  stems,  vary- 
ing in  color  from  white  through  crimson-pink  to  light 
magenta;  the  petals  notched.  The  stems  fine-hairy  or 
becoming  smooth.  2-5  inches  high.  In  sandy  or  rocky 
ground.  N.  H.  and  Mass.,  south,  west  to  Mich,  and  Ky. 
Phlox  paniculata,  which  is  a  tall  garden  species,  in 
colors  varying  from  pink  and  lilac  to  white,  with  stout, 

374 


Moss  Pink. 
Phlox  subul&ta. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginacese. 


smooth  stem,  and  dark  green  acute  lance-shaped  or  oblong 
leaves,  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  of  the  east- 
ern States,  and  is  established  permanently  in  many  lo- 
calities, generally  adjoining  old  dwellings.  2-6  feet  high, 

A  smooth  perennial  with   slender   and 
Greek  Valerian 

Polemonium  weak  stems  finally  reclining,  and  com- 
reptans  pound  alternately  growing  leaves  formed 

Light  violet  of  5-15  ovate  lance-shaped  leaflets  ;  theup- 
Apni-May  permost  leaves  generally  simple  ;  all  tooth- 
less. Flowers  about  -J  inch  long,  light  blue-violet  or 
rarely  white,  in  loose  clusters  and  nodding — bluebell- 
like.  8-12  inches  high.  In  thin  woods,  N.  Y.,  south 
to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A.  much  rarer  species,  found  only  by  the 
Jacob's  Ladder 

Polemonium        mountain  streams  and  in  the  swamps  of 

Van-Bruntics  the  north.  It  has  a  stout  horizontal  root 
Violet  from  which  spread  numerous  rootlets, 

with  erect  stems  smooth  and  leafy  to  the 
top.  Leaves  compound  like  those  of  the  preceding 
species,  the  lower  ones  consisting  of  15-19  nearly  stem- 
less,  ovate  pointed  leaflets.  Flowers  numerous  in  a 
somewhat  long  cluster,  bright  violet,  and  nearly  1  inch 
broad,  with  conspicuous  stamens  and  style,  the  five  lobes 
of  the  corolla  rounded.  1-2J  feet  high.  From  Vermont 
and  northern  N.  Y.,  south  to  Md.  Common  only  in  the 
far  north.  Found  at  Abby  Pond,  Rip  ton,  Vt. 

BORAGE  FAMILY.    Boraginacece 

In  our  range  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  rough- 
hairy  stems  and  generally  alternate,  toothless,  rough 
leaves.  The  blue-violet  flower  perfect  and  regular  with 
a  five-lobed  corolla  (Echium  excepted),  and  five  stamens. 
Flowers  mostly  in  one-sided  spikes,  which  at  first  are 
somewhat  rolled  up,  straightening  as  the  blossoms  ex- 
pand. Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies  and  bees. 

An   ill-smelling  biennial  with   a  fine- 
Hound's  tongue  .     .  ,  .  ,       .,, 
Cynoglossum        hairy,,  stout,  branching  stem,  and  with 

officinale  lance-shaped  leaves  stemless,  except  the 

Magenta  basal  ones  which  are  oblong  and  long 

June~  slender-stemmed.      The    small    magenta 

September  Qr  rarely  white  flower8.  five-lobed,  and 

376 


Qreek  Valerian. 
Polemonium  reptans! 


R  Van-Bruntiae 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


loosely  arranged  on  a  fine-hairy  curving  stem.  The 
fruit,  four  nutlets  set  in  a  four-sided  pyramidal  shape, 
surmounted  by  the  withering  style.  2  feet  high.  Fields. 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn.  From  Asia. 
Wild  Comfrey  ^  perennial  species  with  usually  a  sim- 
Cynogiossum  pie  hairy  stem,  without  leaves  above.  The 
virginianum  basal  leaves  deep  green,  oblong  lance- 
Pale  violet  shaped,  rough,  and  short  -  stemmed,  the 
upper  ones  clasping  the  stem  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base.  The  pale  violet  flowers  on  a  few  long  naked 
stems  ;  the  corolla  divided  into  five  rounded  lobes.  The 
fruit,  four  depressed  nutlets,  convex  on  the  upper  face, 
and  hairy.  1-2  J  feet  high.  In  thin  woods  from  Me., 
south,  west  to  Kan.  and  La. 

A  biennial  with  a  fine-hairy,  branching 
Jeef"  '    stem'  slender  and  spreading.     The  basal 

Lappula  leaves  vanishing,  as  a  rule,  at  the  period 

virginiana  of  bloom,  rather  broad  ovate  ;  the  stem- 

Lavender=white  ieaves    light    green,    ovate    and    lance- 

shaped,  growing  quite  small  toward  the 
Der  x 


top  of  the  plant,  acute  at  either  end.  The 
flower-spikes  very  slender  and  bearing  tiny  white  flowers 
of  a  lavender  tinge.  The  tiny  burlike  fruit  covered  with 
barbed  prickles.  2-4  feet  high.  Echinospermum  ^x«/os> 
a  hedgehog,  and  <T7r<foua,  a  seed,  was  the  older  (genus) 
name.  Common  on  the  borders  of  dry  woods.  Me., 
south  to  Ala.  and  La.,  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Neb. 
An  annual  species  somewhat  hairy,  with 
g"r^ea"  many  small  light  gray-green  linear  leaves, 

Lappula  tlie  basal  ones  widest  at  the  tip.     The  tiny 

echinata  flowers   light  violet,  thinly   scattered  on 

Light  violet       slender  branches.     The  fruit  globose-oval, 
burlike,  and  covered  with  minute  slender 
barbed  prickles.     1-2  feet  high.     In  waste 
places  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  westward. 

A  beautiful  species  frequently  cultivated, 
Cov^sn'p  having  light  violet-blue  flowers  nearly  1 

Menensia  inch  long.     The  stem  smooth  and  erect, 

virginica  sometimes    branched.      The    deep    green 

Violet=blue         leaves  toothless,  ovate  pointed  or  obovate, 
March-May       strOngly  veined,  and  scarcely  stemmed  ; 
378 


Wild  Comfrey 


Cynoglossum  virginianum. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginacess. 


the  trumpet-like  flowers  with  five  lobes  are  rarely  white. 
1-2  feet  high.  On  river  meadows  and  along  river-banks 
from  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  Kan. 

Forget-me-not  The  true  forget-me-n°k>v°f  gardens,  es- 
Myosotis  caped  from  cultivation,  and  found  in  wet 

scorpioides          ground  or   marshes.      A  perennial  with 
Light  blue         slender,  sprawling,  fine-hairy  stems,  and 
gray-green    oblong    lance-shaped    leaves, 
stemless  or  nearly  so.     The  small  light  blue  flowers  with 
a  golden  eye,  in  small  clusters  somewhat  curved.     6-15 
inches  high.     Beside  brooks  and  in  wet  places  from  Me. , 
south  to  Pa. ,  and  west.     A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
A  species  similar  in  many  respects  to 

Smaller  ^e    foregoing,    with    the    fine-hairiness 

Forget=me=not  .        ..  ..  .      _    .,      , 

Myosotis  laxa     bending  close  to  stem  and  leaf,  the  leaves 

blunt  and  oblong,  and  the  very  small  and 
pale  light  blue  flowers  on  long  stems,  loosely  clustered. 
The  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  the  flower- tube.  6-1$  inches 
high.  Wet  places.  Me. ,  south  to  Tenn. ,  'west  to  Wis. 

An  annual  or  biennial,  with  very  bristly- 
get-me-not"  nairy  stems  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong 
Myosotis  and  obtuse.  Small  white  flowers ;  the 

virginica  calyx  unequally    five-cleft,   bristly,  with 

some  of  the  bristles  hooked  at  the  tips. 

3-15  inches  high.  On  dry  ttariks  from  Me. , 
south,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  var.  Tiiocrosperma^  a 
western  form,  is  larger  and  has  a  looser  flower-cluster. 

A  rough-hairy  annual  or  biennial,  with 
Corn  uromwell 

Lithospermum  erect>  branching  stems  and  foliage  resetn- 
arvense  bling  that  of  Myosotis,  but  a  brighter 

White  green.     The  small  white  flowers  scattered 

May-August  on  ^e  spikes  and  stemless  or  nearly  soT 
6-18  inches  high.  Sandy  roadsides  and  fields  from  Me. , 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Kan. 

A  similar  taller  species  with  a  much- 
lAthospermum  branched  stem  gray-green,  few-veined, 
ofiicinale  T  i  ^  t. 

Cream  white     rough,  and  stemless  leaves  ratfrer  broad 

lance-shaped.  The  cream  white  flowers 
with  corollas  funnel- formed  and  a  little  longer  than  the1 
five-pointed  hairy  calyx.  1-3  feet  high.  New  Eng.,, 

380 


Forget-me-not. 
Myosotis  scorpioides. 


Mertensia  virginica. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginacese. 


west  to  Minn.     Both  of  these  last  species  are  naturalized 
from  Europe.     Litliospermum  is  formed  of  the  Greek 
words  stone  and  seed,  referring  to  the  hard  seed. 
Lithospermum        An    indigenous    species,    the    so-called 
canescens  Puccoon   of  the   Indians.      A  perennial, 

Orange=yellow  soft-hairy  and  rather  hoary,  with  obtuse 
March-June  linear-oblong  leaves,  stemless  and  hairy. 
The  orange-yellow  flowers  with  a  broad  corolla,  salver- 
formed  and  five-lobed,  about  £  inch  long.  6-18  inches 
high.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees  and  butterflies  ;  some  of 
the  latter  are  Papilio  ajax,  Papilio  asterias,  Colias 
philodice,  and  Osmia  cobaltina.  In  dry  soil,  Me.,  south 
to  N.  J.  and  Ala.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Kan.,  and 
Ariz.  Rare  in  New  Eng.  The  roots  yield  a  red  dye. 

A  densely  harsh- hairy  perennial  herb, 
Gromwell  ^he  nan*s  °^  which  lean  toward  stem  and  , 

Onosmodium  leaf,  the  stem  slender  and  branching.  The 
Virginianum  light  green  leaves  oblong  lance-shaped. 
Cream  white  Flowers  cylindrical,  cream  white,  writh 
five  long  sharp  lobes  ;  the  style  threadlike 
and  extending  far  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  corolla  ;  the 
calyx  with  five  sharp  segments ;  the  flower-cluster  at 
first  curved,  finally  erect  and  long.  Flowers  ^  inch  long. 
The  flower  matures  the  stigma  before  the  anthers  ;  it  is 
mostly  cross-fertilized  by  the  butterflies.  1-2  feet  high. 
Banks  and  hillsides  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Kan. 

A  rough-bristly  annual  species,  natural- 
Small  Bugloss  ,  .  _,  -4.1  iT 
Li  copsis  lze  fr°m  Europe,  with  a  branching  stem 
arvensis  and  lance-shaped  leaves.  The  light  blue- 
Light  violet  violet  flowers  in  crowded  clusters,  the 
June-  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  curved  corolla. 
1-2  feet  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides 
near  dwellings,  from  Me.  to  Pa.  and  Va.  The  name 
Greek,  TLvicoS,  a  wolf,  and  oi/>i$,  a  face  ;  but  the  flower's 
face  scarcely  looks  that  way  ! 

Sometimes  called  blueweed,  and  in  fact 
Vingr's 

Buff  loss  a  fl°wer  sufficiently  approaching  a  blue 

Echium  vulgar e  tone  to  justify  the  name  ;  but  the  bios- 
Blue=violet  soms  actually  range  between  lilac,  purple, 
June-July  an(j  vioiefc  of  a  bluish  cast.  It  is  a  bien- 
nial with  an  exceedingly  bristly-hairy  stem,  and  hairy- 
382 


Viper's  Bugloss. 
Echium  vulgareT 


Lithospermum 

canescens. 


VERVAIN  FAMILY.      Verbenaceae. 


silvery  light  green  leaves,  linear  lance-shaped,  toothless, 
and  stemless.  The  flowers  are  rather  showy,  tubular  or 
vase-shaped  with  five  rounded  unequal  divisions  ;  the 
four  stamens,  which,  with  the  pistil,  are  pink,  extend 
far  beyond  the  limit  of  the  corolla.  The  flower-spike 
one-sided,  at  first  closely  coiled,  but  finally  long  and  but 
slightly  curved ;  the  blossoms  are  pink,  but  the  mature 
flower  is  light  ultramarine  violet.  1-2 J  feet  high.  Road- 
sides and  pastures  from  Me.  to  Va. ,  and  west  to  Nev. 
and  S.  Dak.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

VERVAIN  FAMILY.     Verbenacece. 

Generally  herbs  (at  least  in  our  range)  with  opposite 
leaves  and  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  in  ter- 
minal clusters.  The  corolla  with  united  petals,  uniform 
in  shape,  or  two-lipped,  the  tube  generally  cylindrical 
and  spreading  into  4-5  lobes.  Four  stamens,  two  long 
and  two  short,  or  very  rarely  only  two.  Probably  self- 
fertilized,  though  cross-fertilization  may  occur,  assisted 
by  the  honeybee,  bumblebee,  and  the  beelike  flies. 

A  troublesome  annual  weed  with  a  four- 
European  sided,  slender,  nearly  smooth,  branching 
Vervain 
Verbena             stem,  'and  minutely  hairy  leaves,  deeply 

officinalis  cleft  and  sharp-toothed  ;   the  upper  ones 

Purplish  lance-shaped    and    toothless,    the    lower 

ovate  and  sharply  divided;  all  deep  green. 
September  ^ke  sma^  Pa^e  purple  or  white  flowers  in 

branching  spikes  about  5  inches  long,  in- 
conspicuous and  uninteresting.  1-3  feet  high.  In  waste 
places  everywhere.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  similar  perennial  species  with  white 
Vervain  flowers;  usually  with  erect  slightly  rough- 

Verbena  hairy  stem  four-sided  and  grooved,  and 

urticcefolia  coarsely  toothed,  deep  green  leaves,  all  or 
White  nearly  all  with  distinct  stems,  acute,  and 

s"  tember         slightly  hairy.    The  flower-spikes  at  length 

very  long,  the  white  flowers  very  small. 
3-5  feet  high.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  from  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Tex.  The  var. 
riparia  has  deeply  cut  leaves,  and  purple  flowers.  N.  Jc 
to  N.  Car. 

384 


V  angustifolia. 


White  Vervain.        Ill      Verbena  urticaefolia. 


VERVAIN  FAMILY.      Verbenacese. 


A  small,  rougfi-hairy  species  with  a  slen- 
Narrow=Ieaved 

Vervain  c*er'  °^en  simple  stem.     Leaves  linear  and 

Verbena  lance-shaped,  the  lower  ones  broad  at  the 

angustifolia  tip  and  w^edge-shaped  at  the  base,  all  more 
Pale  violet  Qr  lesg  toothed  and  veiny.  Flower-spikes 
June-August 

few  or  single,  densely  clustered  with  pale 

violet  flowers  about  J  inch  wide.  8-22  inches  high.  Dry 
borders  of  fields.  Mass. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

One  of  the  handsomest  yet  commonest 
Blue  Vervain  .  .   .  _  Jf. 

Verbena  members  of  the  genus.     The  stem  erect, 

hastata  stout,  four-sided  and  grooved,  roughish 

Deep  purple       and  dull  green.   The  short-stemmed  leaves 

dark  green,  lance-shaped  or  oblong  lance- 
September  .     .          y     ^11     ii 

shaped,  acutely  incised  with  double  teeth, 

and  with  a  rough  surface  ;  the  lower  leaves  are  more  or 
less  three-lobed.  The  flower-spikes  are  numerous  and 
branch  upward  like  the  arms  of  a  candelabra ;  the 
flowers  bloom  from  the  foot  of  the  cluster  upward, 
a  few  at  a  time,  leaving  behind  a  long  line  of  purple- 
tinged  calyx  ;  the  tiny  blossoms  are  deep  purple  or 
violet — either  one  hue  or  the  other.  The  flowers  never 
approach  blue  or  any  hue  allied  to  it,  so  the  common 
name  is  misleading.  Verbena  hastata  is  a  special  fa- 
vorite of  the  bumblebee,  and  it  is  also  closely  attended 
by  the  honeybee  and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 
The  smaller  butterflies  are  also  occasional  visitors, 
among  them  the  white  Pieris  protodice.  3-7  feet  high. 
In  fields  everywhere.  Rare  in  central  N.  H. 

LOPSEED  FAMILY.     Phrymacece,  has  a  single  species. 

seed  ^  tal1  Plant>     The   stalk   is   four-sided, 

Phryma  hollow,  and  strong-fibred,  branching  di- 

leptostachya  vergently  above.     The  deep  green  leaves 

Crimson=  are  thin,  coarsely  toothed,  and  arranged 

in  pairs,  each  pair  set  at  right  angles  with 
July-August 

the  next ;  the  upper  leaves  nearly  stemless 

and  ovate  pointed  ;  the  lower  oval.  The  slender  flower- 
Spike  bears  little  two-lipped  flowers  (the  lower  lip  is 
fchree-parted)  set  in  pairs  at  right  angles  with  each 
other.  The  flowers  are  crimson-pink  with  a  magenta 
tinge.  In  woods.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
386 


Blue  Vervain. 


Verbena,  hastate. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labicttce. 

A  large  family  of  aromatic  herbs,  the  foliage  of  which 
is  covered  with  tiny  glands  containing  a  strong-scented 
volatile  oil  of  a  peppery  character  ;  the  different  species 
superficially  resemble  one  another.  The  flowers  are 
usually  small,  tubular,  with  an  entire  or  two-lobed  upper 
lip  and  a  three-lobed  lower  lip.  The  stem  is  generally 
square,  and  the  leaves  grow  opposite  each  other.  The 
tiny  flowers  are  gathered  in  more  or  less  conspicuous 
spikes,  or  are  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  leaves ;  they 
are  honey -bearing,  and  are  almost  exclusively  cross-fer- 
tilized by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  smaller  bees. 
The  name  from  Ldbice,  the  lips. 

This  is  an  annual  species  whose  light  vio» 
let,  magenta-pink,  or  rarely  white  flow- 
ers are  generally  in  pairs  at  the  terminating 
branchlets  of  the  somewhat  woolly-sticky 
stiff  stem.  The  leaves  are  narrowly  oblong 
or  lance-shaped,  and  a  trifle  sticky,  with 
an  aromatic  pennyroyallike  odor.  The 
flowers  are  too  scattered  to  form  a  panicle 
or  cluster,  and  they  are  remarkable  for  the 
extraordinary  length  of  the  violet  stamens  which  ex- 
tend in  a  curving  line  far  beyond  the  five-lobed  corolla, 
or  flower-cup — hence  the  name  Blue  Curls.  The  Latin 
name  also  refers  to  the  hair  like  stamens.  After  the  co- 
rolla fades  and  falls,  the  little  nutlets  within  the  calyx 
are  in  plain  view.  6-20  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy 
fields,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Pa.  and  Ky. 

A  very  similar  species  with  a  slender 
woolly  stem,  ascending  branches,  and  very 
narrow  linear  leaves,  stemless  and  smooth. 
In  sandy  fields  and  dry  pine  barrens  near 
the  coast,  from  Long  Island  and  Conn., 
south  to  La. 

A  slender  branching  annual  with  lance- 
shaped,  toothless  or  slightly  toothed, 
conspicuously  three-ribbed  leaves,  and  ex- 
tremely regular-lobed  flowers  (for  one  of 
the  family  Labiatce),  with  five  nearly 
equal,  obovate,  spreading  divisions.  The 
388 


Blue  Curls  or 

Bastard 

Pennyroyal 

Trichostema 
dichotomum 
Pale  violet 
or  magenta 
July- 
September 


Trichostema 
lineare 
Pale  violet, 
etc. 
July-August 

False 
Pennyroyal 

Isanthus 
brachiatus 
Pale  violet 
July- 
September 


Blue  Curls.  Trichostema  dichotomum 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


pistil  greatly  exceeds  the  stamens  in  length,  the  latter 
scarcely  extending  beyond  the  corolla ;  it  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  the  flower  is  cross-fertilized.  The  most 
frequent  visitors  are  the  bumblebees,  the  honeybees, 
and  the  smaller  butterflies,  chief  among  which  are 
Pieris  rapce,  white,  and  Colias  philodice,  yellow. 
American  A  downy  perennial  with  a  stiff  perpen- 

Germander  dicular  stem,  and  light  green,  unevenly 
or  Wood  Sage  toothed  leaves,  lance-shaped  and  fine- 

Teucrium  hairy ,  particularly  underneath.  The  rather 

Canadense 

Pale  purple        long  flower-spike  with  the  large  nearly  }- 

or  magenta  inch-long  flowers  arranged  in  circles,  pur- 
July-  pie,  deeper  or  paler,  and  sometimes  ma- 
September  genta,  or  a  pinkish  white.  The  lower  lobe 
of  the  flower  broad  and  prominent,  forming  a  convenient 
landing  for  visiting  bees.  1-2  feet  high.  Moist  thicket 
borders,  or  marshes.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S. 
Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Kan.  The  var.  littorale  with  rigid  stem 
and  lance-shaped  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  thick  and 
roguish,  has  smaller  flowers.  Near  the  coast,  Me.,  south 
and  southwest,  north  to  Okla.  in  the  Miss,  valley. 

A  stout-stemmed,  yellow-flowered  per- 

R*  h  W    d     ennial  species,  tall  and  branching,  with 

Collinsonia        large  ovate  sharply  toothed  leaves  and  a 

Canadensis         nearly  smooth    stem.     The    pale    yellow 

Pale  yellow        flowers  with  2  long  divergent  stamens  and 

s"  timber         a  Promment  pistil,  strongly  lemon-scented. 

Flower-cluster    very    loose.      Named    for 

Peter  Collinson,  an  early  amateur  botanist.     2-4  feet 

high.     In  damp  rich  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south,  west 

to  Wis.  and  Kan. 

A  coarse  and  aromatic  perennial  species 
frutescens  introduced  into  the  gardens  of  this  coun- 

White  try  from  China  and  India,  and  escaped  to 

July-  roadsides  near  dwellings.  The  large,  ovate, 

September  coarsely  toothed  leaves  deep  purple-tinged 
beneath,  and  with  a  bronze  tone  above,  the  green  com- 
pletely suffused  with  the  other  color.  Strongly  scented, 
flowers  tiny,  in  terminal  clusters,  and  dull  white  or  pale 
magenta.  1-3  feet  high.  In  waste  places,  southern  N, 
Y.  to  111. 

390 


Note  the  long  lower  lip  of  the 

corolla  and  its  slightly 

fringed  edge. 


Col  1  i  nsonia  Canadensis. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiates. 


The  genus  Mentha  is  a  tribe  of  odorous  perennial  herbs 
with  little  tubular  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters  ;  the 
plant-stems  square.  Almost  all  the  species  are  natural- 
ized from  Europe,  and  there  are  many  hybrids.  Name 
from  MivQrj  (of  Theophrastus),  a  Nymph.  The  mints  are 
commonly  fertilized  by  the  order  Diptera  (the  flies),  and 
particularly  by  the  genera  Syrphidce  and  Bombylidce. 

Flowers    in    rather    crowded,    slender, 
Horse  Mint 

Mentha  leafless    spikes,   sometimes    disconnected. 

longifolia  Leaves    ovate-oblong    and    ovate    lance- 

Pale  purple  shaped,  almost  stemless,  sharp-pointed 
July-August  and  sharply  toothed,  often  smooth  above, 
but  the  whole  plant  generally  finely  white-haired.  Plant- 
stem  square.  18  inches  high.  Roadsides  and  field-, 
borders.  Pa.  and  N.  J.  Mentha  alopecuroides  has 
larger  leaves,  stemless,  broadly  oval  and  obtuse,  often 
approaching  heart-shape,  coarsely  toothed  and  more 
veiny.  Southern  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Mo. 

Flowers  variable  in  depth  of  color  ;  clus- 
Spearmtnt         ters  crowded  like   those  of  the    preced- 

Mentha  sptcata    j        species,   but   especially    narrow   and 

Pale  purple 

July-August      pointed.     Plant-stem   green,   square,  and 

nearly  smooth.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate 
lance-shaped,  unevenly  toothed  and  stemless  or  very 
nearly  so.  12-20  inches  high  or  more.  Wet  places  and 
roadsides  in  cultivated  ground,  everywhere. 

Flowers  in  narrow,  loose,  disconnected, 
Peppermint 
Mentha  leafless,  terminal  spikes,  and  often  on  a 

piperita  rather  long  stem  proceeding  from  between 

Pale  purple  the  plant-stem  and  leaf-stem.  Leaves 
long-ovate,  deep  green,  smooth,  and  regu- 
larly toothed,  slightly  rough  beneath,  and  very  hot- 
tasting.  Plant-stem  purplish,  18-36  inches  high.  Along 
brooks  and  in  cultivated  ground  everywhere. 

The   flowers  in    a  roundish  or  nearly 
Water  Mint. 
Mentha  oblong  terminal  cluster  ;  frequently  there 

aquatica  are  one  or  more   clusters    between    the 

Pale  purple        plant-stem     and    the    upper    leaf -stems. 

August-  Leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate.     The  plant 

is  characterized  by  downy  hairs  (rarely  it 

is  smoothish)  which  generally  point  downward.     Wet 

392 


Peppermint. 


Mentha  piperita. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatas. 


places  from  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  Del.,  and  Ga.  Not  com- 
mon. 18-28  inches  high  or  more.  In  the  var.  crispa  the 
plant  is  smooth,  but  the  green  flower-cup  is  hairy;  it  has 
also  torn-toothed  leaves  somewhat  curled.  Swamps  and 
roadside  ditches.  Southern  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa. 
Corn  Mint  ^e  ^n^  bell-shaped  flowers  clustered  in 

Menttia  circles  about  the  plant-stem  at  the  junc- 

arvensis  tion  with  leaf-stems.     Leaves  ovate,  blunt- 

Light  purple      toothed,  and  distinctly  stemmed.     Not  a 

common  species.  6-20  inches  long.  Found 
in  moist  fields.  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa.,  south  and  west. 
The  only  native  mint.  The  lilac-white 
Wild  Mint  or  w}1j^e  flowers  oblong  bell-shaped,  with 
arventisvar.  a  short-toothed  edge;  the  clusters  ar- 
Canadensis  ranged  as  in  the  preceding  species. 
White  or  Leaves  conspicuously  tapering  from  the 

lilac-white         centre  toward  both  ends,  coarsely  toothed, 
***  ovate-oblong  or  lance-shaped,  and'rough- 

ish,  or  nearly  smooth.  The  plant  is  more 
or  less  hairy  throughout,  and  has  the  odor  of  Penny- 
royal. In  wet  places  south  to  Va.,  and  through  the 
northern  United  States  across  the  continent.  10-28  in- 
ches high.  This  mint,  according  to  Prof.  Charles  Robert- 
son, is  visited  in  Illinois  by  the  fly  Jurinia  smaragdina. 

A    mintlike    weed    with    small    white 
Bugleweed  ,,  '  . 

Lycopus  flowers    remotely     suggesting     a     bugle 

Virginicus  shape.  Stem  slender,  four-angled,  and 
White  generally  smooth.  The  light  green  leaves 

July-Sep=           ovate     lance-shaped    and    very    coarsely 
toothed.     The  tiny    flowers  clustered   at 
the  bases  of  the  leaves  have  but  two  perfect  stamens  ; 
the  other  two,  if  present,  are  quite  abortive.     Fertilized 
mostly  by  the  beelike  flies,  and  the  small  bees  of  the 
genus  Halictus.   6-24  inches  high.    Common.    Seep.  411. 
A  similar  species,  with  some  leaves  so 
Water  Hore=      deeply  toothed  that  they  appear  incised, 
hound  and  others  incised  to  an  appearance  of 

Lycopus  lobes.     The  stiff  stem  generally  smooth, 

americanus  simple  or  branched.  The  flower-cup  tiny 
June-Sep=  and  but  little  larger  tnan  ^  green  calyx. 
tember  1-2  feet  high.  Common. 

394 


Leaf  of    M .  arvensis. 

Wild  Mint,     Mentha  arvensis  var.  Canadensia, 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiates. 


H  A  coarse,  stiff,  aromatic  perennial  natu- 

Hyssopus  ralized  from    Europe.     Slender-stemmed 

offidnalis  and   lance-leaved ;    the    leaves    stiff    and 

Pale  violet  pointed  at  either  end.  The  tubular  flowers 
June-Sep=  with  projecting  stamens,  crowded  at  the 
angles  of  the  leaves  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  plant.  1-3  feet  high.  Waste  places  and  roadsides 
near  dwellings,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west. 

This  is  a  stput  and  stiff -stemmed  species 

111  With  a  Slight  f raSrance  of  mint  5  but  unlike 

hemum  the  latter  its  tiny  flowers  are  borne  in 

virginianum  a  somewhat  flat-topped  cluster.     Leaves 

White  stemless  or  nearly  so,  lance-shaped,  tooth- 

purple=dotted  iess>  an(j  slightly  aromatic  ;  stem  smooth 

September  or  very  sliShtly  hairy,  and  very  leafy. 
The  flowers  lilac-white,  purple-spotted , 
standing  out  from  the  globular  heads.  1-3  feet  high. 
In  dry  fields,  or  pastures,  or  on  the  borders  of  thickets, 
from  Vt.  and  Mass. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Neb.  The  name  meaning  crowded  flower-clusters. 

A  similar  species,  with  smooth  linear 
Pycnanthemum  leaves,  sharp-pointed  and  light  green. 
White**1  The  stem  and  leaves  stiff.  The  tiny  flowers 

purple=dotted    white,  speckled  or  dotted  with  purple.     1- 
2  feet  high.     Dry  fields,  N.  H.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H.,  but 
rare  ;  occasional  in  Vt. 

A  small  annual,  exceedingly  odorous, 
American  usually  found  in  dry  pastures.  The  stem 

Pennyroyal  *       «     ,.  .7, 

Hedeoma  erect,  finely  hairy,  with  upward-reaching 

pulegioides  branches ;  the  small  light  olive-green 
Pale  light  leaves  with  few  teeth,  ovate  lance-shaped, 

blunt-pointed,  and  narrowed  at  the  base. 
tember  ^he  tiny  pale  violet  or  lavender,  tubular 

flowers  with  a  three-lobed  under  lip.  Fer- 
tilized mostly  by  bumblebees,  honeybees,  and  the  smaller 
bees.  6-15  inches  high.  Common  in  dry  fields  every- 
where,  but  not  found  in  Campton,  N.  H.,  nor  anywhere 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  White  Mts.  The  essential  oil  of 
Pennyroyal  is  said  to  be  efficacious  in  driving  away 
mosquitoes. 

30 


Pennyroyal 
Hedeoma  pulegioideS. 


Mountain  Mint.  II       Pycnanthemum  flexuosum. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiate. 


Lyre-leaved  A  slightly   rough-hairy,  slender  plant, 

Sage  with    conspicuous    light    violet    flowers 

Salvia  lyrata  nearly  an  inch  long,  which  are  cross-fer- 
Light  violet  tilized  mostly  by  the  bumblebees  ;  Bombus 
June-July  vagans  and  Bombus  pennsylvanicus  being 
frequent  visitors.  The  lower  leaves  are  somewhat  lyre- 
shaped,  the  upper  pair  (sometimes  two  pairs)  mid- w ay 
up  the  stem,  similar  but  less  cut,  or  lobed  ;  the  tubular 
flowers  with  a  broad  three-lobed  lip  which  furnishes  a 
convenient  landing-platform  for  insect  visitors  ;  1-2  feet 
high.  In  dry  woodlands,  and  beside  thickets.  N.  J., 
south,  and  west  to  111.  and  Ark. 

A  brilliant  and  showv  wild  flower  whose 
OswegoTeaor 
Bee  Balm  scarlet-red  color  is  strongly  relieved  by  its 

Monarda  usual    background    of    shady    woodland. 

didyma  Commonly  found  beside  streams  on  the 

Scarlet=red         border  of  the  woods. 

September  ^ne  Monardas  are  peculiarly  adapted  to 

the  visits  of  butterflies,  although  they  are 
also  commonly  visited  by  bees,  the  bumblebee  in  particu- 
lar. The  two  anther-bearing  stamens  are  prominent,  as 
well  as  the  two-parted  stigma,  and  neither  can  be  passed 
without  friction  by  butterfly  or  bee,  both  of  which  have 
the  long  tongue  necessary  to  reach  the  nectar.  The 
bumblebees  mentioned  as  visitors  of  the  foregoing  species 
also  frequent  this  flower,  together  with  the  butterflies 
Colias  philodice,  yellow,  and  the  large  Danais  archip- 
pus,  black-and-tan.  The  sombre  dark  green  leaves  are 
broad  lance-shaped,  sharply  toothed,  and  stemmed  ;  the 
small  leaves  just  beneath  the  flower  are  often  tinged 
ruddy.  The  stem,  rather  hairy-rough  and  square,  is 
about  2  feet  high,  or  more.  Moist  ground,  N.  Eng., 
south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Mich. 

A  similar  species  with  a  smooth  or  spar- 
Wild  Bergamot . 

Monarda  fistu-  m8lY  downy,  slender  stem,  and  deep  green 
losa  leaves,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  stained 

Magenta-  with  the  pure  pale  lilac   or  whitish   tint 

purple  which  characterizes  the  flower- bracts.  The 

September          flowers  with  a  less  expanded  throat,  paler 
or  deeper  magenta-purple.     2-3  feet  high. 
Dry  ground,  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Neb.  and  S.  Dak, 

398 


Oswego  Tea. 


Monarda  didyma. 


Wild  Bergamot. 


Monardafistulosai 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatas. 


A  rather  smooth  form  with  handsome 
Monarda  fistu-         .  .    ,  .,     _ 

Zosavar.  ™6m  crimson-pink  or  rose  red  flowers  finely 
Crimson-pink  hairy  over  the  tube  and  upper  lip,  and  thin 

leaves  rather  smooth.  On  the  borders  of 
moist  thickets,  Me.  and  N.  H. ,  south  along  the  mountains 
to  Pa.  and  Va.  The  var.  media,  with  deep  purple  flowers. 
Alleghany  Mts.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  var.  rubra  is 
locally  plentiful  in  parts  of  N.  H. ,  notably  south  of  New- 
found Lake.  It  is  unfortunately  classified  as  Purple 
Bergamo t,  Monarda  media,  in  Britton  and  Brown,  which 
is  manifestly  confusing.  Monarda  mollis  is  a  less  com- 
mon species  ;  flowers  flesh  pink  and  lilac. 

A  woodland  species  rather  similar  in 
Blephilia  many  respects  to  Monarda.    The   small 

Blephilia  cili-  tubular  flowers  about  J  inch  long,  with  a 
ata  three-lobed  under  lip,  light  purple  or 

Light  purple  violet  and  fine_hairv,  The  lance-shaped 
June-August  . 

leaves  almost  toothless  (except  the  lower 

ones),  white-downy  beneath,  and  quite  stemless,  or  nearly 
so.     The  stem  downy  and  mostly  simple.     1-2  feet  high. 
Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
Catnip  An  exceedingly  common  weed  to  which 

Nepeta  Cataria  many  of  the  animals  of  the  tribe  Fells  are 
Lilac=white  greatly  attached.  A  favorite  Manx  cat  of 
July-October  mme  WOuld  walk  a  mile  every  other  day 
or  so,  from  my  Campton  studio  to  a  spot  where  it 
grew  in  plenty,  notwithstanding  the  way  was  through 
the  woods  and  over  a  hill  of  no  small  difficulty  !  The 
stem  is  densely  downy  as  well  as  the  deeply  round-toothed 
leaves,  and  both  are  sage  green  in  color.  The  pale  lilac 
or  lilac- white  and  spotted  flowers  are  also  downy,  and 
gathered  in  small  terminal  clusters,  which  are  rarely  4 
inches  long.  Leaves  strongly  aromatic.  2-3  feet  high. 
Common  everywhere.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  small  creeping  plant,  adventive  from 
Ground  Ivy  or    _  .  ,    ,      ,       , 

Gill=over=the=    Europe,  common  in  all  moist  shady  places  ; 

Ground  it  takes  the  place  of  our  Trailing  Arbutus, 

Nepeta  in  the  moist  fields  of  England  in   April. 

hederacea  »pne  paje  purpie  flowers,  spotted  darker 

near  the  throat>  and  of  ten  with  the  cal^x 
magenta-tinged,  has  two  lips,  the  upper 

400 


1- Catnip. 
Nepeta  Cataria. 


!-G  i  1 1 -oveivM-the -gpou  nd. 
Nepeta  hederacca. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


one  two-cleft,  and  the  lower,  three-cleft ;  the  deep  green 
leaves,  scalloped  and  rather  heart-shaped,  are  often 
stained  with  magenta,  as  well  as  the  stem  ;  the  latter 
takes  root  at  the  joints,  and  reaches  out  sometimes  fully 
18  inches.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  Kan. 

A  bitter  perennial  herb,  not  aromatic, 
Skullcap  with  two-lipped  tubular  flowers,  the  four 

Scutellaria  stamens  located  under  the  upper  lip,  which 
laterifiora  is  arched.  Name  from  scutella,  a  dish,  in 

Pale  purple  allusion  to  the  peculiar  hump  on  the  upper 
July-August  ,  .  . 

section  of  the  green  calyx,  which,  how- 
ever, does  not  even  remotely  suggest  the  shape  of  a  dish. 
The  little  flowers,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  light 
or  pale  purple  (rarely  white),  are  borne  in  succession 
along  the  delicate  stems  which  terminate  the  branches 
or  spring  from  between  leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  The 
flpw^ers  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stem  which  later  is  dec- 
orated with  the  odd  little  hoodlike  green  calyxes  con- 
taining four  white  seeds.  Plant-stem  smooth,  square, 
and  sometimes  slightly  twisted,  upright  and  much 
branched.  Leaves  narrowly  ovate,  veiny,  coarse-toothed, 
pointed,  rounded  at  the  base,  and  slender-stemmed.  1-2 
feet  high.  Common  in  damp  and  shady  places,  through- 
out the  country  The  Scutellarias  are  fertilized  by  the 
smaller  bees,  Halictus,  and  the  leaf-cutter  bee,  MegacMle. 
Scutellaria  Light  violet  flowers  almost  an  inch  long, 

versicolor  the  whitish  lower  lip  sometimes  purple- 

Light  violet  stained.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  very  veiny, 
July-August  rough,  round-toothed,  rather  blunt,  and 
long-stemmed.  Plant-stem  soft-hairy.  1-3  feet  high. 
Banks  of  streams,  Pa.?  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and 
Ark, 

Scutellaria  Flower  an  inch  long,  narrow,  and  its 

serrata  upper  lip  only  a  trifle  shorter  than  the 

Light  violet  lower  one.  Leaves  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
May-June  toothed,  tapering  at  both  ends,  and  smooth. 
Green  and  nearly  smooth,  slender  plant-stem,  1-2  feet 
high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  and  west  to  111.  The  most  showy  of  all  the  genus. 

402 


Mad-dog  Skull-cap.  Scuteltaria  lateriflorau 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatse. 


The  flowers,  stems,  and  under  sides  of 
Scutellaria  the  leaves  covered  with  soft  white  down  ; 
CTtTiolet  flower  nearly  one  inch  long.  Leaves 
July-August  ovate  or  narrow-ovate,  stemmed,  and  some 
slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  2-4  feet 
high.  River- banks  from  Ontario  to  111.,  and  south 
among  the  mountains  to  N.  Car. 

Flowers  half  an  inch  long  or  a  trifle 
Scutellaria  more.  Leaves  distant,  oval  or  long  ovate, 
Li^ht  violet  veiny »  round-toothed,  the  longer-stemmed 
May-July  lower  ones  sometimes  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  the  upper  on  short,  margined 
stems.  Plant-stem  with  spreading  hairs.  Dry  or  sandy 
ground,  or  woods.  12-30  inches  high.  Southern  N.  Y. 
and  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich.  The  var.  Tiirsuta  is  a 
larger,  more  hairy  form  with  coarse  leaves.  Va.,  Ky. 

Flower  bright  light  violet,  and  an  inch 
Scutellaria  long,  in  a  striking  terminal  cluster.  Leaves 
in  egrifo  la  obiong  lance-shaped,  or  narrower,  mostly 
June-August  toothless,  obtuse,  short-stemmed,  and 
downy  together  with  the  plant-stem.  6- 
20  inches  high.  Dry  ground,  borders  of  fields,  woods. 
The  seaboard  States  from  R.  I.  south.  A  handsome 
species. 

A  low  species  with  flowers  £  inch  long, 
Scutellaria  borne  on  very  short  stems  at  the  junction 

parvula  of  ieaf.stem  with  plant-stem.     Leaves  op- 

Violet  . 

May-July  posite- growing,  toothless,  round  to  lance- 

ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  about  J  an 
inch  long.  Stem  spreading,  3-10  inches  high.  Sandy 
banks  and  moist  places,  from  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  south, 
and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Tex.  The  var. 
ambigua  is  minutely  fine-hairy  or  smooth.  Me.,  Wis. 
to  Ky.,  and  Tex. 

Flowers  f  inch  long,  growing  in  the 
Scutellaria  same  position  as  those  of  the  foregoing 
galericulata  species.  Leaves  ovate  lance-shaped,  the 
Blue-violet  .,,  ,.  ,,, 

July-August      lower  sometimes  with  a  slight  heart-shaped 

base,  toothed,  and  acute.     Stem  smooth 
and  slender.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  wet  shady  places 
and  along  streams,  especially  in  the  north  and  west. 
404 


Larger  Skullcap.        Scutellaria  integrifolia. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiates. 


Scutellaria 
nervosa 
Pale  blue- 
violet 
June-August 


Self-heal  or 
Heal-all 

Prunella  vui- 
garis  or  Bru- 
nella  vulgaris 
Purple,  light 
or  deeper 
June- 
September 


Flowers  a  trifle  more  than  £  inch  long. 
Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  roundish  or 
ovate,  slightly  toothed,  and  the  lower  ones 
slightly  heart-shaped.  The  floral  leaves 
toothless.  Stem  smooth  and  slender,  1-2 
feet  high.  Moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  very  common  low  perennial  with  gen- 
erally a  single  stem,  and  tubular,  two- 
lipped,  hooded  flowers  proceeding  from  a 
spike  or  head  of  closely  set,  sometimes 
rusty  colored  green,  floral  bractlike  leaves. 
The  name  (of  uncertain  origin)  said  to  be 
from  the  German  braune,  a  throat  dis- 
ease. Flower  tiny,  purple,  but  sometimes 
flesh  color  or  white,  the  lower  lip  slightly 
fringed.  Generally  fertilized  by  the  bumblebee,  Bombus 
pennsylvanicus  being  a  frequent  visitor ;  the  common 
yellow  butterfly  Colias  philodice  is  also  a  constant 
attendant.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  narrowing  toward  the 
tip,  slightly  or  imperceptibly  toothed,  stemmed,  with 
generally  two  small  bractlike  leaves  at  the  base  of  the 
stems.  Plant-stem  slightly  hairy.  6-13  inches  high. 
Very  common  along  roadsides,  and  on  the  borders  of 
woods  and  fields.  Across  the  continent. x 

A  smooth  perennial  with  upright,  slen- 
der stem,  stemless  lance-shaped  leaves 
mostly  toothed,  and  large,  1  inch  long, 
showy  flowers  crowded  in  terminal,  leaf- 
less spikes,  Flower  pinkish  pale  lilac,  often 
variegated  with  white,  and  funnel-shaped, 
the  upper  lip  a  little  hooded,  the  lower 
the  throat  inflated.  Plant-stem  smooth, 
1-4  feet  high.  Wet  grounds,  from  northern  Vt.,  west- 
ward and  southward.  Very  variable.  The  var.  denticu- 
lata,  slender  and  generally  low,  with  scallop- toothed,  or 
imperceptibly  toothed  leaves,  and  very  slender  flower- 
spikes.  Moist  situations,  Vt. ,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 
and  Neb. 

1  The  var.   laciniata,  with  upper  leaves  somewhat   compound,  is 
reported  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C. 
406 


False  Dragon- 
head 

Physostegia 
Virginiana 
Pink=lilac  or 
lighter 
July-August 

three-parted ; 


Self-heal 


\\ 

Prunella  vulgaria 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatse. 


A  white- woolly,  bitter,  and  aromatic 
Horehound  .  .  ,  J  .  ,  .  , 

Marrubium        perennial,  branched  at  the  base,  with  small 

vulgare  tubular  dull  white  flowers  circled  about 

White  the  plant-stem  at  the  leaf  junctions. 

Leaves  round-ovate,  stemmed,  and  scal- 
lop-toothed.    1-2  feet  high.    Cultivated, 
and  escaped  into  waste  places.     Naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope.     The  name  from  the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter 
juice. 

Perpendicular-growing  decorative  herbs, 
Motherwort  °  . 

Leonurus  without  any  particular  odor,  with  deeply 

Cardiaca  cut  leaves,  and  tiny  flowers  encircling  the 

Pale  lilac  plant-stem  at  the  point  of  junction  with 

June-August  the  jeaves>  The  name  from  heaov,  a  lion, 
and  or  pa,  tail — lion's  tail,  alluding  to  the  form  of.  the 
.  flower-spike,  but  a  poor  simile.  The  upper  lip  of  the 
tiny,  tubular  but  shallow,  pale  lilac  flower  bearded. 
The  green  calyx  characterized  by  five  thornlike  points;  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  when  the  flower  is  gone,  marked  with 
a  cross  upon  examination  with  a  glass.  The  small  leaves 
about  the  flower-clusters  conventionally  arranged  around 
the  tall  stems,  wedge-shaped  toward  the  stem,  and  three- 
pointed  at  the  tip.  The  lower  leaves  rounded,  slashed, 
and  long-stemmed.  2-4  feet  high.  A  familiar  peren- 
nial naturalized  from  Europe,  and  common  everywhere 
in  waste  places  about  dwellings. 

Low  spreading  herbs  found  on  waste 
Dead  Nettle  grounds.  With  tubular,  bell-shaped  flow- 
a^lericaule  ers>  and  smatt  long-stemmed  leaves  below, 
Pale  purple-  heart-shaped  ones  in  the  middle  of  the 
magenta  stem,  and  others  above  directly  connected 

April-  with  the  circling  flower-clusters ;  all  round- 

toothed.  The  upper  lip  of  the  flower  is 
bearded,  the  lower  one  spotted  ;  all  magenta  or  pale  pur- 
ple. A  honey-bearing  flower,  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
honeybees  and  bumblebees,  and  frequently  visited  by 
Bombus  bifarius,  commonly  called  the  orange-banded 
bumblebee.  The  foliage  of  the  dead  nettle  is  not  sting- 
ing to  the  touch.  6-18  inches  high.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

408 


Mothepwort 


Leonurus  Cardiaca. 


NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


Lamium 
purpureum 
Magenta 
May- 
September 

Hemp  Nettle 

Galeopsis 
Tetrahit 
Magenta- 
purple 
July- 
September 


Like  the  foregoing,  also  naturalized,  the 
leaves  more  heart-shaped,  roundish,  or  ob- 
long, and  all  of  them  stemmed.  Flowers 
magenta.  Less  common,  from  N.  Eng.  to 
Pa. 

An  annual,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  several  circling  clusters  of  small  pale 
magenta  flowers  (the  lower  lip  purple- 
striped)  gathered  at  the  stems  of  the  floral 
leaves.  Name  from  the  Greek,  weasellike, 
from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower 
to  the  head  of  a  weasel.  The  tiny  flowers 
white-hairy,  the  flower-cup  bristly.  Leaves  ovate, 
toothed,  hairy,  and  pointed.  Plant-stem  square,  very 
hairy,  with  hairs  pointing  downward,  and  conspicuously 
swollen  below  the  joints.  Cross-fertilized  by  the  bum- 
blebees and  smaller  bees,  Bombus  vagans  a  most  frequent 
visitor.  10-18  inches  high.  Common  in  waste  places 
and  gardens,  everywhere.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  tubular  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  clustered  in  circles,  6-10 
in  each  circle,  and  forming  a  terminal 
spike.  The  upper  part  of  the  light  ma- 
genta-purple flower  and  its  green  cup  (ca- 
lyx) hairy.  Leaves  stemless,  or  the  lower 
ones  short-stemmed,  ovate  lance-shaped 
or  longer,  scallop- toothed,  downy-hairy,  rather  obtuse, 
and  rounded  at  the  base.  Plant-stem  square,  1-3  feet 
high.  Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa. ,  and  west. 

Like  the  foregoing,   but    with    mostly 

smooth  flowers,  leaves  sometimes  smooth, 
joiia  var.  aspera 
Magenta=  and  nearly  all  distinctly   stemmed;    the 

purple  plant-stem  taller,   commonly  smooth  on 

Ju|y-  the  sides,   but  stiff-hairy  at  the  angles. 

The  flower-spike  slender.     Stem,  2-4  feet 
high.     Common  on  wet  grounds,  everywhere. 

NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.    Solanacece. 

Mostly  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  regular,  perfect 
flowers ;  the  five-lobed  corolla  with  generally  five  sta- 
mens and  a  very  small  stigma.     Foliage  strongly  scented. 
410 


Hedge  Nettle 

Stachys 
palustris 
Magenta=pur= 
pie,  or  paler 
July- 
September 


Bugle-weed. 
Lycopus  Virginicusu 

(.See  page  39U} 


Hemp-nettje. 
Gakopsis  Tetrahit. 


NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.     Solanacess. 


The  fruit,  though  often  narcotic  and  extremely  poison- 
ous, is  sometimes  harmless  and  edible  ;  usually  a  many- 
seeded  round  berry  with  the  calyx  generally  adhering  to 
its  base.  The  potato  and  the  tomato  are  the  widest- 
known  members  of  the  family. 

A  tall,  almost  shrublike  plant  with  vari- 

able  dark  green  leaV6S  fr°m  °Vate  t0  tri' 
Solanum  angular  in  outline,  some  lobed  and  others 

Dulcamara  formed  of  three  leaflets,  the  two  lateral 
Violet,  purple  Ones  quite  small,  all  without  teeth.  The 
gunf~  small  flowers  in  diminutive  loose  clusters, 

with  deeply  five-cleft  corolla,  violet  or 
purple,  or  sometimes  lilac- white,  the  yellow  conic  centre 
colored  by  the  five  stamens.  The  fruit  (at  first  green) 
an  oval,  translucent  ruby  red  berry,  hanging  or  droop- 
ing in  small  clusters.  The  flower  is  visited  by  honey- 
bees and  the  beelike  flies.  2-8  feet  high.  In  moist 
thickets  and  by  waysides.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Me.,  south  to  Del.,  and  west  to  Kan.  and  Minn. 

A  native  species,  with  an  erect,  smooth, 

Black  branching  stem,  and  ovate,  wavy-toothed, 

Nightshade          ,.  . 

Solanum  thin-stemmed  leaves  slightly  unequal- 

nigrum  sided.     Flowers  white  in  small  side  clus- 

White  ters,   the    corolla  deeply  five-lobed ;    the 

July~  calyx  adhering  to  the  globose  berry,  which 

is  black  when  fully  ripe,  and  clustered  on 
thin  drooping  stems.  1-2^  feet  high.  In  waste  places, 
or  near  dwellings  in  cultivated  ground,  from  Me.,  south, 
and  west  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Tex. 

A  tall,  and  late  in  its  season  a  reclining 

Clammy  or  sprawling  species  resembling  Solanum, 

Ground  Cherry      4  £  *?.•  .   ,      ,     . 

Phy  sails  wlth    spreading,   sticky -hairy  stem,   and 

heterophylla       broad  heart-shaped  leaves  coarsely  toothed 
Qreen=yellow     and    pointed.      Flower    greenish  yellow, 
brown  in  the  centre,  with  five  triangular 
short  lobes ;  anthers  and  berry  dull  yellow, 
the  latter  enclosed  within  the  enlarged  calyx.     1-3  feet 
high.     Common  in  rich  soil  from  JVJe.,  south,  and  west 
to  Col.  and  Tex.    A  variable  species,  not  yet  satisfacto- 
rily defined,  but  including  perhaps  more  than  one  species. 
Found  at  Manchester,  Vt.,  by  Miss  Mary  A.  Day. 
412 


Black  Nightshade.         Solanum  nigrum* 


NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.     Solanacese. 


A  branching  and  erect-stemmed  species, 

mostly  smooth.  The  ovate  lance-shaped 
Ground  Cherry  .  *  .  ^»  , 

Physalis  leaves   tapering  toward  both   ends  very 

Virginiana  slightly  shallow-toothed  and  light  green. 
Pale  yellow  The  flower  dull  pale  yellow  with  five  brown- 

J"ly-  purple  spots ;   anthers  deep  yellow.     The 

September  \.   r 

stigma  matures   before  the  anthers,  and 

extends  beyond  them.  Fertilized  by  the  honeybee  and 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus ;  Halictus  pectinatus  is  a 
common  visitor  (Prof.  Robertson).  The  reddish  berry 
enclosed  within  the  enlarged  calyx.  1-3  feet  high. 
Rich  soil,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to  La.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
Physalis  pubescens,  the  strawberry  tomato,  is  downy, 
with  angular  leaves.  The  flower  light  green-yellow, 
brown-spotted  at  the  throat,  with  violet  anthers.  Fruit 
green-yellow.  Escaped  from  cultivation  eastward. 

A  rank-smelling  annual  weed  with  a 
Thorn  Apple  smooth,  green,  stout  stem,  and  thin  ovate, 

oTjfms7n°Wn  acute'  anSularly  coarse-toothed  leaves, 
Weed  slim-stemmed.  The  white  trumpet-shaped 

Datura  flowers  about  4  inches  long,  with  a  light 

Stramonium       green  calyx  less  than  half  the  length  of 

the  corolla,  which  has  five  sharp-pointed 
September  lobes.  The  green  fruit -capsule,  ovoid, 

about  2  inches  long,  and  covered  with 
stout  prickles,  the  longest  of  which  are  at  the  tip  of  the 
capsule.  1-5  feet  high.  In  waste  places  and  vacant 
city  lots,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 
Naturalized  from  Asia. 

A  similar  species  with  a  slenderer  stem, 
Purple  Thorn  an(j  Barker  green  leaves  both  more  or  less 
Datura  Tatula  stained  with  magenta.  Flowers  like  those 
Magenta*.  of  the  preceding  species,  but  the  flaring 

lavender  tips  of  the  corolla  stained  with  magenta  or 

lavender,  or  the  tube  nearly  white.     All 

the  prickles  of  the  capsule  nearly  equal  in 
length.  1-5  feet  high.  In  waste  places  from  Vt.,  N.  Y., 
and  Minn.,  southward.  Datura  Metel,  a  native  of  Tro- 
pical America,  has  white  trumpetlike  flowers  6-7  inches 
long  and  ovate  leaves  toothless  or  nearly  so.  Capsule 
evenly  prickled.  A  garden  escape  in  waste  places. 

414 


3olanum\  Dulcamara.  Physahs 


Fruit  capsult. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariacese. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariacece. 

Commonly  herbs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
perfect,  irregular  flowers  with  two  sets  of  stamens,  2-5, 
longer  and  shorter  ones ;  corolla  two-lipped  or  nearly 
regular.  Fruit  a  two- celled  and  generally  many-seeded 
capsule.  A  large  family  of  bitter- juiced  plants  ;  some 
are  narcotic-poisonous.  Cross-fertilized  by  moths,  but- 
terflies, and  bees. 

„  A  very  common,  picturesque,  velvety- 

Great  Mullein     , 

Verbascum         leaved  weed  of  rocky  pastures  and  road- 

Thapsus  sides,  naturalized  from  Europe.   The  basal 

Yellow  leaves  at  first  in  the  form  of  a  rosette, 

large,  ovate,  thick- velvety,  and  white- 
green.  The  stem  stout  and  erect,  with  a 
few  smaller,  acute-pointed  leaves  ;  the  terminal  flower- 
spike  cylindrical,  woolly,  and  dotted  with  scattered  light 
yellow  flowers ;  corolla  five-lobed,  and  anthers  golden 
yellow.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  2-6  feet  high. 
In  barren  fields  and  waste  places,  from  Me. ,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

A  smaller  species  with  smooth  stem  and 
Moth  Mullein       ,.       ,.    , 

Verbascum         thm'  hghfc  green»  g^ssy  leaves,  mostly  ob- 
Blattaria  long  with  deeply  cut,  notched,  and  toothed 

Yellow,  white    margins ;    the  upper  leaves  lance-shaped 
and  clasping  at  the  base.     The  flowers, 
similar  in  shape  to  those  of  the  preceding 
species,  are  light  yellow  or  white,  tinged  on  the  back 
with  lavender,  and  set  on  slender  stalks ;  the  five  sta- 
mens are  fringed  with  ruddy  hairs,  and  the  anthers  are 
deep  orange.     The  slender  flower-spike  is  1-2  feet  long, 
and  a  trifle  woolly.     2-5  feet  high.      In  waysides,  waste 
places,  and  pastures.    Me. ,  south,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

An  extremely  slender  and  smooth  an- 
Blue  Toad-flax  / 

Linaria  nual  or  biennial  species  with  few  small, 

Canadensis         thickish,  linear,  light  green  leaves,  tooth- 
Lavender  less,  stemless,  smooth,  and  shining.     The 

small  pale  violet  or  lavender  flowers  about 
September  ,   . 

-^  inch  long,  two-lipped,  and  spurred  ;  the 

lower  lip  large  and  three-lobed,  with  a  white,  convex, 

two-ridged  palate ;  the  upper  lip  with  two  acute  divi* 

416 


1  Moth  Mullein. 
Verbascum  Thapsus.    Verbascum  Blattaria 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY,     Scrophularlaceas. 


sions ;  the  spur  curving  and  threadlike.  5-30  inches 
high.  Common  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
local  west  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  name  from  Linum, 
flax. 

A  very  common  but  beautiful  perennial 

Toad=flax  or  wee(j  naturalized  from  Europe,  with  erect 
Butter=and= 

E  smooth  stem,  and  gray-green  linear,  stem- 

Linaria  less  and  toothless  leaves  growing  alter- 

vulgaris  nately  but  near  together.    The  flowers  are 

Yellow  and  about  an  inch  long  including  the  slender 
orange  ,. 

July-October  sPur'  and  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  two- 
lobed,  light  yellow,  the  lower  lip  three- 
lobed  and  pouch-shaped,  tapering  to  the  tip  of  the 
slender  spur,  and  furnished  above  with  a  protruding 
gold-orange  palate  which  nearly  closes  the  throat  of  the 
corolla  ;  the  four  stamens  are  tipped  with  ochre  yellow 
anthers  ;  the  style  is  greenish.  The  flowers  are  assisted 
in  the  process  of  fertilization  by  bumblebees  and  butter- 
flies ;  among  the  latter,  Colias  philodice  (yellow)  and 
Melitcea  phaeton,  the  Baltimore  (brown),  are  frequent 
visitors.  1-3  feet  high.  In  fields,  pastures,  and  city 
lots,  everywhere. 

A  smooth  annual  with  erect  stem  and 
Small  Snap-  _ 

dragon  light  green   linear  leaves.       The   flowers 

Antirrhinum  light  purple  or  white,  showy,  solitary,  and 
Orontium  with  a  sac-shaped,  two-lipped  corolla  ;  the 

Light  purple  Upper  Up  two-lobed,  the  lower  three-lobed. 
June-August  ,  .  ,  T  ~  ,  , 

About  1  foot  high.     In  fields  and  waste 

places  near  dwellings.  New  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

A  smooth  perennial  with  a  slender  four- 
S-rop7mlaria  side'J,  grooved  stem  and  slender-stemmed, 
marilandica  ovate  lance-shaped,  toothed,  light  green 
Green=  leaves.  Flowers  small,  sac-shaped,  and 

magenta  clustered  on  long,  nearly  leafless  branch- 

September         ^e^s  '  ^ie  two-lipped  corolla  green  without, 
and    shiny    brown-magenta    within.     3-7 
feet  high.     In  thin  woods   and  thickets,   from  N.  Y, , 
south  to  N,  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Kan. 


418 


Butter-and-Eggs. 
Linariavulgaris 


Blue  Toad-flax. 
Linaria  Canadensis. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


T  ^  smooth-stemmed  plant  superficially 
Cheione  glabra  resembling  the  Bottle  Gentian,  with 
White,  pink-  smooth,  bright  deep  green,  toothed,  short- 
tinged  stemmed,  lance-shaped  leaves  3-6  inches 

July~  long.     The  flower  not  unlike  a  turtle's 

September  ,         ..       .  .    . 

head,  about  an  inch  long,  white,  and  deli- 
cately tinged  at  the  tips  with  magenta-pink  or  crimson- 
pink  ;  the  corolla  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  arched  over 
the  lower  one.  The  stamens  dark  and  woolly.  J-3  feet 
high.  On  wet  banks,  in  swamps,  and  beside  brooks, 
from  Me:,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

A  perennial  with  slender  and  straight 
Beard^nTue1^  stem  woolly  almost  to  the  base.  Leaves 
Pentsiemon  h"ght  green,  slightly  woolly,  oblong  to 
hirsutus  lance-shaped,  slightly  toothed,  the  upper 

Magenta-  ones    toothless,     the    lower    ovate    and 

whlte  stemmed.       The  flowers  whitish,   tinged 

May-July 

with  dull  magenta,  the  corolla  trumpet- 
shaped,  two-lipped,  two  lobes  on  the  upper,  three  on  the 
lower  lip,  and  the  throat  nearly  closed  by  a  palate  on 
the  lower  lip  covered  with  long  hairs.  There  are  four 
stamens  and  a  sterile  stamen  or  so-called  filament,  which 
is  hairy  or  bearded  a  little  more  than  half  its  length. 
Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies.  1-3  feet  high. 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  Found  in 
Campton,  N.  H.,  by  Carroll  S.  Mathews. 

A  very  similar  species,  smooth  except 
Pentstemon  the  somewhat  sticky-hairy  top  of  the  stem 
Icevigatus  .  ,  ,,  «  , ,  ,  .  0  .  ,  , 

bearing  the  flowers  ;  the  latter  f  inch  long, 

whitish  with  a  magenta- tinged  base,  the  corolla  as  in  the 
foregoing  species,  but  the  throat  wider  open,  and  scarcely 
or  not  at  all  hairy  ;  the  sterile  filament  hairy  on  the  up- 
per side  only.  The  stem  ruddy,  and  the  light  green 
leaves  more  or  less  so  at  the  edge.  2-3  feet  high.  In 
thickets  or  moist  fields,  from  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Ky. 
and  La. ,  where  according  to  Gray  the  common  form  is 
the  var.  Digitalis,  with  stem-leaves  ovate  lance-shaped, 
the  lower  longer  and  wider.  The  flowers  white,  larger, 
and  the  corolla  abruptly  inflated.  2-5  feet  high.  Me. 
and  N.  Y. ,  south  to  Va.  and  Ark. ,  and  west  to  111.  Prob- 
ably escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  w^est.  P.  pubescens 
420 


Turtle-head. 


Chelone  gl&bra. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


and  P.  Icevigatus  have  been  found  in  the  fields  and  rocky 
hills  of  Vermont  by  Wild,  in  Roxbury,  Conn.,  by  C.  K. 
Averill ;  P.  Ice.vigatus  has  been  found  by  H.  G.  Palfrey 
in  Haverhill,  Mass. ;  and  P.  Icevigatus  var.  Digitalis  has 
been  found  in  Middlesex  Co.,  Mass.,  by  Mabel  P.  Cook. 

A  smooth  perennial  with  an    upright 

square  stem  often  considerably  branched, 

Mimulus  and  light  green,  smooth,  lustreless  leaves 

ringens  with  irregular  obscure  teeth,  lance-shaped 

Purple  or  oblong,  opposite-growing  and  clasping; 

the  stem.      The  flowers  are  a  rich  clear 
September 

purple  ;  the  corolla  two-lipped,  the  upper 

lip  erect  and  two-lobed,  the  lower  with  three  wide- 
spreading  lobes ;  there  are  two  yellow  spots  near  the 
narrow  throat.  The  pistil  and  four  stamens  are  white  ; 
the  five-pointed,  green  calyx  is  stained  with  dull  purple. 
The  few  flowers  are  long-stalked  and  spring  from  the 
angles  of  the  upper  leaves.  1-3  feet  high.  In  swamps 
and  beside  brooks,  generally  in  meadows,  from  Me., 
south  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  Tex.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  w^hite.  Found 
near  Langdon  Park,  Plymouth,  N.  H.  The  name  from 
the  Greek  for  ape,  or  buffoon,  in  allusion  to  the  fancied 
grin  on  the  face  of  the  corolla. 

A  branching  and  spreading  little  annual 

with  rounded   ovate  or  oblong,   smooth 
Pimpernel 

liysanthes  leaves,  scarcely  toothed,  the  upper  ones 

dubia  stemless  and  clasping  the  plant-stem. 

Pale  dull  lilac  slightly.  The  pale  dull  lilac  flowers  £  inch 
long  ;  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  two- 
lobed,  the  lower  three-lobed  and  flaring 

not  unlike  Mimulus.    4-9  inches  high.    Common  in  low, 

wet  ground,  everywhere. 

A  very  tall,  smooth,  perennial  species, 
Culver's  Root  * 

Veronica  commonest    in    the    west,    with    simple, 

Virginica  straight  stem,  and  lance-shaped  or  oblong 

White  leaves  growing  in  circles  about  the  plant- 

July-  stem,  sharply  toothed  and  smooth.     Flow- 

ers small,  white  or  pale  lavender,  with 
rather  a  long  tube  to  the  corolla,  and  with  prominent 
stamens,  in  dense  terminal  spikes  3-6  inches  long.    2-7 
422 


Monkey  Flower 


Mimulus    ringens. 


Pentstemon  hirsutus, 


F1QWORT   FAMILY.     ScrophuJarlacex. 


feet  high.  In  meadows  and  moist  woods.  Not  recorded 
in  Vermont  by  Brainerd  and  Eggleston.  N.  Y.,  south 
to  Ala. ,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  Neb. 

A  perennial  species  with   a  hollow, 

smooth  stem,  which  creeps  over  the 
Veronica  ground  and  finally  becomes  erect  and 

Americana  branching.  The  leaves  long-oval  or  ob- 
Lavender=biue  long  lance-shaped,  light  green,  slightly 
Se*  tember  toothed,  with  short,  flat  stems.  The  tiny 

flower  is  lavender-blue  violet-striped,  with 
a  white  centre  ;  the  corolla  four-lobed,  the  lower  lobe 
narrower  than  the  others,  the  two  divergent  stamens 
light  purple.  The  frail,  quickly  fading  flowers  are  set 
on  slender  stems,  in  loose  terminal  spikes.  6-15  inches, 
high.  On  banks  of  streams  and  in  damp  places  ;  com- 
mon from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  westward.  Found  in 
the  Catskill  Mountains  near  the  Mountain  House. 

A  similar  species.    The  flowers  on  rather 
ll          zig-zag    stems,   and    with    linear,   acute, 
Veronica  shallow-toothed  leaves,  slightly  clasping 

scutellata  the  stem.     Fruit  capsule  flat,  notched,  and 

Lavender=blue  broader  than  it  is  long.     6-20  inches  high. 

Mav~  In  swamps,  from  Me.,  south  to  southern 

September  __    ^r  __.  T         ,   .      ^  i 

N.  Y.,  and  west  to  Minn.     Local  in  Cal. 

Var.  villosa  is  a  soft-hairy  form  northward  N.  Y.  to  Wash. 

A  woolly  species    with    prostrate    but 
Common  T    i 

Speedwell          finally  erect  stem.     Leaves  light  green, 

Veronica  oval  or  obovate,  toothed,  and  narrow  at 

officinalis  the  base.      The  flowers    light    lavender, 

Light  lavender  striped  with  light  violet .  corolla  four- 
June-August  ,.-*.  mi  n 

lobed.  Ine  flowers  are  set  closely  on  slen- 
der spikes,  rising  from  the  leaf-angles.  3-10  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  fields  and  wooded  uplands.  Me.,  south 
to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Mich.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

A  small  mountain  species  with  the  same 

time  of  bloom  ;  the  slender  stem  generally 
unalaschccnsis  simple,  the  leaves  indistinctly  toothed  or 

toothless,  elliptical  or  ovate.     Lavender 
flowers  in  short  clusters.     2-12  inches  high.     On  the  high 
mountains  of  New  Eng. ,  also  in  the  Rockies.     The  seed- 
capsules  of  Veronica  are  in  effect  notched. 
424 


American  Brooklime.     Veronica, 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophular/aceee. 


A  small  species,  generally  found  in  the 
Srass,  with  a  slender  branching  stem  and 
Veronica  small    oval    leaves,    toothless,    short- 

serpyllifolia  stemmed,  and  opposite-growing.  Flowers 
White,  pale  n^  t}lose  of  American  Brooklime  but 
f  ve.?_ ^  white  or  pale  lavender  with  deeper  stripes; 

they  are  less  frail  than  those  of  the  other 
Veronicas.  2-10  inches  high.  In  fields  and  thickets, 
from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  and  westward.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Named  for  St.  Veronica. 

A  handsome  annual  or  biennial  species 

with  a  rather  sticky  fine-hairy,  leafy, 
False  Foxglove 

Gerardia  branching  stem,  round  in   section.     The 

pedicularia  light  green  leaves  are  fernlike,  and  deeply 
Pure  yellow  cut  into  many  toothed  lobes ;  they  are 
stemless  or  nearly  so.  The  showy,  pure 
light  lemon  yellow  flowers  are  bell-shaped 
with  five  broad,  spreading,  rounded  lobes.  The  blos- 
soms measure  a  full  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  The 
outer  surface  and  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  the  stamens, 
and  the  toothed  lobes  of  the  calyx  are  fine-hairy.  Both 
flower  and  fruit  are  very  beautiful,  and  the  plant  would 
be  worthy  of  cultivation  if  its  character  permitted  ;  but 
the  Gerardias  are  more  or  less  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
other  plants.  1-3  feet  high.  Visited  frequently  by  the 
bumblebee  and  the  light  brown  butterfly,  Junonia  ccenia. 
On  the  borders  of  dry  woodlands  and  thickets,  from  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  handsome  species  with  a  simple  stem, 
Downy  False 

Foxglove  and    yellow-green    leaves,    ovate    lance- 

Gerardia flava  shaped,  broadest  at  the  base,  slightly 
Pure  yellow  coarse  dull-toothed  or  toothless,  the  edge 
July-August  wavy.  Both  stem  and  leaves  are  velvety 
downy  with  soft  hairs,  the  leaves  with  their  stalks  ma- 
genta-tinged. The  showy,  pure  yellow  or  light  lemon 
yellow  flowers  about  1J  inch  long,  trumpet-shaped  like 
foxglove,  with  five  lobes,  the  broad  throat  downy  on  the 
inside.  Stamens  four,  two  short  and  two  long ;  hairy. 
The  flowers  set  in  a  close  terminal  cluster,  rather  one- 
sided. Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies  and  bumble- 
bees :  the  Peacock  butterfly  (Junonia  ccenia),  light  brown 
426 


Downy  False  Foxglove. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


darker  spotted,  is  one  of  the  frequent  visitors.  2-4  feet 
high.  Thin  woodlands.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Wis. 
Smooth  False  ^  similar  species  with  flowers  a  little 
Foxglove  larger  and  the  same  pure  yellow  ;  but  the 

Gerardia  whole  plant  smooth  and  with    a    slight 

mrgimca  bloom  ;  the  leaves  cut  or  plain-edged,  ob- 

long lance  shaped,  the  lower  ones  cut  quite  deeply,  with 
the  outline  wavy  and  toothed.  3-6  feet  high.  New 
Eng.,  south,  west  to  111.  and  Minn. 

One  of  the  daintiest  of  the  Gerardias ; 
an  annual  with  a  generally  smooth  stem, 
Gerardia  slim,   straight,   and    rigid,   the    branches 

purpurea  widely  spreading.     The  leaves  are  yellow- 

Magenta-  i§h  green,  small,  and  linear,  with  acute 
purple  ft  rpne  downy,  lighter  or  deeper  ma- 

AUgUSt- 

September  genta-purple  flowers  are  cup-shaped,  with 
five  wide,  flaring  lobes;  there  are  four 
stamens  bearing  rather  large  deep  golden  yellow  anthem 
The  flower  is  commonly  visited  by  various  bees,  the  yel- 
low butterfly,  Colias  philodice,  and  the  brown  butterfly, 
Junonia  camia.  Seed-capsule  spherical.  12-26  inches 
high.  In  moist  soil,  generally  near  the  coast,  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west 
to  Minn.  The  Gerardia paupercula,  not  quite  as  tall,  has 
a  smooth,  simple  or  branched  stem,  and  the  smaller  flower 
is  about  J  inch  long;  seed-capsule  prolate-spheroidal. 
6-17  inches  high.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Wis. 
Seaside  ^  similar  and  even  lower  species  con- 

Gerardia  fined  to  the  salt  marshes  of  the  coast.    The 

Gerardia  linear  leaves  are  rather  fleshy,  and  obtuse 

at  the  tips  ;  the  upper  ones  are  unusually 
short.     The  light  magenta  flowers,  about  the  same  size 
as  those  of  the  preceding  species,  are  not  downy,  but 
smooth.     4-14  inches  high.     From  Me.,  south. 
Slender  ^  very  slender  species  with  linear,  acute- 

Gerardia  pointed  leaves.     The  light  magenta  flow- 

Oerardia  ers  have  two  of  the  five  lobes  not  so  fully 

tenuifolia  expanded  as  the  others  ;   the  calyx-lobes 

are  short  and  acute.     10-20  inches  high.     In  dry  fields 
and  along  roadsides.     Common.     Named  for  John  Ge- 
rarde,  a  celebrated  herbalist. 
428 


G.m&ritima. 

Gerard  id  purpurea. 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


An  odd  species,  annual  or  biennial,  with 
Costilieja  "  ^ne  flower's  corolla  almost  hidden  in  the 
coccinea  long*  cylindrical,  two-lobed  calyx,  which 

Scarlet  is  generally  tipped  with  brilliant  scarlet. 

green=yellow  The  piant_stem  is  ruddy,  soft-hairy,  slen- 
der, and  simple.  The  leaves  are  light 
green,  parallel-veined,  and  slightly  hairy  or  smooth,  the 
lower  ones  oblong  or  broader,  clustered,  and  undivided, 
the  uppermost  generally  three-lobed  —  sometimes  five- 
lobed  ;  all  are  stemless,  and  each  looks  as  if  it  had  been 
stained  on  the  tip  with  deep  vermilion  or  scarlet,  more 
or  less  vivid  according  to  the  individual  plant.  William 
Hamilton  Gibson  calls  the  color  of  the  Painted  Cup  * '  the 
brightest  dab  of  red  the  wild  palette  can  show."  The 
color  of  the  inconspicuous  flower  is  greenish  yellow, 
the  corolla  is  tubular  and  two-cleft.  The  blossoms,  com- 
pletely eclipsed  by  the  red  floral  leaves,  form  with  these 
a  dense  terminal  cluster.  Rarely  the  red  of  the  leaves  is 
displaced  by  yellow.  Like  the  Gerardias,  this  plant  is 
also  parasitic  in  nature.  12-20  inches  high.  Common 
in  low,  wet  meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  Va.  and  Ky., 
and  west  to  Kan.  and  Tex.  Named  for  Castillejo,  a 
Spanish  botanist. 

A  pale  green-leaved  species  living  on  the 

Cashtteja  bleak  and  rocky  summits  of  mountains  in 

palhda,  var. 

septentrionalis  ^ne  north,  or  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Whitish  yel=  Superior.  A  slender  perennial,  generally 
low=green  smooth,  except  at  the  uppermost  parts, 

June-Septem-  and  tfae  stem  ig  usually  simple.  The  light 
green  leaves  are  (mainly)  toothless,  stem- 
less,  and  3-5  ribs  run  nearly  parallel  with  each  other, 
meeting  at  the  somewhat  acute  tips  ;  the  upper  leaves 
are  la  nee- shaped,  the  lower  linear.  The  floral  leaves  or 
bracts  are  rather  obovate  with  a  few  broad  teeth  ;  the 
color  is  pale  or  whitish  yellow-green,  or  else  green- white 
tinged  with  dull  magenta.  The  yellowish  flowers  are 
about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  and  are  inconspicuous.  All 
are  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  6-20  inches 
high.  In  iarnp  rocky  places.  Alpine  summits  of  New 
Eng.  (Mt.  Washington).  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  in  the  Black 
Hills,  and  the  Rockies,  Col. 

430 


Painted  Cup. 
Castilleja  coccinea 


Castillejapallida 
var.  septentrionalis. 


FIGWORT   FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae* 


A  tiny  annual  with  ovate  or  lance-shaped 
Eyebright  ,  ,.    .    .  .  ,.  ...    .     . 

Euphrasia  leaves  slightly  resembling  Castilleja  in  as- 

americana  pect,  confined  to  the  coast  of  Maine  and 

White,  yellow-  southern  Canada.  The  pale  olive  green 
ish,  etc.  leaves  are  indistinctly  dull- toothed  and 

small  on  the  lower  part  of  the  plant,  and 
the  upper,  floral  leaves  are  somewhat  jagged  and  bristly 
toothed.  The  inconspicuous  flowers  are  whitish  and 
deep  purple- veined.  The  corolla  is  two-lipped  and  a  trifle 
notched,  the  lower  lip  three-lobed  and  spreading,  the 
upper  two-lobed  (with  reflexed  sides),  beneath  it  are  the 
four  stamens.  4—10  inches  high.  Newfoundland,  e.  Que., 
and  coast  of  Me.  Found  at  Great  Cranberry  Island,  Me., 
by  Mr.  E.  F.  Williams.  Euphrasia  OaJcesii  (Euphrasia 
officinalis  var.  Tartarica  of  Gray's  Manual,  Sixth  Ed.) 
is  a  very  dwarf  form  scarcely  attaining  a  height  of  2J 
inches,  with  tiny  yellowish  flowers,  and  more  rounded 
leaves  with  rounded  teeth,  growing  in  the  Alpine  regions 
of  the  White  Mountains  (under  the  crest  of  Mt.  Monroe), 
and  along  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

A  slightly  similar  taller  annual  confined 
Yellow  Rattle     . 

RUnanthus  ^°  ^ne  same  situations,  w^ith  lance-shaped  or 
Crista-galli  oblong,  dull  green  leaves  coarsely  toothed, 
Yellow  and  growing  oppositely,  the  floral  ones 

July-August  deeply  cut  an(i  wjtn  bristle-tipped  teeth. 
The  flowers  Naples  yellow  (straw  color),  and  crowded  on 
a  one-sided  leafy  spike.  The  corolla  two-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  without  lobes  but  slightly  toothed  on  either 
side  part  way  down,  the  lower  three-lobed.  Four 
stamens.  Fruit-capsule  round  but  flattened  ;  the  seeds, 
when  ripe  rattle  in  the  inflated  pod.  6-20  inches  high. 
Rocky  soil,  coast  of  New  Eng.,  and  the  Alpine  regions 
or  the  White  Mountains,  west  to  Lake  Superior. 

Also  known  as  Wood  Betony.  A  very 
slightly  hairy  species  with  simple  stem, 
Louse  wort  an(*  soft-hairy  leaves,  dull  dark  green,  and 
Pedicularis  finely  lobed,  growing  on  grassy  slopes  or 
Canadensis  in  copses.  The  lower  leaves  are  feather- 
Magenta,  dull  shaped  and  often  stained  with  dull  ma- 

May  Jufy°  W     Senta'  as  is  also  the  rather  stout  plant-stem ; 
the  upper  leaves  are  sparse  and  grow  al« 

432 


Rhinanthus 

CristarG&lli 


Wood    Betony. 

Pedicularis  canadensis.      Pedicularis  I'lanceolata^ 


FIQWORT   FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


ternately.  The  flower-cluster  is  terminal  and  dome- 
shaped,  the  flower  two-lipped,  the  prominent  upper  lip 
dull  dark  whitish-opaque  magenta,  and  strongly  curved 
in  a  hook-shape  with  a  two-toothed  tip ;  the  lower  is 
three-lobed  and  dull  green-yellow.  The  coarse  and 
*iairy,  light  green  calyx  is  tinged  at  the  edge  with  dull 
crimson-magenta.  Bractlike  leaves  are  set  close  in  the 
flower-cluster,  which  lengthens  to  an  oblong  shape  as 
the  flowers  develop.  The  four  stamens  are  under  the 
hooded  upper  lip  admirably  protected  from  rain  or  other 
pollen-destroying  agents  ;  the  flower  is  fertilized  mostly 
by  bees ;  the  bumblebees  and  the  bees  of  the  genus 
Halictus  are  common  visitors.  5-12  inches  high.  Com- 
mon everywhere.  Me.,  south,  west  to  S.  Dak.  Found 
on  the  Campus  of  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass. 
Pedicularis  ^  species  with  less  crowded  flowers,  few 

lanceolata  of  which  bloom  together,  and  a  simple, 
Light  Naples  nearly  smooth  light  green  stem.  The  deep 
yellow  green  leaves  are  broad  lance-shaped  and 

finely  cut  in  the  semblance  of  a  fern  ;  they  grow  op- 
positely, or  nearly  so.  The  upper  and  lower  lips  of  the 
corolla  are  pale  dull  Naples  yellow,  and  press  against 
each  other  nearly  closing  the  throat  of  the  flower.  The 
same  bees  are  common  visitors.  12-34  inches  high.  In 
swampy  places,  Conn.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 

A  delicate,  low  annual  commonly  found 
Cow- wheat         .  ' 

Meiampyrum  m  the  half-shaded  borders  of  woods  espe- 
lineare  cially  in  the  northeastern  States,  with 

Greenish  white  slender,  wiry,  gray -green,  branching  stem, 
July-Septem=  an(j  yellow-green,  lance-shaped  leaves,  the 
lower  ones  toothless  and  the  upper  with 
generally  2-4  bristlelike  teeth  or  lobes  near  the  base,  all 
set  in  pairs,  and  growing  oppositely.  The  frail  greenish 
white  flowers  are  cylindrical,  opening  into  two  lips,  the 
lower  lip  three-lobed,  and  tinged  straw  yellow.  The  flow- 
ers grow  singly  from  between  the  leaves,  and  are  less  than 
J  inch  long  ;  their  common  visitors  are  the  yellow  butter- 
fly Colias  philodice,  the  spotted  brown  one,  Junonia 
ccenia,  and  the  white  cabbage  butterfly,  Pieris  rapaz ; 
they  are  also  visited  by  various  bees.  4-10  inches  high. 
The  name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  black  wheat. 

434 


Cow-wheat.  Meiampyrunrv  fineare 

Melampyrum  Americanum.Michaux. 


BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.     Otobanchaceas. 


BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.     Orobanchacew. 

Fleshy  parasitic  herbs  having  yellowish  scales  instead 
of  leaves  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  or  pistillate  and  staminate 
on  the  same  plant.  Stamens  four.  The  tiny  seeds  borne 
in  a  capsule.  Visited  by  various  flies  and  bees. 

A  parasitic  plant  which  draws  its  suste- 
Beech-drops  or  nance  from  the  roots  of  the  beech  tree. 

Epifagus  The  stem   is  tough,  straight,  almost  up- 

virginiana  right-branched,  stained  with  brown  mad- 

Dull  magenta  der,  and  set  with  a  few  small,  dry  scales. 
buff=brown  The  curved  tubular,  dull  magenta  and 
October  buff-brown  upper  flowers  are  purple- 

striped  ;  although  generally  sterile  they 
are  complete  in  every  part,  the  style  slightly  protruding 
beyond,  and  the  stamens  just  within  the  throat.  The 
tiny  lower  flowers  are  cleistogamous — closed  to  outward 
agencies  and  self -fertilized.  A  few  of  the  upper  flowers 
are  cross-fertilized  by  bees.  6-20  inches  high.  Beech 
woods,  Me.,  south  and  west  to  Wis.  and  Mo.  The  name 
means  on  the  beech. 

A  pale  parasitic  plant,  the  stem  hidden 
b^  the  overlapping,  light  tan-colored, 
Americana  lance-shaped  or  ovate  pointed  scales  ;  the 
Pale  dull  flowers  perfect,  set  in  a  many-scaled  dense 

yellow  spike,  the  upper  lip  hooded,   the  lower 

small  and  three-lobed,  the  stamens  pro- 
truding ;  the  lips  are  pale  ochre  yellow  fading  toward 
the  corolla.  3-8  inches  high.  In  rich  woods  over  tree 
roots,  Me.,  south,  and  wrest  to  Mich. 

A  beautiful  little  parasitic  plant  bearing 
Naked  Broom-  a  few  brownish  ovate  bracts  near  the 
flowered™  root,  and  sending  up  1-4  erect,  slender, 
Cancer  Root  one-flowered  stalks  ;  the  curved  tubular, 
Orobanche  five-lobed  flower  is  purplish  or  light  violet, 
uniflora  or  rareiy  cream  white,  f  inch  long,  ex- 

Aprii'-June         ternally  fine-hairy,  and  delicately  fragrant. 
Qross-f  ertilized  mostly  by  the  smaller  bees 
(Halictus)  and  the  bumblebees.      3-6  inches  high.     In 
moist  woods,  Me. ,  south  to  Va. 


430 


/Squawroot 

Conopholis 

Americana.. 


Orobanche  uniflora: 


v 
Beech-drops'  Epifagusvirgimana. 


PLANTAIN  FAMILY.     Plantaginaceae. 


PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Plantaginacece. 

Homely  herbs — weeds — generally  with  coarse,  strong- 
ribbed  leaves  springing  from  the  root,  and  insignificant 
flowers  in  long  narrow  spikes,  perfect,. or  polygamous — 
that  is,  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the  same  plant  or 
different  plants — and  even  cleistogamous — that  is,  fer- 
tilizing in  the  bud. 

The  familar  weed  of  unkempt  dooryards 
Common 

Plantain  an(^  grass-plots,   with  ovate,  dark  green, 

Plantago  slightly  hairy  or  smooth  leaves,  the  long 

major  stems  trough-shaped,  the  ribs  conspicuous, 

Dull  white  an(j  ^Q  edge  generally  toothless,  or  rarely 
September  coarse-toothed.  The  flowering  spikes  are 
cylindrical,  blunt-tipped,  and  closely  set 
with  the  dull,  greenish  white,  four-lobed,  perfect  florets 
which  mature  the  threadlike  style  before  the  corolla 
is  fully  open,  the  former  projecting.  The  four  stamens 
mature  much  later  and  thus  insure  cross-fertilization. 
Seed-capsule  ovoid  and  opening  near  the  middle,  the 
seeds  reticulated.  Flowering  stalks  6-18  inches  high. 
Common  everywhere,  indigenous  northwestward  but 
naturalized  from  Europe  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
Plantago  Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  the  leaves 

Jtugeiu  thinner,  the  flowering  spikes  less  dense 

June-  and  attenuated  above,  and  the  seed-cap- 

September  sules  cylindrical-oblong  ;  the  latter  open 
below  the  middle  and  quite  within  the  four  lobes  of 
the  calyx.  The  seeds  are  not  reticulated.  Common 
from  Vt.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 

A  similar  more  or  less  fine-hairv  Euro- 
English  Plan= 

tain.  Ribgrass  Pean  species,  naturalized  and  very  com- 
Plantago  mon.  The  leaves  are  long  lance-shaped, 

lanceolata  nearly  erect,  generally  three-ribbed,  acute 
Dull  white  and  toothless  .  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
April-October  ,,,.'..  ,  mi  a 

the  hairiness  is  dark  rust-color.  The  flower- 
spike  is  dense  and  short,  bearing  similar  dull  white  flow- 
ers. But  the  conspicuously  grooved  stalk  is  8-22  inches 
high.  Old  fields  and  waste  places  throughout  our 
range. 

438 


English  Plantain.  Plantago  lanceolata.  , 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiacese. 


MADDER  FAMILY.    Rubiacece. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  toothless  leaves  growing  oppo- 
sitely or  in  circles  ;  the  regular  flowers  perfect,  or  stam- 
inate  with  rudimentary  pistils,  or  pistillate  with 
rudimentary  stamens ;  the  corolla  funnel-formed  with 
4  (sometimes  5)  lobes  and  as  many  stamens.  Cross- 
fertilized  mostly  by  bees  and  butterflies.  A  large  family 
in  the  tropics,  to  which  belong  the  Coffee,  the  Cinchona 
tree  from  which  is  obtained  quinine,  and  the  Madder 
(Rubia  tmctorum)  whose  roots  furnish  the  red  dye  and 
the  artist's  permanent  pigment  of  that  name. 

„       .     .  A  familiar  little  wayside   flower    also 

Houstomaor  J 

Bluets  called    Quaker    Ladies     and    Innocence ; 

Houstonia          communistic  in  manner  of  growth  and 
ccerulea  frequently  covering  large  spaces  with  its 

white  bloom.  It  is  a  perennial,  and  forms 
April-July  dense  tufts  of  oblong  lance-shaped,  tiny 

light  green  root-leaves  and  slender,  thread- 
like stems  sparingly  set  with  minute  opposite  leaflets. 
The  little  four-lobed  corolla  is  about  J  inch  in  diameter, 
white,  or  white  tinged  on  the  lobes  with  lilac,  or  pale 
violet  (the  nearest  approach  to  blue) ;  the  centre  is 
stained  with  golden  yellow.  The  flowers  are  pistillate 
and  staminate  as  above  described.  Cross-fertilized 
mainly  by  the  bees  of  the  genera  Halictus  and  Andrena, 
and  the  smaller  butterflies — the  Clouded  Sulphur  (Colias 
philodice),the  Meadow  Fritillary  (Brenthis  bellona),  and 
the  Painted  Lady  (Pyrameis  Cardui).  3-6  inches  high. 
In  moist  grassy  places  or  sandy  waysides,  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.  and  Ala.,  west  to  Mich,  Named  for  William 
Houston  an  early  English  botanist. 

A  taller  southern  species.      The  stem 
H&rg  t  smooth  or  slightly  hairy,  the  light  green 

Houstonia          leaves  pointed  broad  ovate  (the  upper  ones 
purpurea  smaller  and  narrower),  with  3-5  ribs,  the 

Lilac  or  deep      largest  nearly  2  inches  long.      The  deep 

'llac  ,  lilac  or  pale  lilac,  long- tubed  flowers  in 

May-July 

small  clusters  ;  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx 

longer  than  the  globular  seed-pod.     6-16  inches  high. 

In  thin  or  open  woodlands,  from  Md.,  south  (especially 

440 


Hous&tonia 
purpurea. 


Bluets. 

Housadoni  ev^S)  caerulea. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rub/acese. 


in  the  mountains)  to  Ga.  and  Ala.,  and  west  to  Ark. 
The  var.  ciliolata  has  thicker  leaves  J  inch  long,  with 
the  edges  conspicuously  hairy-fringed,  and  flowers  in 
small  clusters.  5-7  inches  high.  On  the  rocky  shores 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  south  in  woodlands  to  Pa.,  West 
Va.,  Ky.,  and  Ark.  ;  with  various  intergrading  forms 
passing  to  the  var.  longifolia,  which  has  thinner,  linear 
and  acute  leaves,  often  a  full  inch  long  ;  the  root- leaves 
are  not  hairy-fringed.  5-18  inches  high.  From  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Frequent  in 
the  Lake  Champlain  Valley. 

A  little  trailing  vine  with  dark  green 
Partridgeberry 
Twinberry         evergreen  leaves  green-white-vemed  and 

Mitchella  wide,  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 

repens  The  commonly  four-lobed  twin   flowers 

Cream  white  (sometimes  conjoined  with  8-10  lobes)  are 
May-June  cream  white  and  fine-hairy  inside,  but 
faint  crimson-pink  and  smooth  outside  ; 
they  terminate  the  short  branches,  and  are  two-formed, 
i.  e. ,  staminate  (with  abortive  pistil)  and  pistillate  (with 
abortive  stamens).  Cross-fertilized  by  the  same  insects 
which  visit  the  Mayflower  and  Houstonia.  6-12  inches 
long.  In  woods  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn., 
Ark.,  and  Tex.  Named  for  Dr.  John  Mitchell. 
y  A  slender,  rather  erect,  perennial  herb 

Bedstraw  naturalized  from  Europe,  with  a  smooth, 

Galium  verum  squarish  stem  a  trifle  woody  at  the  base. 
Yellow  The  narrow,  linear,  rough,  light  green 

May-August  leaves?  in  circies  of  6-8,  are  about  an  inch 
long.  The  tiny,  yellow,  four-lobed  flowers  are  in  small 
terminal  clusters,  or  at  the  leaf -angles.  8-30  inches 
long.  In  dry  waste  places  and  borders  of  fields.  Me., 
occasional  in  Vt.,  south  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast. 

An  annual  species  with  the  usual  weak 
Cleavers  or 
Goosegrass        reclining  stem  characteristic  of  the  Gah- 

Galium  Aparine  urns,  which  hangs  upon  shrubbery  by 
White  means  of  the  backward-hooked  prickles  of 

May-August       both    leaf    and    gtem>       The    bmnt    lance. 

shaped,  light  green  leaves  with  roughened  edge  and  rib 

are  nearly  2  inches  long,  and  set  in  a  circle  of  6-8. 

About  two  tiny  white  flowers  are  borne  on  a  stalk.  Fruit 

442 


Paptridgebeppy 


Mitchells  repens. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiaceae. 


burlike,  in  pairs,  and  covered  with  short,  hooked  bristles 
which  facilitate  transportation.  2-5  feet  long.  Shady 
thickets  and  roadsides,  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Kan. ,  and  Tex.  The  following  Galiums  are  perennials. 
.  A  smooth  or  slightly  downy  species  with 
Galium  "  broad,  ovate  leaves  in  fours,  three-ribbed, 
circcezans  and  about  an  inch  long.  The  greenish 

Greenish  white  white  flowers,  with  four  pointed  lobes 
May-July  hairy  on  the  outside,  are  borne  on  stalks 
usually  forked  but  once.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in 
rich  dry  woods.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Minn.,  and  Tex. 

A    smooth    species  with    acute    lance- 
shaped  or  narrower  leaves  almost  smooth 
Bedstraw 

Galium  boreale  on  the  edge-      The  numerous  tiny  white 
flowers  set  in  close  clusters.     15-30  inches 
high.     Near  streams,  among  rocks.     Me.,  south  to  N. 
J.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Cal. 
Smaii  A  very  small,  delicate,  variable  species, 

Bedstraw  often  much  entangled  among  bushes.    The 

Galium  minute  stem-prickles  are  scarcely  visible. 

The  linear  blunt-tipped  or  wedge-shaped, 
deep  green  leaves,  J  inch  long,  set  in  fours.  The  minute 
usually  three-lobed,  white  flowers,  with  three  stamens, 
are  in  tiny  thin  clusters.  6-18  inches  high.  Common 
in  sphagnum  bogs  and  wet  woodlands  everywhere. 
P  h  A  very  common,  weak,  and  reclining 

Bedstraw  species,  with  the  usual  square  stem  set 

Galium  with  backward-hooked  prickles.   The  light 

asprellum  green  leaves  slightly  blunt  lance-shaped, 

lte  and  prickly-rough  on  edge  and.  rib,  are  set 

in  circles  of  4-6.  The  profuse  tiny  white 
flowers  are  in  thin,  airy,  terminal  clusters  ;  they  are  pe- 
culiarly, perhaps  unpleasantly,  odorous.  2-6  feet  long. 
In  damp  soil.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Neb. 
Sweet-scented  A  similar  species  with  the  flowers  usu- 
Bedstraw  ally  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  and  with 

Galium  the  same  bristly  rough  stem;  the  leaves 

tnflorum  broad  lance-shaped,  bright  shining  green, 

bristle -pointed,  slightly  rough-edged,  and  set  usually  in 
sixes.  The  foliage  fragrant  after  drying.  1-3  feet  long. 
Rich  woodlands  throughout  our  range;  south  only  to  Ga. 

444 


Bedstraw.  Wild  Liquorice. 

Galfffrh  asprellum.  Oalium  cipcaezans. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliaceae. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliacece. 

Shrubs,  vines,  or  sometimes  herbs  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  perfect  regular  (occasionally  irregular)  flowers,  with 
generally  a  funnel-shaped  corolla,  five-lobed,  or  some- 
times two-lipped.  Cross-fertilized  by  the  larger  long- 
tongued  bees,  moths,  butterflies,  and  the  humming-bird. 

A  common  smooth-stemmed  shrub  with 
Elder  ..      ., 

Sambucus  a    compound    deep    green,    smooth    leaf 

Canadensis  of  5-11,  usually  7,  fine-toothed,  acute- 
Cream  white  pointed,  ovate  leaflets.  The  tiny  cream- 
June-July  white  flowers,  in  broad  flat  clusters  (with 
five  prominent  white  stamens),  are  fertilized  mostly  by 
honeybees  who  come  for  pollen,  the  blossoms  yielding 
little  or  no  nectar.  The  purple-black  berries,  in  broad 
clusters,  ripen  in  August.  4-10  feet  high.  Borders  of 
fields  and  copses,  in  low  ground,  throughout  our  range. 

A  similar  shrub  with  twigs  and  leaves 
Red=berried          ,.  . 

Elder  slightly  fine-hairy,  and  warty  gray  bark. 

Sambucus  There  are  5-7  finely  toothed  ovate  lance- 
racemosa  shaped  leaflets  which  are  a  trifle  downy 

Dull  white  beneath.  The  fine  dull  white  flowers  with 
April-May  n  »  i 

yellowish  stamens  are  borne  in  a  sugar- 
loaf-shaped  cluster.  The  extremely  beautiful  small, 
scarlet-red,  or  rarely  white  berries,  in  a  compact  cluster r 
ripen  in  June.  2-12  feet  high.  In  rocky  woodland  bor- 
ders. Me. ,  south  to  Ga.  (among  the  hills),  and  westward. 

A  shrub  with  coarse,  light  green,  veiny, 
Hobble=bush  or     . 
Wayfaring  Tree  sharp-toothed,  heart-shaped  leaves,  rusty- 

Viburnum  woolly    on    the   ribs    beneath,    together 

alnifolium  with    the    young    branchlets.     The    flat 

White  flower-cluster  is  composed  of  two  kinds 

of  flowers  ;  the  marginal  dull  white  broad- 
petaled  neutral — that  is,  stamenless  and  pistilless — flowers 
(the  petals  are  really  the  five  flaring,  rounded  divisions 
of  the  corolla),  and  the  central,  smaller,  perfect  flowers. 
Fruit  a  coral  red  berry,  set  in  a  scant  cluster.  Stem  3-10 
feet  high,  reclining  ;  the  branches  often  take  root  and 
trip  up  the  "  wayfarer."  The  commonest  visitors  are  the 
bees  of  the  genera  Andrena  and  Halictus.  In  low  or  moist 
woods.  Me.,  in  the  mountains  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Mich. 
446 


Red-berried  Elder.         Sambucus  racemosa. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliacese. 


A  coarse  perennial,  sometimes  called 
Horse^Gentian  Tmker's-weed  and  often  Wild  Coffee, 
Triosteum  common  in  rich  woodlands.  The  stout, 
perfoliatum  simple  stem  is  rather  sticky-fine-hairy, 
Madder  purple  an(j  ^Q  opposite-growing,  light  green  or 
May-July  ... 

medium  green,  oval  leaves  are  acute  at  the 

tip,  and  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a  flaring  margin  either 
side  of  the  coarse  midrib  ;  the  edge  is  toothless  and 
somewhat  undulating.  The  flowers  are  an  inconspicu- 
ous purplish  brown  or  madder  purple  ;  they  grow  at  the 
junction  of  the  leaves  with  the  plant-stem  ;  the  corolla 
is  five-lobed,  tubular,  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  long- 
lobed  calyx,  which  remains  attached  to  the  mature 
fruit ;  this  is  -J  inch  long  or  less,  orange-scarlet,  densely 
fine-hairy,  and  contains  three  hard  nutlets.  2-4  feet 
high.  In  rich  soil,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Ky.,  and 
west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Kan. 

Twin=flower  ^  delicate  and  beautiful  trailing  vine 
Linnaa  borealis  common  in  the  northern  woodlands,  with 
var.  americana  a  terra-cotta-colored,  somewhat  rough- 
Crimson=pink  WOody  stem,  and  a  rounded,  about  8- 
scallop-toothed,  short-stemmed,  light  ever- 
green leaf  with  a  rough  surface.  The  fragrant  little 
bell-shaped  flowers,  in  pairs,  terminate  a  3-4  inches  long 
stalk,  and  nod ;  they  are  delicate  crimson-pink,  graded 
to  white  on  the  margins  of  the  five  lobes.  The  tiny 
calyx  divisions  are  threadlike.  Branches  6-20  inches 
long.  Common  in  rich  moist  mossy  \voods,  particularly 
in  the  mountains.  Me .,  to  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Wash.,  and  Col. 

A  shrub  with  erect,  generally  madder 
Coral=berry  or  ,  '  ,  «  i.  •• 

Indian  Currant  br°wn  branches  very  slightly  woolly-hairy 
Symphoricarpos  on  the  younger  growths.  The  dull  gray- 
orbiculatus  green  leaves  are  ovate,  toothless  (rarely 

Pink  and  white  some  of  ^he  larger  leaves  are  coarsely 
toothed),  and  have  distinctly  short  stems. 
The  five-lobed  flowers  are  tiny  bell-shaped,  and  grow  in 
small  clusters  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves,  or  terminally  ; 
the  corolla  pink  graded  to  white,  and  somewhat  filled 
by  the  fine  hairiness  of  style  and  stamens.  The  small 
berries  in  small  terminal  clusters  are  first  coral  red  and 

448 


Twin  Flower. 


Linnaea,  boreal  is. 
var.  americarva 


Triosteum 

perfoliaturri 


Viburnum  alnifolium. 


IndianCurranx 

Symphoncarpos 
orbicul&tus. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliaceae. 


finally  dull  crimson -magenta.  The  smaller  bees  and 
honeybees  are  common  visitors.  2-5  feet  high.  Rocky 
slopes.  Mass. ,  banks  of  the  Delaware  River  in  N.  J. ,  and 
Fa.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.,  west  to  the  Daks. 

A  familiar  shrub  of  old-fashioned  gar- 
Snowberry  '  .,1 

Symphoricarpos  dens  and  door-yards  still  commonly  culti- 
racemosus  vated,  with  smooth,  erect,  gray-brown 

Pink  and  white  branches,  and  oval,  dull  gray-green  leaves 
June-August  iighter  beneath,  toothless,  and  a  trifle 
wavy-margined.  The  young  shoots  are  ochre  brown. 
The  tiny,  five-lobed,  bell-shaped  flowers  are  pink  graded 
to  white,  and  are  borne  in  terminal  and  leaf -angle  clus- 
ters. The  corolla  is  conspicuously  fine-hairy  within ; 
and  the  stamens  and  style  almost  protrude.  The  honey- 
bee is  a  constant  visitor,  and  the  flowers  continue  to 
bloom  even  after  the  large  snow-white  waxy  berries  ap- 
pear ;  the  latter  are  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  bush  in 
early  September.  3-4  feet  high.  On  roadsides,  escaped 
from  cultivation,  and  on  rocky  banks,  from  Me.,  south 
to  Pa.  and  Ky.,  and  west.  See  Appendix. 

A  thin  straggling  bush  with  smooth, 
suckle  y=>  brownish  stems.  The  thin  leaves  bright 
Lonicera  light  green  on  both  sides,  ovate  lance- 

canadensis  shaped,  sometimes  very  broad  at  the 
Naples  yellow  b  toothless,  short-stemmed,  and  hairy- 
May-June  i  i  rrn  XT  i  n  1 

edged.  The  Naples  yellow  or  honey 
yellow,  five-lobed  flower,  about  f  inch  long,  is  funnel- 
formed  and  borne  in  pairs  at  the  leaf-angles.  Fruit  two 
small  ovoid  red  berries.  3-5  feet  high.  Moist  woods, 
from  Me. ,  south  to  Pa. ,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  similar  species  but  with  thickish, 
Mountain  Fly=  .  ,  ,,  ,  .  ,  , , 

honeysuckle  blunt  ovate  leaves  fine-hairy  beneath. 
Lonicera  The  Naples  yellow  flowers  in  pairs,  .al- 

ccerulea  most  united.     The  ovaries  unite  and  form 

one  two-eyed,  gray-black  ovate  berry,  1-3  feet  high, 
In  boggy  woods,  the  same  distribution. 

A  Japanese  shrub  in  frequent  cultivation, 
Lonicera  established  in  eastern  Mass.  Leaves  dark 

CreanTwhite      green»  oblong,  rather  rough,  palei  beneath. 
Corolla-lobes  widespread,  the  calyx  teeth 
hairy.     Berries  bright  red.     4-6  feet  high. 
450 


Fly-honeysuckle.  Lonicera  can&densis. 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.     Valerianaceae. 


A  scentless,  but  beautiful  species.  corn- 
Trumpet  or  .         ... 
Coral                 mon  m  cultivation,  twining  and  climbing 

Honeysuckle  high,  and  evergreen  southward.  The 
Lonicera  large  deep  green  oblong  leaves  are  whit- 

sempervirens  ish  beneath  ;  the  top  ones  are  united,  and 
yellow  seemingly  perforated  by  the  stem,  which 

April-August  terminates  in  a  small  cluster  of  large,  tu- 
bular, deep  Naples  yellow  flowers,  often 
deeply  tinged  outside  with  Berry  scarlet.  The  most 
useful  visitor  is  the  humming-bird,  though  many  bees 
and  butterflies  assist  in  the  transfer  of  pollen.  8-15 
feet  high.  Copses,  Mass,  and  Conn.,  south,  west  to  Neb. 

A  very  common  shrubby  species  with 
Bush  Honey-  ,. 

suckle  smooth  stem  and  leaves  and  exceedingly 

Dierviila  small  honey-colored  or  Naples  yellow  flow- 

Lonicera  ers,   with    five    recurving,    rather    equal 

Naples  yellow  lob  marked  slightly  with  dull  rusty 
May-June 

orange.     There  are  five  prominent  yellow 

stamens.  The  deep  olive  green  leaves  are  ovate,  sharp- 
pointed,  and  fine-toothed.  The  flowers  grow  in  small 
clusters,  terminally,  and  at  the  junction  of  leaf-  and 
plant-stem.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong  capsule  with  beaked 
tip.  3-4  feet  high.  In  dry  woodlands  or  in  thickets,  from 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 
Named  for  Dr.  Dierville  who  carried  the  plant  from 
Canada  to  France. 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.     Valerianacece. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect,  or  sometimes 
staminate  and  pistillate,  flowers ;  the  corolla  tube  nar- 
row and  five-lobed  ;  stamens  1-3.  Commonly  visited  by 
bees.  The  genus  Valeriana  is  remarkable  for  its  strong- 
scented  roots. 

An  erect,  smooth  plant,  with  compound 
Valerian  leaves  of  from  5-11  (rarely  less)  deep  green, 

Valeriana  lance-shaped,  obtuse  leaflets,  indistinctly 

uliginosa  shallow-toothedor  toothless;  the  root-leaves 

Pale  magenta-  are  long-stemmed,  ovate,  and  rarely  small- 
June-Jui  lobed.     The  dull  magenta-pink  or  paler 

pink  or  white  flowers  are  tiny,  and  clus- 

452 


Diervilld. 
Lonicera  sempervirens.  ^   III        rt  Lonicera 


Woodsiana.. 


GOURD  FAMILY.     Cucurbltaceas. 


tered  in  a  loose  terminal  spike  ;  the  three  stamens  very 
prominent.  10-30  inches  high.  In  wet  or  swampy 
ground,  from  Me.,  south  to  southern  N.  Y.,  west  to  S. 
Dak.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Ariz. 

A    common    cultivated    species,    often 
Garden  Vale= 
rian  Great         escaping  to  roadsides  and  margins  of  cul- 

Wiid  Valerian,  tivated  fields.  A  native  of  Europe.  The 
or  Vandal=root  stem  more  or  less  fine-hairy  especially  at 
Valeriana  the  joints,  and  the  compound  leaves  with 

11-21  lance-shaped,  sharply  toothed  leaf- 
lets,  the  upper  ones  toothless.  The  flowers  are  pale  ma- 
genta-crimson or  white,  set  in  compact,  rather  rounded 
clusters  terminating  the  stout  stem.  The  strong-scented 
roots  are  medicinal.  2-5 feet  high.  Mass,  south  to  Del., 
west  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  Name  from  valere,  to  be  strong. 
A  smooth  forking-stemmed  annual  with 
Vatertanetta  succulent  wedge-shaped  leaves,  and  insig- 
Woodsiana  nificant  dull  white  flowers  funnel-formed 
Dull  white  and  five-lobed,  gathered  in  small  terminal 
May-July  clusters.  18-34  inches  high.  In  moist 

places,  from  N.  Y. ,  west  to  Ohio  and  Tex.  Valerianella 
Locusta,  a  species  from  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  Mid- 
dle States  and  south,  has  similar  leaves,  but  pale  violet 
flowers.  6-12  inches  high.  Southern  N.  Y.,  and  south- 
ward. 

GOURD  FAMILY.     Cucurbitacew. 

Climbing  vines  generally  with  tendrils,  and  with  lobed 
leaves  growling  alternately.  The  flowers  staminate  and 
pistillate  on  the  same  plant  or  different  plants.  Sta- 
mens mostly  three.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees  and  flies  in 
general,  arid  possibly  by  many  beetles  and  butterflies. 

A  beautiful,  rapid-growing,  and  luxu- 
Climbing  Wild  riant  annuai  climber  ;  the  light  green, 
Cucumber  or  .  ..  .  _  N  .  , 

Wild  Balsam  tmn  leavesJ  Wltft  3-7  (mostly  five)  sharply 
Apple  angular  lobes,  are  rough  on  both  sides. 

Echinocystis       The  small,  sharply  six-petaled  staminate 

lobata  flowers  are  borne  in  many  loose  clusters, 

Greenish  white        ,  ..         .    . .,,    .     ,,  , 

Jui  and  the  pistillate  flowers  singly  or  in  twos, 

September         at  the  angles  of  the  leaves  ;    the  petals 
and  the  three  prominent  stamens    with 

454 


Climbing  Wild  Cucumber.   Echinocystis  lobata. 


BELLPLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulaceas. 


yellowish  anthers  are  greenish  white.  The  spiral  tend, 
rils  are  three-forked.  Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  bees 
and  wasps.  The  cucumberlike  fruit  is  2  inches  long  or 
less,  green,  ovoid,  and  thickly  covered  with  slender, 
weak  prickles.  15-20  feet  long.  Beside  rivers  and  in 
waste  places.  Me.,  south  to  Pa.  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Kan. ,  and  Tex.  Found  in  the  Pemigewasset  Valley  at  Ply- 
mouth and  Camp  ton,  N.  H.  The  name  (Greek),  means 
hedgehog  and  bladder  ;  in  allusion  to  the  armed  fruit. 

Also  an  annual  climber  with  branching 
One-seeded  ,  .,  ,,      ,   ,     ,    £      , 

Bur=cucumber  tendrils  and  a  five-lobed,  far  less  deeply 

Sicyos  cut  light  green  leaf ;  the  stem  is  sticky- 

angulatus  hairy,   angular,   and  coarse.      The  small 

Greenish  white  five.lobed  flowers  are  likewise  staminate 
September  anc*  pistillate  ;  the  former  are  borne,  five 
or  six,  in  a  cluster  on  a  long  stalk,  the 
latter  are  almost  stalkless  ;  both  are  set  in  the  angles  of 
the  leaves.  The  yellowish  fruit,  3-10  together,  is  armed 
with  fine  tough  bristles  ;  a  single  fruit  contains  but  one 
seed.  15-25  feet  long.  In  moist  places  and  along 
rivers,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
Tex.  The  name  is  Greek,  for  Cucumber. 

BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulacece. 

Herbs,  in  our  range,  with  alternate  leaves  and  acrid, 
generally  milky,  juice  ;  the  perfect  flowers  in  a  spike  or 
solitary.  The  corolla  usually  bell-shaped  and  five-lobed. 
Stamens  five,  alternating  with  the  corolla-lobes.  Fruit 
a  many -seeded  capsule.  Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  bees 
and  the  beelike  flies  (Syrphidce).  A  tribe  now  included 
in  Lobeliacece  by  Engler  and  Prantl,  but  one  which,  in 
our  range,  lacks  those  connecting  links  which  make  the 
close  relationship  evident. 

An  annual  with  a  simple,  wandlike  stem, 

weak  and  disposed  to  recline,  and  small, 
Looking-glass 

Specularia         curved,  shell-shaped,  light  green,  scallop- 

perfoliata  toothed  leaves  clasping  the  rough,  angled 
Magenta-  plant-stem.  The  purple- violet  or  magenta- 

purple  purple  flowers,  set  at  the  hollows  of  the 

leaves,    have    deeply    five-lobed    corollas 
456 


$ 


Campanula 


f/   Leaf  of 
y/Sicyos  angulatus. 


Venus's  Looking-glass.   Specularia  perfol  iata. 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulaceae. 


with  five  stamens  and  a  three-lobed  pistil.  There  are 
also  earlier  flowers  which  are  cleistogamous  —  closed  to 
all  outward  agencies  and  self-fertilized.  Stem  5-22 
inches  long.  Common  in  poor  soil  on  hills  and  in  dry 
open  woodlands.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Ore.  and  Utah. 

A  common  garden  perennial,  natural- 
Bellflower 

Campanula  lzed  from  Europe,  and  a  frequent  escape 
rapunculoides  from  cultivation.  The  simple,  erect,  and 
Purple  rigid  stem  is  light  green  and  slightly  rough- 

July-August      hairy  .  the  leaveg  are  thinj  fine_hairy>  and 

light  green,  the  upper  ones  broad  lance-shaped,  the  lower 
arrow-head-shaped  with  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  all  are  ir- 
regularly scallop-toothed.  The  bell-shaped  purple  flow- 
ers have  five  acute  lobes,  and  hang  downward  mostly  on 
one  side  of  the  stem  ;  the  pistil  is  white  and  protruding  ; 
the  stigma  three-lobed  and  purple-tinged  ;  the  linear 
lobes  of  the  green  calyx  are  strongly  turned  backward. 
The  common  visitors  of  the  flower  are  the  honeybee  and 
bumblebee.  1-3  feet  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides. 
Me.,  to  southern  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  Ohio. 

A  most  dainty  and  delicate  perennial 

plant,  yet  one  so  remarkably  hardy  that  it 
Campanula  survives  the  cold  and  storms  of  mountain- 
rotundifolia  tops  over  5000  feet  above  sea-level.  It  is 
Light  violet  common  in  the  Chasm  of  the  Ausable 
June-  Eiver  and  on  the  summits  of  the  White 

Mountains.  In  spring  the  plant  displays 
a  tuft  of  round  leaves  (hence  the  name  rotundifolia), 
small  and  sparingly  toothed  ;  these  wither  before  the 
time  of  flowering  (rarely  they  remain  until  that  time), 
and  are  succeeded  by  a  tall  wiry  stem,  with  linear,  pale 
olive  green  leaves  and  a  succession  of  airy  blue- violet 
bells  depending  from  threadlike  pedicels  (flower-stems). 
The  corolla  is  five-lobed,  and  graded  in  color  from  light 
violet  or  pale  lavender  to  white  at  its  base ;  the  promi- 
nent pistil  is  tipped  with  a  three-lobed  stigma,  which  is 
at  first  green  and  finally  white  ;  the  five  anthers  are  a 
delicate  lavender  tint.  The  chief  visitor  is  the  bumble- 
bee, who  must  clasp  the  prominent  stigma  before  he  can 
enter  the  inverted  bell ;  in  the  bustling  endeavor  to  reach 
the  base  of  the  blossom  some  of  the  pollen  obtained  from 
458 


Bellflowep. 


Campanula  m 
rapunculoides 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulacese. 


a  previously  visited  flower  is  brushed  off  and  cross-ferti- 
lization is  effected.  The  harebell  is  also  visited  by  the 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and  the  beelike  flies.  6-18 
inches  high.  On  rocky  cliffs,  dry  or  moist,  in  barren, 
sandy  fields  or  grassy  places,  and  in  shade  or  sunshine, 
on  mountain-top  or  meadow.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west 
to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  south  to 
Ariz  ;  also  in  the  mountains  of  Cal.  A  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia  as  well,  and  identical  with  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland.  A  dwarf,  rigid,  mountain  form  mistakenly 
made  a  variety,  the  var.  arctica,  is  a  much  smaller  plant 
bearing  a  single  flower.  See  Appendix. 

A  species  common  in  grassy  swamps, 
with  branching,  slender,  weak,  reclining 


stems,  bristly  rough  on  the  angles,  like 
aparinoides  Galium  asprellum.  The  light  green,  lin- 
White  or  ear  lance-shaped  leaves  are  rough  on  edge 

lavender  an(^  mj(jri}3  .  indistinctlv  shallow-  toothed, 

June-August  .„.  .  *  .  .  ., 

and  stemless.     The  single  white  or  pale 

lavender  flowers  scarcely  J  inch  broad,  deeply  cleft  into 
five  acute  lobes  spreading  open  like  a  deep  saucer,  are 
arranged  terminally.  6-20  inches  high.  In  wet  grassy 
ground  everywhere,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Col. 

-,  „  0  _  A  tall  annual  or  biennial  with  a  slightly 

Tall  Bellflower 

Campanula        fine-hairy,    erect,    slender,    green    stem, 

Americana  rarely  branched.  The  ovate  or  ovate 
Light  violet  lance-shaped,  stemless,  light  green  leaves 

v~  are  Ions:  and  drooping;  ;  the  lower  ones  are 

September  &  ' 

narrowed  at  the  base  like  a  stem  ;  all  are 

acute-pointed  and  toothed.  The  dull-  toned  light  violet 
or  nearly  white  flowers  grow  from  the  angles  of  the 
leaves  and  form  a  slender  terminal  spike  ;  the  one  inch 
wide  corolla  has  five  long,  acute,  spreading  lobes  ;  the 
style  curves  downward  and  then  upward  (as  in  the  Py- 
rola),  extending  far  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  flower. 
The  commonest  visitors  are  the  honeybee,  the  bumble- 
bee, and  the  "Yellow-Jacket"  hornet.  Flower-stalk 
frequently  18  inches  tall.  In  moist  shady  places,  in- 
land, from  N.  Y.,  south  to  Fla.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Kan.,  and  Ark.  The  name  is  from  the  Italian  Cam- 
pana,  a  bell,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 

400 


/    Harebell          Campanula  rotundifoii&_. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     Lobeliacess. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     Lobeliacece. 

A  family  of  perennial  herbs  with  milky  acrid 
The  perfect  but  irregular  flowers  with  a  five-lobed  tube- 
shaped  corolla ;  the  five  stamens  united  in  a  tube. 
Cross -fertilized  by  bees,  the  beelike  flies,  and  the  hum- 
ming-bird. Named  for  De  L'Obel,  an  early  Dutch  herb- 
alist ;  it  now  includes  the  tribe  Campanulacece. 

A  most  beautiful  species,  remarkable  for 
Cardinal  Flower  .   .       1  n       ,  .   ,    ,  ,     .    ,. 

Lobelia  lts  ricn>  deep  red  which  largely  influences 

cardinalis  the    color    of    stem    and    foliage.     The 

Deep  red  leaves  are  dark  green,  smooth  or  nearly 

August-  so^    oblong    lance-shaped,    and    slightly 

toothed;  the  upper  ones  are  stemless. 
The  showy  flower-spike  is  loosely  set  with  deep  cardinal 
red  flowers,  the  triple-lobed  lips  of  which  are  a  rich 
velvety  color.  Rarely  the  plant  produces  deep  pink  or 
white  flowers.  Fertilized  by  humming-birds,  and  rarely 
by  bumblebees  ;  but  the  long  tongue  of  the  humming- 
bird is  the  only  practicable  means  of  cross-fertilization. 
The  length  of  the  flower-tube  is  too  great  for  the  tongue, 
and  the  pendant  lip  too  inconvenient  for  the  feet  of  the 
average  insect.  The  plant  multiplies  mostly  by  perennial 
offshoots.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  in  low 
moist  ground.  Found  in  Campton  Bog,  N.  H. 

A  slightly  hairy  plant  with  a  stout,  leafy, 
Great  Lobelia 

Lobelia  and  usuallj  simple  stem  ;  the  leaves  light 

syphilitica  green,  2-6  inches  long,  pointed  at  both 
Light  blue-  ends,  nearly  if  not  quite  smooth,  irregu- 
violet  larly  toothed,  and  stemless.  The  light 

September         blue- violet  or  rarely  white  flowers  nearly 

an  inch  long;  the  calyx  stiff-hairy.  1-3 
feet  high.  Common  in  low  moist  ground,  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.  and  La. ,  and  west  to  Kan. ,  Neb. ,  and  S.  Dak. 
A  similar  species  with  similarly  colored 
Downy  Lobelia  flowers  jn  iong  somewhat  one-sided  spikes, 
puberula  and  witn  fine  sof  t-hairy  leaves.  The  hairy 

tube  of  the  corolla  is  less  than  J  inch  long, 
and  the  lobes  of  the  lip  are  rather  broad  and  smooth. 
1-3  feet  high.     In  moist  sandy  soil.     Southern  N.  J., 
south,  and  west  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 
462 


Cardinal  Flower. 
Lobelia  cardinal. 


Indian  Tobacco.  Lobelia,  inflata. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     LobeUaceae. 


A  still  smaller-flowered  species,  bearing 
Pore  Spiked 

Lobelia  ver^  lon£  sllm  sPlkes  of  Pale  blue-violet 

Lobelia  spicata  flowers  with  a  usually  smooth  short  calyx. 
Pale  blue~  The  stem  simple  and  leafy,  the  light  green 

vlolet  leaves  nearly  toothless,  lance-shaped  (ab- 

July-August  .  .          . 

ruptly  so  at  the  base  of   the  plant),  or 

oblong,  obtuse,  but  the  upper  ones  nearly  linear.  1-4 
feet  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  from  Me. ,  south  to  N.  Car. , 
and  southwest.  The  var.  pariflora  is  a  low  form  with 
lavender-white  flowers  J  inch  long,  the  calyx-lobes  awl- 
shaped.  Swamps,  Lancaster,  Pa.  The  var.  hirtella  is  a 
rough,  hairy  form.  111.,  Mich.,  west. 

A  small  species  generally  found  beside 
Kalm's  Lobelia 

Lobelia  Kalmii  brooks,  or  on  wet  banks,  with  slender 
Light  blue-  branching  stem,  and  narrow,  blunt-tipped 
violet  leaves  sparingly  toothed  or  toothless  ;  the 

upper  ones  linear.  The  light  blue-violet 
flowers  less  than  -J  inch  long  and  scattered 
loosely  over  the  spikes.  The  fruit-capsule  not  inflated 
(as  Lobelia  inflatd),  but  small,  and  top-shaped  or  nearly 
globular.  6-18  inches  high.  On  wet  meadows  and  wet 
river-banks.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  s.  Dak. 
Indian  Tobacco  ^G  commonest  species ;  growing  every- 
Lobelia  inflata  where  in  dry  or  wet  soil,  within  the  wood 
Light  blue-  or  out  on  the  meadow.  An  annual  with  a 
violet  simple  or  branching  slightly  hairy  stem. 

July-October  The  thin  light  green  leaves  oval  pointed, 
and  sparingly  wavy-toothed,  the  uppermost  very  small, 
narrow,  and  acute.  The  tiny  flowers  scarcely  \  inch 
long,  varying  in  color  from  light  blue-violet  to  pale  lilac 
and  even  white.  The  calyx  smooth,  the  inflated,  prolate- 
spheroidal  fruit-capsule  about  -^  inch  long.  Very  acrid 
and  poisonous  to  taste,  and  commonly  used  in  medicine. 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Ark.  and  Neb. 

An  aquatic  species,  smooth,  slender,  and 
Water  Lobelia  simpie  stemmed.  Leaves  all  submerged, 
Lobelia  -,•-,•»•  •  11  -i  ,  «  T 

Dortmanna        thick,  linear  hollow,   and  tufted  at  the 

base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  in  a  loose  termi- 
nal spike,  light  violet,  J  inch  long.  6-18  inches  high. 
Borders  of  ponds.  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  northwestward, 

4.64 


Pale  Spiked  Lobelia! 
Lobelia  spicala. 


Water  Lobelia. 
Lobelia  Dortmanria* 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composftx. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs.  A  great  family  remarkable 
for  its  compound  flower- heads  which  are  often  radiate  in 
character,  with  a  central  disc  composed  of  tiny  tubular 
florets  surrounded  by  brightly  colored  rays  ;  in  some 
cases  the  florets  are  strap-shaped.  They  are  variously 
perfect,  polygamous,  and  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the 
same  or  different  plants  ;  in  chicory  and  dandelion  the 
florets  are  perfect  and  strap-shaped  ;  in  coneflower  and 
sunflower  the  tubular  florets  of  the  central  disc  are  per- 
fect and  the  ray-flowers  neutral  (without  stamens  and 
pistil) ;  in  aster  and  golden-rod  the  inner  tubular  florets 
are  perfect  and  the  outer  ray-florets  are  pistillate  ;  in 
thistle  and  burdock  the  florets  are  all  tubular  and  perfect 
but  lacking  rays  ;  in  Antennaria  the  tubular  florets  are 
staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants,  and  in  rag- 
weed the  staminate  and  pistillate  florets  are  on  the  same 
plant.  The  family  is  largely  dependent  upon  insects  for 
cross-fertilization . 

A  tall  smooth-stemmed  plant  found  in 
Tall  Ironweed  moisfc  situations,  with  lance  -  shaped, 
altissima  toothed,  deep  green  leaves  and  a  terminal 

Madder  purple  cluster  of  brownish  purple  or  madder 
August-  purple  flowers  remotely  resembling  bache- 

September  lor's  buttons  without  petals ;  the  small 
flower-heads  appear  hairy  or  chaffy.  5-8  feet  high. 
Penn.,  south,  and  west  to  111.  and  La. 

The  common  species  eastward,  differing 
New  York  ,,,11.  i .  .,  n  T  i  ,1 

Ironweed  from  the  tall  ironweed  in  its  usually  slightly 

Vernonia  rough    stem,    longer    lance-shaped    deep 

Noveboracensis  green  leaves,  and  acute,  bristle- tipped, 
Madder  purple  brown-purple  scales  of  the  flower-heads. 
September  The  ^stoetic  dul1  Purp!e  (rarely  white) 
flowers  resemble  petalless  bachelor's  but- 
tons, or  at  a  distance  asters.  3-7  feet .  high.  In  moist 
ground,  oftenest  near  the  coast,  from  Mass.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  eastern  Kan.  Found  near 
Englewood,  N.  J.  Named  for  Wm.  Vernon,  an  early 
English  botanist. 

466 


New  York  Ironwecd       Vernonia  Noveboracensis 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


Climbing 
Hempweed  or 
Boneset 

Mikania 
scandens 
White 
flesh  pink 
July- 
September 


crimson 
August- 
September 


An  attractive,  twining  viue  generally 
climbing  over  hushes  on  damp  river  banks. 
The  light  green  leaves  triangular  heart- 
shaped,  and  the  bristly  f  dull  white  or  flesh- 
colored  flowers  resembling  those  of  bone- 
set.  5-15  feet  long.  Mass.,  south,  and 
west  to  Ind.  and  Tex.  Named  for  Prof. 
Mikan  of  Germany. 
A  familiar,  tall  plant  with  a  stout  stem 

Joe=Pye=Weed  Qn   which  the  roughish,   pointed   ovate, 

Eupatorium 

purpureum         toothed,  light  green  leaves  are  grouped  in 

Magenta-  circles  at  intervals.     The  dense  terminal 

flower-clusters  with  many  soft-bristly,  fes- 
thetic-toned  dull  magenta-crimson  florets, 
lighter  or  deeper,  or  sometimes  dull  white. 
Frequented  by  the  honeybee.  3-12  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere  on  borders  of  swamps  or  low  damp  ground. 
Named  for  Eupator  Mithridates,  and  for  a  New  England 
Indian  who  used  the  plant  in  some  concoction  for  the 
cure  of  fevers. 

A  similar,  but  small,  rough-hairy  species 
with  white  flowers,  the  scales  of  which  are 
very  long  and  white.  The  light  green,  veiny 
leaves  are  stemless  or  nearly  so.  1-3  feet 
high.  In  sandy  soil  and  pine  barrens, 
from  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  to  Fla.  and 
La. 

A  hillside  species  with  generally  smooth, 
opposite,  ovate  lance-shaped,  horizontally 
spreading  leaves  tapering  to  a  sharp  point. 
The  white  flowers,  with  long,  slender  but 
blunt  scales,  are  in  flat  clusters.  2-6  feet 
high.  In  woods  or  on  wooded  banks. 
Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111. 

The  common,  familiar  species  whose 
leaves  have  been  used  in  a  bitter  tonic  de- 
coction or  tea.  Leaves  .very  light  green, 
pointed,  opposite,  and  so  closely  joined 
that  two  appear  as  one  perforated  by  the 
plant-stem,  which  with  the  leaves  is  re- 
markably wool-hairy.  The  very  dull  white 
468 


White 
Thoroughwort 

Eupatorium 
album 
White 
August- 
September 

Upland 
Boneset 

Eupatorium 
sessilifolium 
White 
August- 
October 


Boneset  or 
Thoroughwort 
Eupatorium 
perfoliatum 
Dull  white 
July- 
September 


White 

Snakeroot.  \|HSi 
Eupatorium  | 
urticaefolium.? 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


florets,  in  terminal  clusters,  furnish  an  abundance  of 
nectar  for  the  visiting  honeybee  —  the  rule  with  all  Eu- 
patoriums  and  Vernonias.  2-5  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere  on  wet  ground. 

The  most  attractive  and  graceful  mem- 

Snakeroot  ^er  °^  ^n*s  generauv  coarse  genus.  The 
Eupatorium  large-toothed  leaves  are  deep  green, 
urticcefoiium  smooth,  thin,  slender-stemmed,  and  nearly 
White  heart-shaped.  Flowers  white  (not  dull) 

§u  ^~  and    peculiarly   downy,   like  the  garden 

Ageratum.  1-4  feet  high.  Rich  woods 
and  copses.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Neb. ,  and  La. 

A    very    similar    species    with    short- 

Eupatorium  stemmed  leaves,  dull-toothed  and  blunt- 
aromaticum  . 

pointed  ;  the  flowers  a  trifle  larger.    Near 

the  coast,  from  Mass,  to  Ga.  The  name  is  misleading — 
it  is  not  aromatic. 

A  tall,  stout,  handsome  species  belong- 
ing  to  a  beautiful  genus.  The  showy 
Liatris  scariosa  flower-spike  set  with  magenta-purple  to 
Magenta**  pale  violet,  tubular,  perfect  flowers,  the 

purple  heads  sometimes  f  inch  broad.      Leaves 

deep  green,  hoary,  narrow  lance-shaped, 
September 

and  alternate-growing.  Ine  flowers  ex- 
hibit many  aesthetic  and  variable  tints.  2-6  feet  high. 
In  dry  situations,  by  roadsides  and  in  fields.  Me. ,  south, 
and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  lower  species  (beginning  to  bloom  in 

June)  with  smooth  or  often  hairy,  stiff, 

linear  leaves,  and  with  the  few  flowers  on 
the  spike  bright  magenta-purple  and  fully  an  inch  long  ; 
the  scales  enveloping  them  are  leaflike  with  sharp,  spread- 
ing tips.  6-22  inches  high.  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  S. 
Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  commoner  species,  smooth  or  nearly 

Liatns  with   linear  leaves  and  a  closely  set 

svicata  _  .,  „    ,,       ,  ,     .      , 

flower-spike    sometimes    fully   14    inches 

long  ;  the  flowers,  about  ^  inch  broad,  range  from  pur- 
ple to  violet  or  rarely  to  white.  2-5  feet  high.  Moist 
low  ground.  Mass. ,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Ark. 

470 


Mikania  scandens. 


Blazing  Star. 
Liatris    scariosa. 


Joe-Pye-Weed 
Eupatorium  purpupeurnj 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


An  asterlike  but  golden  yellow  flower 
Goiden^ster  growing  in  dlT  soil  generally  near  the 
or  Silver  Grass  coast-  Tne  shining  leaves  linear,  soft,  and 
Chrysopsis  grasslike,  but  silvery  green-gray  with  fine- 
graminifolia  hairiness,  the  lower  ones  long.  The  small 
Golden  yellow  flowers  -|  inch  broad,  solitary  at  the  tips  of 
October"  ^ne  branches,  the  ray-flowers  pistillate, 

the  disc-flowers  perfect.    The  slender  stem 
1-3  feet  high.     Del.,  south,  and  southwest  to  Tex. 

A  much  lower  species  with  larger  flow- 

Goidra  Asterd  6rS?  als°  found  in  the  coastwise  States. 
Chrysopsis  Tne  stems  very  woolly,  and  the  small  lin- 
falcata  ear  leaves  gray-green  and  crowded  to- 

Golden  yellow   gether.     The  pretty,  rich  golden  yellow 

Late  uly-  flowers  are  an  inch  broad.  4-10  inches 
August 

high.     From  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  the  pine 

barrens  of  N.  J.     Found  on  Nantucket. 

A  stout,  showy  species,  the  stem  and 

Chrysopsis 

Mariana  leaves  of  which  are  silky  with  soft  hairs 

Golden  yellow  when  young,  but  become  smooth  with 
August-  age.  The  gray-green  leaves  are  lance- 

September  shaped  and  stemless,  and  the  golden  yel- 
low flower-heads  are  nearly  an  inch  across,  the  scales 
below  somewhat  sticky  and  hairy.  The  commoner 
golden  aster  of  New  York  and  the  south,  found  on  dry 
sandy  roadsides  near  the  coast.  1-2  feet  high.  From 
southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  south. 

The  genus  Solidago  includes  about  85  species,  of 
which  about  25  are  commonly  found  throughout  the 
northern  United  States.  These  are  readily  distinguished 
by  differences  in  stem,  leaf,  and  flower ;  the  stem  may 
be  rough,  smooth,  covered  with  hairs,  or  with  bloom,  or 
angular,  or  round  ;  the  leaf  may  be  triple-ribbed,  feather- 
veined,  or  more  or  less  distinctly  ribbed  or  toothed  ;  the 
flowers  may  have  few  or  many  large  or  small  rays.  The 
central  tubular  florets  are  perfect,  and  are  cross-fertil- 
ized by  many  insects  of  many  orders,  chief  among  which 
are  the  butterflies  and  the  beelike  flies  ;  the  flowers  fur- 
nish an  abundance  of  honey  for  all.  The  Latin  name, 
Solidago,  means  to  make  whole,  alluding  to  some  cura- 
tive quality  of  the  plant.  There  are  some  hybrid  forms. 
472 


Golden  Aster 


Chrysopsis  Mariana. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  not  very  common  species,  the  stem 
Stout  Golden-         . 

rod  hairy  above  and  rarely   branched,   with 

Solidago  large,   broad,   coarsely    toothed,   feather- 

squarrosa  veined    leaves,   and    with    rather   showy 

Golden^yellow   flowers .  the  10-16  rays  nearly  J  inch  long, 
October  ^e  tubular  florets  15-24  in  a  single  flower- 

head  the  scales  of  which  are  strongly 
curved  outward.  The  flower  plume  generally  straight. 
Plant  2-5  feet  high.  On  rocky  hillsides,  and  the  mar- 
gins of  woods.  Me.,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Va., 
and  west  to  Vt.,  tho  Catskills,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  Ohio. 

A  late-blooming,  graceful,  slender,  wood- 
Blue=stemmed  ' 

Golden-rod         land  golden-rod,  with  a  distinct  bluish  or 

Solidago  purplish,  plumlike  bloom  on  the  bending 

ccesia  stem.     The   leaves    dark    green,   feather- 

Late  August-  veine^  smooth,  sharply  toothed,  lance- 
shaped,  and  sharp-pointed.  The  flowers  in 
small  oblong  clusters  at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  with 
plant-stem,  and  not  in  a  distinct  terminal  cluster ;  3-5 
rays  in  a  single  flower-head,  T^  inch  broad,  quite  long, 
and  very  light  golden  yellow.  1-3  feet  high.  Common 
on  shaded  banks,  and  margins  of  woods,  everywhere. 

A  similar  species,  but  with  broad,  olive 
Broad-leaved  r       .  '  .     ' 

Golden=rod        green,   feather-veined  leaves    pointed    at 

Solidago  both  ends;  the  stem  lighter  green,  zig-zag, 

latifolia  angled  in  section,  and  rarely  branched. 

August-  The  light  gol(ien  yeiiow  flowers  in  small 

clusters  (like  S.  cwsia),  with  but  3-4  rays. 
1-3  feet  high.  Rich,  moist,  ^wooded  banks.  Me.,  south 
to  Ga. ,  west  to  S.  Dak.  Found  in  the  Catskill  Mountains. 
A  very  common  species;  the  only  one 
rod  or  Silver=  with  white  flowers.  Leaves  elliptical, 
rod  feather- veined,  rough-hairy,  very  lightly 

Solidago  bicolor  toothed,  and  dark  olive  green  above,  the 
ribs     beneath     hairy.      Stem     simple     or 
branched,  upright,  and  gray -hairy.    Tubu- 
lar florets  cream  yellow,  surrounded  by  3-12  white  rays ; 
flower-clusters  mignonettelike,  small,  and  at  the  leaf- 
junctions  or  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  terminal  spike. 
10-30  inches  high.     On  dry  barren  ground.     Me.,  south 
to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     A  yellow-flowered 

474 


Three-veined  leaf, 
as  in  S  sepotirm 


Soli  dago  caesia. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositse. 


form,  var.  concoZor,  has  yellow  rays,  and  densely  woolly 
stem  and  leaves.  Commoner  far  north,  south  to  Ga., 
Wis.,  and  Minn.  Illustration  four  pages  forward. 

A  northern  species  mostly  confined  to 

Golden=rod        damp,    rocky    woods.      The    deep    green 

Solidago  leaves  are   ovate,  thin,   sharply   toothed, 

macrophylla       feather- veined,    and  very   long-stemmed. 

Leaf-  and  plant-stem  usually  smooth,  but 

the  latter  sometimes  fine-hairy  at  the  top. 

Flower-heads  nearly  -|-  inch  long,  with  8-10  long  golden 

yellow  rays.     1-4  feet  high.     Wooded    hillsides.     Me. 

(Aroostook  Co.),  to  northern  N.  H.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 

the  Catskill  Mountains,  and  west  to  Lake  Superior. 

A  dwarf  alpine  form  confined  to  moun- 
Alpine  Golden- 
rod  tain-tops  and  about  8  inches  high.     The 

Solidago  large  flowers,  thickly  clustered  at  the  sum- 

Cutleri  mit  of  the  stout  simple  stem,  with  about 

12  rays.     The  florets  robust,  about  \  inch 
high.     Leaves  usually  obovate  and  finely 
toothed.     Mountain  summits  of  Me.,  N.  H.  (Mt.  Wash- 
ington), and  N.  Y  ,  and  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

A  species  frequenting  salt-marshes  and 
Golden-rod  sea-beaches.  Stem  stout  and  smooth ; 
Solidago  flower-cluster  large,  leafy,  short,  and 

sempervirens  straight,  with  large  showy  flowers  having 
August-  7_iQ  (jeep  golden  yellow  rays.  Leaves 

lance-shaped,  smooth,  toothless,  and  with 
3-5  obscure  nerves.     2-8  feet  high.     Me.  to  Fla. 

The    stem    stout    and    smooth  ;    leaves 
Bog  Golden=rod 
SoUda  o  smooth,    lance-shaped,    obscurely    seven- 

uliginosa  veined,  slightly  toothed  or  toothless  ;  those 

August-  at  the  root  very  long.     The  flowers  are 

September  light  golden  yellow,  with  5-6  small  rays, 
and  are  crowded  on  the  wandlike  or  straight  stem.  2-4 
feet  high.  Me.  to  northern  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Minn. 
A  handsome,  stocky  plant  with  a  ruddy, 
Gokten=rod  stout,  smooth,  round  (in  section)  stem,  and 
Solidago  large,  smooth,  firm,  feather- veined,  olive 

speciosa  green  leaves,    rough-edged    or    obscurely 

August-  toothed  ;    the   upper  ones  oblong    lance- 

shaped,  the   lower   ovate.     Flower-heads 
476 


•  Seaside  Golden-pod.  '  Soli  dago  sempervirens. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


with  about  5  large  golden  yellow  rays  and  prominent 
stamens  ;  the  showy  flower-cluster  is  dense,  branched, 
and  somewhat  pyramidal  in  outline.  3-6  feet  high. 
Rich  ground  and  copses.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.  ccnd  Ky., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

An  anise-scented  species,  very  odorous 
Griden=rod  when  crushed.  Leaves  bright  green, 
Solidago  odor  a  smooth,  indistinctly  three-ribbed,  shining, 
August-  and  dotted.  The  slender  stem,  often  re- 

September  clining,  is  usually  smooth,  and  nearly 
cylindrical  in  section.  Flower-heads  small,  with  3-4 
golden  rays  nearly  J  inch  long.  The  flower-cluster  one- 
sided. 2-3  feet  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil.  Me. ,  south,  and 
west  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.,  and  Tex. 

Very  common  in  swamps  ;  with  stout 
Spreading  ,  .  n  . 

Qoiden=rod        stem  (angled    in  section)  and  spreading 

Solidago  patula  branches.  The  large,  rough,  fine-toothed, 
August-  feather-veined  leaves  smooth  beneath. 

October  Flower-clusters  small ;    the   rather   large 

flowers  with  obtuse  green  scales  and  small  rays.  Me. , 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

An  exceedingly  hairy  or  rough  golden- 
rod,  very  common  on  wooded  roadsides 
stemmed 

Qolden=rod  and  margins  of  fields.  Leaves  dark  green, 
Solidago  feather-veined,  very  hairy,  and  deeply 

rugosa  toothed.     Stem  hairy,  straight,  cylindri- 

u  ^~  cal,   and  thickly  set  with  leaves.      The 

flower-clusters  small,  weak  in  color,  and 
terminating  several  branches  also  thickly  set  with  leaf- 
lets ;  the  flower-heads  light  golden  yellow  ;  6-9  rays  and 
4-7  tubular  florets.  The  plant  often  branched  like  an 
elm  at  the  top,  but  presenting  a  variety  of  forms.  1-7 
feet  high.  Dry  ground  everywhere. 
Eim=iea\ed  ^  l^e  species  with  but  few  differences, 

<Joiden=rod  viz.:  Stem  slender,  smooth  or  woolly  at 
Solidago  the  summit,  leaves  thin,  pointed,  and  ta- 

ulmifolia  pering  toward  the  base.     Flowers  with 

about  four  deep  yellow  rays,  the  scales  long  lance- 
shaped.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  in  low  moist  copses 
or  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo., 
and  Tex. 

478 


Solid&go   PUQOS&. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  smooth  species  common  in  swamps  in 
Goideif-rod  tne  north.  The  upper  leaves  long  lance- 
Solidago  shaped,  few-veined,  and  nearly  toothless, 

neglecta  the  lower  ones  sharply  toothed,  broader, 

and  tapering  to  a  stern.     The  flower-clus- 
ters rather  thick  and  short,  with  crowded 
flowers  of  3-8  small  rays.     2-4  feet  high.     Me.,  south  to 
Md.,  and  west  to  Wis.  and  111. 

A  common  and  very  graceful  species ; 
Sharp=leaved  ,  .,, 

Golden=rod  one  °^  *  e  earnest  golden-rods,  with  very 
Solidago  light  golden  yellow  flowers  having  5-7 

arguta  large  rays  and  small,  light  green,  obtuse 

Ju|y-  scales.     The  flower-cluster  plumelike  and 

reclining.  The  stem  angled,  smooth,  and 
angular  in  section,  sometimes  ruddy  brown.  Leaves 
deep  green,  indistinctly  feat  her- veined,  large,  thin,  and 
sharply  coarse-toothed,  generally  elliptical  lance-shaped, 
the  upper  ones  nearly  if  not  quite  toothless.  2-4  feet 
high.  Copses  and  rich  thin  woods,  from  N.  H.,  south 
to  Va. ,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 

Another  very  common,  slender  species 
Goiden=rod  often  found  in  company  with  the  forego- 
Solidagojuncea  ing  and  blooming  a  little  later.  Leaves 
July-  smooth,  yellow  olive  green,  and  slightly 

September  three-ribbed,  the  upper  ones  toothless,  the 
lower  broad  lance-shaped,  with  sharp  and  spreading 
teeth  ;  a  tiny  leaf -wing  grows  at  either  side  of  each  leaf- 
stem.  The  flower-clusters  are  spread  somewhat  like  an 
elm  in  larger  plants  ;  but  in  the  smaller  ones  they  are1 
one-sided.  The  golden  yellow  flowers  about  J  inch  long, 
with  8-12  small  rays.  2-4  feet  high.  On  dry  rocky 
banks  and  roadsides.  Me. ,  south  to  N.  Car. ,  west  to  Mo. 

A  common  but  by  no  means  a  late-flow- 
G olden  rod  ering  golden-rod,  generally  distinguished 
Solidago  for  the  plumlike  lilac  bloom  (but  some- 

serotina  times  light  green)  of  its  straight,  smooth, 

August-  dignified  stem,  which  is  perfectly  cylindri- 

cal in  section.    Leaves  dark  green,  plainly 
three-ribbed,  smooth,  and  toothed  only  along  the  upper 
half  of  the  edge,  narrow  and  sharp-pointed.     The  stems 
of  the  flower-heads  are  covered  with  tiny  white  hairs ; 
480 


Early  Golden-rod  Solida^o  juncea. 


White  Golden-rod. 
Solidago  bicolon 


Late  Golden-pod, 
serotina. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


the  flowers  small,  light  golden  yellow,  7-15  long  rays. 
The  flower-cluster  is  generally  cylindrical,  but  bending 
at  the  top  of  the  unbranched  stem.  3-7  feet  high,  but 
seldom  tall.  Copses  and  dry  roadsides,  everywhere. 

A  tall,  stout,  coarse  species  with  lance- 
d        shaped,  dull  olive  green,  sharply  toothed, 
Soiidago  triple-ribbed  leaves,  rough  above,  a  trifle 

Canadensis        woolly  beneath,  and  tapering  to  a  point  at 
Golden  yellow    either  end,  the  uppermost  leaves  nearly 
ug"s  ~  toothless.  The  flower-heads  are  small,  with 

5-15  short  rays ;  the  greenish  golden  yel- 
low clusters  plumelike  and  large,  but  not  striking.  3-7 
feet  high.  Common  everywhere  (except  at  the  seaside) 
in  copse  borders  and  on  roadsides  in  dry  situations. 
Quite  variable  ;  the  var.  procera  with  slightly  toothed  or 
toothless  leaves  rather  gray- woolly  beneath,  and  the  var. 
scabra  (N.  Y.  and  Pa. ,  south)  also  with  leaves  sparingly 
toothed  or  toothless,  very  rough  above  and  hairy-veined 
beneath,  the  flower-heads  somewhat  larger. 

One  of    the  most    brilliant  of   all  the 
Gray 
Golden=rod        golden-rods.     A  rather  low,  late-flowering 

Soiidago  species  remarkable  for  its  rich  deep  golden 

nemoralis  yellow  flowers  and  its  simple,  unbranched, 

•  green-gray  stem,  which  with  the  leaves  is 
covered  with  minute  grayish  hairs.  The 
leaves  are  three-ribbed,  dull  olive  green,  rough,  thick, 
dull-toothed,  and  generally  broad  lance-shaped,  some- 
what wider  at  the  farther  end,  the  lower  ones  tapering 
to  a  stem  ;  little  leaflets  are  on  either  side  of  the  bases  of 
the  larger  leaves.  Flowers  with  5-9  rays,  the  cluster 
generally  forming  a  thickly  set  one-sided  plume.  6-25 
inches  high.  Common  everywhere,  beside  sandy  roads 
and  in  dry  pastures,  except  at  the  seaside. 

A  less  common  species  distinguished  for 
Hard=leaved 
Golden=rod        its  spreading,  flat-topped  cluster,  which  is 

Soiidago  usually    quite    thick.      The    stout,    leafy 

rigida  stem  is  covered  with  dense  fine  hairs  ;  the 

August-  rough,  thick,  narrowly  oval  leaves,  feath- 

October  J         .    .       ,     ' 

er- veined  and  extremely  rigid,  the  upper 

ones  broad  at  the  base  and  clasping  at  the  stem,  tooth- 
lees  or  nearly  so.  The  large  flower-heads  with  about  30 

482 


\\ 

Canada  Golden-rod.   nSolidagoCanadensis. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composites. 


tubular  florets  and  6-10  large  rays.  2-5  feet  high.  Dry 
soil,  Mass. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak. 
Lan  e  lea  ed  A  slightly  fragrant  species,  distinctly  d  if  - 
Goiden=rod  ferent  from  all  the  foregoing.  The  very 
Solidago  small  flowers  in  a  flat-topped  cluster,  and 

graminifolia        the  very  small,  toothless,  lance-shaped,  nar- 

OctobeV eafly  row  willowlike>  Hg11*  green  leaves  with  3-5 
ribs  and  very  rough  edges.  The  stem  is 
straight,  angular  in  section,  with  the  ridges  minutely 
rough,  and  terminates  in  a  thin,  wiry -branched  flower- 
cluster  not  at  all  showy  in  color  ;  the  tiny  flower-heads 
in  small  crowded  groups  ;  12-20  minute  rays.  2-4  feet 
high.  On  river-banks,  borders  of  damp  woods,  or  in 
moist  situations,  everywhere. 

Slender  ^  somewhat  similar,  resinously  fragrant 

Goiden=rod  species ;  the  difference  apparent  in  the 
Solidago  slenderer,  smoother  stem  and  the  very 

tenuifolia  narrow,  linear,  dotted  leaves,  commonly 
one-ribbed.  The  tiny  flower-heads,  with  6-12  rays,  in 
numerous  groups  of  2-3,  forming  a  flat- topped  cluster 
15-18  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  mostly  near  the 
coast.  Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111. 

The  genus  Aster,  named  from  dtfrr/p,  a  star,  is  a  varied 
and  beautiful,  late-flowering  tribe  which,  with  Solidago, 
monopolizes  the  roadsides  and  byways  in  autumn.  The 
species  are  distinguished  apart  in  much  the  same  way  as 
in  Solidago.  The  ray-florets  are  pistillate,  the  tubular 
florets  (upon  the  disc)  perfect,  with  a  five-parted  yellow 
corolla,  which  with  age  turns  dull  magenta.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  beelike  flies. 
All  the  asters  yield  an  abundance  of  nectar. 

A  small  white  aster,  not  showy  but  corn- 
White  Wood-  mon  in  thin  W00(jg>  The  stem  is  rather 
land  Aster  ..  .. 

Asler  smooth,  a  trifle  zig-zagged,  and  quite  slen- 

divaricatus  der ;  the  olive  green  leaves  are  coarsely 
White  toothed,  slender-stemmed,  heart-shaped, 

September-  sharp-pointed,  and  smooth.  The  white 
October 

flowers,  as  broad  as  a  "  nickel,    have  only 

6-9  rays  ;  the  disc-flowers  turn  madder  purple  with  age. 
1-2  feet  high.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west. 

484 


Lance-leaved  Golden-rod,  Solidacjo  graminifolia. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


A  stou^,  stiff,  purplish-stemmed  species 

with  few'  rough>  larSe>  4~8  inches  long, 
closely  toothed,  basal  leaves,  the  upper 
macrophyllus  ones  ovate,  almost  stemless,  and  sharp- 
Lilac  pointed.  Flowers  about  an  inch  broad, 
August-  with  10_16  bluish  lilac  or  rareiy  lilac- white, 
September  .  _ 

rays  ;  disc-no \vers  turning  madder  brown 

with  age.     2-3  feet  high.    Common  in  damp  thin  woods 
or  on  dry  banks.     Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn. 
Show    Aster         ^  ver^  handsome   species   found  only 
Aster spectabilis'nesir  ^ne  coast,  with  but  few  showy,  deep 
Violet  blue-violet  flowers  about  as  broad  as  a  fifty- 

August-  cent  piece,  with  15-25  rays  often  £  inch 

long.  The  olive  green  leaves,  mostly 
toothless,  are  oblong  lance-shaped  and  rough.  The  stiff, 
generally  simple  stem,  1-2  feet  high,  is  slightly  rough 
below.  Sandy  soil.  Mass,  to  Del. 

A  low  slender  species  with  few  large, 
Rough-leaved  .,,,,«  , 

Aster  violet-blue  flowers  and  a  rough  stem  and 

Aster  radula      leaf,  the  latter  dark  green ,  stemless ,  sharply 
Violet  toothed,  strongly  veined,  and  oblong  lance- 

shaped.  The  upper  leaves  closely  clasp  the 
stem.  The  flowers  with  about  22  rays 
nearly  \  inch  long.  1-2  feet  high.  In  wet  situations 
and  moist  shady  copse  borders.  Me. ,  south  to  Del.  and 
the  Pocono  Mts. ,  Pa. ,  generally  near  the  coast.  A  dwarf 
form,  var.  strictus,  has  nearly  entire  leaves  and  usually 
solitary  flowers  ;  White  Mountains,  N.  H. 

A  familiar  and  common  species  with 
New  England  numerous  handsome  flowers  about  an  inch 
£8ter  broad,  which  vary  from  light  violet  to 

Novce-Anglice     light  purple   or  white,   and  in   the  var. 
Purple  or  roseus    to    magenta.       The    stem    stout, 

magenta  branched,    and  rough  ;    the   olive  green, 

October  soft-hairy  leaves  lance-shaped,  toothless, 

thin,  and  clasping  the  stem  by  a  broad 
base  rounded  at  either  side.  The  flowers,  rarely  larger 
than  a  silver  quarter,  have  usually  30-40  narrow  rays, 
and  terminate  the  branches  in  large  clusters.  2-6  feet 
high  or  higher.  Frequently  cultivated  ;  common  north- 
ward, and  south  to  S.  Car. 

486 


New  England  Aster?       Aster  Novae  Angliae. 


Aster  spectabihs 


Aster 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  common  species  on  dry  ground,  with 

ovate-oblong,  stemless  leaves,  heart-shaped 

Aster  patens       a^  the  ^ase  and  clasping  the  main  stem, 

Light  violet-      toothless  or  nearly  so,  but  rough  on  the 

purple  edge  and  on  the  upper  surface.      Stem 

August-  rough-hairy,  slender,  and  widely  branched. 

Flowers  with  20-30  light  violet-purple  rays 

nearly  -|  inch  long,  and  spreading,  pointed,  green  tips 

beneath.   1-3  feet  high.    In  dry  open  places,  from  Mass., 

south,  and  west  to  northern  N.  Y.  and  Minn. 

An  aster  easily  recognized  by  its  remark- 
able  broad-stemmed  leaf»  which  is  heart- 
Aster  shaped  where  it  clasps    the  plant-stem  ; 

undulatus          some  leaves  are  pointed  heart-shaped,  and 
Light  violet       the  upper  ones  have  an  undulating  mar- 

gin>  Stems  stiff  and  ver>r  rougn-  Flow- 
ers light  blue-violet,  with  9-15  rays.  1-3 
feet  high.  In  dry  places  and  on  shaded  roadsides.  Com- 
mon everywhere. 

A  familiar,   small-flowered    aster    with 
eart=  eave        variable   leaves.      Stem   slender,   smooth, 
ASter  and  much  branched  ;  the  light  green  leaves 

cordifolius  rough  or  fine-hairy,  and  usually  pointed 
Lilac  or  lighter  heart-shaped  with  large  sharp  teeth  ;  the 
upper  ones  short-stemmed  or  stemless, 
ovate  or  lance-shaped.  The  lilac  or  blue- 
lavender  flowers,  about  |  inch  broad,  with  10-20  rays, 
are  crowded  in  dense  clusters  like  those  of  the  lilac  ;  the 
disc-florets  turn  magenta  or  madder  purple  with  age. 
1-4  feet  high.  Common  everywhere.  This  aster  presents 
a  great  variety  of  forms ;  there  is  one  among  the  foot- 
hills of  the  White  Mountains,  Campton  and  Plymouth, 
scarcely  8  inches  high,  with  white  flowers  and  smooth, 
narrow,  lance-shaped  leaves ;  the  established  var.  Fur- 
bishise  (Fernald)  is  distinguishsd  for  its  long  soft-hairy 
stem  and  leaf-stalks,  the  leaves  somewhat  so  beneath  ; 
New  Brunswick,  Me.,  and  N.  H.  Also  Dr.  Britton 
recognizes  several  other  varieties.  The  var.  polycephalus, 
also  commonly  distributed,  has  leaves  squared  or  else 
narrowed  at  the  base 

488 


Heart-leaved  Aster9. 


Aster  cord  if oli us. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composites. 


Arrow-leaved 
Aster 

Aster 

sagittifolius 
Light  violet 
August- 
October 


Smooth  Aster 
Aster  Icevis 
Light  violet 
September- 
October 


A  rather  northern  species.  The  stem 
stiff,  erect,  and  with  nearly  upright 
branches.  The  light  olive  green  leaves 
thin,  broad  lance-shaped,  and  sparingly 
toothed  toward  the  top  of  the  stem,  but 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  lower  down.  The 
small,  light  violet  flowers  are  not  showy  ; 
there  are  10-14  rays  about  J  inch  long.  2-4  feet  high. 
In  dry  soil.  Me.,  south  to  Ky.,  west  to  Pa.,  and  N.  Dak. 
Variable  but  handsome,  with  light  violet 
or  paler  blue- violet  flowers  about  an  inch 
broad,  and  nearly  if  not  entirely  toothless, 
smooth,  light  green  leaves,  lance-shaped, 
stemless,  and  clasping  the  plant-stem  with 
a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base.  The  flowers  with  15-30 
rays.  Stem  2-4  feet  high,  smooth,  and  sometimes  cov- 
ered with  a  light  bloom.  Dry  soil,  roadsides,  and  bor- 
ders of  woods  ;  common  everywhere. 

A  tiny  white  aster  common  in  southern 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 
Stem  generally  smooth  and  closely  set 
above  with  tiny,  heathlike,  linear,  light 
green  leaves,  the  few  basal  ones  blunt 
lance-shaped  and  slightly  toothed  ;  all  are 
rather  rigid.  The  tiny  white  flowers  with 
yellow  discs  are  like  miniature  daisies  ;  there  are  16-24 
narrow  rays  sometimes  lightly  tinted  with  magenta. 
This  aster  has  spread  beyond  its  original  limits  through 
cultivation  by  bee-keepers  ;  its  yield  of  nectar  is  large, 
and  it  is  an  especial  favorite  of  the  honeybee.  1-3  feet 
high.  Common  in  dry  fields  and  on  roadsides,  from  Me. , 
south,  and  west  from  south  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Ky. 

Another  tiny-flowered  aster,  with  hairy, 
Many-flowered  of ten  brownish  stems.     The  tiny,  linear, 
light  green  leaves  are  fine-hairy  or  rough. 
The    dense    flower-clusters    are    crowded 
with  white  or  lilac- white  flowers  scarcely 
•J  inch  broad,   with   12-20  rays.      Stems 
bushy.    1-4  feet  high.     Common   in  dry 
open  places,  from  southern  N.  Eng.,  south 
and  west.     Rare  in  Me. ,  and  absent  in  northern  N.  EL 

4QO 


Michaelmas 
Daisy  or 
Heath  Aster 

Aster  ericoides 
White 
September- 
November 


Aster 

Aster 

multiflorus 
White  or 
Iilac=white 
September- 
November 


Aster    ericoides. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


A  similar  species  with  fine  linear  leaves, 
Bushy  Aster      and  loose-flowering  branches,   the    stem 
Aster  dumosus      , .    ,  , ,      „        ,     . 
White  or  slightly  fine-hairy,  and  sometimes  brown- 

lilaowhite  ish,  or  the  whole  plant  quite  smooth. 
August-  The  little  flowers,  with  15-25  white  or  pale 

October  j^ac  rays>  are  rather  larger  than  those  of 

the  next  species.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry  sandy  soil.  Mass., 
and  Conn. ,  south  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mo. 

A  white-flowered   species  with    larger 
Aster  linear,  or  narrow  lance-shaped  leaves,  the 

Aster  vimineus  largest  ones  slightly  sharp-toothed.  Stem 
White  and  leaves  nearly  if  not  quite  smooth,  the 

August-  stem  often  reddish,  its  branches  almost 

horizontal.  The  tiny  flowers  with  numer- 
ous white  rays.  The  flowering  branches  very  short,  and 
minutely  leafy.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  in  moist  places 
and  on  river-banks,  from  southern  N.  Eng.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn. ,  and  Ark.  The  var.  foliolosus  is  very  leafy 
and  the  branches  turn  upward;  the  linear  leaves  are 
toothless,  and  nearly  2  inches  long.  The  flowers  in  a 
very  loose  cluster.  2-5  feet  high.  From  Jaffrey,  N.  H., 
south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

An  exceedingly   common  and  variable 
Calico  Aster  .  .  • 

Aster  lateriflorus  sPecies»  with  a  smooth,  or  fine-hairy,  often 
Light  purple  magenta-stained  stem,  with  straggling 
or  white  branches.  The  light  green,  lance-shaped 

August-  leaves  sparinglv  toothed,  and  larger  than 

October  „   f  .      . 

any  of  those  of  the  species  immediately  pre- 
ceding. The  little  flowers  scarcely  £  inch  across,  with 
numerous  light  purple  or  lilac  or  white  rays  ;  the  disc- 
florets  a  deeper  purple.  1-5  feet  high.  In  dry  fields,  and 
copses.  Me. ,  south  to  N.  Car. ,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  La. 

A     slender-stemmed,      much-branched 
.  white  aster,  with  numerous  flowers  about 

Aster  f  inch  broad,  and  with  long  lance-sha.ped 

Tradescanti  leaves,  the  lower  ones  slightly  toothed, 
White  smooth  on  both  sides,  thin,  and  tapering 

October"  ^°  a  snarP  point.     The  small  flowers  with 

white  or  lilac-white  rays  clustered  about 
the  short  upward-turned  branches.  2-4  feet  high.  In 
wet  fields  and  swamps,  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

40? 


New  York  Aster. 
Aster  Novi-Belgii. 


Tradescant's  Aster. 
Astep  Tradeseanti. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


A  very  tall  species  with  white  or  lilac- 
White^ster  wnite  flowers  a  trifle  larger  than  a  *  'nickel," 
Aster  borne  in  somewhat  flat-topped,  loose  or 

paniculatus  scattered  clusters  ;  the  leaves  dark  green, 
White  very  nearly  if  not  quite  smooth,  long 

October"  lance-shaped,  and  obscurely  toothed  ;  the 

upper  ones  toothless.  The  stout,  much- 
branched  stem  is  3-8  feet  high.  Common  on  low  moist 
ground  and  borders  of  copses,  in  half  shade,  everywhere. 
A  northern  species  with  remarkably  nar- 
Aster  '  row,  toothless  (or  nearly  so)  leaves  3-8 

Aster  inches  long,  and  pale  violet  or  light  purple 

longifolius  flowers  as  large  as  a  silver  quarter.  The 
Llgl  flower-envelop  is  encircled  with  many  lit- 

October"  tie. acute  scales  strongly  curled  backward. 

1-3  feet  high.  In  swamps  and  low  ground. 
Northern  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mont. 

Flowers  large  pale  violet,  lilac  or  blue- 
New  York  Aster  .  ,  °  *. 

or  Willow=          violet,   with   15-24  rays,  nearly   -|    inch 

leaved  Blue  long.  The  stemless,  usually  toothless  light 
Aster  green  leaves  are  thin,  long,  and  smooth,  or 

Aster  Novi-          ^ne  sma[\  upper  ones  clasping  the  stem, 

LHacor  the   lower   Very  slightlv  toothed.     10-35 

blue=  violet  inches  high.  Gray  calls  this  the  "corn- 
August-  monest  late-flowered  aster  of  the  Atlantic 
October  border,  and  very  variable  "  ;  but  through- 
out New  Hampshire  A.  puniceus  is  far  commoner.  The 
variations  of  A.  Novi-Belgii  are — var.  Icevigatus,  smooth 
throughout,  with  the  upper  leaves  clasping  the  stem  by 
an  abrupt  base  ;  N.  Eng.  and  east. :  var.  litoreus,  rigid, 
low,  with  thick,  smooth  leaves,  the  upper  ones  clasping  the 
stem  by  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  salt  marshes  south  to  Ga. 
A  northern  species.  The  upper  part  of 

prenanthoides  the  stem  is  hair7  in  lines>  ^nd  occasionally 
Pale  violet  bro wnish  ;  the  rough  (but  smooth  beneath), 
September-  ovate  lance-shaped  leaves  are  contracted  at 
October  ^ne  |3ase  to  a  long  wide-stemlike  figure 

finally  heart-shaped  at  the  plant-stem.  The  flowers, 
about  as  large  as  a  silver  quarter,  are  pale  violet  or 
nearly  lilac- white.  1-3  feet  high.  Margins  of  woods  and 
banks  of  streams.  Newfane,  Vt.  to  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Wis. 

494 


Purple-stemmed  Aster. 


Aster*  puniceua. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composites. 


A  common  species  with  usually  madder 
stemmed  Aster  PurP^  stem,  rough-hairy  and  stout.  The 
Aster  puniceus  light  green  leaves,  lance-shaped  or  nar- 
Light  purple  rower,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed, 

August-  clasp  the  upper  branches.     Flowers  about 

October  ,         .  f 

the  size    of    a    silver  quarter  or  larger, 

light  violet  or  light  lilac-purple  with  20-24  rays,  the 
tubular  florets  yellow.  3-7  feet  high.  In  moist  places 
and  swamps  everywhere,  and  quite  variable  ;  var.  com- 
pactus  (Fernald)  is  stout,  hairy,  the  thick  leaves  a  trifle 
diamond-shaped  but  very  narrow,  coarsely  toothed.  The 
flowers  compactly  clustered;  West  Somerville,  Mass., 
also  New  Haven,  Conn.  Var.  firmus,  with  smooth,  green 
stem,  slightly  rough  above.  Var.  lucidulus  smooth,  with 
lance-shaped  toothless  (nearly  so),  shining  leaves. 

A  common  aster  in  moist  thickets,  and 
•Aster  the  borders  of  damp  woods.  With  few 

vmbeUatu*  r     . 

White  narrow  white  rays  which  are  generally 

curved  backward.  The  flowers  are  borne 
in  flat-topped  clusters.  The  small  flowers  numerous  but 
not  showy,  the  tubular  florets  purpling  with  age.  The 
veiny  leaves,  long  lance-shaped  and  very  rough-edged, 
extend  to  the  top  of  the  plant.  2-7  feet  high.  Com- 
mon northward  in  shaded  and  moist  places. 

A  small  species  with  linear  leaves,  one- 
linariifolius  ribbed,  rough-edged,  without  teeth,  and 
Light  violet  rigid.  The  rather  large  solitary  flowers 
September-  light  violet  or  rarely  lilac-white.  1-2  feet 
October  high.  Common  everywhere  in  dry  situ- 

ations, 

A    low   woodland    species  with    large, 
ar(j>"e^v        scrawny    flowers    having    10-16    narrow 
Aster  white  or  lilac- white  rays,  and  generally 

acuminatus  magenta  tubular  florets.  The  large,  sharp- 
White  or  pointed,  coarse-toothed  dark  green  leaves, 
lilac-white  thin,  and  broad  lance-shaped,  tapering  to 
September  both  ends,  often  arranged  nearly  in  a  circle 

beneath  the  few  long-stemmed  flowers. 
10-16  inches  high.  In  cool  rich  woods.  Me0  and  N.  Y», 
south  in  the  mountains  to  Ga.  In  the  White  Mountains. 


496 


Aster  acuminatus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composites. 


A  species  confined  to  the  salt  marshes  of 
tenuifolius  ^e  coast  from  Massachusetts  southward. 
Lilaopurple  Stem  very  smooth  and  generally  zig- 
September-  zagged.  The  few  leaves  long  linear,  taper- 
October  ing  to  both  endg)  toothless,  and  thick  or 
fleshy.  The  rather  large  flowers  an  inch  broad  or  more, 
lilac-purple  or  paler,  borne  on  a  generally  simple  or 
slightly  branched  stem.  8-25  inches  high. 

Aster  subulatus  A  species  similarly  confined.  The  leaves 
Pale  purple  linear  lance-shaped,  toothless,  and  flat, 
August-'  those  on  the  branches  very  small  and  awl. 

October  shaped.     The  numerous,  very  small  pale 

purple  flowers  with  very  short  rays  scarcely  extending 
beyond  the  disc  ;  the  disc-florets  purplish.  6-24  inches 
high.  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Va. 

A  very  common  annual  weed,  and  the 
Horseweed  or 
Butterweed        most  unattractive  member  of  the  genus. 

Erigeron  The  white  and  green  flower-heads  are  ex- 

Canadensis  tremely  small,  J-  inch  long ;  the  rays  do 
White=green  not  spread  but  connect  in  the  form  of  a 
June-October  *  , 

cylinder.  The  dark  green  leaves  are  lin- 
ear, remotely  toothed  or  toothless,  and  the  upper  ones 
are  often  cut-lobed.  The  bristly  hairy  stem  is  1-7  feet 
high.  In  barnyards  and  waste  places  everywhere. 

An  annual  and  asterlike  species  with 
Sweet  Scabius  a  Sprea(jmg .  haired  stem  and  coarsely 
Fleabane  toothed,  lance-shaped  leaves,  the  lower 

Erigeron  ones  broader.      The   white   or  pale  lilac 

annuus  flower-heads  are  Jbout  J  inch  broad,  with 

Wnlte  °r  HIac  a  green-yellow  disc-  1~4  feet  m'gh*  A 

Seotember         common  weed  northward  in  waste  places. 
Me.,  west  to  S,  Dak.,  and  south  to  Va. 

_,     .  A  singular  common  species  ;  the  hairs  not 

Daisy  Fleabane 

Erigeron  spreading  but  close  to  the  stem.   The  light 

ramosus  green  leaves  are  linear  and  toothless  or 

White  nearly  so,  the  lower  ones  broad  at  the  tip. 

May~  The    little    daisylike    flowers  are  4  inch 

September  ,  „          ,. 

broad,  with  a  large  green  yellow  disc  ;  oc- 
casionally the  white  rays  are  lilac-tinged,  and  sometimes 
they  are  extremely  short  or  altogether  absent.     1-2  feet 
high*     Common  in  fields  and  on  roadsides  every  where, 
498 


Horseweed. 


Erigepon 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  rather  large-flowered  plant  which  is 
Plantain  frequently  communistic,  tinting  the  road- 

Erigeron  si(^e  or  field  with  its  delicate  lilac.     The 

pulcheilus  light  olive  green  stem  and  leaves  are  very 

Lilac  or  soft-hairy,  the  basal  leaves  broad  at  the 

May-June*          tip  and  indistinctly  toothed.     The  showy 

flowers,  1  inch  broad,  vary  from  lilac  or 
magenta  to  a  violet-purple  ;  the  somewhat  green-yellow 
disc  is  broader  than  the  fine  rays  are  long.  Fertilized 
by  bumblebees  and  honeybees  (the  most  frequent  visitors) 
and  butterflies.  10-22  inches  high.  Common  every- 
where. 

Common  ^  similar  but  taller  plant  with  light  ma- 

Fleabane  genta  or  pale  pink  flowers  and  a  soft-hairy 

Erigeron  (rarely  smooth)  stem  ;  1-2  feet  high.   Com- 

Philadelphicus   mon  throughout  our  range,  but  less  fre- 
quent than  E.  bettidifolius,  and  blooming  to  August. 

A  small  plant  with  short  white  hairs ; 
or  Pussy=toes  the  three-ribbed  basal  leaves  broad  near 
Antennaria  the  tip,  the  stalks  nearly  as  long  as  the 
plantaginifolia  leaf.  Upper  stem  leaves  lance-shaped. 
White  Tne  }mear  scaies  of  the  small,  J  inch  long 

flower-head  are  green  or  purple  at  the 
base,  and  white  or  purplish  at  the  tip.  The  styles  crim- 
son. Dry  soil.  Southern  Me.,  to  Minn.,  and  South. 

A  tall  and  stocky  species  with  oblong, 
Antennana  or  fo^nt  lance-shaped  leaves  crowded  on 
May-July  the  stem,  all  covered  with  magenta-purple, 

glandular  hairs.     The  large  flower  heads 
in  a  loose  cluster.     12-18  inches  high.     Fertile  slopes  and 
.  open  woods.     N.  Eng.,  to  la.,  south  to  Va. 

A  species  with  larger  flower-heads.  The 
Antennaria  basal  leaves  gray  soft-hairy  above,  and  the 
Ma^June  greenish  or  tawny  scales  of  the  calyx  have 

rather  dry  petallike  tips.  Northern  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  La.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  basal  leaves 
of  this  species  are  large,  1-2  inches,  broadly  ovate,  and 
the  stem  leaves  oblong  lance-shaped.  The  pistil  is  some- 
times crimson. 

500 


Robins  Plantain.          Erigeron    beilidifolius. 
Crigeron  pulcKellus 


Erigeron 
Common  Fleabane  philadelphicus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A    slender  -  stemmed    and    exceedingly 
Antennaria  771  .,1  i      *     i         i     i 

neodioica  woolly  plant  with  very  leafy  basal  shoots. 

May-middle  The  basal  leaves  about  1  inch  long,  blunt 
July  at  the  tip  but  with  an  abrupt  sharp  point, 

one-ribbed  or  indistinctly  three  -  ribbed  ;  stem  -  leaves 
small  and  narrow.  The  flower-bracts  with  green  or 
tawny  bases  and  dry  tips,  the  outer  ones  short  and  ob- 
tuse, the  inner  acutish  or  blunt.  6-16  inches  high.  On 
wooded  slopes  and  dry  shady  places.  Me.  to  Va. ,  and  Wis. 
Antennaria  The  commonest  species  of  southern  New 

neglecta  England  (also  in  Franconia,  N.  H.,  and 

April-  Farmington,   Me.).     A  small  plant  with 

early  May  slender  stem  and  runners.  The  one-ribbed 
basal  leaves  (at  first  silky-hairy  above,  but  soon  smooth) 
wedge-shaped  or  blunt  lance-shaped,  and  indistinctly 
stalked ;  the  few  stem-leaves  linear.  The  head  of  the 
pistillate  plant  f  inch  long,  with  linear  bracts  greenish, 
brownish,  or  purplish  below,  and  white  at  the  tip.  8-12 
inches  high.  Dry  barren  fields  and  sunny  hillsides.  N, 
Eng.,  south  to  Wash.,  D.  C.,  and  west. 

A  common  species  with  small    linear 
Antennaria        iance  _  shaped    leaves  ;     the    clear    qreen, 
Canadensis 
May-July          smooth  basal  leaves,  shaped  like  those  of 

A.  neodioica,  a  trifle  hairy  when  very 
young.  The  white  flower-bracts  with  dry  tips.  6-22 
inches  high.  Hillsides  and  pastures.  Northern  N.  Eng., 
south  to  Mass.,  and  west.  (Vide  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  p.  150, 
article  by  M.  L.  Fernald.) 

The  most  beautiful  of  the  everlastings  ; 

^e  linear  leaves  are  sage  green  above  and 
Anaphalis  white  beneath  ;  the  flowers  are  globular, 
margaritacea  with  miniature  petallike  white  scales  sur- 
White  rounding  the  central  yellow  staminate 

flowers,  arranged  not  unlike  the  petals  of 
September  ....  , 

a  water-lily.      Cross-fertilized  mostly  by 

moths  and  butterflies,  though  many  other  insects  are 
common  visitors.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  grow 
on  separate  plants.  The  stem  is  white  and  woolly,  ter- 
minated by  a  flat  cluster,  sometimes  6  inches  broad,  of 
close-set  flowers.  1-3  feet  high.  Common  from  Me., 
south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 
502 


See  page  498. 

Daisy  Fleaban^ 


Pussy-toes. 
Antennaria  neodioica. 


Erigeron  ramosus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


Everiastin 

Gnaphalium 
polycephalum 
Cream  white 


A  much  less  beautiful  species,  but  one 
possessing  an  aromatic  odor  resembling 
tnat  of  slippery  elm.  The  flowers  cream 
white  and  ovoid,  not  expanding  to  the 
water-lily  shape  until  the  seed  is  ripe.  The 
stem  (much  branched  at  the  top)  together 
with  the  linear  leaves  is  velvety-hairy  and 
delicate  sage  green.  12-25  inches  high.  Very  common 
in  dry  open  places  and  stony  pastures  everywhere.  The 
name,  from  the  Greek,  means  a  tuft  of  wool. 

A  similar  fragrant  species,  but  with  a 
leafy>  glandular-sticky  stem,  woolly  and 
nearly  white;  the  leaves  are  a  little 
broader  —  linear  lance-shaped,  with  a  dense 
woolliness  beneath  ;  they  partly  clasp  the 
stem.  Flower-scales  a  yellowish  cream 
white.  2-3  feet  high.  On  dry  or  moist 
open  hillsides  or  banks,  from  Me.  to  Pa.  and  Minn. 

An  insignificant  low  annual  with  white- 

wooiiy  stem  an(j  linear,  sharp-pointed 
,  ,  ,.  ,.  JL, 

leaves,  rather  broader  at  the  tip.     Flowers 

tiny,  ovate,  with  brownish  scales.  The 
many-branched  stems  are  3-7  inches  high. 
Common  on  low  ground.  Me.,  south  to 
Va.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  111. 


EverlTstin 

Gnaphalium 
decurrens 
Cream  white 

U>~    h 


Low  or  Marsh 
Cudweed 

Gnaphalium 
uliginosum 
Brownish 
white 

iuly~ 
September 


Deep  yellow 

July- 

September 


One  of  the  tall  picturesque  weeds  char- 
acteristic  of  the  Composite  Family.  Leaves 
olive  yellow-green,  white-veined,  rough 
above,  fine-hairy  beneath,  toothed,  the 
lower  ones  stemmed,  the  upper  ones  part- 
ly clasping  the  plant-stem,  which  is  woolly  and  often 
toned  with  purple-gray.  The  showy  but  somewhat  dis- 
hevelled flower,  set  amid  flattish  leaflets,  has  many  nar- 
row, curving,  deep  lemon  yellow  ray  florets,  which  are 
pistillate,  and  a  broad  disc  of  central,  tubular,  perfect 
florets,  at  first  yellow,  and  finally  tan  color.  Cross-fer- 
tilized mostly  by  bumblebees,  moths,  and  butterflies. 
Two  or  three  flower-heads  are  grouped  together  at  the 
termination  of  the  stalk.  2-6  feet  high.  Naturalized 
from  Europe  ;  common  northward,  and  south  to  ^a 


Elecampane. 


Inula  Helenium. 


Pearly  Everlasting.  Sweet  Everlasting. 

Anaphalis  marxjaritaeea.    Gnaphalium  polyeephalum. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composites. 


Perhaps  the  tallest  member  of  the  Com* 
Great  Rag  weed 

Ambrosia  posite  group,  not  excepting  Lactuca.  Stem 

trifida  stout,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  and  filled 

Green  with  a  frostlike  pith  ;  leaves  deeply  three- 

s"  y~  lobed  and  sharp-pointed,  the  teeth  irregu- 

lar and  acute.  The  insignificant  small 
flowers  form  a  terminal,  pointed  cluster  (these  are  stami- 
nate),  or  spring  from  between  the  opposite-growing 
leaves  and  the  stem  (these  are  usually  pistillate).  Wil- 
liam Hamilton  Gibson  records  a  ragweed  18  feet  4  inches 
long.  Common  in  moist  soil,  occasional  in  Vt.  and  N.  H. 
A  common  weed  with  remarkably  orna- 
Roman  Worm=  mental  cut  leaves  resemblmg  those  of 
wood  or 
Hogweed  Artemisia  (Composite  Family).  An  an- 

Ambrosia  arte-  nual  with  a  much-branched,  fine-hairy 
misicefolia  stem  and  thin ,  lifeless  light  green ,  dissected 
leaves.  The  slender  spikes  of  the  green 
September  staminate  flowers  are  numerous  and  some- 
what decorative.  The  tiny  fruit  is  fur- 
nished with  6  short  acute  spines.  1-5  feet  high. 
Troublesome  in  door-yards  and  gardens,  everywhere. 
Oxeye  Hdiopsis  Like  the  sunfl°wer,  with  perfect  ray- 
heiianthoides  an<i  disc-flowers,  the  10  straplike  rays 
Yellow  rather  showy  ;  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth, 

August-  the  latter  deep  green,  broad  lance-shaped, 

three-ribbed,  and  toothed,  growing  oppo- 
sitely. 3-5  feet  high.  In  copses.  N.  Y.,  south,  west  to  111. 
Heliopsis  ^  similar  species,  but  distinguished  by 

scabra  its  rough  stem  and  leaves,  which  are  less 

June-  narrowly  pointed,  and  its  somewhat  larger 

September  flowers.  2-4  feet  high.  Me. ,  N.  J.  to  Ark. 
A  showy  western  species  with  handsome 
Black  Sampson  flowers  whose  light  or  deep  magenta  petals 
Conelffower  gracefully  droop  and  are  two-toothed  at 
Brauneria  the  tip.  The  disc  is  madder  purple,  its 

purpurea  florets  are  perfect ;  the  ray-flowers  are  pis- 

Magenta  tillate  but  sterile.     The  five-ribbed,  deep 

Se  tember         green    lower    leaves  are  rough,   sharply 
toothed,  and  pointed  ovate;  the  upper  ones 
are  stemless  and  toothless.  Stem  smooth  or  slightly  hairy. 
2-3  feet  high.     Rich  soil,  N.  Y. ,  111. ,  Mich. ,  south  to  Tex. 
506 


Roman  Wormwood 

Ambrosia,  artemisiaefolia. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  similar  species  with  the  same  magenta 
aMda*  flowers  and  long  lance-shaped  leaves,  very 

rough,  without  teeth,  and  three-ribbed. 
The  flowers  are  a  deeper  color  when  they  at  first  expand. 
Rare  on  roadsides  and  fields  in  N.  Eng.,  where  it  has 
come  from  the  west  ;  111.  and  Ala.,  west  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  Tex.  The  name  from  e^zVoS,  hedgehog. 
Tall  Cone  ^  c^ose^  allied  species  with  golden  yel- 

flower  l°w  flowers  whose  rays  droop  ;  the  central 

RudbecMa  green-yellow  cone,  at  first  hemispherical, 
ladniata  is  finally  elongated  and  brown.  Nearly 

Golden  yellow  smooth>  deep  green  ieaves,  the  lowest  com- 
pound, the  intermediate  irregularly  3-5-parted,  the  up- 
permost small  and  elliptical.  Fertilized  mostly  by  the 
bees  ;  among  the  bumblebees,  Bombus  separatus  and 
Bombus  americanorum  are  frequent  visitors.  The  branch- 
ing stems  3-10  feet  high.  In  moist  thickets,  Me.,  N.H.  and 
N.Y.,  south  and  west.  Named  for  Professors  Rudbeck. 
Eudbeckia  Flower-disc  purple-brown,  at  first  hemi- 

triloba  spherical,    and    afterward    oblong-ovoid; 

Golden  yellow  about  8-10  golden  yellow  rays,  deeper  at 
August  tbe  kasej  an(j  somewhat  long-oval.  Upper 

leaves  rough,  thin,  bright  green,  ovate  lance-shaped, 
lower  ones  three-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  and  coarsely 
toothed.  Stem  hairy,  much  branched,  and  many-flow- 
ered ;  the  flowers  small,  about  2  inches  broad.  2-5  feet 
high.  On  dry  or  moist  ground.  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga., 
west  to  Mich.,  S.  Dak.,  and  La. 

A  biennial.    The  commonest  eastern  spe- 

Black=Eyed  C{QQ  although  its  seed  originally  came 
Susan  or  & 


,        .  .       , 

Cone=f  lower  the  west   mixed  with  clover  seed. 

Eudbeckia          Both  stem  and  leaves  are  very  rough  and 
hirta  bristly  ;  the  former  exceedingly  tough,  the 

Deep  golden       latter  dull  olive  green,  lance-shaped,  tooth- 

June^August  ^ess  or  nearly  so'  an(*  scattered  along  the 
rigid  stem  ;  the  lower  leaves  broader  at 
the  tip  and  three-ribbed.  The  deep  gold  yellow  ray- 
flowers  are  neutral  without  stamens  or  pistils  ;  they  curl 
backward  ;  the  disc  is  madder  purple,  ,and  the  tiny  florets 
encircle  it  in  successive  bloom,  creating  a  zone  of  yellow 
when  the  pollen  is  ripe  ;  later  the  stigmas  are  matured 


Cone-flowen 


Heliopsis         II     ^lill    i/Rudbeckia 
helianthoides.      It'll    if  triloba., 

Purple  Cone-flower. : 
Brauneria 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


and  cross-fertilization  takes  place  by  the  agency  of  in* 
sects  or  the  wind.  The  smaller  bees  (Halictus),  the 
bumblebee  (Bombus  vagans),  and  the  smaller  butterflies 
are  constant  visitors.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  dry 
or  sandy  meadows.  Me. ,  west  to  S.  Dak. ,  and  southward. 
The  common  garden  sunflower  ;  an  an- 
Helianthus  nual  wifch  generally  three-ribbed  and  heart- 
annuus  c  5 

shaped  leaves,  and  golden  yellow  flowers, 

1-10  inches  broad.     2-12  feet  high.     Everywhere. 

A  tall  species  with  a  rough  dull  magenta 
Tall  Sunflower  . 

Helianthus  stem  and  rou»n>  bright  green,  lance-shaped 
giganteus  leaves,  pointed  and  finely  toothed,  nearly 

Yellow  stemless,  the  upper  ones  quite  stemless, 

August-  an(j  an  growing  alternately,  but  rarely 

September 

some  growing  oppositely.  The  light  yel- 
low flowers  about  2  inches  broad,  with  10-20  rays  ;  the 
disc  dull  yellow,  with  perfect  florets,  and  the  rays  neu- 
tral, that  is,  without  stamens  or  pistil.  3-12  feet  high. 
Common  in  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  wet  meadows, 
from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  southerly  species  with  many  very 
Sunfto  er  small  flowers  f-1  inch  broad.  The  stem 
Helianthus  slender  and  generally  branched  ;  leaves 
microcephaius  mostly  opposite,  broad  lance-shaped, 
Yellow  toothed,  rough,  and  short-stemmed.  Flow- 

July-  with  5_10  yen0w  rays.     3-6  feet  high. 

September  .     xl  .   . 

Common  in  thickets  and  on  the  borders  of 

woods.     Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo. 
Woodland  ^  slender,  smooth-stemmed  species  (a 

Sunflower  trifle  fine-hairy  above)  with  opposite  lance- 
Helianthus  shaped,  toothed,  roughish,  three-ribbed, 
divaricatus  and  nearly  or  quite  stemless  leaves  3-7 
inches  long.  The  yellow  flowers,  2  inches  broad,  are  few 
or  solitary.  2-5  feet  high.  Common  in  thickets  and  on 
borders  of  woods.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  species  similar  in  aspect,  color,  situa- 
Helianthus  tion  and  time  of  bloom  •  but  the  stem 

strumosus  .  .       .  , 

very  smooth  below,  and  often  with  a  bloom; 

the  leaves  rough  above,  and  pale  (sometimes  minutely 
hairy)  beneath.     Flowers  with  5-15  rays.     3-6  feet  high. 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  but  mostly  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 
510 


Ten-petaled  Sunflower. 
Helianthus  decapetalus, 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  rather  showy  species  having  10-12 
Fen-petaled  or  ravs    with  many  pure  yellow  or  deeper 
Thin-leaved 
Sunflower          yellow  flowers   2-3    inches    broad.      The 

Helianthus  slender  tall  stem  is  rough  above  and 
decapetalus  smooth  below  ;  the  deep  green  leaves  are 
Yellow  broad  lance-shaped,  a  trifle  rough,  thin, 

September          an(*  snor^-s^emme(i  5  they  grow  oppositely. 
2-5  feet  high.    Borders  of  copses  and  low 
damp  woods.     Me.,   south  to  Ga.,   and  west  to  Mich, 
Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  species  extensively  grown  for  its  edi- 
A  "t^h1^  kle  roots,  now  running  wild  in  fence  rows 


Helianthus  an(^  roadsides.  The  name  Jerusalem  is  a 
tuberosus  corruption  of  the  Italian  Girasole,  sun- 

Golden  yellow   flower.     Stem  stout  and  rough-hairy  ;  the 

September-  ovate  lance-shaped,  three-ribbed,  rough 
October  _  •  ,A  .  .  _ 

leaves  grow  oppositely  (a  few  upper  ones 

alternately).  The  golden  yellow  flowers,  sometimes  3 
inches  broad,  have  12-20  rays.  5-12  feet  high.  Damp 
soil.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Ark. 

An  uninteresting  weed    with    rayless, 
Beggar=ticks      ,    .    ,        ,,  ,        ,        .     ,    . 

or  Stick-tight  bristly  flower  -heads,  indeterminate  in 
Bidens  color,  approaching  rusty  green,  surround- 

frondosa  ed  by  little  leaflets  ;  the  branching  stem 

Rusty  green  purpiish.  Leaves  of  3-5  divisions,  toothed 
and  lance  -  shaped.  Seed-vessels  two- 
pronged  (the  prongs  toothed),  less  than  %  inch  long,  and 
sepia  brown  ;  attaching  readily  to  woolly  animals  or 
clothing.  1-8  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  in  moist 
soil.  The  name,  from  bis  and  dens,  means  two-toothed, 
or  a  kind  of  hoe  with  two  prongs.—  Virgil.  The  specific 
name,  f  rom  frondosus,  means  full  of  leaves. 

A  species  with  very  narrow  lance-shaped 
Smaller  Bur 
Marigold  smooth     leaves,     coarsely    and    sharply 

Bidens  cernua  toothed.  The  similar,  bristly,  half  globu- 
Yellow  lar,  rusty  flowers  generally  nod  ;  the  rays, 

July-October     if  anv>  are  ghort  and  smaiL     The  seed- 

vessels  are  narrower  and  four-pronged.  6-36  inches 
high.  In  wet  soil.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  Mo.  and 
S.  Dak. 

512 


Jerusalem,  artichoke. 


Helianthus  tuberosus; 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  more  attractive  species  with    light 
golden  yellow  rays,  which,  whenper/ecf, 
Bidens  are  rather  showy.    The  flowers  sometimes 

lavis  over  2  inches  broad.    Leaves  narrow  lance- 

Yellow  shaped  and  coarsely  toothed.     Seed-ves- 

August-  gelg  with  2_4  prongs       10-24:  inches  high. 

October 

In  swamps  and  wet  places.    N.  Eng. ,  south, 

and  west  to  Minn.     All  three  species  are  annuals. 

A  nearly  smooth  plant  ^vith  toothed, 
Helenium  lance-shaped,  alternate  leaves  and  decora- 

autumnale  tively  handsome  flowers,  1-2  inches  broad, 
Yellow  with  the  toothed,  golden  yellow  rays 

turned  considerably  backward  ;  the  globu- 
lar disc  is  yellow  and  chaffy,  the  drooping 
petals  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
bees.     2-6  feet  high.     Common  in  wet  meadows  and  on 
river-banks  everywhere. 

A  daisy  like  flower  about  an  inch  broad, 
Mayweed  or 
Chamomile        with  white,  three- toothed,  neutral  rays  (i. 

Anthemis  e.,  without  stamens  o:    pistils)  and  a  yel- 

Cotula  low  disc,  which  becomes  elongated  with 

whlte  age.     The  small  leaves,  cut  and  slashed  to 

June-October  .     ,  .     . 

absolute  formlessness,  are  remarkable  for 

their  disagreeable  odor  and  acrid  taste  ;  used  in  making 
a  horrible  concoction  called  "chamomile  tea."  8-20 
inches  high.  Common  about  dwellings  and  on  road- 
sides everywhere  ;  a  native  of  Europe. 

A  very  familiar  roadside  weed  adventive 
Milfoil^  °  from  Europe,  with  remarkable  gray  olive 

Achiilea  green,  feathery,  dissected,  stemless  leaves 

Miliefoiium  of  a  rather  long-oval  outline,  and  pleas- 
Gray=white  antly  aromatic,  minute,  grayish  white 
June-October  flowerg  in  flat_tOpped  clusters.  The  gray, 
green,  stout,  and  tough  stem  is  fine-hairy.  The  perfect 
disc -florets  are  at  first  yellowish,  but  finally  gray- 
brown  ;  the  4-6  pistillate  rays  are  white,  or  rarely  crim- 
son-pink. Fertilized  mostly  by  bees  and  the  smaller 
butterflies  ;  chief  among  the  latter  is  the  yellow  Colias 
phiJodice.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  everywhere,  by  the 
wayside  and  in  fields ;  probably  native  in  the  west, 
where  it  is  more  fine-hairy  and  less  green. 

514 


Bidens  laevis.      Beggar-ticks.   Bidens/nondosa.. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


The  commonest  of  all  common  weeds  of 

Oxeye  Daisy  ^  fie]d  and           gid     often  cauea  Farm- 

Chrysanthe- 

mum Leucan-  er's  Curse,  yet  a  prime  favorite  with  chil- 

tkemum  var.  dren  arid  artists  !    The  flower's  form  is  a 

pinnatifidum  summum  bonum  of  simplicity  and  decora- 

un~  tive  beauty.     The  golden  yellow  disc,  de- 


pressed in  the  centre,  is  formed  of  perfect 
flowers  ;  the  white  rays  are  pistillate.  The  dark  green 
leaves  are  ornamentally  lobed.  15-25  inches  high.  The 
name,  from  the  Greek,  means  golden  flower. 

A  tall,  branching  species  commonly  cul- 
-  tivated,  with  small  daisylike  flowers  in 
mum  Par-  generous  clusters  ;  the  stem  smooth,  the 
thenium  ornamental  leaves  broad  and  deeply  lobed. 

White  Flowers  small,  with  large  yellow  discs  of 

Se^ember         Perfect  florets.     1-2  feet  high.     Natural- 

ized from  Europe,  and  mostly  an  escape 
from  gardens.  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  and  w^est  to  Wis. 

A  common  weed  naturalized  from  Eu- 
Tanacetum  rope,  generally  an  escape  from  gardens 
vulgare  belonging  to  old  dwellings.  The  flatly 

Orange=yellow  clustered  dull  orange-yellow  flower-heads 

resemble  those  of  the  daisy  minus  the 
September 

white  rays  ;  inner  florets  pertect  and  mar- 

ginal ones  pistillate.  The  compound,  deep  green  leaves, 
ornamentally  toothed  and  cut,  are  strongly  aromatic. 
18-30  inches  high.  Me  .,  south  to  N.  Car.  ,  west  to  S.  Dak. 

A  seaside  weed  with  inconspicuous,  tiny, 
Wormwood  green-yellow  flowers  in  long  slender  clus- 
Artemisia  ters,  the  little  flower-heads  mostly  nod- 

caudata  ding  ;  the  marginal  florets  pistillate,  the 

Green=yellow  central  ones  perfect.  The  bitter-tasting, 
long,  linear,  deeply  cut  leaves  with  thread- 
like divisions.  2-5  feet  high.  Me.  ,  south,  west  to  Neb. 

A  familiar,  uninteresting  weed  natural- 

ized from  Europe,  found  in  all  waste  places 
Artemisia  r 

vulgaris  or  near  °«*   houses.     The  smooth   green 

leaves  deeply  cut,  and  with  lobes  coarsely 
toothed  at  the  tips.  The  inconspicuous  green-yellow 
flowers  erect,  not  nodding  in  a  simple,  leafy  spike.  1-3 
feet  high.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Mich. 

516 


Ox-eye^ 

Daisy.  Feverfew. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum.  Chrysanthemum  Parthenium, 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


Wormwood  ^  similar  species  with  a  similar  environ- 

or  Absinth  ment.  Leaves  small  and  often  deeply 
Artemisia  subdivided,  covered  with  fine  hairs  so  the 
Absinthium  color  is  a  somewhat  silvery  green.  The 
insignificant  light  yellow-green  flowers  are  gathered  in 
a  scattering  cluster.  The  long  terminal  spikes  are  rather 
dishevelled  and  picturesque.  2-4  feet  high. 

A  delicate,  pure  yellow,  daisy  like  flower 
Arnica  with  10-14  three-toothed  rays,  found  only 

Arnica  mollis  ,A         -  XT     1-1  * 

var  petiolaris  uPon  mountain  summits  of  N.  Eng.  and 
Pure  yellow  N.  Y.,  in  moist  situations.  The  deep 
June-  green  leaves  long  lance-shaped,  slightly 

September  toothed,  and  stemless  — at  least  the  upper 
ones.  The  hairy  stem  1-2  feet  high.  Also  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Found  in  Oakes's  Gulf,  Mt.  Washington. 

An  early  blooming  perennial  with  hand- 
Golden 
Ragwort  some  deep  golden  yellow,  daisy  like  flow- 

Senedo  aureus  ers  (8-12  rays)  nearly  an  inch  broad,  in 
Deep  gold  terminal  clusters  on  the  grooved,  brown- 

yellow  streaked  stem  ;  the  disc-florets  perfect,  the 

rays  pistillate.  The  thick  root-leaves  in 
early  April  resemble  violet  leaves  ;  they  are  small,  heart- 
shaped,  scallop-toothed,  dark  green  above  and  magenta- 
red  beneath ;  later  they  become  elongated.  The  long 
stem-leaves  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  the  uppermost 
small  and  clasping  the  plant-stem.  The  plant  is  woolly- 
hairy  when  young.  12-32  inches  high.  Common  in  wet 
meadows  everywhere.  Found  at  Clarendon  Hills,  Mass. 
Senecio  Balsamitce  is  lower,  has  fewer  flowers,  and  the 
basal  leaves  are  oblong,  with  the  ruddy  lower  surfaces 
sometimes  persistently  woolly. 

A  tall,  uninteresting,  annual  weed  with 
Fireweed 

Erechtites  generally  smooth,  rank-odored  stem  and 

hieradfolia        leaves.     The  latter  are  thin,  lance-shaped 

White  or  broader,   and    irregularly   toothed    or 

deeply  incised.     The  stem  is  full  of  sap, 

heavy,    and    grooved;     the    insignificant 

flowers  are  brush-shaped,  mostly  green  by  reason  of  the 

superior  flower-envelop,  and  tipped  with  the  white  of 

the  tubular,  fertile  florets.     1-7  feet  high.     Common  in 

burned-over  clearings  or  waste  places  everywhere. 


Golden  Ragwort, 
Senecio  aureus. 


Arnica 

mollis 
van  petiolaVis. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


Burdock  A  familiar,  rank-odored  weed,  common 

Arctium  Lappa  in  all  waste  places,  with  large,  dull  green, 
Light  magenta  veiny  leaves,  the  lower  heart-shaped,  the 
July-October  upper  Ovate ;  woolly  beneath.  The 
globular  flower-head  a  hooked-bristled  green  bur  with 
magenta  or  often  nearly  white,  perfect,  tubular  florets 
with  a  five-cleft  tip.  The  depth  of  color  can  only  be  ap- 
preciated with  the  aid  of  a  magnifying  glass.  The  stem 
is  generally  much  branched.  4-8  feet  high.  About  ru- 
ins of  old  dwellings  or  in  waste  places.  Me.  to  southern 
N.  Y.,  and  west.  The  var.  tomentosum,  a  very  woolly 
stemmed  form,  is  local  and  rare.  Westford,  Mass. 

A  smaller  species,  with  smaller,  gener- 
Smaller 
Burdock  *"&  narrower  leaves,  the  lower  ones  deeply 

Arctium  minus  heart  -  shaped,  their  stems  hollow  and 
Light  magenta  hardly  furrowed  ;  flower  -  heads  almost 
July-October  stemiess  on  the  branches,  about  f  inch 
broad.  The  inner  spines  erect  and  shorter  than  the  lilac 
pink  or  light  magenta  or  white  florets.  2-5  feet  high. 
Common.  Both  species  are  naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  biennial  species  naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope, generally  found  in   pastures.     The 
Cirsium  narrow,   white-spiny,   dark  green    leaves 

lanceolatum  hug  the  plant-stem  for  an  inch  or  so  with 
Magenta  prickly  wings,  the  upper  surface  prickly  - 

July-October  hairy>  the  lower  webby-woolly  with  light 
brownish  fine  hairs.  The  green  flower-envelop  is  armed 
with  spreading  spines ;  the  perfect,  tubular  florets, 
densely  clustered,  vary  from  (rarely  white)  crimson- 
magenta  to  light  magenta  ;  the  pollen  is  white.  Flowers 
remarkably  sweet-scented,  rich  in  honey,  and  fertilized 
mostly  by  the  bumblebees  (often  becoming  intoxicated) 
and  butterflies.  Heads  sometimes  3  inches  broad,  gener- 
ally solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  2-4  feet  high. 
Common,  but  south  only  to  Ga. 

A  species  with  light  corn  yellow  (rarely 
Thistle  magenta),  flattish  flower-heads  nearly  3 

Cirsium  inches  broad  ;  it  is  exceedingly  plentiful 

horridulum  in  the  salt  marshes  of  Long  Island  and 
Corn  yellow  New  Jersey  The  oblong  lance-shaped, 
May-August  ,,  ,  ,  , 

light  green  leaves  smooth,  clasping,  and 

520 


Common  Thistle. 


Cirsium  l&nceolatum. 


Small-leaved  Burdock 


Arctium  minus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


very  yellow-spiny  ;  the  flower-heads  set  in  the  smaller 
encircling  upper  leaflets,  with  very  narrow,  rough,  spine- 
less scales.    2-4  feet  high.    Common  in  wet  or  dry  sandy 
soil  along  the  seacoast,  from  Me.  to  Tex. 
T  11  Thistle  ^  ra^er  common  species  with  magenta 

Cirsium  altis-  (rarely  white)  flowers  about  1 J  inches  broad 
simum  and  weak-bristled,  rough-hairy,  stemless 

Magenta  leaves,  deeply  cut  into  linear  lobes,  white- 

July-October  woolly  beneath.  The  outer  scales  of  the 
flower-heads  are  slightly  woolly  and  weak-bristled.  Stem 
downy,  3-6  feet  high.  Common  on  roadsides  and  in 
fields  ;  south  to  Ga. 

A  species  with  similar  leaves  and  flow- 
Thistle  ers'  kut  ^ne  blunt,  prickleless  scales  of  the 
Cirsium  heads  glutinous,  woolly,  and  close-press- 
muticum  ing.  The  flower  with  a  naked  stem,  or 
Magenta  with  a  few  tiny  leaflets  at  its  base.  3-8 
feet  high.  Common  in  swamps  and  moist 
low  woodlands  everywhere. 

The  largest-flowered  thistle  of  all,  with 
solitary  heads  2-3  inches  broad,  the  florets 
Cirsium  light  magenta-lilac  or  nearly  white  ;  they 

pumilum  are  exceedingly  fragrant,  rich  in  honey, 

Light  magenta  and  are  frequented  by  the  bumblebee,  who 
g"1^"  imbibes  to  the  point  of  abject  intoxica- 

tion !  The  slightly  glutinous  scales  are 
nearly  smooth  and  tipped  with  slender  prickles  ;  and  at 
the  base  are  tiny  leaflets.  The  light  green  leaves  nar- 
row and  frequently  cut  into  three-prickled  lobes,  the 
prickles  shorter  than  those  of  the  common  thistle  and 
very  numerous.  Stem  only  12-30  inches  high.  In  dry 
pastures  and  fields,  Me.  to  Del.  and  Pa.,  near  the  coast. 
A  pernicious  weed,  naturalized  from 
C^fmThiStle  Eur°Pe>  with  small  lilac,  pale  magenta,  or 
arvense  rarely  white  heads  about  £  inch  broad. 

Lilac  or  pale  The  dull  gray-green,  whitish-ribbed  leaves 
magenta  are  deeply  slashed  into  many  very  prickly, 

s"1 1~    b  ruifled  lobes.     Flowers  staminate  and  pis- 

tillate;  also  fragrant.  1-3  feet  high. 
Common  in  pastures,  fields,  and  on  roadsides ;  south 
only  to  Va. 

522 


Canada,  Thistle.          Cirsium  arvense. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


A  small  annual  species  of  dandelion 
Dandelion  with  many  long,  slender  flower-stalks  ris- 

Krigia  ing  from   a  circle   of    small,   irregularly 

Virginica  lobed  leaves,  each  stalk  bearing  a  single 

Golden  yellow  golden  yellOw  flower  scarcely  £  inch 
May-August 

broad ;    later  it    becomes    branched    and 

bears  a  few  leaves.  The  hairy  down  of  the  seeds  is  short. 
2-12  inches  high.  Common  in  dry  soil  or  on  sandy 
banks  everywhere. 

A  similar  but  tall  perennial  species  with 

Kngia  smooth  stem  covered  with  a  slight  bloom, 

amplexicaulis  ..  ... .         .  ,  ,.   ,.       ,.       ,    ,,      1 

and  smooth  basal  leaves  distinctly  stalked, 

scarcely  toothed,  but  with  a  wavy  outline.  A  small 
leaflet  clasps  the  flowering  stem  about  half-way  up  ; 
from  this  proceed  2-5  branches  bearing  deep  golden  yel- 
low flowers  1J  inches  broad.  1-2  feet  high.  Moist  pas- 
tures and  fields.  Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Kan. 

A  small  dandelion,  naturalized  from 
Fall  Dandelion  Eu  with  a  long  branching  flower- 

Leontodon  '     .         .  3    .  .         5* 

autumnalis  stalk,  which  is  set  with  tiny  bracts  or 
Light  golden  scales  about  J  inch  apart.  The  blunt- 
yellow  lobed,  narrow,  small  basal  leaves  are  dull 

July~  green  and  smooth.      The  light  golden  vel- 

November  ."    , 

low  flower  erect  in  the  bud  about  an  inch 

broad,  in  twos  or  threes,  or  rarely  solitary.  The  slender 
stalks  of  these  dandelions  above  described  are  somewhat 
wiry,  not  tubular  like  those  of  the  common  spring  dan- 
delion. 7-18  inches  high.  In  fields  and  along  road- 
sides. Me.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Mich.,  and  northward. 
Common  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Name  from  the 
Greek  for  lion  and  tooth.  The  var.  pratensis  is  similar, 
but  the  flower-envelop  and  the  tip  of  the  flower-stalk 
immediately  below  it  are  very  fine-hairy.  Me.  to  Conn., 
and  Nantucket,  Mass. 

A  very  common  but  beautiful  weed 
Succory  °f  naturalized  from  Europe,  found  on  road- 
Cichorium  sides  and  in  waste  places  particularly 
Intybus  about  the  seaboard  towns.  Stem  stout, 

Violet=blue        tough,  and    stiff,   with    generally    lance- 
shaped,   dark   gray-green,   coarse-toothed 
leaves.     The  violet-blue  flower,  similar  in  form  to  the 

524 


Chicory. 
Cichorium  Intybus. 


Fall  Dandelion. 
Leontodon  autumnal  is. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositae. 


dandelion,  closes  in  rainy  or  cloudy  weather  and  opens 
only  in  sunshine.  There  are  few  florets  in  a  single  head 
out  these  are  highly  developed  with  gracefully  curved, 
oranching  styles  ;  the  exposure  of  the  double  stigmatic 
surface  thus,  in  a  measure,  insures  self-fertilization  in 
the  absence  of  insects.  The  most  frequent  visitors  are 
the  bees — the  honeybee,  the  leaf -cutter  bee  (Megachile), 
and  various  species  of  Halietus  and  Andrena,  ground 
bees.  1-3  feet  high. 

An  odd  but  attractive  plant,  naturalized 

from  Europe,  with  a  stout  stem,  and  a 
Hawkweed  ' 

Hieradum          flower-cup    closely    covered    with    sepia 

aurantiacum      brown  hairs,  the  rusty  character  of  which 
Tawny  orange  gave  it  the  common  name  in  England  or 
Grim  the  Collier.    The  coarse,  blunt,  lance* 
shaped  leaves    covered  with    short  gray 
hairs  are  nearly  all  at  the  base  of  the  plant.     The  tawny 
orange  flowers  (with  light  golden  pistils),  strap-rayed  and 
finely  fringed  at  the  edge,  are  grouped  in  a  small  ter- 
minal cluster,  and  are  quite  delicately  fragrant.     Visited 
^     by  the  bees   Halietus  and  Andrena,   and  the  smaller 
butterflies — Pieris  rapce,  white,   and   Colias  philodice, 
yellow.     7-16  inches  high.     In  fields,  woodlands,   and 
along  roads,  from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  N.  Y. 
Growing  to  be  a  troublesome  weed  in  fields  and  pastures 
of  northern  Vermont. 

A  generally  smooth  species ;  the  light 

anada  green,  lance-shaped  leaves  with  coarse  and 

Hieradum          wide-spread  teeth,  and  the  dandelionlike, 

Canadense          very    small    yellow    flowers    in    a    loose 

Pure  yellow       branching  cluster  terminating  the  leafy 

July~  stem.     In  October  the  plant  is  decorated 

September 

with  tiny  brown  globes  of  down.     1-4  feet 

high.     In  dry  woods  northward,  south  only  to  N.  J. 

A  similar  northern  plant  with  a  droop- 
ing-branched  loose  flower-cluster,  gener- 

paniculatum 

ally  smooth  stem  and  lance-shaped  leaves, 

and  smaller  yellow  flowers.  The  thin  leaves  almost 
stemless,  and  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  toothed.  1-3  feet 
high.  South  as  far  as  Ga. 


Canada  Hawkweed 
HiepaeiumCanadense. 


awny  Hawkweed. 
Hieracium  aurantiacum. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


An  early  flowering  species,  with  deeper 
weld65"**6"  yellowflowers  closely  resembling  small  dan- 
Hieradum  delions,  and  generally  leafless  (or  with  1-S 
venosum  tiny  leaflets),  few-haired  stems,  branching 

Light  gold         to  a  few-flowered  cluster.     The  liglit  green 

leaves  are  dull  magenta  on  the  ribs,  edges, 
September  and  under  side  5  they  are  hairy,  scarcely 

toothed,  and  clustered  at  the  root.  12-30 
inches  high.  Common  in  woodlands  and  thickets  north- 
ward, and  south  to  Ga.  Only  occasional  in  Vermont 
and  rare  or  absent  in  northern  New  Hampshire. 

The  simple  stem  stout,  and  remarkable 
Hieracium  for  itg  hai  character.  The  obovate  or 
scabrum 

very  blunt  obovate,  almost  toothless  leaves 

are  rough-hairy  and  light  dull  green.  The  small  ter- 
minal flower-cluster  with  several  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  (the  floral  envelop  a  hairy  green)  is  conspicu- 
ously irregular  and  angular  in  its  branching.  1-3  feet 
high.  Common  in  dry  woods  north  ;  south  to  Ga. 

A  similar  plant  with  a  slenderer  stem, 

often  ruddy,  rough -hairy  (slightly  BO> 
Gronovn  J  '  J  -,  7 

above),  and  very  leafy  and  hairy  below. 

The  leaves  like  H.  scabrum.  The  seed-vessels  very  tap- 
ering at  the  summit.  The  blossoms  open  only  in  sun- 
shine, and  very  quickly  wither.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry 
soil ;  commoner  in  the  south.  North  only  as  far  as 
Mass,  and  111.  The  name  from  ispa%,  a  hawk. 

A  tall  weed  with  inconspicuous,  narrow 

Smooth-  flowers  of  a  dull  lilac  tint,  clustered  in  a 

stemmed  White      ,,  ,,.,  .,          —,, 

Lettuce  rather  narrow  wandlike  spike.    The  some- 

Prenanthes  what  thickish  light  green  leaves  smooth 
racemosa  and  with  a  slight  bloom,  scarcely  toothed, 

Dull  li!ac  and  blunt  lance-shaped.     The  green  floral 

Se^ember         envelop  and  its  stalk  are  hairy.     2-5  feet 
high.     In  moist  fields,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J,, 
west  to  S.  Dak. ,  Mo. ,  and  Col. 

A  commoner  and  more  interesting 
Rattlesnake-  species  with  drooping,  dull  cream-colored 
root  or  White  flowers>  occasionally  touched  with  pale 
Prenanthes  Iilac5  the  green  floral  envelop  has  about  8 
alba  magenta-tinged  sections;  the  stamens  are 

528 


Hawkweed. 
Hieracium  scabnum.      Hieracium  paniculatum. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite 


Dull  cream        quite  prominent  and  cream-colored.     The 

smooth,  deep  green  leaves  are  varied  in 

September         form,  the  lower  ones  broad,  three-sided, 

and  remotely    toothed,    the    upper    ones 

deeply  cut,  and  the  uppermost  lance-shaped  with  two 

small  lateral  lobes  or  none  at  all.     The  smooth  stem  is 

stiff,  round,  and  generally  dull,  deep  magenta-  tin  ted, 

with  a  bloom.     2-4  feet  high.     Common  in  thin  woods 

northward,  and  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

A  similar  smooth  species,  the  stem  of 
Lion's-foot  or    wnich  is  green  and  without  a  bloom.   The 
leaves  also  very  variable,  a  trifle  roughish, 


Prenanthes  an(l  shaped  (but  more  angularly)  like  those 
serpentaria  of  P.  alba.  The  flower-cluster  is  inclined 
Dull  cream  to  be  somewhat  flat-topped,  and  the  pen- 
j°i0r.  dulous,  bell-shaped,  dull  cream-colored 

September         flowers  are  enclosed  in  a  somewhat  bristly, 

hairy,  green  envelop,  which  is  sometimes 
a  trifle  magenta-tinted.  The  curled  branches  of  the 
style  are  slender  and  prominent,  as  in  all  the  Prenanthes. 
1-3  feet  high,  usually  2  feet.  In  thickets,  or  dry  sandy 
ground,  Mass,  (rare)  and  N.  Y.  ,  south  to  Ala.  and  Fla. 
PC  trifoliolata,  var.  nana  (Fernald),  confined  to  alpine 
summits  of  N.  Eng.  (Mt.  Katahdin)  and  N.  Y.,  has  deep 
madder  brown  flowers  and  variously  shaped  leaves. 
4r-12  inche^  high. 

A  tall,  generally  smooth  species,  with  a 
Tall  White  green  or  magenta-tinged  stem.  The  leaves 
Prenanthes  (except  the  uppermost)  variously  shaped 
altissima  but  long-stalked.  The  numerous  narrow, 

Dull  cream  pendulous,  dull  cream-colored  flowers  with 
color  a  smooth  green  envelop,  are  borne  in  a 

u  t~mber         narrow  terminal  spike,  or  in  small  clusters 

at  the  leaf-angles.  3-7  feet  high.  In 
woodlands  and  thickets,  northward,  and  south  to  Ga. 

A  dwarf  species  with  stout,  ruddy  stem, 
Prenanthes  j  flower-heads,  and  thick,  narrow, 

Bootii  .  ...    ' 

variously  shaped  leaves.     Flowers  whitish 

and  fragrant,  enclosed  within  a  dull  magenta-tinged  en- 
velop. 4-12  inches  high.  Alpine  summits  of  N.  Y.  and 
N.  Eng.  Found  on  Mt.  Washington,  Oakes's  Gulf0 

530 


Lion's-foot.  Prenanthes  serpentarra. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composites. 


The  familiar  grass-plot,  yellow  flower  of 
Common  ,.  ,  _.      .,    . 

Dandelion  tne   Gountry   and   city,   naturalized  from 

Taraxacum  Europe.  The  heads  are  sometimes  2  inches 
offldnale  broad,  and  are  supported  on  a  pale  green, 

Golden  yellow  hollow  stem;  the  perfect  flowers  are 
orange-gold  in  the  centre  of  the  head,  and 
light  golden  yellow  on  the  straps  of  the  margin.  The 
seeds  are  neutral  brown,  and  spiny  at  the  upper  part. 
The  deep  green  leaves  are  irregularly  and  angularly 
broad- toothed,  the  jagged  edge  bearing  a  remote  re- 
semblance to  the  row  of  teeth  in  a  lion's  jaw,  hence  the 
common  name,  a  corruption  of  the  French  dent-de-lion. 
3-14  inches  high.  The  silky  down  forms  a  beautiful 
globe  when  the  seeds  ripen  and  the  acute  divisions  of  the 
flower-envelop  are  reflexed.  Common  everywhere. 
Red=seeded  ^-  similar  but  smaller  species  with 

Dandelion  flower-heads  scarcely  over  an  inch  broad, 

Taraxacum  pure  yellow,  but  deeper  in  the  centre ;  the 
erythrospermum  two-pointed  straps  or  bracts  of  the  floral 
envelop  usually  have  a  thickened  point  or  knob  near  the 
tip.  The  outermost  straps  are  magenta-tinged ;  the 
smooth  leaves  are  very  deeply  cut  into  thin,  irregular, 
sharp,  backward-tending  lobes  or  narrow  angular  divi' 
sions.  The  seeds  are  bright  terra-cotta  red,  and  spiny 
over  the  upper  half  of  the  surface.  Distribution  un- 
known beyond  N.  Eng. ,  N.  Y. ,  and  Pa. 

A  tall  biennial  species  often  6  feet  high, 
Wild  Lettuce          .  , 

Lactuca  Wltn  a  smootn»  stout,  leafy  stem  branch- 

Canadensis  ing  at  the  top  in  a  thin,  scattered  flower- 
Pale  yellow  spike  with  insignificant  pale  yellow 

June-  ray-flowers    mostly  enclosed  within    the 

September 

green    floral    envelop.      Both    stem    and 

leaves  with  a  slight  bloom  ;  the  leaves  slightly  like  those 
of  the  dandelion,  but  the  upper  ones  lance-shaped,  and 
the  lower  sometimes  12  inches  long.  4-10  feet  high. 
Common  in  wet  soil,  northward,  south  to  Ga.  and  La. 

A  similar  species  with  a  broader  flower- 

integrtfolta         cluster,  and  oblong  lance-shaped,  smooth, 

acute  leaves,  toothless  or  nearly  so.     The 

flower-rays  pale    yellow  or  magenta-tinted,      3-6  feet 

high.    In  damp  places.     Me.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Neb. 

532 


Red-seeded 

Dandelion. 
Taraxicum  erythrospermum. 


Common 

Dandelion. 
TdPaxicum  officinale. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


_     .  A  less  leafy  and  lower  species,  found  in 

hirsuta  similar  situations.     The  leaves  like  those 

of  L.  Canadensis,  but  fine-hairy  ;  the  red- 
dish stem  hairy  at  the  base  ;  the  scattered  flower-cluster 
with  insignificant  dull  lilac,  or  dingy  pink- white  flowers. 
3-4  feet  high.  Me. ,  west  to  Minn. ,  south  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 
T  B.  The  tallest  member  of  the  genus,  with  a 

Lettuce  stout,  straight,  smooth  stem,  leafy  up  to 

Lactuca  the  straggling,  large  flower-cluster  of  in- 

spicata  significant  flowers  which  are  never  fully 

whltr^  °r  exPanded-  The  Sreen  flower-heads  tipped 
July-  with  inconspicuous  dull  purplish 'or  whit- 

September         ish  rays.    The  deeply  lobed  leaves  are  large 

and  irregularly  wavy-toothed.     3-15  feet 
high.     Damp  shady  places  northward,  south  to  S.  Car. 
A  tall  annual,  naturalized  from  Europe, 
Sonchus  with  thistlelike  prickle-edged  leaves,  and  a 

oleraceus  stout,  hollow,  succulent,  smooth,  grooved 

Light  yellow     stem.   The  large,  decorative,  usually  lobed 

leaves  are  irregularly  toothed  and  armed 
September  ._,.  _J 

with  sort  spines  ;  the  upper  ones  clasp  the 

plant-stem,  the  lower  are  stalked.  The  ligjJ?  yellow, 
thistle-shaped  flower-heads  are  grouped  in  a  somewhat 
loosely  spreading  flat  cluster.  The  stem  is  sometimes 
reddish  at  the  base.  1-6  feet  or  more  high.  Common 
everywhere  in  waste  places  or  manured  soil. 

Similar,  but  with  less  divided  leaves,  the 
Sonchus  asper     ,  .  .       ,    .  .  ,    , . 

Light  yellow  «>wer  ones  blunt  lance-shaped,  the  upper 
May-  clasping  the  plant-stem  by  rounded  lotfes, 

September  all  irregularly  toothed  and  spiny.  The  light 
yellow  downy,  flat-headed  flowers  are  set  in  a  loose 
cluster  ;  they  are  succeeded  by  a  copious  white  down. 
The  seeds  have  long  ribs,  smooth  between,  while  those 
of  the  preceding  species  are  laterally  rough  between. 
The  flowers  are  assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  fyy 
the  Syrphid,  beelike  flies,  and  those  of  the  genus 
Eristalis.  The  honeybee  (Apis  mellifica)  is  always  a 
common  visitor.  Formerly  the  milk- juiced,  succulent 
leaves  were  used  as  a  pot  herb.  Waste  places  every- 
where. The  Greek  name  Sonchus  (Sow  Thistle)  is  a  de- 
grading title  for  such  a  decorative-leaved  plant ! 

534 


'Wild  Lettuce. 
Lactuca  hipsuta 


Sow  Thistle. 
Sonchusoleraceus. 


APPENDIX. 

Page  4 

sparganium  ^ne  same  height  as  S.  americanum  var. 

americanum  androcladum,  but  the  flower-stalk  not 
June-August  branched.  Leaves  thin  and  pliant,  barely 
|  inch  wide.  Fruit-heads  stemless  or  nearly  so.  Bogs 
or  shallow  water.  Me.  to  La.  and  Va. 

Similar  to  S.  americanum  var.  androda- 
Sparganium  dum,  but  with  shiny  fruit,  and  stiffer, 
longer,  stronger-keeled  leaves  which  are 
much  taller  than  the  simple  or  branched  flower-stalks. 
Fruit-heads  often  1 J  inches  in  diameter,  the  beak  of  the 
fruit  J  inch  long,  2-3  feet  high.  Shores  of  muddy 
ponds,  etc.  Mass,  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

A  northern  species  with  a  stout  stem 
Spargamum  an(j  thin,  narrow  leaves  J  inch  more  or 
less  wide,  with  a  thin,  dry,  colorless  margin 
toward  the  base.  Flower-heads  stemless  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  ones  growing  from  a  point  slightly  above  the 
junction  of  plant  and  leaf  stem.  Fruit-head  1  inch  or 
less  in  diameter.  1-2  feet  high.  Borders  of  ponds  and 
sluggish  streams.  Me.  south  to  Conn,  and  west  to  S. 
Dak.  The  var.  acaule  is  a  dwarf  form  4-12  inches  high, 
with  fruit-heads  J  to  f  inches  in  diameter.  Rare.  Me. 
to  la.  and  W.  Va. 

A  slender  and  very  narrow^leaved  species 
Sparganium  floating  in  deep  water.  Leaves  long,  f 
inch  or  less  wide,  and  opaque.  Flower- 
stalk  simple,  the  heads  a  trifle  above  the  leaf  junction, 
J-f  inch  in  diameter,  and  with  or  without  a  very  short 
stem.  1-4  feet  high.  In  ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  or 
mountain  tarns.  Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  northwest. 

A  long  and  slender-stemmed  species 
Sparganium  with  thin  ieaves  i_i  inch  wide.  Flower- 
stalk  branched,  the  2-3  branches  bearing 
3-5  heads  f  inch  in  diameter.  2-3  feet  high.  Margins 
of  cold  ponds,  often  in  3  feet  of  water.  Me.  to  Pa.  and 
Minn. 

A  small  and  slender  species  common  in 

Sparganium        coldj  shallow  ponds  and  streams  of  the 

north.     Leaves  thin,  limp,  and  grasslike. 

Flower-stalk  simple;  the  fruit-heads  less  than  J  inch  in 

536 


Spanjanium  angustifolium. 

S.cliversifolium.    '  S.fluctuans. 


APPENDIX. 

diameter  and  stemless.  4-16  inches  high.  Me.  to  Pa., 
Mich.,  and  northwest. 

Page  6 

Alisma  Geyeri  ^  distinctly  northern  and  local  species 
Magenta  pink  similar  to  A.  plantago-aqtiatica  but  the 
July-Septem-  leaves  narrower  and  the  flowering  stems 
less  spreading.  There  are  2-4  flower-stalks 
all  taller  than  the  long-stemmed,  linear  lance-shaped  or 
elliptical  leaves.  The  delicately  pale  magenta-pink  flow- 
ers with  a  yellow  base  are  about  ^  inch  broad,  and  are 
borne  in  1-2  whorls  or  circles  about  the  tall  stalk  on 
rather  thick  stems ;  the  tiny  sepals  are  margined  with 
pink.  1-3  feet  high.  Local  in  shallow  water  from  N.  Y. 
to  N.  Dak.  and  the  Pacific  Slope. 

PageS 

e     ...    .  A  small  northern  species  8-20    inches 

Sagittaria 

arifolia  high,   with  broad  acute  sagittate  leaves 

August-  having  spreading  lobes,  and  flowers  of  the 

September  •  secOnd  order.  The  plant  grows  both  in 
and  out  of  the  water,  and  in  the  latter  case  develops  very 
long-stemmed  leaves,  and  also  a  number  of  broadened 
stems  without  leaves  called  phyllodia.  Seed  winged  all 
about  and  with  a  tiny  erect  beak.  8-18  inches  high. 
Quebec  to  central  Me.,  Vt.,  Mich.,  Kan.,  Dak.  and  Cal. 
Sagittaria  ^  ^a^  an(*  stout  western  species,  with 

brevirostra  acute,  sagittate  leaves  the  lobes  of  which 

July-Septem-  are  as  long  as  the  blade.  Flower-stalk 
ber  simple  or  branched  8-20  inches  long,  flow- 

ers of  the  second  order.     Achenes  with  a  tiny,  nearly 
erect  beak  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  wing.     2-4  feet 
high.    Rivers,  swamps,  etc.     Ind.  to  Kan. 
Sagittaria  ^  verv  tall  species  with  lance-shaped 

landfolia  leaves,  thick  or  leathery,  acute,  with  5-9 

July-Septem-  veins,  the  blade  5-18  inches  long,  on  a 
ber  thick  elongated  stem.  Flowers  of  the 

second  order,  the  filaments  cobwebby-hairy.  Achenes 
curved,  winged,  and  with  an  oblique  beak.  2J-5  feet 
high.  Swamps  and  shallow  water.  Del.  and  Md. ,  south 
to  Fla.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  Commoner  near  the 
coast. 

53S 


Sagittana  brevirostra:  s. 


APPENDIX. 

Sagittaria  ^  smaller,  western  species  with  similar 

ambigua  leaves    and    flowers,    but    the    filaments 

July-Septem-    smooth.     The  achene  with  a  short  oblique 

beak,  and  very  narrow  wings.     1-2  feet 
high.     Margins  of  ponds.     Kan.   and  south. 
Sagittaria  Very  variable  as  to  its  leaves  which  are 

heteropkyila  linear,  lance-shaped,  and  elliptical,  as  well 
July-Septem=  as  lance-ovate  with  two  narrow,  short 

basal  lobes  one  of  which  is  sometimes  abor- 
tive. The  flower-stalk,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  is  limp 
and  finally  prostrate.  Flowers  of  the  second  order,  the 
pistillate  ones  of  the  lowest  circle  almost  stemless. 
Achenes  narrowly  oval  with  a  long  erect  beak.  8-30 
inches  high.  Swamps  and  margins  of  ponds.  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Leaves  lance-shaped  to  linear  on  long 
Sagittaria  ,       ,  ~    ~         .       ,  , 

graminea  slender  stems,  3-5  veined,   and  some  re- 

White  or  duced  to  mere  flattened  phyllodia  (leafless 

pinkish  stems)  ;  all  acute-pointed.     Flowers  stami- 

July-Septem-  nate  or  the  iower  circie  pistillate,  the 
petals  often  a  very  pale  magenta  pink, 
the  filaments  dilated  and  slightly  fine-hairy.  Achenes 
extremely  small  and  almost  beakless,  slightly  winged, 
and  ribbed  on  the  sides.  4-32  inches  high,  Me.,  south, 
and  west  to  Neb.  and  Tex.  Britton  &  Brown  record 
the  early  leaves  as  often  purplish — that  is,  magenta- 
tinged. 

Sagittaria  tares        -^  species   almost  without    leaves    but 
*  August-  with  cylindrical,  pointed  phyllodia  rarely 

September  bearing  a  linear  blade.  Flowers  of  the 
second  order,  in  1-3  circles  only,  and  small — scarcely 
ove  r  J  inch  broad,  with  12  dilated  fine-hairy  filaments. 
Achene  obovate,  with  a  short  erect  beak,  the  sides  scol- 
lop-ridged. 4-16  inches  high.  Ponds,  Cape  Cod,  Mass., 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  south. 

Sagittaria  -^  dwarf  species  with  linear  or  linear- 

subulata  lanceolate    leaves,    obtuse    or    acute,    or 

July-Septem-    reduced  to  strap-shaped  phyllodia.     Flow- 
ers generally   of   the  second    order,   and 
sometimes  of  the  third  order,  small,  and  with  6-8  smooth 
filaments.     Achene    scollop-ribbed    and    short-beaked. 

540 


5-  heterophylla. 


S.graminea. 


teres. 


APPENDIX. 

2-7  inches  high.     In  tide -water  mud,  or  shallow  water 
on  the  coast,  Conn,  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 
Sagittaria  ^-n  ovate-leaved  species  confined  to  the 

platyphyila  river  swamps  of  the  southwest.  Leaves 
July-Septem-  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  tipped  and 
rounded  at  the  base,  9-11  veined.  Flowers 
of  the  second  order,  with  20  stamens,  the  broad  base  of 
the  filament  fine-hairy.  7-20  inches  high.  Mo.  and 
Kan.  to  Miss,  and  Tex. 

Page  18 

Xyris  Smaiiiana  A  veiT  tal1  species  15-36  inches  high, 
July-Septem-  with  broad  linear  or  sword-shaped  leaves 
ber  often  |  inch  wide,  rather  rigid  and  not 

twisted.  Flower-stem  slender  and  flattened  near  the 
top.  Heads  long-ovoid,  J  inch  in  diameter,  the  green 
scales  with  an  ochre-yellow  edge.  In  rich  soil  of  boggy 
shores,  and  often  in  water.  East  Mass,  to  Fla. 
Xyris  fimbriata  Another  tall,  stout  species,  with  broad 
July-Septem-  straight,  linear  leaves,  and  a  straight 
ber  flower-stem  flattened  and  roughened  on 

the  edges  toward  the  top.  Heads  ellipsoidal,  J  inch  in 
diameter,  the  long  fringed  sepals  extending  conspicuously 
beyond  the  bracts.  2-3  feet  high.  Wet  pine  barrens  of 
N.  J.,  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

A  southern  species  with  linear  and 
Xyris  arenicola  twisted  leaves  proceeding  from  a  thick 
May-August  ,  ., 

bulbous  shiny  brown  base,  the  bulb  sur- 
rounded by  broad  terra-cotta  colored  scales,  the  remnants 
of  old  leaves.  Flower-stem  twisted,  the  cylindrical  head 
about  1  inch  long,  the  sepals  fringed  and  conspicuous. 
Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

Page  20 

A  tall  and  slender  species  naturalized 
Asiatic  Day  .  ... 

Flower  from  Asia,  with  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a 

Commelina  heart-shaped  acute  spathe,  the  margins  of 
communis  which  are  not  united.  Flowers  light  violet 

Light  violet  i  inch  or  so  broad.  Stems  1-3  feet  long.  A 
July-October 

common  weed  of  dooryards  and  gardens  in 

the  northerly  part  of  its  range.  On  moist  alluvial  banks, 
east  Mass,  and  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

542 


Xyris  difformis. 


X.fimbriata.  X.montana. 
X.  Smalliana. 


APPENDIX, 

Commelina  A  slender  southern  species  with  linear 

erecta  lance-shaped  leaves.     Cells  of  the  ripened 

August-Octo-    fruit    one-ovuled    and    one-seeded.     The 

spathe     hood-shaped.      1-2     feet     high. 
Moist  ground.    Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Page  22 

Tradescantia  This  is  a  western    species   with    large 

brevicaulis  purple- violet  or  magenta  pink-flowers.     It 

Purple- violet-  js  often  stemless  or  nearly  so,  and  extremly 
AprikMay  mk  sof  t-hairv •  Leaves  linear  lance-shaped,  the 

flower-stems  long,  slender,  and  fine-hairy. 
Stem  (if  present)  only  1-4  inches  high.  In  dry  or  moist 
sandy  soil.  111.  and  central  Ind.  to  Ky.,  Tex.  and  Kan. 

Tradescantia  Tal1  and  stout  witn  a  zigzag  stem  and 

pilosa  broad  deep  green  leaves ;  the  whole  plant 

Biue=vioiet  more  or  less  fine-hairy.  Leaves  lance- 
June-August  shaped  and  acute  pointed.  J-1J  inches 
broad.  The  profuse  flowers  are  light  blue-violet.  1-3 
feet  high.  Shrubby  and  shady  banks  of  streams,  etc. 
Pa.  to  Mo.,  and  Fla. 

A  slender  and  smooth  species  with  long 
Tradescantia  linear  leaves  and  many  light  blue-violet 
Blue-violet  fl°wers  in  a  cluster.  The  narrow  bracts 
and  smooth  flower-stems  finally  turned 
downward.  In  wet  places.  O.  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  Kan., 
Tex.,  and  S.  Car. 

A  western  species,  the  upper  part  of  the 
Tradescantia  plant  giandular  fine-hairy  of  a  dull  color. 
The  bracts  beneath  the  flowers  relatively 
large,  folded  together,  arid  curved  back- 
ward, their  bases  sometimes  an  inch  broad.  Flowers 
blue-violet,  1-1  \  inches  in  diameter.  Prairies  Minn., 
and  la.  to  Tex. 

Tradescantia  Another  slender  western  species  with 

ocddentaiis  narrow  linear  incurved  leaves  with  an 
Light  violet  enlarged  dry,  thin  base.  Bracts  narrow. 
Magenta-pink  The  large  nowers  ijgnt  violet  or  sometimes 
magenta  pink.  la.  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  and  New  Mex. 

A  southern  species  similar  to   Trades- 

Tradescantia  cantia  virginiana,  but  the  flowers  smaller 
montana  .  ml  . 

and  the  calyx  smooth.     The  leaves    are 

544 


T.  occidental  is. 


T.  montana. 


Tradescantia  bpevicaulis. 


APPENDIX. 


broader  and  a  deeper  green  than  those  of  T.  reflexa. 
From  Va.,  and  Ky.,  south. 

A  similar  low  herb  common  in  the  south- 
Smaller  Mud 
Plantain  western  States,  generally  found  in  shallow 

Heteranthera  water.  The  stems  with  many  branches  at 
Umosa  the  base.  The  leaves  ovate,  oblong  or 

Violet  purple     lance-oblong,  blunt  at  the  tip,  rounded  at 

the  base  or  else  slightly  heart-shaped,  1 
inch  long  or  less,  the  stems  2-5  inches  long.  The  spathe 
or  leafy  bract  encloses  but  one  flower  which  is  usually 
larger  than  that  of  H.  reniformis,  generally  violet-purple 
but  sometimes  white.  6-15  inches  high.  Va.,  south,  and 
west  to  Neb. ,  and  La. 

This  species  is  a  submerged  grasslike 
grass   "  plant  with  a  slender  stem  and  translucent 

Heieranthera  deep  green  leaves  ;  the  flowers  only  reach 
dubia  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  linear, 

Light  Yellow     flat>   sharp-pointed,    and    finely    parallel- 

veined.  The  spathe  one-flowered,  the  flow- 
er  light  yellow,  with  six  narrow  divisions  and  a  very 
long,  slender  tube,  the  stamens  longer  than  the  style, 
with  arrow-shaped  anthers.  2-3  feet  high.  In  shallow, 
quiet  water,  from  N.  E.,  south,  and  west  to  Ore.  and 
Mex. 

Page  82 

Pogonia  ^  dainty  and  beautiful  species  with  pale 

divaricata  magenta-pink  or  nearly  white  flowers  ;  the 

Magena=pink  long,  narrow  sepals  a  dull  greenish  brown. 
May-June  There  is  one  oblong  lance-shaped  leaf,  3-7 
inches  long,  borne  just  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
and  another  bractlike  one  below  the  flower.  12-20 
inches  high.  Marshy  land,  and  wet  pine  barrens  from 
N.  J.  to  Ga. 

A  small  plant,  with  yellow-green  flowers 

the  Hp  °f  wMch  ls  crested  °ver  its  whole 
face  ;  the  sepals  but  a  trifle  longer  than  the 

petals.  The  five  smaller,  narrower  leaves  circled  as  in 
P.  verticillata  immediately  below  the  one  or  t\vo  flowers. 
8-9  inches  high.  Rare  and  local.  Moist  woodlands. 
Mass.,  Conn,  (rare  in  Vt.),  to  N.  J.,  and  Pa. 

546 


Pg.^8 

5tenanthium  >  . 
Heteranthera  dubia.          gpamineum.    Heteranthera  limosa. 


APPENDIX. 

Page  150 

A  variety  of  forms  of  this  genus  evi- 
dently demands  further  study  to  insure 
the  correct  determinations  of  forms  and  species.  Act  sea 
rubra  dissecta,  Britton,  has  deeply  incised  leaves,  the 
lower  ones  double-compound.  Lincoln  Co.,  Ontario. 
Actzea  rubra  arguta,  Greene,  is  a  western  form  with 
large  deeply  incised  leaves  ;  Neb.  to  Cal.  Act  sea  rubra 
forma  neglecta,  Robinson,  has  white  berries  on  long 
slender  green  stems ;  not  altogether  rare,  but  local. 

Page  228 

Cassia  Tora  ^n  annual  with  4-6  leaflets,  mostly  6, 

Yellow  thin,  obovate,  and  with  a  bristlelike  point. 

July-Septem-    The  yellow  flowers  f-1  inch  broad.     The 
linear,  slender  pod  crescent-shaped.    Along 
rivers,  Va.  south,  and  in  Miss,  valley  to  Mo.  and  Ind. 
Coffee  Senna         A.  smooth  annual    species  with   many 
Cassia  branches,  and  8-12  ovate  or  ovate  lance- 

ocddentalis          shaped  leaflets,  very  acute  at  the  tip  and 

ellow  rounded  at  the  base.    Flowers  rather  small, 

July-August  j    -     .      i          i 

pod  linear  and  about    4-5    inches  long. 

4-6  feet  high.  Waste  places  and  along  the  shore  from 
Va.  to  Tex.,  and  in  Miss,  valley  to  Mo.  and  Ind. 
Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

Page  232 

G       .  A  small-flowered  species  adventive  from 

sibiricum  ^ne  ^^  World.     An  annual  with  a  weak, 

Palest  Lilac  soft-hairy,  much -branched  stem.  Leaves 
June-Septem-  3,5  parted  (generally  3),  sharply  toothed 
and  acute-pointed.  Flowers  pale  lilac  to 
lilac- white.  1-4  feet  high.  Locally  common  on  the 
roadsides  of  New  York  City,  and  in  Cambridge, 
Mass. 

A  similar  species  with  very  round  leaves 

Geranium  ,     _  „  ,    .      ,  n 

rotundifolium  not  Deeply  cut,  about  1J  inches  wide,  and 
Magenta  scollop-toothed.  Flowers  small,  about  J 

June-Septem-    inch  broad,  magenta  and  magenta-pink. 
8-18  inches  high.  Waste  places  and  ballast, 
New  York  City,  Philadelphia,  and  Michigan.    From  the 
Old  World. 

543 


Cassia  occidentals. 


^Cassia  Tor  a. 
Pogonia 
divaricata. 

From  specimen  collected 
by  J.K.Churchill 
in  Duval  Co.  Fla. 


APPENDIX. 

Geranium  Very  similar  to  the  preceding  species  in 

pusiiium  habit,  leaf,  and  flower  ;  petals  of  the  latter 

Lilac  lilac  or  pale  purple,  slightly  notched  and 

May-Septem-     about  as    long    as    the    sepals.     With  5 

stamens  only.  Seeds  smooth.  4-18-inch 
stem,  reclining.  Waste  places,  southern  N.  E.  south 
and  west.  From  Europe. 

Geranium  molle  Another  similar  species,  but  more  soft- 
Magenta  hairy,  and  the  leaves  cut  about  to  the 
May-Septem-  middle,  the  segments  3-5  toothed.  The 

small  flowers  deep  or  pale  magenta,  with 
10  stamens,  the  sepals  obtuse  and  not  bristle-pointed. 
Waste  places,  Me.  to  Pa.  and  west. 

Geranium  Yet  another  similar  species,  minutely 

coiumbinum  white-hairy,  with  leaves  deeply  cut  into 
Magenta  5.9  narrow,  nearly  linear  segments,  the 

stems  long  and  slender.  The  small  flowers 
magenta,  with  slightly  notched  petals,  and  ovate,  bristle- 
pointed  sepals,  the  stems  very  slender.  Borders  of  fields 
and  roads,  N.  J.  to  Va.  and  Dak. 

Page  246 

The  plant  is  green  early  in  the  summer, 

Euphorbia  the  leaves  a  dull>  lifeless  color  without 

lustre.    In  August  and  September  a  dark 

crimson  tincture  covers  the  stem,  and  sparingly,  in  spots, 

the  leaves. 

Page  364 

Apocynum  &•  species  similar  to  A.  andros&mifo- 

medium  Hum,  but  the  firm  leaves  elliptical  or  long- 

White=pink  ovate,  generally  smooth  or  slightly 
June-August  fine_hairy  beneath,  and  the  white  or  pink- 
tinged  flowers  shaped  more  nearly  like  an  urn,  and  with 
the  blunt  lobes  spreading  a  trifle  but  not  curved  back- 
ward. The  flower  clusters  terminal  or  at  the  tips  of 
branches,  the  terminal  cluster  blooming  earlier  than  the 
branch  clusters.  This  species  occupies  an  intermediate 
position  between  A.  androsssmifolium  and  A.  cannabi- 
num.  1-4  feet  high.  Open  situations,  dry  or  moist,  and 
rocky  shores,  Que.  to  Md.  and  west  to  Col. 

550 


From  specimen 
collected  by 
Mari&L.Owei 
in  Sppinqfield 
Mass.  * 


Geranium  pusillum, 


Geranium 


APPENDIX. 


There  are  three  varieties  of  A.  canndbinum.  The  var^ 
piibescens  has  leaves  which  are  white  fine-hairy  beneath, 
the  flower  stem  and  its  calyx  also  fine-hairy.  This  is- 
found  from  R.  I.  to  la.,  and  southward.  The  var.  nemo- 
rale  (G.  S.  Miller)  Fernald,  has  leaves  which  spread  or 
droop  on  slender  pedicels  \  inch  or  so  long.  It  is  found 
only  in  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  on  thin- wooded  lands.  The 
var.  hypericifolium  has  oblong  lance-shaped  leaves, 
rounded  or  nearly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  stemless  or 
nearly  so,  and  1-3  inches  long.  The  corolla  lobes  are 
erect  and  scarcely  spreading.  1-2  feet  high.  Dry  soil  or 
on  the  banks  of  streams.  West  Me.,  central  N.  Y.,  O., 
Kan.,  Col.,  and  Cal.  Principally  westward. 

Page  450 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  var.  Isevigatus.  The  taller 
shrub  commonly  cultivated,  with  large  snow-white  ber- 
ries, has  leaves  which  are  smooth  beneath,  and  flowers 
in  crowded  and  interrupted  clusters.  (Fernald,  see 
Gray's  Manual,  7th  edition,  pg.  757.) 

Page  460 

Campanula  rolundifolia  is  so  very  variable  in  height, 
degree  of  branching,  texture,  and  shape  of  leaves,  color, 
size,  and  number  of  flowers,  and  divergence  of  calyx- 
divisions,  that  a  separation  of  the  species  based  upon 
such  characters  has  inevitably  occurred.  But  the  differ- 
ences are  entirely  due  to  climate  and  environment ;  the 
typical  species  of  the  Old  World,  with  stems  thickly 
fine-hairy  at  the  base,  becomes  common  only  in  the  west. 
The  single-flowered  form  found  on  the  Presidential 
Range  of  the  White  Mts.  remains  only  a  form.  The 
var.  velutina  with  stem  and  leaves  covered  with  gray, 
hoary  fine  hairs  is  confined  to  the  Sand-hills  of  Burt 
Lake,  Mich.  (See  p.  767,  Gray's  Man.,  7th.  ed.). 

Pace  82 

Pagonia  verticillata  has  been  found  on  the  Palisades 
at  a  point  about  half  a  mile  from  the  river  and  about 
opposite  Sputyen  Duyvil,  Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.,  by  Mr.  Benj. 
Strong,  Jr. 

552 


PS- 118 

Stellarial 

graminea.      Ccrastium  Vulgatum.  antipphina. 


Virginia  Creeper/I 
Psedera. 
quinquefblia. 

Pa.26o 


Floerkea 
proseppinacoidea 
Pg.232 


Tall    Larkspup.      Pg.  148       Delphinium  exaltatum. 


Hydrastis 
canadensis. 


Black  Snakeroot. 

Cimicifuga'  racemosa.         Page  vso 


Crotal  ari  a  Bl  ue  Lu  pi  n .  Pg.  2 1  o 

sagittal  is.  P&2o8  Lupinus  perennis. 


Isanthus  brachiatus. 


Perilla  frutescens. 


Teucrium  canadense. 


Stachys 

pafustpis 


False  Dragon-head. 
Physostegia   vipginiana. 


Lamium 

amplexicaule 

Pg.  4o8 


Figwort.'l       Pcj.418 
Scpophulapia   marilandica. 


Note  the 
margined 
OP  winged 
Pg.476        stem  —> 


From  specimen 
coll.  by  F.  5.  Col  I  ms 
on  Mt.Chocorua.N.H 


S.  macrophyllaW  5olidago  uliginosa.    5. 


P3-480 

S.  neglecta. 


Pcj-478 

Sweet  Golden-rod. 
Solidago   odora.      S.  nemoralis. 


A.  multiflorus. 
A.  latepiflorus.  **-     9' 4! 


P5.486 

Pg.498         Large-leaved  Asten          Pg.498 
A.tenuifolius.     Aster  macpophylla.     A.  subulatus. 


P,494 
A-ppen&nthoides. 


l|Pg.494  Pg.496  (/Pg.494 

A.  longifolius.     Aster  linapiifblius.   A.  paniculatus. 


Pg.  524 


Sneezeweed.     Pg.5H 


Krigia  virgin'tca.  Helenium  autumrale.  Anthemis  Cotula. 


Pg.5a4 

Gnaphalium1"  uligindsum. 


Cloud  beppy. 

Rubus 

Chamdemopus. 
%192 


Artemisia 


Pg.5o6 

Leaf  greatly  reduced 

Ambposia  trifida. 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 

BASED  UPON  LEAF  CHARACTERS,  WITH  FLOWER  CHARACTERS 
SUBORDINATED 

•PAGE 

A.     Leaves  alternate,  toothed. 

Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions, 
5  stamens. 

Shrubby  twining  vine.  Celastracece     254 

Tiny  flowers  in  spikes, 

Leaves  compound,  in  Panax  circled.  Araliacea     302 

Tiny  flowers  flat-clustered,  2  styles, 

Leaves  deeply  cut  compound 

Stems  hollow.  Umbelliferce     306 

Lobed  corolla,  I  stigma, 

Leaves  cut-edged  (between  teeth  and'  lobes), 

Foliage  rank  scented.  Solanacece     410 

Bell-shaped  corolla, 

Leaves  also  toothless,  linear.  Campanulacece     456 

Tubular  corolla  long-lobed,  stamens  united  in  tube, 

Milky  acrid  sap.  Lobeliacece     462 


Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions, 
3  or  many  stamens. 


Leaves  with  stipules,  mostly  compound, 

Many  simple.  Rosacea     188 

Leaves  generally  palmate.  Malvacece     266 

3  stamens  only, 

Leaves  lobed;  vines  with  tendrils.  Cucurbitacea     454 

Flowers;  4  or  more  petals,  etc.;  or  no  petals. 

4-15  petals  or  none,  5-6  white  sepals,  many  stamens, 

Leaves  mostly  lobed  or  compound.  Ranunciilacece     128 

4-12  petals,  genl.  2  sepals,  many  stamens, 

Leaves  lobed  or  dissected, 

Milky  or  yellow  sap.  Papaveracece     156 

4  petals  united,  2  sepals,  6  stamens, 

Leaves  dissected  compound;  vine.                             Fumariacece  158 

4  petals  &  sepals,  6  stamens  (2  long,  4  short), 

Leaves  generally  lobed.                                                      Crucifera  166 

4-5  petals   etc.;  shrubs.                                                  Rhamnacecz  258 

4-5  petals,  etc., 

Leaves  lobed;  vines  with  tendrils.                                    Vitacece  260 

Flowers;  3  or  many  petals  or  none,  or  rayed. 

Tiny  green  flowers,  no  petals, 

2-5  calyx  lobes  &  stamens.  Chenopodiacece     HO 

Small  dull-colored  flowers, 

3-20  petals  &  pistils,  many  stamens, 

567 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


PAGE 

Leaves  fleshy,  various.  Crassulacea     180 

Sac-shaped  flowers,  3  petals,  3  sepals  (one  the  sac  &  spur), 

Leaves  juicy,  stem  translucent.  Balsaminacece     256 

Compound  flowers,  nearly  all  clustered, 

With  more  or  less  tubular  florets, 

About  20  genera  with  rayed  flowers, 

Leaves  sometimes  opposite,  or  radical.  Composites     466 

B.     Leaves  alternate,  toothless. 

Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions, 
5  stamens. 

5  ftyles,  stem  fibrous.  Linacea     238 
Small  sharp-pointed  leaves,  crowded.                   Diapensiaceoe     340 
Corolla  funnel-formed, 

Arrow-shaped  leaves,  vines,  Cuscuta  without  leaves. 

Convolvulacea  372 
Leaves  mostly  lance-shaped,  in  Phlox  subulata  crowded. 

Polemoniacece  374 
Flowers  mostly  blue-violet.  Boraginacece  376 

Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions, 
5-10  stamens. 

Mostly  butterflylike  flowers,  4-5  toothed  calyx 
Leaves  mostly  compound,  in  2  species  slightly  toothed. 

LeguminoscB     208 

Tiny  flowers,  3  stigmas,  2  species  poisonous, 

Leaves  toothed  in  2  species  of  Rhus.  Anacardiacece     250 

i  style,  Chiogenes  4  corolla  &  calyx  lobes,  8  stamens, 
Leaves  often  crowded,  some  opposite.  Ericaceae     328 

Flowers;  2—3—6  petals,  etc. 

6  perianth  lobes  &  stamens,  Trillium  3  petals. 

Leaves  sometimes  radical,  or  circled.  Liliacece       26 

Flowers  in  Habenaria  pouched,  3  petals,  the  middle  one  a 

lip  3  colored  sepals,  a  rostellum  instead  of  style, 
Leaves  often  radical,  in  Lister ia  opp.  Orchidacea       68 

Irregular  tubular  3-lobed  calyx,  5-12  stamens, 

Leaves  large,  spreading,  in  Asarum  radical.    Aristolochiacecs       98 
Tiny  flowers,  no  petals,  2-6  calyx  lobes,  4-12  stamens, 
Leaf-stems  sheathed,  swollen  joints.  Polygonacea,     102 

3  connected  petals,    5    irregular  sepals,  2  large  &  colored, 

6-8  stamens, 

Leaves  small,  in  P.  cruciata  &  verticillata  circled.  Polygalacea     240 
3-5  petals,  5  sepals,  many  stamens,  I  or  no  style.     Cistacece     274 
2-3  petals  &  sepals,  4-6  stamens, 
Leaves  compound.  Limnanthacece     232 


C.     Leaves  opposite,  toothed. 

livision. 

sions. 


Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions. 
Many  stamens,  or  only  3-4. 


Flowers  a  trifle  irregular,  4  stamens,  2  long,  2  short, 

Stems  square.  Verbenacea     384 

Corolla  lipped,  upper  lip  2  lobes,  lower  3  lobes, 

Leaves  aromatic,  stems  square.  Labiatce     388 

Leaves  dissected.  Geraniacea     230 

Corolla  tubular,  3  stamens  only, 

C68 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


PAGE 

Leaves  mostly  compound.  Valerianacea     452 

8  stamens,  I  stigma, 

Flowers;  4  petals,  etc.,  8  stamens,  i  stigma, 

Leaves  with  3  ribs,  stems  square.  M elastomacece     290 

D.     Leaves  opposite,  toothless. 

Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions, 
5  stamens. 

Commonly  5  corolla  lobes,  etc.  (Trientalis  6  or  more), 
Leaves  various,  Dodecatheon  &  Primula  radical,  obscurely 

toothed, 

Glaux  with  scales,  no  leaves.  Primulacea     340 

Small  bell-shaped  corolla, 

Leaves  without  gloss,  milky  sap.  Apocynacea     364 

Small  waxlike  flowers  in  clusters, 

Leaves  sometimes  circled,  milky  sap.  Asclepiadacea     366 

Corolla  genl.  funnel-shaped,  in 
Linncea  4  stamens  only, 
Shrubs,  vines,  etc.  Caprifoliacea     446 

Flowers;  5  petals,  etc.,  many  stamens. 

2  sepals  only, 

Leaves  fleshy,  in  Portulaca  scattered  &  circled.  Portulacacea     114 

10  stamens, 

Leaves  mostly  lance-shaped,  stems  with  swollen  joints. 

Caryophyllacea     116 
Ascyrum  with  4  petals  only, 
Leaves  genl.  translucent-dotted  Hypericacece,      268 

Flowers;  4  or  more  petals  or  corolla  divisions. 

5-7  petals,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens, 

Branches  square.  Lythracea     286 

4  large  petaliike  white  bracts,  4  petals  &  stamens. 

Leaves  ribbed,  mostly  shrubs.  Cornacea     318 

4-12  corolla  lobes  &  stamens, 

Bartonia  without  leaves.  Gentianacece     352 

4  corolla  lobes  &  stamens, 

Leaves  small,  in  Galium  circled  Rubiacece     440 

Tiny  irregular  flowers  with  I  or  many  or  no  petals, 

Leaves  various,  sometimes  obscurely  alt.,  circled,  or  toothed. 

Milky  acrid  sap.  Euphorbiacece     246 

4  petals  &  sepals,  4-8  stamens,  2-4  stigmas, 

Leaves  various,  some  slightly  toothed,  in  CEnothera  alternate. 

Onagracece     292 

2-lipped  or  4-5  lobed  corolla,  2-5  stamens,  I  style, 
Leaves  various,  some  alternate  Scrophulariacecs     416 

E.     Leaves  radical;  rising  or  radiating  from  the  root. 

Flowers;  5  petals  or  corolla  divisions, 

5  sepals  or  calyx  divisions 
5-10  or  many  stamens. 

Many  stamens.     Leaves  small,  set  with  gland-tipped  hairs. 

Droseracece     178 

5  stamens.     Leaves  genl.  heart-shaped,  in  V.  pubescens  on 
stem,  not  radical.  Violacece     276 

5  stamens.     Leaves  like  a  pitcher,  trumpet,  or  flaring  tube. 

Sarraceniacece     176 
5-10  stamens.     Leaves  various,  in  Chrysosplenium  opposite, 

56g 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


PAGE 

in  Mitella  &  Tiarella  toothed.  Saxifragacece.  182 

5  styles,  10  stamens.  Leaves  trifoliate,  yellow-flowered  species 

with  opposite  or  obscurely  alternate  leaves.  Oxalidacece  234 
10  stamens,  stigma  5-lobed.  Leaves  evergreen,  in  Chimaphila 

circled.  Pyrolacece.     320 

Flowers;  1—6  or  more  petals  or  parts,  etc. 

Tiny  green-white  flowers,  4  corolla  lobes  &  stamens, 

Leaves  toothless,  ribbed.  Plantaginacea     438 

6-8  petals,  4-6  sepals,  6-12  stamens, 

Leaves  lobed  or  compound,  in  Caulophyllum  on  the  stem. 

BerberidacecR     152 
3  petals,  6  or  more  stamens.     Leaves  like  an  arrowhead. 

Aquatic.  Alismaceaz.          6 

Flowers  on  spadix,  hooded.     Various  large  leaves,  in  Acorus 

blade-shaped.     Aquatic.  Araceee          10 

3  corolla  lobes,  sepals,  &  stamens, 

Leaves  blade-shaped.  Xyridacece       18 

Perianth  with  6  lobes,  6  stamens, 

Leaves  arrow-  and  kidney-shaped.  Pontederiacecs       22 

Perianth  with  6  lobes,  6  stamens, 

Leaves  blade-shaped.  Amaryllidacece       60 

Perianth  of  6  parts  in  2  sets,  3  stamens, 

Leaves  blade-shaped.  Iridacea       62 

Many  petals,  3-5  sepals,  stigma  a  disc, 

Leaves  afloat.     Aquatic.  Nymphacecz     126 

5-lobed  tubular  corolla,  4  stamens, 

Scales,  no  leaves.  Orobanchacece     436 

Ocherous  flowers  in  cylindrical  heads, 

Leaves  blade-shaped.     Aquatic.  Typhacea         2 

Ocherous  flowers  in  spherical  heads, 
Leaves  blade-shaped.     Aquatic.  Sparganiacea         4 


570 


INDEX 


N.  B.  The  old  generic  names  have  been  retained  in  this  index 
although  they  have  been  re-placed  by  the  new  ones  throughout  the 
book. 


Abby  Pond,  Ripton,  Vt.,  376. 
Absinth,  518. 

Achillea  Millefolium,  514,  568. 
Aconitum  uncinatum,  148. 
Acorus  Calamus,  16. 
Actcea  alba,  150. 
Actcea  rubra,  150. 
Actcea  rubra  arguta,  548. 
Actcea  rubra  dissecta,  548. 
Actcea  rubra  forma  neglecta,  548. 
Adder's  Tongue,  White,  54. 
Adder's  Tongue,  Yellow,  54. 
Adlumia  fungosa,  160. 
.  Ageratum,  470. 
Agrimonia  gryposepala,  202. 
Agrimony,  202. 
Agrostemma  Githago,  120. 
Ague-weed,  358. 
Alfalfa,  214. 
ALISMACE^:,  6. 
Alisma  Plantago-aquatica,  6. 
Alisma  Geyeri,  538. 
Allium  canadense,  56. 
Allium  tricoccum,  56. 
Alstead  Centre,  N.  H.,  144. 
Althcea  officinalis,  262. 
Alumroot,  186. 
AMARANTACE.E,  112. 
Amaranth  Family,  112. 
Amaranthus  or  Amarantus,  112. 
Amarantus  graccezans,  112. 
Amarantus  hybridus,  112. 
Amarantus  retroflexus,  112. 
AMARYLLIDACE^E,  60. 
Amaryllis  Family,  60. 
Ambrosia  arte  mi  see  folia,  506. 
Ambrosia  trifida,  506,  569. 
Amherst,  Mass.,  348. 
Ammonoosuc     Lake,     Crawford 

Notch,  N.  H.,  138. 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  260. 
Amphicarpcea  monoica,  226. 
ANACARDIACE^E,  250. 
Anagallis  arvensis,  350. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea,  502. 
Androscoggin  Valley,  Me.,  130. 
Anemone,  Canada,  132. 
Anemone  canadensis,  132. 
Anemone  cylindrica,  130. 


Anemone,  Large  White-flowered, 

132. 

Anemone,  Long-fruited,  130. 
Anemone  nemorosa,  134. 
Anemone  patens,  var.  Wolfgang- 

iana,  132. 

Anemone  quinquefolia,  134,  136. 
Anemone  riparia,  132. 
Anemone,  Rue,  136. 
Anemone,  Tall,  130. 
Anemone  trifolia,  134. 
Anemone  virginiana,  130,  132. 
Anemone,  Wood,  134. 
Anemonella  thalictroides,  136. 
Antennaria,  466. 
Antennaria  canadensis,  502. 
Antennaria  fallax,  500. 
Antennaria  neglecta,  502. 
Antennaria  neodioica,  500,  502. 
Antennaria  Parlinii,  500. 
Antennaria  plantagini folia,  500. 
Anthemis  Cotula,  514,  568. 
Antirrhinum  Orontium,  418,  562. 
Apios  tuberosa,  224. 
APOCYNACE^E,  364. 
Apocynum  androscemifolium,  364. 
Apocynum  cannabinum,  364. 
Apocynum       cannabinum,     var. 

hypericifolium,  552. 
Apocynum       cannabinum,     var. 

nemorale,  552. 
Apocynum       cannabinum,     var. 

pubescens,  552. 
Apocynum  medium^  550. 
Aquilegia  canadensis,  146. 
Arabis  hirsuta,  168. 
Arabis  Icevigata,  168. 
ARALIACE.E,  302. 
Arabia  hispida,  302. 
Ara/ia  nudicaulis,  304. 
Aralia  nudicaulis,  var.   elongata, 

302. 
Aralia  nudicaulis,  var.  proliferar 

302. 

Arafo'a  racemosa,  302. 
Arbutus,  Trailing,  330. 
Arctium  Lap  pa,  520. 
Arctium  Lappa,  var.  tomentosumt 
520. 


571 


INDEX. 


Arctium  minus,  520. 
Arctoslaphylos  Uya-ursi,  328. 
Arenaria  caroliniana,  122. 
Arenaria  grcenlandica,  122. 
Arenaria  serphyllifolia,  122,  569. 
Arethusa,  78. 
Arethusa  bulbosa,  78. 
Argemone  mexicana,  158. 
Arisama  Dracontium,  10. 
Ariscema  triphyllum,  10. 
ARISTOLOCHIACE^E,  98. 
Aristolochia  macrophylla,  100. 
Aristolochia  Serpentaria,  100. 
Aristolochia  Serpentaria,  var.  /ms- 

/a/a,  100. 

Aristolochia  tomentosa,  100. 
Arnica,  518. 

Arnica  mollis,  var.  peliolaris,  518. 
Aroostook  Co.,  Me.,  78. 
Arrowhead,  6. 
Artemisia,  506. 
Artemisia  Absinthium,  518. 
Artemisia  caudata,  516  569. 
Artemisia  vulgaris,  516,  569. 
Artichoke,  Jerusalem,  512. 
Arum,  Arrow,  12. 
Arum,  Dragon,  10. 
Arum  Family,  10. 
Arum,  Water,  12. 
Aruncus  Sylvester,  190,  556. 
Asarum  arifolium,  98. 
Asarum  canadense,  98. 
Asarww  grandijlorum,  98. 
Asaruw  virginicum,  98. 

ASCLEPIADACE^,  366. 

Asclepias  amplexicaulis,  368. 
Asclepias  incarnata,  366. 
Asce//>ms    incarnata,     var.    £wZ- 

c/jra,  368. 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides,  368. 
Asclepias  purpurascens,  366. 
Asclepias  quadrifolia,  370. 
Asclepias  syriaca,  368. 
Asclepias  tuberosa,  366. 
Asclepias  verticillata,  370. 
.Ascyrwrn  hypericoides,  268. 
ylscyj'ww  stans,  268. 
Asparagus,  30. 
Asparagus  officinalis,  30. 
Aster,  484. 

Aster  acuminatus,  496. 
Aster,  Arrow-leaved,  490. 
Aster,  Bushy,  492. 
Aster,  Calico,  492. 
Aster  cordifolius,  488. 
.Aster  cordifolius,  var.  Furbishice, 

488. 
Aster  cordifolius,  var.  polycepha- 

lus,  488. 

Aster  divaricatus,  484,  566. 
Aster  dumosus,  492. 
Aster  ericoides,  490. 
Aster,  Heart-leaved,  488. 
Aster,  Heath,  490. 
Aster  Icevis,  490,  566. 
Aster,  Large-leaved,  486. 


Aster  later iflpr us,  492,  565. 
Aster  linariifolius ,  496,  567. 
Aster  longifolius,  494,  567. 
Aster,  Long-leaved,  494. 
Aster  macrophyllus,  486,  565. 
Aster,  Many-flowered,  490. 
Aster  multiflorus,  490,  565. 
Aster,  New  England,  486. 
Aster,  New  York,  494. 
Aster  novce-anglice,  486. 
Aster    novcs-anglia,    var.   rosews, 

486. 

Aster  novi-belgii,  494. 
Aster  novi-belgii,   var.  Icevigatus, 

494. 
Aster    novi-belgii,    var.    litoreus, 

494- 

Aster,  Panicled  White,  494. 
Aster  paniculatus,  494,  567. 
Aster  patens,  488,  566. 
Aster  prenanthoides,  494,  566. 
Aster  puniceus,  494,  496. 
Aster  puniceus,   var.  compactus, 

496. 

Aster  puniceus,  var.firmus,  496. 
Aster    puniceus,    var.    lucidulus, 

496. 

Aster,  Purple-stemmed,  496. 
Aster  radula,  486. 
Aster  radula,  var.  strictus,  486. 
Aster,  Rough-leaved,  486. 
Aster  sagittifolius,  490,  566. 
Aster,  Sharp-leaved  Wood,  496. 
Aster,  Showy,  486. 
Aster,  Small  White,  492. 
Aster,  Smooth,  490. 
Aster  spectabilis,  486. 
Aster,  Spreading,  488. 
Aster  subulatus,  498,  565. 
Aster  tenuifolius,  498,  565. 
Aster  Tradescanti,  492. 
Aster,  Tradescant's,  492. 
Aster  umbellalus,  496,  567. 
Aster  undulatus,  488,  567. 
Aster  vimineus,  492,  565. 
Aster    vimineus,    var.  foliolosus, 

492. 

Aster,  Wavy-leaved,  488. 
Aster,  White  Woodland,  484. 
Aster,  Willow-leaved  Blue,  494c. 
Astragalus  canadensis,  214. 
Avens,  Long-plumed,  194. 
Avens,  Purple,  194. 
Avens,  Rough,  194. 
Avens,  White,  192. 
Azalea,  Flame,  336. 


Balm,  Horse,  390. 
BALSAMINACE^;,  256. 
Baneberry,  Red,  150. 
Baneberry,  White,  150. 
Bangor,  Me.,  240. 
Baptisia  australis,  208. 
Baptisia  tinctoria,  208. 
Barbarea  vulgaris,  172. 


572 


INDEX. 


Barberry  Family,  152. 
Bartonia  virginiana,  362. 
Bartonia,  Yellow,  362. 
Bath,  Me.,  122. 
Bean,  Wild,  226. 
Bearberry,  328. 
Beard-tongue,  420. 
Bedford,   Mass.,   288. 
Bedstraw,  Northern,  444. 
Bedstraw,  Rough,  444. 
Bedstraw,  Small,  444. 
Bedstraw,  Sweet-scented,  444. 
Bedstraw,  Yellow,  442. 
Bee  Balm,  398. 
Beech-drops,  326,  436. 
Beefsteak  Plant,  432. 
Beggar-tricks,  512. 
Belamcanda  chinensis,  64. 
Bellflower,  458. 
Bellflower  Family,  456. 
Bellflower,  Marsh,  460. 
Bellflower,  Tall,  460. 
Bellwort,  38. 

Bellwort,  Large-flowered,  38. 
BERBERIDACE.E,  152. 
Bergamot,  Purple,  400. 
Bergamot,  Wild,  398. 
Berula  erecta,  310. 
Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  70. 
Betony,  Wood,  432. 
Bidens  cernua,  512. 
Bidens  frondosa,  512. 
Bidens  Icevis,  514. 
Bindweed,  Hedge,  370. 
Bindweed,  Small,  372. 
Bindweed,  Trailing,  372. 
Bindweed,  Upright,  370. 
Bird's  Nest,  306. 
Birthroot,  40. 
Birthwort  Family,  98. 
Bishop's  Cap,  184. 
Bittersweet,  412. 
Black-eyed  Susan,  508. 
Black  Medick,  216. 
Black  Sampson,  506. 
Bladder  Ketmia,  266. 
Blazing  Star,  46. 
Blazing  Star,  Tall,  470. 
Blephilia  ciliata,  400. 
Blephilia,  Downy,  400. 
Bloodroot,  156. 
Bluebell,  458,  460. 
Blueberries,  328. 
Blue  Curls,  388. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  66. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  Eastern,  66. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  Stout,  66. 
Blue  Flag,  Larger,  62. 
Blue  Flag,  Slender,  64. 
Blue  Lupine,  210. 
Bluets,  440. 
Boneset,  468. 
Boneset,  Upland,  468. 
Borage  Family,  376. 

BORAGINACE^E,  376. 

Boston,  Mass.,  154,  286,  524. 


Bottle  Gentian,  420. 
Bouncing  Bet,  116. 
Boxberry,  330. 
Brassica  alba.  174. 
Brassica  arvensis,  172. 
Brassica  nigra,  172. 
Brattleboro,  Vt.,  272. 
Brauneria  pallida,  508. 
Brauneria  purpurea,  506. 
Brooklime,  American,  424,  426. 
Broom-rape  Family,  436. 
Broom-rape,  Naked,  436. 
Brunella  vulgar  is,  406. 
Buckthorn,  Common,  258. 
Buckthorn  Family,  258. 
Buckwheat,  108. 
Buckwheat,  Climbing  False,  108 
Buckwheat  Family,  102. 
Buda  rubra,  126. 
Bugleweed,  394. 
Bugloss,  Small,  382. 
Bugloss,  Viper's,  382. 
Bunchberry,  318. 
Bunch  Flower,  46. 
Bur-cucumber,  One-seeded,  456, 
Burdock,  520. 
Burdock,  Smaller,  520. 
Bur  Marigold,  Larger,  514. 
Bur  Marigold,  Smaller,  512. 
Bur  Reed,  Branching,  4. 
Bur  Reed  Family,  4. 
Bur  Reed,  Great,  4. 
Bur  Reed,  Smaller,  4. 
Butter-and-Eggs,  418. 
Buttercup,  Bulbous,  142. 
Buttercup,  Creeping,  142. 
Buttercup,  Early,  140. 
Buttercup,  Swamp,  140. 
Buttercup,  Tall,  144. 
Butterfly  Weed,  366. 
Butterweed,  498. 

Calamus,  16. 

Calla  palustris,  12. 

CallirrhcB  involucrata,  264. 

Calopogon  pulchellus,  So. 

Caltha  natans,  146. 

Caltha  palustris,  144. 

Caltha  palustris,  va.r.flabelli folia, 
144. 

Caltha  palustris,  var.  radicans, 
146. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  158. 

CAMPANULACE<E,  456. 

CampanulacecB,  462. 

Campanula  americana,  460. 

Campanula  aparinoides,  460. 

Campanula  rapunculoides,  458. 

Campanula  rotundifolia,  458,  552 

Campion,  Bladder,  118. 

Campion,  Starry,  118. 

Campion,  White,  120. 

Campton,  N.  H.,  54,  70,  84,  116, 
120,  132,  224,  230,  272,  282, 
300,  302,  312,  328,  348,  364, 
396,  420,  456,  488,  512. 


573 


INDEX. 


Campton  Bog,  N.  H.,  462. 
Canada  Mayflower,  34. 
Cancer  Root,  436. 
Cancer  Root,  One-flowered,  436. 
Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  472. 
CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  446. 
Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  174. 
Caraway,  312. 
Cardamine  hirsuta,  168. 
Cardamine  bulbosa,  166. 
Cardamine    bulbosa,     var.     pur- 

purea,  166. 
Cardinal  Flower,  462. 
Carlinville,  111.,  54. 
Carrion  Flower,  24. 
Carrot,  Wild,  306,  312. 
Carum  carvi,  312. 
CARYOPHYLLACE^E,  116. 
Cashew  Family,  250. 
Cassia  Chamcecrista,  228. 
Cassia  Chamcecrista,  var.  robusta, 

228. 

Cassia  depressa,  228. 
Cassia  marilandica,  228. 
Cassia  Medsgeri,  228. 
Cassia  nictitans,  228. 
Cassia  occidentalis,  548. 
Cassia  Tor  a,  548. 
Castalia  odorata,  126. 
Castalia  odorata,  var.  minor,  126. 
Castalia^  odorata,  var.rosea,  126. 
Castilleja  coccinea,  430. 
Castilleja    pallida,    var.    septen- 

trionalis,  430. 

Catchfly,  Night-flowering,  120. 
Catchfly,  Sleepy,  118. 
Catnip,  400. 

Catskill  Mountains,  424. 
Cat-tail,  3. 
Cat-tail  Family,  3. 
Cat-tail,  Narrow-leaved,  3. 
Caulophyllum  thalictroides,  152. 
Ceanothus  americanus,  258. 
Celandine,  158. 
CELASTRACE^E,  254. 
Celastrus  scandeus,  254. 
Centaurium  pulchellum,  352. 
Centaurium  spicatum,  352. 
Centaurium  umbellatum,  352. 
Centaury,  Lesser,  352. 
Centaury,  Spiked,  352. 
Cerastium  arvense,  124. 
Cerastium  vulgatum,  124,  553. 
Chamcelirium  luteum,  46. 
Chamomile,  514. 
Charlock,  172. 
Charlotte,  Vt.,  286. 
Checkerberry,  330. 
Cheeses,  262. 
Chelidonium  majus,  158. 
Chelone  glabra,  420. 
CHENOPODIACE^E,  no. 
Chenopodium  album,  no. 
Chenopodium  album,  var.  viride, 

no. 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides ,   no. 


Chenopodium    ambrosioides,  var. 

anthelminticum,  no. 
Chenopodium  Botrys,  no. 
Chickweed,  124. 
Chickweed,  Field,  124. 
Chickweed,    Larger    Mouse-ear, 

124. 

Chicory,  524. 
Chimaphila  maculata,  320. 
Chimaphila  umbellata,  320. 
Chiogenes  hispidula,  328. 
Chrysanthemum    Leucanthemum , 

var.  pinnatifidum,  516. 
Chrysanthemum  Parthenium,  516. 
Chrysopsis  falcata,  472. 
Chrysopsis  graminifoiia,  472. 
Chrysopsis  mariana,  472. 
Chrysosplenium  americanum,  186. 
Cichorium  Intybus,  524. 
Cicuta  maculata,  312. 
Cimicifuga  racemosa,  150,  555. 
Cinchona,  440. 
Cinquefoil,  202. 
Cinquefoil,     Marsh    Five-finger, 

200. 

Cinquefoil,  Norway,  198. 
Cinquefoil,  Purple,  200. 
Cinquefoil,  Rough-fruited,  198. 
Cinquefoil,  Shrubby,  200. 
Cinquefoil,  Silvery,  198. 
Circaa  alpina,  300. 
Circcea  intermedia,  300. 
Circcea  Lutetiana,  300. 
Cirsium  altissimum,  522. 
Cirsium  arvense,  522. 
Cirsium  horridulum,  520. 
Cirsium  lanceolatum,  520. 
Cirsium  muticum,  522. 
Cirsium  pumilum,  522. 
CISTACE^,  274. 

Clarendon  Hills,  Mass.,  14,  518. 
Claytonia  caroliniana,  116. 
Claytonia  virginicat  114. 
Cleavers,  442. 
Clematis  verticillaris,  130. 
Clematis  Viorna,  130. 
Clematis  virginiana,  128,  130. 
Climbing  Bittersweet,  Waxwork, 

254- 

Clintonia  borealis,  26. 
Clintonia  umbellulata,  26. 
Cloudberry,  192. 
Clover,  Alsatian,  212. 
Clover,  Alsike,  212. 
Clover,  Hop,  212. 
Clover,  Low  Hop,  214. 
Clover,  Red,  210. 
Clover,  Stone,  210. 
Clover,  Trailing  Bush,  220. 
Clover,  White,  212. 
Clover,  Yellow,  212. 
Coffee,  440. 
Cohosh,  Blue,  152. 
Collinsonia  canadensis,  390. 
Columbine,  146. 
Comfrey,  Wild,  378. 


574 


INDEX. 


Commelina  communis,  542. 
Commelina  erecta,  544. 
Commelina  hirtella,  18. 
Commelina  virginica,  20. 
COMPOSITE,  466. 
Composite  Family,  466. 
Concord,  Mass.,  154. 
Cone-flower,  508. 
Cone-flower,  Purple,  506. 
Cone-flower,  Tall,  508. 
Conioselinum  chinense,  306. 
Conium  maculatum,  312. 
Conopholis  americana,  436. 
Convallaria  majalis,  34. 
CONVOLVULACE/E,  37O. 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  372. 
Convolvulus  Family,  370. 
Convolvulus  sepium,  var.  fraterni- 

Jlorus,  372. 

Convolvulus  sepium,  370. 
Convolvulus  sepium,  var.  pubes- 

cens,  372. 

Convolvulus  spithamceus,  370. 
Coolwort,  184. 
Coplis  tri folia,  146. 
Coral-berry,  148. 
Corallorhiza  maculata,  70. 
Corallorhiza  odpntorhiza,  70. 
Corallorhiza  trifida,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Early,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Large,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Small-flowered,  70. 

CORNACE^E,  3l8. 

Corn  Cockle,  120. 

Cornel,  Dwarf,  318. 

Corn  Sajad,  454. 

Cornus  canadensis,  318. 

Cornus  florida,  318. 

Corydalis  aurea,  164. 

Corydalis  aurea,  var.  occidentalis, 

164. 

Corydalis  crystallina,  164. 
Corydalis  flavula,  164. 
Corydalis,  Golden,  164. 
Corydalis  micrantha,  164. 
Corydalis,  Pale,  162. 
Corydalis  sempervirens,  162. 
Cowbane,  308. 
Cowbane,  Spotted,  312. 
Cowslip,  American,  342. 
Cowslip,  Virginia,  378. 
Cowslips,  144. 
Cow-wheat,  434. 
Cranberries,  328. 
Cranesbill,  230. 
CRASSULCE^E,  180. 
Cress,  Hairy  Rock,  168. 
Cress,  Small  Bitter,  168. 
Cress,  Spring,  166. 
Cress,  Winter,  172. 
Crinklerpot,  166. 
Crotalaria  sagittalis,  208,  557. 
Crowfoot,  Bristly,  142. 
Crowfoot  Family,  128. 
Crowfoot,  Hooked,  140. 


Crowfoot,  Small-flowered,  138. 
CRUCIFER^C,  166. 
Cuckoo  Flower,  122. 
Cucumber,  Climbing  Wild,  454. 
CUCURBITACE.E,  454. 
Cudweed,  Low,  504. 
Cudweed,  Marsh,  504. 
Culver's  Root,  422. 
Cuphea,  Clammy,  288. 
Cuphea  petiolata,  288. 
Currant,  Indian,  448. 
Cuscuta  Gronovii,  372. 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  376. 
Cynoglossum  virginianum,  378. 
Cypripedium,  68. 
Cypripedium  acaule,  96. 
Cypripedium  candidum,  94,  96. 
Cypripedium  hirsutum,  96. 
Cypripedium  parviflorum,  94. 
Cypripedium    parviflorum,    var. 
pubescens,  94,  96. 


Daisy,  Michaelmas,  490. 
Daisy,  Oxeye,  516. 
Dalibarda  repens,  192. 
Dandelion,  Common,  532. 
Dandelion,  Dwarf,  524. 
Dandelion,  Fall,  524. 
Dandelion,  Red-seeded,  532. 
Datura  Metel,  414. 
Datura  Stramonium,  414. 
Datura  Tatula,  414. 
Daucus  Carota,  306. 
Day  Flower,  18. 
Decodon  verticillatus,  288. 
Deer-grass,  290. 
Delphinium  Ajacis,  148. 
Delphinium  Consolida,  148. 
Delphinium  exaltatum,  148,  554. 
Dentaria  diphylla,  166. 
Dentaria  laciniata,  166. 
Desmodium  canadense,  218. 
Desmodium  Dillenii,  218. 
Desmodium  grandijlorum,  218. 
Desmodium  midiflorum,  216. 
Desmodium  paniculatum,  218. 
Desmodium  rotundi folium,  218. 
Devil's  Bit,  46. 
Dianthus  Armeria,  116. 
Dianthus  deltoides,  116. 
DIAPENSIACE.E,  340. 
Diapensia  Family,  340. 
Dicentra  canadensis,  160. 
Dicentra  Cucullaria,  160. 
Dicentra  exima,  162. 
Diervilla  Lonicera,  452. 
Dock,  Bitter,  104. 
Dock,  Curled,  102. 
Dock,  Golden,  104. 
Dock,  Great  Water,  102. 
Dock,  Patience,  102. 
Dock,  Swamp,  102. 
Dodder,  Common,  372. 
Dodecatheon  Meadia,  342. 
Dogbane  Family,  364. 


575 


INDEX. 


Dogbane,  Spreading,  364. 
Dogwood  Family,  318. 
Dogwood,  Flowering,  318. 
Dover,  Me.,  138. 
Draba  caroliniana,  i68u 
Draba  verna,  170. 
Dragon,  Green,  10. 
Dragon-head,  False,  406. 
Dragon-root,  10. 
DROSERACE^E,  178. 
Drosera  filiformis,  178. 
Drosera  longifolia,  178. 
Drosera  linearis,  178. 
Drosera  rotundi  folia,  178. 
Dublin,  N.  H.,  70. 
Dutchman's  Breeches,  160. 
Dutchman's  Pipe,  100. 


East  Lexington,  Mass.,  286. 
Echinacea  pallida,  508. 
Echinacea  purpurea,  506. 
Echinocystis  lobata,  454. 
Echinospermum  Lappula,  378. 
Echinospermum  virginicum,  378. 
Echium,  376. 
Echium  vulgare,  382. 
Elder,  446. 

Elder,  Red-berried,  446. 
Elder,  Wild,  302. 
Elecampane,  504. 
Enchanter's  Nightshade,  300. 
Epifagus  virginiana,  436. 
Epigcea  repens,  330. 
Epilobium  adenocaulon,  296. 
Epilobium  an  gusti folium,  294. 
Epilobium  coloratum,  296. 
Epilobium  densum,  294. 
Epilobium  hirsiitum,  294. 
Epilobium  molle,  296. 
Epilobium  palustre,  294. 
Epipactis  decipiens,  78. 
Epipactis  pubescens,  78. 
Epipactis  repens,  var.  ophioides, 

76. 

Epipactis  tesselata,  76. 
Erechtites  hieracifolia,  518. 
ERICACEAE,  328. 
Erigeron  annuus,  498,  569. 
Erigeron  canadensis,  498. 
Erigeron  philadelphicus,  500. 
Erigeron  pulchellus,  500. 
Erigeron  ramosus,  498. 
Erythrcea  Centaur ium,  352. 
Erythr&a  ramosissima,  352. 
Erythrcea  spicata,  352. 
Erythronium  albidum,  54. 
Erythronium  americanum,  54. 
Erythronium  mesochoreum,  52. 
Erythronium  propullans,  54. 
Eupatorium  album,  468. 
Eupatorium  aromaticum,  470. 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum,  468. 
Eupatorium  purpureum,  468. 
Eupatorium  sessilifolium,  468. 
Eupatorium  urticcefolium,  470. 


EUPHORBIACE^,   246. 

Euphorbia  Cyparissias,  248. 
Euphorbia  Helioscopia,  2480 
Euphorbia  lucida,  248. 
Euphorbia  maculata,  246,  550. 
Euphorbia  marginata,  248. 
Euphorbia  polygonifolia,  246. 
Euphorbia  Preslii,  246. 
Euphrasia  Oakesii,  432. 
Euphrasia  americana,  432. 
Euphrasia   officinalis,   var.    !Tar- 

tarica,  432. 
Evening     Primrose,      Common, 

296. 

Evening  Primrose  Family,  292. 
Evening  Primrose,  Oakes's,  298. 
Everlasting,  500. 
Everlasting,  Clammy,  504. 
Everlasting,  Pearly,  502. 
Everlasting,  Sweet,  504. 
Eyebright,  430. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum,  108. 
False  Foxglove,  Downy,  426. 
False     Foxglove,      Fern-leaved, 

426. 

False  Foxglove,  Smooth,  428. 
False  Mermaid,  232. 
False  Mermaid  Family,  232. 
False  Spikenard,  30. 
Farmer's  Curse,  516. 
Farmington,  Me.,  502. 
Featherfoil,  340. 
Feather  Geranium,  no. 
Feverfew,  516. 
Fever  wort,  448. 
Figwort,  418. 
Figwort  Family,  416. 
Filipendtila  rubra,  190,  556. 
Fireweed,  294,  518. 
Five-finger,  202. 
Flax,  Common,  238. 
Flax  Family,  238. 
Flax,  Wild  Yellow,  238. 
Flaabane,  Common,  500. 
Fleabene,  Daisy,  498. 
Fleur-de-lis,  62. 
Floerkea  proserpinacoides,  232, 

Flower-of-an-hour,  266. 
Fly-honeysuckle,  450. 
Fly-honeysuckle,  Mountain,  450. 
Foamflower,  184. 
Forget-me-not,  380. 
Forget-me-not,  Smaller,  380. 
Forget-me-not,  Spring,  380. 
Fragaria   vesca,    var.  americana, 

196. 

Fragaria  virginiana,  196. 
Franconia,  N.  H.,  502. 
Frostweed,  274. 

FUMARIACE^E,    158. 

Fumaria  officinalis,  1,64. 
Fumitory,  164. 
Fumitory,  Climbing,  160. 
Fumitory,  Family,  158. 


576 


INDEX. 


Galeopsis  Tetrahit,  410. 
Galium  aparine,  442. 
Galium  aspreUum,  444,  460. 
Galium  boreale,  444. 
Galium  circ&zans,  444. 
Galium  trifidum,  444. 
Galium  triflorum,  444. 
Galium  verum,  442. 
Gall  of  the  Earth,  530. 
Garden  Orpine,  180. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  330. 
Gentian,  Bottle,  360. 
Gentian,  Closed,  360. 
Gentian,  Downy,  358. 
Gentian  Family,  352. 
Gentian,  Fringed,  356. 
Gentian  Horse,  448. 
Gentian,  Soapwort,  360. 
GENTIANACE^E,  352. 
Gentiana,  Andrewsii,  360. 
Gentiana  crinita,  356. 
Gentiana  linearis,  360. 
Gentiana  Porphyrio,  362. 
Gentiana  procera,  358. 
Gentiana  puberula,  358. 
Gentiana  quinqueflora,  "or  quin- 

quefolia,"  358. 
Gentiana  quinque 'folia,  var.  occi- 

dentalis,  358. 
Gentiana  Saponaria,  360. 
Gentiana  villosa,  362. 
GERANIACE.E,  230. 
Geranium  Bicknellii,  230. 
Geranium  carolinianum,  232. 
Geranium  columbinum,  550. 
Geranium  Family,  230. 
Geranium  maculatum,  230. 
Geranium  molle,  550. 
Geranium  pratense,  232. 
Geranium  pusillum,  550. 
Geranium  Robertianum,  230. 
Geranium  rotundi folium,  548. 
Geranium  sibiricum,  548. 
Geranium,  Wild,  230. 
Gerardia  flava,  426. 
Gerardia  maritima,  428. 
Gerardia  paupercula,  428. 
Gerardia  pedicularia,  426. 
Gerardia,  Purple,  428. 
Gerardia  purpurea,  428. 
Gerardias,  430. 
Gerardia,  Seaside,  428. 
Gerardia,  Slender,  428. 
Gerardia  tenuifolia,  428. 
Gerardia  virginica,  428. 
Germander,  American,  390. 
Gcum  canadense,  192. 
Geum  Peckii,  194. 
Geum  rivale,  194. 
Geum  strictum,  194. 
Geum  triflorum,  194. 
Geum  virginianum,  194. 
Gill-over-the-ground,  400. 
Ginseng,  304. 
Ginseng,  Dwarf,  304. 
Ginseng  Family,  302. 


Glaux,  340. 
Glaux  maritima,  348. 
Gnaphalium  decurrens,  504. 
Gnaphalium  polycephalum,   504, 
Gnaphalium     uliginosum,      504, 

569- 

Goat's  Beard,  190. 
Golden     Aster,     Curved-leaved, 

472. 

Golden  Aster,  Grass-leaved,  472. 
Golden  Club,  16. 
Golden-rod,  Alpine,  476. 
Golden-rod,  Blue-stemmed,  474. 
Golden-rod,  Bog,  476. 
Golden-rod,  Broad-leaved,   474. 
Golden-rod,  Canada,  482. 
Golden-rod,  Early,  480. 
Golden-rod,  Elm-leaved,  478. 
Golden-rod,  Gray,  482. 
Golden-rod,  Hard-leaved,  482. 
Golden-rod,  Lance-leaved,  484. 
Golden-rod,  Large-leaved,  476. 
Golden-rod,  Late,  480. 
Golden-rod,        Rough-stemmed, 

478. 

Golden-rod,  Seaside,  476. 
Golden-rod,  Sharp-leaved,  480. 
Golden-rod,  Showy,  476. 
Golden-rod,  Slender,  484. 
Golden-rod,  Spreading,  478. 
Golden-rod,  Stout,  474. 
Golden-rod,  Swamp,  480. 
Golden-rod,  Sweet,  478. 
Golden-rod,  White,  474. 
Goldthread,  146. 
Goody  era  Menzieii,  78. 
Goody  era  pubescens,  78. 
Goodyera  repens,  76. 
Goodyera  repens,  var.  ophioides, 

76. 

Goodyera  tesselata,  76. 
Goosefoot  Family,  no. 
Goosegrass,  442. 
Gourd  Family,  454. 
Grape,  Northern  Fox,  260. 
Grape,  River,  260. 
Grass-of-Parnassus,  186. 
Grass  Pink,  80. 
Great    Cranberry    Island,    Me., 

432. 

Green  Adder's  Mouth,  68. 
Green  Brier,  24. 
Grim  the  Collier,  526. 
Gromwell,  382. 
Cromwell,  Corn,  380. 
Ground  Cherry,  Clammy,  412. 
Ground  Cherry,  Virginia,  414. 
Ground  Moss,  374. 
Ground  Nut,  224. 

Habenaria  blephari glottis,  90. 
Habenaria  bracteata,  84. 
Habenaria  ciliaris,  88. 
Habenaria  dayellata,  84,  90. 
Habenaria  cristata,  88. 
Habenaria  dilatata,  86. 


577 


INDEX. 


Habenaria  fimbriata,  92. 
Habenaria  flava,  84. 
Habenaria  Hookeri,  86. 
Habenaria  hyperborea,  86. 
Habenaria  inte^ra,  84. 
Habenaria  lacera,  90. 
Habenaria  leucophcea,  88. 
Habenaria  nivea,  84. 
Habenaria  peramcena,  92. 
Habenaria  psy codes,  90,  92. 
Hardback,  188. 
Harebell,  458,  460. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  76. 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  422. 
Hawkweed,  Canada,  526. 
Hawkweed,  Tawny,  526. 
Heal-all,  406. 
Heath  Family,  320,  328. 
Hedeoma  pulegioides,  396. 
Helenium  autumnale,  514,  568. 
Helianthemum  canadense,  274. 
Helianthus  annuus,  510. 
Helianthus  decapetalus,  512. 
Helianthus  divaricatus,  510. 
Helianthus  giganteus,  510. 
Helianthus  microcephalus,  510. 
Helianthus  strumosus,  510. 
Helianthus  tuberosus,  512. 
Heliopsis  helianthoides,  506. 
Heliopsis  scabra,  506. 
Hellebore,  American  White,  46. 
Hemerocallis  flava,  58. 
H enter ocallis  fulva,  58. 
Hemlock,  Poison,  312,  314. 
Hemlock,  Water,  312. 
Hempweed,  Climbing,  468 
Hepatica,  134. 
Hepatica  acutiloba,  134. 
Hepatica  triloba,  134. 
Heracleum  lanatum,  308,  559. 
Herb  Robert,  230. 
Heteranthera  dubia,  546. 
Heteranthera  limosa,  546. 
Heteranthera  reniformis,  22. 
Heuchera  americana,  186. 
Hibiscus  coccineus,  266. 
Hibiscus  militaris,  266. 
Hibiscus  Moscheutos,  266. 
Hibiscus  Trionum,  266. 
Hieracium  aurantiacum,  526. 
Hieracium  canadense,  526. 
Hieracium  Gronovii,  528. 
Hieracium  paniculatum,  526. 
Hieracium  scabrum,  528. 
Hieracium  venosum,  528. 
Hobble-bush,  446. 
Hogweed,  506. 
Holderness,  N.  H.,  240. 
Honeysuckle,  Bush,  452. 
Honeysuckle,  Coral,  452. 
Honeysuckle  Family,  446. 
Honeysuckle,  Trumpet,  452. 
Honeysuckle,      White      Swamp, 

334- 

Honeysuckle,  Wild,  336. 
Horehound,  408. 


Horehound,    Cut-leaved  Water, 

394- 

Horseradish,  170. 
Horseweed,  498. 
Hottonia  inflata,  340. 
Hound's  tongue,  376. 
Houstonia  ccerulea,  440. 
Houstonia,  Large,  440. 
Houstonia  purpurea,  440. 
Houstonia   purpurea,  var.  cilio- 

lata,  442. 
Houstonia  purpurea,  var.  longi- 

folia,  442. 
Huckleberries,  328. 
Hudsonia  tomentosa,  274. 
Hydrastis  canadensis,  150,  555. 
Hydrocotyle  americana,  316. 
HYPERICACE^:,  268. 
Hypericum  adpressum,  268. 
Hypericum  Ascyron,  268. 
Hypericum  canadense,  272. 
Hypericum  ellipticum,  270. 
Hypericum  gentianoides,  272. 
Hypericum  mutilum,  272. 
Hypericum  perforatum,  270. 
Hypericum  prolificum,  268. 
Hypericum  punctatum,  270. 
Hypericum  virgatum,  270. 
Hypericum  virginicum,  272. 
Hypoxis  hirsuta,  60. 
Hyssop,  396. 
Hyssopus  officinalis,  396. 

Ilysanthes  dubia,  422,  562. 
Impatiens  pallida,  256. 
Impatiens  bijlora,  256. 
Indian  Cucumber,  44. 
Indian  Hemp,  364. 
Indian  Pipe,  326. 
Indian  Poke,  46. 
Indigo,  Blue  False,  208. 
Indigo,  Wild,  208. 
Innocence,  440. 
Inula  Helenium,  504. 
IRIDACE^:,  62. 
Iris,  Crested  Dwarf,  64. 
jf>is  cristata,  64. 
Iris,  Dwarf,  64. 
Iris  Family,  62. 
/r£s  prismatica,  64. 
/r*5  verna,  64. 
Jrw  versicolor,  62. 
Ironweed,  New  York,  468. 
Iron  weed,  Tall,  466. 
Isanthus  brachiatus,  388,  560. 
Ivy,  Ground,  400. 

,"ack-in-the-pulpit,  10. 

rackson,  N.  H.,  68. 

Jacob's  Ladder,  376. 

faffrey,  N.  H.,  84,  492. 

Jamestown  Weed,  414. 
Jefferson,  N.  H.,  144. 
Jeffersonia  diphylla,  152. 
Jerusalem  Oak,  no. 
Jewel-weed,  256. 


578 


INDEX. 


Jewel-weed  Family,  256. 
Jimson  Weed,  414. 
Joe-Pye-Weed,  468. 

Kalmia  angustifolia,  334. 
Kalmia  latifolia,  332. 
Kalmia  polifolia,  334. 
Knotgrass,  106. 
Knotweed,  Erect,  106. 
Krigia  amplexicaulis,  524. 
Krigia  virginica,  524,  568. 

LABIATE,  388. 
Lactuca,  506. 

Lactuca  canadensis,  532,  534. 
Lactuca  hirsuta,  534. 
Lactuca  integrifolia,  532. 
Lactuca  spicata,  534. 
Lady's  Slipper,  Showy,  96. 
Lady's  Slipper,  Stemless,  96. 
Lady's  Slipper,  White,  94. 
Lady's  Slipper,  Yeilow,  94. 
Lady's  Thumb,  106. 
Ladies'  Tresses,  72. 
Ladies'  Tresses,  Grass-leaved,  74. 
Ladies'  Tresses,  Slender,  74. 
Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  132. 
Lake  Dunmore,  Vt.,  370. 
Lake  Huron,  178. 
Lake  of  the  Clouds,  Mt.  Wash- 
ington, N.  H.,  200. 
Lake  Superior,  178. 
Lakewood,  N.  J.,  340. 
Lambkill,  334. 
Lamb's-quarters,  no. 
Lamium  amplexicaule,  408,  561. 
Lamium  purpureum,  410. 
Langdon  Park,  N.  H.,  192,  422. 
Lappula  echinata,  378. 
Lappula  virginiana,  378. 
Larkspur,  Field,  148. 
Larkspur,  Tall,  148. 
Lathyrus  maritimus,  224. 
.  Lathyrus  palustris,  224. 
V    Laurel,  Great,  338. 

Laurel,  Mountain,  332,  334. 
Laurel,  Pale,  334. 
Laurel,  Sheep,  334. 
Leadwort,  350. 
Leather  Flower,  130. 
Lechea  minor,  274. 
LEGUMINOS^E,  188,  208. 
Leontodon  autumnalis,  524. 
Leontodon  autumnalis,  var.  pra- 

tensis,  524. 

Leonurus  Cardiaca,  408. 
Lepidium  virginicum,  174. 
Lespedeza  capitata,  222. 
Lespedeza  hirta,  220. 
Lespedeza  procumbens,  220. 
Lespedeza  viplacea,  220. 
Lespedeza  virginica,  220. 
Lettuce,     Smooth-stemmed 

White,  528. 

Lettuce,  Tall  Blue,  534. 
Lettuce,  Tall  White,  530. 


Lettuce,  White,  528. 
Lettuce,  Wild,  532. 
Lexington,  Mass.,  n6. 
Liatris  scariosa,  470. 
Liatris  spicata,  470. 
Liatris  squarrosa,  470. 
LILIACE^E,  24. 
Lilium  canadense,  50. 
Lilium  carolinianum,  52. 
Lilium  Catesbosi,  50.  1 

Lilium  Grayi,  50. 
Lilium  philadelphicum,  48. 
Lilium  philadelphicum,  var. 

andinum,  52. 
Lilium  superbum,  52. 
Lilium  tigrinum,  52. 
Lily,  Atamasco,  60. 
Lily,  Blackberry,  64. 
Lily,  Canada,  50. 
Lily,  Carolina,  52. 
Lily,  Day,  58. 
Lily  Family,  24. 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  34. 
Lily,  Tiger,  52. 
Lily,  Turk's  Cap,  52. 
Lily,  Wild  Orange-red,  48. 
Lily,  Wood,  48. 
Lily,  Yellow  Day,  58. 
Lily,  Yellow  Meadow,  50. 

LlMNANTHACE^E,   232. 

Limonium  carolinianum,  350. 

LINAGES,  238. 

Lin  aria  canadensis,  416. 

Linaria  vulgar  is,  418. 

Linncea  borealis,  var.  americana, 

448. 

Linum  humile,  238. 
Linum  sulcatum,  238. 
Linum  usitatissimum,  238. 
Linum  virginianum,  238. 
Lion's-foot,  530. 
Liparis  liliifolia,  70. 
Liquorice,  Wild,  444. 
Lister  a  convallarioides,  72. 
Lister  a  cor  data,  72. 
Lithospermum  arvense,  380. 
Lithospermum  canescens,  382. 
Lithospermum  officinale,  380. 
Live-forever,  180. 
Liverwort,  134. 
Lobelia  cardinalis,  462. 

LOBELIACE^E,  462. 

Lobelia  Dortmanna,  464. 

Lobelia,  Downy,  462. 

Lobelia  Family,  462. 

Lobelia,  Great,  462. 

Lobelia  injlata,  464. 

Lobelia  Kalmii,  464. 

Lobelia  Kalmii,  var.  hirtella,  464 

Lobelia  Kalmii,    var.    parvi flora, 

464. 

Lobelia,  Kalm's,  464. 
Lobelia,  Pale  Spiked,  464. 
Lobelia  puberula,  462. 
Lobelia  spicata,  464. 
Lobelia  syphilitica,  462. 


579 


INDEX, 


Lobelia,  Water,  464. 
Long  Purples,  288. 
Lonicera  ccerulea,  450. 
Lonicera  canadensis,  450. 
Lonicera  morrowi,  450. 
Lonicera  sempervirens,  452. 
Loosestrife  Family,  286. 
Loosestrife,  Four-leaved,  346. 
Loosestrife,  Fringed,  344- 
Loosestrife,  Hyssop,  286. 
Loosestrife,    Purple    or    Spiked, 

288. 

Loosestrife,  Swamp,  288. 
Lopseed,  386. 
Lopseed  Family,  386. 
Louse  wort,  432. 
Lower- Cabot,  Vt.f  IQO. 
Lucerne,  214. 

Ludwigia  alternifolia,  292,  558. 
Ludwigia  palustris,  292,  558. 
Ludwigia  polycarpa,  292,  558. 
Lupin,  Blue,  210. 
Lupinus  perennis,  210,  557. 
Lychnis  alba,  120. 
Lychnis,  Evening,  120. 
Lychnis,  Flos-cuculi,  122. 
Ly  cop  sis  arvensis,  382. 
Lycopus  americanus,  394. 
Lycopus  virginicus,  394. 
Lysimachia  nummularia,  348. 
Lysimachia  producta,  348. 
Lysimachia  quadrifolia,  346. 
Lysimachia  terrestris,  346. 
LYTHRACE^:,  286. 
Lythrum  alatum,  286. 
Lythrum  Hyssopifolia,  286. 
Lythrum  lineare,  286. 
Lythrum  Salicaria,  288. 

Madder,  440. 
Madder  Family,  440. 
Maianthemum  canadense,  34. 
Mallow  Family,  262. 
Mallow,  High,  264. 
Mallow,  Marsh,  262. 
Mallow,  Musk,  264. 
Mallow,  Round-leaved,  262. 
MALVACEAE,  262. 
Malva  moschata,  264. 
Malva  rotundifolia,  262. 
Malva  sylvestris,  264. 
Manchester,  Vt.,  412. 
Mandrake,  154. 
Marigold,  Marsh,  144. 
Marrubium  vulgare,  408,  560. 
May  Apple,  154. 
Mayflower,  330,  442. 
Mayweed,  514. 
Meadow-beauty,  290. 
Meadow-beauty  Family,  290. 
Meadowsweet,  188. 
Medeola  virginica,  44. 
Medicago  lupulina,  216. 
Medicago  sativa,  214. 
Melampyrum  lineare,  434. 
Melanthium  virginicum,  46. 


MELASTOMACE/E,  290. 

Melilot,  Yellow,  214. 
Melilotus  alba,  214. 
Melilotus  officinalis,  214. 
Mentha  aquatica,  392. 
Mentha  arvensis,  394. 
Mentha  arvensis,  var.  canadensis, 

394- 

Mentha  longifolia,  392. 
Mentha  piperita,  392. 
Mentha  spicata,  392. 
Menyanthes,  352. 
Mertensia  virginica,  378. 
Microstylis  unifolia,  68. 
Middlesex  Fells,  Mass.,  276. 
Middletown,  Conn.,  122. 
Mikania  scandens,  468. 
Milfoil,  514. 
Milk  Purslane,  246. 
Milk  Vetch,  214. 
Milkweed,  Common,  368. 
Milkweed  Family,  364,  366. 
Milkweed,  Four-leaved,  370. 
Milkweed,  Poke,  368. 
Milkweed,  Purple,  366. 
Milkweed,  Swamp,  366. 
Milkwort,  242. 
Milkwort,  Cross-laeved,  244. 
Milkwort  Family,  240. 
Milkwort,  Fringed,  240. 
Milkwort,  Short-leaved,  244. 
Milkwort,  Whorled,  244. 
Mimulus  ringens,  422. 
Mint,  Corn,  394- 
Mint  Family,  388. 
Mint,  Horse,  392. 
Mint,  Mountain,  396. 
Mint,  Water,  392. 
Mint,  Wild,  394. 
Mitchella  repens,  442. 
Mitella  diphylla,  184. 
Mitella  nuda,  184,  186. 
Mitrewort,  184. 
Mitrewort,  False,  184. 
Mitrewort,  Naked,  184. 
Moccasin  Flower,  96. 
Monarda  didyma,  398. 
Monar da  fistulosa,  398. 
Monarda  fistulosa,    var.    media, 

400. 
Monarda   fistulosa,    var.    rubra, 

400. 

Moneses  uniflora,  322. 
Moneywort,  348. 
Monkey-flower,  422. 
Monkshood,  148. 
Monotropa  Hypopitys,  326. 
Monotropa  uniflora,  326. 
Moss,  Flowering,  340. 
Motherwort,  408. 
Mount  Agassiz,  N.  H.,  70. 
Mountain  Daisy,  122. 
Mountain  Fringe,  160. 
Mt.  Desert  Island,  122. 
Mt.  Equinox,  Vt.,  4. 
Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  530. 


580 


INDEX. 


Mt.  Monroe,  N.  H.,  432. 
Mt.  Moosilauke,  N.  H.,  280. 
Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.,  72,  122, 

200,  280,  424,  430. 
Mud  Plantain,  22. 
Mugwort,  516. 
Mullein,  Moth,  416. 
Mustard,  Black,  172. 
Mustard  Family,  166. 
Mustard,  Field,  172. 
Mustard,  Hedge,  172. 
Mustard,  White,  174. 
Myosotis  laxa,  380. 
Myosotis  scorpioides,  380. 
Myosotis  virginica,  380. 
Myosotis   virginica,    var.    macro- 

sperma,  380. 
Myrtle,  348. 

Nantucket,  Mass.,  4,  48,  116, 
126,  208,  268,  270,  350,  352, 
356,  472,  524. 

Nasturtium  Armoracia,  170. 

Nasturtium  officinale,  170. 

Nasturtium  terrestre,  170. 

Nepeta  Cataria,  400. 

Nepeta  hederacea,  400. 

Nettle,  Dead,  408. 

Nettle,  Hedge,  410. 

Nettle,  Hemp,  410. 

Newfane,  Vt.,  494. 

New  Jersey  Tea,  258. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  154. 

Nightshade,  412. 

Nightshade,  Black,  412. 

Nightshade,  Family,  410. 

Nonesuch,  216. 

North  Easton,  Mass.,  24. 

Nuphar  advena,  126. 

Nuphar  advena,  var.  minus,  128. 

Nuphar  Kalmianum,  128. 

NYMPH^EACE^E,  126. 

Nymphaa  advena,  126. 

Nymphcea  microphylla,  128. 

Nymphcea  odorata,  126. 

Nymphcea  rubrodisca,  128. 

Oakesia  puberula,  36. 
Oakesia  sessilifolia,  38. 
Oakes's  Gulf,  Mt.  W.,  N.  H.,  530. 
OEnothera  biennis,  296. 
OEnothera  fruticosa,  300. 
OEnothera  glauca,  298. 
OEnothera  laciniata,  298. 
OEnothera  Oakesiana,  298. 
OEnothera  pumila,  298. 
Old  Man's  Beard,  130. 
ONAGRACE^E,  292. 
Onosmodium    virginianum,    382, 

560. 

Orange-grass,  272. 
Orangeroot,  150. 
ORCHIDACE.E,  68. 
Orchid  Family,  68. 
Orchis,  Green  Round-Leaved,  86. 
Orchis,  Green  Wood,  84. 


Orchis,  Hooker's,  86. 

Orchis,    Large    Purple    Fringed, 

92. 

Orchis,  Purple,  92. 
Orchis,  Ragged  Fringed,  90. 
Orchis  rotundifolia,  82. 
Orchis,  Showy,  82. 
Orchis,  Smaller  Purple  Fringed, 

92. 

Orchis  spectabilis,  82. 
Orchis,  White  Fringed,  88. 
Orchis,  Yellow  Crested,  88. 
Orchis,  Yellow  Fringed,  88. 
Ornithogalum  umbellatum,  56. 
OROBANCHACE^E,  436. 
Orobanche  uniflora,  436. 
Orono,  Me.,  138. 
Orontium  aquaticum,  16. 
Orpine  Family,  180. 
Osmorrhiza  Claytoni,  314. 
Osmorrhiza  longistylis,  314. 
Oswego  Tea,  398. 
OXALIDACE.E,  234. 
Oxalis  Acetosella,  234. 
Oxalis  corniculata,  236. 
Oxalis  filipes,  236. 
Oxalis  grandis,  236. 
Oxalis  repens,  236. 
Oxalis  stricta,  236. 
Oxalis  violacea,  234. 
Oxeye,  506. 
Oxypolis  rigidior,  308,  559. 

Pachistima  Canbyi,  254. 
Painted  Cup,  430. 
Panax  quinquefolium,  304. 
Panax  trifolium,  304. 
PAPAVERACE.E,  156,  158. 
Papoose  Root,  152. 
Parnassia  caroliniana,  186. 
Parsley  Family,  306. 
Parsley,  Hemlock,  306. 
Parsnip,  Cow,  308. 
Parsnip,  Early  Meadow,  310. 
Parsnip,  Meadow,  310. 
Parsnip,  Water,  310. 
Parsnip,  Wild,  308. 
Partridgeberry,  442. 
Pastinaca  saliva,  308,  310. 
Pea,  Beach,  224. 
Peacham,  Vt.,  190. 
Peanut,  Hog,  226. 
Peanut,  Wild,  226. 
Pea  Partridge,  228. 
Pedicular  is  canadensis,  432. 
Pedicularis  lanceolata,  434. 
Peltandra  sagittcefolia,  12. 
Peltandra  virginica,  12. 
Pemigewasset    Valley,     N.    H., 

252,  456. 

Pennyroyal,  American,  396. 
Pennyroyal,  Bastard,  388. 
Pennyroyal,  False,  388. 
Penthorum  sedoides,  180. 
Pentstemon  hirsutus,  420. 
Pentstemon  leevigatus,  420,  422. 


581 


INDEX. 


Pentstcmon  Icevigatus,  var.  digi- 
talis, 420,  422. 

Pepper-grass,  Wild,  174. 

Peppermint,  392. 

Perilla  frutescens,  390,  560. 

Persicaria,  Pennsylvania,  106. 

Phaseolus  polystachyus,  226. 

Phillip's  Beach,  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  120. 

Phlox  divaricata,  374. 

Phlox,  Downy,  374. 

Phlox  Family,  374. 

Phlox  paniculata,  374. 

Phlox  pilosa,  374. 

Phlox  subulala,  374. 

Phlox,  Wild  Blue,  374. 

PHRYMACE^E,  386. 

Phryma  leptostachya,  386. 

Phy salts  heterophylla,  412. 

Physalis  pubescens,  414. 

Physalis  virginiana,  414. 

Physostegia  virginiana,  406,  561. 

Physostegia  virginiana,  var.  den- 
ticulata,  406. 

Pickerel  Weed,  22. 

Pickerel  Weed  Family,  22. 

Pigweed,  no. 

Pimpernel,  350. 

Pimpernel,  False,  422. 

Pine-sap,  326. 

Pine-weed,  272. 

Pink,  354. 

Pink,  Deptford,  116. 

Pink  Family,  116. 

Pink,  Ground,  374. 

Pink,  Large  Marsh,  356. 

Pink,  Maiden,  116. 

Pink,  Rose,  354. 

Pink,  Sea,  354. 

Pink,  Wild,  118. 

Pinweed,  274. 

Pinxter  Flower,  336. 

Pipsissewa,  320. 

Pitcher  Plant,  176. 

Pitcher  Plant  Family,  176. 

PLANTAGINACE^:,  438. 

Plantago  lanceolata,  438. 

Plantago  major,  438. 

Plantago  Rugelii,  438. 

Plantain,  Common,  438. 

Plantain,  English,  438. 

Plantain  Family,  438. 

Plantain,  Robin's,  500. 

Pleurisy  Root,  366. 

PLUMBAGINACE/E,  350. 

Plumbago,  350. 

Plymouth,  N.  H.,  158,  448. 

Podophyllum,  152. 

Podophyllum  peltatum,  154. 

Pogonia,  Nodding,  80. 

Pogonia  a  finis,  546. 

Pogonia  divaricata,  546. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides,  78,  80. 

Pogonia  trianthophora,  80. 

Pogonia  verticillata,  82. 

Poison  Ivy,  252. 


POLEMONIACE^E,  374. 

Polemonium  reptans,  376. 
Polemonium  Van-Bruntice,  376. 
Polygala  brevifolia,  244. 

POLYGALACE^E,   240. 

Polygala  cruciata,  244. 
Polygala  marina,  242. 
Polygala  paucifolia,  240. 
Polygala  polygama,  242. 
Polygala  sanguinea,  242. 
Polygala  Senega,  242. 
Polygala  verticillata,  244. 
Polygala    verticillata,    var.    am- 
bigua,  244. 

POLYGONACE^E,    102. 

Polygonatum  bijlorum,  36. 
Polygonatum  commutatum,  36. 
Polygonum,  104. 
Polygonum  arifolium  108. 
Polygonum  aviculare,  106. 
Polygonum  erectum,  106. 
Polygonum  hydropiperoides,  106. 
Polygonum  pennsylvanicum,  106. 
Polygonum  Persicaria,  106. 
Polygonum  sagiltatum,  108. 
Polygonum  scandens,  108. 
Polygonum  virginianum,  108. 
Pond-Lily,  Small  Yellow,  128. 
Pond-Lily,  Yellow,  126. 

PONTEDERIACE/E,   22. 

Pontederia  cor  data,  22. 
Poor  Man's  Weather-glass,  350. 
Poppy,  Celandine,  156. 
Poppy  Family,  156. 
Poppy-mallow,  Purple,  264. 
Poppy,  Prickly,  158. 

PORTULACACEjE,    114. 

Portulaca  oleracea,  114. 

Potentilla  Anserina,  202,  557. 

Potentilla  argentea,  198,  557. 

Potentilla  canadensis,  202. 

Potentilla  canadensis,  var.  sim- 
plex, 202. 

Potentilla  fruticosa,  200. 

Potentilla  monspeliensis,  var. 
norvegica,  198. 

Potentilla  palustris,  200. 

Potentilla  recta,  198,  557. 

Potentilla  Robbinsiana,  200. 

Potentilla  tridentata,  200. 

Pownal,  Vt.,  208. 

Prenanthes  alba,  528,  530. 

Prenanthes  altissima,  530. 

Prenanthes  BoQtii,  530. 

Prenanthes  racemosa,  528. 

Prenanthes  serpentaria,  530. 

Prenanthes  trifoliolata,  var.  nana, 
530. 

Primrose,  Dwarf  Canadian,  342. 

Primrose  Family,  340. 

PRIMULACE.E,  340. 

Primula  farinosa,  342. 

Primula  mistassinica,  342. 

Prince's  Pine,  320. 

Profile  House,  Franconia  Notch, 
N.  H.,  202. 


582 


INDEX. 


Profile   Lake,  F.  Notch,  N.  H., 

234 

Prunella  vulgaris,  406. 
Prunella  vulgaris,  var.  laciniata, 

406. 

Psedera  quinquefolia,  260,  554. 
Puccoon,  382. 
Pulse  Family,  208. 
Purple  Flowering-Raspberry, 190. 
Purslane  Family,  114. 
Purslane  or  Pusley,  114. 
Pussy-toes,  500. 
Pycnanthemum  virginianum,  396 
Pycnanthemum   fiexuosum,    396. 
Pyrola  asarifolia,  324. 
PYROLACE^E,  320. 
Pyrola  americana,  324. 
Pyrola  chlorantha,  322,  324. 
Pyrola  elliptica,  324. 
Pyrola  Family,  320. 
Pyrola,  One-flowered,  322. 
Pyrola,  Round-leaved,  324. 
Pyrola  secunda,  322. 
Pyrola,  Small,  322. 
Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  340. 
Pyxie  Moss,  340. 

Quaker  Ladies,  440. 

8ueen  Anne's  Lace,  306. 
ueen-of-the-Prairie,  190. 

Rabbit-foot,  Clover,  210. 
Radicula  aquatica,  170. 
Radicula  Armor acia,  170. 
Radicula  Nasturtium-aquaticum, 

170. 

Radicula  palustris,  170. 
Ragged  Robin,  122. 
Ragweed,  Great,  506. 
Ragwort,  Golden,  518. 
Randolph,  Vt.,  190. 
RANUNCULACE.E,  128. 
Ranunculus  abortivus,  138. 
Ranunculus  abortivus,  var.  eucy- 

clus,  138. 

Ranunculus  acris,  142,  144. 
Ranunculus   acris,    var.    Steveni, 

144. 

Ranunculus  bulbosus,  142. 
Ranunculus  fascicularis,  140. 
Ranunculus  laxicaulis,  138. 
Ranunculus  pennsylvanicns,  142. 
Ranunculus  recurvatus,  140. 
Ranunculus  repens,  142. 
Ranunculus  septentrionalis,   140, 

142. 

Raspberry,  Mountain,  192. 
Rattlebox,  208. 
Rattlesnake  Plantain,  76. 
Rattlesnake-root,  528. 
Rattlesnake-weed,  528. 
RHAMNACE/E,  258.    - 
Rhamnus  alnifolia,  258. 
Rhamnus  cathartica,  258. 
Rhexia  aristosa,  200. 
Rhexia  ciliosa,  290. 


Rhexia  mariana,  290. 
Rhexia  virginica,  290. 
Rhinanthus  Crista-galli,  432. 
Rhododendron         calendulaceum, 

336. 

Rhododendron  canadense,  336. 
Rhododendron  catawbiense,  338. 
Rhododendron  lapponicum,  338. 
Rhododendron  maximum,  338. 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum,  336. 
Rhododendrons,  334- 
Rhododendron  viscosum,  334. 
Rhodora,  336. 
Rhus  copallina,  250. 
Rhus  glabra,  250. 
Rhus  toxicodendron,  252. 
Rhus  typhina,  250. 
Rhus  vernix,  252. 
Ribgrass,  438. 
Richardia,  12. 
Rich  Weed,  390. 
Rock-rose  Family,  274. 
Rosa  blanda,  204. 
ROSACE^:,  182,  188. 
Rosa  canina,  206. 
Rosa  Carolina,  204. 
Rosa  humilis,  206. 
Rosa  nitida,  206. 
Rosa  rubiginosa,  206. 
.Rosa  virginiana,  204. 
Rosebay,  Lapland,  338. 
Rose-Dwarf  Wild,  204. 
Rose  Family,  188. 
Rose  -  mallow,  Halberd  -  leaved, 

266. 

Rose-mallow,  Swamp,  266. 
Rosemary,  Marsh,  350. 
Rose,  Northeastern,  206. 
Rose,  Pasture,  206. 
Rose,  Smooth,  204. 
Rose,  Swamp,  204. 
Roxbury,  Conn.,  422. 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  no. 

RUBIACE^E,  440. 

Rubia  tinctorum,  440. 
Rubus  ChamcBmorus,  192,  569, 
Rubus  odoratus,  190. 
Rudbeckia  hirta,  508. 
Rudbeckia  laciniata,  508. 
Rudbeckia  triloba,  508. 
Rue,  Early  Meadow,  136. 
Rue,  Purplish  Meadow,  138. 
Rue,  Tall  Meadow,  136. 
Rumex  acetosella,  104. 
Rumex  Britannica,  102. 
Rumex  crispus,  102. 
Rumex  elongatus,  102. 
Rumex  obtusifolius,  104. 
Rumex  Patientia,  102. 
Rumex  persicarioides,  104. 
Rumex  verticillatus,  102. 

Sabatia  or  Sabbatia,  354. 
Sabbatia  angularis,  354. 
Sabbatia  dodecandra,  356. 
Sabbatia  gracilis,  354. 


583 


INDEX. 


.Sabbatia,  Lance-leaved,  354. 
Sabbatia  lanceolata,  354. 
Sabbatia  stellaris,  354. 
Saddle  River,  N.  J.,  260. 
Sage,  Lyre-leaved,  398. 
Sage,  Wood,  390. 
Sagittaria  ambigua,  540. 
Sagittaria  ari folia,  538. 
Sagittaria  brevirostra,  538. 
.  Sagittaria  Engelmanniana,  8. 
Sagittaria  graminea,  540. 
Sagittaria  hcterophylla,  540. 
Sagittaria  lancifolia,  538. 
Sagittaria  latifolia,  6. 
Sagittaria   latifolia,    var.    pubes- 

cens,  8. 

Sagittaria  longirostra,  8. 
Sagittaria  platyphylla,  542. 
Sagittaria  subulata,  540. 
Sagittaria  teres,  540. 
Salvia  lyrata,  398. 
Sambucus  canadensis,  446. 
Sambucus  racemosa,  446. 
Sand  Spurry,  126. 
Sandwich,  N.  H.,  70. 
Sandwort,  Mountain,  122. 
Sandwort,  Thyme-leaved,  122. 
Sanguinaria  canadensis,  156. 
Sanicle,  316. 

Sanicula  marilandica,  316. 
Sankaty       Head,       Nantucket, 

Mass.,    204. 

Saponaria  officinalis,  116. 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  58,  132. 

SARRACENIACEvE,   176. 

Sarracenia  flava,  176. 
Sarracenia  pur  pur  ea,  176. 
Sarsaparilla,  Bristly,  302. 
Sarsparilla,  Wild,  304. 
SAXIFRAGACE.E,  182,  188. 
Saxifraga  pennsylvanica,  182. 
Saxifraga  virginiensis,  182. 
Saxifrage,  Early,  182. 
Saxifrage  Family,  182. 
Saxifrage,  Golden,  186. 
Saxifrage,  Swamp,  182. 

SCROPHULARIACE^E,  416. 

Scrophularia    marilandica,    418, 

562. 

Scutellaria  canescens,  404. 
Scutellaria  galericulata,  404. 
Scutellaria  integrifolia,  404. 
Scutellaria  later i flora,  402. 
Scutellaria  nervosa,  406. 
Scutellaria  parvula,  404. 
Scutellaria  parvula,  var.  ambigua, 

404. 

Scutellaria  pilosa,  404. 
Scutellaria   pilosa,   var.   hirsuta, 

404. 

Scutellaria  serrata,  402. 
Scutellaria  versicolor,  402. 
Sea  Lavender,  350. 
Sedum  purpureum,  180. 
Sedum  ternatum,  180. 
Seedbox,  292. 


Self-heal,  406. 

Seneca  Snakeroot,  242. 

Senecio  aureus,  518. 

Senecio  Balsamita,  518. 

Senna,  Wild,  228. 

Sensitive  Plant,  Wild,  228. 

Shelburne,  N.  H.,  70. 

Shepherd's  Purse,  174. 

Shinleaf,  322,  324. 

Shooting  Star,  342. 

Sicyos  angulatus,  456. 

Silene  antirrhina,  118,  553. 

Silene  latifolia,  118 

Silene  noctiflora,  120,  553. 

Silene  pennsylvanica,  118,  553. 

Silene  stellata,  118. 

Silver  Grass,  472. 

Silver-rod,  474. 

Silverweed,  202. 

Sisymbrium  officinale,  172. 

Sisyrinchium  angusti folium,  66. 

Sisyrinchium  atlanticum,  66. 

Sisyrinchium  gramineum,  66. 

Sium  cicutce folium,  310. 

Skullcap,  Mad-dog,  402. 

Skunk  Cabbage,  14,  154. 

Smart  weed,  106. 

Smilacina  racemosa,  30. 

Smilacina  stellata,  32. 

Smilacina  trifolia,  32. 

Smilax  herbacea,  24. 

Smilax  officinalis,  304. 

Smilax  rotundifolia,  24. 

Smilax  rotundifolia,   var.   quad' 

rangularis,  24. 
Smith     College,     Northampton, 

Mass.,    434. 
Snake  Mouth,  80. 
Snakeroot,  Black,  150,  316. 
Snakeroot,  White,  470. 
Snap-dragon,  Small,  418. 
Sneezeweed,  514. 
Snowberry,  450. 
Snowberry,  Creeping,  328. 
Snow  on  the  Mountain,  248. 
Soap  wort,  116. 

SOLANACE^E,  4IO. 

Solanum  Dulcamara,  412. 
Solanum  nigrum,  412. 
Solidago,  472. 
Solidago  arguta,  480,  563. 
Solidago  bicolor,  474. 
Solidago  ccesia,  474. 
Solidago  canadensis,  482. 
Solidago  cutler  i,  476,  564. 
Solidago  graminifolia,  484. 
Solidago  juncea,  480. 
Solidago  latifolia,  474. 
Solidago  macrophylla,  476,  563. 
Solidago  neglecta,  480,  564. 
Solidago  nemoralis,  482,  564. 
Solidago  odora,  478,  564. 
Solidago  p alula,  478,  563. 
Solidago  rigida,  482,  563. 
Solidago  rugosa,  478. 
Solidago  sempervirens,  476. 


584 


INDEX. 


Solidago  serotina,  480. 
Solidago  speciosa,  476,  564. 
Solidago  squarrosa,  474,  563. 
Solidago  tenuifolia,  484. 
Solidago  uliginosa,  476,  563. 
Solidago  ulmifolia,  478. 
Solomon's  Seal,  36. 
Solomon's  Seal,  False,  32. 
Solomon's     Seal,     Three-leaved 

False,  32. 

Sonchus  asper,  534. 
Sonchus  oleraceus,  534. 
Sorrel  Family,  234. 
Sorrel,  Field  or  Sheep,  104. 
Sorrel,  Lady's  236. 
Sorrel,  Violet  Wood,  234. 
Sorrel,  Wood,  234. 
Sorrel,  Yellow  Wood,  236. 
Southbury,  Conn.,  374. 
SPARGANIACE^:,  4. 
Sparganium  americanum,  536. 
Sparganium     americanum,     var. 

androcladum,  4. 

Sparganium  an  gusti folium,  536. 
Sparganium  diver  si  folium,  536 
Sparganium  eurycarpum,  4. 
Sparganium  fluctuans,  536. 
Sparganium  lucidum,  536. 
Sparganium  minimum,  536. 
Sparganium  simplex,  4. 
Spatter-dock,  126. 
Spearmint,  392. 
Specularia  perfoliata,  456. 
Speedwell,  Common,  424. 
Speedwell,  Marsh,  424. 
Speedwell,  Thyme-leaved,  426. 
Spergularia  rubra,  126. 
Spiderwort,  20. 
Spiderwort  Family,  18. 
Spikenard,  302. 
Spir&a,  Aruncus,  190. 
Spiraa  lobata,  190. 
Spiraa  latifolia,  188. 
Spiraa  tomentosa,  188. 
Spiranthes  cernua,  72,  74. 
Spiranthes  gracilis,  74. 
Spiranthes  prcecox,  74. 
Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana,  76. 
Spring  Beauty,  114. 
Spurge,  Cypress,  248. 
Spurge  Family,  246. 
Spurge,  Seaside,  246. 
Spurge,  Spotted,  246. 
Spurge,  Sun,  248. 
Spurge,  White  Margined,  248. 
Squawroot,  436. 
Squirrel  Corn,  162. 
Stachys  tenuifolia,  var.aspera,  410 
Stachys  palustris,  410,  561. 
Staff-Tree  Family,  254. 
St.  Andrew's  Cross,  268. 
Star  Flower,  344. 
Star  Grass,  60. 
Star-of-Bethlehem,  56. 
Statice    Limonium,     var.     caro- 

liniana,  350. 


Steeplebush,  188. 
Steironema  ciliatum,  344. 
Steironema  lanceolatum,  344. 
Stellaria  graminea,  124,  553. 
Stellaria  longifolia,  124. 
Stellaria  media,  124. 
Stenanthium  gramineum,  48. 
Stenanthium,  Stout,  48. 
Stickseed,  European,  378. 
Stickseed,  Virginia,  378. 
Stick-tight,  512. 
Stitchwort,  Lesser,  124. 
Stitch  wort,  Long-leaved,  124. 
St.  John  River,  Fort  Kent,  Me., 

132. 

St.  John's-wort,  Common,  270. 
St.  John's-wort  Family,  268. 
St.  John's-wort,  Great,  268. 
St.  John's-wort,  Marsh,  272. 
St.  John's-wort,  Shrubby,  268. 
St.  John's-wort,  Spotted,  270. 
St.  Libory,    St.   Clair  Co.,    111., 

158. 

Stonecrop,  Ditch,  180. 
Stonecrop,  Wild,  180. 
St.  Peter's-wort,  268. 
Strawberry,     American     Wood, 

196. 

Strawberry,  Wild  Virginia,  196. 
Streptopus  amplexifolius,  28. 
Streptopus  longipes,  28 
Streptopus  roseus,  28. 
Strophostyles  helvola,  226. 
Stylophorum  diphyllum,  156. 
Succory,  524. 
Sumac,  Dwarf,  250. 
Sumac,  Poison,  252. 
Sumac,  Smooth,  250. 
Sumac  Staghprn,  250. 
Sundew  Family,  178. 
Sundew,  Long-leaved,  178. 
Sundew,  Round-leaved,  178 
Sundew,  Slender,  178. 
Sundew,  Thread-leaved,  178. 
Sundrops,  298,  300. 
Sunflower,  Small,  510. 
Sunflower,  Tall,  510. 
Sunflower,  Ten-petaled,  512. 
Sunflower,  Thin-leaved,  512. 
Sunflower,  Woodland,  510. 
Sweetbrier,  206. 
Sweet  Cicely,  314. 
Sweet  Flag,  16. 
Sweet  Scabius,  498. 
Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus,  448. 
Symphoricarpos  racemosus,  450. 
Symphoricarpos  racemosus,   var. 

lavigatus,  552. 
Symplocarpus  fcetidus,  14. 

Tanacetum  vulgare,  516,  568. 
Tansy,  516. 

Taraxacum  erythrospermum,  532. 
Taraxacum  ojficinale,  532. 
Tearthumb,  Arrow-leaved,    108. 
Tearthumb,  Halberd-leaved,  108 


585 


INDEX. 


Teucrium  canadense,  390,  560. 
Teucrium     canadense,     var.     lit- 

tprale,  390. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum,  138. 
Thalictrum  dioicum,  136. 
Thalictrum  polygamum,  136. 
Thalictrum  revolutum,  138. 
Thaspium  aureum,  310,  559. 
Thaspium    aureum,     var.     airo- 

purpureum,  310. 
Thaspium  barbinode,  310. 
Thimble-berry,  190. 
Thimble-weed,  130. 
Thistle,  Canada,  522. 
Thistle,  Common,  520. 
Thistle,  Pasture,  522. 
Thistle,  Sow,  534. 
Thistle,  Swamp,  522. 
Thistle,  Tall,  522. 
Thistle,  Yellow,  520. 
Thorn  Apple,  414. 
Thorn  Apple,  Purple,  414. 
Thorough  wort,  468. 
Thoroughwort,  White,  468. 
Tiaralla  cordifolia,  184. 
Tick  Trefoil,  216. 
Tick  Trefoil,  Canadian,  218. 
Tiedemannia  rigidat  308. 
Tinker's-weed,  448. 
Tissa  rubra,  126. 
Toad-flax,  418 
Toad-flax,  Blue,  416. 
Tobacco,  Indian,  464. 
Toothwort,  166. 
Toothwort,  Cut-leaved,  166. 
Touch-me-not,  Pale,  256. 
Touch-me-not,  Spotted,  256. 
Tradescantia  bracteata,  544. 
Tradescantia  brevicaulis,  544. 
Tradescantia  montana,  544. 
Tradescantia  occidentalis,  544. 
Tradescantia  pilosa,  544. 
Tradescantia  reflexa,  544. 
Tradescantia  rosea,  20. 
Tradescantia  virginiana,  20. 
Trichostema  dichotomum,  388. 
Trichostema  linear e,  388,  560. 
Trientalis  americana,  344. 
Trifolium  agrarium,  212. 
Trifolium  arvense,  210. 
Trifolium  hybridum,  212. 
Trifolium  pratense,  210. 
Trifolium  procumbens,  214. 
Trifolium  re  pens,  212. 
Trillium  cernuum,  42. 
Trillium  declinatum,  42. 
Trillium,  Dwarf  White,  42. 
Trillium  erectum,  40. 
Trillium  grandiflorum,  42. 
Trillium,  Large  Flowering,  42. 
Trillium  nivale,  42. 
Trillium,  Nodding,  42. 
Trillium,  Painted,  42. 
Trillium  recurvatum,  40. 
Trillium  sessile,  40. 
Trillium,  Stemless,  40. 


Trillium  undulatum,  42. 
Trillium  viride,  40. 
Triosteum  perfoliatum,  448. 
Tuckerman's  Ravine,  Mt.  Wash= 

ington,  N.  H.t  338. 
Tumble  Weed,  112. 
Turtle-head,  420. 
Twayblade,  Broad-lipped,  72. 
Twayblade,  Heart-leaved,  72. 
Twayblade,  Large,  70. 
Twinberry,  442. 
Twin-flower,  448. 
Twinleaf,  152. 
Twisted  Stalk,  28. 
Typha  angustifolia,  3. 
Typha  latifolia,  3. 
TYPHACE^E,  3. 

Umbelliferce,  306. 
Umbrella  Leaf,  154. 
Uvular ia  grandi flora,  38. 
Uvular ia  perfoliata,  38. 
Uxbridge,  Mass.,  132. 

VALERIANACE^,  452. 
Valeriana  officinalis,  454. 
Valeriana  uliginosa,  452. 
Valerian  Family,  452. 
Valerian,  Garden,  454. 
Valerian,  Great  Wild,  454. 
Valerian,  Greek,  376. 
Valerian,  Swamp,  452. 
Valerianella  Woodsiana,  454. 
Valerianella  Locusta,  454. 
Vandal-root,  454. 
Venus's  Looking-glass,  456. 
Veratrum  viride,  46. 
Verbascum  Blattaria,  416. 
Verbascum  Thapsus,  414. 
VERBENACE^E,  384. 
Verbena  angustifolia,  386. 
Verbena  hastata,  386. 
Verbena  officinalis^  384. 
Verbena  urticcefolia,  384. 
Veronia  altissima,  466. 
Veronia  noveboracensis,  466. 
Veronias,  470. 
Veronica  alpina,  var.  unalaschen- 

sis,  424. 

Veronica  americana,  424. 
Veronica  officinalis,  424. 
Veronica  scutellata,  424. 
Veronica  scutellatar  var.  villosa, 

424. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia,  426. 
Veronica  virginica,  422. 
Vervain,  Blue,  386. 
Vervain,  European,  384. 
Vervain  Family,  384. 
Vervain,  Narrow-leaved,  386. 
Vervain,  White,  384. 
Vetch,  Common,  222. 
Vetch,  Cow,  222. 
Viburnum  alnifoliumt  446. 
Vicia  americana,  222. 
Vicia  Cracca,  222. 


586 


INDEX. 


Vine  Family,  260. 
Viola  arenaria,  284. 
Viola  blanda,  280. 
Viola  canadensis,  282. 
Viola  conspersa,  284. 

VlOLACE^E,   276. 

Viola  lanceolala,  280. 
Viola  palmata,  276. 
Viola  palustris,  278. 
Viola  papilionacea,  278. 
Viola  pedata,  276. 
Viola  pubescens,  282. 
Viola  rotundifolia,  280. 
Viola  sagiltaia,  278. 
Viola  Selkirkii,  278. 
Viola  siriata,  284. 
Violet,  Arrow-leaved,  278. 
Violet,  Bird-foot,  276. 
Violet,  Canada,  282. 
Violet,  Common,  278. 
Violet,  Dog,  284. 
Violet,  Dogtooth,  54. 
Violet,  Downy  Yellow,  282. 
Violet  Family,  276. 
Violet,  Lance-leaved,  280. 
Violet,  Marsh,  278. 
Violet,  Pale,  284. 
Violet,  Round-leaved,  280. 
Violet,  Sweet  White,  280. 
Virginia  Creeper,  260. 
Virginia  Day  Flower,  20. 
Virginia  Snakeroot,  100. 
Virgin's  Bower,  128. 
Virgin's  Bower,  Purple,  130. 
VITACE^;,  260. 
Vitis  Labrusca,  260. 
Vitis  vulpina,  260. 


Wake-robin,  40. 
Watercress,  170. 
Watercress,  Marsh,  170. 
Water-lily,  126. 
Water-Lily  Family,  126. 
Water  Pennywort,  316. 
Water  Pepper,  106. 
Water  Plantain,  6. 
Water  Plantain  Family,  6. 
Water  Plantain  Spearwort,  138. 


Water  Purslane,  292. 
Waterville,  Me.,  138. 
Waxwork,  Climbing  Bittersweet, 

254- 

Wayfaring  Tree,  446. 
White  Mt.  Notch,  70. 
Whitlow-grass,  Carolina,  168. 
Whitlow-grass,  Common,  170. 
Wild  Balsam  Apple,  454. 
Wild  Coffee,  448. 
Wild  Garlic,  56. 
Wild  Ginger,  98. 
Wild  Leek,  56. 
Wild  Lemon,  154. 
Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.,  132. 
Willow  Herb,  Great,  294. 
Willow  Herb,  Hairy,  294. 
Willow  Herb,  Spiked,  288. 
Wind  Flower,  132. 
Wintergreen,  330. 
Wintergreen,  Flowering,  240. 
Wintergreen,  Spotted,  320. 
Wormwood,  518. 
Wormwood,  Roman,  506. 
Wormwood,  Tall,  516. 


XYRIDACE^:,  16. 

Xyris  arenicola,  542. 
Xyris  caroliniana,  18. 
Xyris  difformis,  18. 
Xyris  elata,  18. 
Xyris  fimbriata,  542. 
Xyris  flexuosa,  16. 
Xyris  montana,  18. 
Xyris  smalliana,  542. 


Yarrow,  514. 
Yellow-eyed  Grass,  18. 
Yellow-eyed  Grass,  Carolina,  18 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family,  16. 
Yellow  Melilot,  214. 
Yellow  Rattle,  432. 
Yellow  Rocket,  172. 


Zephyr anthes  Atamasco,  60. 
Zizia  aurea,  310,  312. 


587 


Field  Book  of  American 
Trees  and  Shrubs 

By 
F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

Author  of  "  Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers," 
"  Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music" 

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and  value.  The  book  covers  the  entire  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States.  An  important  feature 
is  a  series  of  maps  showing  the  habitat  of  the 
various  species. 

New  York        G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  London 


Field    Book    of 

American  Wild 

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By 
F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

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Being  a  Short  Description  of  their 
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in  their  Fertilization.  With  24  Repro- 
ductions in  Water-Color,  and  Numer- 
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