Skip to main content

Full text of "Circular"

See other formats 


BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL  FISHERIES 
FISHERY- OCEANOGRAPHY  CENTER 

LA  JOLLA,  CALIFORNIA 
FISCAL  YEAR  1968 


UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR- 

FISH  AND  WILDLIFE  SERVICE 
BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL-FISHERIES- 


Qcculor  303 


Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries 
Fishery-Oceanography  Center.  La  Jolla 


G.  Mattson 


Cover  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN 


UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

FISH  AND  WILDLIFE  SERVICE 
BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL  FISHERIES 


BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL  FISHERIES 
FISHERY- OCEANOGRAPHY  CENTER 

LA  JOLLA,  CALIFORNIA 
FISCAL  YEAR  1968 

ALAN  R.    LONGHURST,  LABORATORY  DIRECTOR 


Circular     303 

WASHINGTON,  D.   C. 
September  1968 


ABSTRACT 


This  report  describes  the  facihties  now  available 
for  research  and  gives  an  account  of  research  done  from 
July  1967  througli  June  1%8. 

The  main  accomplishments  of  the  Center  during 
this  period  have  been  completion  of  the  EASTROPAC 
surveys  of  seasonal  changes  in  the  biology  and  ocean- 
ography in  the  eastern  Pacific,  and  design  of  computer 
methods  of  analysis  and  presentation  of  survey  data; 
design  and  construction  of  an  experimental  deep-sinking 
tuna  purse  seine  net;  partial  elucidation  of  the  genetic- 
ally distinct  racial  structure  of  the  northern  anchovy ;  and 
completion  of  studies  of  the  feeding  budget  of  the  Cali- 
fornia sardine  population  during  the  rise  and  fall  of  the 
fishery. 


David  Starr  Jordan,  the  Center's  major  research  vessel. 


G   Mattson 


CONTENTS 


Page 

PREFACE 

THE  RESOURCES  AND  THE  PROBLEMS     ...  1 

THE  FACILITIES  FOR  RESEARCH 4 

THE  RESEARCH  STAFF    8 

CONFERENCES  AND  SYMPOSIA    10 

COOPERATION  WITH  OTHER 

ORGANIZATIONS 10 

THE  RESEARCH  PROGRAMS 11 

Fishery-Oceanography  Program 11 

Temperate  tuna  forecasting    12 

EASTROPAC 14 

Scripps  tuna  oceanography  research     ....  19 

Behavior-Physiology  Program    19 

Physiology 19 

Feeding  behavior    22 

-.  Fish  schooling  behavior 22 

Marine  fish  larvae 23 

Population  Dynamics  Program     24 

California  Current  suweys    24 

Pacific  sardme  (1951-59) 25 

Northern  anchovy  (1951-59)    25 

Jack  mackerel  (1951-60)    25 

Pacific  mackerel  (1951-60) 25 

Pacific  hake  (1955-59) 25 

Dynamics  of  fish  populations 25 

Racial  structure  of  commercial  species  ....  25 

Measures  of  zooplankton  productivity  ....  26 

Operations  Research  Program 26 

Fishery  systems  analysis     27 

Experimental  purse  seine 27 

CTFM  sonar     28 

Local  fishery  systems  development     28 

SENIOR  SCIENTIST'S  UNIT    29 

PUBLICATIONS 30 

Papers  published  1967-68 30 

Papers  accepted  by  journals  for 

publication    31 

Papers  being  edited 31 

Papers  published,  1967-68  by  STOR 

program(Contract  No.  14-17-007-742)   .  32 


'8S 


Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries 
Fishery-Oceanography  Center.  La  Jolla 


G.  Mattson 


PREFACE 

In  late  1964,  the  new  Fishery -Oceanography  Cen- 
ter of  BCF  (Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries)  was  dedi- 
cated; it  stands  on  a  clifftop  on  land  deeded  by  the 
University  of  California  to  the  north  of  SIO  (Scripps 
Institution  of  Oceanography)  at  La  JoUa. 

Into  this  building  moved  the  two  BCF  Biologica] 
Laboratories  from  La  Jolla  and  San  Diego,  together  with 
several  tenant  agencies,  including  the  lATTC  (Inter- 
American  Tropical  Tuna  Commission)  and  STOR  (Scripps 
Tuna  Oceanography  Research).  In  June  1967,  the  two 
BCF  Laboratories  were  merged  into  a  single  laboratory 
known  simply  as  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center,  La 
Jolla;  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  report  to  describe  the 
research  carried  out  in  the  first  year  following  this  reorga- 
nization, the  present  aims  of  the  laboratory,  and  the  ma- 
terial facilities  which  it  now  has  at  its  disposal. 

The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  is  the  Federal 
laboratory  charged  with  fishery  research  in  the  BCF 
Pacific  Southwest  Region,  which  encompasses  Cahfornia 
and  various  inland  states.  Research  at  the  Center  is  in- 
tended to  supplement  that  of  the  State  agencies,  with 
which  it  collaborates,  mainly  within  the  framework  of 
CalCOFI  (California  Cooperative  Oceanic  Fisheries  In- 
vestigations). 

The  Center  conducts  research  ashore  in  its  labora- 
tories and  afioat  on  its  research  vessels,  on  the  high  seas 
fished  by  the  distant  water  fleet  from  California  ports 
and  the  home  waters  fished  by  smaller  vessels.  The  Cen- 
ter's research  vessels  operate  througliout  the  California 
Current  and  much  of  the  eastern  tropical  Pacific  Ocean 
from  Mexico  to  Peru,  and  westwards  towards  the  Mar- 
quesas and  Hawaiian  Islands. 

In  addition  to  research  on  problems  relevant  to 
specific  fisheries  and  designed  to  improve  their  status, 
BCF  is  also  charged  with  advancing  basic  fishery  science. 
The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  is  active  in  such  fields, 
as  is  appropriate  from  its  location,  which  is  adjacent  to 
the  laboratories  of  the  Scripps  Institution  of  Ocean- 
ography, and  of  the  Institute  of  Marine  Resources, 
organizations  with  which  the  scientific  staff  of  the 
Fishery-Oceanography  Center  have  close  relations. 


THE  RESOURCES  AND  THE  PROBLEMS 


In  1966,  the  latest  year  for  which  publislied  sta- 
tistics are  available,  the  California  fish  industry  used  as 
its  raw  material  just  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  metric 
tons  of  fish  and  invertebrates  of  about  50  species  worth 
$87  million.  Of  this  total.  60.000  tons,  valued  at  $32 
million,  were  cauglit  by  foreign  fishing  vessels  and  trans- 
shipped to  California  where  it  was  used  by  the  California 
processing  plants;  these  imports  represent  22  percent  of 
the  weiglit  and  37  percent  of  the  value  of  the  raw  mate- 
rial used  by  the  industry. 

The  1966  statistics  represented  the  culmination  of 
along  trend  of  declining  landings,  which  by  this  time  had 
fallen  to  less  than  a  third  of  their  1939  figure,  and  were 
offset,  for  tuna,  by  an  increased  dependence  on  the 
catches  of  foreign  fishing  vessels.  In  1939,  the  total 
catch  of  the  California  fleet  was  more  than  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  metric  tons,  valued  at  $18  million, 
supplemented  by  only  about  3,000  tons  purchased  from 
foreign  fishing  fleets. 

This  decline,  in  brief,  is  the  basis  of  the  problems 
facing  the  California  fish  industry  and  its  fishing  tleet. 
Attributable  to  no  single  cause,  the  failure  to  participate 
in  the  generally  rising  prosperity  of  the  California  econ- 
omy can  be  blamed  on  unwisely  heavy  fishing  of  some 


resources,  on  natural  changes  in  resource  abundance  due 
to  climatic  trends,  and  on  increasing  foreign  competition 
in  the  tuna  fisheries  and  in  the  fish  meal  and  oil  markets. 

To  understand  more  clearly  what  has  happened  in 
the  California  fisheries,  we  need  to  compare  in  more  de- 
tail the  years  1939  and  1966;  in  each  year,  five  elements 
of  the  fishery  can  be  recognized:  tuna,  salmon,  industrial 
fish,  fresh  fish,  and  invertebrates. 

Tuna  landings  by  1 966  had  increased  by  only  about 
one-third  over  the  1939  landings,  while  the  proportion 
formed  by  each  of  the  species  remained  about  the  same: 
yellowfin  tuna  (Tfiunnus  albacares)  dominated  in  1966, 
as  in  1939.  Althougli  only  3,178  tons  were  purchased 
from  abroad  by  the  canners  in  1939,  this  component  had 
risen  to  a  total  of  60,832  tons  in  1966;  these  imports 
formed  45  percent  of  the  value  of  the  raw  material 
used  by  the  tuna  processors,  compared  with  only  5  per- 
cent in  1939. 

By  the  early  1960's  it  became  evident,  mainly  as  a 
result  of  the  research  work  of  lATTC,  that  the  stocks  of 
yellowfin  tuna  fished  by  the  California  fleet  had  reached 
their  maximum  sustainable  harvest,  and  in  1966  they 
came  under  effective  international  regulation  for  the  first 
time,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Commission. 


Oceanographic  operations  in  the  eiisleni  Pacific  from  the 
Fishery-Oceanography  Center. 


Further  sustained  expansion  of  landings  of  yellow- 
fin  tuna  IVoni  domestic  vessels  thus  being  unlikely,  there 
was  now  an  imperative  need  to  increase  the  harvest  of 
underutilized  species  of  tuna  or  face  an  ever-increasing 
dependence  upon  foreign-cauglit  fish.  Fortunately,  it 
appears  possible  that  the  skipjack  tuna  (Katsuwonus 
pclamis)  population  and  perhaps  those  of  the  temperate 
tunas  are  not  fully  harvested  and  ways  of  increasing  the 
take  of  these  species  by  California  vessels  are  now  being 
studied  within  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center. 

This  work  is  aimed  at  the  solution  of  two  related 
but  different  sets  of  problems.  First,  the  problems  with 
the  search  for  new  fishing  grounds  for  skipjack  tuna  in 
the  tropical  waters  to  the  west  of  the  present  fishing  areas 
off  Central  America,  along  the  routes  by  which  they  mi- 
grate to  and  from  the  Central  Pacific.  This  search  in- 
volves seasonal  surveys  of  the  biological  and  physical 
oceanography  of  wide  areas  of  the  eastern  tropical  Pacif- 
ic, and  also  studies  of  methods  for  artificially  aggregating 
the  rather  widely  dispersed  skipjack  tuna  in  these  oceanic 
regions  so  that  they  may  be  caught.  Second,  the  prob- 
lems of  how  tuna  react  to  changes  in  the  environment 
while  migrating  and  feeding  must  be  studied  so  that 
week-to-week  movements  of  fish  in  response  to  moni- 
tored environmental  conditions  may  be  predicted  in  real 
time  and  the  United  States  fishing  vessels  so  advised  (as 
are  the  Japanese  on  their  fishing  grounds). 

The  salmon  fishery  off  northern  California  has 
maintained  ratiier  stable  landings  since  the  late  1930's, 
thougli  their  value  has  increased.  State  agencies  and  the 
Bureau  of  Sport  Fisheries  &  Wildlife  are  both  active  in  re- 
search in  this  fishery  and  so  far  the  Fishery -Oceanography 
Center  has  not  been  asked  to  participate. 


In  comparison  with  the  others,  the  industrial  fish- 
ery is  deeply  in  trouble;  known  in  California  as  the 
"wetfish  fishery."  it  uses  many  pelagic  species  in  the 
California  Current,  which  are  reduced  to  fish  meal  and 
oil,  canned  as  inexpensive  canned  products  (largely  for 
export)  and  processed  into  various  animal  foods.  The 
decline  of  this  fishery  from  the  days  of  its  great  pros- 
perity in  the  1930"s  and  I940's  (the  heyday  of  Cannery 
Row)  to  its  present  state  is  well  known.  In  1939, 
the  landings  exceeded  half  a  million  tons  and  by  1966 
they  had  fallen  to  little  more  than  60,000  tons. 

Most  of  this  decline  is  attributable  to  the  cata- 
strophic collapse  of  the  northern  subpopulation  of  the 
Pacific  sardine  (Sardinops  caemleits)  which  began  during 
the  1940's  and  reached  a  nadir  in  the  I950"s.  In  1939, 
the  landings  of  this  species  were  79  percent  by  weight 
and  34  percent  by  value  of  the  total  California  landings; 
from  just  half  a  million  tons  in  1939  they  fell  to  a  few 
hundred  tons  in  1966. 

In  1949,  in  response  to  the  evident  decline  in  land- 
ings, the  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service  and  State  laboratories 
began  intensive  and  cooperative  research  on  the  California 
sardine  within  the  framework  of  CalCOFI,  thus  formaliz- 
ing cooperative  sardine  research  that  began  earlier.  It  be- 
came evident  after  some  years  of  work  that  the  prob- 
lem of  the  Pacific  sardine  was  due  to  an  interaction 
among  heavy  fishing,  climatic  changes  which  reduced 
spawning  success,  and  subsequent  ecological  competition 
of  a  related  species,  the  northern  anchovy  (Engraulis 
mordaxj.  That  a  fishery  has  not  developed  for  the  ex- 
panding anchovy  population  is  caused  by  a  complex  set 
of  constraints;  the  low  price  of  the  raw  product  com- 
pared with  the  sardine,  both  inherently  and  because  of 


lH^ 


Purse  seiners. 


G.  Mattson 


G-  Mattson 

Resource  monitoring  anchovy  eggs  from  the  CalCOFl 
surveys  off  California. 

price  competition  from  the  booming  fishery  for  the 
Peruvian  anchovy  (E)igraulis  ringens):  the  disagreement 
between  commercial  and  sports  fishing  interests  as  to 
how  such  a  fishery  might  effect  the  harvested  stocks; 
and  the  depressed  economic  state  of  the  fishing  fleet  con- 
sequent upon  the  sardine  decline  and  the  collapse  of  the 
industrial  fishery. 

In  response  to  these  findings,  the  CalCOFI  investi- 
gations gradually  changed  their  direction,  towards  seek- 
ing an  understanding  of  the  complex  and  dynamic  equi- 
librium among  the  many  pelagic  species  (both  of  fish 
and  invertebrates)  in  the  California  Current,  in  an 
attempt  to  understand  their  reaction  to  a  changing  and 
unstable  environment  and  to  changing  fishing  pressures 
on  some  of  them. 

The  almost  unmatched  accumulation  of  data,  span- 


ning 20  years  which  are  now  available,  combined  with 
computer  methods  of  handling  such  voluminous  data, 
give  great  promise  that  these  continuing  investigations 
will  bring  a  real  understanding  of  an  unusually  complex 
fishery  situation.  Only  from  such  an  understanding  can 
a  rational  management  program  be  developed.  The 
Fishery-Oceanography  Center  and  State  fisheries  agencies 
both  remain  active  in  this  endeavor. 

The  work  demands  activity  in  many  fields  of  re- 
search: physiology  and  biochemistry  to  determine  the 
energy  requirements  of  the  components  of  the  biological 
population,  including  the  commercial  fish;  population 
dynamics  of  the  harvested  populations  of  pelagic  species, 
competing  and  interacting  with  each  other  and  with  the 
fishery;  physical  and  biological  oceanography  to  under- 
stand, to  monitor,  and  to  predict  the  environment;  gear 
and  operations  research  to  give  assistance  to  an  econom- 
ically depressed  and  out-of-date  fishing  fleet. 

The  fishery  for  fresh  fish  for  the  tables  of  Califor- 
nians  is  in  a  less  depressed  state  than  the  industrial  fish- 
ery;   the  landings  remained  at  about  the  same  level  in 
1966  as  in  1939,  thougli  their  value  was  higher. 

Research  on  the  fresh  tlsh  fishery  is  handled  by 
State  agencies,  and  has  much  overlap  with  research  on 
sports  fisheries  since  in  several  instances  the  same  species 
are  involved  in  both  fisheries.  The  Fishery-Oceanography 
Center  is  involved  in  this  work  in  only  minor  ways. 

The  California  fishery  for  invertebrates  has  re- 
mained of  minor  importance  in  the  overall  fishery  econ- 
omy of  the  State,  despite  a  more  than  doubling  of  the 
landings,  mainly  due  to  increased  exploitation  of  squid 
and  market  crab.  State  laboratories  are  active  in  research 
on  these  resources,  and  again  the  Fishery-Oceanography 
Center  is  involved  in  only  minor  ways. 


FACILITIES  FOR  RESEARCH 


The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center,  4  years  after  its 
establishment,  is  now  a  fully  operational  fishery  labora- 
tory with  many  unique  features.  About  a  quarter  of 
the  laboratory  space  is  allotted  to  other  research  agen- 
cies; lATTC  is  the  largest  tenant  agency,  followed  by 
STOR,  the  Bureau  of  Sport  Fisheries  and  Wildlife, 
the  California  Department  of  Fish  and  Game,  and  the 
U.S.  Geological  Survey.  The  remainder  of  the  space  is 
fully  occupied  by  the  scientists  and  supporting  staff  of 
the  Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries  and  comprises  scien- 
tist's olTices,  laboratories,  an  experimental  aquarium,  a 
library,  mechanical  and  electronic  workshops,  computing 
and  data-communications  facilities,  administrative  of- 
fices, and  storage  rooms  for  scientific  collections. 

The  design  of  the  building  has  proved  to  be  excel- 
lent as  an  environment  for  research.  Among  the  out- 
standing facilities  is  the  experimental  aquarium  (occupy- 
ing the  whole  of  the  basement  of  two  of  the  four  adjoin- 


ing buildings)  which  has  been  heavily  used  and  is  proba- 
bly superior  to  that  in  any  other  fishery  laboratory.  The 
delivery,  from  overhead  facilities,  of  750  liters  per  minute 
of  filtered  and  ultraviolet-treated  fresh  sea  water,  op- 
tionally at  10°  or  20°C.,  has  permitted  wide  use  of  in- 
expensive, temporary  tanks  designed  especially  for  each 
experimental  use.  We  have  been  able  to  maintain  adult 
pelagic  fish,  such  as  anchovy  or  jack  mackerel  (Trachurus 
symmetricus),  indefinitely  in  a  healthy  condition  and  to 
rear  eggs  of  many  species  througli  the  subadult  stage  and 
beyond.  The  isolated  environment  rooms  have  proved 
invaluable  in  studies  of  schooling  behavior  where  insula- 
tion from  vibration  and  other  influences  was  essential. 

Although  not  specifically  planned  in  the  design  of 
the  building,  a  data-communications  facility  has  been 
developed  by  means  of  which  the  Fishery-Oceanography 
Center   is  linked   to   the   U.S.  Navy   Fleet  Numerical 
Weather  Central  at  Monterey,  and  to  data  circuits  main- 


Fishery  forecasting  for  lemperate  tuna  the  data  com- 
munications center. 

tained  by  Federal  Aviation  Administration  and  ESSA- 
Weather  Bureau;  telegraph  and  high-speed  landlines  and 
the  Bureau-licensed  radio  station  WWD  are  involved  in 
these  links.  This  facility  also  has  access  to  the  computer 
center  of  the  University  of  California  adjacent  to  the 
laboratory  for  processing,  analysis,  and  presentation  of 
data  in  a  cheap  and  efficient  manner,  since  the  Fishery- 
Oceanography  Center  is  now  an  important  part  of  the 
University  computer  system. 

The  degree  to  which  the  other  laboratory  facilities 
have  developed  since  the  Center  was  established  will  be 
clear  from  a  reading  of  the  accounts  of  research  which 
appear  later  in  this  report.  In  fact,  with  few  exceptions, 
the  individual  laboratories  are  now  well  endowed  with 
equipment  and  other  facilities. 

The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  operates  two  re- 
search vessels  and  a  number  of  small  workboats.  The 
major  vessel,  David  Starr  Jordan  (52  m.),  was  put  into 
service  in  1966.  Since  then  she  worked  in  the  California 
Current  before  embarking  on  the  EASTROPAC  opera- 
tions; during  these  she  completed  six  2-month  cruises  in 
the  tropical  Pacific  with  very  short  turnaround  periods. 
This  vessel  has  now  developed  into  a  sophisticated  re- 
search tool  for  fishery  oceanography,  and  has  a  very 
complete  set  of  observational  equipment. 


G   Mattson 


G.  Mattson 

Fishery  forecasting-receipt  of  computer  generated  mete- 
orological predictions. 

Included  in  David  Starr  Jordan's  new  capabilities 
are  the  following:  salinity,  temperature,  and  depth  sens- 
ing to  1.500  m.  with  STD  apparatus,  including  digital 
data  logger  and  an  electrically  actuated  rosette  of  12 
water-sampling  bottles;  continuous  surface  themiosalino- 
graph  with  analog  recorders;   expendable  bathythermo- 


'*#'' >^ 


Testing  a  zooplankton  pump  before  an  EASTROPAC 
survey. 


G.  Mattson 


graph  system  with  automatic  data  logger  and  data  trans- 
mitter; autoanalysis  of  water  samples  for  nitrate,  nitrite, 
phosphate,  and  silicate;  chlorophyll  determination  by 
tluormetry  in  both  discrete  in  vitro  and  continuous  un- 
derway in  vivo  modes;  multiple  serial  plankton  samplers 
(or  Longhurst-Hardy  plankton  rect)rders);  and  ship- 
board data  processing  with  desk  top  programmable 
computers. 

These  capabilities  are  in  addition  to  those  designed 
and  built  into  the  vessel;  normal  equipment  for  hydro- 
casts  and  biological  collecting;  underwater  observation 
chambers  in  the  bow  and  on  the  port  side;  physiology 
laboratory  and  constant  temperature  culture  room,  both 
with  temperature  controlled  sea  water  supplies;  research 
fish-finding  sonar  and  sounder;  live  bait  tanks  and  pre- 
cision depth  recorder. 

The  smaller  vessel.  Miss  Behavior,  was  a  Navy  AVR 
(Aviation  Rescue)  received  on  loan  in  U)ti4  by  the  Be- 
havior Program  of  the  then  Biological  Laboratory.  San 
Diego.  She  is  an  18  m.  wooden-hulled  vessel  with  twin 
diesels  each  of  380  hp.  Capable  of  fast  day-trips  from 
San  Diego  and  extended  coastal  cruises,  she  is  equipped 
with  an  experimental  CTFM  (Continuous  Transmission 


Frequency  Modulated)  sonar  and  with  tanks  for  trans- 
porting fish  alive  to  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  for 
use  in  behavior  and  other  studies  in  the  aquarium.  Dur- 
ing the  last  year  she  has  made  coastal  cruises  from  the 
Gulf  of  California  to  the  waters  otT  northern  California. 


G   Mattson 

David  Starr  Jordan  rr(7ckiug  gray  whales  of)' San  Diego 
witli  the  researeh  sonar  in  collaboration  with  a  U.S.  Naiy 
scientist. 


^*«sf«*«*>?  .-.w.Kk^'fm-' 


''5^i^„.    ^i£S»*Ki,-vV.w™    ^a'sSf.^^XiBi.t*  JS«\,.,'?  . 


-K.'»S'*X,    «1<     « 


A  VR  Miss  Behavior,  equipped  for  CTFM  sonar  research. 


G.  Mattson 


DIRECTORS  OFFICE 


Director 
A.   R.    Ixinghurst 


Assistant  Director 
R.    Lasker 


BCF,  Washington.  D.  C. 

Senior  Scientist's  Unit 

E.   H.    Ahlslrom 

Scripps  Tuna  Oceanography  Research 


BCF  contract  -  M.   Blackburn 


-U.  Caht    San  Diego 


1 

FISHERY-OCEANOGRAPHY 

Program  Leader  -  G.   A. 

1.  Eovironinental  Monitoring 

Forecasting    C.    A.    Flitl 

2.  Tropical  Pacific  Surveys 

C.    M.    Love 

Flittner 

&  Fishery 
ner 
EASTHOPAC 

BEHAVIOR  AND  PHYSIOLOGY 


Program  Leader  -  R.  Laeker 

Physiology  R.  Lasker 
Schooling  Behavior  J.  R.  Hunter 
Feeding  Behavior 

C.   P.  O'Connell 
Rearing  of  Marine  Ftsh  Larvae 

G.  O.  Schumann 


Administrative  Services 


1.  Administrative  Services 

2.  Building  and  Grounds 

3.  Vessel 


Scientific  Services 


R.  Lasker 

1.  Editorial 

2.  Library 

3.  Computer  Programming 

4.  Instrumentation 

5.  Scuba  Diving 


Research  Program 
Planning  Board 


Director  Si  Program  Leaders 


POPULATION  DYNAMICS 


Program  Leader  -   P.    F.   Smith 

California  Current  Surveys  P,  E,   Smith 
Fish  Population  Dynamics 

J.   S.    MacGregor 
Resource  Abundance     P.    E.   Smith 
Fish  Stocks    Subpopulations 

A.   M.   Vrooman 


OPERATIONS  RESEARCH 


Program  Leader  -  F.  J.  Hester 

1 .  Fishery  Systems  Analysis 

R.   E.  Green 

2.  Fishery  Systems  Development 

F.  J.  Hester 


RESEARCH  STAFF 


Of  90  employees  at  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Cen- 
ter, 23  are  scientists,  40  are  technicians,  9  are  in  the 
administrative  offices,  and  18  man  the  Center's  vessels. 

The  research  staff  thus  forms  more  than  two-tliirds 
of  the  total,  and  is  organized  into  four  programs: 
Fishery-Oceanography,  Population  Dynamics,  Behavior- 
Physiology,  and  Operations  Research.  These  programs 
represent  a  considerable  reorganization  from  the  previous 
arrangement,  and  witiiin  the  four  programs  are  elements 
from  the  8  or  10  programs  of  the  original  laboratories. 

Also  housed  in  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center 
is  the  research  unit  lieaded  by  E.H.  Ahlstrom,  a  Senior 
Scientist  of  the  Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries;  this  unit 
studies  the  taxonomy  and  zoogeography  of  larval  fishes 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Supported  by  the  Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries 
at  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  are  the  STOR  scien- 
tists and  (to  a  variable  extent)  a  number  of  visiting  scien- 
tists; from  overseas,  from  universities,  on  sabbatical  leave; 
from  the  National  Science  Foundation;  and  from  other 
organizations. 


The  work  of  these  scientists  will  be  referred  to  later 
in  this  report;  the  scientists,  and  tlieir  organizations  are 
listed  here. 

Maurice  H.  Blackburn    Scripps  Tuna  Oceanography  Re- 
William  L.  Thomas         search.  La  Jolla,  Calif. 
Frank  F.  Williams 
Bernt  L.  Zeitzschel 


Edward  L.  Krehbiel 


Paul  E.  LaViolette 


Walter  Nellen 


Grossmont  College,  El  Cajon. 
Calif.  (June  to  August  1967-In- 
vestigation  of  lactate  dehydro- 
genase isozyme  patterns  of  some 
pelagic  fish) 

Navoceatio.  Washington.  D.C. 
(March  1968-Use  and  produc- 
tion of  marine  atlases) 

Institut  fUrMeereskunde.  Univer- 
sity of  Kiel.  German  Federal  Re- 
public (May  1967  to  February 
1968   Taxonomy  of  larval  fish) 


William  G.  Pearcy 


Nelson  C.  Ross 


George  Seeburger 


Evelyn  Shaw 


Isadore  L.  Sonnier 


Robert  E.  Strecker 


Manual  Vegas 


Department  of  Oceanography, 
Oregon  State  University.  Corval- 
lis,  Oreg.  (September  1967  to 
June  1968-Schooling  behavior 
of  pelagic  Crustacea) 

National  Oceanography  Data 
Center,  Washington,  D.C.  (No- 
vember 1967  to  April  1968- 
Development  of  quality  control 
methods  for  STD  data  logger 
tapes) 

Hisconsin  State  University,  White- 
water, Wis.  (July  and  August 
1967-Galvanic  responses  of  ma- 
rine fishes  in  relation  to  the  de- 
sign of  electro-fishing  gear) 

American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  NY.  (June 
to  August  1967-  Schooling  of 
larval  fish  and  net  avoidance) 

Western  State  College  of  Colo- 
rado, Gunnison,  Colo.  (July  and 
August  1967-Analysis  of  ocean- 
ographic  data) 

San  Diego  City  College  San  Die- 
go, Calif.  (June  to  August  1967 
— Locomotory  behavior  of  cala- 
noid  copepods) 

Faculty  of  Fisheries,  Universidad 
Agraria,  Lima,  Peru  (November 
1967— Taxonomy  of  larval  fish) 


Mention  must  also  be  made  of  the  people  who  visit 
the  Fishery -Oceanography  Center  for  training,  because 
during  their  stay  they  participate  actively  in  the  research 
work  of  the  Center;  during  the  period  of  tliis  review 
two  trainees  have  been  accommodated:  Mario  Carreno  R. 
of  Chile,  sponsored  by  the  Food  and  Agriculture  Orga- 
nization of  the  United  Nations,  Rome,  who  spent  6 
months  in  1968  under  the  supervision  of  P.E.  Smith, 
Leader  of  the  Population  Dynamics  Program  and  Vincent 
Price,  Fisheries  Department,  Kenya,  sponsored  by  the 
African-American  Institute,  who  spent  the  summer  of 
1967  under  the  supervision  of  R.E.  Green  of  the  Opera- 
tions Research  Program. 

The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  has  cooperated 
with  SIO  in  the  National  Science  Foundation  Summer 
Program  since  1960  by  providing  high  school  students 
with  the  opportunity  to  work  with  Bureau  scientists.  In 
1967,  the  Center  accepted  5  such  students  from  various 


areas  in  the  United  States;    and  in  1968,  12  students 
have  begun  work. 

Many  members  of  the  scientific  community  at  large 
visit  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center.  Among  many 
others,  we  have  been  pleased  to  welcome  the  following: 

June  1967  Edward  L.  Dillon,  National  CouncU  on 

Marine  Resources  and  Engineering. 
Washington,  D.C. 

Edward  Wenk,  National  Council  on  Ma- 
rine Resources  and  Engineering,  Wash- 
ington, D.C. 

July  1967  Manuel  Flores  V.  and  associates,  Insti- 

tuto  Nacional  de  Investigaciones,  El 
Sauzal,  Baja  California,  Mexico 

September  1967  Bui  Thi  Lang,  Faculty  of  Science,  Uni- 
versity of  Saigon,  South  Viet  Nam 

October  1967  John  R.  Hendrickson,  Oceanic  Insti- 
tute. Honolulu.  Hawaii 

Milner  B.  Schaefer,  Science  Adviser  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

November  1967  Henry  M.  Stommel,  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  and  Woods  Hole 
Oceanographic  Institution,  WoodsHole, 
Mass. 

December  1967  Karl  F.  Lagler,  Department  of  Fisheries, 
FAO,  Rome,  Italy 

January  1%8  C.  Maurice  Yonge,  Department  of 
Zoology,  University  of  Glasgow,  Glas- 
gow, Scotland 

February  1968  George  D.  Grice.  Woods  Hole  Ocean- 
ographic Institution,  Woods  Hole,  Mass. 

March  1968  Jean  Y.  Lee,  Co-Director,  FAO/UNSF 

Project,  Ivory  Coast 

May  1968  Raoul  Serene,  UNESCO,  Singapore 

James  E.  Shelbourne.  White  Fish  Au- 
thority. Isle  of  Man 

H.  Steinitz,  Hebrew  University  of 
Jerusalem,  Jerusalem,  Israel 

June  1968  Brian  McK.  Bary,  University  of  Brit- 

ish Columbia,  Vancouver,  B.C. 

R.  I.  Currie,  Scottish  Marine  Biological 
Association,  Argyle,  Scotland 


G.E.R.  Deacon,  National  Institute  of 
Oceanograpliy,  I 'nited  Kingdom, Worm- 
ley,  England 

G.  Dietrich,  Institiit  I'iir  Meereskunde, 
Riel.CJerman  federal  Republic 

B.V.  Hamon.  CSIRCCronulla.  Austra- 
lia 

Gotthill  Hempel,  I'niversity  of  K.iel, 
German   E'ederal   Republic 

Raul  Herrera  and  Hellnuith  A.  Seivers, 
Inslituto  Hidrogralico  de  la  Armada  de 
Gliile,  Valparaiso,  Chile 

H.    Kasahara,    Lhuted    Nations,    New 


G.A.  Knox,  University  of  Canterbury, 
Christchurch,  New  Zealand 

Michel  Legand,  Centre  ORSTOM,  Nou- 
mea, New  Caledonia 

N.K.  Panikkar.  National  Institute  for 

Oceanography.  Rate  Marg,  New  Delhi, 

India 

Mario  Ruivo,  Department  of  Fisheries, 

FAO,  Rome,  Italy 

Lucian  M.  Sprague,  Rockefeller  Foun- 
dation, New  York,  N.Y. 

K.    Voigt.   Institut    fiir   Meereskunde, 
Warnemiinde,  German  Democratic  Re- 


York.  N.Y.  public 

CONFERENCES  AND  SYMPOSIA 


.Attendance  and  presentation  of  papers  at  scientific 
meetings  continued  normally  during  the  period,  as  chron- 
icled below: 

September  1%7   American   Fisheries  Society,  Toronto, 
Ontario: 

G.  O.  Schumann  "Fxtent  and  causes 
of  early  mortality  in  fish" 

November  1%7     15th   Pacific   Tuna  Conference,   Lake 
Arrowhead.  Calif.: 

A.  R.  Longhurst  "Zooplankton  of 
EASTROPAC  cruises" 

N.E.  Clark  "Intluence  of  large-scale 
heat  transfer  processes  on  fluctuation 
of  sea-surface  temperatures  in  theNorth 
Pacific  Ocean" 

G.A.  Flitlner  "Fishery  forecasting:  re- 
cent developments  in  methods  and  ap- 
plications" 

F.  J.  Hester  "Visual  contrast  perception 
in  fishes" 

R.M.  Laurs"Micronekton  of  EASTRO- 
PAC: preliminary  results" 
December  19t>7    CalCOFI  Conference,  Lake  Arrowhead, 
Calif.: 


E.  H.  Ahlstrom,  "Meso-  and  bathy- 
pelegic  fishes  in  the  California  Cur- 
rent region" 

A.R.  Longhurst  "Pelagic  invertebrate 
resources" 

P.E.  Smith  "ADP  and  biological  re- 
quirements of  the  CalCOFI  sampling 
grid" 

March  1968  Conference  on  the  Future  of  the  U.S. 

Fishing  Industry.  Seattle,  Wash.: 

E.H.  Ahlstrom  ".4n  evaluation  of  the 
fishery  resources  available  to  California 
fishermen" 

May  1968  International  Association  of  Biological 

Oceanography,  Woods  Hole,  Mass.: 

E.  H.  Ahlstrom  "The  quantitative  col- 
lection of  fish  eggs  and  larvae" 

A.R.  Longliurst  "Development  and  de- 
ployment of  a  system  tor  multiple  serial 
plankton  sampling" 

P.L.  Smith  "Full  spectrum  pelagic 
sampling" 


COOPERATION  WITH  OTHER  ORGANIZATIONS 


The  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  is  fortunate  in 
its  neighbors,  and  BCF  scientists  have  daily  contacts  with 
their  colleagues  from  the  various  agencies  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  California  at  San  Diego,  at  seminars  and  more  in- 


formally in  each  other's  laboratories.  Several  members 
of  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  staff  (Ahlstrom, 
Lasker,  and  Longhurst)  have  received  honorary  appoint- 
ments to  the  Llniversily  facults'  and  statf  and  have  partic- 


10 


ipated  in  formal  course  work;  in  1 9(i7,  a  course  in  Marine 
Biology  at  the  University  was  staffed  completely  from 
the  Center. 

Other,  more  formal,  arrangements  witli  the  Univer- 
sity and.  more  particularly,  with  SiO,  are  fundamental 
to  the  well-being  of  the  Center:  the  deeding  of  the  land 
on  which  the  Center  is  built;  the  sea-water  supply  to  the 
experimental  aquarium;  the  cooperative  operation  of 
radio  station  WWD;  the  supply  of  computer  facilities; 
and  many  other  matters. 

In  addition  to  these  neighborhood  relations  with 
SIO,  the  Center  has  participated  in  cooperative  research 
in  the  last  year  with  the  following  organizations; 

CalCOFI 

California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 
California  Department  of  Fish  and  Game,  Terminal 

Island.  Calif. 
Estacion  de  Biologia  Pesquera,  El  Sauzal,  Baja  Calif. 
Hopkins  Marine  Station,  Monterey,  Calif. 
SIO,  University  of  California,  San  Diego,  Calif. 

EASTROPAC 

lATTC 

Direccion   General   de   Pesca   e   Industrias  Conexas, 

Mexico 
Instituto  del  Mar,  Lima,  Peru 

Instituto  Hidrografico  de  la  Armada,  Valparaiso,  Chile 
Instituto  Nacional  de  Pesca,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador 
Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum,  Honolulu,  Hawaii 


Bureau   of  Commercial  Fisheries,  Tropical  Atlantic 

Biological  Laboratory,  Miami,  Fla. 
Environmental  Science  Services  Administration,  U.S. 

Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
Enviroimiental  Science  Services  Administration,  U.S. 

Weather  Bureau 

National    Oceanographic    Data  Center,  Washington, 

D.C. 
National  Science  Foundation,  Washington,  D.C. 
Office   of  Naval  Research,  U.S.  Navy,  Washington, 

D.C. 
SIO,  University  of  California,  San  Diego,  Calif. 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Pacific  Program,  Honolulu, 

Hawaii 
Texas  A&M  University,  College  Station,  Tex. 

U.S.  Coast  Guard  Oceanographic  Unit,  Washington, 

D.C. 
U.S.  Naval  Oceanographic  Office,  Washington,  D.C. 

Finally,  there  is  the  continuing  cooperation  in  the 
fishery  forecasting  project;  in  its  ninth  year,  this  project 
uses  data  which  are  produced  by  about  25  separate  agen- 
cies or  individuals  including  international  organizations, 
U.S.  and  foreign  Government  departments,  commercial 
and  fishing  vessels  and  volunteer  individuals,  such  as  life- 
guards and  liglithouse  keepers,  working  in  strategic  local- 
ities. Without  their  generous  cooperation  and  without  the 
material  assistance  of  the  U.S.  Navy  Fleet  Numerical 
Weather  Central  at  Monterey,  Calif.,  this  project  could 
not  survive. 


RESEARCH  PROGRAMS 


Research  at  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center  is  or- 
ganized as  four  programs,  each  containing  several  projects 
which  are  the  responsibility  of  individual  scientists;  the 
Fishery-Oceanography  Program  investigates  the  relations 
between  fish  and  their  environment,  and  seeks  to  predict 
this  relationship  for  the  fishermen;  the  Population  Dy- 
namics Program  investigates  the  structure  of  the  popula- 
tion of  animal  populations,  their  effects  on  one  another, 
and  the  effects  of  fisheries  upon  some  of  them;  the 
Behavior-Physiology  Program  investigates  the  trophic  re- 
lations of  animals  which  are  important  in  the  food  web 
in  the  sea,  seeking  to  understand  the  nature  and  quantity 
of  food  needed  by  each,  the  methods  by  wliich  this 
food  is  obtained;  and  the  Operations  Research  Program 
studies  the  fisheries  by  means  of  systems  analysis  and 
from  determination  of  the  costs,  earnings,  and  methods 


structure  of  fisheries  suggests  new  methods  by  which  in- 
dividual fisheries  may  be  made  more  profitable. 

Fishery-Oceanography  Program 

Tliis  program  includes  three  projects;  the  temper- 
ate tuna  forecasting  project  devoted  to  monitoring  of  the 
environment  and  forecasting  of  the  West  Coast  summer 
fishery  for  albacore  fVmnnus  alalimga)  and  bluefin  tuna 
(T.  thyimusj:  the  EASTROPAC  project,  devoted  to  a 
biological  and  physical  oceanographic  survey  of  the  east- 
ern tropical  Pacific-one  of  the  aims  of  which  is  to  evalu- 
ate latent  skipjack  and  other  tuna  resources  in  this  area; 
STOR  project  (BCF  contract  No.  14-1 7-007-742)  devoted 
to  basic  research  in  fishery-oceanography  particularly  of 
the  tropical  tuna  of  the  eastern  Pacific. 


11 


TEMPERATE  TUNA  FORECASTING 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  project  to  investigate  and 
develop  the  techniques  on  which  fishery  prediction  serv- 
ices must  be  based,  by  continuing  to  expand  and  improve 
a  service  now  entering  its  ninth  consecutive  year  tor  the 
temperate  tuna  fisiieries  on  the  West  Coast.  More  than 
in  its  considerable  vahie  to  the  albacore  and  blucfin  tuna 
fishery,  its  real  importance  lies  in  its  theoretical  studies 
in  the  understanding  and  prediction  of  processes  in  the 
biological  and  physical  environment  of  the  sea;  these 
studies  are  sharpened  by  being  tested  in  the  context  of 
the  forecasting  service  each  summer. 

The  predictive  service  contains  three  elements: 
monthly  and  15-day  oceanographic  charts,  showing  the 
actual  environmental  situation;  daily  fishery  advisories 
radioed  to  the  fishing  tleel  through  station  WWD  at  La 
Jolla;  and  occasional  bulletins  mailed  throughout  the 
fishing  season  describing  trends  in  the  environment  and 
the  fisheries,  and  including  prognoses  of  future  trends. 

G.A.  Flittner  and  his  colleagues  continue  to  investi- 
gate the  complex  train  of  events  which  preludes  the  sea- 
sonal arrival  of  albacore  and  bluefin  tuna  off  the  Pacific 
Coast  each  year.  The  facilities  which  thev  use  have  been 


greatly  improved  in  the  last  12  months,  primarily  with 
the  estabhshment  of  the  new  data  coniniunications  cen- 
ter, adjacent  to  their  forecasting  office,  in  which  are 
mounted  several  electronic  plotters,  on-line  to  the  U.S. 
Navy  Fleet  Numerical  Weather  Central  at  Monterey,  to- 
gether with  a  suite  of  other  telecommunications  equip- 
ment. Data  collection  from  expendable  bathythermo- 
graph equipment  placed  aboard  fishing  and  research  ves- 
sels continues,  and  the  raw  data  from  this  conununica- 
tions  center  are  fed  directly  into  the  Navy  computers  at 
Monterey. 

The  merits  of  this  system  have  recently  been  rec- 
ognized by  the  Marine  Technology  Society,  who  pre- 
sented a  special  commendation  to  P.N.  Wolff,  of 
Monterey,  and  to  G.A.  Flittner.  in  recognition  of  their 
joint  success  in  its  development  and  operation. 

The  l%7  long-term  season  prediction  was  made  in 
mid-May  and  was  based  on  a  "cooler  than  usual"  trend 
in  oceanographic  conditions  maintained  over  the  pre- 
ceding months.  This  trend  suggested  that  the  albacore 
tuna  might  move  to  the  Oregon-Washnigton  region  later 
than  in  U'bti  and  consequently,  that  a  good  southern 
California  fishery  would  develop  during  JuK. 


DATA      BASE 


SHIPS    AT   SEA 


BUOY    PLATFORMS 


SATELLITES    AND 
OTHER   MEDIA 


WEATHER     BUREAU 
SAN    FRANCISCO 


BCF    RADIO   STATION   **D 
SCRlPPS-LA    JOLLA 


NAVAL-FLEET    NUMERICAL 
WEATHER    CENTRAL 
MONTEREY 


UNIVERSITY     OF    CALIFORNIA    SAN   DiEGO 
COMPUTER    CENTER 
LA    JOLLA 


ESSA-WEATHER    BUREAU 


NOOC    DATA    ARCHIVES 


ESTABLISH   SYSTEMS  FOR 
ENVIRONMENTAL    FORECASTS 


DEVELOP   TECHNIQUES  FOR 
FISHERY    FORECASTING 


WEATHER  SERVICE 
FNWC 

NAVOCEANO         MONTHLY  PUBLICATION 
OF   SEA   SURFACE 
TEMPERATURE 


DAILY  BROADCAST 

OF  FISHING  8  WEATHER 
SPECIAL  INFORMATION 

BULLETINS 


SEA  SURFACE 

TEMPERATURE    AT 

5  DAY  INTERVALS 


TEMPERATE    TuNA 
FORECAST 


CONSUMERS 


Organizational  chart  oj  fishery  forecasting  service. 


12 


Fishery  forecasting- environmental  prediction  charts. 


G.  Mattson 


After  this  prediction  of  cooler  than  normal  water 
was  issued,  the  environmental  monitoring  system  indica- 
ted an  unpredicted  and  anomalous  warming  of  a  very 
large  oceanic  area  to  the  north  of  California,  due  to  ab- 
normally liglit  cloud  cover  and  sliglrt  winds  over  a  great 
part  of  the  northeast  Pacific  Ocean.  A  bulletin  was  im- 
mediately issued  to  the  fishing  community,  warning  that 
the  predicted  trend  had  not  materialized  and  that  the 
actual  conditions  were  likely  to  result  in  a  rapid  move- 
ment to  the  north  of  the  main  body  of  the  migrating 
albacore  tuna  population.  Such  a  movement  would 
probably  result  in  a  bumper  catch  in  the  Oregon- 
Washington  area  during  the  later  part  of  the  summer. 
This  prediction  was  realized,  and  that  region  experienced 
its  best  albacore  tuna  season  since  1944.  The  large  land- 
ings were  in  part  due  to  the  early  warning  received  by  the 
fleet,  to  which  a  large  number  of  the  vessels  responded. 
Also,  the  arrival  of  the  tuna  in  the  area  coincided  with 
spawning  concentrations  of  saury,  which  tended  to  hold 
them  in  the  region  of  the  fishery.  California,  on  the 
other  hand,  had  a  poor  year  and  boats  which,  for  one 
reason  or  another    remained  there  had  an  unprofitable 

season. 

Thus,  two  things  were  conclusively  demonstrated 

during  the  summer  of  1967:  that  the  persistence  of 
large-scale  ocean  conditions  more  than  1 5  days  ahead  was 
significantly  more  difficult  to  predict  than  had  previously 
supposed  for  this  region,  and  that  predictions  for  peri- 
ods less  than  15  days  were  of  real  value  to  the  daily  op- 
erations of  the  fishing  fleet.  In  addition,  the  1967  ex- 
periences had  dictated  that  long-term  forecasts  of  land- 
ings and  fishing  areas  should  be  temporarily  suspended. 


to  be  replaced  by  heavier  reliance  on  short-term  bulletins 
of  predictions  based  on  currently  observed  trends. 


Temperature  anomaUes  of  sea  surface  from  long-term 
means:  sliaded  areas  are  negative  anomalies. 


13 


The  prediction  for  the  1968  season,  issued  in  mid- 
June,  coincided  with  the  detection  of  early  arriving  alba- 
core  tuna  by  David  Stan  Jordan  outside  the  California 
offshore  islands  during  an  anchovy-sardine  survey. 

This  year  (1968)  the  open  ocean  on  the  migratory 
route  of  albacorc  tuna  towards  the  Pacific  Coast  has 
shown  strong  warming  trends  in  late  May  and  early  June. 
If  this  warming  continues,  we  can  expect  to  see  an  appre- 
ciable portion  of  the  incoming  migrants  diverted  into 
northern  California  waters  instead  of  towards  Baja  Cali- 
fornia. Thus,  the  area  near  Guadalupe  Island  may  pro- 
duce few  early-season  catches,  and  we  e.xpect  the  fishery 
to  advance  relatively  rapidly  toward  central  California, 
from  San  Juan  to  Davidson  Seamounts. 

Total  California  landings  for  the  season  cannotyet 
be  estimated,  but  we  expect  they  may  fall  near  the  long- 
term  average  of  about  15,000  tons.  The  Oregon- 
Washington  region  is  expected  to  receive  a  significant 
portion  of  the  total  U.S.  West  Coast  catch  of  albacore 
tuna  this  year. 

In  1968,  the  blucfin  tuna  fishery  is  expected  to  de- 
velop later  than  usual  because  southern  Baja  California 
has  had  a  period  of  strong  northerly  winds;  heavy  weather 
created  by  these  winds  has  severely  hmited  fishing  and 
has  caused  intense  upwelling  with  a  near-shore  band  of 
green  waters  and  sea  temperatures  considerably  lower 
than  normal. 

These  events  have  combined  to  delay  the  onset  of 
the  fishery  well  into  the  month  of  June  and  may  cause 
the  bluefin  tuna  to  remain  farther  offshore  than  usual. 
One  consequence  of  the  delay  in  the  start  of  the  bluefin 
tuna  season  will  be  a  northward  shift  in  the  center  of 
production  and  a  delay  in  the  period  of  maxmium  catch. 
Rapid  warming  in  the  region  north  and  east  of  Guadalupe 
Island  may  cause  bluefin  tuna  to  appear  earlier  than  last 
year  in  southern  California  waters. 

G.A.  Flittner  and  his  colleagues  also  continue  basic 
environmental  research  and  investigate  the  methods  of 
predictive  analysis.  R.J.  Lynn  has  completed  his  rework- 
ing of  the  data  base  from  the  CalCOFI  oceanographic 
studies  in  the  California  Current  and  has  reanalyzed  the 
seasonal  variation  of  temperature  and  salinity  at  10  m.  in 
the  California  Current;  these  studies  permit  much  more 
precise  definition  of  seasonal  anomalies  to  be  made  and 
are  of  direct  application  in  the  predictive  process. 

N.E.  Clark  has  started  work  on  the  heal  tlux  at  the 
sea  surface  in  the  northeastern  Pacific  Ocean  and  has 
accumulated  oceanographic  and  nieteorological  data  for 
a  long  period  of  years.  He  is  using  these  data  to  write 
and  test  computer  programs  for  prognostic  charts  of  sea 
surface  temperature,  from  historical  data  and  his  heat 
flux  computations.  He  has  also  been  studying,  from  his- 
torical data,  the  winds  and  sea  surface  temperatures  off 
California,  to  describe  the  mechanisms  involved,  and  to 


predict  coastal  upwelling. 

R.J.  Lynn  has  been  continuing  his  collaboration 
with  J.E.  Reid  of  SIO  on  the  characteristics  and  circula- 
tion of  deep  and  abyssal  waters.  Potential  temperature 
and  salinity  of  these  waters  in  the  major  areas  of  the 
world  ocean  have  been  reexamined  in  the  hope  that  re- 
cent data  may  extend  the  conventional  concept  of  the 
formation  and  circulation  of  the  deeper  waters. 

The  results  were  consistent  with  the  conventional 
notions  of  deep  flow  except  for  potential  density,  which 
appears  not  to  fit  in  the  Atlantic.  Further  examination 
has  revealed  that  above  the  bottom  in  the  western  Atlan- 
tic is  a  potential  density  maximum  which  represents  fairly 
well  the  lower  north  Atlantic  deep  water.  Introduction 
of  a  new  density  increase  explains  the  peculiarities  of  the 
distribution  of  potential  density. 

A  second  study  concerns  also  the  abyssal  waters  of 
the  world's  ocean  and  presents  new  techniques  in  the 
analysis  of  deep  water  along  density  surfaces.  This  pro- 
ject uses  these  techniques  to  develop  a  model  that  de- 
scribes the  sources  and  paths  of  waters  which  mix  and 
ultimately  fill  the  depths  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  deep 
Pacific  water  is  relatively  homogenous  in  its  characteris- 
tics; as  defined  within  a  narrow  range  of  temperature 
and  salinity  it  has  been  termed  "common  water""  and 
constitutes  44  percent  by  volume  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  is  thus  very  important  in  determining  the  major  char- 
acters of  this  ocean  basin. 

EASTROPAC 

EASTROPAC  is  a  multiagency.  international  series 
of  expeditions  designed  to  investigate  the  seasonal 
changes  over  a  rather  large  part  of  the  eastern  tropical 
Pacific  Ocean,  extendnig  from  the  west  coast  of  Mexico 
to  the  northern  coast  of  Peru,  and  to  122  W.,  far  to  the 
west  of  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The  field  surveys  began 
in  early  1967  and  continued  througli  April  1968. 

BCF,  througli  the  Fishery -Oceanography  Center, 
was  the  lead  agency.  W.S.  Wooster  of  SIO  was  initially 
Coordinator  of  the  expeditions  and  was  responsible  for 
early  planning  and  organization.  Subsequently,  A.R. 
Longhurst,  of  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Center,  became 
Coordinator. 

Six  vessels  from  the  United  States  worked  the 
main  observational  lines  in  the  offshore  survey  area;  these 
cruises  ranged  from  one-ship  to  four-ship  surveys  and 
comprised  one  summer  and  two  winter  surveys,  linked 
by  four  single-ship  monitoring  cruises  in  the  interim  peri- 
ods. Five  vessels  from  Mexico,  Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Chile 
participated  in  the  expeditions  and  timed  their  cruises 
\o  coincide  with  the  major  offshore  surveys.  In  addi- 
tion, five  U.S.  vessels  which  passed  through  the  EAS- 
TROPAC sui^vey  area  were  considered  to  be  ships  of  op- 
portunity  and   worked   oceanographic  transects  which 


14 


130' 


120* 


30'uii|i|i|i|i|i|iMI'|Mili| 


20" 


10° 


20' 


'  i 1 1 ' 1 1 1 '  I '  1 '  I '  r  I '  I '  I '  I T ' ' ' ' ' '  '^ 

EASTROPAC 

FIRST  SURVEY  CRUISES  j 
FEBRUARY -MARCH  1967  _ 
STATION    POSITIONS 


-.  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  ■  1 1 1  ■  I  i  1 1 1 M 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !  1 1 1 1 , 1 . 1 1 1 1  i  1 1 1  i ,  1 1 1 I.I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  ■  1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  ^ 


130° 


120° 


110° 


90° 


80° 


will  be  incorporated  within  the  EASTROPAC  data  base. 

On  the  criterion  of  number  of  stations  and  number 
of  observations.  EASTROPAC  was  a  major  oceano- 
graphic  effort,  comparable  with  the  International  Indian 
Ocean  Expeditions,  the  NORPAC,  and  the  EQUALANT 
expeditions. 

This  large  number  of  stations  has  involved  the 
EASTROPAC  staff  in  a  monumental  data  processing 
problem.  The  basic  oceanographic  tool  around  which 
the  expedition  was  based  was  the  electronic  STD  probe 
with  its  associated  digital  data  logger;  this  equipment 
was  used  on  almost  all  the  major  cruises.  To  an  extent, 
this  procedure  has  eased  the  problem  of  handling  data, 
since,  althougli  the  number  of  information  bits  was  very 
much  greater  from  the  STD  than  from  a  Nansen  cast,  a 
computer  can  easily  handle  the  data.    Available  tech- 


niques for  editing  the  data  tapes  were  by  no  means  sat- 
isfactory and  had  to  be  developed  during  and  after  the 
expedition,  mainly  by  J.  Jones. 

Almost  5.000  plankton  samples  from  the  expedi- 
tions have  now  accumulated  in  the  Fishery-Oceanography 
Center  and  have  caused  another  major  data-acquisition 
problem;  arrangements  have  been  made  with  the  staff  of 
lATTC  to  sort  out  the  eggs  and  larvae  of  pelagic  fish  from 
these  samples.  W.L.  Klawe  of  lATTC  directs  this  sorting, 
which  is  progressing  very  well  and  is  expected  to  be  com- 
pleted by  the  end  of  1968.  Already,  some  data  are  avail- 
able from  these  biological  studies. 

Witli  the  completion  of  the  work  at  sea,  plans  have 
been  made  to  produce  a  data  atlas  which  will  be  edited 
by  CM.  Love.  Because  of  the  great  number  of  data,  we 
have  decided  not  to  produce  classical  data  reports  but  to 


15 


G.  Mattson 

David  Starr  ioTdan-Iowering  electronic  salinity- 
temperature-depth  probe  with  rosette  of  sampling 
bottles. 


archive  the  edited  magnetic  tapes  of  data  in  the  National 
Oceanographic  Data  Center.  We  will  produce  as  rapidly 
as  possible  a  comprehensive  atlas  of  vertical  sections  and 
horizontal  plots  of  physical,  chemical,  and  biological 
properties.  The  scope  of  the  expedition,  the  number  of 
observational  lines,  and  the  number  of  stations  have 
rendered  it  impractical  to  produce  such  an  atlas  within  a 
reasonable  period  by  classical  methods  of  cartography. 
The  data  are  all  stored  on  magnetic  tape,  so  computers 
and  electronic  plotters  can  be  used  to  generate  mechan- 
ically drawn  plots  and  profiles.  These  plots,  modified 
where  necessary  by  hand  drafting,  will  form  the  basis  of 
tiie  atlas.  F.  Miller,  of  lATTC,  working  with  the  BAS- 
TROP AC  project,  has  written  a  number  of  computer  pro- 
grams for  the  generation  of  the  plots.  The  programs  have 
been  remarkably  successful,  and  we  hope  that,  once  the 
problem  of  editing  the  original  data  logger  tapes  has  been 
completely  solved,  the  production  of  an  atlas  will  proceed 
with  very  little  delay;  it  will  be  produced  in  loose-leaf 
form  and  batches  of  sheets  will  be  issued  as  soon  as  they 
become  available,  before  the  entire  atlas  is  completed. 

The  physical  data  are  largely  in  the  hands  of  SIO 
scientists,  who  will  be  responsible  for  their  analysis  and 
for  subsequent  studies  on  the  results.  W.H.  Thomas,  of 
STOR,  will  be  responsible  for  processing  and  analysis  of 
the  data  on  dissolved  nutrient  salts. 

Many  of  the  biological  data,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
in  the  hands  of  BCF  scientists  in  the  Center.  R.W.  Owen, 
assisted  by  B.F.  Zeitzchel  of  STOR,  is  responsible  for  the 
phytoplankton  data-both  primary  productivity  measure- 
ments and  chlorophyll  determinations.  The  most  im- 
mediate product  of  this  work  will  be  distributions  of 
standing  stocks  and  production  rates  over  the  EASTRO- 
PAC  year.  The  final  product  is  to  be  a  description  of 
seasonal  changes,  of  the  principal  mechanisms  that  pro- 
duce these  changes,  and  of  the  relation  between  phyto- 
plankton and  other  trophic  levels  in  the  region. 


G,  Mattson 
Resource  sun'eys -skipjack  tuna  larvae  from  the 
HASTROPA  C  expeditions. 


G,  Mattson 


Resource  sun'cys-yellowfin  tuna  larvae  from  a  tropical 
Pacific  survey. 


16 


R.  W.  Owen  has  also  obtained  data  on  total  particu- 
late carbon  for  complete  profiles  at  many  stations  from 
six  cruises,  together  with  light-scattering  data  from  many 
of  the  same  profiles.  A  good  correlation  has  been  detec- 
ted between  particulate-carbon  concentration  and  the 
volume-attenuation  coefficient  of  green  light.  Such  cor- 
relation indicates  that  organic  particles  have  a  higli  degree 
of  influence  on  the  inherent  particulate  properties  of 
these  tropical  waters. 

Of  over  5,600  productivity  samples  from  800  sta- 
tions and  14,000  plant  pigment  measurements  from 
1,200  stations,  about  10  percent  have  been  processed  and 
examined.  Preliminary  analyses  of  these  samples  show 
that  the  distribution  of  chlorophyll  and  seston  agrees  well 
with  expectation  and  give  evidence  of  seasonal  cycles  of 
clilorophyll  and  seston.    Unexpectedly  higli  concentra- 


- 

7 

r  . 

'  ■•-■  .^^^^.^ 

SKIPJACK    LAflVAC 
IKatiumonus) 

-' 

- 

"^^ 

- 

- 

cp 

*T*-'                   : 

;  iV:, 

T" 

c?> 

:    ess;    :  ' 

/ 

~ 

N- ;  i 

- 

—CJd               : 

- 

^d 

::^ 

===^       \ 

\   ■:.  i 

V 

- 

cp            : 

•  .\ 

_ 

3^ 

1                      1                      i                      1           '   ■    ■ 

■  ■'  1     1 

. 

1 

Occurrence  of  lan'ac  in  samples  from  first  EASTROPAC 
survey:  shaded  are  areas  of  occurrence. 


G.  Mattson 

David  Starr  Joidzn-shipboard  autoanalysis  of  concen- 
tration's of  nutrient  chemicals  in  sea  water  samples. 

tions  of  plant  pigments  were  found  beyond  equatorial 
waters;  they  sometimes  exceeded  equatorial  values,  de- 
spite the  apparently  greater  local  enrichment  by  upwell- 
ing  along  the  equator. 

The  continuous  in  vivo  chlorophyll  records  from 
the  surface  water  taken  during  most  of  the  EASTROPAC 
cruises  are  very  useful  for  analyzing  small  scale  variations 
and  for  locating  areas  of  large  changes  of  pigment  con- 
centrations, such  as  at  oceanic  fronts.  Diurnal  changes 
of  in  vivo  fluorescence,  which  occur  mainly  in  equatorial 
waters,  indicate,  however,  that  this  measurement  is  not  a 
particularly  good  tool  for  surveys  of  large  areas. 

R.M.  Laurs,  who  is  directing  the  work  of  processing 
of  zooplankton  samples  taken  on  EASTROPAC,  reports 
that  it  is  progressing  well.  Volume  measurements  of 
samples  from  1 .0-  and  0.5-m.  nets  have  been  completed 
for  all  collections  taken  on  the  first  and  second  survey 
cruises,  and  on  all  monitor  cruises,  and  are  well  along  for 
the  third  survey  cruise.  Computer  listings  of  standardized 
volumes  are  now  available  for  the  first  survey,  and  the 
first  two  monitor  cruises,  data  from  other  cruises  are 
being  punched  on  computer  cards. 


17 


TEMPERATURE  (C)  JORDAN  12  I05*W 

15' 


FEBRUARY    21— MARCH  6              1967 
o: 5- 


■IS  K)  <M  100   tr  M       M      tT    «4  ■■       n        rs 


tT  O  M  M 


//a«</  drawn  vertical  sections  of  temperature  and  salinity 
for  leg  3  o/ David  Starr  Jordan's  EASTROPAC 12  cruise, 
including  STD  and  XBTdata. 


CASTWJMC-12 


»  «         IM  IM       IM  »«  e<  go 


STATIONS  51 -«<    AL0t«l05°W. 


Computer  generated  vertical  sections  of  temperature  and 
salinity  for  leg  J  of  Ddvid  Starr  Sordm\  EASTROPAC  12 
cruise,  based  only  on  STD  data. 


18 


The  King-Hida  method  of  adjusting  for  day-night 
variation  in  zooplankton  volumes  was  tested.  Statistical 
problems  due  to  a  strong  bias  of  hauls  taken  near  noon 
or  midniglit.  and.  more  important,  the  enormous  geo- 
graphical extent  of  the  EASTROPAC  cruises,  which 
covered  a  great  diversity  of  ecological  situations,  pre- 
clude the  use  of  the  method.  Other  methods  of  normal- 
izing the  data  are  being  examined,  but.  until  a  satisfactory 
method  is  found,  only  niglit-time  hauls  are  being  used, 
except  for  determining  concentrations  of  such  organisms 
as  fish  larvae  which  do  not  undertake  diel  migrations. 

All  EASTROPAC  micronekton  collections,  except 
those  from  one  cruise,  have  been  sorted  into  major  tax- 
onomic  categories  and  volumes  measured.  In  addition, 
about  25  percent  of  the  samples  have  been  sorted  for 
crustaceans  down  to  family  level.  R.M.  Laurs  and  M. 
Blackburn  (STOR)  are  collaborating  in  thesemicronekton 
studies  and  have  begun  some  statistical  examination  of 
the  data. 

A.R.  Longhurst  has  continued  his  study  of  vertical 
distribution  of  zooplankton  in  the  EASTROPAC  area  by 
means  of  profiles  taken  with  his  multiple  serial  plankton 
sampler  from  500  m.  to  the  surface.  These  profiles  were 
taken  during  live  cruises,  and  each  contains  between  50 
and  75  subsamples;  sorting  into  major  ecological  and 
systematic  groups  has  been  completed  for  the  first  three 
cruises.  Data  from  the  first  cruise  have  been  punched 
onto  computer  cards  and  run  througli  a  program  which 
generates  histogram-type  vertical  profiles  for  each  sorted 
category.  Tliese  profiles  show  a  remarkable  concordance 
between  widely  separated  stations  within  similar  ocean- 
ographic  regimes.  They  also  show  considerable  differ- 
ences between  profiles  that  are  typical  of  different 
oceanographic  regimes,  or  different  ecological  situations. 


G.  Mattson 

Zooplankton  ecology   removing  plankton  samples  from 
filtering  gauzes  of  new  plankton  recorder. 


SCRIPPS  TUNA  OCEANOGRAPHY  RESEARCH 

M.  Blackburn  and  his  group  continue  their  studies 
of  the  relation  between  tropical  tuna  and  their  environ- 
ment. They  have  been  heavily  involved  in  the  field  work 
for  EASTROPAC  and  have  contributed  in  a  major  way 
to  the  data  collection.  At  the  same  time,  they  have  been 
completing  their  analysis  of  the  work  which  has  occupied 
them  for  the  previous  3  years  on  the  "'local  banks"  fish- 
ery for  yellowfin  and  skipjack  tunas  off  the  western  coast 
of  Baja  California.  This  study  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  fishery  forecasting  project  described  earlier,  with  re- 
gard to  both  the  general  relation  between  tuna  and  their 
environment,  and  to  the  planned  extension  of  this  pre- 
dictive service  to  cover  the  fishery  for  tropical  tunas. 


Behavior-Physiology  Program 

Each  of  the  four  projects  within  this  program  is  de- 
voted to  a  particular  aspect  of  the  trophic  and  behavioral 
relations  of  the  important  commercial  fish  in  the  Cali- 
fornia region. 

The  physiology  project  seeks  to  understand  the  en- 
ergy budgets  of  our  important  commercial  fishes  and  of 
the  organisms  on  which  they  feed. 

The  schooling  behavior  project  is  planned  to  pro- 
vide information  on  the  internal  structure  of  schools  of 
adult  fish,  including  an  understanding  of  the  manner  in 
which  fish  react  to  one  another  and  so  maintain  the  struc- 
ture of  a  school  under  varying  conditions. 

The  feeding  behavior  project  recognizes  that  the 
ingestion  of  food  by  an  individual  fish  is  the  climax  of  a 
complicated  and  plastic  behavior  pattern.  This  project  is 
planned  to  describe  this  behavior,  particularly  for  an- 
chovy and  sardine. 

Finally,  the  rearing  project  seeks  to  develop  tech- 
inques  for  rearing  larval  pelagic  fish  from  the  egg  througli 
the  larval  stages  and  into  the  subadult  stage  under  ex- 
perimental conditions  in  the  laboratory. 

PHYSIOLOGY 

R.  Lasker's  group  has  continued  its  studies  of  the 
trophodynamics  of  the  Califotnia  Current  food  chain, 
and  Lasker  maintained  his  interest  in  food  chain  research 
during  his  sabbatical  leave  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  where  he  investigated  a  sand-living  copepod 
(Asellopsis  intermedial,  important  in  the  food  chain  of 
Loch  Ewe,  and  a  dominant  food  organism  for  the  flat- 
fish living  there.  Since  he  found  that  the  population  of 
copepods  is  discrete,  spawns  during  a  restricted  period, 
and  has  short-lived  individuals,  he  was  able  to  complete 
an  analysis  of  growth,  mortality,  and  recruitment  by 
means  of  a  length-frequency  analysis  and  a  carbon  budg- 
et from  respiration  studies. 


20 


Larval  fish  behavior  -anchovy  larva,  alive  and  under  ex- 
perimental conditions  in  the  laboratory. 

While  Lasker  was  in  Aberdeen  he  took  advantage 
of  access  to  an  electron-microscope  to  continue  his 
studies  on  the  mechanism  of  salt  excretion  of  the  Pacitlc 
sardine  larvae  under  different  salinities.  The  studies  in- 
volved examination  of  sections  of  the  larval  skin.  The  re- 
sults showed  that  in  both  hypotonic  and  hypertonic  en- 
vironment all  larval  sardine  skin  cells  increase  in  volume 
and  subsequently  return  to  normal  or  near  normal  despite 
continued  immersion  in  the  test  solution.    No  morpho- 


G.  Mattson 


logical  changes  occur  within  the  normal  skin  cells,  but 
changes  are  profound  in  the  microtubular  structure  of 
the  "chloride  cells."  It  now  seems  probable  from  the 
accumulated  evidence  that  these  cells  do  in  fact  partici- 
pate in  osmoregulation  of  the  sardine  larva. 

A  further  study  of  osmoregulation  has  begun,  ui 
collaboration  with  the  California  Department  of  Fish  and 
Game,  on  the  effect  of  increasing  salinity  on  the  success 
of  fertilization,  larval  mortality,  and  development  offish 
larvae  in  the  Salton  Sea  in  California. 

The  long-term  study  of  the  energy  budget  of  the 
Pacific  sardine  has  reached  the  stage  at  which  a  first  syn- 
thesis may  be  made.  R.  Lasker  has  found  that  growth  ac- 
counts for  18.5  percent  of  the  assimilated  energy  of  the 
average  sardine  during  its  first  year  of  life.  Energy  needed 
for  growth  declines  in  succeeding  years  to  as  little  as  1 .0 
percent  in  the  sixth  year.  Respiration  is  the  dominant 
energy-consuming  process  throughout  the  sardine's  life, 
requiring  82  to  '■)'•)  percent  of  the  assimilated  calories, 
and  reproduction  accounts  for  only  about  1.0  percent  of 
this  energy. 

.i^n  annual  fat  cycle  was  shown  to  alternate  with 
the  reproductive  cycle.    Fat  accumulated  at  the  peak  of 

l:xperimental  physiology -croaker  eggs  and  larvae  from 
the  Salton  Sea,  alive  and  just  hatching  in  salinity  toler- 
ance experiments.  G.  Mattson 


the  fat  cycle  could  provide  only  enougli  energy  for  about 
1  month  and  is  used  up  almost  completely  during  matura- 
tion of  the  gonads. 

The  amount  of  energy,  in  calories,  needed  for  res- 
piration by  the  standing  stock  of  sardines  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Current  was  shown  to  be  2.8  X  10^-  kilocalories 
per  month  during  the  years  of  maximum  biomass.  1932- 
1934.  With  the  decline  of  the  sardine  biomass  to  the 
1956  level,  a  major  fraction  of  these  calories  became 
available  to  other  predators  and  may  be  reflected,  as 
others  have  postulated,  in  the  resurgence  of  the  numbers 
and  biomass  of  the  northern  anchovy,  now  the  major 
planktotrophic  fish  in  the  California  Current. 

Doubt  has  recently  been  cast  on  the  classical  esti- 
mates of  the  efficiency  of  digestion  of  marine  organisms 
which  have  been  grossly  overestimated  if  a  large  fraction 
of  material  was  lost  by  the  excretion  of  soluble  organic 
matter,  which  is  undetectable  by  the  usual  methods.  Be- 
cause of  the  importance  of  this  measurement,  a  study 
was  begun  this  year  to  measure  excreted  dissolved  organ- 
ic material  by  the  shrimp  Crago  sp.,  chosen  because  of  its 
large  size  and  ease  of  maintenance  in  the  laboratory.  The 
results,  in  fact,  show  that  althougli  soluble  compounds 
were  measurable,  they  were  always  low,  relative  to  fecal 


G.  Mattson 

Physiology-aiialogrecorderof  a  carbon,  hydrogen,  nitro- 
gen analysis  apparatus. 

production,  and  would  not  seriously  alter  any  digestion 
coefficient  estimates  obtained  by  other  methods. 

R.  Lasker  served  as  cruise  leader  on  David  Stan- 
Jordan  in  June  to  study  the  physiology  of  fish  eggs  and 
zooplankton  organisms.  The  sea-water  system  was  put  in 


A.  Gomes 


David  Starr  Jordan—shipboard  o.xygen  electrode  is  tested 
prior  to  respiration  experiments. 


21 


f» 


David  Starr  Jordan  -taking  live  plankton  sample  for  ship- 
board physiology  studies. 


operating  condition  and  found  to  be  a  valuable  tool  for 
sea-going  laboratory  investigations. 

By  use  of  a  temperature  block,  a  time-temperature 
curve  vi'as  obtained  for  the  development  and  hatching  of 
jack  mackerel  eggs:  a  sea-going  respirometer  was  tested 
and  functioned  successfully  in  a  gimbal  arrangement;  and 
experiments  with  the  oxygen  electrode  and  an  activity 
meter  were  done  in  David  Starr  Jordan  s  laboratory. 


R.  Laskf 

David  Starr  Jordan -(/.?/«^  temperature  hloek  for  larvat 
development  studies  at  sea. 


FEEDING  BEHAVIOR  PROJECT 

C.P.  O'Connell  has  brought  his  studies  of  the  mech- 
anism of  feeding  in  the  northern  anchovy  to  completion 
during  this  year.  Using  experimental  tanks,  with  nauplii 
and  adults  of  brine  shrimp  (Artemia  salinaj  as  food,  he 
has  analyzed  the  two  kinds  of  feeding:  biting  and  filter- 
ing. He  has  shown  that  even  at  extremely  high  densities 
of  both  kinds  of  food  the  biting  attack  on  adult  Artemia 
is  much  more  efficient.  He  has  extended  his  laboratory 
observations  to  an  analysis  of  the  likely  efficiency  of  fil- 
tration at  varying  concentrations  of  zooplankton  orga- 
nisms above  100  microns,  basing  his  estimates  on  his  pre- 
vious work  with  towed  zooplankton  pumps  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Current.  From  his  pump  samples,  he  concludes 
that  only  rather  limited  areas  have  a  sufficient  biomass  of 
G.  Mattson  zooplankton  organisms  forthe  nutritional  requirements  of 

anchovy  that  feed  by  filtration  alone.  He  therefore  con- 
cludes that  the  biting  attack  is  a  necessary  and  usual  com- 
plement to  filtration. 

He  has  also  investigated  other  relations  between 
biting  and  filter  feeding  in  schools  of  anchovy  when  pre- 
sented with  different  mixtures  of  adult  and  larval 
Artemia.  He  has  shown  that  even  in  the  presence  of 
dense  concentrations  of  nauplii  some  individuals  will  bite 
preferentially  at  the  sparse  adult  Artemia.  and  he  con- 
cludes that  this  behavior  indicates  that  the  biting  attack 
normally  operates  so  that  anchovy  graze  preferentially 
on  large  organisms. 

C.P.  O'Connell  is  now  beginning  comparable  work 
on  the  feeding  of  the  Pacific  mackerel,  which  he  finds 
will  not  respond  to  Artemia  nauplii  at  any  density  but 
will  change  from  biting  to  filtration  in  the  presence  of 
great  enough  densities  of  adult -4/-rew/a. 

—  FISH  SCHOOLING  BEHAVIOR 

Many  commercially  important  marine  fish  live  in 
schools,  and  indeed  the  harvesting  of  these  fishes  may  be 
economically  practicable  only  because  of  this  habit. 
Schooling  infiuences  all  aspects  of  the  life  of  pelagic 
marine  fish:  their  migration,  feeding  habits,  availability 
to  the  fishery,  and  even  their  reaction  to  fishing  gear. 
Thus,  knowledge  of  the  behavior  of  schools  is  essential 
for  improvement  of  fishing  techniques,  understanding 
life  histories,  and  prediction  of  the  availability  of  fish. 


22 


Over  the  last  few  years,  J.R.  Hunter  lias  developed 
automatic  data  processing  techniques  for  the  quantitative 
analysis  of  fish  schools  from  photographs.  Use  of  these 
techniques  has  allowed  him  to  study  the  effects  of  feed- 
ing, liglit  intensity,  fish  size,  and  predators  on  the  behav- 
ior of  schooling  fish,  and  to  investigate  the  communica- 
tion of  velocity  changes  within  fish  schools. 

Recent  accomplishments  include  the  determination 
of  a  visual  threshold  for  schooling  in  jack  mackerel 
(Traclmms  symmetricus).  and  the  determination  of  some 
of  the  mechanisms  involved  in  the  communication  of  ve- 
locity changes  among  fish  in  schools.  Tlie  visual  thresh- 
old for  schooling  was  between  6X10"'  and  6  X  10'°  ft.- 
lambert.  Comparison  of  these  data  with  measurements 
of  liglit  in  the  sea  indicated  that  jack  mackerel  would  be 
able  to  maintain  schools  near  the  surface  on  a  moonless, 
starlit  night. 

Studies  of  communication  in  fish  schools  revealed 
that  the  latency  of  the  response  of  a  fish  to  an  increase 
in  velocity  by  another  fish  in  a  school  depends  on  the 
extent  of  apparent  movement  by  the  other  fish  and  there- 
fore upon  visual  perception  of  movement.  Thus,  a  fish 
reacts  sooner  to  changes  in  velocity  by  fish  to  the  side 
and  by  ones  within  its  binocular  field  than  to  changes  by 
fish  located  elsewhere.  Communication  was  faster  and 
appeared  to  be  more  effective,  however,  among  fish  in 
the  same  rank  than  among  fish  in  the  same  file. 

J.R.  Hunter  has  also  begun  to  develop  techniques 
for  artificially  congregating  schools  of  fish  on  the  high 
seas.  Floating  objects  attract  many  species  of  pelagic 
fishes,  including  tuna,  and  the  fish  normally  remain  near 
the  object  for  many  days.  The  shape  and  displacement 
of  an  object  affording  maximum  attraction  has  been  in- 
vestigated, and  future  work  will  be  designed  to  deter- 
mine the  optimum  size  and  color  for  attraction,  and  also 
to  evaluate  the  effects  of  olfactory  attractants. 

Such  studies  are  obviously  desirable  because  of  tiie 
widely  dispersed  nature  of  many  important  pelagic  fish 
in  the  open  ocean  far  from  land.  If  artificially  aggregated 
by  such  means  they  may  become  available  to  the  catching 
gear  of  the  fishing  fleets. 

An  apparatus  for  measuring  the  speed  of  pelagic 
marine  fish  is  currently  being  calibrated,  and  this,  to- 
gether with  high-speed  photographic  equipment,  will  per- 
mit analysis  of  the  swimming  movements  of  fish  and  the 
determination  of  their  maximum  sustained  velocities.  In- 
formation will  also  be  collected  on  tail-beat  amplitudes 
and  frequencies  which  will  be  used  together  with  the 
CTFM  sonar  in  the  identification  of  the  fish  targets. 
Data  on  maximum  sustained  velocity  will  be  used  in  de- 
termining the  energy  that  our  local  pelagic  marine  fish 
require  for  swimming  and  will  be  used  by  R.  Lasker  in  his 
energy  budget  calculations. 

Development  of  the  techniques  of  rearing  pelagic 
marine  fish  from  the  eggs  in  this  Center  has  permitted 


J.R.  Hunter  to  begin  behavioral  studies  of  larval  ancho- 
vies and  other  pelagic  species.  He  has  developed  tech- 
niques for  cinephotography  of  live  larval  fish  as  small  as 
7  mm.  Photographic  and  other  techniques  will  be  used 
to  investigate  swimming  abilities,  behavior,  and  schooling 
activities  at  various  stage  of  development. 


G   Mattson 

Feeding  behavior  of  anchovy-  experimental  tanks  in  the 
aquarium. 


MARINE  FISH  LARVAE 

G.O.  Schumann's  investigation  of  the  methodology 
of  rearing  the  larvae  of  pelagic  fish  in  the  experimental 
aquarium  at  the  Center  culminated  during  this  period  in 
an  effective,  if  empirical,  rearing  technique. 

G.O.  Schumann  was  able  to  carry  a  number  of  spe- 
cies through  to  the  subadult  stage  from  fertilized  eggs 
collected  in  plankton  nets  at  sea;  these  fish  included  spe- 
cies previously  impossible  to  rear  because  of  the  very 
small  size  of  the  newly  hatched  larva  (such  as  Pacific 
sardine  and  northern  anchovy),  together  with  other  spe- 
cies of  pelagic  and  demersal  fish.  Particularly  spectacular 
was  the  development  of  a  large  school  of  Pacific  mackerel 
(Scomber  japonicus)  which  were  reared  in  this  way  to 
adult  size  in  circular  plastic  swimming  pools  in  the 
aquarium. 

The  rearing  technique  depends  for  its  success  on  a 
number  of  factors  but  is  essentially  the  building  of  a 
model  eutrophic  ocean  in  rather  large  aquarium  tanks. 
Earlier  attempts  to  culture  sardine  and  anchovy  larvae  in 
15-  to  30-liter  tanks  did  not  succeed,  because  the  larvae 
injured  their  jaws  by  repeated  contact  with  the  aquarium 
walls.     Subsequently  fiberglass  aquaria  with  one  plate- 


23 


glass  side  and  a  capacity  of  about  1 ,500  liters  were  de- 
signed. These  tanks  were  painted  matte  green  inside  to 
reduce  liglit  retlection  in  the  corners.  The  aquaria  are 
filled  with  sea  water  from  the  main  laboratory  supply, 
and  a  slow  upwelling  of  water  is  induced  in  each  by  a 
fine  airstream.  Only  distilled  water  to  replace  evapora- 
tion is  added. 

Sardine  and  anchovy  larvae  prefer  high  levels  of 
illumination  during  the  first  week  of  feeding,  and  they 
aggregate  in  areas  of  highest  light  intensity  until  they  are 
about  15  mm.  long,  when  they  move  gradually  deeper  in 
the  aquarium.  Four  lOO-watt  (or  24,000  lumen)  mer- 
cury vapor  lamps  produce  sufficient  light  with  low  heat. 
Continuous  illumination  is  used  to  allow  the  larvae  to 
feed  uninterruptedly. 

A  bloom  of  Chhrella-Wke  species  of  algae  is  per- 
mitted to  develop  in  the  aquarium  several  days  before 
eggs  are  stocked.  The  primary  purpose  is  to  provide  food 
for  the  large  numbers  of  copepod  nauplii  and  copepodites 
added  later,  when  the  fish  are  ready  to  feed. 

Sardine  and  anchovy  eggs,  together  with  those  of 
other  species,  are  collected  at  sea  off  La  Jolla  by  towing 
a  1-m.  plankton  net  close  to  the  surface.  Up  to  20,000 
eggs  are  put  in  each  aquarium,  and  very  higli  percentages 
of  them  hatch  successfully. 

When  the  larvae  are  ready  to  feed,  collections  of 
food  organisms  are  made  each  day  with  a  fine-meshed 
tow  net  in  Mission  Bay,  San  Diego.  Collections  are  re- 
turned to  the  laboratory  in  buckets,  larger  organisms  are 
removed  by  straining  the  catch  through  a  260  micron 
plankton  mesh,  and  the  contents  of  each  bucket  poured 
into  larger  tanks  where  the  copepods  may  be  concen- 
trated with  a  point  source  of  light  and  collected  with  a 
siphon. 

Wlien  food  organisms  are  relatively  scarce,  larvae 
cannot  be  cultured  with  a  reasonable  chance  of  success 
in  large  volumes  of  water,  because  few  larvae  survive  in 
low  concentrations  of  food.  A  method  of  confining 
larvae  in  relatively  small  volumes  of  water  was  developed 
to  permit  larvae  to  be  cultured  successfully  during  these 
periods.  The  method  consisted  of  rearing  larvae  in  very 
thin  (0.0025  mm.)  polythene  bags  during  the  early  criti- 
cal days  of  active  feeding.  The  bags  are  filled  with  green 
water  and  are  suspended  in  the  large  aquaria  by  an  air- 
infiated  plastic  ring.  The  bags  are  fully  expanded  by  fill- 
ing with  water  slightly  above  the  water  level  in  the 
aquarium.  An  airstream  in  the  aquarium  circulates  water 
around  the  bag,  and  the  thin  plastic  wall  acts  as  a  semi- 
permeable membrane,  permitting  gaseous  exchange.  The 
thin  plastic  wall  of  the  bag  apparently  possesses  sufficient 
elasticity  to  prevent  larvae  from  injuring  themselves  when 
they  swim  into  it.  After  larvae  have  grown  to  a  length  of 
about  8  mm.  and  are  able  to  swim  well,  the  bag  is  slit 
open  and  the  fish  are  released  in  the  larger  area  of  the 
aquarium. 


By  these  empirical  techniques,  the  survival  of  fish 
past  early  critical  periods  has  ranged  in  recent  experi- 
ments mostly  from  30  to  50  percent  of  the  original  stock 
of  eggs.  Occasionally,  batches  of  several  hundred  fish 
were  reared  through  metamorphosis  to  thesubadult  stage 
with  considerably  higher  survival  rates  than  this. 


Population  Dynamics  Program 

This  program  has  four  projects:  a  continuing  com- 
mitment to  the  resource  surveys  of  this  region  within  the 
framework  of  CalCOFI;  the  BCF  commitments  to  coop- 
erative collection  and  analysis  of  data  on  the  dynamics  of 
harvested  fish  populations  in  the  California  Current;  anal- 
ysis of  the  racial  structure  of  some  of  the  important 
commercial  fish  species  in  the  California  fishery;  and  the 
analysis  of  historical  data  on  zooplankton  abundance  by 
computer  methods  and  use  of  this  analysis  to  increase 
the  efficiency  of  future  surveys,  and  to  develop  new  and 
more  efficient  survey  methods. 

CALIFORNIA  CURRENT  RESOURCE  SURVEYS 

This  project  is  designed  to  analyze  the  flow  of  in- 
formation which  is  derived  from  the  BCF  participation  in 
CalCOFI,  especially  the  data  on  eggs  and  larvae  of  com- 
mercially valuable  fishes,  together  with  the  lai-vae  of  as- 
sociated fishes. 

The  samples  are  collected  in  cooperation  with  SIO 
(Marine  Life  Resources  Program).  Generally,  the  staff 
for  biological  collections  are  furnished  by  the  Center  and 
those  who  collect  physical  data  are  furnished  by  SIO. 

Primary  sorting  of  the  samples  to  obtain  the  num- 
ber and  length  frequency  of  the  larvae  of  sardine  and 
anchovy,  together  with  the  number  of  unclassified  eggs 
and  larvae  is  immediately  undertaken  ashore  in  the  Cen- 
ter. Subsequently,  unclassified  larvae  are  identified  to 
family,  genus,  or  species.  This  process  has  been  com- 
pleted through  the  end  of  the  samples  for  U)66,  and 
only  samples  from  one  or  two  cruises  in  subsequent 
years  remain  to  be  processed.  The  product  of  this  a- 
nalysis  is  an  estimate  of  the  numbers  of  spawning  adults 
in  the  CalCOFI  grid,  of  Pacific  sardine,  northern  anchovy. 
Pacific  mackerel,  jack  mackerel,  and  Pacific  hake  (Mer 
lucciiis  productusj. 

During  the  past  year.  J.R.  Zweifel  has  coded  for 
automatic  data  processing  all  of  the  biological  and  many 
of  the  physical  data,  including  those  taken  on  monthly 
CalCOFI  cruises  from  1 1^5 1-60.  This  work  furnishes  an 
excellent  data  base  (though  it  will  be  added  to  subse- 
quently for  1961-66)  for  analyses  of  spawning  seasons 
for  each  species,  and  of  yearly  anomalies  from  the  long- 
term  average. 


24 


Althougli  most  of  this  work  so  I'ar  has  been  de- 
signed to  control  the  quahty  of  tiie  data,  P.E.  Smith  has 
made  some  preliminary  analyses  of  them.  He  has  gen- 
erated long-term  summaries  of  anchovy,  sardine,  and 
saury  eggs  by  region  and  by  month.  These  long-term 
averages  permit  iiim  to  assign  relative  confidence  limits, 
based  on  binomial  probability,  to  the  estimates  each 
month  for  all  the  available  years.  He  has  defined  the 
average  spawning  centers  for  each  species  to  help  him 
design  the  extensive  CalCOFI  cmises  planned  for  the 
calendar  year  1969. 

CalCOFI  survey  cruises  have  continued  on  a  re- 
duced basis  during  the  past  year  in  preparation  for  the 
1%*-)  sui'veys.  The  autumn  1%7  cruise  was  aborted  be- 
cause of  vessel  breakdown,  but  a  summer  1967  cruise 
was  made  by  the  SIO  vessel  Ellen  B.  Scripps  ( 1 70  sta- 
tions), a  winter  1967-68  survey  was  made  by  Horizon 
(216  stations),  and  a  spring  1968  survey  was  made  by 
David  Starr  Jordan  ( 194  stations).  Data  were  collected 
on  these  cruises  from  San  Francisco  south  to  Magdalena 
Bay  in  Baja  California. 

Pacific  sardine  ( 1951-59).-Dunng  this  period  some 
sardine  spawning  occurred  in  each  month  of  the  year  in 
Los  Angeles  Bight  and  Sebastian  Vizcaino  Bay,  although 
most  spawning  occurred  during  May,  when  eggs  were 
taken  over  an  area  of  more  than  75,000  square  miles 
(258,000  km.-).  Long-term  summaries  showed  a  north- 
ern and  a  southern  spawning  center.  The  southern  area 
had  higher  concentrations  of  eggs  than  the  northern, 
thougli  this  difference  was  probably  a  characteristic  of 
the  decade  following  the  decline  of  the  northern  sardine 
subpopulation. 

A'c)/'//R'n;a/it7/oin'/'^957-59/— Most  anchovy  spawn- 
ing occurs  in  February ,  March,  and  April  in  the  California 
Current  but  some  takes  place  in  all  months;  major  spawn- 
ing areas  appear  to  be  within  80  miles  ( 148  km.)  of  the 
coast;  the  total  area  over  which  eggs  occurred  varied  from 
67.000  square  miles (230,000  km.-)  in  January  and  April 
to  14,000  square  miles  (48,000  km.-)  in  October.  A 
number  of  separate  spawning  localities  can  be  recognized 
in  the  long-term  averages.  The  Ensenada  region  shows  a 
single  spawning  peak  during  February;  in  Vizcaino  Bay 
spawning  occurs  in  March;  from  the  Los  Angeles  Bight  to 
San  Diego,  spawning  is  significant  from  February  througli 
June  and  outside  the  Channel  Islands  there  is  a  single 
spawning  peak  in  April.  These  locations  are  reflected 
both  in  the  frequency  of  occurrences  of  eggs  and  in  the 
number  of  eggs  in  samples  in  wliich  eggs  occurred. 

Jack  mackerel  (195 1-60). -Most  jack  mackerel  lar- 
vae occur  in  the  CalCOFI  grid  from  March  through  June 
though  this  grid  does  not  sample  the  offshore  nor  the 
northern  extent  of  the  spawning  range  of  this  species. 
Most  spawning  appears  to  be  more  than  80  miles  (148 
km.)  offshore,  and  the  spawning  region  moves  north- 


ward as  the  season  progresses. 

Pacific  mackerel  (1951-60).  -Pacific  mackerel  lar- 
vae occur  over  the  entire  year  within  the  CalCOFI  grid, 
but  they  have  never  been  abundant  and  the  grid  does 
not  appear  to  reach  the  southern  limit  of  spawning  of 
this  species. 

Pacific  hake  (1955-59).  Hake  larvae  appear  in  the 
samples  in  December,  reach  maximum  numbers  in  Feb- 
ruary and  maximum  areal  extent  in  March;  spawning 
after  April  is  limited.  Spawning  extends  from  Cape  San 
Lucas  to  Central  California,  but  the  northern  limit  of  the 
spawning  of  this  species  has  been  identified  in  only  some 
years  by  the  CalCOFI  samples,  which  have  usually  un- 
dersampled  the  northern  area. 

DYNAMICS  OF  FISH  POPULATIONS 

For  more  than  25  years  BCF  and  California  De- 
partment of  Fish  and  Game  have  had  a  cooperative  pro- 
gram for  sampling  and  aging  sardines,  anchovies,  jack 
mackerel,  and  Pacific  mackerel  from  the  California  Cur- 
rent. This  project  is  the  Bureau  contribution  to  this  co- 
operative research.  During  the  year,  arrangements  were 
made  to  bring  the  Mexican  Federal  Laboratory  at  EI 
Sauzal,  Baja  California,  into  the  sampling  program;  the 
fisheries  for  these  four  species  are  coinmon  to  both 
United  States  and  Mexican  waters,  so  a  cooperative 
program  of  sampling  and  data  exchange  has  become 
necessary. 

J.S.  MacGregor  continues  to  direct  the  Bureau 
phase  of  the  cooperative  scale  reading;  work  has  been  in 
progress  on  reading  the  scales  from  the  1966-68  seasons. 
J.S.  MacGregor  is  also  continuing  his  studies  on  the  fe- 
cundity of  pelagic  species  and  is  analyzing  a  considerable 
body  of  historical  data  on  the  development  of  the  gonads 
of  the  Pacific  sardine  in  the  California  Current  with  re- 
spect to  year  and  area.  This  information,  taken  together 
with  the  data  on  egg  abundance  and  distribution,  and 
water  temperatures  corresponding  to  the  years  in  which 
the  samples  were  taken  will  enable  him  to  investigate  the 
relation  between  fecundity  and  the  environmental  varia- 
bles and  geographical  areas.  His  studies  on  the  fecundity 
of  the  northern  anchovy  have  been  completed  and  are 
being  used  for  population  estimates  from  the  egg  and 
larva  surveys. 

RACIAL  STRUCTURE  OF  COMMERCIAL  SPECIES 

A.M.  Vrooman  has  continued  his  work  on  the  sub- 
populations  of  the  northern  anchovy.  His  results  show  at 
least  two  genetically  distinct  subpopulations  off  the  coast 
of  California  and  Baja  California.  Samples  from  these 
two  areas  differ  significantly  in  the  frequency  of  three 
genes  which  control  six  recognizable  transferrin  types. 


25 


Hard>-Weinburg  calculations,  made  on  tiansferrin  types 
of  694  anchovies  from  southern  California  and  506  from 
southern  Baja  California,  indicated  that  the  samples  were 
drawn  from  two  genetically  distinct  subpopulations. 

The  location  of  the  division  between  the  two  sub- 
populations  has  not  been  established,  however.  All  of 
the  southern  Baja  California  samples  are  from  the  Viz- 
caino Bay  area,  to  the  south  of  the  approximate  location 
of  a  possible  division  suggested  by  otiier  studies,  such  as 
those  of  J.L.  McHugh,  who  postulated  that  the  northern 
anchovy  off  California  and  Baja  California  was  divisible 
into  three  subpopulations  or  stocks.  A.M.  Vrooman  has 
not  so  far  been  able  to  confirm  the  existence  of  McHugh's 
far  northern  stock  with  his  genetic  studies.  He  has  found 
only  a  small  and  insignificant  difference  in  transferrin 
gene  frequencies  in  his  few  anchovy  samples  from  north 
of  Point  Conception. 

A.M.  Vrooman  has  made  electrophoretic  compari- 
sons of  the  soluble  eye  lens  proteins  of  three  species  of 
hake,  and  found  fewer  absorption  bands  in  Merlucciiis 
alticlus  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  than  in  M.  prochicnis 
from  California  or  M.  gayi  from  Chile.  The  proteins  of 
the  latter  two  are  very  similar.  Comparison  of  the  solu- 
ble proteins  in  the  cortex  and  nuclear  portions  of  the 
hake  eye  lenses  indicated  that  most  of  the  proteins  are 
found  in  the  cortex. 

A.M.  Vrooman  is  also  cooperating  with  the  Califor- 
nia Department  of  Fish  and  Game  in  a  study  of  the  de- 
velopment of  annuli  on  the  scales  and  otoliths  of  the 
northern  anchovy.  He  is  holding  several  thousand  young- 
of-the-year  anchovies  in  two  batches-one  in  the  aquarium 
and  the  other  in  a  floating  bait  receiver  in  San  Diego 
Bay.  Of  these.  6,000  have  been  injected  with  tetracycline 
hydrochloride  to  mark  the  growing  edge  of  skeletal  ma- 
terial at  the  time  of  injection,  and  biweekly  samples  are 
being  collected  from  both  batches  as  well  as  from  the 
local  wild  stock. 

New  rings  began  to  appear  on  scales  and  otoliths  of 
some  of  the  fish  during  April.  In  scales  taken  from  com- 
mercial catches,  the  peak  months  for  new  ring  formation 
are  February.  March,  and  April. 

G.D.  Sharp  has  begun  work  on  the  electrophoresis 
of  tuna  hemoglobins  and  has  examined  five  species  of 
commercially  valuable  tunas,  using  blood  samples  cumu- 
latively collected  at  sea.  stabilized,  and  returned  to  the 
laboratory.  He  found  no  intraspecific  variations  in  the 
stocks  of  skipjack,  yellowfin,  or  bigeye  (Tfuininis  obesiis) 
tunas  which  he  examined.  He  did  find  a  high  degree  of 
polymorphism  in  his  samples  of  albacore  from  the  West 
Coast. 

G.D.  Sharp  has  suggested  that  the  polymorphism 
which  characterized  26  of  the  76  individual  albacore 
which  he  examined  will  provide  a  means  for  a  general 
survey  of  the  Pacific  albacore  population.  There  are  sev- 


eral indications  that  suggest  that  there  is  more  than  one 
subpopulation  of  albacore  in  the  north  Pacific  Ocean. 

MEASURES  OF  ZOOPLANKTON 
PRODUCTIVITY 

J.R.  Zweifel  has  processed  the  zooplankton  bio- 
mass  data  from  theCalCOFI  survey  for  the  years  1951-60 
for  computer  analysis.  This  10-year  statistical  summary 
is  of  higli  quality  and  continuity  from  Point  Conception 
to  Sebastian  Vizcaino  Bay,  and  offshore  for  200  miles 
(370  km.)  at  all  seasons  of  the  year-a  total  area  of 
100,000  square  miles  (343,000  km.-).  On  the  fiinge  of 
this  area  are  an  additional  75,000  square  miles  (258,000 
km. 2)  that  have  seasonal  and  areal  lapses,  but  which 
furnish  useful  basic  information  for  comparison  with  the 
main  data  block. 

These  data  have  been  summarized  for  use  as  an  en- 
vironmental feature,  in  the  same  way  as  temperature  and 
salinity,  with  which  to  associate  spawning  and  larval  sur- 
vival of  commercially  important  fish.  The  standing  crop 
of  zooplankton  clearly  represents  the  difference  between 
two  unknown  curves-one  representing  the  recruitment 
of  zooplankters  to  the  population  catchable  with  the 
sampling  net  and  the  other  representing  the  loss  of  zoo- 
plankters from  the  sampled  population  by  the  processes 
of  natural  mortality  and  advection. 

These  summaries  by  month  and  area  show  seasons 
of  rapid  increase  and  decrease,  areas  of  extremely  high 
and  of  consistently  low  standing  crops.  These  averages 
will  be  used  to  detect  anomalies  which  may  be  associated 
with  environmental  features  affecting  fish  populations. 
It  is  evident  already  from  the  preliminary  analyses  that 
the  increase  of  biomass  of  zooplankton,  annually  peaking 
around  June,  has  no  latitudinal  trend  as  the  season  ad- 
vances; the  peak  of  biomass  occurring  in  southern  areas 
is  caused  by  local  upgrowth  of  the  zooplankton  popula- 
tion, not  be  advection  from  northern  areas. 


Operations  Research  Program 

The  projects  within  this  program  seek,  in  various 
ways,  an  understanding  of.  and  the  development  of.  the 
operational  aspect  of  fisheries  of  the  Region:  they  in- 
clude: a  systems  analysis  of  the  California  fisheries  from 
both  economic  and  technological  viewpoints  and  to  sug- 
gest ways  in  which  they  may  be  placed  on  a  more  rational 
basis:  to  devek)p  tactical  search  tools  for  fishing  vessels 
and  new  and  more  efficient  forms  of  fishing  gear  and  to 
examine  the  economic  constraints  presently  operating  on 
the  fisheries:  to  suggest  how  latent  resources  may  be 
utilized  profitably. 


26 


27 


FISHERY  SYSTEMS  ANALYSIS 

The  costs  and  earnings  analysis  of  tlie  fleet  of  tuna 
boats  based  in  California  ports,  wiiich  was  completed 
some  time  ago.  proved  to  be  so  valuable  ;ti  examining  the 
economic  constraints  on  the  prosperity  of  this  fleet  that 
R.E.  Green  has  started  a  second  economic  study  to  in- 
vestigate the  economic  base  of  the  California  industrial 
fishery  -which,  as  has  been  noted  earlier,  is  in  a  very 
depressed  situation.  The  planning  of  this  study  was  per- 
formed in  collaboration  with  B.C.  Noetzel  of  the  BCF 
Division  of  Hconomics, 

Among  other  matters  of  less  immediate  concern, 
the  study  should  prove  valuable  in  assessing  the  earnings 
lost  to  the  fleet  througli  the  assignment  of  zone  limits  in 
the  anchovy  reduction  fishery. 

R.E.  Green's  services  were  given  in  November- 
December  1967  to  the  International  Bank  for  Recon- 
struction and  Development.  He  went  on  a  mission  to 
Ecuador  to  estimate  the  economic  soundness  of  a  request 
put  to  the  Bank  by  the  Government  of  Ecuador  for  the 
development  of  a  small  fleet  of  tuna  purse  seiners  in  the 
eastern  tropical  Pacific  Ocean. 

Technicians  from  this  project  have  made  a  number 
of  trips  on  tuna  purse  seiners  in  the  last  year.  They 
have  collected  data  on  aspects  of  seining  operations, 
principally  the  rate  of  sinking  of  nets  of  varying  sizes 
and  constructions-an  important  matter  in  view  of 
Green's  recent  demonstration  of  the  relation  between  the 
depth  of  the  mixed  layer  and  nature  of  the  thermocline 
and  the  percentage  of  successful  sets  in  this  fishery.  Dur- 
ing these  studies,  bathykymographs  were  mounted  at  sev- 
eral points  along  the  leadlines  of  purse  seines  and,  from 
their  records.  Green  has  prepared  diagrams  of  the  shape 
of  the  net  at  critical  stages  during  its  setting. 


Fishing  (>penirii>ns  ivsainli    cxpcrinu'iiful  purse  seine  f<)r 
(una  is  huill  in  a  San  Pedro  nel-vard.  j  Qg^,^ 


|fe-n»— ' 


This  modified  design  incorporates  a  33  percent 
hang-in  of  webbing  at  the  corkline  to  allow  rapid  sinking 
with  a  decreasing  hang-in  down  to  1 5  percent  on  the 
leadline  to  permit  the  net  to  stay  at  depth  during  pursing. 
The  net  is  also  tapered  at  the  ends  to  save  webbing  and 
equipped  with  "gavels"  which  will  decrease  the  open 
area  next  to  the  seiner. 

The  net  will  initially  be  placed  aboard  a  chartered 
vessel  and,  suitably  instrumented  with  bathykymographs, 
will  be  tested  at  sea  in  simulated  setting  operations. 
When  tests  are  successfully  completed  the  net  will  be 
loaned  to  a  commercial  vessel  for  the  late  summer  blue- 
fin  and  albacore  tuna  fisheries;  the  operation  of  this  ves- 
sel and  of  the  net  will  be  obsei-ved  by  technicians  from 
the  project. 


EXPERIMENTAL  PURSE  SEINE 

In  I96ti,  R.E.  Green  studied  the  design  and  per- 
formance of  purse  seines  with  M.  Ben-^'anii,  a  fishing 
gear  technologist  from  the  Department  of  Fisheries  of 
the  State  of  Israel,  who  spent  3  months  at  the  Fishery- 
Oceanography  Center  during  that  year.  Comparative 
studies  with  model  nets  at  La  JoUa  showed  that  an  im- 
proved net  design  might  increase  the  sinking  rate  by  as 
much  as  twice  and,  moreover,  fish  more  deeply  at  the 
net  ends.  These  tests  were  so  encouraging  that,  in  collab- 
oration with  BCF  Exploratory  Fishing  and  Gear  Re- 
search Base  in  Seattle,  the  construction  of  a  full-scale 
tuna  purse  seine  based  on  Green  and  Ben-Yami's  design 
was  undertaken.  The  net  is  now  complete  and  ready  for 
trials. 


Fishing  operations  researeh    resting  mocki  of  experi- 
mental tuna  purse  seine.  ^  Q|.gg^ 


CTFM  SONAR 

The  Continuous  Transmission  Frequency  Modu- 
lated sonar  wliicli  was  installed  in  the  AVR  several  years 
ago  has  now  been  evaluated  by  F.J.  Hester.  We  had 
hoped  that  this  type  of  sonar,  developed  for  BCF,  would 
enable  a  tuna  boat  to  follow  the  very  rapidly  moving 
schools  which  are  so  difficult  to  follow  with  a  conven- 
tional pulsed  sonar.  We  had  also  hoped  that  the  size  of 
the  fish  in  a  school  could  be  estimated,  so  as  to  prevent 
the  contravention  of  regulations  concerning  the  size  of 
tuna  which  may  be  landed,  and  the  enclosing  of  fish  small 
enough  to  gill  themselves  in  the  meshes  of  the  net. 

The  CTFM  sonar  was  coupled  with  a  high-resolution 
frequency  analyzer  to  analyze  Doppler  shifts  caused  by 
motions  and  by  body  flexure  of  target  fish.  Targets 
showing  complex,  broad-band  Doppler  shift  were  found 
to  be  characteristic  of  fish  schools.  Interspecific  varia- 
tions in  these  broad-band  Doppler  patterns  were  found 
between  small  fish  schools  and  single  large  tuna. 

Unfortunately,  Hester  found  some  unforseen  and 
intractable  problems  in  the  use  of  this  sonar  as  a  tactical 
tool ;  at  ranges  of  several  hundred  meters,  very  good  con- 
tact can  be  maintained  with  schools  of  tuna,  but  they 
have  a  frustrating  habit  of  fading  from  contact.  Tliis 
disappearance  has  been  traced  to  small  changes  in  the 
lateral  orientation  of  the  fish  in  respect  to  the  sonar 
beam;  only  when  the  long  axis  of  the  fish  is  normal  to 
the  sonar  beam  can  fish  be  detected  at  long  ranges.  The 


same  problem  does  not  apply  to  contact  made  with 
schools  of  clupeids  at  the  same  ranges,  perhaps  because 
of  their  small  internal  intervals;  for  such  fish  the  rapid 
scan  rate  of  the  CTFM  sonar  made  it  possible  to  estimate 
school  size  and  movement  at  any  instant. 

We  do  not  expect,  therefore,  that  CTFM  sonar  will 
be  applicable  to  commercial  tuna  operations  as  a  tactical 
tool,  but  it  clearly  has  a  place  in  the  sonar  array  of  a 
fishery  research  vessel. 


LOCAL  FISHERY  SYSTEMS  DEVELOPMENT 

During  the  course  of  other  work  it  is  inevitable 
that  fishery  problems  of  purely  local  interest  should  pre- 
sent themselves  to  the  attention  of  the  Operations  Re- 
search Program.  These  questions  are  pursued  where  their 
solution  seems  likely  to  give  an  immediate  economic  re- 
turn and  work  on  them  does  not  conflict  with  the  plans 
of  work  of  State  laboratories. 

S.  Kato  completed  his  work  on  the  sharks  assoc- 
ciated  with  the  eastern  tropical  Pacific  tuna  fisheries.  He 
has  turned  his  attention  to  the  latent  basking  shark  re- 
source off  California,  which  had  not  been  fished  since 
1950  when  it  became  uneconomic  because  of  the  start 
of  industrial  synthesis  of  vitamins  previously  extracted 
from  shark  liver  oil. 


Fishing  operations  research  -small  sword  fish  vessel  e- 
quipped  with  harpoon  gear,  now  turning  to  basking  shark 
fishery  in  offseason. 


S.  Kdto 


28 


A  new  use  for  this  oil  enabled  Kato  to  reactivate 
the  fishery  in  1967,  however:  shark  liver  oil  contains  25 
to  60  percent  of  squalene.  a  hydrocarbon  which  yields, 
on  hydrogenation,  a  colorless,  odorless  oil  valuable  in 
cosmetics  and  much  in  demand  in  Japan. 

Several  vessels,  used  during  the  summer  for  the 
harpoon  fishery  for  swordfish,  have  turned  in  the  winter 
to  harpooning  basking  sharks  after  contact  was  estab- 
lished between  them  and  Japanese  importers  of  squalene. 
Nearly  30  tons  of  liver  were  shipped  in  the  initial  con- 


signment   in    April     1968 -the    product    of   sLx    small 
vessels. 

Other  activities  by  Kato  and  Green  on  this  project 
include  the  investigation  of  the  possibility  that  the  same 
swordfish  vessels  might  change  their  gear  from  harpoons 
to  small  floating  longlines  in  their  summer  fishing  for 
broadbill  swordfish.  They  are  also  investigating  the  pan- 
dalid  shrimp  resources  off  southern  California  in  canyon 
and  slope  areas  with  lines  of  shrimp  traps. 


SENIOR  SCIENTISTS  UNIT 


E.H.  Ahlstrom  has  been  heavily  occupied  with  the 
identification  of  fish  larvae  from  the  EASTROPAC  sam- 
ples and  has  completed  work  on  one  survey  and  two 
monitoring  cruises;  in  these  studies  he  is  collaborating 
with  W.L.  Klawe  of  lATTC  who  is  studying  the  ecology 
of  tuna  larvae.  He  has  also  devoted  almost  half  his  time 
to  work  on  various  manuscripts  of  research,  review,  and 
conference  papers. 

This  work  on  EASTROPAC  complements  and  sup- 
plements the  studies  of  fish  eggs  and  larvae  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Current.  With  few  exceptions,  the  same  major 
groups  of  fishes  are  represented  in  CalCOFI  and  EAS- 
TROPAC collections-in  offshore  waters:  scombroids, 
Coryphaena.  myctophids,  gonostomatids,  bramids,  me- 

lamphaeids.  paralepidids,  bathylagids and  nearer 

the  coast:   flatfish,  scorpaenids,  labrids,  serranids,  clu- 

peids,  engraulids,  sciaenids,  pomacentrids In  fact, 

a  number  of  the  tropical  species  of  wide  distribution  in 


EASTROPAC  collections  also  occur  in  the  southern  ^art 
of  the  CalCOFI  pattern  off  central  and  southern  Baja 
California,  and  a  few  of  the  hardier  species,  such  as 
Vincigueiria  lucetia  and  Diogenichthys  latermtus,  even 
push  as  far  north  as  California. 

H.G.  Moser  has  continued  his  work  on  the  descrip- 
tion of  myctophid  larvae  and  on  the  distribution  and  re- 
production of  rockfishes  (Sebastodes  spp.y,  which  are  a 
commercially  important  element  of  the  fish  fauna  in  the 
California  Current.  He  participated  in  a  cruise  oi  Miss 
Behavior  to  the  Gulf  of  California  in  December  1967, 
during  which  an  undescribed  species  of  Sebastodes  was 
taken.  Since  many  species  of  this  group  are  viviparous, 
the  identity  of  larvae  taken  in  plankton  nets  may  be  re- 
solved by  reference  to  larvae  taken  from  adult  females  of 
known  species;  Moser  has  been  describing  the  larvae  of 
many  Sebastodes  species  in  this  manner. 


29 


PUBLICATIONS 


The  following  lists  indicate  the  status  of  publica- 
tions by  BCF  scientists  at  the  Fishery-Oceanography  Cen- 
ter. Omitted  from  these  lists  are  book  reviews,  popular 
or  public-relations  articles,  and  conference  papers  except 
where  these  describe  new  research  which  will  not  be  pub- 
lished elsewhere.  Publications  from  STOR,  supported  by 
BCF  funds,  are  listed  separately. 

Also  omitted,  purely  lor  reasons  of  space,  are  the 
monlhU  publications  by  FLITTNER.G.A.  and  associates 
in  the  series  California  Fishery  Market  News  Monthly 
Summary,  Pari  II  Fishing  Information,  vj\\\c\\  achieved 
its  1 00th  consecutive  monthly  issue  during  the  last  year. 


HUNTER.  JOHN  R.,  and  CHARLES  T.  MITCHELL 
l%7.     Association  of  fishes  with  flotsam  in  the  off- 
shore waters  of  Central  America.   U.S.  Fish  Wildl. 
Serv..  Fish.  Bull.  66:  13-2^). 

1%8.  Field  experiments  on  the  attraction  of  pelagic 
fish  to  floating  objects.  J.Cons.  Perma.  Int.  Explor. 
Mer.  31:  427-134. 

KATO.  SUSLIMU. 

1 968.  Triakis  actitipinna  (Galeoidea,  Triakidae),  a  new 
species  of  shark  from  Ecuador.  Copeia,  1%8: 
319-325. 


PAPERS  PUBLISHED  1967-68 

AHLSTROM.  ELBERT  H. 

l9Ci7.  Co-occurrences  of  sardine  and  anchovy  larvae 
in  the  California  Current  region  off  California  and 
Baja  California.  Calif.  Coop.  Oceanic  Fish.  Invest. 
Rep.  II:  117-135 

FEDER,  HOWARD  M..  and  REUBEN  LASKER. 

I9f)8.  A  radula  muscle  preparation  from  the  gastro- 
pod, Kelletia  kelletii,  for  biochemical  assays.  Veli- 
ger  10:  283-285. 

GREEN.  ROGER  E. 

1967.  Relationship  of  the  thermocline  to  success  of 
purse  seining  for  tuna.  Trans.  Amer.  Fish.  Soc. 
96:    126-130. 

HAYASI.SIGEITI. 

1 968.  Preliminary  analysis  of  the  catch  curve  of  Pacif- 
ic sardine,  Sardinops  eacndea  Girard.  U.S.  Fish 
Wildl.  Sei-v..  Fi.sh.  Bull.  66:  587-598. 

HESTER,  FRANK  J. 

1967.  Identification  of  biological  sonar  targets  from 
body-motion  Doppler  shifts.  Proc.  Second  Symp. 
Mar.  Bio-Acoustics  2:  59-74. 

HUNTER,  JOHN  R. 

1967.  Color  changes  of  pelagic  prejuvenile  goatfish, 
Pseudupeneus  grandiscpiamis,  after  confinement  in 
a  shipbt)ard  aquarium.    Copeia,  1967:  850-852. 

1968.  Effects  of  light  on  schooling  and  feeding  of 
jack  mackerel,  Trachunis  symmetricus.  J.  Fish. 
Res.  Board  Can.  25:  393-407. 


KATO,  SUSUMU,  and  ANATOLIO  HERNANDEZ 

CARVALLO. 

1967.  Shark  tagging  in  the  eastern  Pacific  Ocean, 
1962-65.  In  P.W.  Gilbert  (editor)  Sharks,  Skates 
and  Rays,  pp.  93-109.  Johns  Hopkins  Press, 
Baltimore. 

KATO,  SUSUMU,  STEWART  SPRINGER, 
and  MARY  H.WAGNER. 

1967.  Field  guide  to  eastern  Pacific  and  Hawaiian 
sharks.     U.S.  Fish  Wildl.  Serv.,  Circ.  271.  47  pp. 

KIMURA,  MAKOTO,  and  C.E.  BLUNT,  JR. 

1967.  Age,  length  composition,  and  catch  localities 
of  sardine  landings  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  in  1962-63.  Calif.  Fish 
Game  53:  105-124. 

KRAMER,  DAVID,  and  ELBERT  H.  AHLSTROM. 

1968.  Distributional  atlas  of  fish  larvae  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Current  region:  northern  anchovy, /;'«^?ra;///s 
/;i('n/(/.v  Girard.  1951  through  1965.  Calif.  Coop. 
Oceanic  Fish.  Invest.  Atlas  9.  269  pp. 

LEONG,  RODERICK. 

1967.  Evaluation  of  a  pump  and  reeled  hose  system 
for  studying  the  vertical  distribution  of  small  plank- 
ton. U.S.  Fish  WUdl.  Serv.,  Spec.  Sci.  Rep.  Fish. 
545.  9  pp. 

LYNN,  RONALD  J. 

1967.  Seasonal  variation  of  temperature  and  salinity 
at  10  meters  in  the  California  Current.  Calif.  Coop. 
Oceanic  Fish.  Invest.  Rep.  I  I:  157-186. 

McCLENDON,  ROBERT  I. 

1968.  Fish  school  occurrence  as  determined  by  sonar; 


30 


eastern  treipical  Pacific,  July-November  1967.  Coni- 
nier.  Fish.  Rev.  30:  26-29. 

McCORMICK,  J.  MICHAEL,  R.  MICHAEL  LAURS, 
and  JAMES  E.  McCAULEY. 

1967.  A  hydroid  epizoic  on  myctophid  fislies.  J. 
Fish.  Res.  Board  Can.  24:   1985-1989. 

MOSER,  H.GEOFFREY. 

1%7.  Reproduction  and  development  oi'  Sebastodes 
paiiclspinis  and  comparison  with  other  rockfishes 
off  southern  Calit'ornia.    Copeia,  1967:  773-7')7. 

1967.  Seasonal  histological  changes  in  the  gonads  of 
Sebastodes  paucispinis  Ayres,  an  ovoviviparous  tel- 
eost  (family  Scorpaenidae).  J.  Morphol.  123:  329- 
354. 

OWEN.R.W.JR. 

1''67.  Atlas  of  July  oceanographic  conditions  m  the 
northeast  Pacific  Ocean,  1961-64.  U.S.  FishWildl. 
Serv.,  Spec.  Sci.  Rep.  Fish.  549.  85  pp. 


HESTER,  FRANK  J. 

F.M.  Sonar.  FAO  Manual  Series. 

Underwater  photography  in  the  study  offish  behavior. 
Soc.  Photo-Optical  Instrum. 

LASKER,  REUBEN,  and  LAWRENCE  T. 
THREADGOLD. 

Chloride  cells  in  the  skin  of  the  larval  sardine.  E.\p. 
Cell  Res. 

MacGREGOR.  JOHN  S. 

Fecundity  of  the  northern  ■dncUovy, Engraiilis  mordax 
Girard.  Calif.  Fish  Game. 

MACKIE,  A.M.,  R.  LASKER,  and  P.T.  GRANT. 

Avoidance  reactions  of  a  mollusc  Buceinum  undatum 
tosaponin-like  substances  present  in  extracts  of  the 
starfish  Asterias  nibens  and  Marthasterias  glacialis. 
Comp.  Biochem.  Physiol. 

SCOTT,  JAMES  MICHAEL. 

Tuna  schooling  terminology.  Calif.  Fish  Game. 


1968.  Oceanograpliic  conditions  in  the  northeast 
Pacific  Ocean  and  their  relation  to  the  albacore 
fishery.  U.S.  Fish  Wildl.  Sere.,  Fish.  Bull.  66:  503- 
526. 

THREADGOLD,  L.T.,  and  REUBEN  LASKER. 

1967.  Mitochondriogenesis  in  integumentary  cells  of 
the  larval  sardine  (Sardinops  caendeaj.  J.  Ultra- 
struct.  Res.  19:  238-249. 

WHITNEY,  RICHARD  R. 

1967.  Introduction  of  commercially  important  spe- 
cies into  inland  mineral  waters,  a  review.  Contrib. 
Mar.  Sci.  12:  262-280. 

PAPERS  ACCEPTED  BY  JOURNALS  FOR 
PUBLICATION 

BEN-YAMI.  MNAKHEM,  and  ROBERT  E.  GREEN. 
Design  and  performance  of  purse  seines.     U.S.  Fish 
Wildl.  Serv.,  Fish.  Ind.  Res. 

CHASE,  THOMAS  E. 

Bottom  topography  of  the  central  eastern  Pacific 
Ocean.  U.S.  Fish  Wildl.  Serv.,  Circ. 


SMITH,  PAUL  E.,  ROBERT  C.  COUNTS,  and 
ROBERT  I.  CLUTTER. 

Changes  in  filtering  efficiency  of  plankton  nets  due  to 
clogging  under  tow.    J.  Cons.  Perma.  Int.  Explor. 
Mer. 


PAPERS  BEING  EDITED 

AHLSTROM,  ELBERT  H.,  and  H.  GEOFFREY  MOSER. 

A  new  gonostomatid  fish  from  the  tropical  eastern 
Pacific.    Submitted  to  Copeia. 

CLARK.  NATHAN  E. 

Specification  of  sea-surface  temperature  anomalies. 
Submitted  to  J.  Geophys.  Res. 

HESTER,  FRANK  J. 

Visual  contrast  thresholds  of  the  goldfish  (Carassius 
aiiratusj.    Submitted  to  Vision  Res. 

KRAMER,  DAVID. 

Synopsis  of  the  biological  data  on  the  Pacific  mack- 
erel Scomber  japonicus  Houttuyn  (northeast  Pa- 
cific). For  U.S.  Fish  Wildl.  Serv..  Circ. 


FAGER,  E.W.,  and  ALAN  R.  LONGHURST. 

Recurrent  group  analysis  of  species  assemblages  of 
demersal  fish  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  J.  Fish.  Res. 
Board  Can. 


LASKER, REUBEN. 

Utilization  of  zooplankton  energy  by  a  Pacific  sardine 
population  in  the  California  Current.  For  Marine 
Food  Chain  Symp. 


31 


LYNN,  RONALD  J.,  and  JOSEPH  L.  REID. 

Characteristics  and  circulation  of  deep  and  abyssal 
waters.  Submitted  to  Deep-Sea  Res. 

O'CONNELL,  CHARLES  P. 

Towed  pump  transect  length  and  samphng  efficiency 
in  estimating  density  of  zooplankton  in  small  areas. 
Submitted  to  Limnol.  Oceanogr. 

SHARP,  GARY  D. 

An  electrophoretic  study  of  tuna  hemoglobins.  For 
Comp.  Biochem.  Physiol. 

THRAILKILL,  JAMES  R. 

Zooplankton  volumes  off  the  Pacific  coast,  1960.  For 
U.S.  Fish  WUdl.  Serv.,  Spec.  Sci.  Rep.  Fish. 

TRANTER,  D.J.,  and  P.E.  SMITH. 

Zooplankton  sampling  methods.  Chapter  111.  Filtra- 
tion performance.  For  UNESCO  Monogr.  Serv. 

PAPERS  PUBLISHED,  1967-68  BY  STOR  PRO- 
GRAM (BCF  CONTRACT  NO.  14-17-007-742) 

BOYD,  CARL  M. 

1967.     The  benthic  and  pelagic  habitats  of  the  red 
crah, Pleuroncodes  planipes.  Pac.  Sci.  21:  394-403. 


CLUTTER,  ROBERT  I. 

1967.    Zonation  of  nearshore  mysids. 
200-208. 


Ecology  48: 


JERDE,C.W. 

1967.  On  the  distribution  of  Portunus  (Achelousj 
affinis  and  Euphylax  dovii  (Decapoda  Brachyura, 
Portunidae)  in  the  eastern  tropical  Pacific.  Crus- 
taceana  13:1 1-22. 


1967.  Diversity  and  trophic  structure  of  zooplankton 
communities  in  the  California  Current.  Deep-Sea 
Res.  14:  393-408, 

1967.  The  pelagic  phase  oi  Pleuroncodes  planipes 
Stimpson  (Crustacea,  Galatheidae)  in  the  California 
Current.  Calif.  Coop.  Oceanic  Fish.  Invest.  Rep. 
11:    142-154. 

1968.  Distribution  of  the  larvae  of  Pleuroncodes 
planipes  in  the  California  Current.  Limnol.  Ocean- 
ogr. 13:  143-155. 

LONGHURST,  ALAN  R.,  CARL  J.  LORENZEN, 
and  WILLIAM  H.  THOMAS, 

1967.  The  role  of  pelagic  crabs  in  the  grazing  of 
phytoplankton  off  Baja  California.  Ecology  48: 
190-200. 


LONGHURST,  ALAN  R.,  and  DON  L.R.  SEIBERT. 

1967.  Skill  in  the  use  of  Folsoms'  plankton  sampler 
splitter.  Limnol.  Oceanogr.  12:334-335. 

LORENZEN,  CARL  J. 

1967.  Determination  of  clilorophyll  and  pheo- 
pigments:  spectrophotometric  equations.  Limnol. 
Oceanogr.  12:  343-346. 

1968.  Carbon/chlorophyll  relationships  in  an  upwell- 
ing  area.  Limnol.  Oceanogr.  13:  202-204. 

WYRTKl,  K. 

1967.  Circulation  and  water  masses  in  the  eastern 
equatorial  Pacific  Ocean.  Inl.  J.  Oceanol.  Limnol. 
1:  117-147. 


LONGHURST,  ALAN  R. 

1967.  Vertical  distribution  of  zooplankton  in  relation 
to  the  eastern  Pacific  oxygen  minimum.  Deep-Sea 
Res.  14:  51-63. 


YOSHIDA,  K. 

1967.  Circulation  in  the  eastern  tropical  oceans  with 
special  reference  to  upwelling  and  undercurrents. 
Jap.  J.  Geophys.  4(2):  1-75. 


MS.  SI 828 


32 


MBL   WHOI   l-ibrarv   -   Se  iais 


5   WHSE   00471 


Created  in  1849,  the  Department  of  the  Interior — a  depart- 
ment of  conservation — is  concerned  with  the  management, 
conservation,  and  development  of  the  Nation's  water,  fish, 
wildlife,  mineral,  forest,  and  park  and  recreational  re- 
sources. It  also  has  major  responsibilities  for  Indian  and 
Territorial  affairs. 

As  the  Nation's  principal  conservation  agency,  the  De- 
partment works  to  assure  that  nonrenewable  resources  are 
developed  and  used  wisely,  that  park  and  recreational 
resources  are  conserved  for  the  future,  and  that  renewable 
resources  make  their  full  contribution  to  the  progress, 
prosperity,  and  security  of  the  United  States — now  and  in 
the  future. 


V 
V 


UNITED  STATES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

FISH  AND  WILDLIFE  SERVICE 

BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL  FISHERIES 

WASHINGTON,  D.C.     20240 


POSTAGE  AND  FEES  PAID 

U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

THIRD  CLASS 


OFFICIAL  BUSINESS 


Return  this  sheet  to  above  address,  if  you  do 
NOT  wish  to  receive  this  material  |  | ,  orif 
change  of  address  is  needed  [  |  (indicate 
change  inrluding  ZIP  Code).