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fo ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

1^ HUllGttTl ^""'^'^ ^y Authority of

the State of Illinois

?•*

The Fishes of
I Champaign County, Illinois,

as Affected by 60 Years

S of Stream Changes

b R. WELDON LARIMORE
PHILIP W. SMITH

5 STATE OF ILLINOIS

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION

5 NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

^ Urbana, Illinois

ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

Bulletin

Volume 28, Article 2
March, 1963

Printed by Authority of
the State of Illinois

The Fishes of

Champaign County, Illinois,

as Affected by 60 Years
of Stream Changes

R. WELDON LARIMORE
PHILIP W. SMITH

STATE OF ILLINOIS

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

Urbana, Illinois

C ONT E N T S

Acknowledgments 299

Methods and Equipment 300

Forbes & Richardson Procedure 300

Thompson 5c Hunt Procedure 300

1959 Survey Procedure 301

Selection of Site 302

Sampling Technique 302

Preservation and Sorting of Collections 304

Habitat Data Recorded at Site 304

Tabulations 304

Supplemental Distribution Records 304

Sources of Additional Information 306

Description of County 306

Soils 306

Weather 307

Agricultural Practices 307

Population, Urban, and Industrial Developments 308

Stream Drainages and Courses 308

Water Discharge 308

Draining and Dredging 310

Stream Habitats 311

General Ecological Characteristics 311

Habitat Types 313

Rivulets and Small Creeks ^14

Large Creeks > 1 -">

Small Rivers 315

Other Aquatic Habitats 317

Changes in Stream Habitats 317

Annotated List of Fishes 320

Amiidae 3-1

Lepisosteidae 3-1

Hiodontidae 3-1

Clupeidae 3-1

Esocidae 321

Catostomidae 321

Cyprinidae 322

Ictaluridae 324

Anguillidae 325

Cyprinodontidae 325

Poeciliidae 325

Atherinidae 325

Aphredoderidae 325

Serranidae 325

Centrarchidae 32:)

Percidae 326

Sciaenidae 327

Analysis of Distribution Patterns , 327

Changes in Distribution 328

Forbes & Richardson Records 328

Thompson <Sc Hunt Records 329

Investigations Between 1929 and 1959 330

Recent Survey Records 330

Summary of Changes Over 60- Year Period 331

IT-

-J)

597. 09773^^

Ecological Associations 335

Species Associated With Various Stream Habitats 335

Species of Rivulets and Small Creeks 335

Species of Large Creeks 335

Species of Small Rivers 336

Species Associated With Various Ecological Factors 336

Species Associated With Other Species 337

Notropis dorsalis — Ericymba hiiccata 337

Notropis chrysocephalus — Erimyzon oblongus 338

Catostomus commersoni — Phenacobius mirabilis 338

Miscellaneous Associations 338

General Abundance and Occurrence 339

Average Number of Species Per Station 339

Average Number of Fish Per 100 Square Yards 340

Average Weight of Fish Per 100 Square Yards 340

Distribution and Stream Size 340

Relationships With Stream Size 340

Number of Species and Stream Size 341

Number of Fish and Stream Size 342

Fish Weight and Stream Size 342

Frequenc)' Distribution and Stream Size 342

Conclusions on Relationships 346

Distribution and Pollution 346

Areas of Chronic Pollution 348

The Bonevard 348

West Branch 349

East Branch 352

Lower Salt Fork 352

Copper Slough, Phinney Branch 352

Upper Sangamon 352

Upper Kaskaskia 353

Chemistry of Polluted Waters 353

Fish Anomalies Caused by Pollution 353

Fish Kills 353

Ingression Into Polluted Waters 354

Specific Tolerance to Pollution 354

Distribution and Water Enrichment 355

Natural Soil Fertility 355

Fertilizers on the Watershed 355

Domestic Sewage 355

Fisheries 356

Sport Fishing 356

Commercialized Sport Fishing 357

Bait Collecting 357

Summary 357

Literature Cited 360

Species Distribution Maps 361

Index 376

This paper is a joint contribution from two sections of the Illinois Natural History Survey:

the Section of Aquatic Biology, represented by Dr. R. Weldon Larimore, Aquatic Biologist, and
the Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification, represented by Dr. Philip W . Smith,
Associate Taxonomist.

Printed by authority of the State of Illinois, IRS Ch. 127, Par. 5SA2.
(65400— 7M— 12-62)

J ?

The Fishes of Champaign County, Illinois,
as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes

R. WELDON LARIMORE
PHILIP W. SMITH

The fishes of Champaign County,
Illinois, have received probably as inten-
sive and prolonged study as those in any
area of equal size in the New World.
The long period of observation has fur-
nished an unusual opportunity to evalu-
ate the ecological changes that have oc-
curred in a highly developed agricultural
and urban region and to relate these
changes to the distribution and abundance
of stream fishes.

In 1899 and several years before and
after, Stephen A. Forbes and Robert E.
Richardson made 48 collections of fishes in

in the summer of 1959 and the spring of
1960. Our investigation was similar to
that of Thompson & Hunt, except that, in
order to obtain more standardized data,
we utilized techniques and refinements un-
known in 1928 and 1929. The present
paper is the result of the third survey.

Throughout this study, emphasis has
been placed on changes — changes in the
county resulting from agricultural devel-
opment and population increase, changes
in the streams resulting from natural and
human modifications, changes in aquatic
habitats resulting from new developments

Champaign County while gathering ma- in land use practices, and changes in the

fishes as these adaptable animals adjusted
to new conditions in their naturally un-
stable aquatic environment.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge the assist-
ance of three former employees of the Illi-
nois Natural History Survey, David J.
McGinty, Richard E. Bass, and David W.
Bridges, and regret that we cannot share
authorship with them. All of them were
recognized species. Thompson & Hunt's active in the investigation during the en-
study was aimed at discerning distribu- tire field program and through much of
tional changes in fish. The use of stan- the data analysis. Throughout the sum-
dardized sampling methods and a sys- mer of 1959, they returned to the labora-
tematic approach to making collections tory each evening and helped sort, count,
enabled them to express results quantita- and measure collections, frequently of
tively (to include numbers and weights of such size that sorting continued until mid-
fish) as well as qualitatively (to include night. With _ equal willingness, they
only names of species) and permitted shared, or carried on in our absence, other
them to make a number of important gen- phases of the study ranging fromjiard

terial for their study The Fishes of Illi-
nois (Forbes & Richardson 1908). Their
collections included approximately 65 spe-
cies. In 1928 and 1929, David H.' Thomp-
son and Francis D. Hunt made 132
Champaign County collections that in-
cluded approximately 75 species (Thomp-
son & Hunt 1930). The exact number
of species in these early studies is uncer-
tain because some of the reported species
were composites of two or more currently

eralizations regarding the distribution and
abundance of fishes in small streams.

A period of about 30 years elapsed be-
tween the study by Forbes & Richardson
and that by Thompson & Hunt. As a sec-
ond 30-year period drew to a close, a
unique opportunity to collect data that
could be compared with those of Forbes &
Richardson and Thompson & Hunt, and
to test some of the concepts outlined by
Thompson «Sc Hunt, could not be ignored.
Accordingly, we undertook a third survey

physical labor to tabulation of data. Their
contribution is sincerely appreciated.

For kindly answering our questions
concerning the 1928 survey and giving his
opinion on some of the recent collections,
we particularly thank Dr. David H.
Thompson. For graciously transcribing
his records and field notes on angling in
Champaign County, we are grateful to
Dr. Marcus S. Goldman.

Dr. Milton B. Trautman and Dr.
Reeve M. Bailey checked the identifica-

[299]

300

Illinois Natural History Surnlv Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

tion of some of tlu- difHcult specimens.
Dr. Horace W. Norton and Mr. Bud J.
Meatior }2;ave counsel and fiuidance in an-
alvzinji our data. Dr. Thurston E. Lar-
son, Dr. Russell T. Odell, Dr. Robert A.
Evers, and Mr. \\\ J. Roberts offered de-
tailed information relating to their par-
ticular specialties.

The photographs were taken bv Mr.
^Villiam E. Clark and Mr. Wihiier D.
Zehr; fig. 6 was drafted by Mrs. Alice
Ann Prickett; much of the drafting of
the distribution on maps was done by Mr.
Ralph G. Downer.

We owe a special debt to Dr. George
W. Bennett for suggestions and encour-
agement throughout the investigation and
to Dr. Bennett and Dr. H. H. Ross for
critical perusal of our early manuscript.
We are indebted to Mr. James S. Avars
for his editing of the final manuscript.

The Illinois State Department of Con-
servation co-operated in this study by sup-
porting part of the field work and labora-
tory analyses.

METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Methods and equipment employed in
sampling stream fish populations should be
selected on the basis of the demands and
objectives of the study and the amount of
time and effort that can be expended in
making the collections. During each of
the surveys of the fishes of Champaign
County, the procedure was to visit well-
distributed sites, selected to yield a com-
prehensive picture oi the fishes of the
streams. Seines were used as standard
equipment in the first two investigations;
during the third survey both seines and
electrofishing ecpiipment were employed.
The total time spent procuring collections
may have doubled with each succeeding
survey. These changes in procedure and
intensity of collecting present difficulties
in comparing results of the three sur\eys.
In drawing conclusions, we have care-
fully weighed the difficulties inherent in a
study extending over more than half a
century.

Forbes & Richardson Procedure

Forbes c^ Richardson (^K)8) made
their collections by seining, presumably
with seines of various mesh sizes, at se-
lected sites throughout the county. As far

as we know, these early investigators made
no attempt to do a uniform amount of
seining at each station or to determine the
relati\e abundance of the \arious species
found. The number of revisits, if any,
that they made to their stations cannot be
ascertained. According to Thompson &
Hunt ( I'^^^O: 16), the collections of Forbes
& Richardson spanned a 20-vear period :
1 in 1882. 3 in 1885. 1 in 18Q2, 2 in 1898,
22 in 1899, 3 in 1900. and 8 in 1901, giv-
ing a total of 40 collections from 40 sta-
tions. Apparently these counts were made
from the old accession catalogs and the
atlas of maps that accompanied Forbes &
Richardson's The Fishes of Illinois. They
do not agree with our calculations. Our
count of localities plotted by Forbes

(1907) and b}- Forbes iSc Richardson

(1908) and of localities represented by
specimens still extant at the Natural His-
tory Survey from early collections raises
the number of Champaign County locali-
ties sampled by Forbes & Richardson to
48, distributed by drainages as follows:
Salt Fork 27, Sangamon 10. Kaskaskia 5,
Embarrass 3, and Middle Fork 3.

Thompson & Hunt Procedure

Thompson .^ Hunt (1930:1-1—7) em-
ployed seines of certain lengths and mesh
sizes. They recorded the actual number
of fish taken at each collecting station and
the calculated number per 100 square
yards of area seined. In the words of
Thompson & Hunt (1930:5), "the gen-
eral methods emploved in the former sur-
vey have been applied intensively to a
small area. Champaign County, and use
has been made of special methods which
yield results more strictly quantitative."
Records show that 126 stations were sam-
pled in 1928 and that a few stations were
revisited in the spring of 1929. Of the
total number of collections. 132, Thomp-
son & Hunt (1930:14-7) made 127 with
a seine, 10 feet by 4 feet, having meshes
one-sixth inch square and 5 with a seine,
75 feet by 6 feet, having meshes 1 inch
square. Their 126 stations were distrib-
uted by drainages as follows: Salt Fork
48, Sangamon 31, Embarrass 19, Kaskas-
kia 15, Middle Fork 9, and Little Ver-
milion 4. Thompson & Hunt emphasized,
and demonstrated with amazing success,
the importance of skill and efficifncy in

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

301

sampling with seines. The distribution of
the Forbes & Richardson and the Thomp-
son & Hunt collecting stations is depicted
in fig. 1.

1959 Survey Procedure

The intention, when our survey was be-
ing planned, was to duplicate the seining

procedures employed by Thompson Si,
Hunt and in addition to extend the sam-
pling at each station by using more effi-
cient, recently developed methods that
would lead to quantitative samples of
greater reliability. We soon realized,
however, that it would be virtually im-
possible to duplicate their seining proce-

Fig. 1. — Distribution of the Forbes & Richardson (inverted solid triangles) and of the
Thompson & Hunt (open circles) collecting stations in Champaign County. The hatched area
near the center of the map represents Champaign-Urbana.

302

Illinois Natural Hisr()R\ Survlv Hullictin

\'ol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 2. — Seining a shallow, rocky riffle in the Sangamon River near Mahomet. Agitation
upstream from the seine dislodges darters, madtoms, and certain minnows from the gravel.

dures, and that even a slij^ht chani^e in
technique could stronj^ly influence any
quantitative value of the sample. We
therefore chose a standard procedure of
blockinji; ofi a section of stream and col-
lectinjz; the fishes within the section with
an electric fish shocker. In efforts to ex-
tend our list of species in the area, we then
seined various habitats close to the blocked-
oft section.

Selection of Site. — Because of the
uneven distribution of fishes in a stream,
the selection of a sampling station was of
considerable importance. Inasmuch as
riionipson (^ Hunt had mapped the loca-
tion of each of their sites before going into
the field, and their maps, on file at the
Natural History Survey, were available
to us, we chose to revisit their stations.
However, we did not necessarily sample
at exactly the same places. Their notes
indicated that they often seined unusual
situations such as deep pools generally
found under bridges, whereas we at-
tempted to select areas judged representa-
tive of particular parts of streams. Al-
though our procedure possibly omitted
some unusual populations, it produced

samples that we believe were more nearly
representative of each drainage system.

Sampling Technique. — At each se-
lected site, a stretch of stream approxi-
mately 150 feet long was blocked off with
one-fourth-inch-mesh minnow seines. A
crew of three or four men started at the
downstream block with an electric seine
and proceeded upstream, collecting all fish
that could be seen and captured with dip
nets of three-sixteenths-inch mesh. On
reaching the upstream block, the crew
reversed direction, electrofishing back
through the sample area. \V'hen the water
was exceptionally turbid, a minnow seine
was pulled through the enclosed area to
recover stunned fish that had been over-
looked by crew members using dip nets.
Care was exercised to pick up all of the
dead and stunned fish that had drifted
into the net at the downstream block.

The electric seine used . in the small
streams was 30 feet long; it had 15-inch
drop electrodes spaced at 30-inch inter-
vals. It was powered by a gasoline-driven
electric generator having a maximum ca-
pacity of 8.7 amperes of 60-cycle alternat-
ing current at 115 \olts. In wider

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

303

streams, a 50-foot electric seine, powered
by an 11-ampere, 230-volt alternating cur-
rent generator, was used. The generator
was usually left near the equipment truck,
and the electric lead wires were run off a
reel having a commutator through which
power was supplied as the electrodes were
moved up and down the stream.

In the blocked-off areas, we took 77
samples, all within a short period of time
(July and August, 1959), thus keeping at
a minimum the effects that seasonal
changes in fish distribution and abundance
might have on our samples. Because for
each blocked-off area we made and kept
a record of the number of individuals of
each species in the sample and their total
weight, we refer to a sample from such an
area as a quantitative sample.

To supplement the sample taken within
each blocked-off area, we seined nearby
habitats, figs. 2 and 3. An indefinite num-
ber of hauls was made with a 20-foot by
4-foot nylon minnow seine of three-six-
teenths-inch mesh. These "cruising" sam-
ples usually added several species to the
list of fishes taken at each locality. Ma-
terial obtained outside the blocked-off
areas was not included in the quantitative
samples. Fish in the "cruising" samples
were not measured or weighed.

The reliability of our quantitative sam-
ples was not determined. We recognized
the selectivity of electrofishing in differ-
ent habitats and for different species of
fishes. For obvious practical reasons, we
could not adapt our equipment and pro-
cedure to produce the greatest efficiency

Fig. 3. — Seining a shallow pool in the Sangamon River near Mahomet. Habitats of this
type contain suckers and minnows. In 1959, collecting with a minnow seine in such habitats
usually yielded species not collected with an electric seine in nearby blocked-off areas.

.^04

Illinois Natural History Sur\ey Hulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

at each station, nor could we determine t!ie
efficiency of our electrofishinji at each sta-
tion and still complete the field work in
a 2-month period. To keep the number of
variable conditions as small as possible and
to obtain as nearly comparable samples as
was practical, we followed the same pro-
cedure at each station. In another stud\
Larimore (1061), using equipment and
procedures similar to those used in the
105*^ survey, determined elcctrofishin^ suc-
cess in a stream just outside Cliampai^n
County. Since the stream was similar to
some of the Champaign County streams
and since many of the same species were
collected, his rate of success is pertinent
to evaluating our (luantitative samples.

The qualitative completeness of our
quantitative samples, that is, the number
of species per station in the quantita-
tive samples compared with the number
of species per station in the quantita-
tive plus other samples (total collec-
tion per station), is shown in tables 13
and 14. Usually about 90 per cent of the
species listed at each station were taken
in the blocked-off area; the additional 10
per cent were obtained in nearby areas.
Our collections averaged 1.4 times as
many species per station as did those of
Thompson 6c Hunt. The difference is due
probably to our use of two collecting
methods and our larger samples. It prob-
ably does not reflect a change in the num-
ber of species present, nor does it imply in-
efficiency in the earlier survey, for cer-
tainly Thompson <Sc Hunt were remarka-
bly thorough with the method that they
employed.

Further evaluations of our collecting
efficiency are given in the section General
Abundance and Occurrence.

Preservation and Sorting of Col-
lections.— \'er\' large, easily identified
fishes were released at the site of capture
after their numbers, lengths, and weights
had been recorded. All small specimens
were immediately put into cans of 15 per
cent formalin and taken to the laboratory.
Each evening, individuals in the collection
were sorted ; then, for each species, the
numbers, total weights of various size
groups, and ranges in lengths were re-
corded on printed form cards. Only speci-
mens of unusual interest were saved for
the permanent collection. Specimens ob-

tained from habitats adjacent to the
blocked-off areas were not included in
(juantitati\e computations.

Habitat Data Recorded at Site. — A
series of standard measurements and an
evaluation of certain ecological factors
were made at each station. Water level
was recorded as high, low, or normal. At
each station, depth was measured along
transects at the middle and lower part
of the stud\' area and in the deepest part
of the area. Where great variation in
depth occurred, additional measurements
were taken halfway between the middle
and upper limits and the middle and lower
limits of the area. Maximum, minimum,
and average widths were recorded on a
sketch of the stream section. Current was
measured by timing a float as it passed
through a 50-foot course judged repre-
sentative of the water velocity at the sta-
tion. Turbidity was measured with a U. S.
Geological Survey turbidity needle. Types
of bottom materials, such as sand, silt, and
gravel, were determined, and an estimate
was made of the relative abundance of
each type. Notes were made of debris
and vegetation in the stream, as well as
of vegetation on the bank and overhang-
ing the water.

Tabulations. — Quantitative data were
recorded on large tabular sheets similar to
those used by Thompson ik Hunt. Total
number and weight for each species in a
collecting area were translated into num-
ber and weight per 100 square yards of
area. This procedure facilitated compari-
son of our results with those of Thompson
cSc Hunt. The volume of water at each
station was calculated and recorded, so
that the relations of fish numbers and
weights to volume could be ascertained.
Also, the measurements and ecological
evaluations discussed above were recorded
on each sheet. All of this information was
transferred to International Business Ma-
chine (IBM) punch cards; the results of
the classification and analysis of these data
were recorded on IBIVI work slieets, which
along with the original tabulations and
pertinent notes for both our survey and
that of Thompson <Sc Hunt are on file at
the Natural History Survey offices.

Supplemental Distribution Rec-
ords.— ^In addition to making collections
at most of the stations set up by Thompson

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith : Fishes of Champaign County

305

& Hunt, we sampled 28 other localities
in the county. In sampling these stations,
we used either a 20-foot by 4-foot nylon
minnow seine of three -sixteenths -inch
mesh or a rowboat shocker (Larimore,
Durham, & Bennett 1950). The seine
sampling, aimed at filling in distributional
gaps where blocked-off sampling stations

were widely separated, was of varying in-
tensity and was designed merely to procure
a list of species from each locality. Row-
boat shocking had the same objective and,
with few exceptions, was used only when
the stream was too large to permit the ef-
fective use of minnow seines. Some sam-
pling by both methods was done on re-

Fig. 4. — Distribution of the 1959 collecting stations (solid circles) in Champaign County.
Open symbols represent collecting sites, not revisited in 1959, of the two prior surveys: inverted
triangles the Forbes & Richardson survey and circles the Thompson & Hunt survey.

306

Illinois .Natural History SuRviiv Bullktin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

visits to certain stations in an attempt to
obtain unusual species that had not been
taken on our initial visits, but that hail
been recorded at the stations by Thompson
5c Hunt. The streams sampled and the
number of collecting! stations on each
stream, including: stations for cruisinji and
supplemental samplin<:, were as follows:
Salt Fork 55, Sani^amon 39, Kaskaskia 22,
Embarrass 20, Middle Fork 11, and Lit-
tle \'ermilion 5. The distribution of these
152 localities is depicted in i\\i. 4.

Sources of Additional In:orination.
— Se\ eral Champaiji;n County anj^lers pro-
vided reliable observations. The records
they provided were evaluated separately
from those of our own collections; their
degree of reliability is fulh' indicated in
the Annotated List of Fishes. Fwo opera-
tors of commercial fee-fishing lakes pro-
vided information that was used.

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTY

In about a century, much of Champaign
County has been converted from marsh-
land infested with deer flies to well-
drained, fertile farmland. It has been in-
tensively cultivated for several decades,
and its streams have been modified by
dredging, tiling, silting, and other in-
fluences that accompany agricultural prac-
tices. The human population has mush-
roomed in recent years, and some areas
have become industrialized, providing an
opportunity to observe the effects of sew-
age and industrial wastes on streams and
stream life.

Located in east-central Illinois, Cham-
paign County, fig. 5, is ib miles from
north to south and 27 miles from east to
west. It occupies 988 stjuare miles (632,-
415 acres) of flat to slightl\ rolling land;
the present relief resulted from relatively
recent glaciation and from postglacial
stream erosion. The altitude ranges from
630 to 860 feet above sea level and aver-
ages about 710 feet. Although essentially
a flat plain, it is somewhat higher than
surrounding counties, and four major
stream systems arise within tlie county.
Two other stream systems originate a
short distance north of the county limits.

The county has been glaciated twice,
but the efiects of the more recent Wis-
consin stage (about 18,000 years ago) ob-
scure those of the much older Illinoian

stage. The series of end moraines, which
rise from 50 to 100 feet above the inter-
morainal basins, usually form boundaries
between drainage s\ stems. The entire

FifS. 5. — Lf)cation of Champaign County nnd
i'.s streams in relation to the state and major
drainage systems. The dotted line indicates
the boundary of a particularly fertile area, at
one time mostly prairie marsh.

county is overlaid with a mantle of Wis-
consin glacial till, which is covered with
a layer of loess of varying thicknesses up
to 8 feet, except where the loess has been
eroded away. The county contains no rock
outcrops.

Soils

The soils reflect the soil parent material,
the drainage, and the vegetational history
of the area. Dark upland prairie soils
make up about 92 per cent of the area;
yellow-gray silt loams, the upland timber
soils, make up about 5 per cent; bottom-
land or terrace soils constitute the small
remainder (Hopkins et dl. 1918:6).

A recent arrangement of the soil types
of Champaign County is presented in the

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

307

following paragraph (Fehrenbacher 1963
and personal communication from Dr.
Russell T. Odell, Professor of Soil Pedol-
ogy, University of Illinois).

The dark upland prairie soils can be
placed in four general groups. A group of
silty loess prairie soils (mainly Drummer,
Flanagan, and Catlin soil types) covers
about 40 per cent of Champaign County.
These soils are loam till covered with 3
to 5 feet of loess. Properly managed, they
are the most productive in the county,
averaging about 95 bushels of corn per acre
per year. A second group of prairie soils,
mainly Drummer, Brenton, and Proctor
soil types, consists of silty outwash soils
with greater subsurface flow and higher
permeability than the first group men-
tioned. They cover about 26 per cent of
the county and also are very productive.
This group of soils is associated with the
former marshes. A third group, made up
of medium-textured prairie soils, occurs
in rolling areas mostly along the Cham-
paign Moraine and covers about 10 per
cent of the county. A fourth group, com-
posed of fine-textured prairie soils of silty
clay loam and silty till, covers a large area
in the northeastern part of the county and
scattered areas in the northwestern part,
a total of 16 per cent of the county. This
group is somewhat less productive than the
other prairie soils. The small remaining
group, consisting of nonprairie soils, is
generally associated with the river valleys
and constitutes the least productive soils
in the county.

Weather

Champaign County has a temperate
continental-type climate without the mod-
ifying influences of a large body of water.
In most years, temperature extremes range
from well below 0 degrees to slightly
over 100 degrees F. The annual mean
temperature is 52 degrees F. (Changnon
1959:46). Comparison of monthly aver-
age temperatures over a 57-year period
during which weather records have been
kept at Urbana reveals great fluctuation
but no significant trend. August, the
month of our most intensive collecting in
1959, was considerably warmer than the
August average.

The county receives an average of
about 36 inches of precipitation per year.

Although the annual averages for 1929-
1958 were similar to those for the
preceding 1903-1928 period, judged by
data graphically presented by Changnon
( 1959 : 1 1 ) , the 5-year period immediately
preceding Thompson & Hunt's study was
exceptionally wet, and the years 1930,
1953, 1954, and 1956 were exceptionally
dry, the annual rainfall being less than
30 inches. The years 1940 and 1959 re-
ceived subnormal amounts of precipitation
and were marked by unusually dry sum-
mers. The summer months of 1959 were
extremely dry and resulted in low water
levels during the time of our intensive
field work.

Agricultural Practices

Champaign County is one of the most
productive grain areas in the world. Dur-
ing more than a century of farming, this
county has undergone great changes in
landscape, in farming methods, and in
crops. These changes include the draining
of the wet prairies and marshes to convert
them to productive farmland, the use
of large machinery, and the widespread
use of commercial fertilizers and new and
improved plant varieties.

The farming of the first settlers in this
county was largely restricted to raising
cattle and small crops on the high areas
and along the stream courses where drain-
age was naturally good. Lands that were
dry enough for cultivation were turned
by oxen. During the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, ditches were dug and
tiles laid to drain the wet prairie fields.
By 1900, the farms averaged between 80
and 100 acres in size.

With the development of large farm
machinery — heavy tractors, combines,
seeders, and corn pickers — many farms
were merged to form larger ones. Cur-
rently, the average Champaign County
farm is about 200 acres. Within the past
30 years a trend toward less diversifica-
tion among farm crops has appeared ; corn
and soybeans have become the two lead-
ing crops.

During the 1940's, the widespread use
of commercial fertilizers brought about a
general increase in average yield. Hybrid
plants and improved varieties added to
yields. Recently, liquid nitrogen as a fer-
tilizer has further increased production.

308

Illinois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

At the time of settlement of Cham-
paign County, very little soil eroded from
the prairie and timber areas, but intensive
farming made erosion a serious, constant
threat even in the nearl> flat or gently
sloping lands of Champaign County. As
the native vegetation was removed and
the soil directly exposed to rain and wind,
the soil became compact and less absorbent,
causing more rapid runofif, accompanied
by the loss of rich topsoil. The inadequacy
of soil conservation practices had adverse
effects upon the streams and contributed
to more frequent floods followed by seri-
ously low water levels. The eftects of soil
erosion and the need for intensive con-
servation methods are not fully appreci-
ated by many Champaign County farm-
ers. Few grainfields are farmed on the
contour, strip cropping is rare, and grass
waterways are maintained in relatively
few of the cultivated fields. Farm animals
are permitted to graze the stream banks
and thereby contribute to serious erosion
and siltation.

Population, Urban, and Industrial
Developments

During the first half of the twentieth
century, striking changes in land use in
Champaign County were brought on by
the increasing human population. In 1900,
the census reported 47,622 people residing
in the county; in 1930, 64,273; in 1960,
132,436. The trend has been toward ur-
banization; in 1900, 31.1 per cent of the
population lived in urban areas and, in
I960, 75.6 per cent. Although there are
about 26 cities and villages in the county,
only Champaign-Urbana, Rantoul, and a
few others have increased in population.
Some of the small villages in the count\
have remained static in population or have
even declined. The changes in size of
urban areas is illustrated by fig. 6, which
shows the village limits of the 1870's in
red and the recent limits in black.

A considerable acreage of farmland has
been usurped by urban and surburban de-
velopment. The total number of acres in
cultivation was roughly the same between
1900 and 1928 and was considerably
greater than it is today. Since 1928.
cleared land, particularly that marginal
to cities and villages, has been pressed
into nonagricultural uses. Alany areas

that were once farmed now are covered by
modern schools, grain storage units, and
industrial developments; other large land
areas now are occupied by Chanute Air
Force Base and the campus of the Uni-
versity of Illinois. These lands are per-
manently out of production of farm crops.
The vast network of roads, including sev-
eral major highways that transect the
county, occupies a large and e\er-increas-
ing area.

A highly developed road system has
made Champaign County ideally suited
for the study reported here because roads
are laid out, orderI\' and regularly, paral-
lel to each other at mile or half-mile in-
tervals throughout the county. All streams
could be sampled con\eniently at almost
any point, and electrofishing and other
heavy collecting gear could be transported
by automobile almost to the water's edge.

Stream Drainages and Courses

The stream drainages of Champaign
County can be summarized as follows.
Six rivers have headwater channels in the
county, four of which (Salt Fork, Em-
barrass, Kaskaskia, and Little \'ermilion)
actually originate within the county. All
of the drainages are separated by moraines,
except the Sangamon and Salt Fork ; dur-
ing times of flood, headwaters of the San-
gamon and Salt Fork may connect, al-
though connection occurs much less fre-
quently now than formerly. The total
drainage area (in square miles) of each of
these rivers within the county is as fol-
lows: Sangamon 277, Salt Fork 346, Mid-
dle Fork 69, Embarrass 138, Kaskaskia
168, and Little Vermilion 40. A few
smaller streams flow out of the county,
but each joins one of the six larger rivers
a short distance beyond the county border.
The relationships of the streams to the
larger rivers are shown in fig. 5.

The total drainage area (in square
miles) of the main course of each of these
rivers at the point the river leaves Cham-
paign Countv is as follows : Sangamon
388, Salt Fork 307, Middle Fork 241,
Embarrass 106, Kaskaskia 98, and Little
Vermilion 28. These figures include up-
per reaches of those rivers that rise out-
side the county.

Water Discharge. — Annual average
discharge records for two gaging sta-

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

309

tions near the periphery and for three
stations well within the county are avail-
able, table 1. The records show the size
of the streams at these stations and indi-
cate the amount of water drained from the
different watersheds. Calculated from fig-

ures in table 1, the annual average dis-
charge of water per acre in the period
ending in 1957 was 0.7 cubic feet per
second (c.f.s.) for the Sangamon, Salt
Fork, and West Branch ; 0.6 c.f.s. for the
Kaskaskia ; and 1.0 c.f.s. for the Bone-

Fig. 6. — Distribution of towns and water areas in Champaign County in the 1870's (in red)
and 1950's (in black). Drawn from map in Atlas of the State of Illinois (Anon. 1876) and U. S.
Geological Survey Quadrangles (editions 1950-1957).

310

Illinois Natlrai. History Survky Bui.i.utin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Table 1. — Water discharge records taken at five gaging stations in Champaign County
(U. S. Geological Survey, 1953-1960).

Stream

Sangamon

Salt Fork

Kaskaskia

Boneyard

West Branch

Location

Station

Near Mahomet
Near Homer
Near Boiid\iIle
Near Urbaiia
Near Urbana

WATKRSHF.n,

Square
Mii.es

356.0
344.0

12.3
4.6

71.4

Annual

Average

Discharge

(C.F.S.)

249.00

243.00

8.05

4.62

50.40

Years

Records

1948-1957
1944-1957
1949-1957
1948-1957
1936-1957

>ard. The lowest discharjie per acre was
for the Kaskaskia drainaiic, which is en-
tirely farmland, and the hi<:;hest dischar<j;e
was for the Boneyard drainaj^e, which is
almost entirely urban, lying within Cham-
paif2;n-Urbana.

The records on the Sant^amon River
taken near Monticello are of special value
in that they show chanjjes in stream dis-
charge over a long period. Although the
gaging station is about 10 miles outside
Champaign Count\ , it records the runoff
from one-quarter of the county. Records
are nearly complete back to 1908. They
show that annual average discharge fell
below 200 c.f.s. only once during the two
decades before the Thompson & Hunt
study of 1928, but fell below this level
eight times in the three decades since. The
low discharges in recent years indicate
the reduced water-holding capacity of
soils of the watershed. I he river now re-
sponds quickly to precipitation or drought,
whereas it had a more nearlv constant
flow before 1^28.

The minimum discharge of a stream
has great significance to fish distribution.
Before the Thompson & Hunt study,
there was no record of the Sangamon
River discharge dropping as low as 1.0
c.f.s. but it reached 1.0 c.f.s. or lower five
times in the three following decades. As
might be e.xpected, there is a high correla-
tion between precipitation and water dis-
charge of streams in an area. There is, of
course, a variable time lag between pre-
cipitation and discharge.

Draining and Dredging. — Because
of the original marshy character of Cham-
paign County, much draining, dredging,
and straightening of waterways has been
necessary to prepare the land for agri-
culture.

The Illinois Farm Drainage Act of
1879 encouraged the formation of drain-
age districts and enabled farmers to par-
ticipate in the installation of drainage
systems to serve large areas. Drainage
proceeded rapidly during the following
two decades, and, by the turn of the cen-
tury, when Forbes & Richardson made
the first extensive fish collections in the
area, 36 per cent of the county's 632,415
acres had drainage improveir.ents, table 2.

The number of acres in drainage dis-
tricts almost doubled between 1900 and
1910, with 190,205 additional acres (30
per cent of the county) receiving drain-
age improvements. In the decades since
1910, the amount of new land drained
has declined, table 2. The acreage of land
placed in drainage districts in the three
decades between 1930 and 1960 amounted

Table 2. — Acres of land in Champaign
County placed in drainage districts during each
period since about 1880 and the per cent of
the county (632,415 total acres) with drainage
improvements by the end of each decade. In-
formation from the Federal Land Bank of St.
Louis and Champaign County records.

Per Cent of

Acres Placed

County with

Period

IN Drainage

Drainage

Districts

Improvements

Pre-1891

162,298

1891-1900

66,951

1901-1910

190,205

1911-1920

23,524

1921-1930*

24,174*

74*

1931-1940

22,838

1941-1950

16,064

1951-1960

14,046

*In 1921-1930, 3,060 previously unrecorded acres that
had received drainage improvements prior to 1927 (dates
iinknoH-iO were included in the acreage total for this
period, column two, and takeji into account in the per-
centage figures for this and later periods, column three.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

311

to only 8 per cent of the area of the
county.

When Thompson & Hunt made their
collections in 1928, 74 per cent of the
county was in drainage districts. By 1959,
82 per cent of the county (520,100 acres)
had received drainage improvements. Of
the 18 per cent of the county remaining,
probably a considerable proportion has
adequate natural drainage or is in non-
agricultural use. Future drainage probably
will consist mostlj'^ of maintenance and
improvement of existing systems.

Dredging to increase the water-carrying
capacity of existing streams, or to create
ditches in the undrained marshy areas
where none existed, eliminated areas of
standing water and created new channels.
Recanalization of natural streams re-
sulted in much straightening, in the erec-
tion of high earthen banks along the sides,
in producing greater uniformity of the
stream environments, and in drastically
altering local habitats, fig. 11.

Subsurface drain tiles reduced areas of
standing water and in some places resulted
in burying what had been surface drain-
age courses. As a result, many small, in-
termittent streams have been replaced by
field tiles or by wide, carefully graded
grass waterway's.

Draining and dredging, which have re-
duced the water storage capacity of the
watershed, have contributed to higher
flood levels and lower drought levels in
the streams. These practices have lowered
the water table and affected the perma-
nency of many small streams. Since the
early 1870's, work has been directed to-
ward improving the drainage in Cham-
paign County; in the future this objective
may need considerable modification as de-
mands for water supplies increase and ef-
forts are made to hold water to meet
these demands.

Some stream courses have been altered.
Slight changes in drainage boundaries can
be seen on the upper reaches of Hayes
Creek, Copper Slough, Camp Creek, the
Salt Fork above Rantoul, and the head-
waters of the Little Vermilion system.

Two stations where Thompson & Hunt
seined, one in a small tributary of the
East Branch of the Salt Fork about 3
miles southeast of Rantoul, and one in a
tributary of Hayes Creek on the Cham-

paign-Douglas county line, were no longer
extant in 1959. They had been replaced
by grass waterways. Near St. Joseph, the
Salt Fork had been straightened, leaving
a large oxbow at the west edge of town.
Numerous small streams visited in 1928
by Thompson & Hunt were completely
drj' in the summer of 1959, due probably
to the dry summer rather than to modi-
fications by man or to long-term natural
changes.

Some stream changes, including new
channels and new meanders, were nat-
ural. Such changes as occurred in the
county between the mid-1870's (shown
in red) and the mid-1950's (shown in
black) can be detected in fig 6.

STREAM HABITATS

Most Champaign County streams origi-
nate at drain tiles, fig. 7, on the slopes of
moraines, or in flat, marshy areas. They
flow through straight, usually man-made
ditches in rich farmland and move on
into less disturbed channels as they be-
come larger and their valleys widen. Cer-
tain general ecological characteristics are
common to these streams and can be used
to distinguish and describe several stream
habitats.

General Ecological Characteristics

In Champaign County, the relatively
flat topography, the lack of rock outcrops,
the similarity of soil materials, and the
intensive land-use practices produce an
unusual amount of uniformity in the
stream environment.

The stream gradient is generally low,
usually between 3 and 4 feet of fall per
mile. Only on the slopes of moraines and
in a few short stretches does it exceed 6
feet per mile. The flow is generally mod-
erate to sluggish during normal water
stages. Riffles are gentle and pools are
rather shallow. There are long stretches
of very uniform depth and flow.

Water levels fluctuate rapidly and dras-
tically. Flooding occurs with some reg-
ularity, particularly during the spring and
early summer. At normal water stages,
streams have levels well within their
steep-sided banks. During flood stages, the
water levels may rise 10 to 15 feet and
temporarily become torrents that erode
away stream banks. Within the county,

312

lii.iNois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

the Sanjiamon, Salt Fork. Middle Fork,
and to a lesser degree the Embarrass rivers
ha\e narrow floodplains. which may be
completely inundated during floods. Se-
vere dry periods occur nearly every year,
usually during August and September.
The flow may decrease drastically or even
cease. The small headwater tributaries
suffer most regularly and severely from
dry weather conditions.

Water temperatures in small, shallow,
stagnant pools may approach 100 degrees
F. during the summer and 32 degrees in
the winter. There are no large springs to
moderate water temperatures. The lack
of shading bank vegetation along shallow
areas allows extreme daily fluctuations of
temperature, which, in summer, may
change as much as 20 degrees F. between
the cool morning hours and the hot mid-
afternoon. In winter, temperatures may
drop sufficiently to freeze the water to
the stream bottom in shallow areas. Be-
cause fish generally concentrate in deep
pools, the\' are seldom caught in the ice.

The distribution of bottom materials,
formed from the basic glacial till, is di-

rectly related to the velocity of the water.
Through selective sorting of the basic ma-
terials, rubble and gravel (the heaviest
materials) pile up in riffle areas, sand in
areas of moderate current, and the finer
particles of silt and clay drop out only in
the quiet waters of the deep pools.

Turbidity is generally high, becoming
low only during the cold months, when
the activity of fish is reduced so much
that it does not roil silt on the bottom
and when streams are said to be "winter
clear." During the field work for the
present study, turbidity ranged between
15 and 150 parts per million (p. p.m.).

The chemistry of stream water, bas-
ically related to the mineral composition
of the watershed, may be strongly in-
fluenced by domestic and industrial pol-
lution, table 3. Water in the lower Em-
barrass, Kaskaskia, Spoon, and Sangamon
rivers, which are relatively unpolluted, is
low in ammonium, phosphate, and nitrate,
in comparison with w'ater from the pol-
luted areas in the Salt Fork River. Hard-
ness (as calcium carbonate content) ranges
from 264 to 436 p. p.m. The pH is slightly

Table 3. — Partial chemical analysis of water collected from seven stream locations in
Champaign County on December 29. 1960. The streams were mostly ice covered and at normal
water level. Temperatures of samples ranged from 32 to 34 degrees F. The water had no
measurable color or odor. Turbidity was less than 24 p.p.m. Analysis was made by the Illinois
Water Survey. All figures are for p.p.m.

Station

Embarrass

North of Villa

Grove

Sangamon

Northeast of

Mahomet

Kaskaskia

West of

Parkville

Spoon River

North of

St. Joseph -
East Branch

North of

St. Joseph
West Branch

East of

Frbana
Salt Fork

Northwest of

Homer

2
O

0.2

0.3

tr.

0.5

7.4

7.5

4.8

a
H
<

2.8

5.8

6.5

2.4

18.2

14.9

15.9

<
X

"-^

c«

0.1

111.7

8.7

0.0

115.0

4.5

0.5

19.1

11.4

0.1

152.6

10.4

13.1

255

85.6

14.0

47.4

100

193.2

14.4

22.2

116

107.2

15.0

304

303

320

292

360

312

03 ^^

284 392

428

264

436

372

376

336

Q CO

> <

-: J «

<■ O t]

2; f z

c f" 2

477

555

370

850

842

705

, ^ z

-J u £

^ z ^

*C 35 <xi

0.0

0.1

555 0.0

0.7

1.2

0.9

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

313

above neutral, most of the readings rang-
ing from 7.2 to 7.8. The amount of dis-
solved oxygen varies from supersaturation
in well-aerated riffle areas to less than 1
p.p.m. in highly polluted waters and in
stagnant pools when the stream flow is
discontinuous.

Much of the natural aquatic vegetation
in Champaign County streams may have
been eliminated early in this century
through dredging, pollution, and other
man-induced alterations. The remaining
vegetation is limited in distribution by
the generally high turbidity of the streams.
Baker (1922) illustrated many of the
stream habitats along the Salt Fork as
they appeared in 1919 and 1920. Except
for a large patch (which no longer
exists) of yellow water lillies, Nuphar
advena, northeast of Sidney, the vegeta-
tion seen in his photographs is similar to
that found at present. Moreover, his de-
scription of the aquatic vegetation in-
cludes essentially the same species that
now occur in the area.

Thompson & Hunt listed the common
coarse aquatic plants that they observed.
Their list includes most of the present
vegetation. They listed four species of
Fotamogeton that we did not find as-
sociated with the flowing waters of the
county ; however, we observed another spe-
cies of Fotamogeton , believed to be F.
foliosus Raiinesque, in a number of
streams and found it to be quite common
in the upper reaches of Lone Tree Creek
near Foosland. The field notes of Thomp-
son & Hunt and our observations indicate
that aquatic vegetation was more exten-
sive in 1928 than it is today.

Dr. Robert A. Evers, of the Section of
Applied Botany and Plant Pathology of
the Natural History Survey, examined
plants in several collections we made dur-
ing the present study. His identifications
add the following species to the list pre-
sented by Thompson & Hunt:
Equiseturn arvense Linnaeus
Spartina pect'inata Link
Carex cristatella Britton
Salix interior Rowlee
Rum ex altissimus Wood
Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas
Lysimachia nummularia Linnaeus
Asclepias incarnata Linnaeus
Phyla lanceolata (Michaux) Greene

Lycopus americanus Muhlenberg
Eiipatorium perjoliatum Linnaeus
Hibiscus militaris Cavanilles
These plants are not true aquatics but
are characteristically associated with the
banks and mud flats along most of the
streams. A few true aquatics deserve spe-
cial comment. Fotamogeton foliosus has
already been mentioned as quite common
in part of Lone Tree Creek. Elodea
canadensis Michaux occurs in large
patches in the polluted West Branch be-
tween Urbana and St. Joseph. Dinnthera
americana Linnaeus is abundant on the
riffles and along the shores of many
streams, especially in the Middle Fork.
Chara sp. was taken near a seepage spot
on a tributary of the Spoon River near
Flatville.

The vegetation we observed in our
study included grasses, sedges, ragweeds,
milkweeds, docks, and several composites
along the small streams as they passed
through flat and open farmlands. In some
of the reaches of these streams, willows
and scrubby growths of a few other de-
ciduous trees overhung the water. Tall de-
ciduous trees lined the banks of most of
the large streams. Especially common were
silver maple, American elm, cottonwood,
sycamore, and willows. In open areas,
where the sunshine reached the water,
grew buttonbush, rose mallow, water wil-
low, and a few other plants.

Habitat Types

Although the general ecological char-
acteristics of the streams of Champaign
County are rather uniform, each stream
contains several distinct habitats. The
habitats are determined largely by stream
size, stream topography and gradient, soil
materials comprising the bottom, and hu-
man modification of the stream and its
drainage basin.

Thompson & Hunt (1930:34-9) clas-
sified stream habitats according to size of
area drained, permanency, depth, width,
current, type of substrate, amount of veg-
etation and debris, turbidity, and faunal
composition. They recognized vernal rivu-
lets; kettle holes at mouths of tile drains;
oxbow ponds along small streams; per-
manent headwater streams; stretches of
shallow, sluggish water ; gravelly and
sandv riffles and stretches ; rocky rapids

314

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Table 4. — Champai)5n County stream habitats, the extent of their occurrence, and their
physical characteristics.

Habitat

Rivulet and small creek

Large creek

Riffle

Sand and fine gravel

Gravel and boulder

Pool

Sh a I low -

Deep

Small river

Riffle

Sand and gravel

Boulder and rubble

Pool

Shallow

Deep .- — -

Miles in

COUNTV

189
176

Drainage

Area
(Square

Miles)

10
10-200

200-400

Average

CJradient

(Feet per

Mile)

7
3

Maximum

Depth
(Range in
Inches)

1-10

1-12
1-12

•V-24

3-18
3-18

18-36
36-96

Current

Variable

Swift
Swift

Moderate
Sluggish

Swift
Swift

Moderate
Sluggish

and riffles ; moderately deep, smoothly
flowinji stretches ; and long, deep pools.
They described each habitat and listed
characteristic species of fishes.

We prefer a classification based on the
same ecolojjical characteristics but having
divisions with more easily definable limits,
table 4.

Rivulets and Small Greeks. — Our
rivulets and small creeks include the ver-
nal rivulets of Thompson & Hunt and
also intermittent streams of slightly
greater size. They arise as small open

gullies coming ofi the face of moraine
slopes, as seeps in grass waterways, or as
discharges at field tiles, fig. 7, draining
flat marshy areas. The type that originates
at a field tile may have an unusual be-
ginning because of the large, and some-
times surprisingly deep, hole that is
scoured out at the base of the tile. In
many cases, the pool contains a large con-
centration of fish.

Most rivulets and small creeks in
Champaign Count\' have been modified
by dredging and straightening of the chan-

Fig. 7. — Drain tile mouth and pool on the East Branch of the Salt Fork of the Vermilion
River. A tile mouth is Champaign County's analogue of a spring.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

315

nel. They consist of a long open ditch,
flowing smoothly over a substrate of clay,
silt, or loam. They lack aquatic vegeta-
tion but are bordered by grasses, herbs,
and shrubs. Although they include oc-
casional water pockets that could be
termed pools, and occasional shallow areas
where there is an accumulation of sand
and gravel suggesting riffles, their distri-
bution of fishes is relatively uniform
throughout. These long open ditches may
partially dry up if water flow ceases dur-
ing the summer months. Their small size,
instability of flow, and lack of shade pro-
duce a highly unstable aquatic environ-
ment.

Large Greeks. — The streams we
classify as large creeks are formed by the
confluence of the rivulets and small creeks.
The water contributed by the network of
tributaries is of such volume that flow is
continuous throughout most years, al-
though the actual volume may fluctuate
drastically from wet to dry seasons.
Typically, the large creeks consist of al-
ternating pools, shallow stretches, and rif-
fles (frontispiece). They contain a greater

variety of habitats than do rivulets and
small creeks. The frequency of occurrence
of riffles depends upon the distribution of
glacial drift materials, the extent of
dredging, and the stream gradient. Some
of the large creeks in Champaign County
have been dredged ; they now have straight
rather than meandering courses, a mo-
notonous sameness of environment, and
nearly uniform depth, fig. 8.

In the large creeks, riffles over sand
and fine gravel are usually without aquat-
ic vegetation ; those over gravel and small
boulders have some attached algae. Some
pools are shallow and have a moderate
flow over clay, sand, and silt ; they have
a variety of aquatic vegetation. Other
pools are quiet and deep, having been
formed by obstructions or unusual erosion
of the bottom materials ; they have ac-
cumulations of silt and only marginal veg-
etation. Long, shallow pools make up
large proportions of most of the Cham-
paign County streams we have classified as
large creeks, fig. 11.

Small Rivers. — The largest streams
in the county, hardly larger than creeks

-<',- :'<.■*.*.>«&

Fig. 8. — The Kaskaskia River southwest of Parkville. This stream, dredged from time to
time, illustrates one of the large creek habitats found in Champaign County. Modification of
this creek resulted in an unusual amount of sand in the stream bed.

Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Slrvev Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

Fig. 9. — I'pper picture: a shallow pool in the Sangamon River near Fisher. Habitats such
as this contain several species of suckers, basses, and sunfishes, and nnany species of small fishes.
Lower picture: a deep pool in the Salt Fork near Homer. Habitats such as this contain carp,
catfish, shad, and relatively few species of small fishes.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

317

by some standards, we have classed as
small rivers, figs. 2 and 3. They include
the lower Sangamon, the lower Salt Fork,
and the Middle Fork. They are perma-
nent streams that have less extreme and
less sudden fluctuations in water level
and temperature than creeks. Their flood-
plains and banks are generally shaded by
large trees, fig. 9. Like large creeks, the
small rivers contain both riffle and pool
habitats, table 4.

Riffles of small rivers differ from those
of creeks in their greater volume of flow
and their greater proportion of large-
sized bottom materials. Because of the low
gradient of the small rivers, the riffles in
these streams are relatively fewer in num-
ber and occupy a smaller proportion of the
total water area than do those in creeks.
Sand and fine gravel riffles with little
aquatic vegetation occur in small rivers as
well as creeks ; because sand and fine
gravel occur also in many boulder and
rubble riffles that have some aquatic veg-
etation, the two types of riffles are less
clearly defined in rivers than in creeks.

Pools in small rivers are either shallow
and have moderate water flow, or deep
and have sluggish current, fig. 9. Their
characteristics are similar to those of large
creeks, but the pools are deeper and have
more overhanging vegetation and greater
silt deposits. In certain parts of the lower
Salt Fork and lower Sangamon, occasional
pools are quite deep and have very slug-
gish water movements.

Other Aquatic Habitats. — Other
Champaign County aquatic habitats that
do not fit into the above classification are
nonstream habitats, such as farm ponds,
artificial lakes, and oxbows. No natural
lakes and no permanent swamps and
marshes remain in the county. Ponds and
artificial lakes are of little interest in the
present study inasmuch as they have been
stocked, and they are of concern only if
the fishes they contain spill over into the
streams. Oxbows have characteristic la-
custrine populations. The component spe-
cies obviously were derived from the
streams with which the oxbows were once
associated.

Changes in Stream Habitats

The environment of a stream is sensi-
tive to almost any activity within the

watershed. It is influenced by the human
population, agriculture, and industry as
outlined previously in this paper.

For the 30-year period between the
studies of Forbes & Richardson and those
of Thompson & Hunt, specific measure-
ments or observations of the stream en-
vironment were limited to some studies
of stream-flow measurements and drain-
ing activities. From these studies and the
information on the general development
of the county, we know that many water
habitats were actually eliminated and that
draining and dredging resulted in in-
creased fluctuation of water levels, in-
creased turbidity, and a reduction in aquat-
ic vegetation. We know that channel
straightening, with the elimination of
meanders, actually shortened stream
courses in many areas and consequently
increased the stream gradient. The re-
placement of stagnant-water marshes by
underground drains that discharge waters
that are relatively cool in summer and
warm in winter may have reduced seasonal
fluctuations of stream temperatures.

Between the investigations of Thomp-
son & Hunt in 1928 and the present time,
we have specific information on certain
changes that have occurred. Thompson &
Hunt's original field notes provide an un-
usual opportunity for evaluating various
changes in habitats at identical, or nearly
identical, collecting sites, figs. 10 and 11.
Habitat differences can be seen at specific
sites described by Thompson & Hunt and
then examined 30 years later during the
1959 investigation. These differences have
been evaluated and summarized in table 5.

The principal changes noted have to do
with dimensions, particularly in average
depth and average width of the pools
where collections were made. The field
work of the 1928 survey was carried
on "from early spring to late autumn"
(Thompson & Hunt 1930:14) ; most of
our collections were concentrated in the
dry months of late summer. The entire
summer of 1959 was considerably drier
than that of 1928. Despite differences in
the time of field work and in the amount
of precipitation in 1928 and 1959, the
two censuses disclosed that measurable
changes had taken place in the Champaign
County drainage systems in the years be-
tween the censuses, table 5.

.ns

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fi^. 10. — The Sangamon River near Mahninet in the autumn of 1928 (above) and the au-
tumn of 1962 (below). The habitats at this site have remained relatively unchanged.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

319

-MfWrflitM

Fig. 11. — The Kaskaskia River near Bondville in the autiamn of 1928 (above), some years
after it had been dredged, and in the autumn of 1962 (below), after another dredging. Here the
Kaskaskia is classed as a large creek.

.^20

Ii.i.iNois Natural History Slrvev Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

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All of the Champaign County drainage
systems showed a decided trend toward a
decrease in depth and an increase in width,
table 5. All of them showed a decrease
in gravel and an increase in sand. All but
the Kaskaskia River showed an increase
in silt, which had covered the gravel or
sand present in 1928. In the Kaskaskia,
however, sand deposits had covered over
both the gravel and silt formerly re-
corded, fig. 8. A general decrease was
evident in the occurrence of aquatic veg-
etation ; an increase had occurred, except
along the Sangamon and Kaskaskia rivers,
in the amount of overhanging vegetation.
Only in the Kaskaskia was there a strik-
ing change in water velocity, an increase
caused by recent dredging and straighten-
ing of the river and perhaps by the in-
troduction of large volumes of well water
in its upper reaches. Except for the gen-
eral increase in width and the unusual
conditions cited for the Kaskaskia River,
the changes noted were precisely those
which could be expected in view of the
changes in land use and landscape appear-
ance outlined earlier. Study of the values
in table 5 for decrease, unchanged status,
and increase for each characteristic in each
drainage system reveals the degree of these
changes.

ANNOTATED LIST OF FISHES

Ninety species are included in our an-
notated list of the fishes of Champaign
County. One of these, Hybopsis aestivalis,
is questionable for reasons given subse-
quently. A few other species, not in the
annotated list, are known from streams
in adjacent counties and may eventually
be found in this county. These species of
hypothetical occurrence are Carpiodes
carpio carpio (Rafinesque), Moxostoma
carinatum (Cope). Stizostedion canadense
(Smith), all of which have been taken a
short distance downstream in the Salt
Fork of the Vermilion in adjacent Ver-
milion County, and Etheostniua camurum
(Cope), taken in the Middle Fork of the
Vermilion in \'ermilion County. A few
other species, reported by Champaign
County fishermen but not examined by us
or documented by specimens, have not
been included in our list. Of the 90 species
in the annotated list, 74 were taken dur-
ing 1959 or have been taken since.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

321

The fishes have an unusually complex
s.vnonymy. Accordingly, in the following
list, the name applied to a Champaign
County species by earlier authors is given
in every case where the current name dif-
fers from that in the literature. In several
cases, the "species" of earlier investigators
were composites of two or more species
as now recognized. Because of these com-
posite species, most of the existing speci-
mens in the Thompson & Hunt collec-
tions and a few in the Forbes & Richard-
son collections have been re-examined and
reidentified.

A summary of collections for all three
surveys is given. FR refers to Forbes &
Richardson, TH to Thompson & Hunt,
and LS to Larimore & Smith. The num-
ber following the initials designates the
number of localities represented ; the term
"all drainages" following a number indi-
cates that all drainage systems of Cham-
paign County were represented. A " ?"
following FR or TH indicates some doubt
as to whether the species involved was in-
cluded in the nominal species of Forbes &
Richardson (1908) or Thompson & Hunt
(1930). Names of drainages from which
species were collected are given in paren-
theses,

Aniiidae

Amia calva Linnaeus. Bowfin. — Several
large adults taken by rowboat shocker
from Kaufman's Clear Lake, where they
had been introduced for sport fishing. LS
1 (Kaskaskia).

Leplsosteidae

Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). Long-
nose gar. — A large adult taken by row-
boat shocker in the Middle Fork where
it leaves the county. The species was prob-
ably missed by earlier investigators be-
cause of its raritv in the county. LS 1
(Middle Fork). '

Hiodontidae

Hiodoii alosoides (Rafinesque) . Gold-
eye. — One specimen known from Cham-
paign County. This specimen, taken on
the Kaskaskia River at the lowermost
station in the county and reported as Hio-
don tergisus by Thompson & Hunt, is still
extant and is reidentified as H. alosoides.
TH 1 (Kaskaskia).

Glupeidae

Dorosoma cepediofiuni (Le Sueur).
Gizzard shad. — FR 3 (Kaskaskia), TH
2 (Sangamon), LS 12 (Embarrass, Salt
Fork, Sangamon).

Esocidae

Esox americanus vermiculatus Le Sueur.
Grass pickerel. — Reported as Esox ver-
miculatus by Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson & Hunt, and other early au-
thors. FR 10 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 26 (Kaskaskia,
Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork,
Sangamon), LS 17 (all drainages).

Gatostomidae

Carpiodes cyprinus Jiinei Trautman.
Central quillback carpsucker. — Reported
as Carpiodes velifer by Forbes & Richard-
son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early
authors. FR 10 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon), TH 9 (Middle Fork, San-
gamon), LS 27 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon).

Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). High-
fin carpsucker. — Reported as Carpiodes
diff oralis by Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson & Hunt, and other early au-
thors. FR 8 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4 (Middle
Fork, Sangamon), LS 9 (Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork, Sangamon).

Catostomus commersoni commersoni
(Lacepede). White sucker. — FR 14 (Salt
Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 63
(not 65 as stated: all drainages), LS 76
(all drainages except Little Vermilion).

Erimyzofi oblotigus claviformis (Gi-
rard). Western creek chubsucker. — Re-
ported as Eriniyzon sucetta ohlongus, a
composite of E. sucetta and E. oblongus,
by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson &
Hunt, and other early authors. There is
no evidence that E. sucetta ever occurred
within the county, although it is known
from deep quarries in adjacent Vermilion
County. FR 22 (all drainages except Lit-
tle Vermilion), TH 43 (all drainages),
LS 79 (all drainages).

Hypentelium nigricans (Le Sueur).
Northern hog sucker. — Reported as Ca-
tostomus nigricans by Forbes & Richard-
son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early
authors. FR 7 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon), TH 27 (all drainages ex-

322

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

cept Little Vermilion). LS 42 (all drain-
ages except Little Wrniilion).

Ictiohiis hubalus ( Ratinesque). Small-
mouth buffalo. — A sinjile specimen taken
on the lower San^jamon River. FR 1
(Sangamon).

Ictioht/s (\priiitllus ( X'alenciennes) .
Bigmouth buffalo. — One specimen re-
ported from the lower Sangamon. TH 1
(Sangamon) .

I tt iohus n if/ tr ( Rafinesque) . Black
buffalo. — Reported as Ictiohus urns by
Thompson ^' Hunt and known in the
county by a single specimen taken on the
lower Sangamon River. TH 1 (Sanga-
mon ) .

Miuytrema mil an ops (Rafinesque).
Spotted sucker. — FR 15 (Kaskaskia, Salt
Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4
(not 5 as stated: Kaskaskia, Salt Fork),
LS 1 (Little Vermilion).

Moxostoma aiiisuiurn (Rafinesque).
Silver redhorse. — TH 1 ( Sangamon), LS
7 (Salt Fork, Sangamon).

Moxostoma macroUpidotiim mncroh pi-
dot ttm (Le Sueur). Northern redhorse. —
Reported as Moxostoma breviceps by
Forbes ^ Richardson, Thompson & Hunt,
and other early authors, but later and
until verv recentlv called M. aureolum.
FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 6 (Kaskaskia,
Sangamon), LS 8 (Sangamon).

Moxostoma erythnuum (Rafinesque).
Golden redhorse. — Reported as Moxos-
toma aureolum by Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early au-
thors, who presumably based their identi-
fications on specimens of this species. 1 he
superficially similar M. duquesnei, which
the early authors did not distinguish from
crythrurum. was not taken in the county
during the 1959 survey and is not repre-
sented among the Forbes .S: Richardson
and Thompson <Sc Hunt collections still
extant. FR 11 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon), TH 22 (all drainages ex-
cept Little Vermilion), LS 28 (Embar-
rass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).

Cyprinidae
Campostoma anomalum pullum (Agas-
siz). Central stoneroller. — Reported as
Campostoma anomalum by Forbes oc
Richardson, 'Fhompson & Hunt, and other
early authors. This fish is assignable to
the subspecies C. a. pullum. FR 17 (Salt

Fork. Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 64
(all drainages except Little \'ermilion),
LS 1U2 (all drainages except Little \'er-
milion).

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). Gold-
fish.— Several large specimens taken by
ruwboat shocker from Kaufman's Clear
Lake, where they had been introduced.
Another adult was found in the Salt Fork
near Homer in 1955. LS 2 (Kaskaskia,
Salt Fork).

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Carp. — FR
4 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon),
TH 11 (not 9 as stated: Embarrass, Salt
Fork, Sangamon), LS 56 (all drainages).

Ericymba buccata Cope. Silverjaw min-
now.— FR 22 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Em-
barrass, Middle Fork), TH 79 (all drain-
ages), LS 78 (all drainages except Little
Vermilion).

Hybognathus nuchalis nuchalis Agas-
siz. Western silvery minnow. — FR 4
(Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon),
TH 9 (Kaskaskia), LS 9 (Kaskaskia).

Hybopsis aestivalis hyostoma (Gilbert).
Ohio speckled chub. — Reported from the
Middle Fork on the Champaign-Ford
county line as Hybopsis hyostomus by
Large (1903:19). The locality, which is
far removed from other records of the
species, was either ignored or overlooked
by Forbes .k Richardson and Thompson
& Hunt; inasmuch as Large's specimen is
not extant for reidentification and addi-
tional specimens have never been taken,
the record is open to doubt.

Hybopsis amblops amblops (Rafi-
nesque). Northern bigeve chub. — FR 6
(Salt Fork, Middle Fork), TH 8 (Em-
barrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork).

Hybopsis biguttata (Kirtland). Horny-
head chub. — Reported as Hybopsis ken-
tuckiensis by Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson <Sc Hunt, and other earlv au-
thors. FR 10 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon), TH 46 (Kaskaskia, Middle
Fork, Sangamon), LS 70 (Kaskaskia, Salt
Fork. Middle Fork, Sangamon).

Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland). Silver
chub. — A specimen from the Middle Fork
reported by Forbes & Richardson. A sec-
ond specimen, an individual 4.5 inches
long taken on a hook in the Salt Fork
River near Homer in Jul\, 1952, was re-
ported to us bv Dr. Marcus S. Goldman.
FR 1 (Middle Fork), LS 1 (Salt Fork).

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

323

Notemiffonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) .
Golden shiner. — Reported as Abramis
crysoleucas by Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson & Hunt, and other earlv au-
thors. FR 20 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 41 (all drain-
ages), LS 46 (all drainages).

Notropis ornnis amnis Hubbs & Greene.
Northern pallid shiner. — Specimens of
this species referred by Thompson & Hunt
(on different pages) to Notropis hetero-
lepis, N. cayuga, and A^. c. atrocaudalis.
One of their specimens was subsequently
designated as a paratype of the new spe-
cies amnis. A re-examination of the
Thompson & Hunt specimens of "Notro-
pis blennius" still extant has revealed
specimens of amnis mixed with N . stranii-
neus from three stations on the Sangamon
near Fisher. TH 3 (Sangamon).

Notropis atherinoides atherinoides Raf-
inesque. Common emerald shiner. — FR 2
(Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 2 (Embar-
rass, Salt Fork).

Notropis hoops Gilbert. Bigeye shiner.
— Reported as Notropis illecebrosus by
Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt,
and other early authors. FR 1 (Salt
Fork), TH 2 (Middle Fork).

Notropis chrysocephalus (Rafinesque).
Central common shiner. — Reported as
Notropis corniitus by Forbes & Richard-
son, Thompson Si. Hunt, and other early
authors. FR 9 (Salt Fork, Sangamon),
TH 54 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle
Fork, Sangamon), LS 64 (all drainages
except Little Vermilion).

Notropis dorsalis dorsalis (Agassiz).
Central bigmouth shiner. — Reported as
Notropis gilberti by Forbes & Richard-
son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early
authors. FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 5 (San-
gamon), LS 28 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork,
Sangamon).

Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann. Blacknose shiner. — Reported as
Notropis cayuga and N. c. atrocaudalis by
Forbes & Richardson. Their records for
the Salt Fork and Sangamon drainages
presumably refer only to the blacknose
shiner. The species may have disappeared
from the county when the prairie sloughs
and natural lakes were drained. The speci-
men assigned to N . heterolepis by Thomp-
son & Hunt is actually N . amnis amnis.
FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon).

Notropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard).
Red shiner. — A species appearing in the
county since 1928. It is now abundant in
the Kaskaskia and upper Sangamon drain-
ages in a variety of river and creek habi-
tats. LS 21 (Kaskaskia, Sangamon).

Notropis rubellus (Agassiz). Rosyface
shiner. — Misidentified as "Notropis ath-
erinoides, var." by Thompson & Hunt.
Our collections from the same stations
contain rubellus and not atherinoides. Of
the three Thompson & Hunt collections
labeled atherinoides, the one extant con-
tains rubellus only. TH 3 (Middle
Fork), LS 6 (Middle Fork).

Notropis spilopterus spilopterus (Cope)
X hypsisomatus Gibbs. Spotfin shiner. —
Included in the composite Notropis whip-
plii of Forbes & Richardson, Thompson &
Hunt, and other early authors. Of the
53 collections of "N . whipplii" reported by
Thompson & Hunt, 34 are still extant and
have been reidentified. Thirty-two of
these contain spotfin shiners. Material
from the eastern side of the county (Salt
Fork and Middle Fork) is assignable to
the nominate subspecies on the basis of
both lateral-line scale counts and body
shape, specimens from the Kaskaskia
(western side) are apparently typical hyp-
sisomatus in both characters, and speci-
mens from the Sangamon (western side)
have nearly typical lateral-line scale counts
of hypsisomatus but are intermediate be-
tween spilopterus and hypsisomatus in
body shape. FR ?, TH 32 (Kaskaskia,
Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS
63 (all drainages).

Notropis stramineus (Cope). Sand
shiner. — Included in the composite No-
tropis blennius of Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson & Hunt, and other early au-
thors, but until recently called A'^. deli-
ciosus. The identity of the Forbes & Rich-
ardson specimens is not known, but prob-
ably the majority belong to this species.
Of the 44 collections of "blennius" re-
ported by Thompson & Hunt, 32 are still
extant and have been reidentified, reveal-
ing stramineus exclusively, or in part, in
all of them. FR ?, TH 32 (all drainages
except Little Vermilion), LS 93 (all
drainages).

Notropis umbratilis cyanocephalus
(Copeland). Redfin shiner. — Reported as
Notropis umbratilis atripes by Forbes &

324

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

Richard>t)n. Thompson ^' Hunt, and other
early authors. Local populations are ex-
tremely variable, and subspeciHc identifi-
cation is based on ^eojiraphical grounds.
FR 8 (Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH bQ
(all drainages). LS ^7 (all drainages).

Notropis volucellus volucellus (Cope).
Northern mimic shiner. — Probably in-
cluded in the composite .N otropis blenniiis
of Forbes ^ Richardson and found in 2
collections (representing two localities)
in the 32 reidentitied collections still ex-
tant of Thompson & Hunt's ".V. blen-
niusr FR ?. TH 2 ( Middle Fork). LS 3
(Middle Fork. Sangamon).

Xotropis uhlpplfi (Girard). Steelcolor
shiner. — Probably included in the com-
posite \otropis u-hipplii of Forbes 5: Rich-
ardson and found at 16 localities in the 34
reidentihed collections of Thompson 5c
Hunts "li ///>/)///.■■ FR ?. TH lb ( Kas-
kaskia. Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle
Fork. Sangamon). LS 27 (Embarrass,
Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon).

Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay. Pugnose
minnow. — A specimen from the Salt Fork
reported by Large (1Q03:15). TH 2
(Kaskaskia: 1 reported from a tributary
and another found among a series of
Thompson & Hunt's "Notropis blennius"
from the Kaskaskia proper).

Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). Suck-
ermouth minnow. — FR 18 (Kaskaskia.
Embarrass. Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH
25 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork. Middle Fork.
Sangamon). LS 34 (all drainages except
Little Vermilion).

Pimephales notatus (RaHnesque).
Bluntnose minnow. — FR 37 (all drain-
ages except Little \ermilion). TH 111
(all drainages). LS 134 (all drainages).

Pimephales promelas prornelas Rah-
nesque. Northern fathead minnow. — FR 4
(Sangamon), TH 19 (Sangamon), LS
20 (Sangamon, Kaskaskia).

Pimephales vigilax perspicuus (Girard).
Northern bullhead minnow. — Reported as
Cliola vigilax by Forbes 5c Richardson.
Thompson & Hunt, and other early au-
thors. FR b (Sangamon), TH 4 (Salt
Fork, Sangamon).

Semotilus atromaculatus atromaculatus
( Mitchill). Northern creek chub. — FR 9
(Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon),
TH 101 (all drainages), LS 12b (all
drainages).

Ictaluridae

Ictalurus melas (, Rahnesque). Black
bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus melas
by Forbes 5: Richardson. Thompson 5c
Hunt, and other early authors. FR 12
(Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork, San-
gamon). TH 12 (not 13 as stated: all
drainages except Middle Fork), LS 7 (all
drainages except Middle Fork).

Ictalurus natalis ( Le Sueur). Yellow
bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus natalis
by Forbes 5c Richardson. Thompson ^
Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR b
(Kaskaskia. Salt Fork), TH 15 (all
drainages except Embarrass), LS 38 (all
drainages).

Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Brown
bullhead. — Taken only from Franzen's
Fishing Lake. Many specimens of this
species were introduced into this lake for
sport fishing during the course of our
survey. LS 1 (Salt Fork).

Ictalurus punctatus (Rahnesque).
Channel catfish. — FR 4 (Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 11 (not 8 as
stated: Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 17
(Salt Fork. Sangamon, Middle Fork).

A oturus exilis Nelson. Slender mad-
tom. — Reported as Schilbeodes exilis by
Thompson 5c Hunt. TH 2 (Middle Fork,
Sangamon).

N oturus ftavus RaHnesque. Stonecat. —
FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 5 (Salt Fork,
Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 22 (Salt
Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon).

\ oturus gyrinus (Mitchill). Tadpole
madtom. — Reported as Schilbeodes gyri-
nus by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c
Hunt, and other early authors. FR 13
(Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH
8 (not 7 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 18
( Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon ) .

N oturus miurus Jordan. Brindled mad-
tom.— Reported as Schilbeodes miurus
by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c
Hunt, and other early authors. FR 2
(Salt Fork), TH 2 (not 1 as stated: Salt
Fork), LS 8 (Embarrass. Salt Fork.
Middle Fork).

-\ oturus nocturnus Jordan 5c Gilbert.
Freckled madtom. — A specimen seined
from a pool over mixed sand-gravel and
another from a fast rifHe in the middle
Sangamon River. LS 2 (Sangamon).

Pylodictis oliiaris ( Rafinesque). Flat-
head catfish. — Reported as Leptops olivar-

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

325

is by Thompson & Hunt. TH 1 (Sanga-
mon), LS 4 (Middle Fork, Salt Fork,
Sangamon). The flathead is probably
much more common than the available
records indicate.

Anguillidae

xinguilla rostrata ( Le Sueur). Ameri-
can eel. — Reported as Anguilla chrysypa
by Thompson tSc Hunt on the basis of a
specimen caught by a fisherman in the Em-
barrass River near Villa Grove just south
of the Champaign County line. Dr. Mar-
cus S. Goldman informs us that a specimen
was taken on baited hook in the lower
Sangamon River about 1940. In the
spring of 1961, two eels were taken by
hook-and-line fishermen from a small
land-locked lake near Mahomet. We sub-
sequently learned that these fish, origi-
nally from the AVabash River, escaped
from the creel of a local fisherman. TH 1
(Embarrass), LS 1 (Sangamon).

Gyprinodontidae

Fufidulus notatus (Rafinesque). Black-
stripe topminnow. — PR 14 (Kaskaskia,
Embarrass. Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH
41 (not 43 as stated: all drainages), LS
54 (all drainages).

Poeciliidae

Gambusia affiiiis affniis ( Baird ic Gi-
rard). Western mosquitofish. — A recent
arrival in the county. LS 2 (Salt Fork).

Atherinidae
Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). Brook
silverside. — FR 6 (Salt Fork, Sangamon),
TH 5 (not 3 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 3
(Salt Fork).

Aphredoderidae

J phr-edoderus sayauiis (Gilliams). Pi-
rateperch. — FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 12
(Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon), LS
13 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon).

Serranidae
Roccus mississippietisis (Jordan 5:
Eigenmann). Yellow bass. — Now known
in this county only in Kaufman's Clear
Lake and Lake-of-the-Woods, where it
has been introduced. The evidence indi-
cates that the yellow bass held a brief
tenure in the Sangamon River of Cham-

paign County from 1955 to 1958. Dr.
Marcus S. Goldman has numerous mellow
bass records for the Sangamon for 1955,
and we took specimens there in November
of 1957. The Sangamon River fish pre-
sumably came from the Lake Decatur pop-
ulation. LS 3 (Kaskaskis, Sangamon).

Centrarchidae

AmblopUtes rupestris rupestris (Rafi-
nesque). Northern rock bass. — TH 1
(Salt Fork), LS 16 (Salt Fork, Middle
Fork, Sangamon).

Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier). War-
mouth. — A specimen taken by us on the
Sangamon near Mahomet in November,
1957. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman reports
that he has taken the species on hook and
line in the same area. FR 3 (Kaskaskia),
TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 1 (Sangamon).

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. Green
sunfish. — FR IZ (all drainages except Lit-
tle Vermilion), TH 38 (all drainages),
LS 75 (all drainages except Little Ver-
milion).

Lepomis humilis (Girard). Orange-
spotted sunfish. — FR 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt
Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 13
(Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS
9 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon).

Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Ra-
finesque. Northern bluegill. — Reported as
Lepomis pallidas by Forbes ^ Richardson,
Thompson &: Hunt, and other early au-
thors. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH
1 (Salt Fork), LS 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt
Fork, Sangamon).

Lepomis megaloiis megalotis (Rafi-
nesque). Central longear sunfish. — FR 16
(Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork),
TH 37 (not 39 as stated: all drainages),
LS 44 (all drainages).

Lepomis rnicrolophiis (Gunther). Red-
ear sunfish. — Formerly known as Eupo-
motis heros. The widely transplanted red-
ear is a recent arrival in Champaign
County. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman recalls
catching the species in the Sangamon near
the Champaign-Piatt county line in the
summer of 1958. LS 1 (Kaskaskia).

Lepomis punctatus miniatus Jordan.
Spotted sunfish. — A specimen taken from
the outlet of Crystal Lake by Thompson
.S: Hunt and reported as Lepomis miniatus
(Garman's sunfish). Their specimen is no
longer extant. TH 1 (Salt Fork).

326

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

Micropterus doloiniiui dolomirui Lacc-
pode. Northern smallmouth bass. — FR 1
(Salt Fork), TH U) (Salt Fork, Middle
Fork, Sangamon), LS 37 (Kaskaskia, Salt
Fork, Middle Fork, Sanpinion).

Micntpttrits f>tin(tuleitt/s ptiiictulatus
( Ratinesque). Northern spotted bass. —
Probably included in the composite Mi-
cropttrits Sfilniolilcs of Forbes .Sc Richard-
son, Thompson .S: Hunt, and other early
authors. 'Fheir specimens of "salmoides"
are not available for re-exaniination. FR
?. TH ?, LS 0 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork).

Micropterus sdhiioidrs sdlrnoides ( Lace-
pede). Northern larjiemouth bass. — Prob-
ably included in the composite Micropter-
us salmoides of Forbes (Sc Richardson,
Thompson O^c Hunt, and other early au-
thors. Their specimens are no longer ex-
tant. FR ?, TH ?. LS 14 (Salt Fork,
Middle Fork, Sangamon).

Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. White
crappie. — FR 4 (Embarrass, Salt Fork,
Sangamon), TH 2 (Sangamon), LS 16
(Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon ) .

Pomoxis ni(jromaculatus (Le Sueur).
Black crappie. — Reported as Pomoxis spa-
roides b\ Forbes (Sc Richardson, Thomp-
son & Hunt, and other early authors. FR
7 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH
3 (Sangamon), LS 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga-
mon).

Percidae

Ammocrypta pellucida (Haird). East-
ern sand darter. — TH 2 (Middle Fork),
LS 3 (Middle Fork).

Etheostomo asprigene (Forbes). Mud
darter. — Reported as Etlieostoma jessiae
by Forbes ^ Richardson. FR 2 (not 1
as stated by 'Fhompson & Hunt: Salt
Fork and Sangamon), LS 1 (Sangamon).

Etlieostoma hlennioides Rafinesque.
Greenside darter. — Reported as Diplesion
hlennioides by Forbes 6c Richardson,
Thompson iSc Hunt, and other earlv au-
thors. FR 7 (Salt Fork), TH 10 "(Em-
barrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 13
(Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork,
Middle Fork).

Etlieostoma caeruleum Storer. Rainbow
darter. — Probably included in the compos-
ite Etlieostoma coeruleum of Forbes &
Richardson; seven localities represented
among the 11 Thompson (Sc Hunt collec-

tions still extant. FR ?, TH 7 (Embar-
rass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 7
(Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Salt Fork, Mid-
dle Fork).

Etlieostoma clilorosomum (Hay).
Hluntnose darter. — Reported as Boleoso-
ma camurum b\ Forbes & Richardson,
Thompson (S: Hunt, and other early au-
thors. FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 1 (Kas-
kaskia).

Etlieostoma flabellare flabellare ( Rafi-
nesque) X lineolatum (Agassiz). Fantail
darter. — Champaign County specimens
representing an intergrade population.
Material from the Sangamon is rather dis-
tinctly striped and approaches typical line-
olatum, whereas flabellare influence pre-
dominates in our series from the Salt Fork
drainage. Specimens from the other drain-
age svstems are intermediate in pattern.
FR 2 (Salt Fork), TH 16 (not 14 as
stated : Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle
Fork, Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork,
Middle Fork, Sangamon).

Etlieostoma yracile (Girard). Slough
darter. — Reported as Boleiclitliys fusifor-
mis by Thompson & Hunt and known in
the county from only one specimen, still
extant, taken on lower Wildcat Slough.
TH 1 (Sangamon).

Etlieostoma nigrum nigrum (Rafi-
nesque). Eastern Johnny darter. — Re-
ported as Boleosoma nigrum by Forbes &
Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other
early authors. We assign the Champaign
County material to the nominate subspe-
cies on geographical grounds. Material
from the Embarrass, Little Vermilion,
and perhaps the Kaskaskia is clearly refer-
able to EAlieostoma nigrum nigrum, but
large series from the Sangamon, Salt Fork,
and Middle Fork exhibit characters of
both E.. n. nigrum and E. n. eulepis Hubbs
(Sc Greene, and specimens from the Salt
Fork and Middle Fork of the Vermilion
display predominantly eulepis characters.
FR 1^ (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sanga-
mon), TH 82 (all drainages), LS 80 (all
drainages).

Etlieostoma spectabile spectabile (Agas-
siz). Northern orangethroat darter. —
Probably included in the composite Etlieo-
stoma coeruleum of Forbes & Richardson
and found in 4 of the 1 1 Thompson &
Hunt collections still extant. FR ?, TH 4
(Sangamon), LS 60 (all drainages).

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

327

Etheostoyna zonale zonale (Cope).
Eastern banded darter. — TH 8 (Sanga-
mon), LS 6 (Sangamon).

Percina caprodes caprodes (Rafinesque)
X semifasciata (De Kay). Logperch. —
The meager material available regarded
as representing an intergrade population.
Middle Fork specimens show greater re-
semblance to Percina caprodes semifasciata
and Kaskaskia specimens to P. c. caprodes ;
Sangamon specimens are almost exactly
intermediate. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga-
mon), TH 2 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork),
LS 10 (all drainages except the Salt
Fork).

Percina maculata (Girard). Blackside
darter. — Reported as Hadropterus aspro
by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson &
Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR 15
(Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 24 (all
drainages except Little Vermilion), LS
49 (all drainages except Little Ver-
milion).

Percina phoxocephala (Nelson). Slen-
derhead darter. — Reported as Hadrop-
terus phoxocephalus by Forbes & Rich-
ardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other
early authors. FR 3 (Salt Fork, Sanga-
mon), TH 8 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork,
Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork, Middle
Fork, Sangamon).

Percina sciera sciera (Swain). North-
ern dusky darter. — A specimen recently
taken in the minnow seine near Penfield,
the first record for the county. LS 1
(Middle Fork).

Sciaenidae

A plodinotiis grunniens Rafinesque.
Freshwater drum. — TH 3 (Sangamon),
LS 4 (Sangamon) .

ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION
PATTERNS

Of the 90 species of fishes in our an-
notated list for Champaign County, 7
{Amia calva, Carassius auratus, Ictalurus
nebulosus, Gambusia affinis, Roccus mis-
sissippiensiSj Lepomis punctatus, and Le-
pomis microlophus) are introductions and
must be excluded from any distributional
analysis of native species.

Of the remaining 83 species, 13 reach
the edges of their natural ranges within,
or very near. Champaign County. They
can be classified as northern, southern,

western, and eastern components on the
basis of the direction in which their main
ranges are located in relation to the coun-
ty. Notropis rubellus and Etheostoma
zonale are northern species that, in Illi-
nois, reach their southernmost point of
distribution within the county. Notropis
heterolepis also is a northern species that
once extended southward somewhat be-
low Champaign County, but whose range
has since retreated to the north. Noturus
nocturnus, Micropterus punctulatus, and
Etheostoma gracile are southern species
that, in Illinois, have their northernmost
records of occurrence within the county.
Notropis dorsalis, Notropis lutrensis, and
Noturus exilis are western species that, in
Illinois, reach their easternmost limit of
distribution in the county. Noturus miu-
rus, Etheostoma blennioides, and Hybopsis
amblops are eastern species that, at least
at this latitude, reach their westernmost
limit of distribution in the county. Eri-
cymba buccata, another eastern species,
occurs throughout Champaign County but
does not occur, in central Illinois, much
to the west of our area. Peripheral popu-
lations are of considerable interest in that
they can, when studied over a period of
time, provide evidence of range expansion
and withdrawal. The 13 species just men-
tioned above have been carefully studied
for such trends, and the data that they
provide are discussed under Changes in
Distribution.

The other 70 species of fishes in our
Champaign County list have more exten-
sive ranges and occur throughout this part
of the state. These 70 species, needless
to say, do not occur everywhere in the
county. In fact, only 19 species are known
to occur in all six drainages within the
county. These species are as follows:

Esox americanus

Catostomus commersoni

Erimyzon oblongus

Cyprinus carpio

Ericymba buccata

N otemigonus crysoleucas

Notropis spihpterus

Notropis stramineus

Notropis umbratilis

Pimephales notatus

Semotilus atromaculatus

Ictalurus melas

Ictalurus natalis

328

Illinois Natlral History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

Fiiiutulus notntiis

Lff>oniis cyauclliis

Leponiis rni't/dlotis

A tlu'O s ton I (I II III r it in

I'/lieostoiim spfcldhilt'

Pt'iciiKi raproJcs
Certain additional species, such as Le-
pornis macruchirus and Micropterus sal-
mo ides, are known to be in man\' ponds in
all parts of the counts , havin;^ been intro-
duced for sport fishing, but they were not
taken in all drainaj^es as rejjular com-
ponents of the stream populations.

Some species could be expected to show
seasonal dilierences in occurrence, as sev-
eral of our drainaj^es are represented by
headwaters onl\. For example, some of
the catostomids mij^ht have been present
in headwaters durinj^ the spring months
but might ha\e migrated downstream and
out of the counts before our summer field
work began. Although our data on sea-
sonal distribution are limited, we found
no evidence to support the assumption
that spring runs of migratory species
greatly influence the occurrence of species
in Champaign County. We revisited ap-
proximately 20 stations in the county one
or more times, the revisits representing
the months of September, October, Jan-
uary, May, June, and July. Subsequent
visits to a station usually revealed a few
species that we missed on the initial visit,
init at every station the greatest number
of species was taken on the first visit,
probably because the low water levels in
July and August of 1959 had concentrated
the fishes. Moreover, the species added on
subsequent visits were usually fishes of
relatively sedentary habits rather than
strongly migratory species such as catosto-
mids.

CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION

The earliest published references to
Champaign Countv Hshes appear to be
those of Large (1903:19, 15). who cited
Hyhopsis hyostomus (equals H. ficstii-alis)
and Opsopaeodus [sic] megalops (equals
Opsopoeodiis ciniliae) from specific locali-
ties within the county. No date or other
information is given, but the collections
are presumed to have been made prior to
the extensive work of Forbes & Richard-
son. Both records, although published in
1903, were overlooked, or perhaps ig-

nored, by Forbes & Richardson (1908)
and all subsequent authors. The speci-
mens are no longer extant.

Although fish collections by staf¥ mem-
bers of the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural Histor\, a parent agency of the
Natural History Survey, were made as
early as 1882, no references to Champaign
County fishes, except those by Large
(1903:15, 19), appeared until Forbes
(1907) published a paper on the distribu-
tion of certain Illinois fishes.

Forbes & Richardson Records
The Forbes <S: Richardson distribu-
tional records were plotted on the maps
in an atlas accompanying The Fishes of
Illinois or were cited in the text. Al-
though Hsh nomenclature of 1908 differs
markedl\- from that of today, we are
virtually- certain that the following species
as now recognized were included in the
48 collections of Forbes & Richardson :

D oroso iiifi cepediaii um

Esox uiiiericanus

Carpiodes cyprinus

Carpiodes velifer

C(i 1 0 s to in n s c o in ni e rs o n i

Eriinyzoii ohlontjus

Hypentelium nigricans

Ictiobus hiihalus

Aliny treiiia in elan ops

Aloxosioina inacrolepidotuin

Moxostoma erythrurum

Ca in p 0 s 1 0 III a anomalu m

Cyprinus carpio

Ericymha huccata

Hybognathus nuchalis

Hybopsis (iinblops

Hybopsis biguttata

Hybopsis storeriana

Noteinigonus crysoleucas

Notropis atherinoides

Xotropis boops

Notropis chrysocephalus

Xotropis dorsalis

]\ otropis heterolepis

\ot r 0 p is II III brat His

Phenacobius mirabilis

Piniephales notatus

Pitnephales pronielas

Piniephales vigilax

Semotilus atroniaculatus

Ictaluriis inelas

letalurus natalis

Ictalurus punctatus

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

329

Noturiis flavus

Noturus ffyrinus

Noturus miurus

Fiindulus notatus

Labidesthes siccuhis

Aphredoderus sayanus

Chaenobryttus gulosus

Lepomis cyanellus

Leponiis hum His

Lepomis macrochirus

Lepomis megalotis

Micropterus dolomieui

Pomoxis annularis

Poinoxis nigromaculatus

Etheostoma asprigene

Etheostoma blennioides

Etheostoma chloi-osomum

Etheostoma fiabellare

Etheostoma nigrum

Percina caprodes

Percina maculata

Percina phoxocephala
In addition to the species cited above are
probably others. Forbes & Richardson's
nominal "Notropis blennius" was probably
a composite of N . stramineus and N. vo-
lucellus, their "Notropis whipplii" a com-
posite of N . spilopterus and ISl . whipplei,
their "Micropterus sahnoides" a composite
of M. punctulatus and M. sahnoides, and
their "Etheostoma coeruleum" a composite
of E. caeruleum and E. spectabile. Al-
though many of the early collections have
been lost and cannot be reidentified, vi^e
are reasonably certain that 63 species were
represented in the collections of Forbes &
Richardson and that the 2 other species
reported previously by Large (1903:15,
19) bring the total number of species col-
lected in the county by 1901 to 65.

Thompson & Hunt Records

Although the material of Forbes &
Richardson was cited in various revision-
ary studies published between 1901 and
1928, no additional Champaign County
records for this period were published in
these taxonomic papers.

Thompson & Hunt, in their 1930 pub-
lication, chose to use the nomenclature of
Forbes & Richardson, and many of their
nominal species would have been difficult
to assign had we not had much of their
material for reidentification. They claimed
the addition of 13 species to the known
fauna of Champaign County, but restudy

of their specimens indicated that they ac-
tually added the following 15:

Hiodon alosoides

Ictiobus cyprinellus

Ictiobus niger

Moxostoma anisurum

Notropis amnis

Notropis rubellus

Noturus exilis

Pylodictis olivaris

Ambloplites rupestris

Lepomis punctatus

(probably introduced)

Anguilla rostrata

(from adjacent Douglas County)

A mmocrypta pellucida

Etheostoma gracile

Etheostoma zonule

Aplodinotus grunniens
Their nominal "Notropis blennius" in-
cluded both N . stramineus and N . volucel-
lus; their "Notropis whipplii/' both N.
spilopterus and N. whipplei; and their
"Etheostoma coeruleum," both E. caeru-
leum and E. spectabile. Whether their
"Micropterus sahnoides" also included M.
punctulatus is not known, as the speci-
mens have been lost.

Thompson & Hunt believed that they
missed only three species that had been
previously recorded from the county,
whereas they actually failed to rediscover
the following six :

Ictiobus bubalus

Hybopsis aestivalis

Hybopsis storeriana

Notropis atherinoides

Notropis heterolepis

Etheostoma asprigene
The discrepancy is due to their ap-
parent misidentification of Notropis athe-
rinoides and their failure to include the
two species recorded by Large (1903:15,
19). In all, Thompson & Hunt obtained
74 species, 59 of which had been recorded
previously from the county.

Almost half of the species recorded by
both Forbes & Richardson and Thompson
& Hunt showed an increase in number of
stations and in number of drainages oc-
cupied in the approximately 30-year pe-
riod between the surveys. Many of the ap-
parent increases in abundance are of
doubtful significance because of the more
intensive collecting program of Thompson
& Hunt ; however, some of the apparent

330

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

Increases in abundance appear to be sig-
nificant, as will be shown later. Thomp-
son & Hunt believed that their data in-
dicated a pronounced increase in the
abundance and distribution of Semotilus
atroniaculatus, Ericyniba bitccata, and
Micropterus dolomieui and suggested the
recent arrival in the county of Aplodi-
not us t/riinniens.

A number of species showed apparent
decreases in abundance and distribution.
Some of the apparent decreases were
probably the result of cyclic changes in
populations; others probably represent
gradual disappearance of species. Thomp-
son & Hunt cited Hyhrxjtiathtis nuchalis
and Minytrema nielanups specifically and
noted that several other species seemed to
have declined in abundance. Comparison
of the distribution maps of Forbes 3:
Richardson and those of Thompson «S:
Hunt suggests that a reduction in numbers
of stations represented, in numbers of
drainages occupied, or in numbers of both,
also occurred in the following species:
Dorosoma cepedianum, Carpiodes cy-
prinus, C. velifer, and Moxostoma macro-
lepidotnm. However, in these species the
apparent decrease in abundance and dis-
tribution was probably not real, as there
was no evidence of their decrease from

1928 to 1959. Moreover, all are large
fishes characteristic of deep pools and can
be easily missed when collecting is done
principally with a 10-foot minnow seine.
Another group of fishes, all of which are
creek species of small size, also showed
some reduction in numbers of stations or
drainages occupied, or both; but their ap-
parent reduction is assumed to have been
due to only a temporary decline in their
populations about 1928, as in 1959 none
showed evidence of reduced occurrence.
A third group of species, to be cited later,
showed striking decrease in abundance
and distribution between 1901 and 1928.
Their continued decline is documented by
more recent data.

Tn\esti^ations Between 1929 and 1959

Although some observations on fishes of
Champaign County were made between

1929 and 1959 by various fishermen and
by personnel of the Illinois Natural His-
tory Survey and the University of Illinois,
no records of unusual interest were pub-

lished. Several of Thompson &: Hunt's
records were cited by Luce (1933), who
utilized their collections from the head-
waters of the Kaskaskia in his study of
that river, and by O'Donnell (1935) in
his list of Illinois fishes. During the next
several years, material from Champaign
County was cited in several revisionary
studies, but none of these contributed new
distributional information. Although no
concerted efiFort was made to obtain col-
lections from the county, occasional field
work by two University of Illinois bi-
ologists, the late H. J. \'an Cleave and
H. H. Shoemaker, and by ecology classes
at the University contributed to the
knowledge of local fishes. Personnel of
the Natural History Survey, with head-
quarters in the center of the county, have
been alert to major changes in field popu-
lations and to alterations of habitats in
the area ; they have supplemented their
own observations through contacts with
fishermen and other local observers.

Recent Survey Records

Collections in 1959, and subsequently,
added 10 species to the known fauna of
Champaign County. Six of these [Amia
calva, Carassius auratus, Ictalurus nehu-
losus, Gambusia affinis, Roccus rnisslssip-
piensis, and Lepomis microlophus) are
known to be introduced species; three
{Lepisosteus osseuSj Noturus nocturnus,
and Percina sclera) are native and pre-
sumably were always present but were
overlooked by previous investigators ; one
{Notropis lutrensis) recently extended its
range eastward into Champaign County.
Our collections failed to reveal the pres-
ence of 1 1 species that were taken 30
years before by Thompson <Sc Hunt:

Ictiobiis cyprinellus

Ictiobus niger

Hybopsis amblops

Notropis amtiis

\otropis boops

Opsopoeodus emiliae

Pimephales vigilax

y oturus exilis

Lepomis punctatus

Rtheostoma chlorosomum

Etheostoma gracile
Our collections also failed to include
three species {Ictiobus bubalus, Hybopsis
aestivalis, and }\ otropis heterolepis) taken

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

331

Table 6. — Summary of collections and the number of species taken and recorded in Cham-
paign County by various collectors. Figures in parentheses indicate the numbers of collecting
stations.

Occurrence
Category

Number of

species taken

Number of previously

unrecorded species taken .-
Number of previously

recorded species retaken .
Number of previously

recorded species not taken

Total number of species
recorded (cumulative)

Pre-Forbes &

RiCHARDSOK

(?)

2
2
0
0

Forbes &

Richardson

(48)

Thompson

& Hunt

(126)

Larimore

& Smith

(152)

74
10
64
16

in the county 60 or more years ago by
Forbes <S: Richardson or by Large. Two
species (X. atherinoides and Etheostoma
asprigene) taken by Forbes iSc Richardson,
but not by Thompson S: Hunt, were re-
discovered in the county in 1959. In all.
our collections represented 74 species, 64
of which had been previously reported
from Champaign County. The number of
collecting stations, number of species rep-
resented, and other data for each survey
are summarized in table 6.

Summary of Changes Over
60- Year Period

With full realization that fish popula-
tions may vary from one year to the next
and that comparison of results of three
widely spaced surveys could thus lead to
erroneous inferences, we believe that cer-
tain changes are demonstrable in the
Champaign County fish fauna over the
period of study reported here. (In this
paper, occurre?tce of a species is mea-
sured in relation to both the number of
localities or stations represented and the
number of drainages in which it was
found.)

Evidence provided by the three surveys
reveals numerous changes in occurrence of
the fish fauna of the county. Of the 9
species added in 1959, at least 1 (Xotropis
li/trensis) appeared to have dispersed nat-
urally from the west, and 15 species,
which presumably had always been present
in the county, showed increases in abun-
dance and in number of drainages occu-
pied. These 16 species, the percentage of

stations in Avhich they occurred, and the
number of drainage systems in which they
were found in each survey are listed in
table 7. Increased occurrence of these 16
species is suggested by scrutiny of the dis-
tribution maps, figs. 15—70, pages 362-75.

On the basis of table 7, we could as-
sume that the large fishes (Pylodictis
olivaris, both species of Aioxostoma, Ali-
cropterus dolomieui, and Cxprinus carpio)
appeared to be more common in 1959 than
formerly because the modern collecting
apparatus used was more efficient than
seines in sampling deep pools. Improved
sampling methods could conceivably ex-
plain the slight increases in occurrence
shown for P. olivaris, the two species of
Moxostoma, and part of the increase in
occurrence shown for C. carpio, which is
easily shocked.

It has been suggested that the mush-
rooming of Cyprinus carpio populations
within the past 30 years could be as-
sociated with the increased water pollution
in the same period. Perusal of the list of
species in table 7 reveals that the two
other pollution-tolerant fishes, Xotropis
umbratilis and Semotilus atromaculatus,
showed only modest increases in abun-
dance in this period but that their great
increase in abundance occurred much
earlier, some time between 1899 and 1928.
Moreover, gains of equal magnitude can
be observed in such pollution-intolerant
species as A\ riibellus and Hypentelitim
nigricans.

Xotropis ruheUus, X . dorsalis, and X .
lutrensis are of particular interest because

J32

Illinois N.aturai. History Survey Bulletin

\'.)1. 28, Art. 2

Table 7. — Species showing increases in frequency of occurrence (per cent of stations in
which each species was taken) in Champaign (bounty in three surveys; for each species is given
the number of drainajjes in whicli it was taken in each surve\.

Forbes & Richardson

Thompson & Hunt

Larimore & Smith

Species

Per Cent of

Number of

Per Cent of

Number of

Per Cent of

Number of

Stations

Drainages

Stations

Drainages

Stations

Drainages

Notropis liilnnsis

0.0

13.8

.■hnhlnplitfs lufostris

0.8

10.5

Moxostuma anisurum

0.8

4.6

PvloJictis olivaris

0.8

2.6

Notropis ruhellus

2.4

3.9

Soturns flarus

2.1

4.0

14.5

Xolmpis dorsalls

2.1

4.0

18.4

M oxostoma

macrolepidotitm

2.1

4.8

5.3

Microptrnis dulomirui

2.1

12.7

24.3

(.yprinus carpin

8.3

8.6

36.8

Hyprntctium nit/ricans

14.6

21.4

27.6

Notropis umhratilis

16.7

54.8

63.8

Srmotiliis atromacnlatus

18.7

80.1

83.0

Notropis clirysoifplialns

18.7

42.9

52.0

llyhopsis hi(iuttata

20.8

36.5

46.0

(Jampostoma anomalitm

35.4

50.8

67.1

they are peripheral populations, N. ruhel-
lus reaching its southernmost point of dis-
tribution, at least in eastern Illinois,
within Chainpai<^n County, and the other
two reachini: their easternmost limits of
distribution in the county. A', ruhellus ap-
pears to have extended its ran^e south-
ward into the county between 1899 and

1928 and to have replaced the allied N .
otheritioides in both drainages where ru-
hellus was found in 1959. A', dorsalis has
been known in the county for at least 60
\'ears; there is evidence from another
source, in addition to the Champaign
County data, that its range is gradually
shifting eastward. A similar trend is

Table 8.— Species showing decreases in frequency of occurrence (per cent of stations in
which each species was taken) in (Champaign County in three surveys; for each species is given
the number of drainages in which it was taken in each survey.

Fo.-BES & Richardson* ^ Thomfson & Hunt

Larimore & Smith

Species

Per Cent

of
Stations

Number of
Drainages

Per Cent

of
Stations

Number of
Drainages

Per Cent

of
Stations

Number of
Drainages

Lepomis humilis

Minytrrma melanops

Ictdlurtis meltis

33.3

31.2

25.0

12.5

14.6

20.8

6.2

12.5

2.1

4.2

2.1

4
4
4
2
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

10.3
3.2
9.5
4.0
2.4

20.6
0.8
6.4
3.2
0.8
1.6
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

3
2
5
1
1
5
1
3
2
1
1
1
0
0
0

5.9
0.6
4.6
2.0
1.3
11.2
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Lahiiirsthes sicnilus

Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Esox amcricaniis

Chaenohryttus (/tilostis
llyhopsis amhidps
Pimcpliales •vit/ilax . .
Ethfosloma clilorosomum

Notropis boops -.—

Opsopoeodiis rmiliae

Notropis lieterolfpis

It'tinhui hiih/il It i

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

llybopsis aestivalis

♦Includes Opsopoeodiis emiliae and Hybopsis aestivalis recorded by Large (1903:15. 19)

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

333

shown by A^. lutrensis, which entered the
county between 1928 and 1959. A mhlo-
plites rupestris and Micropterus dolornieui
show an irrefutable increase in abundance
and occurrence within Champaign Coun-
ty, but there is no evidence that their
ranges within the state have changed.
These species would have been benefited
by the increased stream gradient and
lower maximum water temperatures that
may have resulted, as suggested in the sec-
tion on Changes in Stream Habitats,
from drainage and dredging operations.
Similarly, Hypenteliiun nigricans, N.
chrysocephalus, Hybopsis biguttata, No-
turits flavuSj and Campostoma anomalum
show decided, if inexplicable, increases in
occurrence within the county, but their
over-all ranges within the state appeared
to be the same in 1959 as 60 years before.

On the basis of evidence from the three
surveys, 15 species exhibited an equally
striking decrease in abundance and in
shrinkage of distributional pattern within
the county over the 60-year period of
study. These species, the percentage of
stations in which they were found, and
the number of drainages in which they
were taken at each survev are listed in
table 8.

Data for the entire period covered by
the three surveys indicate that Ictiobus
bubalus. Hybopsis aestivalis, and Notropis
heterolepis disappeared from Champaign
County before 1928. A'', heterolepis, if
Forbes & Richardson correctly identified
the specimens to which they assigned this
name, is of particular interest because it
occurred in two different drainage systems
prior to 1899 and probably disappeared
with the draining of the once extensive
prairie marshes. /. bubalus may be ex-
pected to be taken again in Champaign
County, for it occurs in large streams only
a few miles outside the county.

Hybopsis amblops, Piniephales vigilax,
Etheostoma chlorosomum, Notropis boops,
and Opsopoeodus emiliae may have de-
clined in numbers by 1928; they disap-
peared between 1929 and 1959. The re-
maining seven species listed in table 8 are
still present, but they are much less com-
mon than formerly. All of them except
Esox americanus suggest that their marked
decline in the county occurred between
1899 and 1928. One, Minytrema mela-

nops, was described by Large (1903:12)
as "abundant in the Wabash basin and in
the headwaters of the Kaskaskia" and "ap-
parently prefers the weedy prairie creeks
in situations where it is abundant." £.
americanus \vas e\idently about equally
common in 1899 and 1928 but had de-
creased sharply by 1959, presumably be-
cause of the destruction by dredging of
its preferred habitat (pools with luxuriant
aquatic vegetation ) .

The extirpation of six other species
{Ictiobus cyprinellus, I. niger, Notropis
amnis, Noturus exilis, Lepomis punctatus,
and Etheostoma gracile) from Champaign
County is almost certain ; they have not
been included in table 8 because informa-
tion regarding their abundance, or even
their presence, was unavailable prior to
the 1928 investigation. Of the extirpated
species, E. gracile, N. exilis, and Hybopsis
amblops are noteworthy because they
were, until 1928, peripheral populations
in the county. The northernmost record
in the range of E. gracile, the eastern-
most record in the range of A^ exilis, and
the westernmost record of H. amblops, at
least in this region, were in Champaign
County. Within the past 30 years, shrink-
age in the ranges of these three species, re-
spectively to the south, west, and east,
has occurred. This shrinkage is evident
over the state as a whole as well as within
Champaign County.

Despite the impressive changes in
abundance and distribution of the species
discussed in the paragraphs above, it is dif-
ficult to describe the changes in the
Champaign County fish fauna as radical,
for roughly half of the species showed no
decided trends. Examination of distribu-
tion maps, figs. 15-70, that accompany
this report will reveal that the occurrence
of several species was remarkably similar
throughout the 60-year period of observa-
tion. Several species exhibited consider-
able changes in distribution but these spe-
cies cannot be regarded as being any more
or less common, or more or less widely
distributed, in the county in 1959 than
they were in 1928 or 1899. In view of
the great changes in land use, in the
stream courses, and in the stream habitats
that occurred in the county over a 60-
year period, and the catastrophic effects
of the several drought years since 1930,

334

li.i.iNOis Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Table 9. — The number of species of fish taken and recorded in each of the six Champaign
County drainages and the number of species restricted to each of these drainages.

Sangamon

Salt

Fork

Middle
Fork

Kaskaskia

Little
Vermilion

Embarrass

■o

-a

-o

-a

•T3

-a

-a i)

'■> u

"O u

^ i)

"O 1)

.y (U

"C lU

.y <u

"O u

.y oj

-C U

.ii lu

Survey

11 ^

s «

IP ^

I' .5

I. bt

8 «

I' .E

4* .5

I- b£

1> c

t tiC

S "

aj .5

u bC

4> C

Oi'a

DC "5

«'n

«•«

« «

«•«

pt: «

»5"w

« n

05 "S

« «

^•j;

Urn

kri

,« I-

«i ^

£Q

T,a

£Q

?;q

£q

£Q

£q

S£Q

S =

Si *

S =

^ R

ii =

i!R

U .5

i!2

i.S

Si.S

Cl.

c«

C/5

'J^

'Ti

<yj

c/i

c/;

Forbes &

Richard-

son .

Thompson &

Hunt

Larimore &

Smith

Total

it is indeed astounding that many of our
species were still present in the same
streams in 1959 and probably in approxi-
mately the same numbers then as 30 and
60 years previously.

Results of an analysis of distribution of
species by drainage systems are sum-
marized in table 9. It will be seen that
Forbes 5c Richardson found the Salt Fork
drainage both the richest in number of
species, with 47, and the most distinctive,
with 9 species occurrinji: there exclusi\ely.
On the basis of these same criteria, they
found the Sangamon to be second, the
Middle Fork third, the Kaskaskia fourth,
and the Embarrass fifth. They made no
collections in the Little V^ermilion drain-
age. About 30 years later, Thompson &
Hunt found the Sangamon richest in spe-
cies and most distinctive, with a total of
50 species, 13 of which they diil not find
elsewhere. Other drainages ranked as fol-
lows: Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Kaskaskia,
Embarrass, and Little Vermilion. Our
findings were similar to those of Thomp-
son & Hunt, except that we found fewer
species restricted to a single drainage, and
no species restricted to the Embarrass
drainage.

The most significant results of this
analysis, aside from the richness of the
fauna in each drainage, are the number
of species restricted to a drainage system.
More than 10 per cent of the 67 species

in the Sangamon, almost 9 per cent of the
51 species in the Kaskaskia, almost 6 per
cent of the 55 species in the iVIiddle Fork,
roughly 5 per cent of the 20 species in
the Little Vermilion and of the 64 species
in the Salt Fork occurred only in their
respective drainages. None of the 36
species in the Embarrass occurred exclu-
sively in that drainage. This lack of spe-
cies distinctiveness for the Embarrass is
clearly evident on the distribution maps.
We can express distributional changes
by examining the drainage systems and
talhing the number of changes observable
when the Thompson & Hunt list of spe-
cies is compared with that compiled by
Forbes & Richardson and the Larimore &
Smith list of species is compared with that
compiled by Thompson & Hunt. A sum-
marv of these changes in presented in table

10. ■

Table 10 indicates that the greatest
number of changes between the Forbes
^' Richardson and the Thompson & Hunt
surveys occurred in the Middle Fork
drainage; 30 species were taken in one of
these surveys but not the other. The least
number of changes occurred in the Embar-
rass; 21 species were taken in one of these
surveys but not the other. No collections
were made in the Little Vermilion by
Forbes & Richardson. Within the approxi-
mately 30 years between the survey of
Forbes & Richardson and the survey of

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

335

Table 10. — Changes (increases or decreases)
between surveys (FR=: Forbes & Richardson;
TH = Thompson & Hunt; LS = Larimore &
Smith) in the number of species of fish in
Champaign County drainages. Changes include
both the taking of species not previously taken
and the failure to retake species previously
taken in a drainage. Forbes & Richardson
made no collections in the Little Vermilion.

Drainage

Kaskaskia

Middle Fork ..._

Sangamon

Salt Fork

Embarrass

Little Vermilion

Total changes

FR-TH

TH-LS

129

Total
Changes

47
45
44
39
32

215

Thompson & Hunt, a total of 129 changes
in distribution occurred in the five drain-
age systems considered here. Between 1928
and 1959, the greatest number of changes
occurred in the Kaskaskia ; the least num-
ber of changes occurred in the Little Ver-
milion drainage. Within the period be-
tween 1928 and 1959, a total of 86
changes occurred in the six drainages of
the county. For the over-all period of
study, approximately 60 years, the greatest
number of changes occurred in the Kas-
kaskia drainage.

If changes in the occurrence of fish
reflect the amount of modification of a
stream and its habitats, it should follow
that much greater modification occurred
during the first 30 years of this century
than during the second 30 years. This
assumption is substantiated by the histori-
cal record of land use and can be observed
by noting, in table 10, the interval when
the greatest changes in species composition
occurred. It should also follow that the
most extensive changes in land use early
in this century were in the Middle Fork
and Sangamon basins and, after 1928, in
the Kaskaskia and Salt Fork basins. The
small amount of change in the Little Ver-
milion is probably due to its small size and
comparatively small number of habitats;
only the extreme headwaters of this drain-
age are in Champaign County.

ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS

Ecological associations can be drawn
between a species of fish and various en-

vironmental factors comprising its habitat,
or between a species of fish and other
species of fishes with which it is found.
However, a clear separation of the influ-
ences of the physical environment from
those exerted by fishes is often difl^cult or
impossible.

Species Associated With Various
Stream Habitats

The stream habitats defined in table 4
on the basis of water velocity, depth, and
area of drainage basin contained fish popu-
lations characteristic of each. As shown in
the tabulations below, some species taken
in the Champaign County surveys were
limited in their occurrence to a specific
habitat, whereas others were more gen-
erally distributed. Our assignment of a
particular species to a particular habitat
was complicated by seasonal changes in
fish distribution, differences in distribution
of young and adult fish, and lack of uni-
formity throughout each habitat.

Species of Rivulets
and Small Creeks

Etheostoma spectabile
Cornpostoma anomalum
Se mo til us atroniaculatus
Fundiilus notatus
Pimephales notatus
Erimyzon oblongus, young
Catostomus commersoni, young
Lepomis cyanellus, young
Ictalurus uatalis, young
Ictalurus rnelaSj young

Species of Large Creeks

Riflles: sand and fine gravel

Ericymba buccata

Etheostoma spectabile

Notropis dorsalis

Campostoma anomalum

Phenacobius mirabilis
Riffles: gravel and rubble

Etheostoma caeruleum

Etheostoma blennioides

Etheostoma fiabellare
Pools: shallow, moderate current

Notropis chrysocephalus

Hybopsis biguttata

Semotilus atromaculatus

Catostomus commersoni

Notropis stramineus

Notropis spilopterus

336

Illinois Natlral Hlstorv Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Firneplidles iiotatus
. Noturus niiiinis
Ethc 0 s 1 0 III (I II if) r u in
Cyprintis caipio, young
JMoxostonui spp., young
(jfirpiotlcs spp., young
Ilypiiitiliuni iiif/ritaits, \oung
Percina maculata
Carpiodes cyprintis
Hyhoi/iinthns nnrluilis
Xotropis littrensis
Pools: deep, sluggish
Lepfjinis rnef/alotis
Alinoptcrns tloloniieui
. I iiihl'iplitis nipistris
Esox niiwricnnus
Eriniyzon ohlonyus
Kotcniif/onns crysolciicas
Lcpoinis hum ill
Pimephahs pro nichis
.1 pli red 0(1 cms say a n us
Lf porn is nun roi liirus
htalurus natalis
Ictaluriis III el as
Noturus f/yrinus
Notropis unihratilis
Lepomis cyanellus
lundulus notatus

Species of Small Rivers
Riffles: sand and gravel

Xotropis whipplei

.} niniocrypta pellucida

P h e nac o h i u s in ini h His

Notropis dorsalis
Riffles: boulders and rubble

Hypentcliuni nif/ricans

Etheostoina hlennioides

Noturus ftavus

Notropis ruhellus

Etluostorna zonule
Pools: shallow, moderate velocity

Aioxostoma erythrurum

P( rcinu phoxo< epliuln

Aloxostonia macrolepidotuin

Carpiodes velifer

Percina caprodes

Hyhof/nattius nuchal is

Lepomis meijalotis

Lepomis cyanellus
Pools: deep, sluggish

Micropterus punctulatus

Aloxostoma anisurum

Cyprinus car pi o

Dorosoma cepedianum

Micropterus salmoides

Pom ox is annularis
P y Iodic t is olivaris
Lepomis macrochirus
J plodinotus grunniens
htalurus natalis
htalurus melas

Species Associated With Various
Ecological Factors

From each of our cjuantitative samples,
the number and weight of each species
per 100 square yards were recorded on
IH.M sorting cards along with measure-
ments or appraisals of the following 13
ecological factors of the habitats: (1)
average depth, (2) average wndth, and

(3) average water velocity; composition
of the bottom materials as percentage of

(4) clay, (5) silt, (6) sand, (7) silt
ami sand, (8) gravel, and (9) rubble;
occurrence of (10) aquatic vegetation,
(11) debris, and (12) bank vegetation;
degree of (13) water turbidity. Each of
these ecological factors was assigned
numerical values to express the total actual
range of field measurements (examples:
depth in feet, per cent sand).

For each value of an ecological factor
(for example, over bottom materials that
ivere 30 per cent sand), we determined:

( 1 ) the total number of individuals of
each species associated with tl'.e
value.

Example: 100 creek chubs taken
over 30 per cent sand.

(2) the number of collections in w^hich
this species occurred.

Example: Creek chubs occurred in
10 collections.

(3) the total number of collections associ-
ated with the ecological value.

Example : Bottom materials com-
posed of 30 per cent sand were
found in 20 collections.

(4) the average number of fish of each
species found with the \alue, figured
by dividing (1 ) by (3).

Example :

100 creek chubs over 30% sand _
20 collections over 30/o sand

5 chubs per collection over 30% sand

(5) the per cent of collections associated
with the ecological value that con-
tained the species, figured bv dividing
(2) by (3).

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

337

Example :

10 collections of chubs _

20 collections over 30% sand

50 per cent of collections over this
bottom contained chubs

Thus, in the examples above, five creek
chubs vv^ere taken per collection over 30
per cent sand bottom material, and creek
chubs were present in 50 per cent of such
collections.

Ecological associations were determined
for collections from each drainage system
and then for the entire county.

The association figures revealed ( 1 )
ecological factors that comprised the gen-
eral habitat of each species (used in assign-
ing species to stream habitats in the pre-
ceding section) ; (2) inconsistencies that
appeared when a species was related to a
specific ecological factor in one stream
system and not in another; and (3) the
absence of any single factor that deter-
mined the distribution or abundance of
most species.

Such ecological associations may be of
definite value in defining the general habi-
tat of a species but are quite misleading
in determining its environmental require-
ments, for the influences of each environ-
mental factor in a natural habitat cannot
be separately evaluated. We cannot be
sure just which factor or factors in a
habitat have a controlling influence on
a species. For example, gizzard shad
showed a high degree of association with
deep, quiet pools. However, they may
have been responding not to depth or to
low water velocity but to the soft sands
and silts usually found in such pools.
Too, a species might have been closely
associated with a specific factor that did
not comprise a noticeable part of the habi-
tat.

A few species were closely restricted to
rather specialized habitats. The restric-
tions, while quite obvious during field
collecting, were not always shown by our
calculations. Some of the most notable
examples were Amrnocrypta pellucida,
which occurred only in clear water flow-
ing over clean sand ; Esox americanus,
which reached its greatest abundance in
quiet, silt-bottomed pools choked with
vegetation; Noturus flavus, which seemed

to prefer deep riffles or shallow pools
with moderate current and scattered rub-
ble and flat rocks; and Aphredoderus say-
anus, which was invariably in mud-bot-
tomed pools of streams with little current.
However, in general, most fishes showed
a remarkable plasticity in their environ-
mental tolerance.

Species Associated With
Other Species

Associations between species can be
determined ( 1 ) through examining which
species are mutually associated with a set
of ecological factors and (2) through ex-
amining the mutual occurrence and abun-
dance of two or more species. The degree
of association between pairs of several
kinds of common Champaign County fishes
was determined by calculating the coef-
ficient of correlation (r) between their
numbers in 100 square yards of stream.
Coefficients were determined for the col-
lections from each drainage system, as
well as for the entire county. Several
definite and sometimes surprising associa-
tions were evident.

Notropis dorsalis — Ericymba buc-
cota. — Champaign County is on the edge
of the range of each of these species, No-
tropis dorsalis becoming more abundant
westward and Ericymba buccata becoming
more abundant eastward. Because of the
east-west separation in distribution, these
tw^o species usually do not occur abun-
dantly in the same drainage system. They
have been considered ecological equiva-
lents, and competition between the two
has been implied. Trautman (1957:376)
noted the shrinking in size of the Ohio
range of A^ dorsalis and the invasion and
great increase in numbers of E. buccata in
a territory formerly occupied by dorsalis.
However, in our Sangamon River collec-
tions, where both species were abundant,
they occurred together in a highly signifi-
cant degree (P less than 0.01) of associ-
ation, table 11. This situation indicates
their preference for similar habitats and
disputes the idea that there is strong
competition between the two. A^. dorsalis,
although occurring in two other Cham-
paign County drainages (Kaskaskia and
Middle Fork), was abundant only in the
Sangamon, so that further comparisons
could not be made.

338

Illinois N.atur.al History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Table 11. — Dejiree of association between four species of fish in the Sangamon drainage.
Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.438 is significant at the 0.02 level.

Species

Nolropis
chrysocephalus

Notropis
dorsalis

Ericymba
huccata

Frtmvxofi nbloftotis

0.668

0.587
0.874

0.187

S'otrnpls chrysoccphalns
Notropis dorsalis

0.464
0.771

Table 12.— Degree of association between four species of fish in the Middle Fork drainage.
Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.934 is significant at the 0.02 level.

Species

Erimyzon
oblongus

Notropis
chrysocephalus

Phenacobius
mirabilis

Catostomus commersoni .._

l.rimyzon oblongus^

Notropis chrysocephalus

0.977

0.965
0.958

0.978
0 935
0.973

Notropis chrysocephalus — Erimy-
zon ohlou^iis. — These species formed
one of the least expected associations ob-
served among Champaign County fishes,
occurring in a significant (P 0.02 or
less) association in three of five drainage
systems, fig. 12. In the Sangamon drain-
age they were closely associated with the
two species previously discussed, table 11.
In the Middle Fork drainage, however,
they formed a strong association with
Phenacohius niirahilis and Catostomus
cornniersoiii, talile 12.

Catostomus commersoni — Phena-
cobius mirabilis. — These two species
occurred in significant associations (P
0.02 or less) in three of the five Cham-
paign County drainages considered, as
well as in the county-wide analysis. They

were significantly associated with Erimy-
zon obloncjus and Notropis chrysocephalus
in the Middle Fork drainage, table 12.
Both species were closely associated with
Hybopsis hicjuttata in the Salt Fork drain-
age, fig. 12.

Miscellaneous Associations. —
Several species showed different associ-
ations in different stream systems; for
example, Notropis umbratilis was signifi-
cantly (P 0.02 or less) associated
with such species as Hypentelium nigri-
cans, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Notropis
chrysocephalus, Phenacobius mirabilis, and
Erimyzon oblongus, each association in a
different stream. This lack of similarity
or consistency in associations seems to
suggest little Interdependence between
species but rather dependence of certain

SPECIES

N crysoleucos

H. biguttata

C commersoni

P. mirabilis

E oblongus

N chrysocephalus

N. dorsolis

E. buccota

N. umbratilis

H. nigricans

SANGAMON SALT FORK KASKASKIA MIDDLE FORK EMBARRASS ALL STREAMS

_i_

-I-

.i_j

I — I-

Fig. 12. — Significant associations of several fishes in five drainages of Champaign County.
The coefficient of correlation (r) was better than the 0.02 level of significance except in the column
"All Streams," where the associations between Notropis dorsalis and Ericymba buccata and
between A', dorsalis and Ilybopsis biguttata were significant only to the 0.03 level.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

339

species on certain ecological factors. These
factors ma}' occur together in one stream
system, thus bringing two species together,
or they may be separated in another
stream system, thus separating species.
Two species might occur together tempo-
rarily or abnormally, as during periods of
low water when many species may be
forced into constricted water areas.

Thompson & Hunt (1930:66) stated,
"Most instances of the association of dif-
ferent species of fishes are explained satis-
factorily by similar environmental prefer-
ences." However, they pointed out a very
significant exception to this statement in
their discovery of a close association be-
tween Hybopsis biguttata and Notropis
chrysocephalus. For these two species, they
suggested a direct dependence, at least at
some stage in the life cycle. Our 1959

surveys with respect to the general abun-
dance and occurrence of fishes as recorded.
Some of the variables in such compari-
sons were eliminated by consistently fol-
lowing throughout each survey a proce-
dure adapted to it and by excluding from
consideration any stations that in either
survey were influenced strongly by pollu-
tion or that were not visited by both sur-
vey parties. Seventy-one collections were
then available for comparison.

Average Number of Species
Per Station

A consistently larger number of species
per station was found in collections taken
in the 1959 than in the 1928 survey. The
average was 13.2 species per station in
1928 and 19.0 in 1959; the ratio was
1 :1.4, table 13. The samples taken in the

collections revealed a significant (P less later survey were considerably larger nu-
than 0.01) association between these two merically and thus might be expected to

minnows when all the collections for the
county were considered together, but no
consistency of association in any of the
separate drainage systems, even though
both species were taken in rather great
numbers in four of the systems.

GENERAL ABUNDANCE
AND OCCURRENCE

The use of collecting methods in 1959
that differed from those of 1928 contribu-
ted to the difficulty of comparing the two

contain a higher percentage of those
species present at the collecting stations.
In the two surveys, the drainages were in
the same order with respect to average
number of species per station ; for example,
in each survey, the Middle Fork had the
largest number of species per station and
the Embarrass the smallest number.

In the 1959 survey, quantitative col-
lections from the blocked-off stations
produced between 88 and 97 per cent of
the total number of species collected at

Table 13. — Average number of species per station and average number of fish per 100 square
yards taken in 1928 and 1959 at 71 stations (not noticeably affected by pollution) in five major
drainages of Champaign County (no quantitative samples were taken from the Little Vermilion) ;
also, average number of pounds of fish per 100 square yards in 1959.

Average Number of

Average Number of
PER Station

Species

Fish per 100 Square
Yards

Average

Number

Number of

Drainage

1928

1959

Pounds of
Fish per

System

Stations

100 Square

Total

Quanti-

Total

Ratio
1928:1959

1928

1959

Ratio

1928:1959

Yards
IN 1959

Collec-

tative

Collec-

tion

Sample

tion

Middle

Fork.-„

20.6

30.4

31.4

1.5

553

286

1:0.5

5.10

Sangamon

17.3

20.1

21.9

1.3

468

562

1:1.2

2.89

Salt Fork

9.1

14.4

15.3

1.7

429

470

1: 1.1

2.80

Embarrass

6.8

12.6

14.3

2.1

185

571

1:3.1

1.74

Kaskaskia

11.2

13.7

15.5

1.4

202

150

1:0.7

0.90

All

systems

13.2

17.4

19.0

1:1.4

387

457

1:1.2

2.57

340

Illinois Natural History Survey Hlli.i-tin

V^ol. 28, Art. 2

any site ; in other words, we added
approximately 10 per cent more species
by "cruising" with a seine in adjacent
habitats. With the small amount of effort
expended, "cruisini:" furnished desirable
additions to the collections.

An crage Number of Fish
Per 100 Square ^ ards

Althouj^h the a\erajie numbers of Hsh
per 100 square yards collected in both
surveys varied greatly from stream to
stream, table 13, the county a\era^es for
the two surveys did not differ y;reatly ;
the ratio of the 1928 to the 1959 average
was 1 :1.2. The most striking difference
between the two surveys was that the
Middle Fork produced the greatest num-
ber of fish per 100 square yards in 1928
and next to the lowest number in 1959,
whereas the Embarrass \ iclded the lowest
number in 1928 and the highest number in
1959. There was no apparent habitat
change that might account for this dif-
ference. A difference of the same kind
was not evident in the number of species
taken or in the weight of tish collected in
the two surveys of these streams. The
highest ratio of increase from 1928 to
1959 in the number of species as well as
in the number of fish collected per 100
square yards occurred in the Embarrass,
although in the 1959 surve\' the number
of species and the pounds collected in the
stream were low, table 13.

Average Weight of Fish
Per 100 Square Yards

The weights of Champaign County
fish taken in 1959 could not be compared
with those taken in 1928 because there
were no exact weight data from the
Thompson & Hunt survey. Thompson &
Hunt ( 1930:39) estimated that they took
150 pounds of fish per acre in the 1928
collections. In the 1959 survey, the num-
ber of pounds per 100 square yards varied
from 0.9 in the Kaskaskia to 5.1 in the
Middle Fork and averaged 2.6 for the
entire county. This county average is
equivalent to 124.4 pounds per acre.

The poundage figures from the 1959
survey should not be regarded as repre-
senting the total population present in
any of the areas fished. Using the electro-
fishing equipment employed in the 1959

survey of Champaign County to fish Jor-
dan Creek, a small stream in adjoining
\'ermilion County. Larimore (1961:3-5)
took an a\erage of 54 per cent of the
weight and 51 per cent of the number of
the fish population present in the areas
fished. The Jordan Creek population
taken by electrofishing and other means
amounted to nearly 25,000 fish weighing
163.9 pounds per acre. If the same rate
of electrofishing success applied to our
Champaign County collections, the total
populations would have been close to an
average of 250 pounds per acre for the
stations worked in 1959.

DISTRIBUTION AND
STREAM SIZE

Thompson & Hunt, using their 1928
Champaign County collections, explored
both the composition and the size of fish
populations in relation to stream size, ex-
pressed as square miles of drainage basin
at point of collection. The\ related stream
sizes to the numbers and weights of fish,
to the average sizes of fish taken, to the
number of species, and to the distribution
of various species. They grouped their
collections into 10 classes according to
stream size at the collecting stations, be-
ginning with stations having 0.5-1.0
square mile of drainage and doubling the
stream sizes up to the class of 256.0-
512.0 square miles.

Relationships With Stream Size

We have analyzed quantitati\e data
from the 1959 survey in a manner similar
to that used by Thompson tSc Hunt in or-
der to determine whether the 1959 collec-
tions support the conclusions of Thompson
^ Hunt (1930:41-6), given in italics
following paragraph headings below. In-
cluding only those stations receiving no
noticeable pollution and those visited in
both 1928 and 1959, table 14, we plotted
our data for 1959 in fig. 13 to corre-
spond roughl\- to the treatment shown by
Thompson <Sc Hunt in their fig. 6; that
is, we combined the data for our two
smallest classes of stream size and for
our three largest classes of stream size.
Thompson & Hunt combined the data for
their three smallest and their three largest
classes of stream sizes. We made no quan-
titative collections from the two smallest

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

341

Table 14. — Average number of species per station and average number and weight of fish
taken per 100 square yards in 1928 and 1959 at 71 stations (not noticeably affected by pollution)
classified bv size of drainage basin; also, average number of pounds of fish per 100 square vards
in 1959.

AVEF

.age Number of

Species

Average Nuv

ber of Fish

PER Station

per 100 Square Yards

Average

Stream

Number

Stations

Number of

Size
(Square
Miles of
Drain-
age)*

1928
Total
Collec-
tion

1959

Ratio
1928:1959

1928

1959

Ratio
1928:1959

Pounds of
Fish per

100 Square

Yards

IN 1959

Quanti-
tative

Total
Collec-

Sample

tion

1700

2-4 . _..

3.0

7.5

8.5

1:2.8

126

13.4

2.9

4-8 _ _

10.2

10.5

11.5

1:1.1

676

617

0.9

2.8

8-16 .

9.5

12.2

13.5

1:1.4

462

718

1.6

2.2

16-32 -

13.3

15.6

16.2

1:1.2

539

704

:1.3

2.1

32-64 ..

14.2

15.9

17.9

1: 1.3

397

367

0.9

2.7

64-128

14.0

21.0

21.8

1:1 6

345

440

1.3

3.7

128-256

20.0

26.1

28.3

1: 1.4

309

0.3

3.7

256-512 -.

11.9

22.8

24.9

1:2.1

157

0.5

1.5

♦Classification used by Thompson & Hunt (1930). In our work, we considered the numerals as designating size
limits, so that a stream classified as size 4-8 had a drainage area of more than 4 and not more than 8 square miles.

units of stream size treated by Thompson Number of Species and Stream

& Hunt; hence, our first point represents Size. — The number of species of fishes

stations having 2—8 square miles of drain- per collection increases downstream. This

age, not 0.5 — 1- miles as in the treatment hypothesis of Thompson & Hunt was sup-

by Thompson & Hunt.

ported by our collections in 1959. Our

22 _

I8_

c
o

(/>
a>

o 14

0)
Q.

35 10

■3

Number of Stations Represented
-»>l-«— 13— ►!••— 10— ►!••— 17 — ►!-< 25-

8 16 32 64 128 256

Drainage Area in Squore Miles

-►I

•

—

1000

900 ^

•o

—

y/^

—

800 >-

—

%;\/ —

— /" X

—

700 g

600 Q .

.,«^

^ \

500^

—

0^ /^

—

400-^ -

^ %

\%^

—

300.^

200^

1 I 1

1 1 1 1

100 -z.

512

(/>
XJ

CT
CO

w
■o

Fig. 13. — Relationships of weight, number of individuals, and number of species to size of
the drainage area. Data for collections from the two smallest and the three largest areas of
stream size, table 14, were combined, as explained in the text under Relationships With Stream
Size on page 340.

342

Illinois N.atur.al History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Table 15. — Correlation between size of drainage area (square miles) and the number of
species per collection and the number and wei^iht of fish taken per 100 square yards at 70*
stations in 1959.

Number OF
Collections

Coefficient of Correlation (r) with
Square Miles of Drain.age

Dr.\inace
System

Number of

Species per

Collection

Number of

Fish per 100

Square Yards

Pounds of

Fish per 100

Square Vards

Middle Fork _

Sang-TTi<in

5
28
17

9
11

0.76
0.66
0.73
0.64
0.58

0.64

-0.94
-0.34
-0.62
-0.46
0.18

-0.30

0.19
-0.18

Salt Fork.

Kmb^rr-Tss . .

-0.16
-0.36

Kaskaskia

All systems

0.11
0.00

■One station, of the 71 used In related analyses, was omitted from the calculations in this table.

collections from all of the drainage sys-
tems in the county showed an increase in
the number of species in a downstream
direction. When all of our collections for
the county were combined, table 14 and
fig. 13, we found a significant positive re-
lationship (r = 0.64. table 15) between
number of species and downstream direc-
tion. The average numbers uf species
taken in the areas farthest downstream in
both 1928 and 1959 were slightly below
the projected average numbers, possibly
because the sampling methods were not so
well adapted to the largest water areas as
to the smaller areas upstream.

An increase in the number of species
in a downstream direction probably re-
sulted from the greater variety of habitats
associated with increasing stream size:
many stations in large streams included
units of small stream habitats. Thompson
& Hunt pointed out that only unspe-
cialized species can live under the widely
varying conditions of the small streams.

Number of Fish and Stream Size.
— The nctiuil number of fishes per unit
area decreases downstream. Most of our
collections supported this hypothesis of
Thompson 5: Hunt. Among our collec-
tions, only those from the Kaskaskia
showed no definite inverse relationship be-
tween numbers of fish and stream size,
table 15. Our collections from all of the
streams in the county averaged together
revealed a definite decrease in the number
of individuals per unit area downstream,
fig. 13 and table 15.

Fish Weight and Stream Size. —

U ith this decrease of number of fishes
downstream there is a corresponding in-
crease in the average size of the individ-
uals, so that, other factors being equal, the
total amount of fish flesh per unit area
is probably almost constant. The average
size of the fish we collected fluctuated
greatly from station to station, even in
streams of similar size; however, the
average size of individual fish increased
generally in the downstream direction.
The downstream increase in average size
of individuals was influenced by the oc-
currence of a greater number of large
adults of large species (the suckers, cat-
fishes, basses) than was found upstream.

In our collections, the weight of fish
flesh per unit area, as well as the average
size of fish, fluctuated greatly from sta-
tion to station, even in streams of similar
size. The correlation between fish weight
and stream size was low in each stream
and for the county as a whole, table 15.
However, the average numbers of pounds
of fish per 100 square yards were similar
enouiih in streams of different sizes, table
14, that when plotted, fig. 13, they lend
some support to the idea that total weight
of fish flesh per unit area is similar in
streams of different sizes.

Frequenc>' Distribution and
Stream Size. — Fishes . . . exhibit fre-
quencies which vary u'ith stream size in a
very consistent and definite manner for
each species. The frequency distribution
of our fishes in relation to stream size is

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

343

shown in tables 16-23. Distribution pat-
terns were different for each species; some
species showed definite patterns of distri-
bution based on stream sizes, whereas

others occurred seemingly with no rela-
tion to stream sizes.

As might be expected in a group of
streams that differed from each other in

Table 16. — Suckers. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey
(quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only
those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at
Point of Collection

-16-

-32 64 —

-128-

-256 512

Erimyzon oblongus

Catostomtis commersoni ..
Hypenicliiim nigricans -^
Moxostoma macrolepi-

dotiim*

Moxostoma anisurumf^. .
Moxostoma erythrurumX

Carpiodes cyprinusX

Carpiodes 'velifer%

105.6
6.2

4.6
8.0
0.2

12.6

2.9

5.2

5.3

0.3

2.9

1.7

2.9

3.4

1.7

0.1

1.2

1.0

1.9

1.5

0.2

tr.

.—

....

0.2

tr.

2.4

0.1

1.4

11.2

0.4

— -

1.0

0.3
0.8
0.6

0.2
tr.
1.6
0.1
tr.

*Sangamon only.

tSangamon and Salt Fork only.

tSangamon, Salt Fork, and Middle Fork only.
§Middle Fork only.

Table 17. — Mud-eating minnows. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the
1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average
is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at
Point of Collection

■4-

-16-

-32 64-

-128-

-256 512

Pimcphalcs notatus

Campostoma anomalum
Pimephales promclas*-..
Hybognatlius nuc/ialisf-

445.9

126.6

91.6

168.4

566.7

109.6

99.2

66.0

11.3

2.0

— -

....

0.2

68.7

25.5

0.6

0.1

55.1

38.7

0.2

33.6

15.2
7.9
tr.

10.1
5.2
0.1

•Kaskaskia and Sangamon only.

fKaskaskia only.

Table 18. — Minnows of the genus Notropis. Average numbers of each of several species
taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each
species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quanti-
tative collections.

Species

Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at
Point of Collection

■4-

-16-

-32-

-64-

-128-

-256 512

Notropis
Notropis
Notropis
Notropis
Notropis
Notropis
Notropis
Notropis

spilopterus

stramineiis

umbratdis

chrysocephalus

dorsalis*

lutrensisf

villi p pi cit

rubellus^

57.8

0.2

15.2

0.2

0.6

0.5

4.1

5.0

32.3

12.5

16.9

33.2

5.1

1.6

2.2

4.7

1.5

1.8

78.0

158.7

53.2

18.1

6.1

109 0

112.1

36.2

7.1

0.6

14.9

0.4

1.0

4.6

0.1

0.4

0.5

0.6
1.4

13.4
9.5
2.4

12.1
1.5

1.6

*Sangamon, Middle Fork, and Kaskaskia only.
fKaskaskia and Sangamon only.

JSangamon, Embarrass, and Middle Fork only.
§Middle Fork only.

344

Illinois N.atlr-al History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. An. 2

habitat succession and in degree of hu- ty streams in which they were present.

man-induced modification, most fish spe- However, some support for the Thomp-

cies showing definite patterns of distribu- son \ Hunt concept e.xpressed above was

tion based on stream size did not e.xhibit found. The following species showed

these patterns in all the Champaign Coun- somewhat consistent distribution patterns

Table 19.— Other minnows and the carp. Average numbers of each of several species taken
in the 1959 sur\ev quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species
average is for only tho-e stream s\ stems in which the <;pecie^ occurred in the quantitative col-
lections.

Species

Draixace .\rea of Stream ix Square Miles at
Point of CoLLEcnox

-8-

-16-

-64-

-128-

-25<

-512

Sem»tUus atromaculatus

Phrmacoblus mirabilis

Ericymba bmccata -

Hjbopsis biguttala* ..
K»temiponus crjsolrucas
Cjprimus carpio — __

250.0

263.8

130 9

55.2

56.1

31.3

0.6

1.1

5.2

1.3

1.0

1.5

11.1

67.2

8.9

38.0

29.3

2"?

0.5

52.0

23.3

6.5

9.0

0.2

tr.

0.3

0.8

1 ~

3.5

0.2

4.3

3.8

4.3
0.4
1.5
0.7
1.3
1.0

8.1
0.1
0.4
1.4

0.5
0.3

•AU

except Embjnas*.

Table 20. — Catfishes. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey
'quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only
those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Drainage .Area of Stream iv Square Miles .at
Point of Collection

-16-

-64-

-128-

-256 512

Ictalurus natalis

Soturus gjrinus*
Koturus fia^usf
Soturus miuruft
Ictalurus punctatus^
FyloJictus olivaris%

4.3

0.4
0.1

0.9
0.3
0.1

0.5
tr.
0.1

0.1

0.2
02
0.1

0.1
tr.
0.6
1.2
0.3
0.1

0.1
0.1
0.2

0.3

*Salt Fork. SangamoD. 3Dd Kaskaskia onlj.
tSalt Fork, Middle Fork, and Sangamoo oolv.

IMiddle Fo:k and Elmbarra^ only.
§Middle Fork 011I7.

Table 21. — Sunfish and bass. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959
survey quantitative samples only in streams of various <iize ranges. Each species average is
for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Drainage .\rea of Stream in Square Miles at
Point of Collection

16-

-32-

-64-

-12^-

-Jit

-512

Lfpomis megalotis

Microptfrus Jolomieui*
Microptrrus punctulatus^

Lepomis macrochirus%.

Lepomis cjanellus ^

Ambloplites rupestris*
Micropterus salmoides^
Pomoxis annularis*
Lepomis humilis^

1.5

0.3

0.2

0.7

0.6

0.8

3.2

0.8

1.2

1.3

0.3

1.3 ,

8.2

._,

7.0

tr.

0.1

0.2

0.1

' 5.M

—

0.2

0.6
0.4

1.2

2.8

2.0
06
0.1
0.1

1 -

0.9

0.2
0.2

tr.
1.3
0.3
0.2
tr.

*Sali Fork, Middle Fork, and Sangamon duy.
tMidtOe Fork only.

tSalt Fork. Kaskaskia. and Sangamon only.
§Salt Fork and Sangamon only.

March, 1963

Larimore & S.mith: Fishes of Champaign* County

345

in relation to stream size in at least three
of five drainage systems in the county :

Caiostomus commersoni

Erirnyzon oblongus

Hypentelium nigricans

Cyprinus carpio

Ericymba buccata

Ictalurus natalis

Lepomis cyanellus

Eiheostoma spectabile
Because of great variation in habitat
succession among Champaign Count)"
streams, we might suppose that the species
showing some consistency in distribution
pattern in relation to stream size were
those adapted to a wide variety of habitat
conditions or to a set of conditions closely
related to stream size. The following spe-
cies apparently were not adapted to these
conditions, for their distribution patterns
showed no consistencv from stream to

stream and little correlation with stream
or drainage size :

\otropis chrysocephalus

\otropis stramineus

Notropis umbratilis

\oturus gyrinus

Lepomis megalotis

Etheostoma blennioides

Etheostoma nigrum

Percina mac ul at a
Thompson 5: Hunt suggested that the
place of greatest abundance- of a species
might be related to a specific stream
size. In 1959, each species listed below
was taken in greatest abundance in a spe-
cific stream size in each drainage:

Aloxostoma erythrurum

Campostoma anomalum

Hybopsis biguttata

A otropis spilopterus

Semotilus atromaculatus

Table 22. — Darters. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 sur\ey
(quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only
those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Dr.mnage Area of Stream ik Square Miles at
Point of Collection"

-8-

-16-

-64-

-128-

!56 512

Etiieosto

Etheosto

Percina

Etheosto

Percina

Etheosto

ma nigrum
ma spectabile

maculata

ma flabellare*
ma caeruleumf^.
ma blennioides^ .

caprodes%

phoxocephalc^ _
ma zonale

1.2

23.7

3.9

26.9

6.5

10.4

3.9

38.0

6.3

9.3

44.9

8.9

0.2

0.4

4.1

0.1

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.8

3 6

0.5

3.6

0.5

tr.

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.8

0.2

0.1

0.9

0.1

—

tr.

—

0.7

—

— -

—

tr.

*Salt Fork. Middle Fork, and Sangamon only.

fAll stream? except Sangamon.

iSalt Fork, Middle Fork, and Embarrass only.

.SKaskaskia, Sangamon, and Embarrass only.
""Sangamon and Middle Fork only.

I Sangamon only.

J. 5
0.2
0.4
0.1

0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2

Table 23. — Miscellaneous fishes. .Xverage numbers of each of several species taken in the
1959 survey quantitative samples onhM in streams of various size ranges. Each species average
is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.

Species

Draik.age Area of Stream iv Square Miles at
Point of Collection

-16-

156 512

Fundulus notatus* —
Aphredoderus sayanus'\

—

— -

21.4
0.5
0.2

4.9
tr.

0.9
tr.
0.2
0.3

0.8
0.2
0.5

0.1

0.2
0.3

0.1
tr.

Dorosoma cepedianum%

Labidrsthes sicculus*^ - -

2.0
tr.

*A11 streams except Middle Fork.
tSangamon, Embarrass, and Kaskaskia only.
:|Embarrass, Kaskaskia, and Middle Fork only.

§Sangamon only,
tSalt Fork only.

346

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Other hypotheses by Thompson & Hunt
sutiijest that in certain species the entire
population is confined to a certain stream
size of very narrow limits. In the 1959
collections, none of the species (among
those taken in sufficient numbers to sup-
port such a conclusion) was confined to
a certain stream size in more than two or
three of the five county drainages con-
sidered here. This lack of restricted dis-
tribution was due probably to the lack of
restricted habitats ; in streams of the sizes
found in Champaign County, some habi-
tats that are characteristic of large streams
were found upstream and many habitats
that are characteristic of small streams
were found downstream. Even ecological
factors most closely related to stream size,
such as bottom materials and vegetation,
were not restricted to a degree that was
known to limit the distribution of any
species.

In both 1928 and 1959, young and
adults of most species occurred abundantly
in the same areas. However, the young of
some of the suckers had their greatest fre-
quency of occurrence upstream. The fol-
lowing species (in addition to most of the
suckers, with their well-known upstream
movements to spawn in spring) showed
proportionately greater numbers of small
fish than large in the upstream areas:

Canipostonut (inor/iali/rn

Cy prill us carpio

Hybognathus nitchalis

Ictahtrits tuitfdis

A nihlopliti's rupestris

Le porn is macrochirus

Micropterus dolomieui

Microptents puncttdatus

Conclusions on Relationships

Information from the 1959 collections
reinforced the hypotheses of Thompson i5:
Hunt regarding the distribution of num-
ber of species and number of individuals
per unit area in relation to stream size,
and it agreed moderately well with their
theories regarding average size of fish and
distribution of weight per unit area.
Some of the other suggested relationships
between the fishes and stream size appear
less tenable, probably because of the
great variation in habitat currently found
in Champaign County streams. These re-
lationships generally follow the ecological

succession of streams as illustrated by
Shelford ( 191 1 ) in his collections of fishes
from creeks in the Chicago region. Shel-
ford's work and the studies of Champaign
County fishes are based on the assumption
that similar fish communities occupy sim-
ilar ph\siographic stages in aging (base
leveling) of a stream. Thompson & Hunt
contributed several clear, practical expres-
sions and interpretations of stream suc-
cession, and their use of drainage area as
an expression of stream size can be con-
sidered a substantial contribution. The
1959 survey adds further to the knowledge
of succession in warm-water streams. It
provides data to substantiate many parts
of the concept of succession, but at the
same time offers an explanation for the
many examples of failure of fish distribu-
tion to fit the theoretical sequence of
stream succession. The major reason for
this failure is that base leveling does not
often produce a perfect geologic succes-
sion and a uniform progression of eco-
logical factors.

DISTRIBUTION AND
POLLUTION

Types of pollution have changed con-
siderably during the years spanned by the
three surveys of Champaign County fishes.
Organic pollution, which began even be-
fore the period of the backyard privy, has
existed to the present time with its mod-
ern scientific treatment of domestic
wastes. Sources of chemical pollution have
appeared ; some of these have disappeared
while others continue to threaten aquatic
life. Pollution becomes most severe in
areas of dense population and industrial
development ; thus, in Champaign Coun-
ty, it is most severe in the region of
Champaign-Urbana, which serves as the
focus of the present study. (The State of
Illinois Sanitary Water Board in 1951
defined pollution to include alteration of
the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of any waters to render them
harmful to fish or other aquatic organisms.
This definition, which would include the
effects of temperature change, sediments,
and abnormal chemical levels in effluents,
will be followed here.)

At the time Forbes & Richardson made
their collections in the West Branch,
around 1899, untreated organic wastes

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

347

from Champaign and Urbana were car-
ried by two gravity-flow sewers that dis-
charged directly into the lower Boneyard
creek and into the nearby West Branch
proper. There was some additional pol-
lution from stables, the power plant, and
a few small industries, but the collections
of Forbes & Richardson indicate that the
fish population in the West Branch had
not been seriously affected, as a variety
of species, similar to that which might be
found in nearby streams unaffected by
pollution, was present, table 24.

A vivid description of conditions in the
Boneyard and the West Branch of the
Salt Fork for about two decades fol-
lowing the work of Forbes & Richardson
was given by Baker (1922:170-85). By

1918, the Bone\'ard was apparently barren
of clean-water organisms. The West
Branch from Urbana to St. Joseph was
laden with masses of decomposing matter
made up of foul-water algae and protozoa,
and its bottom was inhabited by slime
worms. Even below the junction of the
West Branch and the East Branch, con-
ditions were septic, and clean-water life
did not appear for a distance of several
miles downstream.

In 1917, legislation permitted the or-
ganization of the Urbana-Champaign San-
itary District with the result that, by
1924, the sewage from both cities passed
through a disposal plant. Although the
disposal plant served to improve conditions
in the West Branch, a high level of pol-

Table 24. — Numbers of collections in which each of 22 species was taken in three sections
of the West Branch and below by Forbes & Richardson (FR), Thompson & Hunt (TH), and
Larimore & Smith (LS). No species not taken by Larimore & Smith is included. Figures in
parentheses below FR, TH, and LS indicate numbers of collections made, except that they do
not include collections made by Thompson & Hunt or Larimore & Smith subsequent to their
initial visits. Species taken in the subsequent visits and at no other time are indicated by +.

In the 4 Miles

In the 9 Miles

In the 4 Miles

Above Sewage
Disposal Plant

Bexow Sewage
Disposal Plant

Below Junction of

West and East

Branches

Species

(3)

(4)

(3)

(2)

Creek chub

Green sunfish

2
0

3
3

+
0

1
1

0
0

Carp

Golden shiner

Biuntnose minnow

3
0
0
0

3
3
0
0

3
3
3
2

3
0
2
4

3
0
0

+
+
+
+

2
0
0
0

2
1
0

Kedfin shiner .

Common shiner

Sand shiner*

White sucker._

Stoneroller

Silver jaw minnow

Creek chubsucker

Spotfin shiner*

Yellow bullhead

Johnny darter

Longear sunfish

Grass pickerel

Golden redhorse . ....

0
0

Quillback

Bhiegill

Black crappie

Hornyhead chub

Number of species taken in

first collections

Number of species taken in

subsequent collections . .

....

-—

....

—

•Presumed to represent only this species at these stations, although name used in early surveys was known to be
a composite of two or more species.

.U8

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

lution still existed, and very few fishes
were found there b\- Thoinpson 5c Hunt
when the\ made their collections in U^28.
iniprovenients in the efficiency of the san-
itary system were made at freijuent inter-
vals between 102S and l')5^), and at pres-
ent most of the L hampaiijn and Urhana
wastes are j^iven complete treatment. In
recent years, Rantoiil, Gibson Cit>', and
the Chanute .Air Force Hase have in-
stalled sewaLie treatment plants.

Althou)j;h. in the past 60 years, Cham-
paijj;n Countx' has lost such sources of
pollutants as the earl\ ^as plants and
stables, and has improved the sewer sys-
tems and the treatment of human waste,
it still has to contend with domestic sew-
ajje from outlets illej^ally connected to
storm sewers; chemicals that pass un-
chanjied throuj^h the treatment plant; oils
that wash from roads and machinery ;
wastes from canninji plants, milk plants,
and soybean mills; modified water tem-
peratures; and aij;ricultural chemicals,
such as modern herbicides and insecti-
cides. It has the University of Illinois
chemical laboratories, the Chanute Air
Force Base machinery, and an ever-in-
creasing number of industries.

Alonji with these pollutants, there is
the growinji problem of an increasing vol-
ume of efHuents, which may be detri-
mental to aquatic life, no matter how well
they have been treated. The Champaign-
Urbana community and the West Branch
provide a good example. In October, 1917,
a total How of 3,U0U,000 gallons per day
was reported for the Salt Fork below the
disposal plant (Baker 1922:171). About
half of this volume (1,500,000 gallons
per day) was from the sanitary treatment
plant. The natural stream flow was low
when the measurement was made and is
comparable to that during the low water
period of September, 1959, when we
studied the West Branch.

In September, 1959, the total volume
of sewage going through the plant was
7,276,000 gallons per day, nearly five
times the volume cited by Baker for 1917.
(This and similar 1959 figures are from a
monthly report of the Urbana-Champaign
Sanitar_\' District.) If the natural volume
of the flow in the West Branch has not
changed over these years, and the sewage
effluent has increased nearly five-fold, the

West Branch below the disposal plant
must be nearl\' three times as large as it
was in 1917. 'Fhe total flow has changed
from one-half effluent in 1917 to four-
fifths effluent in 1959. In September, 1959,
this eftluent had a biochemical ox\gen de-
mand of 9 p. p.m., which would quickly
reduce the oxygen in the natural stream
water with which it was mixed ; natural
agitation of the flowing waters would, of
course, partially replace the dissolved ox-
ygen used up by the effluent material. In
spite of the present high level of efficiency
for the treatment plant, which produces
an effluent that is as nearly perfect as
sanitary engineers consider practical, the
stream remains unfit for most aquatic life.
The problem centers on the great volume
of effluent that is produced and on the
accumulation of chemical agents that pre-
clude existence of clean-water organisms.

Areas of Chronic Pollution

Seven principal areas of chronic pollu-
tion, fig. 14, affect the distribution of
Champaign County fishes, figs. 15-70.

The Boneyard. — Because of its loca-
tion in the center of Champaign-Urbana,
fig. 14, the Boneyard receives quantities
of varied pollutants. Although Forbes &
Richardson collected Johnny darters from
the stream, some pollution probably existed
then. According to Baker ( 1922 : 1 72) , at
the time of his study the Bone>ard was
receiving domestic pollutants as well as
oil and tar from the gas works; pollution
was extremely severe in 1915. Thompson
(Sc Hunt stated that the Boneyard con-
tained no permanent fish population in
1928, although at that time, as well as in
1959, some fishes occasionally moved into
polluted areas during high water and re-
mained for short periods.

In 1958, black bullheads taken from the
Market Street gutters during a period of
high water were collected by several peo-
ple and identified by Dr. Marcus S. Gold-
man. Apparently the fish had moved up
the Boneyard, through the storm sewers,
and out through the street drains. Except
for similar brief ingressions, no fish occur
at the present time in the Boneyard. It
remains badly polluted by waste from im-
properly connected household drains and
from businesses discharging directly into
the ditch or into storm drains.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

349

West Branch. — Although Forbes &
Richardson found a variety of fishes in
the West Branch of the Salt Fork during
their survey, this creek has subsequently
undergone drastic reduction in both va-

riety of species and abundance of indi-
viduals. The West Branch is divisible
into three sections: Section 1, the 4 miles
of creek above the Urbana-Champaign
disposal plant; Section 2, the creek from

;^=D

K^ Modified water temperature
Excessive siltotion
Chemical sampling station

Fig. 14. — Distribution of pollution in Champaign County and location of seven stations at
which chemical analyses were made in 1960. Severe pollution was found in Copper Slough and
Phinney Branch west of Champaign-Urbana (city near center of map), the Boneyard in
Champaign-Urbana; the West Branch of the Salt Fork east of Champaign-Urbana, the East
Branch of the Salt Fork east of Rantoul (upper center of map), and the small stream from
Chanute Field south of Rantoul.

350

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

the disposal plant to its junction with the
East jiranch; and Section 3, the stream
(actually the Salt Fork) from the junc-
tion of the Kast and West branches down-
stream for a distance of 4 miles.

Section 1 presumably was relatively
free of pollution when Forbes ^' Richard-
son collected at least 23 species there. In
1928. Thompson ^' Hunt described this
section as clean and relatively free of pol-
lution ; they reported 20 species in the
area. Since 1928, however, waste water
from the northward expansion of Urbana
and from several industrial plants has

polluted this portion of the stream. In
1959, only 15 species of fish were found
there, table 24.

Examples of species that disappeared
early from this section were the spotted
sucker, golden redhorse, suckermouth min-
now, black bullhead, black crappie, and
two species of darters. Species that disap-
peared in recent years (as pollution in-
creased) were the grass pickerel, tadpole
madtom, brook silverside, and bluegill.
The most notable examples of species ap-
pearing in the section for the first time
after 1900 were the carp, common shiner,

Table 25. — Number of fish per 100 square yards and number of species taken at sampling
stations above and below sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork by Thomp-
son & Hunt and by Larimore & Smith. Presence of a species in very small numbers is indi-
cated by +.

Thompson & Hunt

Larimore & Smith

Station in

Relation to

Disposal Plant

Number of

Fish per 100

Square Yards

Number of
Species

Number of

Fish per 100

Square Yards

Number of
Species

7 miles above.

4 miles above

1 mile above

i/o mile above

1|4 miles below -

214 miles below

4 miles below .— .

614 miles below

12 miles below

150

167

332

2
14

397

11
11

2
3
2
4
15

510

230

675

+
9

6
13
10

0
1
2
1
12

Table 26. — Number and weight (pounds) of fish per 100 square yards, and average number
of species per station, collected in 1959 at various stations in two streams, one polluted (part of
West Branch and Salt Fork) and one unpolluted (part of East Branch and Salt Fork). Each
station is located with reference to stream size.

Polluted Area

Unpolluted Area

Stream Size
(Square Miles
OF Drain-
age)*

Number

of
Stations

Number

of
Species

per
Station

Collection per

100 Square

Yards

Number

of
Stations

Number

of
Species

per
Station

Collection per

100 Square

Yards

Number

Fish

Weight

Fish

Number

Fish

Weight

Fish

4-8

8-16

16-32

32-64

64-128

128-256

2
4

356

tr.

0.7
tr.
3.0

3
1
1

7
13
15
14

20
15

954
809
308
1,338
721
33

1.3
2.8
1.6
9.1
7.7
3.9

•Classification used by Thompson & Hunt (1930). In our work, we considered the numerals as designating size
limits, so that a stream classified as size 4-8 had a drainage area of more than 4 and not more than 8 square miles.

March, 1963

Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

351

Table 27. — Number of species of fish collected at several stations above and below the
sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork. The two pools immediately above
and below the mouth of the Boneyard were one-half mile above the disposal plant.

Date

Pool Above
Mouth of
Boneyard

Pool Below
Mouth of
Boneyard

114 Miles

Below

Sewage

Disposal

Plant

214 Miles
Below
Sewage

Disposal
Plant

4 Miles
Below
Sewage
Disposal
Plant

6 14 Miles
Below
Sewage

Disposal
Plant

1959
September

1960

March

April

May

June

July

0
1

1*
5

1
1

6*
6*

0
0
0
0

0
4
1
0
0

0
1
8
7
6

-t
6
9

*Heavy oil film on banks and part of water surface. tWater level too high to permit collecting.

hornyhead chub, creek chub, and redfin
shiner.

Three quantitative samples from Sec-
tion 1, taken at points 4 miles, 1 mile, and
one-half mile above the sewage treatment
plant, table 25, indicate that several spe-
cies have been able to tolerate the amount
of pollution present during the past 30
years, but in 1959 the weight of fish per
100 square yards of water varied from 0.4
to 1.1 pounds, a capacity considerably be-
low that of streams of this class (32-64
square miles of drainage) for the rest of
the county, table 14.

Section 2, below the disposal plant, was
already polluted at the time of the first
survey. Pollution apparently had not
greatly reduced the number of species
present, inasmuch as Forbes & Richardson
reported 33 species in the area. Soon after,
however, water conditions became intol-
erable to most fishes (Baker 1922:117).
When Thompson & Hunt collected in
this 9-mile stretch, they found seven spe-
cies, most of which were tolerant of mod-
erate pollution. Only a few individuals of
each species were taken, and most of these
were found near outlets of drain tiles that
supplied clean water. On the initial visit
of the 1959 survey, the four stations that
had been sampled by Thompson k Hunt
produced only three species, table 24, and
a total of 10 individuals. However, nu-
merous revisits to these stations during
the following spring and early summer
enabled us to collect a few individuals of
12 other species.

The list of species disappearing from
Section 2 is much longer than the list
of species extirpated from Section 1. Spe-
cies appearing for the first time in Section
2 after the advent of pollution include
the carp and redfin shiner.

The drastic reduction in the number of
species, in total fish weight, and in num-
ber of individuals for Section 2 in 1959
may be seen if figures in table 26 (pol-
luted area) are compared with county-
wide averages for streams having similar
drainage areas (6-1—128 square miles),
table 14. Drastic reduction in the fish pop-
ulation was observed in the stream just be-
low the disposal plant, tables 25 and 27.

Section 3 (actually the Salt Fork), a
4-mile stretch directly below the con-
fluence of the East and West branches,
receives the benefit of dilution from the
cleaner East Branch. Twenty species of
fish were collected in this section during
the first survey, 19 in the second, and 14
in the third. The average number of fish
per 100 square yards taken in the third
survey was very low for streams of this
size, 128-256 square miles of drainage
area, table 26, but the poundage (3
pounds per 100 square yards) was about
average for the county. However, the
quantitative data were based on a single
sample that contained 14 large carp. Spe-
cies other than carp were present in very
low numbers, only nine fish per 100 square
yards. Signs of pollution were apparent
in this section, especially at times of low
water.

352

Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

East Branch. — The East Branch of
the- Salt Fork is polluted h\- the city of
Rantoul and 1\\ Clianiite Air Force Base.
At the time of the Thompson .S: Hunt
survey, collections made near the outlet of
the Rantoul sewer ditch during warm
weather contained an abundance of Hsh of
12 species (mostly the creek chub and
silverjaw minnow; the stoneroller and
Johnny darter also were common). How-
ever, no *ish were found at this location
durinji the cool periods of the year. The
location is presentl> polluted by effluent
trom a disposal plant placed in operation
in l'^54. In August, 1959, the stream be-
low the plant was foul and the bottom
was covered with sludj^e. It contained a
few fish that were seen but not identified.
The stream was revisited the following
May, at which time the white sucker,
stoneroller, siKerjaw minnow, creek chub,
and sand shiner were taken.

The Chanute Air Force Base, in the
vicinity of Rantoul. operates three treat-
ment plants that pollute a small stream
flowing eastward from the southern edge
of the Base. A station on this small stream
contained an abundant population of 14
species at the time of the Thompson &
Hunt survey, but yielded only three creek
chubs and a carp when we collected there
in August of 1959. The following April,
when we revisited the site, it was devoid
of t^sh.

The influence of pollution on the East
Branch extends downstream several miles.
Fwo and one-half miles below the Ran-
toul disposal plant, the stream smelled foul
and contained other evidence of sewage in
October, 1959, when a collecting station
was set up there. A few specimens of the
creek chub, stoneroller, silverjaw minnow,
bluntnose minnow, sand shiner, and spot-
fin shiner were taken at this station. Two
miles below, in the mouth of a small creek
that flows from the air base into the East
Branch, fairly large numbers of Hsh were
taken during the same month. At this sec-
ond station, all of the species listed above
were collected and, in addition, the white
sucker, creek chubsucker, quillback, carp,
and redfin shiner. The fact that condi-
tions looked much better at the second sta-
tion than above, in either the main creek
or the small branch, suggested that the
organic waste, after it had been digested

and diluted, enriched the water to produce
a large iish population.

Lower Salt Fork. — Thompson iSc
Hunt considered the lower Salt Fork se-
\erely affected by pollution as far down-
stream as the Homer Dam near the
count)' line; they collected only a small
variety of species and found low popula-
tions at the stations in this area. In 1959,
septic conditions occurred between St.
Joseph and Sidnev; however, between Sid-
ney and the county line the stream ap-
peared clear of pollution, although the
water chemistry still reflected the up-
stream pollution, table 3. At five stations
from which we took quantitative fish
samples in this area, the populations were
slightly below the average for streams of
this size in the rest of the county, table 14.

Copper Slough, Phinney Branch. —
Both branches of the small stream drain-
ing the west edge of Champaign were
badly polluted in 1959. Copper Slough
received industrial and domestic waste.
It apparent!}' was polluted in 1928, for
Thompson <S: Hunt found no fish at their
one station near Illinois State Route 10.
Only the blackstripe topminnow was taken
in Copper Slough in 1959.

In 1959, Phinney Branch received ef-
fluent from a small treatment plant lo-
cated on its bank immediately above its
confluence with Copper Slough. The ef-
fluent from this plant apparently pro-
hibited existence of fish in this stream,
although the pollution was probably less
severe in 1959 than it was prior to the
installation of the plant in 1956. At the
junction of Phinney Branch and Copper
Slough, a large variety of fishes was col-
lected during the course of the 1959 sur-
vey. On February 27, 1960, no fish were
seen at the junction of these two streams;
perhaps the level of pollution from Cop-
per Slough and Phinney Branch was such
that it permitted the existence of fish in
the lower reaches only during certain
times of the year.

Upper Sangamon. — In 1959, pollu-
tion effluent from Gibson City flowed 6
miles south through Drummer Creek and
entered the upper Sangamon. Domestic
wastes from Gibson City and wastes from
a packing plant and from a soybean mill
caused fish kills in Drummer Creek and
the upper Sangamon almost annually dur-

March. 1963

Larimore & Smith : Fishes of Champaign County

353

ing recent decades. According to Thomp-
son & Hunt, wastes from a canning fac-
tory at Gibson City caused the fish kill
that they described. Such kills have ex-
tended downstream as far as Mahomet.
The threat of severe pollution was re-
duced, but not eliminated, by the recent
installation of a disposal plant at Gibson
City for the treatment of domestic wastes.
Upper Kaskaskia. — Alteration of the
natural water temperatures of a stream
may be considered a type of pollution.
West of Champaign, one-half mile south
of Illinois State Route 10, the U. S. In-
dustrial Chemical Company from time to
time pumps large volumes of water from
three wells into the Kaskaskia for use at
plants near Ficklin, 20 miles downstream.
The temperature of the well water is near
55 degrees F. On July 14, 1959, at 3:00
P.M., the stream temperature above these
wells was 91 degrees, at the wells 60 de-
grees, and the water temperature re-
mained subnormal for 5 miles below the
wells. On February 2, 1961, at 10:00
A.M., when all other streams in the
county were covered by heavy ice, the
Kaskaskia was open for 6 miles below the
wells. The water temperature was 51 de-
grees at the wells, 36.5 degrees 3.5 miles
downstream, and 32.5 degrees 6 miles be-
low the wells. Large aggregations of fish
and heavy algal blooms occurred in the
2 miles of stream below the wells. Be-
sides altering temperature and producing
a more constant flow seasonally, the wells
also reduced the sulfate, chloride, and
hardness (as CaCOs) of the water below
that of any other natural waters exam-
ined in the county, table 3. Although spe-
cies composition and the distribution of
fish aggregations could conceivably be al-
tered by the well water, no such evidence
was available from our collections.

Chemistry of Polluted Waters

Pollution may drastically change the
amount of dissolved chemicals in w^ater.
Samples taken on the East Branch of the
Salt Fork north of St. Joseph, on the
West Branch east of Urbana, and on the
Salt Fork northwest of Homer, fig. 14, all
show the influence of domestic and com-
mercial wastes, table 3, and are character-
ized by high concentrations of ammonium,
nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total dis-

solved minerals, and alkyl benzene sul-
fonate. No consistent relationship seems to
exist between alkalinity or hardness and
the degree of pollution. The most strik-
ing difference between the chemistry of
the water in the East Branch, where a
greater than average fish population was
taken, and the chemistry of the water in
the West Branch, where very few fish
were taken, was in the level of phosphates
and sulfates present. The West Branch
contained nearly four times the concen-
tration of phosphates and twice the con-
centration of sulfates found in the East
Branch. Concentrations of phosphates in
the West Branch were presumably due to
the great amount of detergents that pass
through the treatment plant of the Ur-
bana-Champaign Sanitary District. Alkyl
benzene sulfonate, one of the basic in-
gredients in most household detergents,
was nearly twice as concentrated in the
West Branch as in the East Branch.

Fish Anomalies Caused by Pollution

Many malformed fishes were taken
from the West Branch of the Salt Fork
above the sanitary disposal plant. Al-
though fair numbers of individuals were
taken in these collections, table 25, the
fish were small in size and many of them
had abnormally small, upturned mouths;
certain fins were partially or entirely miss-
ing. The creek chub, bluntnose, and com-
mon shiner seemed to be especially af-
fected. They may be the only species that
can reproduce in the polluted water, and
hence, in their embryonic development,
they may have been influenced by toxic
substances.

Fish Kills

Mention has been made of fish kills in
Champaign County. A kill of fish has
been observed annually for many years on
the upper Sangamon River. Dead fish have
been reported as far downstream as Ma-
homet. A severe kill occurred during the
middle of August in 1959 while we were
engaged in the third survey. Dead fish
were found in the upper Sangamon from
the mouth of Drummer Creek down-
stream as far as the town of Fisher. Along
the banks 3 miles north of Fisher, 21 spe-
cies were identified. Dead mussels, cray-
fish, tadpoles, and salamanders (Necturus)

354

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

also were found. The proportion of the
fish population killed b\ this pollutant was
not known. The dead fish picked up and
examined represented most of the species
previousl\' taken in our collections. In
spite of the recurrinj^ kills, the disappear-
ance of only one species is attributed to
this pollution. A minnow {Notropis
amnis), taken at three stations in the
Sangamon near Fisher by Thompson &
Hunt, seemingly no longer occurs in the
county.

On the upper Kaskaskia, severe pollu-
tion introduced at a point just south of
Champaign County near Ficklin has pro-
duced chronic to.xic conditions and fre-
quent fish kills. The Ficklin pollution
probably blocks the upstream movements
of certain species and thus influences the
composition of the populations within
Champaign County.

The East Branch has had several fish
kills in recent years other than those
caused by domestic pollution from Ran-
toul and Chanute Air Force Base. One
such kill was said to have been caused
by the accidental release of a large vol-
ume of gasoline into the stream. Another
kill resulted from discharge into the
stream of solutions used for cleaning air-
craft.

On the West Branch, an occasional
dead fish can be found, although so few
fish occur in the area below the disposal
plant that even if all were killed there
would not be a noticeable number of dead
individuals along the banks. Probably the
fish found dead were individuals that
moved into this area when water condi-
tions were temporarily tolerable and were
killed as conditions again became lethal.

In the lower Salt Fork, fish kills fre-
quently have occurred below St. Joseph.
These probably have been the result of
overenrichment of the waters, where near-
pollution conditions are usually present.
Summer fish kills seem to be associated
with periods of very low water levels and
high temperatures; during such periods
septic conditions develop. Often in the
wintertime, blooms of green plants and
animals develop that cause the death of
fish over a long stretch of the river. Very
heavy algal blooms developed during Feb-
ruary and March of 1954. An abnormally
low amount of suspended silt was in the

water when there developed a tremendous
green bloom composed mainly of Euglena
sp. (similar to E. sangiiinea) and a dia-
tom, Hantzschia mtiphioxus (identification
by Dr. P. C. Silva, then Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany, University of Illinois).
The organisms settled to the bottom of
the stream each day after dark and
blanketed the bottom materials. Many fish
were seen gasping along the shoreline of
the river and in small tributary water
sources. Dead fish could be seen all along
the river from St. Joseph as far down-
stream as Fairmount in Vermilion Coun-
ts These water conditions not only killed
many fish but caused the flesh of surviving
fish to be unpalatable.

Ingression Into Polluted Waters

During the spring and early summer of
1960, we made a series of seine hauls at
the West Branch stations sampled the
previous September. These seine hauls in-
dicated a certain amount of ingression of
fishes into polluted water, table 27. The
several species taken below the disposal
plant were represented by very few indi-
viduals. The creek chub, bluntnose min-
now, redfin shiner, and golden shiner
were the species most frequently taken in
these collections.

Reinvasion of a stream area by species
once present is usually very rapid (Lari-
more, Childers, & Heckrotte 1960:269) ;
if chemical conditions below the disposal
plant were made suitable for the existence
of fish, the population would quickly build
up to what might be expected in streams
of similar size.

Specific Tolerance to Pollution

The following species were most fre-
quently found in the polluted water areas
sampled in 1959: creek chub, carp, silver-
jaw minnow, bluntnose minnow, redfin
shiner, golden shiner, stoneroller, green
sunfish, sand shiner, common shiner, spot-
fin shiner, white sucker, creek chubsucker,
topminnow, Johnny darter, and hornyhead
chub. The finding of a particular species
in a polluted area did not necessarily' mean
that this species was more pollution-tol-
erant than other species. Species found in
a polluted area may have been unusually
vagile, moving into the area during pe-
riods of improved water conditions; equal-

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

355

ly pollution-tolerant species might have
been absent because they did not occur in
the drainage system, because suitable habi-
tat was not available, or because they were
more sedentary in habits. The above list
of pollution-tolerant species contains most
of the species listed as tolerant by Thomp-
son & Hunt.

DISTRIBUTION AND
WATER ENRICHMENT

Stream enrichment is a vaguely defined
condition in which some of the dissolved
chemical constituents of the water are
greater in amount than would normally
occur from contact with the soil in a par-
ticular drainage system or region. Enrich-
ment of a body of water should result
in greater productivity of aquatic organ-
isms. However, because aquatic organ-
isms have rather specific requirements, en-
richment may produce conditions inimical
to their very existence. Enrichment to
some organisms is pollution to others.

Champaign County streams are en-
riched by minerals leached from the soils
of the drainage area, by fertilizers added
to soils for increased crop production, by
wastes from livestock, and by domestic
sewage. Wastes from commercial opera-
tions could also contribute enriching ma-
trials, although no instance of such en-
richment is known to occur in this county.

Natural Soil Fertility

The soils of Champaign County are
unusually fertile and contribute dissolved
nutrients to the streams draining them.
The chemical composition of the waters,
table 3, has been discussed previously.

Thompson & Hunt assumed that the
size of a fish population was related to
soil fertility because they found the larg-
est concentration of fishes in the East
Branch of the Salt Fork River, which
flows through an area that they regarded
as more fertile than any other in the
county. Presently available information
on the soils of Champaign County does
not indicate that the streams in this
drainage flow through an area more fertile
than other drainage areas of the county.
At only three of our collecting stations on
the East Branch was the weight of fish per
100 square yards much greater than the
average for the county, tables 14 and 26.

Alkalinity and total hardness have often
been related to high productivity in nat-
ural waters. All of the streams in the
county are slightly alkaline and rather
hard. The water in one of the two main
streams in the East Branch drainage, the
Spoon River, is the hardest in the county
and one of the most alkaline, whereas
water in the other stream is the least
alkaline and near average in hardness,
table 3. Because of dififerences in chemical
composition of these streams, which pro-
duced several large fish collections and
were regarded by Thompson & Hunt as
especially fertile, it is difficult to relate
fish productivity to soil or water fertility.
The differences between these streams ap-
pear to be more the result of domestic
pollution than of soil characteristics in the
drainage area.

Fertilizers on the Watershed

Commercial fertilizers are used by
farmers on virtually all of the croplands
of Champaign County. The amount of
fertilizer that enters the streams is in-
fluenced by the natural soil chemistry, the
soil permeability, the land use, the kind
and amount of fertilizer applied, and
other factors that make an exact determi-
nation difficult.

Large amounts of organic fertilizer in
the form of livestock manure are applied
by farmers to most of the watersheds. The
droppings of grazing cattle and hogs are
deposited in pastures, often along stream
banks, and sometimes actually in the
streams. In some areas, manure contributes
substantially to the fertility of the streams.
An excess of fertilizer can cause fish mor-
tality during the hot summer months
when the water levels are unusually low,
but, in Champaign County, instances of
damage caused by excess amounts of live-
stock manure are probably rare. Damage
is done by livestock when the animals
break down stream banks, permitting ex-
cessive amounts of silt to enter water
courses.

Domestic Sewage

Domestic sewage can be related to
stream productivity in several places in
Champaign County. Thompson & Hunt
in 1928 found a fish population in the
East Branch apparently benefiting from

356

Ii.i.iNOis Natlrai. History StRxi;^- Hui.letin

Vol. 28. Art. 2

enrichment of stream water by the do-
mestic sewage of Raiitoul. At that time,
Rantoul did not treat sewage hut allowed
it to run throuj^h an open ditch where,
durinji warm weather, it was well di-
gested before entering the East Branch.
On revisiting the station iluring a cooler
part of the year, Thompson ^ Hunt
found that the raw sewage was not di-
gested in the open ditch but that it en-
tered the Kast Branch as to.xic material
that eliminated fish for se\eral miles
downstream.

At present, there is evidence of enrich-
ment of the East Branch by domestic
sewage from Rantoul ami Chanute Air
Force Base. For several miles below the
outlets, this sewage is toxic to fish most
of the time. Farther downstream, large
populations of a wide variety of fishes
benefit from the end-products of the
sewage that has been digested upstream.
At one station with 41 square miles of
drainage, 7.2 miles below the Rantoul dis-
posal plant and approximately 2 miles be-
low the entrance of the badly polluted
stream from Chanute, the collection per
100 square yards amounted to 1,337 fish
weighing more than 9 pounds. At an-
other station with 73 square miles of
drainage, 4.5 miles farther downstream,
the collection per 100 square yards
amounted to 1,331 fish weighing more
than 10.5 pounds. These figures, three to
four times the county averages, table 14,
represented an area a few miles below
the badly polluted area in which very few
fish Avere found.

A fish population possibly benefiting
from stream enrichment was taken in the
upper Sangamon River about a mile be-
low the mouth of Drummer Creek,
which receives pollution from several
sources in Gibson City. In this popula-
tion, the numbers of individuals of the 22
species represented were low, but their
sizes were sufficiently large to make the
collection average 5.6 pounds per 100
square yards, a weight nearly twice that
for most other streams of this size (193
square miles of drainage) in the countv,
table 14.

An instance that ma\' be considered
partial enrichment was found west of
Champaign on Phinney Branch at the
junction of Copper Slough. The upper

regions of both Phinney Branch and Cop-
per Slough were polluted, but where they
converge 20 species were taken ; the col-
lection averaged 2.6 pounds per 100
square yards of drainage. Although 20 is
an unusually high number of species for
streams of this class (16 square miles of
drainage) in the county, the weight was
not much ahoxe average, table 14.

The Salt Fork from St. Joseph to the
county line was the longest stretch of
stream in the county enriched by up-
stream sewage. However, our collections
failed to indicate any desirable efiects of
the enrichment.

Where fishes are benefiting from enrich-
ment of the water, they may be existing
under conditions that with very slight
changes in chemical balance and concen-
tration can quickly become toxic to them.
Our data show that when desirable en-
richment changes to undesirable pollution
the effects on a fish population are hrst a
reduction in the number of species, then a
reduction in the total weight, and finally
a reduction in the number of individ-
uals.

FISHERIES

The network of streams and a scatter-
ing of artificial ponds and lakes provide
a considerable amount of fishing water in
Champaign County. All of the streams,
except the Little Vermilion and Embar-
rass, are listed in the Game and Fish
Codes as fish preserves; that is, fishing is
lestricted to hook-and-line methods, or to
minnow seining and spearing as provided
by the Game and Fish Codes. Public ac-
cess to most of the streams is provided by
the system of section-line roads, and fish-
ing is generally heaviest near bridges.
All the waters as well as the stream banks
are privately owned; fishermen must ob-
tain landowners' consent to enter the
property.

Sport Fishing

Approximately 20 of the 90 species in
the annotated list of the fishes of Cham-
paign County are commonly taken by
hook-and-line fishing. However, Dr. Mar-
cus S. Goldman has caught 38 species.
The 189 miles we have classed as Rivulets
and Small Creeks provide satisfactory
angling only for small boys in quest of

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

357

chubs, sunfishes, or bullheads. The 176
miles of Large Creeks provide good fishing
for anglers interested in catching chubs,
sunfishes, bullheads, and, in the spring, a
variety of suckers. The 58 miles of Small
Rivers produce large numbers of suckers,
sunfishes, bass, carp, and catfishes. The
lower Sangamon River is an especially
good fishing area for channel catfish, suck-
ers, and carp, and, according to Dr. Gold-
man, offers a better opportunity for an-
gling than any other stream in the county.
The lower Salt Fork is good for suckers
and carp ; channel catfish become impor-
tant a few miles before the stream leaves
the county. The Middle Fork in Cham-
paign County produces three species of
bass and the channel catfish.

Creek chubs, hornyhead chubs, black
bullheads, yellow bullheads, several sun-
fishes, and many species of suckers can be
taken in most streams of the county. The
most commonly used baits are worms,
minnows, crayfish, and especially prepared
cheese baits, blood baits, and doughballs ;
relatively little casting is done with arti-
ficial lures.

Approximately 125 ponds and small
lakes provide angling. These waters are
formed by artificial dams and by flooded
gravel and borrow pits. Most of the ponds
are privately owned.

The fishes commonly found in these
ponds are the bluegill, green sunfish, red-
ear sunfish, orangespotted sunfish, war-
mouth, black crappie, white crappie, large-
mouth bass, black bullhead, yellow bull-
head, channel catfish, golden shiner, and
bluntnose minnow.

Commercialized Sport Fishing

Three privately owned lakes in Cham-
paign County have been licensed to oper-
ate as daily fee-fishing ponds. Great
numbers of fish are purchased from com-
mercial fishermen and fish dealers along
the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, on
some northern lakes, and even on Lake
Erie as far east as Ohio. These fish are
hauled alive by truck and released in the
fishing ponds at intervals during the fish-
ing season. Anglers pay a daily fee to
fish. Because the fish are of many spe-
cies and because some are brought from
distant waters, the ponds are potential
sources of species new to the streams of

the county. The following species have
been taken from Champaign County fee-
fishing ponds: bowfin, bluegill, green sun-
fish, white crappie, yellow bass, carp,
channel catfish, brown bullhead, yellow
bullhead, black bullhead, largemouth bass,
quillback, gizzard shad, goldfish, and a
few minnows that probably were not de-
liberately introduced by the pond owners.

Bait Collecting

Large numbers of minnows suitable for
fish bait may be taken from many reaches
of Champaign County streams. Crayfish
also are taken from the streams.

Although in 1959 there were no li-
censed wholesale minnow dealers in Cham-
paign County, there were eight retail
minnow dealers who sold minnows to
sport fishermen. Their minnow supplies
were either purchased from sources out-
side the county or were seined by the deal-
ers themselves from local streams. Because
of the great labor and cost involved in pro-
curing a sufficient number of minnows
from local streams, most dealers found
it more economical to purchase stocks
from wholesale dealers.

Many fishermen take relatively small
numbers of minnows for their own use.
They may take bait from the streams with-
out a commercial fishing license in seines
not larger than 6 feet deep and 20 feet
long and having a mesh of one-half inch
or less. Many fishermen have favorite
minnow "holes" where they can seine
enough minnows for a 1-day fishing trip.
Such small-scale bait collecting is a jus-
tifiable use of minnows and does not en-
danger the natural populations.

SUMMARY

1. Two investigations of fishes in the
streams of Champaign County, Illinois, in-
vestigations approximately 30 years apart
(modal years 1899 and 1928), provided
an incentive for a third investigation, in
1959, aimed at evaluating the effects of
ecological changes that occurred over a
period of approximately 60 years in an
area that included both intensive farming
and urbanization.

2. In less than a century, most of
Champaign County was converted from
marshy prairie to well-drained farmland.
In recent years, population growth and

358

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28. Art.

industrial development have usurped a
considerable acreajze of the farmland.

3. Draining and dredjiin^ reduced the
water-holding capacity of the watersheds,
resulting in a lower water table and in
extreme fluctuations in stream flow. Can-
alization altered stream courses and habi-
tats and produced more uniformity in
stream environments.

4. Late in the nineteenth century, most
of the marshes and natural ponds were
eliminated ; many drainage ditches were
created. During the 30 \ears ending in
1959, the environmental trends in the
streams were toward a decrease in depth
and an increase in width ; a decrease in
gravel substrate, an increase in silt, and an
increase in sand ; a decrease in aquatic
vegetation and an increase in overhanging
vegetation.

5. Ninety species of fishes were in-
cluded in the annotated list for Cham-
paign County ; 74 of these were taken in
1959 or subsequently. Seven of the 90
were introduced species; the remaining
83, some of them no longer in the county,
were native.

6. Sixteen species, the introductions ex-
cluded, showed a decided increase in occur-
rence (number of collecting stations and
number of stream systems in which they
were found) within the county during
the 60-year period of study; 15 other
species showed a decided decrease in occur-
rence. Many species showed little change
in occurrence, despite the great changes
that took place in the stream habitats.

7. During the early part of the present
century, the Salt Fork drainage contained
a greater number of species than any other
drainage in Champaign County; it was
followed by the Sangamon, Middle Fork,
Kaskaskia, and Embarrass. Subsequently,
the Salt Fork and Sangamon exchanged
rank. In 1959, the Sangamon contained
the greatest number of species restricted
to one drainage; the Embarrass had no
species that occurred in that stream ex-
clusively.

8. Much greater changes in species
composition occurred in Champaign
County streams during the first 30 years
of the twentieth century than during
the second 30 years. During the first 30-
year period, the greatest changes occur-
red in the Middle Fork and Sangamon

drainages; during the second 30-year
period, the greatest changes occurred in
the Kaskaskia and Salt Fork drainages.

9. Champaign County streams were
classified as rivulets and small creeks,
large creeks, and small rivers. Both large
creeks and small rivers contained the fol-
lowing habitats: sand and fine gravel rif-
fles; gravel and boulder or rubble riffles;
shallow, firm-bottomed pools; and deep,
mud-bottomed pools. Each habitat was
found to have characteristic species of
fishes.

10. Each factor in the habitat of a
species was expressed mathematically by
correlating the numbers and weights of
each species taken in quantitative samples
with the numerical value for each of 13
different ecological factors.

11. Significant degrees of association,
some of which were unexpected, were
found between the numerical abundance
of Notropis dorsalis and Ericymba buc-
cata, Notropis chrysocephalus and Erimy-
zon oblongus, and Catostomus commer-
soni and Phenacobius mirabilis. Less signi-
ficant associations were found between
each of these species and several other
species and between a few other pairs
of species. A mutual dependence upon
certain ecological conditions, rather than
a direct interdependence between species,
appeared to account for the associations
found in Champaign County.

12. The average number of species per
collecting station and the average number
of fish per 100 square yards of water were
somewhat greater in 1959 than in 1928.
The most pronounced differences in the
number of fish per unit area occurred in
the Middle Fork drainage (high in 1928,
low in 1959) and the Embarrass (low in
1928, high in 1959). The number of
pounds of fish per acre of water was
found to be 124.4 in 1959; it had been
estimated by Thompson & Hunt to be
150 in 1928. The number of pounds
of fish per 100 square yards of water in
1959 averaged 2.6, ranging from 0.9 in
the Kaskaskia to 5.1 in the Middle Fork
drainage.

13. The following generalizations be-
tween fish distribution and stream size, as
postulated by Thompson & Hunt (1930)
following the 1928 investigation, were in
general borne out in the 1959 study: the

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

359

number of species per station increased
downstream ; the actual number of fish
per unit area decreased downstream ; and,
with a decrease in the number of individ-
uals downstream, there was a correspond-
ing increase in their average size, so that
the total amount of fish flesh per unit
area was nearly constant. Thompson &
Hunt's statement that fishes exhibit fre-
quencies of occurrence that vary with
stream size in a consistent and definite
manner for each species was not substanti-
ated with the 1959 data. Their hypothesis
that the amount of fish flesh per unit of
water was directly related to fertility of
the water was neither confirmed nor dis-
proved by the 1959 data, probably because
all streams of the county were of nearly
equal fertility.

14. The degree of stream pollution in
Champaign County was greater in 1928
than in 1899, and greater in 1959 than in
1928. Although certain types of pollutants
common in 1899 and 1928 no longer ex-
isted in 1959, other types had replaced
them. The large and increasing volume of
treated effluents limited aquatic life in
many areas of Champaign County streams
at the time of the third survey. Pollution
had caused a decline, even elimination, of
fish in some reaches.

15. In 1959, chronic pollution in
Champaign County was found to occur
in the Boneyard, parts of the East Branch
and West Branch of the Salt Fork, the
lower Salt Fork, Copper Slough and
Phinney Branch, the upper Sangamon, and
the upper Kaskaskia. Some of these areas
had been polluted for many years; others
had recently become polluted.

16. Champaign County streams are en-
riched by natural soil fertility and a vari-
ety of introduced substances. Evidence
was found in 1959 that certain fish popu-
lations were benefiting from enrichment.
Slight changes in chemical balance and
concentration may quickly convert en-
riched areas to polluted ones.

17. Champaign County contains a con-
siderable amount of water useful for fish-
ing. In addition to the streams, there are
farm ponds, artificial lakes, and fee-fish-
ing ponds available. Public access to the
fishing sites is generally adequate, al-
though streams are privately owned and
landowners' permission must be obtained.
Approximately 20 of the 90 species of fish
known in the county are commonly taken
by angling. Noncommercial minnow sein-
ing for bait is a justifiable use of the local
fauna and does not jeopardize local min-
now populations.

/. I r E R AT U R E C IT ED

Anonymous

1876. Atlas of the State of Illinois, to which are added various general maps, history, sta-
tistics and illustrations. Union Atlas Co., Chicago. 293 pp.
Baker, Frank Collins

1922. The niolluscan fauna of the Big X'ermilion River, Illinois, with special reference to
its modification as a result of pollution bv sewage and manufacturing wastes. 111.
Biol. Monog. 7(2) :105-224+ 15 pis.
Chan^non, S. A.. Jr.

1959. Summarv of weather conditions at Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. 111. State Water
Surv. Bui. 47: 1-95.
Fehrenbacher, J. B.

1963. The soil. Pp. 36-43 /// The natural resources of Champaign County. 2nd ed., re-
vised. Champaign County Conservation Education Council, Urbana, Illinois. 59 pp.
Forbes, S. A.

1907. On the local distribution of certain Illinois fishes: an essay in statistical ecology. 111.
Lab. \at. Hist. Bui. 7{ 8 ) :273-303 -^ 15 maps + pis. xxix-xxxii.
Forbes, Stephen .Alfred, and Robert Earl Richardson

[1908.] The fishes of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, [Urbana].
cxxxi 4- 357 pp. + separate atlas containing 102 maps.

Hopkins, Cyril C. J. G. Mosier, E. \'an Alstine, and F. W. Garrett

1918. Champaign County Soils. 111. Ag. Exp. Sta. Soil Rep. 18. 61 pp.
Large. Thomas

[1903.] A list of the native fishes of Illinois, with keys. Append, to III. Fish Commrs. Rep.
1900-1902. 30 pp.
Larimore, R, Weldon

1961. Fish population and eiectrofishing success in a warm-water stream. Jour. \\'ildlife
Mgt. 25(1 ) :1-12.
Larimore, R. Weldon, William F. Childers, and Carlton Heckrotte

1959. Destruction and re-establishment of stream fish and invertebrates affected by drought.
Am. Fish Soc. Trans. 88(4) :261-85.
Larimore, R. Weldon, Leonard Durham, and George W. Bennett

1950. A modification of the electric fish shocker for lake work. Jour. \N'ildlife Mgt. 14(3):
320-3.
Luce. Wilbur M.

1933. A survey of the fishery of the Kaskaskia River. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 20(2) :71-123.
ODonnell. D. John

1935. Annotated list of the fishes of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 20(5) : 473-500.
Shelford, \'ictor E.

1911. Ecological succession. I. Stream fishes and the method of physiographic analysis.
Biol. Bui. 21(1) :9-35.

Thompson, David H., and Francis D. Hunt

1930. The fishes of Champaign Countv: a studv of the distribution and abundance of fishes
in small streains. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 19(1):1-101.
Trautman, Milton B.

1957. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, xvii -f 683 pp.
United States Geological Survey

1953- Surface water supply of the United States [each title includes the date for which data
1960. are given]. Part 5. Hudson Bav and upper Mississippi River basins. Geol. Surv.

Water-Supply Paper 1208, 1238, 1278, 1338, 1388, 1438. 1508. 1558.

1954— Surface water supply of the United States [each title includes the date for which data
1959. are given]. Part 3-A. Ohio River bas'n except Cumberland and Tennessee River

basins. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1205. 1235. 1275. 1335, 1385, 1435, and 1505.

1957. Compilation of records of surface waters of the I'nited States through September
1950. Part 3-A. Ohio River basin except Cumb?r]and and Tennessee River basins.
Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1350.

1959. Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September
1950. Part 5. Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins. Geol. Surv. Water-
Supply Paper 1308.

[360]

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS

362

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 15. — Dorosoma cepedianum.

Fi^. 16. — Esox amcrlcanus.

Fig. 17. — Carpiodes cyprinus.

Fig. 18. — Carpiodes velifer.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle; collecting station of Forbes &• Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of L.arimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

363

/7 =^

Fig. 19. — Catostomus commersoni.

Fig. 20. — Erimyzon oblongus.

Fig. 21. — Hypentelium nigricans.

Fig. 22. — Minytrema melanops.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle; collecting station of Forbes k Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

364

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 23. — Moxostomu crytlintrutn.

Fig. 24. — Aloxostoma macrolepidotui

Fig. 25. — Campostoma anorridlum.

Fig. 26. — Cyprinus carpio.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station nf Forbes k Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicaled species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

365

Fig. 27. — Ericymba hue cat a.

Fig. 28. — Hybognathiis nuchalis.

Fig. 29. — Hybopsis biguttata.

Fig. 30. — Notemigonus crysolcucas.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species. _ . .

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

366

Illinois Natural Historv Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 31. — Notropis chrysocephalus.

Fig. 32. — Notropis dorsalis.

Fig. 33. — Notropis lutrensis.

Fig. 34. — Notropis rubellus.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes i Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

367

Fig. 35. — Notropis spilopterus.

Fig. 36. — Notropis stramineus.

Fig. 37. — Notropis umbratilis.

Fig. 38. — Notropis whipplei.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

368

Iixixois Natcilju. History Suii%e\" Bulletin

VoL 28, Art- 2

t> » »

I ^ -T ^ •^^ -^ * *

) ««

- 4

•-.

r:Ci

■c

•«

f^'

K U

:« «

» •

-r »^^ # »

Fl£. 39. — PkemmcmUms mirmkUis.

: *

I— _-* . _ ^ • «

' -*^~ « • •

-•&— *

«— •-

Fif. A\.^Pimephal€S pr*wuims.

Fig. 42. — Srmmtilms atrmm^tmlatus.
by three surveys at approximately 30-

year wli mil

Open triangle: collecting; station of Forbes k. Richardson ; indicated species not collected.

Solid triai^e: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting statiiMi of Thompson & Hont and also, if extant in 19S9. col-
lectiiie station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated spedcs not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or soEd circle: collecting station at which Thompson
fc Hum took indicated species^

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collectii^ station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of Aese stations had prerioashr been sampled by Thompson k Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign Coux-n-

369

Fig. 43. — Ictalurus melas.

Fi|. 44. — Fctalurus natalis.

_Ki^ '[^^^/^(^'^^

N^/-^

/ r ^ r^ ^^

1^ ,v ^ h; :^

--^

Fig. 45. — Ictalurus pumctatus.

¥ig. 46. — Xttmrmj fl^vms.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 50-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated sf»ecies collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson i Hunt and also, if extant in 1959. col-
lecting station of Larimore i Smith: indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
i Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: colleciiag station at which Larimore i Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson i Hunt.

370

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 47. — Noturus gyrinus.

Fig. 48. — Noturus miurus.

Fig. 49. — Fundulus notatus.

Fig. 50. — Labidesthes sicculus.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson k Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

371

Fig. 51. — Aphrcdoderus sayanus.

Fig. 52. — Ambloplites rupestris.

Fig. 53. — Lepomis cyanellus.

Fig, 54. — Lepomis humilis.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting stat'on of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore k Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

372

Illinois Natural History Survey Buli.htin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 55. — Lepomis macrochirus.

Fig. 56. — Lepomis megalotis.

Fig. 57. — Micropterus dolom'teui.

Fig. 58. — Micropterus ptinctulatus.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore iV Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

373

Fig. 59. — Micropterus salmoides.

Fig. 60. — Pomoxis annularis.

Fig. 61. — Ammocrypta pellucida.

Fig. 62. — Ethcostoma blennioides.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes .i- Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle aloneT collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

374

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Fig. 63. — Etheostoma flabellare.

Fig. 64. — Etheostoma nigrum.

Fig. 65. — Etheostoma spectabile.

Fig. 66. — Etheostoma zonale.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

375

Fig. 67. — Percina caprodes.

Fig. 68. — Percina maculata.

Fig. 69. — Percina phoxocephala.

Fig. 70. — Aplodinotus grunniens.

Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30-
year intervals.

Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.

Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes k Richardson; indicated species collected.

Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col-
lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.

Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson
& Hunt took indicated species.

Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi-
cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.

INDEX

The scientiHc names of fishes indexed below include currently \ali(l names, variant spell-
ings, and synonymic names and combinations. Generic names, when thej' stand alone in the
text, have not been indexed. Thus, Carpindes spp. is not included in the index, but a text refer-
ence to any one of the species of C'arpiodes is included. F"or convenience in indexing, specific
and subspecitic names are given e(|ual rank. Thus, the subspec.es Notropis spiloplrriis liypsiso-
matus is indexed as Notropis hypsisomatus and liypsisomatus, Notropis, and the subspecies
A", s. spilopierus as Notropis spilopterus and spilopterns, Notropis. The common names used
are those recommended by the Committee on Names of Fishes, American Fisheries Society.
Common names used in a generic sense in the text (basses, suiiHshes, catfish) have not been
indexed. Common names for species have been indexed ; common names for subspecies ha\'e not
been indexed, as subspecies do not have officially recommended common names. Scientific names
other than those of fish have not been inverted; for example, Rorippa islandica is listed but not
islnndicii, Rorippa.

Ahramis crysolrucas, 323

aestivalis, Hybopsis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330,

332, 333
affinis, Gamhusia, 325, 327, 330
Agricultural practices, 306, 307; src also

Draining (drainage). Dredging
Algae (algal blooms), 315, 347, 353, 354
alosoides, Hiodon, 321, 329
Amhloplitfs ruprstris, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336,

344, 346, 371
amhlops, Hybopsis, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332. 333
Amciurus

me I as, 324

nalalis. 324
American eel, 325
American elm, 313
americanus, Esox, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336,

337, 345, 362
Amia lal-va, 321, 327, 330

Ammocrypta prlliuida, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373
amnis, Notropis, 323, 329, 330, 333, 354
Anguilla

chrysypa, 325

rostrata, 325, 329
anisiirum, Moxostoma, 322. 329, 332, 336, 343
Annotated list of fishes, 320-7
annularis, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373
anomalinn, Campostoma, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335,

343, 345, 346, 364
Aphredoderus sayaniis, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345,

371
Aplodinotus grunniens, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375
Asclepias incamata, 313
asprigene, Ethcostoma, 326, 329, 331
as pro, Hadropterus, 327

atherinoidrs, Notropis, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332
atriprs, Notropis, 'ill
atrocaudalis, Notropis, 323
airomarulatus, Srmotiliis, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331,

332, 335, 344, 345, 368
auratiis, Carassius, 322, 327, 330
aurrolum, Moxostoma, 322

Banded darter, 327
Bass

largemouth, 326

rock, 325

smallmouth, 326

spotted, 326

yellow, 325, 357
Bigeye chub, j22
Bigeye shiner, 323
Bigmouth buffalo, 322
Bigmouth shiner, 323
biduttata, Hybopsis, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338.

339, 344, 345, 365
Black buffalo, 322
Black bullhead, 324, 343, 350, 357
Black crappie. 326, 347, 350, 357
Blacknose shiner, 323
Blackside darter, 327
Blackstripe topminnow, 325, 352, 354
blennioides, Diplesion, 326
blcnnioidfs, Etiirostoma, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336,

345, 373
blenniiis, Notropis, 323, 324, 329
Bluegill, 325, 347, 350, 357
Bluntnose darter, 326

Bluntnose minnow, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357
Boleichtliys fiisiformis, 326
Bolcosoma

camunim, 326

nigrum, 326
Bonevard (creek), 309-10, 347, 348, 349, 351,

359
boops, Notropis, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333
Bowfin, 321, 357
brri'iceps, Moxostoma, 322
Brindled madtom, 324
Brook silverside, 325, 350
Brown bullhead, 324, 357
bubalus, Ictiohus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333
buccata, Ericvmba, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335, 337,

338, 344, '345, 358, 365
Buffalo

bigmouth. 322

black, 322

smallmouth, 322
Bullhead

black, 324, 348, 350, 357

brown, 324, 3 57

yellow, 324, 347, 357
Bullhead minnow, 324
Buttonbush, 313

caeruleum, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 33 5, 345
calva, Amia, 321, 327, 330

[376]

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

377

Campostoma

anomalum, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345,

346, 364
piillum, 322
camuntm, Bolcosoma, 326
camurum, Etiicostoma, 320
canadense, St'tzostedion, 320
caprodes, Pcrcina, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375
caprodes X semifasciata, Pcrcina, 327
Carassius auratus, 322, 327, 330
Car ex cristatclla, 313
carinatum, Moxostoma, 320

Carp, 316, 322, 344, 347, 350, 351, 352, 354, 357
carp'io, Carpiodes, 320
carpio, Cypriniis, 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336,

344, 345, 346, 364
Carpiodes
carpio, 320

cypriniis, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362
difformis, 321
hinci, 321

velifcr, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362
Carpsucker
highfin, 321
quillback, 321
Catfish

channel, 324, 357
flathead, 324
Catostomus

commcrsoni, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338, 343, 345,

358, 363
nigricans, 321
cayuga, Notropis, 323
ccpedianum, Dorosoma, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345,

362
Chaenohryttiis gulosus, 325, 329, 332
Channel catfish, 324, 357
Char a sp., 313

Chemistry of polluted waters, 353; see also
Water chemistry and Pollution (pollu-
tants)
chlorosomum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329, 330, 332,

333
chrysocephalus, Notropis, 323, 328, 332, 333,

335, 338, 339, 343, 345, 358, 366
chrysypa, Anguilla, 325
Chub

bigeye, 322

creek, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353, 354,

357
hornyhead, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357
silver, 322
speckled, 322
Chubsucker, creek, 321, 347, 352, 354
claviformis, Erimyzon, 321
Cliola I'igilax, 324
cocruleum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329
commersoni, Catostomus, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338,

343, 345, 358. 363
Common shiner, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354
Copper Slough, 349, 352, 356, 359
cornutus, Notropis, 323
Cottonwood, 313
Crappie

black, 326, 347, 350, 357
white, 326, 357
Creek chub, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353,

354, 357
Creek chubsucker, 321, 347, 352, 354
crysolcucas, Abramis, 323

crysoleiicas, Notcmigonus, 323, 327, 328, 336,

338, 344, 365
cyanellus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344,

345, 371
cyanoceplialus, Notropis, 323
cyprincllus, Ictiohus, 322, 329, 330, 333
Cypriniis carpio. 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336,

344, 345, 346, 364
cypriniis, Carpiodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343,

362

Darter

banded, 327

blackside, 327

bluntnose, 326

dusky, 327

eastern sand, 326

fantail, 326

greenside, 326

Johnny, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354

mud, 326

orangethroat, 326

rainbow, 326

slenderhead, 327

slough, 326
Deciduous trees, 313
deliciosus, Notropis, 323
Detergents, household, 353
Diantliera amcricana, 313
Diatom, 354

difformis, Carpiodes, 321
Diplesion blennioides, 326
Docks, 313
dolomieui. Micropteriis, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332,

333, 336, 344, 346, 372
Dorosoma ccpedianum, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345,

362
dorsalis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335,

336, 337, 338, 343, 358, 366
Drainage districts, 310, 311
Drainage systems (drainages), 300, 308, 317,
320, 321, 331, 334, 337, 338, 339, 342; sec
also names of streams
Draining (drainage), 306, 307, 308, 310, 311,
317, 333, 358; see also Dredging, Drainage
districts
Dredging, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 320,

333, 358; see also Draining (drainage)
Drum, freshwater, 327
duquesnei, Moxostoma, 322
Dusky darter, 327

East Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Vermilion
River), 311, 312, 314, 347, 349, 350, 351,
352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359

Eastern sand darter, 326

Ecological associations, 335-9; see also Fish as-
sociations

Ecological characteristics (conditions, factors),

304, 311-3, 314, 336, 358
eel, American, 325

Electrofishing (electric seine, electric fish shock-
er, rowboat shocker), 300, 302, 303, 304,

305, 308, 321, 322, 340; see also Methods,
fish collecting (sampling)

Elodea canadensis, 313

Embarrass River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 312,
320, 321-6, 334-5, 338, 339-40. 342, 343,

378

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Embarrass River — (ontmucci

34+, 345, 349, 356, 358, 362-75
Emerald shiner, 323

rmiliar, () psnpncndus, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333
Equisetum arvrnsr, 313
Ericymba hiucata, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335. 337,

338, 344, 345, 358, 365
Er'imyzon

claviformis, 321

ohlonqns. 321, 327, 328, 335, 336, 338, 343,
345, 358, 363

sucetta, 321
erythrurum, Moxostoma, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345,

364
Esox

americanus, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336, 337,
345, 362

vcrm'iculatus, 321
Etheostoma

aspriqene, 326, 329, 331

blrnnwides, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336, 345, 373

cacrulcum, 326, 329, 335, 345

camiirum, 320

c/ilorosomum, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333

corrulrum, 326, 329

eulepis, lid

fiahcllare, 326, 329, 335, 345, 374

flabellare X Hneolatum, 326

gracile, 326, 327, 329. 330, 333

jessiae, 326

linrolatum, 326

nigrum, 326, 328, 329, 336, 345, 374

spcctabile, 326, 328, 329, 335, 345, 374

zonalc, 111, 329, 336, 345, 374
Euglena

sanguinea, 354

sp., 354
fulepls, Etheostoma, 326
Eupator'uim perfoliatum, 313
Eupomoiis heros, 325
exUis, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333
exilis, Schilbeodes, 324

Fantail darter, 326

Fathead minnow, 324

Fertilizers, 307, 355; see also Water (stream)
enrichment, Water (stream) fertility. Soil
(soil types, soil materials)

Fish abundance (weights, numbers)
affected by pollution, 331
changes in, 299, 303, 339-41
number per 100 square yards, 339-42, 350,

351, 356, 358
in relation to stream size, 341-6, 353-9
species decreasing in, 330, 333, 349
species increasing in, 329, 330, 331, 333
species per station, 339-41, 350, 351, 358
weight per 100 square vards, 339-41, 350,
351, 355, 356, 358

Fish adaptations (changes), 331-5, 345

Fish, annotated list of, 320-7

Fish associations

during low water, 339

with habitats, 335-7, 358

with other fishes, 335, 337-9, 358

Fish collecting methods; see Methods, fish col-
lecting (sampling)

Fish distribution (occurrence)
changes in, 299, 303, 328-35, 358

decreases in, 330, 332, 333, 335, 358

definition of, 331

distribution patterns, 327—8

increases in, 329-33, 335, 358

natural ranges of species, 327

in relation to discharge of stream, 310

in relation to pollution, 331, 346-55

in relation to restricted habitats, 335-7, 346

in relation to stream size, 340-6, 358-9

in relation to stream succession, 346

in relation to water enrichment, 352, 355-6

in relation to young, 346

species restricted to a single drainage, 334,
358
Fish kills (mortality), 352, 353-4, 355
Fish occurrence; see Fish distribution (occur-
rence )
Fish species

annotated list of, 320-7

composite, 299, 321, 329

extirpated, 333, 351

of hypothetical occurrence, 320

introduced. 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 357,
358
Fisheries (fishing, angling)

commercialized sport, 321, 324, 357

fee-fishing, 357, 359

sport, 328, 356-7, 359
flabellare, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 335, 345,

374
flabellare X Hneolatum, Etheostoma, 326
Flathead catfish, 324
flavus, Noturus, 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337,

344, 369
Freckled madtom, 324
Freshwater drum, 327
Fundulus notatus. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345,

370 _
fusiformis, Boleichthys, 326

Gambusta affinis, 325, 327, 330

Gar, longnose, 321

Carman's sunfish, 325

gilberti, Notropis, 323

Gizzard shad, 321. 337, 357

Glaciation, 306

Golden redhorse, 322, 347, 350

Golden shiner, 323, 347, 354, 357

Gold eye, 321

Goldfish, 322, 357

gracile, Etheostoma, 326, 327, 329, 330, 333

Grass pickerel, 321, 347, 350

Grasses, 313, 315

Green sunfish, 325, 347, 354, 357

Greenside darter, 326

grunniens, Aplodinotus, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375

gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 325, 329, 332

gyrinus, Noturus, 32-^, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370

gyrinus, Schilbeodes, 324

Hadroptcrus

aspro, 327

phoxocephalus, 327
Hantzschia amphioxus, 3 54
Herbs, 315

heros, Eupomotis, 325

heterolepis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330,
332, 333

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

379

Hibiscus militaris, 313
Highfin carpsucker, 321
hinei, Carpiodes, 321
Hiodon

alosoides, 321, 329

tergisiis, 321
Hog sucker, northern, 321
Hornyhead chub, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357
Human population, 306, 308, 317, 346, 357
hitmilis, Lcpomis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371
Hybognatlius nuchalis, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343,

346, 365
Hybopsis

acstii-alis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333

amblops, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333

biguttata, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339,
344, 345, 365

hyostoma, 322

hyostomus, 322, 328

kejituckiensis, 322

storcriana, 322, 328, 329
hyostoma, Hybopsis, 322
hyostomus, Hybopsis, 322, 328
Hypentelium nigricans, 321, 328, 331, 332, 333,

336, 338, 343, 345, 363
hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323

Ictalurus

mclas, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336, 369

natalis, 324, 327, 328, 33 5, 336, 344, 345, 346,
369

nebulosus, 324, 327, 330

punctatus, 324, 328, 344, 369
Ictiobus

bubalus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333

cyprinellus, 111, 329, 330, 333

niger, 111, 329, 330, 333

urus, 311
illeccbrosus, Notropis, 323
Industrial development, 346, 358
Industrial wastes, 306

jessiae, Etheostoma, 326

Johnny darter, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354

Kaskaskia River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308-10,
312, 315, 319, 320, 321-7, 330, 333, 334-5,
337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 349, 353,
354, 358, 359, 362-75

keniuckiensis, Hybopsis, 322

Labidesthcs sicculus, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370
Largemouth bass, 326
Lepisosteus osseiis, 321, 330
Lepomis

cyanellus, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344, 345,
371

humilis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371

macrochirus, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372

megalotis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345, 372

microlophus, 325, 327, 330

miniatus, 325

pallidus, 325

punctatus, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333
Leptops olivaris, 324
lineolatum, Etheostoma, 326

Little Vermilion River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308,
311, 321-7, 334-5, 339, 356, 362-75

Logperch, 327

Longear sunfish, 325, 347

Longnose gar, 321

lutrensis, Notropis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333,
336, 343, 366

Lycopus americanus, 313

Lysimachia nummularia, 313

macrochirus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344,

346, 372
macrolepidotum, Moxostoma, 111, 328, 330, 332,

336, 343, 364
maculata, Pcrcina, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375
Madtom

brindled, 324
freckled, 324
slender, 324
tadpole, 324, 350
megalops, Opsopacodus, 328
megalotis, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345,

372
melanops, Minytrema, 1,11, 328, 330, 332, 333,

363
melas, Ameiurus, 314^
melas, Ictalurus, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336,

369
Methods, fish collecting (sampling), 299, 300-6 ;

see also Electrofishing
microlophus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 330
Micropterus

dolomicui, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336,

344, 346, 372
punctulatus, 326, 327, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372
salmoides, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344, 373
Middle Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300,
301, 305, 306, 308, 312, 313, 317, 320, 321-7,
334-5, 337, 338, 339-40, 342, 343, 349, 357,
358, 362-75
Milkweeds, 313
Mimic shiner, 324
miniatus, Lepomis, 325
Minnow

bluntnose, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357
bullhead, 324
fathead, 324
pugnose, 324

silverjaw, 322, 347, 352, 354
silvery, 322
suckermouth, 324, 350
Minytrema melanops, 322, 328, 330, 332, 333,

363
mirabilis, Phenacobius, 324, 328, 335. 336, 338,

344, 353, 368
mississippiensis, Roccus, 325, 327, 330
miurus, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370
miurus, Schilbeodes, 324
Mosquitofish, western, 325
Moxostoma

anisurum, 322, 329, 332, 336, 343
aureolum, 322
breviceps, 311
carinatum, 320
duquesnei, 311

erythrurum, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345, 364
macrolepidotum, 322, 328, 330, 332, 336, 343,
364
Mud darter, 326

380

Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

N
natalis, Ameiunis, 324
Tidtalis. litalunis. 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 344,

345, 346, 369
nebulosus, Icialurus, 324, 327, 330
n'ujrr, Ictiohiis. 322, 329, 330, 333
ni(/ri( cms, Catnstomus, 321
mgrhans. Hypnitrliiiin. 321, 328, 331, 332, 333,

336, 338, 343, 345, 363
nigromaculatus, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 332
tiKirum, Bolrosoma, 326
n'u/nim, Etiieostoma, 326, 328. 329, 336, 345,

374
noctiintus. A'otunis, 324, 327, 330
Northern hog sucker, 321
Northern redhorse, 322
notatus. Fundulns. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345,

370
notatus, Pimiphtih's, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336,

343, 368
Notemit/nnus crysoleitcas, 323, 327, 328, 336,

338, 344, 365
Nntrn[>is

amnis. 323, 329, 330, 333, 354

/ithcrinoidcs, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332

atripes. 323

atrocaiidalis, 323

blcnnius, 323, 324, 329

hoops, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333

cayuga, 323

chrysoccphalus, 323, 328, 332, 333, 33 5, 338,

339, 343, 345, 358, 366
cornutus, 323
cyanoceplialtts, 323
deliciosus, 323

dors/ills, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337,

338, 343, 358, 366
gilherti, 323

'//etrrolrpis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333
liypsisomatus, 323
Ulcichrosns, 323
lutrensis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336,

343, 366
nihellus, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336, 343, 366
spiloptcrus. 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367
spUoptnus X liypsisomatus, 323
stramineus, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367
umhralUis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 338,

343, 345, 367
voluccllus, 324, 329
luhipplei, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367
nv/iipplii, 323, 324, 329
Noturus

exilis, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333

fla-vus. 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 344,

369
gyrinus, 324, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370
m'turus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370
nocturnus, 324, 327, 330
nuchalis, Uybognatlius, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343,

346, 365
Nuphar ad-vejia, 313

oblongus, Erimyzon, 321, 327, 328, 335, 336,

338, 343, 345, 358, 363
olivaris, Leptops, 324

olivaris, Pylodictis. 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344
Opsoparodus mrgalops, 328
Opsopoeodus emiliae, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333

Orangespotted siinfish, 325, 357
Orangethroat darter, 326
ossrus, Lcpisostrus, 321, 330
Oxbow(s), 311, 317

Pallid shiner, 323

pallidas, Lepomis, 325

pcllucida, Ammoaypta, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373

Percina

caprodrs, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375

laprodrs X scmifasciata, 327

maculata, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375

phoxoccphala, 127, 329, 336, 345, 375

sciera, 111, 330

semijasciata. 111
prrspicuus, Pimcplialrs, 324
Phcnacohius mirabilis, 324, 328, 335, 336, 338,

344, 358, 368
Phinney Branch, 349, 352, 356, 359
phoxocephala, Percina, 111, 329, 336, 345, 375
phoxoceplialus, Uadropterus, 'ill
Phyla lauK'olata, 313
Pickerel, grass, 321, 347, 350
Pimepliales

notatus, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 343, 368

perspicuus, llA-

promclas, 324, 328, 336, 343, 363

figilax, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333
Pirateperch, 325
Plankton (blooms), 354
Polluted waters, chemistry of, 353 ; see also

Water chemistry, Pollution (pollutants)
Pollution (pollutants) ; see also \^'ater chem-
istry', Water (stream) enrichment, Sewage,
Fish distribution (occurrence), Fish abun-
dance (weights, numbers)

areas of chronic, 348, 353, 359

chemical, 346, 348

definition of, 346

domestic, 312, 346, 348, 352

fish tolerant of, 331, 351, 354-5

industrial, 312, 347, 348, 350, 352

organic, 346

types of, 346-8, 359
Pomoxis

annularis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373

nigromaculatus, 326, 329, 332

sparoides, 326
Pond(s), 317, 328, 356, 357, 359
Potamogeton

foliosus, 313

spp., 313
Precipitation, 307, 310, 317
promelas, Pimepliales, 324, 328, 336, 343, 368
Pugnose minnow, 324
pullum, Campostoma, 322
punctatus, Ictalurus, 324, 328, 344, 369
punctatus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333
punctulatus, Micropterus, 326, 327, 329, 336,

344, 346, 372
Pylodictis olivaris, 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344

Quillback, 347, 352, 357
Quillback carpsucker, 321

Ragweeds, 313
Rainbow darter, 326

March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County

381

Red shiner, 323

Redear sunfish, 325, 357

Redfin shiner, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354

Redhorse, golden, 322, 347, 350

Redhorse, northern, 322

Redhorse, silver, 322

Roccus mississippiensis, 325, 327, 330

Rock bass, 325

Rorippa islandica, 313

Rose mallow, 313

rostrata, Angttilla, 325, 329

Rosyface shiner, 323

ruhellus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336,

343. 366
Rumex altissimus, 313

rupcstris, Ambloplites, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336,

344, 346, 371

Salix interior, 313

salmoidcs, Microptcnts, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344,

373
Salt Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300, 301,
305, 306, 308-10, 311, 312, 313, 317, 320,
321-7, 334-5, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345,
348, 349, 350, 351-2, 353, 354. 356, 357, 358.
359, 362-75
Sand darter, eastern, 326
Sand shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354
Sangamon River, frontis., 300, 301, 302, 303,
305, 306, 308-10, 312, 316, 317, 318, 320,
321-7, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343,
344, 345, 349, 352, 353. 356. 357, 358, 359,
362-75
sayanus, Aphredoderus, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345,

371
Scliilbcodes
exilis, 324
gyrinus, 324
miiiriis, 324
sciera, Percina, 121 , 330
Sedges, 313

srmifasdata, Percina, 327
Semotilus atromaculatus, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331,

332, 335, 344, 345, 368
Sewage, 306, 348, 352-3, 355-6; see also Pollu-
tion (pollutants)
Shad, gizzard, 321, 337, 357
Shiner

bigeye, 323
bigmouth, 323
blacknose, 323

common, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354
emerald. 323
golden, 323, 347, 354. 357
mimic, 324
pallid, 323
red, 323

redfin, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354
rosyface, 323
sand, 323, 347, 352, 354
spotfin, 323, 347, 352, 354
steelcolor, 324
Shrubs, 315

sicculus, Labidesthes, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370
Silver chub, 322
Silver maple, 313
Silver redhorse, 322
Silverjaw minnow. 322, 347, 352, 354
Silverside, brook, 325, 350

Silvery minnow, 322

Slender madtom, 324

Slenderhead darter, 327

Slough darter. 326

Smallmouth bass. 326

Smallmouth buffalo, 322

Soil erosion, 308

Soil (soil types, soil materials), 306, 313, 355.

359
sparoides, Pomoxis, 326
Spartina pectin ata, 313
Speckled chub, 322
spectabile, Etheostoma, 326. 328, 329, 335, 345,

374
spilopterus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 33 5, 343,

345, 367
spilopterus X hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323
Spoon River, 312, 313, 355
Spotfin shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354
Spotted bass, 326
Spotted sucker, 322. 350
Spotted sunfish. 325
Steelcolor shiner, 324
Stizostedion canadense, 320
Stonecat, 324

StoneroUer, 322. 347. 352, 354
storeriana, Hybopsis, 322. 328, 329
stramineiis, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343,

345, 367
Stream discharge; see Water (stream) dis-
charge
Stream drainages; see names of streams.

Drainage systems
Stream gradient, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317
Stream (habitat) succession, 344—6
Stream habitats

changes in, 317, 320, 333, 335, 358

classification and types of, 313-7, 358

ecological characteristics, 311-20

fish characteristic of various, 314, 335-7, 358

measurements of, 304, 336
Stream size

expressed by size of drainage area, 345, 346

in relation to fish distribution, 340-6

in relation to fish size, 342, 3 58-9

in relation to fish weight (fish flesh), 342,
358-9

in relation to number of fish, 342. 358-9

in relation to number of fish species, 341-2,
35S-9
Stream water, chemistry of; see Water chem-
istry
sucetta, Erimyzon, 321
Sucker

northern hog, 321

spotted, 322, 350

white, 321, 347, 352, 354
Suckermouth minnow, 324, 350
Sunfish

Carman's, 325

green, 325. 347. 354. 357

longear. 325. 347

orangespotted, 325, 357

redear, 325, 357

spotted, 325
Svcamore, 313

Tadpole madtom, 324, 350
tergisus, Hiodon, 321

382

Illinois Natural History Survev Bulletin

Vol. 28, Art. 2

Topminnow, blackstripe, 325, 352, 354
Turbidity, 304, 312. 313, 317, 336

umbratilis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332,

336, 338. 343, 345, 367
Urbanization. 308, 357; see also Human popu-
lation
tints, htiohns, 322

Vegetation ; see also specific names

aquatic (stream). 304, 313. 315. 317, 320, 336,

358
bank, 304, 312, 313, 336
overhanging, 304, 313, 317, 320, 358

^'clifer. Carplodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362

vcrmkulatus, Esox, 321

vigtlax, Cliola, 324

vigilax, Pimephales, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333

^'olucellus, Notropis, 324, 329

VVarmouth, 325, 3 57

Water chemistry, 312, 353, 355; see also Pollu-
tion (pollutants) and Polluted waters,
chemistry of

Water levels. 304, 307, 308, 311, 317, 328, 354

Water (stream) discharge, 308-10; see also
Water (stream) flow (volume)

Water (stream) enrichment, 355-6, 359; see
also Pollution (pollutants), Water chem-
istry. Sewage

Water (stream) fertility, 355, 359; see also
Water (stream) enrichment. Soil (soil
types, soil materials)

Water (stream) How (volume), 315, 317, 348,
3 58; see also Water (stream) discharge

Water temperature, 312, 317, 346, 353, 354

Water turbidity; see Turbidity

Water velocity (current), 304, 312, 314, 317,
320, 336, 337

Water willow, 313

Weather, 307

West Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Ver-
milion River), 309, 310, 312-3, 345-51, 353,
354, 359

Western mosquitofish, 325

ivhipplei, Notropis, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367

ic/iipplii, Notropis, 323. 324, 329

White crappie, 326, 357

White sucker, 321, 347, 352, 354

Willows, 313

Yellow bass. 325, 3 57

Yellow bullhead, 324, 347, 357

zonale, Etheostoma, 327, 329, 336, 345, 374

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