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1960
National Survey of
Fishing and Hunting
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C. - Price 50 cents
National Survey of
Fishing and Hunting
The second nationwide economic survey of
sport fishing and hunting in the United States
T
T
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Stewart L. Udall, Secretary
Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
Daniel H. Janzen, Director
Circular 120
FOREWORD
Fishing and hunting are among the Nation's
most popular outdoor sports. The second National
Survey of Fishing and Hunting in the United
States, covering the calendar year 1960, shows that
these traditional American activities are even more
significant now to our national economy and way
of life than they were in 1955, the year covered by
the first survey. The 1960 survey reveals millions
of participants who spend billions of dollars, hun-
dreds of millions of days and travel billions of miles
to enjoy sport fishing and hunting. Millions of
American families take advantage of these outdoor
recreational sports. Fishing and hunting are en-
joyed by every member of the family — female as
well as male; the very young and elderly as well as
those in the prime of life.
Our people have turned in ever-increasing num-
bers to the healthful out-of-doors. As industrial
technology, automation, and other advances have
increased wages and shortened the workweek, the
time and money available for recreation have con-
tributed to this change. With this additional free
Washington, D.C.
September 1961
II
time, a large proportion of our citizens go outdoors
and test their sporting skills against the denizens of
the deep, the streams and the woods.
It should be noted that the cost of this report and
the survey on which it is based was borne entirely
from funds derived from excise taxes on sporting
arms and ammunition and on certain types of fish-
ing tackle. These funds, except for administrative
costs, are allocated to the States for fish and wildlife
restoration work. The funds expended for this
survey would have been so allocated had they not
been used for the survey, made at the request of the
States. Consequently, the expenditure of funds on
this survey has had no effect whatever on the
Federal budget.
The knowledge gained from the 1960 survey is in-
valuable in administering and planning for the fish
and wildlife resources of our Nation. Such knowl-
edge is essential to State and Federal agencies which
must manage fish and wildlife populations so as to
meet the requirements of our ever-growing human
population for sport fishing and hunting.
Director, (J \J
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
United States Department of the Interior
SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS
Fifty million of the 130 million people in this
Nation over 12 years old went fishing, hunting, or
both, in 1960. This is nearly 2 out of every 5
persons in this age group. Approximately 45 mil-
lion fished during the year, including many who
also hunted. The total who hunted is roughly 20
million, the majority of whom are fishermen as well.
A detailed study of participation in these sports,
including types of fishing and hunting, expendi-
tures, mileage traveled and the like, was made of
the more active sport fishermen and hunters, who
for the most part, were licensed or, if unlicensed,
either took part in these sports on several oc-
casions or reported at least a modest expenditure
for these activities. This study — the National Sur-
vey of Fishing and Hunting — revealed an esti-
mated 30 million sport fishermen or hunters in
1960, some 23 percent of the population 12 years
old and over. These more substantial partici-
pants reported around 650 million recreation days
of fishing and hunting and an expenditure of
close to 4 billion dollars on these pastimes. As
compared with a similar survey conducted in
1955, the number of these sportsmen had increased
by over 5 million and their expenditures by 1
billion dollars.
The remainder of this report is confined to the
results of the detailed study with appropriate
comparisons with the 1955 results. A further ex-
planation of the difference between the total
number of participants and the substantial partici-
pants, with whom this detailed report is concerned,
is given in the appendix to this report (see page
70). The two estimates were obtained from dif-
ferent surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census. Part of the difference can be attributed to
sampling variability and different survey procedures.
In the main, however, the diflference represents the
exclusion from the National Survey of Fishing and
Hunting of incidental participants: those who were
unlicensed and who fished or hunted on only one
or two occasions and reported virtually no expend-
iture. Available data indicate that the sport
fishermen and hunters included in the National
Survey account for approximately 95 percent of all
recreation-days of effort and 99 percent of all
expenditures for these activities.
Ill
CONTENTS
II Foreword
III Survey Highlights
2 Up!
6 Basis and Background
7 What the Survey Measured
8 Illustrations and Charts
Appendixes:
41 A. Statistical Tables, 1-28
63 B. Definitions
69 C. Areas of Noncomparability Between the
1955 and 1960 National Surveys of Fish-
ing and Hunting
70 D. The Technique of the Survey and Dif-
ferences Between Total Participants and
Substantial Participants
73 E. Statistical Reliability Analysis
IV
Sport Fishermen and Hunters and Their Expenditures
1955
Ten Millions of Fishermen and Hunters
Billions of Dollars
I
4
SS.9 Billions
Expenditures
30.4 Millions
3-
24.9 Millions
-2
-1-
Number of Fishermen
and Hunters
1960
S3.9 Billions
Number of Fishermen
and Hunters
Expenditures
UP!
National statistics on sport fishing and hunting
show the same trends as other national data.
UP! Personal expenditures on all recreation rose
by almost 60 percent in the fifties. Thirty mil-
lion people spent almost $4 billion for the fun of
fishing and hunting, during 1960, as compared
with 25 million who spent $3 billion in 1955.
As a Nation, we play a little more each year.
Our work week has grown shorter and shorter
during the first half of this century. Perhaps you
remember when we worked 60 or more hours a
week at the turn of the century. If you are too
young to remember, your father, or at least your
grandfather, remembers those long-hour work-
weeks. Now all of us have more time to our-
selves— it is no longer rare for us to find a person
going on a vacation for a month, especially a
person with seniority on the job. Another and
newer development in our Nation is that as many
as 25 million Americans are "making a living"
from retirement income or other sources.
Besides having a greater amount of time for
play, we also have an increasing amount of money
to spend on pastime activities. Family expendi-
tures account for about two-thirds of all goods and
services purchased during a year. As a Nation
of consumers we have achieved a level of living
above that of subsistence. The family budget calls
for less and less spending on "hard" goods. Big
items like houses and automobiles, demanded after
World War II, have been bought and demand
for those items has declined from postwar peaks.
Not only have our families shown a trend to shift
their buying patterns, but they have more dis-
cretionary income — the amount of money left over
after necessities have been bought and over which
the family can exercise option on other purchases.
Discretionary income accounts for about one-
third of our total personal income and will proba-
bly increase more in the future. About three-fifths
of our families have some discretionary income and
many family treasuries are bulging. Personal buying
of necessities like food, clothing, and shelter, has risen
moderately during the past few years. This means
that discretionary incomes have increased more rap-
idly and that the families of our Nation are choos-
ing the more esthetic values of life with each advance
they make up the rungs of the income ladder. They
are interested in these real values and will pay for
them. Families are now thinking twice before buying
goods and services which they neither need nor desire.
Money spent on vacations has doubled in the
postwar period. During the same time, money
spent on alcoholic beverages, for example, has in-
creased only by 7 percent. These dollar ballots
have not gone unnoticed by the businessman who
is devoting a greater amount of effort to satisfying
family needs in the recreation field. The manu-
facturers of sport fishing tackle and of sporting
arms and ammunition have taken advantage of
new materials and automation to make their wares
less expensive and more popular than ever. The
new equipment is light enough for children and
easy enough for women and the elderly to handle.
Fishing and hunting are pop-
ular sport pastimes with the
family — Mom, Dad, Sis, and
Jr., all take part. Along with
the "exploding" growth of our
population, sport fishing and
hunting are significant ingredi-
ents in the growth of expendi-
tures on recreational activities
in our country.
In 1955
20,813,000
SPORT FISHERMEN
Spent
Money
Recreation-days
$1,914,292,000
397,447,000
Trips taken
Miles by automobile
341,333,000
17,910,434,000
Mean
$91.98
19.1
Adedian
$29.75
9.5
8.0
319.0
Spent
Money
Recreation-days
$936,687,000
169,423,000
$27.30
8.5
Trips taken
Miles by automobile
154,370,000
6,072,296,000
13.1
515.3
5.5
206.0
25,323,000
SPORT FISHERMEN
In f960 ^^^^B
Money
Spent I
Recreation-days
$2,690,872,000
465,769,000
Mean
$106.26
18.4
Median
$27.09
9.0
CiU^
Trips taken
Miles by automobile
412,343,000
18,834,947,000
16.3
743.8
7.6
216.0
14,637,000
HUNTERS
Spent
Money
Recreation-days
$1,161,242,000
192,539,000
$79.34
13.2
$27.90
8.2
Trips taken
Miles by automobile
178,284,000
7,612,615,000
12.2
520.1
m
208.0
1
598736 0-6I— 2
BASIS AND BACKGROUND
Our Federal and State governments, as well as
the various conservation organizations, have be-
come increasingly concerned with the dwindling
natural resources of our country. The factors
which have made us a rich and advanced indus-
trial Nation have also threatened our invaluable
fish and wildlife resources, even to the point of ex-
tinction in many areas. Urbanization and indus-
trialization, for instance, have led to water-pollu-
tion, which has killed fish and wildlife and re-
sulted in great losses of their natural habitat
Intensive planning for and management of our
fish and wildlife resources will be required to as-
sure opportunities for fishing and hunting for the
more than three-fold increase in the number of
fishermen and hunters expected by the close of
this century. Conservation agencies have struggled
to maintain and to improve these natural re-
sources. Maintenance and improvement of these
resources cost money, and the spending of money
for these purposes requires justification. One
measure of the importance of fish and wildlife re-
sources is personal expenditures on sport fishing
and hunting and the significance of their contri-
bution to our national economy.
6
As a Nation we have spent all too little to protect
our valuable fish and wildlife resources. One of the
primary sources of financing such protection comes
from taxes and fees paid by sport fishermen and
hunters for their part in these sport activities.
These include excise taxes on sport fishing tackle
and sporting arms and ammunition and state
license fees. In fiscal year 1960, excise taxes
amounted to $21 million and state license fees
amounted to $115 million. Excise taxes provide
the source of funds for the Federal Aid in Fish and
Wildlife Restoration programs. Under these pro-
grams, the funds are made available to the State
fish and game departments for fish and wildlife
management purposes. This survey is one of the
coordinated programs between our Federal and
State governments and is financed directly from
these Federal Aid funds.
Conservation agencies need comprehensive infor-
mation provided by this survey for carrying out
their individual restoration, management, and
other fish and wildlife programs. The Interna-
tional Association of Game, Fish and Conservation
Commissioners, which includes the fish and game
commissioners and directors of the 50 States and
the Canadian Provinces, requested this survey as
well as the similar survey in 1955. This Associa-
tion recommended that the U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service carry out this survey similar to the one
in 1955. After approval by the Bureau of the Bud-
get, the Bureau of the Census, the principal data-
collection agency of the Federal Government, con-
ducted this second National survey of fishermen
and hunters.
WHAT THE SURVEY MEASURED
The National Survey of Fishing and Hunting
measures the amount of money and time spent
and the number of trips made by American fisher-
men and hunters to participate in these sports.
It shows the number of these sportsmen by house-
holds and by their chief social and economic
characteristics — geographic area, population den-
sity, age, sex, occupation, and income. In addi-
tion, it shows: (1) the number of fresh-water fisher-
men fishing in man-made ponds and reservoirs, in
natural lakes and ponds, and in rivers and streams;
(2) the number of salt-water fishermen fishing in
the surf, in bays and sounds, in tidal rivers and
streams, and in the adjoining sea; (3) the num-
ber of hunters who hunt for big game, small game,
waterfowl, and mourning doves; (4) the number
of ducks bagged, and (5) expenditures on boats
and motors and boat launching, automobile ex-
penditures, expenditures on other types of trans-
portation, other trip expenditures, and daily en-
trance fees.
Exact comparability was not maintained with
1955 data in all detail due to the addition of a
great deal of new information, the desirability of
showing certain expenditures separately, and other
changes since 1955. The most obvious change
since 1955 is the addition of two new States,
Alaska and Hawaii. In some cases, the classifi-
cations used in 1955 were changed for statistical
comparability with other data. This is no im-
pairment. Details of these differences are shown,
or described, at the back of this booklet, in Ap-
pendix C. The net result of these and other
changes is that (1) expenditures on food show a
greater increase than would have occurred if the
1955 procedures had been used, and (2) expendi-
tures for "Bait, Guide Fees and Other Trip Ex-
penses" are lower than they would have been
under the 1955 procedures.
In J955, $2,851 million
spent on fishing and
hunting
In 1960, $4 Billion spent on Fishms and Huntins
Auxiliary
equipment
32%
Privilege fees
and other expenses
24%
Fishing and hunting
equipment
17%
Transportation
expenses
14%
Food and
lodging
10%
Licenses
^ht
In 1955, $1,914 million
spent on fishing
In I960, $3 Billion spent on Fishing
Auxiliary
equipment
37%
Privilege fees
and other expenses
26%
Fishing
equipment
11%.
Transportation
expenses
+ /O
Food and
lodging
10%
ht
@
dP
In 1960, $1 Billion spent on Hunting
In 1955, $937 million
spent on hunting
I
Auxiliary
equipment
19%
Privilege fees
and other expenses
22%
Hunting
equipment
31%
Transportation
expenses
14%
Food and
lodging
9%
Licenses
5%
€tt&?
*
10
Fresh-Water Fishing
1955 1960
P
1 8,420,000
FISHERMEN
21,677,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT SPENT
$1,425,353,000
$77 each
$2,064,680,000
$95 each
11
Salt-Water Fishins, 1955
WEST COAST
1,137,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$1 77,077,000
$1 56 each
EAST COAST AND GULF
3,420,000
FISHERMEN
/-^
TOTAL
4,557,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$488,939,000
12
Salt-Water Fi'shins/ I960
ATLANTIC COAST
3,383,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$346,373,000
$102 each
GULF COAST
1,437,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$144,857,000
$101 each
PACIFIC COAST
1,472,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$1 34,961 ,000
$92 each
TOTAL
6,292,000
FISHERMEN
SPENT
$626,191,000
598736 0-61— 3
13
Waterfowl Hunting
1955
1,986,000
WATERFOWL HUNTERS
SPENT
$118,745,000
$60 each
SPENT
$89,436,000
$46 each
14
Small Game Hunting
1955
1960 ^^^1
9,822,000
SMALL GAME HUNTERS
12,105,000
SMALL GAME HUNTERS
SPENT
$494,033,000
$50 each
SPENT
$726,118,000
$60 each
15
Big Game Hunting
1955
1960
^m^ BIG GAME HUNTERS"
6,277,000
BIG GAME HUNTERS
SPENT
SPENT
r.
[ $323,909,000
$73 each
$345,694,000
$55 each
16
Fishing and Hunting Households
^
1955 1960
20 MILLION
Households that had one or more
Fishermen or Hunters
17
Percentage of Households with Fishermen or Hunters
1955
TOTAL
Alaska and Hawaii not included in 1955
18
In 1955 In 1960
12,938,000 MEN FISHED
14,750,000 MEN FISHED
One in every four
.t J. A
19
In f955 In i^
4,689,000 WOMEN FISHED 5,683,000 WOMEN FISHED
Bill
One in every eleven
HHII
One in every ten
I It I I
20
In 1955 "Tfi 1960
m
9,675,000 MEN HUNTED
11,169,000 MEN HUNTED
Unc 171 every jivc
1 J 3 3
.598736 Of) I— 4
21
In 1955 In I960
418,000 WOMEN
HUNTED
BH H M I H i M H
I M n M H 1 1 1 H
I H I M H M M H
HH HHMMH
U H M H M M M M M
i i H H H M i H H n H
M li H M I n i H i 41 n
M M HMM M Mi IH
One in every 128 One in every 6g
QIIH tf Hit
HHHMH
IIHMtl It
JzMJJAMJAM
♦ I HHHM IM
22
Trend in Growth of Population and in the Number of
Fishermen and Hunters, 1955-1975
Population — millions
300
200-
Actual
-^< Projeckd-
100-
90-
80-
70-
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
23
Percent of Fishermen In Regional Populations
Pacific
^>V
Alaska and Hawaii
not included in 1955
^
South Atlantic
South
Central
24
Percent of Hunters In Regional Populations
Pacific
tl
New
England
W^W^ Central Middle I
Mountain West North . Si (^H|
21 Central ^ ^^BmwSSL^ ^^^^9
iiiH '17 17 w ^HH^a ^^
Alaska and Hawaii
not included in 1955
**/.«*
Bji
South Atlantic
a
East
South
Central
25
Percent of Sport Fishermen In Cities, Towns, and Rural Areas
U
10% 1955
10% I960
n n "-- / \
nO|iiD«i I" B Tinn (1
•fm
MALL
fclTIES
/>
\lflIH3
iriJTll
^'
^
RURAL
■,REAS
25%
26
Percent of Hunters in Cities, Towns, and Rural Areas
2% 1955
3% I960
27
Sport Fishermen By Age Groups, 1955 and I960
Total population in mi
14.6|l8.8
Percent oj population
28
Hunters By Age Groups, 1955 and 1960
Total population in millions
14.6 I 18.8
Percent of population
^
Age
598736 0-6I— 5
29
Sport Fishermen Travel By Automobile . . .
1955 '
Miles
u
2,062,000
3,940,000
I960
0-1
4,271 ,000
5,453,000
5,204,000
l-lii(i
3,093,000
3,811,000
101-250
2,838,000
3,257,000
251-500
1,768,000
2,196,000
501-750
1,328,000
1,534,000
751-1,000
Over 1,000
5,378,000
30
Hunter Travel By Automobile . . .
<^
Miles
1955
1,656,000
2,1 36,000
O-l
2,853,000
3,194,000
1-1 (Hi
2,105,000
2,625,000
101-2-.il
1,712,000
2,314,000
946,000
1 ,401 ,000
501-^-^0
685,000
771,000
751-1.1100
1,827,000
2,198,000
Over 1,000
31
10.4 Billion Miles By Automobile in 1955
32
13.2 Billion Miles By Automobile in 1960
i
I
V
SMALL
GAME
BIG
GAME
WATER-
FOWL
FRESH
WATER
SALT
WATER
7.5
1.7
"^
33
Fishing and Hunting Licenses, 1955
LICENSED NOT LICENSED
One in three
Fish
ernfien
1
1,833,000
Hunters
me in six
1 wlwili
34
Fishing and Hunting Licenses, I960
LICENSED NOT LICENSED
Fish
ermen
One in three ^
2,761 ,000
One in five
Hunters
1 1 1 tl
35
567 Million Days of Recreation in 1955
1 1 8,630,000
SMALL GAME
I
'^'
4
30,834,000 A
BIG GAME
19,959,000
WATERFOWL
V
FISHING
397,447,000
338,826,000
FRESH WATER
58,621,000
SALT WATER
36
658 Million Days of Recreation in I960
39,190,000
BIG GAME ^
1 5,1 58,000
WATERFOWL
V
FISHING
465,769,000
385,167,000
FRESH WATER
80,602,000
SALT WATER
4
37
Sport Fishermen and Hunters By Income,
United States I960
Percent total number of fishermen and hunters
100
CUMULATIVE
80-
60-
40-
20-
0 2 4
* Example: About 60 percent oj fishermen and hunters
have annual incomes of $7,000 or less.
6 8
Annual Income ($ thousands)
10
12
14 ^ 15
and over
38
Average Daily Expenditures By Sport Fishermen, 1955 and 1960
Percent of sport fishermen
25
90
^(960
15
p
k
V
r
^ «
▲
1955
(
10
11
c
1
1
^
0
$0.00-
$0.99
$1.00-
$1.99
$2.00-
$2.99
$3.00-
$3.99
$4.00-
$4.99
Do
$5.00-
$5.99
liars spent per
day
$6.00-
$6.99
$7.00-
$7.99
$8.00-
$8.99
$9.00-
$9.99
$10.00
and over
39
Average Dally Expenditures By Hunters, 1955 and 1960
Percent of hunters
25
20
15
10
1960
1955
$0.00-
$0.99
$1.00-
$1.99
$2.00-
$2.99
$3.00-
$3.99
$4.00- $5.00- $6.00-
$4.99 $5.99 $6.99
Dollars spent per day
$7.00-
$7.99
$8.00-
$8.99
$9.00-
$9.99
$10.00
and over
40
APPENDIX A— STATISTICAL TABLES
Detailed data shown in the following tables do not al-
ways add to the totals. Differences are due to the inde-
pendent rounding of each of the estimates.
41
Table (.—Expenditures of Persons Who Fished
and/or Hunted in I960
The lolal number of sport fishermen and/or hunters (1 2 and over) in the United States
was 30,435,000.
Percent
Average
Number
of all
spent per
Expenditure item
of
fishermen
Total spent
fisherman
spenders
and/or
hunters
and/or
hunter
Thousands
Thousands
United States total
29,411
96.6
$3,852, 116
$126.57
Food and lodging:
Food
17,431
57.3
286, 983
9. 43
Lodging
3,545
11.6
89,516
2.94
Transportation:
Automobile
26,158
85.9
529, 749
17.41
280
0.9
14,759
.48
Auxiliary equipment:
2,586
8.5
881,051
28.95
7,986
21,243
26.2
69,8
331,964
663, 789
10.91
Fishing and hunting equipment
21.81
Licenses, tags, and permits:
Licenses, tags, and permits
20,417
67. 1
110,844
3.64
Duck stamps
* 1,526
5.0
4,575
. 15
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. .
991
3.3
23, 435
.77
Daily entrance and privilege fees . .
3, 108
10.2
49, 670
1.63
Bait, guide fees, and other trip ex-
penses
17, 655
58.0
609, 685
20.03
Other
9,129
30.0
256, 097
8.41
Table 2. — Expenditures of Persons Who Fished in I960
The total number of sport Fishermen (1 2 and over) in the United Stales was
25,323,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging
Transportation :
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
.Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Fishing equipment. .
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and other:
.\nnual lease and privilege fees. . .
Daily entrance and privilege fees.
Bail, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
Boat launching fees
Other
Number
of
spenders
Thousands
24, 287
14,067
2,782
21,378
228
2,460
5,020
1 5, 720
14,402
615
2,558
17,211
1,097
3,911
Percent
of all
fishermen
95.9
55.6
11.0
84.4
0.9
9.7
19, 8
62. 1
56.9
2.
10.
68.0
4.3
15.4
Total spent
Average
spent per
fisherman
Thousands
$2, 690, 872
208, 731
62, 129
369, 762
6,380
759, 627
236, 333
308, 326
52, 743
12, 934
34, 543
572, 596
16,279
50, 489
$106. 26
8.24
2.45
14,60
.25
30.00
9.33
12, 18
2,08
. 51
1.36
22.61
.64
1.99
*Purchases of duck stamps by hunters who did not hunt waterfowl i
"licenses, tags, and permits."
1960 are included in the category
43
Table 3. — Expenditures of Fresh- Water Fishermen
in 1960
The total number of fresh-water fishermen (12 and over) in the United States was
21,677,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging
Transportation :
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Fishing equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. - .
Daily entrance and privilege fees .
Bait, guide fees, and other trip ex^
penses
Boat launching fees
Other
Number of
spenders
Percent
of all
fresh-
water
fisher-
men
Thousands
20, 756
95.8
11,560
2,288
53.3
10.6
18,350
107
84.7
.5
1,942
4,201
13,380
13, 404
9.0
19.4
61.7
61.8
555
2,247
2.6
10.4
13,518
784
3,227
62.4
3.6
14.9
Total
spent
Thousands
$2, 064, 680
152,025
49, 378
301,470
1, 345
584, 550
216, 635
234, 380
49, 170
8,341
31,166
390, 470
9,723
36, 033
A ver-
age
spent
per
fisher-
man
S95. 25
13.91
.06
26. 97
9. 99
10.81
2.27
.39
1. 44
18.01
.45
1.66
Table 4. — Expenditures of Salt- Water Fishermen
in I960
The total number of salt-water fishermen (12 and over) in the United States was
6,292,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging
Transportation:
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Fishing equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. .
Daily entrance and privilege fees .
Bait, guide fees, and other trip ex-
penses
Boat launching fees
Other
Number of
spenders
Percent
of all
salt-
water
fisher-
men
Thousands
6,007
95.5
3,657
588
58.1
9.3
4,971
122
79.0
1.9
521
863
2,894
1,235
8.3
13,7
46.0
19.6
58
352
.9
5.6
5,426
312
694
86.2
5.0
11.0
Total
spent
Thousands
$626,191
56, 705
12, 749
68, 293
5,037
175,077
19,701
73, 945
3,575
4,595
3, 379
182,127
6,555
14,457
Aver-
age
spent
per
fisher-
man
$99. 52
9.01
2.03
10.85
.80
27.83
3. 13
11.75
.57
.73
.54
28.95
1.04
2. 30
44
Table 5. — Expenditures of Atlantic Coast Salt-Water
Fishermen in I960
The total number of salt-water Fishermen (12 and over) on the Atlantic coast was
3,383,000.
Expentlilure item
Number
of
spenders
Percent
of all
Atlantic
salt-
water
fisher-
men
Total spent
A verage
spent
per
fisher-
man
United States total
Food and lodging:
Thousands
3, 177
1,843
216
2,516
77
269
440
1,455
125
34
248
2,888
100
380
93.9
54.5
6.4
74.4
2.3
8.0
13.0
43.0
3.7
1.0
7.3
85.4
3.0
11.2
Thousands
$346, 375
32, 301
6,325
36, 526
1,884
113,880
8,465
35, 465
417
2,782
2,287
96, 577
4,592
4,873
$102. 39
9.55
Lodging
Transportation;
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boat,s and boat motors
General ...
1.87
10.80
.56
33.66
2. 50
10.48
Licenses tags and permits
. 12
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. . . .
Daily entrance and privilege fees . .
Bait, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
Boat launching fees . .
.82
.68
28.55
1. 36
Other
1. 44
Table 6. — Expenditures of Gulf Coast Salt-Water
Fishermen in I960
The total number of salt-water fishermen (12 and over) on the Gulf Coast was
1 ,437,000.
Percent
of all
A verage
Number
Gulf
spent
Expenditure item
of
Coast
Total spent
per
spenders
salt-
water
fisher-
men
fisher-
man
Thousands
Thousands
United States total
1,389
96. 7
5144,857
8100. 81
Food and lodging:
Food
837
58.2
12,078
8.41
Lodging
250
17.4
4,249
2.96
Transportation:
1, 154
80. 3
18,464
12.85
30
2. 1
3,079
2. 14
Auxiliarv equipment:
Boats and boat motors
128
8.9
31,037
21.60
General
206
14.3
5,279
3.67
Fishing equipment
649
45.2
18,879
13.14
Licenses, tags, and permits
431
30.0
899
.63
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. . . ,
14
1.0
1,800
1.25
Dailv entrance and privilege fees . .
46
3.2
761
.53
Bait, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
1,250
87.0
41,267
28.72
Boat launching fees
115
8.0
1,092
.76
Other
145
10. 1
5,975
4.16
45
Table 7. — Expenditures of Pacific Coast Salt- Water
Fishermen in 1960
The total number of salt-water Fishermen (12 and over) on the Pacific coast was
1,473,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging .
Transportation :
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
Genera!
Fishing equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and ottier:
Annual lease and privilege fees . .
Daily entrance and privilege fees.
Bait, guide fees, and other trip ex-
penses
Boat launching fees
Other
Number of
spenders
Thousands
1,442
977
120
1,300
14
125
218
792
680
10
57
1,287
97
171
Percent
of all
Pacific
coast
salt-
water
fisher-
men
97.9
66.3
8. 1
88.3
1.0
8.5
14.8
53.8
46.2
.7
3.9
87.4
6.6
11.6
Total
spent
Thousands
$134,961
12, 327
2, 175
13,303
75
30,160
5,956
19, 602
2,259
14
329
44, 282
870
3,610
Aver-
age
spent
per
fisher-
man
J91.62
8.37
1.48
9.03
.05
20.48
4.04
13.31
1.53
.01
.22
30.06
.59
2.45
Table 8. — Expenditures of Persons Who Hunted in
I960
The total number of hunters (12 and over) in the United States was 14,637,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging
Transportation:
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Hunting equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits:
Licenses, tags, and permits
Duck stamps
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees.
Daily entrance and privilege fees I'
Daily entrance and privilege fees
112
Bait, guide fees, and other trip ex-
penses
Dogs
Other
Number Percent
of of all
spenders hunters
Thousands
14, 294
6,461
918
12,501
54
159
3,875
11,450
10, 606
1,526
387
191
382
986
2,298
2,044
97.7
44. 1
6.3
85.4
.4
1. 1
26.5
78.2
72. 5
10.4
2.6
1. 3
2.6
6.7
15.7
14.0
Total s
spent
Thousands
$1,161,
242
78,
252
27,
391
159,
987
8,
379
121,
423
95,
631
355,
464
58,
098
4,
575
10,
500
7,
067
8
058
37
091
158
908
30
418
Average
spent per
hunter
$79. 34
5.35
1.87
10.93
.57
8.30
6.53
24.29
3.97
.31
.72
.48
.55
2. 53
10.86
2.08
' Daily fees for hunting on commercially operated preserves.
2 Daily fees for hunting on wild lands.
46
Table 9. — Expenditures of Big-Game Hunters in (960
The total number of bij-same hunters (12 and over) in the United States was
6,277,000.
Expenditure item
United States total.
Food and lodging;
Food
Lodging .
Transportation:
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Hunting equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees. . . .
Daily entrance and privilege fees
I 1
Daily entrance and privilege fees
112
Bait, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
Dogs
Other
Percent
Number
of all
of
big-
spenders
game
hunters
Thousands
6, 156
98.1
3,254
51.8
645
10.3
5,811
92.6
12
.2
40
.6
1,714
27.3
3,490
55.6
4,315
68.7
220
3.5
45
.7
161
2.6
465
7.4
115
1.8
610
9.7
Total spent
Thousands
$345, 694
29, 403
1 5, 900
54, 488
51
21,560
50, 625
93, 260
29, 775
3, 173
621
3,274
25, 682
8,376
9,507
Average
spent
per
hunter
S55. 07
4.68
2. 53
8.68
.01
3. 43
8.07
14. 86
4. 74
.51
.10
.52
4.09
1.33
1.51
Table 10. — Expenditures of Small-Game Hunters
in I960
The total number of small-game hunters (12 and over) in the United States was
12,105,000.
Expenditure item
United Slates total .
Food and lodging:
Food ,
Lodging
Transportation:
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Hunting equipment
Licenses, tags, and permits
Privilege fees and other;
Annual lease and privilege fees. . . ,
Daily entrance and privilege fees
I 1
Daily entrance and privilege fees
m
Bait, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
Dogs
Other
Number
of
spenders
Percent
of all
small-
game
hunters
Thousands
11,710
96.7
4,101
339
33.9
2.8
9,761
29
80.6
.2
65
2, 117
9, 102
7,085
.5
17.5
75.2
58.5
85
.7
103
.9
139
I. 1
389
2,135
1,266
3.2
17.6
10.5
Total spent
Thousands
$726, 118
43, 434
9,535
86, 733
7,338
95, 235
38, 638
238, 629
26,126
5,492
4,921
1,716
7,259
145,002
16,063
Average
spent
per
hunter
S59. 98
.59
.79
. 17
.61
7.87
3. 19
19.71
2. 16
. 45
. 41
. 14
.60
11.98
1.33
• Daily fees for hunting on commercially operated preserves.
2 Daily fees for hunting on wild lands.
' Daily fees for hunting on commercially operated preserves.
2 Daily fees for hunting on wild lands.
47
Table (1. — Expendituresof Waterfowl Hunters in I960
The total number of waterfowl hunters (12 and over) in the United States was
1,955,000.
Expenditure item
United States total
Food and lodging:
Food
Lodging .
Transportation :
Automobile
Bus, rail, air, and water
Auxiliary equipment:
Boats and boat motors
General
Hunting equipment . ,
Licenses, tags, and permits:
Licenses, tags, and permits
Duck stamps
Privilege fees and other:
Annual lease and privilege fees . . .
Daily entrance and privilege fees
I '
Daily entrance and privilege fees
II 2
Bait, guide fees, and other trip
expenses
Dogs
Other
Number
Percent
of all
of
spenders
water-
fowl
hunters
Thousands
1,900
97.2
763
27
39.0
1.4
1,777
18
90.9
.9
54
27!
859
2.8
13.9
43.9
571
1,526
29.2
78.1
89
4.6
48
2.5
98
5.0
250
54
193
12.8
2.8
9.9
Total spent
Thousands
$89, 431
5.416
1,953
18,765
990
4.629
6,369
23, 573
2.199
4.575
1,836
1,526
3,070
4,151
5,532
4,848
Average
spent
per
hunter
$45. 74
2.77
1.00
9.60
.51
2. 37
3.26
12.06
1. 12
2.34
.94
.78
1.57
Table 12. — Average Recreation-Day Expenditures
by Sport Fishermen and Hunters in 1955 '
Recreation-dav expenditures
Fishermen
Hunters
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States total ...
Thousands
20,813
533
1,806
1,671
1,515
1,297
1,444
1,197
1,913
1,534
1,276
1,026
789
612
556
1,713
1,126
678
127
100.0
2.6
8.7
8.0
7.3
6.2
6.9
5.8
9.2
7.4
6. 1
4.9
3.8
2.9
2.7
8.2
5.4
3.3
.6
Thousands
11,784
167
721
1,037
917
823
755
580
1,072
844
643
552
376
359
270
995
758
821
94
100 0
$0.00
1. 4
S0.01-$0.49. . . .
$0.50-$0.99
$1 00-$l 49 .
6.1
8.8
7 8
$1.50-$1.99. . . .
7. 0
$2 00-82 49
6 4
$2 50-$2.99
4 9
S3.00-$3.99. ...
9. 1
$4.00-$4.99 ....
$5.00-$5.99 ....
$6.00-$6.99
7.2
5. 5
4. 7
$7 00-$7 99
3. 2
$8 00-S8.99 ....
3.0
$9.00-$9.99
»10.00-$14.99
$15.00-524.99
$25.00-$99.99
$100.00 and over
2.3
8.4
6.4
7.0
.8
' These data, obtained in the 1955 survey of fishing and hunting, were not pubUshed
in the 1955 report. They are included here for purposes of comparison with data
obtained for the i960 survey.
' Daily fees for hunting on commercially operated preserves.
• Daily fees for hunting on wild lands.
48
Table 13. — Average Recreafion-Day Expenditures
by Sport Fishermen and Hunters in I960
Recreation-day
expenditures
United States total
SO.OO
$0.01-80.49
$0.50-S0.99
$1.00-51.49
$1.50-$1.99
$2.00-$2.49
$2.50-$2.99
S3.00-$3.99
$4.00-$4.99
$5.00-$5.99
$6.00-$6.99
$7.00-$7.99
$8.00-58.99
$9.00-$9.99
$10.00-814.99
$15.00-524.99
$25.00-599.99
5100.00 and over
Fishermen
Persons
Number Percent
Thou-
sands
25, 323
1,830
1,738
1,913
2, 151
1,485
1,795
1,190
2,484
1,904
1,576
1,211
1.053
766
501
1,650
1, 131
716
225
100.0
7.2
6.9
7.6
8. 5
5.9
7. 1
4.7
Recrea-
tion-
days
Thou-
sands
465, 769
10, 306
51,063
47, 684
42, 1 58
35,717
34, 671
25, 009
47,715
39, 183
29, 148
19,773
15,955
10,042
8,591
22, 203
14,968
9,394
2, 191
Hunters
Persons
Number Percent
Thou-
sands
14, 637
490
739
1, 159
1,212
912
1,062
644
1,468
1, 141
773
696
547
386
368
1,133
967
847
94
100.0
6.
7.
4.
10.0
7.8
5.
4.
3.
Recrea-
tion-
days
Thou-
sands
192,539
1,542
19, 603
23, 130
16, 832
14, 147
13,736
9,575
19,498
15,814
8,607
7,844
6,661
4,557
4,400
11,623
8,394
5,969
608
49
United States Regional Map
MOUNTAIN
WEST NORTH
CENTRAL
EAST
NORTH
CENTRAL
PACIFIC
NEW
ENGLAND
MIDDLE
ATLANTIC
SOUTH
ATLANTIC
WEST
SOUTH
CENTRAL
EAST
SOUTH
CENTRAL
50
Table 14. — Number of Households With Persons 12 Years OIJ and Older Who Fished and Hunted in 1960
Grouping
United States total
Census geographic divisions:
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central . . . . .
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Population-density:
Big cities
Small cities and suburbs
Towns
Rural areas
Total number
of households in
United States
Number Percent
Thousands
53, 774
3,416
10,878
10.852
4, 136
7,064
3,722
4,788
2,260
6,654
9,390
14, 772
9,044
20, 564
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total households
with fishermen
andjor hunters
Number Percent
Thousands
19,621
924
2,484
3,990
2.065
2,807
1,740
2,258
1,020
2,333
1,612
4, 195
3,542
10, 273
36.5
27.0
22.8
36.8
49.9
39.7
46.7
47.2
45. 1
35. 1
17. 2
28.4
39.2
50.0
Households
with fishermen
and hunters
Households
with fishermen
only
Number Percent Number Percent
Thousands
7,801
295
771
1,628
920
1, 105
842
987
566
687
366
1,277
1,526
4,632
14.5
8.6
7. 1
15.0
22.2
15.6
22.6
20.6
25.0
10. 3
3.9
8.6
16.9
22.5
Thousands
8,290
510
1.054
1,623
809
1,234
561
871
283
1,346
1,091
2,396
1,403
3,399
15.4
14. 9
9.7
15.0
19.
17.
15.
18.
12.
20.
11.6
16.2
15.5
16.5
Total households
with fishermen
Number Percent
Thousands
16,091
805
1,825
3,251
1,729
2,339
1,403
1,858
849
2,033
1,457
3,673
2,929
8,031
29.9
23.6
16.8
30.0
41.8
33. 1
37.7
38.8
37.5
30.6
15.5
24.9
32.4
39.1
Households
with hunters
only
Number Percent
Thousands
3,530
119
659
740
337
468
337
400
170
299
155
521
613
2,241
6.6
1.7
3.5
6.8
10.9
Total households
with hunters
Number Percent
Thousands
11,331
414
1,430
2,368
1,257
1,573 1
1,179
1,387
736
986
521
1,798
2, 139
6,873
21. 1
12. 1
13.1
21.8
30.4
22.3
31.7
29.0
32.6
14.8
5.5
12.2
23.7
33.4
Note: These estimates of the number of households are derived from the sample survey. These estimates vary from the number of households derived in the 1%0 Census of the Population because of sampling variability.
51
Table 15.— Number oF Persons 12 Years Old and Older Who Fished and Hunted in 1960
Grouping
Total number of
persons 1 2 and
over in United
States
Total
who
and/or
Dersons
ished
lunted
Persons who
fished
and hunted
Persons who
fished only
Total persons
who fished
Persons who
hunted only
Total
who h
persons
unted
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States total
Census geographic divisions:
Thousands
131,226
8,349
26, 493
26, 833
10. 149
17,798
9,277
11,837
5,222
15,268
22, 059
35, 358
21,147
52, 662
62, 732
68, 494
13,210
5,548
15,216
21,929
23, 523
36, 287
15,513
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Thousands
30, 435
1,368
3,432
6,316
3,383
4,423
2,778
3,666
1,646
3,422
2,365
6,376
5,334
16,359
23, 171
7,264
4, 118
1,577
3,838
5, 876
6,097
7,378
1,549
23.2
16.4
13.0
23.5
33.3
24.9
29.9
31.0
31.5
22.4
10.7
18.0
25.2
31.1
36.9
10.6
31.2
28.4
25.2
26.8
25.9
20.3
10.0
Thousands
9,525
354
860
1,986
1, 181
1,317
939
1,217
846
828
432
1,474
1,841
5,758
8.820
705
1,212
592
1,443
1,991
1,868
2,062
359
7. 3
4.2
3.2
7.4
11.6
7.4
10.1
10.3
16.2
5.4
2.0
4.2
8.8
10.9
14. 1
1.0
9.2
10.7
9.5
9. 1
7.9
5.7
2.3
Thousands
15,798
851
1,709
3,331
1,674
2,378
1,268
1,916
526
2, 143
1,730
4, 182
2,667
7,218
9,559
6,239
2,505
581
1,509
2,825
3,207
4,221
948
12.0
10.2
6.5
12.4
16.5
13.4
13.7
16.2
10. 1
14.0
7.8
11.8
12.6
13.7
15.2
9. 1
19.0
10.5
9.9
12.9
13.6
11.6
6. 1
Thousands
25. 323
1,205
2,569
5,317
2,855
3, 695
2,207
3,133
1,372
2,971
2, 162
5,656
4,528
12,976
18,379
6,944
3,717
1, 173
2,952
4,816
5,075
6,283
1.307
19.3
14.4
9.7
19.8
28. 1
20.8
23.8
26.5
26.3
19.5
9.8
16.0
21.4
24.6
29.3
10. 1
28. 1
21. 1
19.4
22.0
21.6
17.3
8.4
Thousands
5, 112
163
863
999
528
728
571
533
274
451
203
720
806
3,383
4,792
320
401
404
886
1,060
1,022
1,095
242
3.9
2.0
3.3
3.7
5.2
4. 1
6.2
4.5
5.2
3.0
0.9
2.0
3.8
6.4
7.6
0.5
.3.0
7.3
5.8
4.8
4. 3
3.0
1.6
Thousands
14,637
517
1,723
2,985
1,709
2,045
1,510
1,750
1,120
1,279
635
2, 194
2,667
9,141
13,612
1,025
1,613
996
2,329
3,051
2,890
3,157
601
11.2
6.2
Middle Atlantic
6.5
11. 1
16.8
11.5
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Population-density :
16. 3
14.8
21.4
8.4
2.9
Small cities and suburbs
6.2
12.6
Rural areas
Sex:
17.4
21.7
1.5
Age groups;
12-15 years
12.2
18.0
18-24 years
25-34 years
15.3
13.9
12.3
8.7
3.9
Note: These estimates of the number of the population are derived from the sample i
pling variability.
These estimates vary from the number of the population derived in the 1960 Census of the Population because of sam-
52
Table 16. — Number of Persons Who Fished in Fresh Water and in Salt Water in I960
Grouping
Total number of persons
12 and over in United
States
Total persons who fished
Fished in fresh water
Fished in
salt water
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States total
Thousands
131,226
62, 732
68, 494
13,210
5,548
15,216
21,929
23, 523
36, 287
15,513
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Thousands
25, 323
18,379
6,944
3,717
1,173
2,952
4,816
5,075
6.283
1,307
19.3
29.3
10.1
28.1
21. 1
19.4
22.0
21.6
17.3
8.4
Thousands
21,677
15,820
5,857
3,390
1,062
2,475
4,018
4,342
5,246
1,143
16.5
25.2
8.6
25.7
19.1
16.3
18.3
18.5
14.5
7.4
Thousands
6,292
4.721
1,571
706
226
851
1,364
1,260
1,623
263
4.8
Sex:
7.5
2.3
Age;
12-15 years
5.3
4. 1
1 8-24 years
5.6
25-34 years
6.2
35-44 years
5.4
4.5
65 years and over .
1.7
Note: These estimates of the number nf the population are derived from the sample sur\-ey. These estimates vary from the number of the population derived in the 1960 Census of thr
plinR variability.
rcausc of »am-
53
Table 17. — Number oF Persons Who Hunted Big Gome, Small Game, and WaterFowl in 1960
Grouping
United States total .
Sex:
Men . . ,
Women .
Age:
12-15 years
16-17 years
1 8-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-64 years
65 years and over .
Total number of persons
12 and over in United
States
Number
Thousands
131,226
62, 732
68, 494
13,210
5,548
15,216
21,929
23, 523
36, 287
15,513
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total persons who
hunted
Number
Thousands
14, 637
13,612
1,025
1,613
996
2, 329
3,051
2,890
3, 157
601
Percent
11.2
21.
1.
12.
18.
15.
13.
12.
Hunted big game
Number
Thousands
6,277
5,809
468
472
359
907
1,474
1,315
1,464
286
Percent
4.8
4.0
Hunted small game
Number
Thousands
12,105
11,396
709
1,482
919
2,018
2,458
2, 272
2,519
437
Percent
9.2
18.2
1.0
11.2
16.6
13.3
11.2
9.7
6.9
2.8
Hunted waterfowl
Number
Thousands
1,955
1,837
118
185
161
328
393
394
434
59
Percent
1.5
2.9
.2
1.4
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.2
.4
Note: These estimates of the number of the population are derived from the sample survey. These estimates vary from the number of the population derived in the 1960 Census of the Population because of sam-
pling variability.
54
Table 18. — Fresh-Water Fishermen by Type of Waters Fished in Most Often and Geographic Division in 1960
Census geographic division
of residence
United States total:
Number (thousands)
Percent - - .
New England:
Nuinher (thousands)
Percent
Middle Atlantic:
Number (thousands)
Percent
East North Central:
Number (thousands)
Percent
West North Central:
Number (thousands)
Percent
Total
fresh-water
fishermen
21.677
100.0
906
100.0
1,484
100.0
5,250
100.0
2,842
100.0
Types of fresh-water
Man-made
Reservoirs Ponds
4, 788
22. 1
62
6.9
171
11.5
784
14.9
509
17. 9
2. 518
11.6
11
1.2
106
7. 1
356
6.8
367
12.9
Natural
lakes and
streams
6,874
31.7
537
59.3
521
35. 1
2,695
51.3
1 . 232
43.3
Rivers
and
Ponds
7,493
34.6
294
32. 5
686
46,2
1,416
27.0
734
25.8
Census geographic division
of residence
South Atlantic:
Number (thousands)
Percent
East South Central:
Number (thousands)
Percent
West South Central:
Number (thousands)
Percent
Mountain:
Number (thousands)
Percent
Pacific:
Number (thousands)
Percent
Total
fresh-water
fishermen
2,789
100. 0
2, 079
100.0
2,730
100.0
1.359
100.0
2,237
100.0
Typt:s of fresh-water
Man-made
Reservoirs
Ponds
536
508
19.2
18.2
744
543
35.8
26.1
1,059
517
38.8
18.9
409
46
30. 1
3.4
514
64
23.0
2.9
Natural
lakes and
ponds
526
18.9
171
8.2
479
17.6
206
15.2
507
22.7
Rivers
and
streams
1,218
43.7
621
29.9
674
24.7
698
51.4
1. 152
51.5
55
Table 19. — Salt-Water Fisliermen by Major Coast and Type of Fishing in 1960
Type of fishing
United States total
Surf fishing
Bay and sound fishing
Tidal river and stream fishing
Ocean fishing
Total number salt-water
Atlantic coast
Gulf
coast
Pacific
fishermen in
United States
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Thousands
Thousands
Thousands
Thousands
6,292
100.0
3,383
100.0
1,437
100.0
1,473
1,652
26. 3
821
24.3
442
30.8
389
3, 507
55.7
1,947
57.6
847
58.9
713
1, 567
24.9
959
28.3
357
24.8
251
3, 484
55.4
1,813
53.6
745
51.8
926
Percent
100.0
26.4
48. 4
17.0
62.9
56
Table 20. — Number of Persons Who Took Specified
Numbers of Fishing or Hunting Trips in 1960
Number of trips
Persons who fished
and/or hunted
Persons who
fished
Persons who
hunted
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States total
Once
Twice
3 times
4 or 5 times
6 to 10 times
Thou-
sands
30, 435
3,841
2,502
2, 148
3,122
5,247
3,227
3,624
3,900
1,910
725
188
100.0
12.6
8.2
7.1
10.3
17.2
10.6
11.9
12.8
6.3
2.4
.6
Thou-
sands
25. 323
.3. 734
2,391
2. 119
2,965
4,418
2,731
2, 627
2.623
1.031
564
117
100.0
14.7
9.4
8.4
11.7
17.4
10.8
10.4
10.4
4. 1
2.2
.5
Thou-
sands
14,637
2,079
1,296
1, 191
2,021
2,900
1.688
1,665
1.361
353
65
18
100.0
14.2
8.9
8. I
1.3.8
19. 8
n. 5
16 to 25 times
11. 4
26 to 50 times
9.3
51 to 100 times
101 to 199 times
200 times and over
2.4
.4
. 1
Table 21. — Number of Persons Who Traveled Specified
Distances on Fishing or Hunting Trips in I960
Distance traveled
Persons w
ho fished
Persons who hunted
Numlv
■nt
Number
Percent
United States total
Thousands
25, 323
1.961
6.826
3,988
3,322
2.188
1.551
1,692
1,074
1,171
1,056
492
100.0
7.7
27.0
15.8
13. 1
8.6
6. 1
6.7
4.2
4.6
4.2
1.9
Thousands
14,637
350
4,586
2,779
2,430
1,418
783
948
557
374
302
111
100.0
Less than 1 mile
2.4
1 -99 miles
31.3
100-249 miles
19.0
250-499 miles
16.6
SOO-749 miles
9.7
750-999 miles
1 000-1 499 miles . . .
5.3
6. 5
1 500-1 999 miles
3.8
■5 000-' 999 miles
2.6
3 000-4 999 miles
2. 1
5 000 miles and over
.8
57
Table 22. — Persons Who Took Fishing or Hunting Trips Lasting More Than 1 Day in I960
Grouping
United States total .
Census geographic divisions:
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Population-density:
Big cities
Small cities and suburbs ,
Towns
Rural areas
Sex:
Men
Women
Age:
12-15 years
16-17 years
1 8-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-64 years
65 years and over ...
Total number of persons 12
and over in United States
Number
Thousands
131,226
8,349
26, 493
26, 833
10, 149
17,798
9,277
11,837
5,222
15,268
22, 059
35, 358
21, 147
52, 662
62, 732
68, 494
13,210
5, 548
15,216
21,929
23. 523
36, 287
15,513
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Fished on trips lasting more
than 1 day
Number
Thousands
8,052
313
496
1,877
1, 169
696
488
1,002
799
1,210
799
2,346
1,343
3,564
5,922
2, 130
1,058
304
770
1,631
1,728
2,250
311
Percent
6. 1
3.
1.
7.
11.
3.
5.
8.
15.
7.
3.6
6.6
6.4
6.8
9.4
3. 1
8.0
5. 5
5. I
7.4
7.3
6.2
2.0
Hunted on trips lasting more
than 1 day
Number
Thousands
3,305
84
273
796
381
257
125
333
414
641
273
731
607
1,692
3,028
277
209
155
433
789
761
832
126
Percent
2.5
1.2
2. 1
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.2
2.3
Note: These esrimaies of the number of the population are derived from the sample survey. Tliese estimates vary from the number of the population derived in the 1960 Census of the Population because
pling variability.
58
Table 23. — State Fishing and Hunting License
Holders in I960
Type fishing and
hunting
Total number 12
years old and
older in United
States
Licensed
Unlicensed
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total fishermen
Fished in fresh water . . .
Fished in salt water. . . .
Total hunters
Thousands
25, 323
21, 677
6,292
14,637
6,277
12,105
1,955
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Thousands
15,339
14,476
2,732
11,878
5, 826
9,545
1,772
60. 6
66.8
43.4
81.1
92.8
78.9
90.6
Thousands
9,984
7,200
3,561
2,761
454
2,561
181
39.4
33.2
56.6
18.9
Hunted big game
Hunted small game ....
Hunted waterfowl
7.2
21.2
9.3
Table 24. — Mourning Dove Hunters in I960 by
Geographic Region of Residence oF Hunter
Census geographic region
Number
Percent of all
small-game
hunters
United .States total ....
Thousands
1,357
30
100
929
298
11. 2
Northeast . .
1. 6
North Central
2.4
South . ....
19.7
West
20.8
59
Table 25. — Number of Persons 14 Years Old and Over in the Labor Force Who Fished and Hunted During I960
by Major Occupation Group
Major occupation group
United States total
Professional, technical, and kindred
workers
Farmers and farm managers
Managers, officials, and proprietors,
except farm
Clerical and kindred workers
Sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers
Operatives and kindred workers . . .
Private household workers
Service workers, except private
household
Farm laborers and foremen
Laborers, except farm and mine . . .
Total persons in
the labor force
in United States
Number Percent
Thousands
70, 043
7,682
2,824
7,300
9,978
4,912
9,097
12,702
2,646
6,768
1,980
4, 154
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
Total persons who
fished and/or
hunted
Number Percent
Thousands
20,419
2, 180
1,358
2, 513
1,825
1,221
3,740
3,991
291
1, 124
762
1,414
29.2
28. 4
48. 1
34.4
18.3
24.9
41. I
31.4
11.0
16.6
38.5
34.0
Persons who
fished and hunted
Number Percent
Thousands
7,254
682
586
885
455
390
1,583
1,511
32
286
297
547
10.4
8.9
20.8
12. 1
4.6
7.9
17. 4
11.9
1.2
4.2
15.0
13.2
Persons who
fished only
Number Percent
Thousands
9,086
1,294
311
1,200
1, 164
613
1,494
1,523
240
631
191
425
13.0
16.8
11.0
16.4
11.7
12. 5
16.4
12.0
9. 1
9.3
9.6
10.2
Total persons
who fished
Number Percent
Thousands
16,340
1,976
897
2,085
1,619
1,003
3,077
3,034
272
917
488
972
23.3
25.7
31.8
28. 6
16.2
20. 4
33.8
23.
10.
13.
24.
23.4
Persons who
hunted only
Number Percent
Thousands
4,079
204
461
428
206
218
663
957
19
207
274
442
5.8
2.7
16.3
5.9
2. 1
4.4
7.3
7.5
.7
3. 1
13.8
10.6
Total persons
who hunted
Number Percent
Thousands
11,333
886
1,047
1,313
661
608
2.246
2,468
51
493
571
989
16.2
11.5
37. 1
18.0
6.6
12.4
24.7
19.4
1.9
7.3
28.8
23.8
60
Table 26. — Percentage of Sport Fishermen and Hunt-
ers With Family Incomes Below Specified Levels in
I960
Family income level
Family income under —
S3,000
S4,000
85,000
$6,000
S7,500
$10,000
$15,000
$1 5,000 and over . .
Distribution of
number of fisher-
men and hunters
Percent
17.2
28.1
39
54.
71.
85
95.
100.
Table 28. — Mileage Traveled by Automobile in I960
Car-miles
Passenger-miles
Total fishing and hunting. ...
Thousands
13,243,730
7, 536, 748
1, 707, 329
Thousands
26 447 567
Fishing :
15 430 001
Salt-water
3 404 945
Total
9, 244, 077
1, 362, 197
2, 168, 317
469,139
18 8*^4 947
Hunting:
Big game
Small game
2,998,178
3, 962, 020
652 417
Total
3, 999, 653
7 612 615
Table 27. — Number of Fishermen and Hunters Who
Fished or Hunted Both in the United States and
Outside the United States
Places visited outside the United States
Total
number of
fishermen
and/or
hunters
Total
number of
fishermen
Total
number of
hunters
Thousands
30, 435
455
163
47
Thousands
25, 322
438
160
34
Thousands
14, 637
United States and — ■
41
Mexico. . .
36
13
61
APPENDIX B— DEFINITIONS
Sport Fishing
Sport fishing is the act of catching, or attempting to catch,
fish with a hooiv and line, rod and reel, spear-fishing equip-
ment, or bow and arrow.
Sport Hunting
Sport hunting is the act of taking, or attempting to take,
game with a firearm or bow and arrow.
Sport Fishing and Hunting Outside the United States
Resident United States sportsmen who fished and hunted in
the United States in 1960 are included in this survey. Those
whose only fishing or hunting activity took place outside the
United Slates are not included.
Expenditures on Sport Fishing and Hunting
Expenditures on sport fishing and hunting made in the United
States during 1960 are shown in the illustrations on pages 1
and 8-16 and in the tables on pages 43-48. Individual fisher-
men and hunters identified from a sample of households were
asked detailed questions about their expenditures on these sports
in personal interviews. Some spent nothing, others spent rela-
tively large amounts of money. No one reported on the ex-
penditures of some other sportsmen except for some under 16
years of age. The illustrations and tables show National figures
in total and by different kinds of fishing and hunting and by
type of goods and services bought. These sportsmen's expen-
ditures include purchases by individuals and the value of gifts
received during 1960. Sportsmen were asked to designate, for
each purchase, the activity for which they used this purchase the
most. The entire expenditure for these items was shown under
the designated activity despite the fact that the items may have
been used for more than one activity. Total expenditures on
goods and services made chiefly for fishing and hunting are the
sum of expenditures on: (1) food and lodging; (2) transporta-
tion; (3) auxiliary equipment; (4) fishing and hunting equip-
ment; (5) licenses, tags, and permits; and (6) privilege fees and
other.
(1) Food and lodging. — Outlays on food and lodging are the
sum of expenditures on these items made by sportsmen on fish-
ing and hunting trips. Outlays on food are the sum of meals
plus the cost of snacks and refeshments while fishing and hunting.
However, $7.77 a week per person was deducted from outlays
for restaurant meals to account for that portion of these meal
costs representing the average cost of meals eaten at home. The
cost of groceries brought from home, or purchased on a fishing
or hunting trip for preparation by the sportsman, plus all kinds
of alcoholic beverages, was excluded from outlays on food.
Outlays on lodging while fishing and hunting were obtained
directly from the schedule as reported by the sportsman as his
share of the.se costs.
(2) Transportation. — Outlays on transportation are the sum of
expenditures on automobile transportation and for all other
63
types of transportation when primarily for a fishing and hunt-
ing trip.
Expenditures on automobile transportation were computed at
4 cents a mile and these were divided among the number of
sportsmen making a trip together. E.xpenditures on all other
types of transportation, or a share thereof when not of a public
type, when made as part of a fishing and hunting trip, were in-
cluded in expenditures on transportation.
(3) Auxiliary equipment. — Expenditures on auxiliary equipment
are the sum of purchases and the cost of maintenance of (a)
boats and boat motors and (b) general equipment used pri-
marily for hunting and fishing. General equipment expendi-
tures are the sum of purchases and cost of maintenance of tents,
sleeping gear, cooking and eating utensils, special clothing,
lanterns, binoculars, trailers, cabins, and other equipment used
primarily for fishing and hunting.
(4) Fishing and hunting equipment. — Expenditures of sport fisher-
men on fishing equipment are the sum of purchases and cost
of maintenance of rods, poles, reels, lines, harnesses, nets, seines,
minnow buckets, scales, ice-fishing gear, spear-fishing gear, and
all other equipment used specifically for fishing.
Expenditures of sport hunters on hunting equipment are the
sum of purchases and the cost of maintenance of guns and
rifles, shells and cartridges, bows and arrows, gunsights, targets,
decoys and calls, and all other equipment used specifically for
hunting.
(5) Licenses, tags, and permits. — Expenditures on fishing and
hunting licenses, tags, stamps and permits are the sum of fees
paid for these items to Federal and State governments for the
privilege of sport fishing and hunting. Total sales in 1960 of
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamps, required of all 16 years of age
and over who hunt waterfowl, amounted to 1,621,431 compared
with the 1,526,000 shown in the survey on page 43. Some of
this difference is due to the sale of duck stamps to persons who
did no waterfowl hunting during 1960.
(6) Privilege fees and other. — Expenditures on privilege fees and
other expenses primarily for fishing and hunting are the sum
of (a) daily entrance and other privilege fees; (b) annual lease
and privilege fees; (c) bait, guide fees, and other trip expenses;
(d) boat launchings; (e) expenditures on hunting dogs, and (f)
other expenses.
(a) Annu.'^l le.ase and privilege fees. — Expenditures on an-
nual lease and privilege fees include the purchase of the privi-
lege to fish or to hunt on private lands on a seasonal or annual
basis.
(b) Entrance and other privilege fees. — Expenditures on
entrance and other privilege fees include the purchase of the
privilege to fish or to hunt on private lands on a daily or trip
basis. These expenditures include the fees paid by sport hunters
to hunt on shooting preserves.
(c) Bait, guide fees, and other trip expenses. — Expendi-
tures on bait, guide fees, and other trip expenses for fishing
and hunting are the sum of these items plus such other items
as rentals, charter fees, pack-trip fees, gasoline for the boat,
and ice.
(d) Boat launchings. — Expenditures on boat launchings are
the sum of costs for use of launching facilities primarily for
fishing.
(e) Expenditures on hunting dogs. — Expenditures on hunt-
ing dogs are the sum of purchase and upkeep of dogs used pri-
marily for hunting.
(f) Other expenses. — Other expenses are the sum of the costs
of fishing and hunting magazines, general club dues, admittance
64
fees for fishing and hunting on public lands, and costs not classi-
fied in other categories.
Coastal Area Fished
The number of salt-water fishermen and their expenditures
are divided among the coastal areas of the United States — the
Atlantic, the Gulf, and the Pacific. These data are shown in
the illustrations on pages 12 and 13 and in the tables on pages
44-46. The Atlantic Coast includes the coastal area fi"om
Canada south through Dade County, Florida; the Gulf Coast,
from Dade County, Florida to Mexico; and the Pacific Coast,
from Canada to Mexico. Salt-water fishermen who fished be-
yond the territorial limits of the United States and returned to
a port in the United States are included in these statistics. Those
who fished only from ports outside the United States are not
included.
Fresh-Water and Salt-Water Sport Fishermen and Big-
Game, Small-Game, and Waterfowl Sport Hunters
The number of sport fishermen and hunters in the United
States in 1960 is shown in the illustrations on pages 19-22
and in the tables on pages 52-54. The tables also show these
sportsmen by sex and by age divisions.
Sport fishermen are classified as fresh-water anglers or salt-
water anglers. Fresh-water sport fishing is defined as fishing
on inland streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and coastal streams
above tide limits. Salt-water sport fishing is defined as fishing
in the ocean, coastal bays and estuaries, surf, and coastal streams
below tide limits. Many anglers fish in both fresh water and
salt water. Consequently, the sum of the number of fresh-
water anglers and salt-water anglers exceeds the number of total
anglers reported.
Sport hunters are classified as big-game hunters, small-game
hunters, and waterfowl hunters. Big-game hunting includes
hunting for antelope, bear, deer, elk, javelina (peccary), moose,
mountain goat, mountain sheep, wild boar, and wild turkey.
.Small-game hunting includes hunting for fox, opossum, rabbit,
raccoon, squirrel, dove, grouse, partridge, pheasant, pigeon,
prairie chicken, quail, rail, snipe, and woodcock. Waterfowl
hunting includes hunting for coot, duck, gallinule (marsh hen),
and geese. Many hunters hunt more than one kind of game.
Consequently, the sum of the number of the three types of
hunters exceeds the total number of hunters reported.
Population
The number of sport fishermen and hunters was projected
from a sample of households. The relationship of the number
of these sportsmen to the population is shown in the illustra-
tions on pages 19-25 and in the tables on pages 52-54. The
number of households with sport fishermen or hunters is shown
in the illustration on page 17 and in the tables on page 51.
These data also include the geographic and population density
distribution, age, and sex of the sport fishermen and hunters.
Persons 12 years old and older who fished and/or hunted in
1960 are included in this survey. The sum of the "Total who
fished'" and "Total who hunted" exceeds the total number of
fishermen and hunters because both of these classifications in-
clude a number of sportsmen who both fished and hunted.
The illustrations on pages 28 and 29 and the table on page
52 show the sport fishing and hunting population by age and by
sex. The sepaTkte tabulations shown for the significant age di-
visions are as follows:
12-15 years. Young teen-agers
16-17 years. Older teen-agers
65
18-24 years. The getting started age — young adults, pre-
marriage and early marriage, college students,
and job starters
25-34 years. Young married people beginning families
35-44 years. Parenthood and setting up economic status
45-64 years. Middle age and peak of economic status
65 years and over. Retirement and old age.
Households
Standard Bureau of the Census definitions were used to clas-
sify this subject (see Statistical Abstract of the United States).
The standard divisions used for dividing the United States
into geographic sections' are shown on the map on page 50.
Trend of Population and Sport Fishermen and Hunters
The trends of the population and of the number of sport
fishermen and hunters, 1955 through 1975, are shown in the
illustration on page 23. Total United States population trend
data were furnished by the Bureau of the Census.
The trend in number of sport fishermen and hunters was
constructed from statistics obtained from a simple correlation of
(1) the number of fishermen and hunters and (2) per capita
disposable personal income after taxes — both series for the period
1947-1960.
These projections measure the future only by the .present
trends of the population, numbers of sportsmen, and personal
income.
Sport Fishing and Hunting Trips
Transportation for sport fishing and hunting trips includes all
types — from walking to air travel. The automobile accounted
for the major portion of the trips and distance traveled. Illus-
trations showing summary data on trips and automobile passen-
ger mileage are on pages 4 and 5, and total automobile travel
on pages 31-33. Additional data on trips are shown on pages 57
and 58.
Distance traveled is the total number of miles traveled using
all types of transportation on trips taken primarily for sport fish-
ing and hunting.
Car miles are the miles traveled by automobile primarily for
sport fishing and hunting. Passenger miles are the number of
miles traveled by sport fishermen and hunters in automobiles
on trips taken primarily for fishing and hunting. For example,
if three fishermen traveled 100 miles on a fishing trip, the car miles
would be 100 and the passenger miles would be 300.
Recreation Day
A recreation day is a day, any part of which was spent fish-
ing or hunting.
Sport Fishing and Hunting Licenses
Most sportsmen who fish or hunt are required to buy li-
censes and to pay specific fees to the State or Federal govern-
ments. Since 1955 the number exempted from paying for such
purchases has been reduced considerably. Sportsmen who are
exempted in some States from paying some kind of fee include:
(1) those under a specified age; (2) those over a specified age;
(3) the disabled; (4) active servicemen; (5) property owners;
and, (6) aborigines and indigents. Licenses are required for
fishing in salt water in only two States. The reduction in the
number of sportsmen exempted from paying for a license or fee
is clearly shown in the case of those under 16 years of age
66
who desire to fish. In 1955 persons under 16 years old could
fish without a license in over half the States. In 1960, persons
under 16 years old could fish without licenses in only 9 States.
Most States have now canceled the privileges of free fishing
formerly given to veterans and active servicemen.
The relationship between the number of sportsmen licensed
and unlicensed in the 1955 and 1960 surveys shows an increase
for fishing licenses but a slight decrease for hunting licenses.
These relationships are shown in the following tabulation.
Sportsmen by License Status and by Activity
Kishini^ Hiinling
iyjr> 19()U 19.i5 1960
Total sportsnii-n 20,813,000 25.32.3,000 11,784,000 14,637,000
Number lici-nscd . . . 13,737,000 15.339,000 9,951,000 11.878,000
P.rr<-ni lie rnsod 60.6 66.0 84.4 81.2
Membership in Fishing and Hunting Clubs
Persons interviewed were asked about membership in fishing
or hunting clubs of any kind. The totals for the United States
in 1955 and 1960 are as follows:
1955 I960
Number 1 ,37 1 ,000 1 ,527,000
Percent of all fishermen and/or hunters 5.5 5.0
Percent of all persons 12 years old and over 1.2 1.2
67
APPENDIX C-AREAS OF NONCOMPARABILITY BETWEEN
THE 1955 AND 1960 NATIONAL SURVEYS
OF FISHING AND HUNTING
The 1960 National Survey of Fishing and Hunting differs from
the 1955 National Survey on the following points of coverage
and classification of expenditures. In general, the two surveys
may be compared except for the items noted below. The
effect of these items should be considered in assessing trends.
(1) The difference in coverage results from the addition of
Alaska and Hawaii in the 1960 survey. The effect of this is not
of major significance.
(2) The classification of expenditures differs in the following
respects:
(a) Expenditures on "Boats and boat motors" are shown
separately in 1960 under "Auxiliary equipment." These expen-
ditures were classified under "Equipment, Other" in 1955.
(b) Expenditures on "Entrance and other privilege fees" are
shown separately in 1960 under "Privilege fees and other."
These expenditures were classified under "Trip expenditures,
Other" in 1955.
(c) Expenditures on "snacks and refreshments" are included
with "Food" expenditures in 1960. These expenditures were
classified under "Trip expenditures. Other" in 1955.
(d) Expenditures on equipment, magazines, club dues, li-
censes, and other similar items were classified by the one sport
activity for which the expenditures were chiefly made in 1960.
In 1955, these expenditures were evenly divided among all the
activities in which the sportsman took part.
(e) Expenditures on "Other" in 1960 were reduced as com-
pared with 1955 by transferring expenditures on certain items
to a more appropriate category.
69
APPENDIX D— TECHNIQUE OF THE SURVEY AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TOTAL PARTICIPANTS
AND SUBSTANTIAL PARTICIPANTS
One of the purposes of the second National Survey of Fishing
and Hunting was to bring up to date the results of the earlier
survey, which was conducted for 1955. Information desired in-
cluded-estimates of the number of participants in 1960, the ex-
tent of their participation, and their expenditures for fishing
and hunting.
The results relate to persons 12 years of age and older in
the December 1960 civilian noninstitutional population of the
United States. In addition to the persons covered by the survey,
there may be a number of others who usually participate in these
activities but did not do so during 1960. Some of these persons
may have purchased licenses or equipment during 1960 for use in
fishing or hunting. However, such expenditures were not
covered since only those who actually fished or hunted during
the year were interviewed.
The survey was conducted for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce.
The Sample
In order to provide as accurate a cross section of the popu-
lation as possible, it was decided to relate the sample for
the National Survey of Fishing and Hunting to another na-
tion-wide survey conducted monthly by the Bureau of the
Census. As a result, the sample used was a subsample of persons
previously selected for the Bureau's Current Population Survey.
The sampling plan for the Current Population Survey is de-
scribed in Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 5, May 1958,
issued by the Bureau of the Census. This sample is used
each month by the Bureau of the Census to collect the official
government statistics on total employment and unemployment.
It is an area probability sample distributed over 333 primary
sampling units (PSU's), each being a county or group of coun-
ties, in total comprising 641 counties and independent cities in
the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Within each of the 333 sample PSU's, the sample consists of
small land areas called segments, each containing approximately
six housing units. In determining sample size within each
sample PSU, a ratio rather than a fixed quota is employed. The
sample is thus self-weighting; that is, each person has the same
probability of being selected for the survey. This technique also
is self-adjusting for changes in the size and distribution of the
population.
Interviewing
Approximately 18,000 households containing about 45,000
persons 12 years of age and older were included in the sample
for the National Survey of Fishing and Hunting. Information
70
was obtained in each household from a responsible adult as to
whether any person in that household had fished or hunted
during 1960.
A sample of those identified as fishermen or hunters at
the first stage was selected for personal interview at a later visit.
These visits, made in January and February, 1961, yielded inter-
views with about 6,500 fishermen and 3,800 hunters, or about 93
percent of those selected for the detailed interviewing. The re-
mainder had moved, were not at home after repeated calls, or
were otherwise not available.
The personnel used for the various phases of the survey were
the experienced personnel employed on the Current Population
Survey and other regular programs of the Bureau of the Census.
Both field supervisors and interviewers received detailed personal
training on the content of the survey. Interviewers also were
provided complete manuals of instruction, both for training
purposes and for assistance while interviewing. In order to as-
sist the sportsmen in providing the desired detail, calendars, lists
of equipment items, and booklets of license types were utilized.
As each group of households was completed, the results were
checked carefully, both for completeness and consistency. The
same high degree of quality control was maintained in process-
ing the results and preparing the data.
Differences Between Total Participants and
Substantial Participants
As stated in the introductory section of this report, two sets
of estimates have been prepared of fishing and hunting activity-
one relating to the total number of participants regardless of
amount of activity (some 50 million persons)— and the other, to
which this report is primarily devoted, constituting some 30
million persons who represent the more active sportsmen and are
substantial participants. The statistics for substantial partici-
pants were derived from the National Survey of Fishing and
Hunting, described above.
The estimates of the total number of participants were ob-
tained from the National Recreation Survey— a series of surveys
on outdoor recreation activities conducted by the Bureau of the
Census for the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commis-
sion, supplemented by some special follow-up studies sponsored
by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. In these follow-
up surveys, relatively small samples of persons were interviewed
intensively to identify all recreational occasions (vacations, trips,
outings, etc.) in different quarters of the year and then to re-
port on all types of activities (including fishing and hunting) in
which they engaged on each occasion.
The National Recreation Survey showed a larger number of
the population participating in sport fishing and hunting than
the National Survey of Fishing and Hunting, Neither survey
was designed to duplicate the other except for the total number
of people participating in sport fishing and hunting and some
other limited information about these totals. The National
Recreation Survey was designed to measure all types of recre-
ational activities while the purpose of the National Survey of
Fishing and Hunting was to measure the detailed activities of
sport fishing and hunting. Intensive probing ofthe respondents
in the National Recreation Survey is one reason why the two
surveys did not show the same number of persons participating
in sport fishing and hunting. Further analysis showed that the
difference between these surveys was due to the coverage of a
number of persons in the National Recreation Survey who were
incidental participants— primarily unlicensed persons who fished
or hunted once or twice and who spent little or nothing to do
so. The less intensive probing technique used in the 1960 Na-
tional Survey of Fishing and Hunting resulted in identification
71
of the more active and substantial sport fishermen and hunters,
as did its predecessor in 1955.
The estimates developed from the National Recreation Survey
represent the total number who fished or hunted in I960, whether
incidental or substantial participants, but provide onlv limited
information about the details of fishing and hunting activities
such as cost of bait, tackle, travel, and the like. From the stand-
point of the main objective of this report — the presentation of
detailed information on type and scope of fishing and hunting —
the statistics for more substantial participants, developed from
the National Survey of Fishing and Hunting, are the more com-
prehensive. These substantial participants, while constituting
about 60 percent of all participants, account tor close to 95
percent of recreation days of fishing and hunting and around
99 percent of the expenditures for these activities. Furthermore,
valid comparisons with the 1955 results can be made only for
the more substantial participants as measured by the National
Survey of Fishing and Hunting.
Overall participation in fishing as measured by the National
Recreation Survey and the special follow-up studies was esti-
mated at 35 percent of the population 12 years old and over,
whereas substantial participants as measured in the National
Survey of Fishing and Hunting represented 19 percent of that
population group. After deduction of incidental participants —
defined, for this purpose, as unlicensed persons with only one or
two days of fishing and either no expenditures or expenditures
of less than $5 — the gap between these estimates narrows to 4
or 5 percentage points, a large part of which could have resulted
from sampling variability. In the case of hunting, the overall
participation rate from the National Recreation Survey and the
rate for substantial participants in hunting from the National
Survey of Fishing and Hunting were 16 percent and 11 percent,
respectively. The exclusion of incidental participants eliminates
entirely the gap between these two figures.
72
APPENDIX E— STATISTICAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
Statistical Reliability oF Major Findings Standard Error of Estimated Number of Persons
of the I960 Survey
Estimated
totals
Standard error
of the totals
Limits between
which the
figure from a
complete
Item
.Actual
Per-
cent
enumeraaon
would fall,
with a 1 9
out of 20
probability
A. EXPENDITURES OF FISH-
ERMEN AND HUNTERS:
Fishermen and/or hunters ....
Thousands
$3,852,116
2, 690, 872
1,161,242
626, 191
2, 064, 680
345, 694
726,118
89, 431
30, 435
25, 323
14,637
6,292
21,677
6,277
12,105
1,955
658, 308
465, 769
192, 539
80. 602
385, 167
39, 190
138,192
15,158
Thousands
$212,600
156,000
80, 500
52, 000
126,000
35, 800
57, 700
16,700
606
530
369
226
474
226
332
118
21, 600
17,700
11,000
7,000
15,950
4,900
9,200
2,800
5.52
5.80
6.93
8.30
6.10
10.36
7.95
18.67
1.99
2.09
2.52
3.58
2.19
3.59
2.74
6.04
3.28
3.80
5.71
8.68
4. 14
12.50
6.66
18.47
Millions
$3, 427-$4, 277
2, 379-3, 003
1,000-1,322
Salt-water fishermen
522-730
Fresh-walcr fishermen
1.813-2,317
274-417
611-842
56-123
B. NUMBER OF FISHERMEN
AND HUMERS:
Fishermen and/or hunters ....
29.2-31.6
24. 3-26. 4
13.9-15.4
Salt-water fishermen.
5. 8-6. 7
Fresh-water fishermen
20. 7-22. 6
5. 8-6. 7
11.4-12.8
Waterfowl hunters
1. 7-2. 2
C. NUMBER OF RECREATION-
DAYS:
Fishermen and/or hunters ....
Fishermen
615.1-701.5
430.4-501.2
Hunters
Salt-water fishermen
170. 5-214. 5
66. 6-94. 6
Fresh-water fishermen
Big-game hunters
353. 3-417. 1
29. 4-49. 0
194.4-157.6
9. 6-20. 6
(Range 68 chances out of 100]
Size of
Standard
estimate
error
Thousands
Thousands
500
55
1,000
80
2,000
120
3,000
150
4,000
175
5,000
200
10, 000
300
15,000
375
20, 000
450
30, 000
600
The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling variability; that is, the
variations that might occur by chance because only a sample of the population is
suri^eyed. The chances are about 2 out of 3 that an estimate from the sample would
differ from a complete census by less than the standard error. The chances are
about 19 out of 20 that the difference would be less than twice the standard error, and
about 99 out of 100 that it would be less than 2Vi times as large.
73
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