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ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/fisnesotnorthernOOryde

Ze [UGS CURLEN CES CONTRIBUTION, 68

RA RA ioe OW BN) SOOT T
AND B.03) CROSSMAN

Fishes of Northern Ontario,
North of the Albany River

Pe Mooi Ams OM sb UM = UNIVERSITY. OF ‘TORONTO

ROM

Contribution No. 60
LIFE SCIENCES
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

ne As RY DER
Wee, o©COTT, AND

E. 3. crossMAN Fishes of Northern Ontario,
North of the Albany River

R. A. RYDER is a member of the Research Branch, Ontario Department of
Lands & Forests.

W. B. SCOTT AND E. J. CROSSMAN are Curator and Associate Curator respec-
tively of the Department of Ichthyology & Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum,
University of Toronto.

Akimiski Island, lying 14 miles to the east of Attawapiskat, is under the juris-
diction of the Northwest Territories. It has been included in this study because
we are unaware of any previously published accounts of its fishes.

This paper is Contribution No. 64—9 of the Ontario Department of Lands and
Forests, Research Branch, Maple, Ontario.

PRICE: 75 cents per copy
© The Governors of the University of Toronto, 1964

PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

INTRODUCTION

Fish collections made in the Patricia Portion of the Kenora District in
northern Ontario since 1955 have included many species not previously
recorded from the region, and vastly increased the known range of other
species already documented by Dymond and Scott (1941), and Radforth
(1944). With the gradual accumulation of these records, it seemed desir-
able at this point to fill in the gaps in the published distribution of fishes for
northern Ontario and bring together all previously published records with
those which have accumulated since 1944. The works of Melvill, Lower
and Comeau (1915), while providing an interesting account of the fisheries
in and around Hudson and James Bays in 1914, contain nomenclatural
difficulties with some fish species. Furthermore, it was not always made
clear in their surveys when fish were actually collected or when the survey
participants were told by the residents that certain species occurred. Con-
sequently, their distribution records are omitted from this study.

The majority of the new distributional records were collected in con-
junction with the Patricia Inventory Project, a fisheries inventory jointly
financed by the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests and the Indian
Affairs Branch of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration of
Canada. The Patricia Inventory was initiated in 1959 and is still in progress.
The Department of Lands and Forests was responsible for the field work
on this project and emphasized the assessment of the quantitative and
qualitative aspects of the region’s fisheries resources with an economic
potential.

Additional distributional records also were obtained by the Department
of Lands and Forests from the Pacific Salmon Project which was instituted
in 1954 to test the feasibility of the introduction of two species of Oncor-
hynchus into the Hudson and James Bay watersheds. Field parties collected
fish during the summers of 1957 and 1958 at various sites on the Hudson
and James Bay coasts and tributary waters while attempting to determine
the success of the Pacific salmon introductions. All specimens collected on
the Patricia Inventory and Pacific Salmon projects were preserved in 10%
formalin and forwarded to the Royal Ontario Museum, where they were
subsequently identified by one or more of the three co-authors of this paper.

Data from Dymond and Scott (1941) were augmented, to complete
the distributional record of fishes for the Patricia Portion of Ontario. Some
of the records which were included in Radforth (1944), but which were
not supported by specimens, were omitted. A few additional records have
been added to this account from creel census or commercial fisheries data
collected by the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. This was parti-
cularly true in the case of the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum)
which was taken in seine samples only on rare occasions, and for which no
doubt of existence occurs. Additional distributional records for the lake
sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, the lake whitefish, Coregonus
clupeaformis (Mitchill), the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
and the burbot, Lota lota (Linnaeus) were also included on this basis.

9
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Figure 1—Map of northern Ontario showing 25 sites in the Patricia Portion and
Akimiski Island, N.W.T., where fish collections were made. Numbers in
parentheses after the collection site names refer to the collection site
numbers in the annotated lists and on Table 1. Major drainage basins in
the Hudson Bay watershed are delineated with broken lines. The three
watershed diversions are marked at the locations of the actual diversion
channels. The dotted line separates the two principal physiographic regions;
the Precambrian Shield (west) and the Hudson Bay lowlands (east).

DESCRIPTION OF REGIONS

The Patricia Portion of the Kenora District, for the purposes of this paper,
includes that part of Ontario north of and including the Albany River from
its estuary on James Bay to its headwaters, Lake St. Joseph, thence along
the 51°N latitudinal line westward to Manitoba (Figure 1). The western
limit of this region is formed by the Manitoba-Ontario boundary. Hudson
Bay and James Bay form the northern and eastern boundaries. These boun-

4

daries enclose an area of approximately 135,000 square miles, or about
one-third the area of the whole Province.

Included in the fish records for the Patricia Portion of Ontario were
collections made from intermittent streams, tidal pools, and coastal waters
on the west end of Akimiski Island. Akimiski Island lies 14 miles to the
east of the Attawapiskat River estuary, in the judicial District of Keewatin,
Northwest Territories.

The Patricia Portion consists of two principal physiographic regions;
namely, the Precambrian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands with an
areal ratio of 8:7 respectively (Figure 1). The Precambrian Shield pro-
vides a great diversity of aquatic habitat. Most of the lakes in this region
are moderately deep to deep, range in area from extremely small to 238
square miles (Big Trout Lake), and contain a more complex species com-
position than do the Hudson Bay lowland lakes. The greater elevations and
hardrock substrates found on the Precambrian Shield provide for steeper
Stream gradients and more complicated watershed systems. The Pre-
cambrian Shield region consists of many vegetation types and geological
and glacial patterns which are beyond the scope of this paper.

The Hudson Bay lowlands follow the shorelines of Hudson and James
Bays, and are characterized by black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack
(Larix laricina) muskegs, relatively few large shallow lakes, and simple
river systems. Most of the smaller lakes in this formerly submerged region
are shallow bog lakes containing only a few cyprinids, cottids and gastero-
steids. Sutton and Hawley lakes (Figure 1) form an anomalous situation
for this region as they are both relatively deep. Perhaps these two lakes
should not be considered as true Hudson Bay lowland lakes as they lie
across a local metamorphic intrusion.

More detail pertaining to the geology, meteorology and vegetation of
the Precambrian Shield and the Hudson Bay lowlands is documented by
Coleman (1922); Coombs (1954); Hills (1960); Hustich (1957); Rowe
(1959) and Thornthwaite (1948).

MEDHODS OF COLLECTION

Most of the collections for the present study were taken in seines of 14 inch
mesh, 4 feet deep and 10 or 25 feet in length. Additional collections were
made in experimental nylon gill nets of graded mesh sizes from 114 inches
(stretched measure) to 5 inches at \% inch intervals. Gill nets ranged from
50 feet to 400 feet in length for each mesh size and measured 5 feet in
depth. As the fish faunal surveys of the Pacific Salmon Project and Patricia
Inventory were incidental to the major projects, they will be evaluated only
from the qualitative aspect of providing additional distributional records,
and the quantitative aspects will not be considered except as they demon-
strate a relative abundance of species in the more intensively sampled lakes.

Twenty-five collection sites were established, including those surveys
carried out by the Royal Ontario Museum between 1938-1942. Several to
many stations representing different ecotypes were sampled at each collec-
tion site. While the degree of intensity of the sampling was not the same at

7

each collection site, the following sites (Figure 1) were sampled intensively:
Attawapiskat Lake, Attawapiskat River, Big Trout Lake, Bug River, Deer
Lake, Finger Lake, Hawley Lake, Lake St. Joseph, North Caribou Lake,
Sandy Lake, Severn River, Sutton Lake and Wunnummin Lake. The
remainder of the collection sites were sampled less intensively or only
sporadically, and the degree of completeness of the collections should be
judged accordingly.

The lakes which were more intensively sampled had collections from
various ecological niches. The coastal streams were sampled from the
intertidal zone to a maximum of about 15 miles upstream.

WATERSHED DIVERSIONS

Two artificial diversions (Figure 1) of the Albany River watershed have
diverted waters formerly entering James Bay at Fort Albany into the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed via Lake Superior. These two diversions are
commonly referred to as the Long Lake and Ogoki diversions and were
established in order to obtain a larger flow of water for pulpwood drives
and hydro power on the Aguasabon and Nipigon Rivers. A third diversion
of the Albany River watershed diverts water from Lake St. Joseph, at the
headwaters of the Albany River, into Lac Seul which drains into the Nelson
River watershed and eventually Hudson Bay. This diversion was con-
structed primarily for the generation of hydro power.

Any changes in fish fauna resulting from these diversions would have
to occur in the Lake Superior and Nelson River watersheds, as physical
barriers (dams) prevent the passage of fishes in the reverse direction. In
the Ogoki Diversion, only those waters upstream from Mojikit Lake on the
Ogoki River watershed could contribute species new to the Lake Superior
watershed. The lower portion of the Ogoki River, from Mojikit Lake to
its effluence into the Albany River, has been blocked off by a dam, thus
preventing passage of fishes from the Albany River to Lake Superior.

The Long Lake Diversion system is much simpler. The only major
change here was in diverting the waters of Long Lake into Lake Superior
instead of their normal route to the Albany River. Fishes formerly occur-
ing in Long Lake now have access to Lake Superior via the diversion
channel from Long Lake to the Aguasabon River and thence downstream
to Lake Superior.

Passage of fishes from the Albany River watershed to the Nelson River
watershed would include only those species present in Lake St. Joseph at
the time of the diversion. The faunal exchange would of necessity be
unidirectional, from Lake St. Joseph to Lac Seul, because of physical
barriers preventing access of fishes to Lake St. Joseph from Lac Seul. It is
unlikely that passage of fish from the Albany River watershed to the Nelson
River watershed would enrich the fauna of the latter watershed, except
perhaps locally. All fish species recorded from the Albany River watershed
(Table 1) are known to occur in the Nelson River watershed (Hinks, 1943;
Keleher and Kooyman, 1957).

6

It is conceivable, however, that at least two species of fishes endemic
to the Albany River could enrich the fauna of Lake Superior, although both
species occur in other of the Great Lakes. The threespine stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, and Percina shumardi (Girard), the river
darter, are both absent from Lake Superior although the former species
occurs in Lake Ontario, and the latter species in southern Lake Michigan
and western Lake Erie (Hubbs and Lagler, 1958). Neither of these species
has been reported from Lake Superior to date, even though the Longlac
Diversion has been operating since 1938 and the Ogoki Diversion since
1943.

The fallfish, Semotilus corporalis (Mitchill), has been reported on at
least two occasions from the Moose River watershed in the Hudson Bay
drainage (Melvill, et al., 1915; Dymond, 1947). Allin (1951) suggested
that a specimen taken from Cedar Creek (Lake Superior drainage) gained
access by way of either the Longlac or Ogoki Diversions, or perhaps both.
This would imply that S. corporalis is present in the Albany River water-
shed, although our distribution data do not support this thesis. The fallfish
is a primary division species (as defined by Darlington, 1957) and pre-
sumably is not equipped physiologically to be able to make its way from
the mouth of the Moose River to the mouth of the Albany River, through
the estuarial waters of James Bay.

Three other primary division species found in the Hudson Bay water-
shed would not have access to the Albany River (unless already present)
and hence could not gain access to Lake Superior at the time of the diver-
sion construction. The mooneye, Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur, has been
recorded from the Nelson and Moose River (doubtful record) watersheds
(Hinks 1943; Dymond, 1937), but has not been found in the major inter-
vening watersheds of Ontario; the Severn, Winisk, Attawapiskat and Albany
drainage systems (Table 1). The goldeye, Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque )
has been recorded from the Nelson (Hinks, 1943), Severn (present study)
and Moose (Dymond and Hart, 1927) watersheds, but not the Albany.
Another primary division species, the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus
grunniens Rafinesque, was recorded from the lower reaches of the Nelson
drainage (Scott and Kooyman, 1952), and the Moose River watershed
(Dymond and Hart, 1927), but is lacking in the Albany and other major
intervening watersheds.

Besides the three-spined stickleback and the river darter, which already
occur in the Albany watershed, only one other species not presently found
in Lake Superior is likely to have access via one of the two diversions from
the Albany. This fish is a peripheral division species (Darlington, 1957),
and consequently is physiologically adapted for travel through the estuarial
waters of Hudson and James Bays. The arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus
(Linnaeus) has been recorded from the Severn and Winisk River water-
sheds in Ontario (Ryder, 1961; present study) and possibly extends its
range even further southward, at least in the estuarial waters of Hudson
and James Bays. However, in order for the arctic char to gain access to
Lake Superior, it would have to have occurred either in Long Lake or
Mojikit Lake and tributary waters at the time of impoundment and diver-

7

sion. This eventuality is very unlikely as Long Lake is about 325 water
miles, and Mojikit Lake 375 water miles from the mouth of the Albany
River. The arctic char does not normally penetrate waters this far inland on
the West Coast of Hudson Bay (See Figure 3 of McPhail, 1961).

In summary, only the three-spined stickleback and the river darter are
likely to gain access to Lake Superior from the Albany River watershed by
way of diversions. Neither species was found by Harkness and Hart (1927)
in Long Lake. It is unlikely that the three-spined stickleback occurs in
either Long Lake or Mojikit Lake and tributaries as it is usually closely
associated with the marine environment (Radforth, 1944). The river darter
possibly occurs at both these sites, but could easily be overlooked because
of difficulties experienced in collecting this species.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES!

Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque

The lake sturgeon ranges widely in North America (Harkness and Dymond,
1961), and appears to be distributed generally throughout the Patricia
region. It is especially abundant in the larger river systems and some of the
medium to large shallow lakes where commercial fisheries exist. This species
is not readily caught with ordinary seines and gill nets, and this possibly
explains why it was not observed at some collection sites. It is likely that
the lake sturgeon is actually absent from the Sutton River watershed, includ-
ing Hawley and Sutton Lakes, as well as the Goose Creek watershed. Small
lake sturgeon were captured in the intertidal region of the Attawapiskat
River, although none were taken in the marine environment proper.

Collection Sites= (15) 2,.3,4,.6,.9; 11, 12, 13.15 NOs ti ahs elo. 20 an

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum )

A total of 513,000 pink salmon eyed-eggs and sac fry was introduced into
Goose Creek, approximately 12 miles east of Fort Severn, in January
1956. Additional fingerling plantings (224,112) took place in the spring
of 1956. A total of 496 fingerlings was taken in fyke nets the following
June during their downstream migration to Hudson Bay. To the best of
our knowledge, no adult pink salmon were ever captured in Hudson Bay
or its tributary waters.

Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)

A total of 425,000 chum salmon eyed eggs was planted in the Winisk River
and its tributary, the Mishamattawa, in January of 1955. An additional
planting of 449,450 fingerlings was introduced into the upper reaches of
the Attawapiskat River in June of the same year. Despite the fact that
field parties were maintained on the Winisk and Attawapiskat Rivers during
the summers of 1957 and 1958 in an attempt to locate possible spawning
runs of chum salmon, no adults were ever captured.

1See Table 1 for tabular arrangement of species by collection site and watershed.
“Location of collection sites shown in Figure 1.

Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus )

The arctic char was first recorded for Ontario waters in 1960 when a large
specimen was taken six miles upstream from the effluence of the Severn
River into Hudson Bay (Ryder, 1961). The present paper will serve to
document the capture of two more specimens both taken by gill nets in the
Winisk River, one in 1961, the other in 1962. The former specimen is now
in the Royal Ontario Museum (Cat. No. 22110). These records extend the
published range of the arctic char another 112 miles southeastward. It is
likely that the arctic char makes only sporadic appearances in the rivers
tributary to Hudson Bay at this latitude as no known spawning runs exist.
The discovery of arctic char even farther south on the west coast of Hudson
and James Bays is a distinct possibility, but requires much more intensive
sampling at various times of the year.

Collection Sites (2) 4, 6.

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

The distribution of brook trout in the Patricias is tied in with the marine
withdrawal of Hudson and James Bays. It is possible that reinvasion of the
area by the brook trout occurred through the marine environment, resulting
in the present distribution which includes all the major streams and deeper
lakes of the Hudson Bay lowlands as well as smaller lakes and suitable
streams on adjacent portions of the Precambrian Shield. The brook trout
occurs upstream on the Severn and its tributary the Fawn, as far as Big
Trout Lake, and in the Winisk River as far as its efluence at Winisk Lake.
This species was not found in the environs of Attawapiskat Lake although
it occurs in the lower reaches of the Attawapiskat River. The brook trout
ascends the Albany River at least to the Fort Hope-Miminiska region.
Brook trout also occur in Ney and Echoing Lakes where the Hayes River
watershed enters Ontario southward from Manitoba. The Nelson River
drainage of the Patricias does not contain brook trout although they are
common in the lower reaches of the Nelson in Manitoba. It is likely that
Lake Winnipeg, because of warm, turbid waters and a great variety of com-
petitive species, serves as an ecological barrier preventing brook trout from
entering the Nelson River watershed of Ontario.

Collection Sitesii( 6), 2.3, 4. 5, 6.7. 8.9.

Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum )

The lake trout is absent from the Hudson Bay lowlands except for the
Sutton-Hawley Lake region, which provides the only deep lakes of the area.
It is generally distributed throughout the Precambrian Shield portion of the
Patricias where the habitat is favourable. The lake trout is one of the major
species entering the commercial fishery of the region where it commands
the highest prices. Lake trout are able to survive in some mesotrophic lakes
at this latitude and are occasionally taken in the Sutton River. Only alter-
nate year spawning occurs in some of the Patricia lakes, possibly because
of the relative infertility of the waters and the shorter growing seasons.
Collection: Sites. (6): 7, 8)9;014, 23, 25.

Coregonus artedii LeSueur

The lake herring is generally distributed throughout the larger lakes of the
area. A dwarf form occurring in Big Trout Lake appears to be properly
assigned to the artedii group. Anadromous lake herring occur in many of
the larger coastal streams and ascend these rivers to spawn in September.
These runs are also recorded by Dymond (1933) for the west coast of
Hudson and James Bays. Insufficient sampling from the estuarial waters of
Hudson and James Bays proper leaves some doubt as to whether this species
is ever very far from the influence of density currents from its spawning
stream. In any event, because of the relatively low salinity of Hudson and
James Bays, they are not to be considered as a true marine habitat in the
waters adjacent to Ontario.

The lake herring is at present, economically unimportant in the
Patricias. Coregonus (Leucichthys) tullibee (Richardson), formerly re-
corded by Dymond and Scott (1941), is now considered to be synonymous
with C. artedii LeSueur.

Collection, Sites (14), 2..3,.5,,7,-8,.9, 11, 12,145 175.195 20, 24.25.

Unidentified coregonids (Leucichthys) were taken from three northern
Ontario lakes. These specimens were left unidentified as to species as they
did not fit the characteristics outlined by Koelz (1929) for Great Lakes
coregonids. As with those species tentatively identified, positive identifica-
tion will depend on the completion of systematic work on the genus in this
region.

Collection: Sites (3:) 1317+ 1S:

Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)

The lake whitefish is common in all the medium to large lakes of the area,
and seems to thrive equally well in shallow or deep lakes at this latitude.
This species provides the greatest tonnage of any species entering the com-
mercial fishery in the Patricias although the price per pound is low for most
lakes because of heavy Triaenophorus crassus infestations. Anadromous
spawning runs occur on some of the larger coastal streams, beginning in late
August and combining with the lake herring spawning runs in September.
As with the lake herring, there is some doubt as to whether the lake white-
fish remains in a marine environment for any length of time or rather stays
within the influence of major tributaries which retain their identity far out
into Hudson and James Bays.

Collection Sites (2:1) 2,.35/4515)6,.7.4 8,9) Wey D2) S a lollog ay, ase
10.20, 23,-24.425.

Coregonus clupeaformis C. artedii

Four specimens of this hybrid combination were taken in the lower reaches
of the Attawapiskat River in 1957. As noted previously, the anadromous
spawning runs of C. artedii and C. clupeaformis overlap in this river. The
majority of the fish apparently spawn immediately below the first major
rapids. It is likely that this hybrid occurs in other areas of the Patricias

10

where the two parent species occur and the spawning seasons coincide or
overlap.
Collection Sites (1) 2.

Coregonus nigripinnis (Gill)

The blackfin cisco was recorded from Attawapiskat Lake by Dymond and
Scott (1941) and by the present study from the same lake as well as Deer
Lake. Until a comprehensive taxonomic study on the coregonids of the
northern inland lakes has been completed, the identifications of C. nig-
ripinnis and C. zenithicus are tentative. It is possible that C. nigripinnis is
merely a deep-water form of C. artedii.

Collection Sites (2) 12, 25.

Coregonus zenithicus (Jordan and Evermann)

Two collection sites were tentatively established for the short jawcisco. As
with the previous species, systematic work is required prior to final classifi-
cation.

Collection Sites (2) 9, 12.

Prosopium cylindraceum (Pallas )

The apparently sporadic distribution of the round whitefish may be ex-
plained in part by the lack of intensive sampling in some lakes, as this
species does not appear to be abundant anywhere in the Patricias or indeed,
throughout its entire range. Its occurrence in the upper reaches of the
Severn and Albany Rivers (Big Trout Lake and Lake St. Joseph), and
apparent absence towards the mouths of these same two rivers, suggest
unfavorable habitat in the latter situations. However, far more intensive
sampling is required to establish adequately the range of this species in the
Patricias, before explanations for its distributional pattern are dependable.
Collection Sites (4) 4, 9, 10, 13.

Mallotus villosus (Miller )

The capelin occurs commonly in Hudson and James Bays and occasionally
becomes stranded in tidal pools. The one specimen included in this study
was taken in a tidal pool on Akimiski Island, Northwest Territories. It is
likely that the capelin might be found in tidal pools anywhere on the low-
lands of Hudson and James Bays in the Patricias.

Collection Sites (1) 1.

Esox lucius Linnaeus

The northern pike is one of the most widely distributed species in the
Patricia Portion of Ontario. It does not frequent saline waters and is thus
a primary species as defined by Darlington (1957); consequently, the
northern pike is separated from Akimiski Island by an ecological barrier,
that is, about 14 miles of saline waters in James Bay. For this reason it may
also be absent from many of the short, simple river systems, arising

Il

on the Hudson Bay lowlands and emptying directly into Hudson or James
Bays. The northern pike is making an increasingly important contribution
to the commercial fisheries production in the region.

Collection Sites: (22) 2; 3; 45/536, 7, 35°9, 710; al 51.201 35 il Sl; ae
iS; 19520; 23, 24525.

Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque )
The goldeye is common to a small number of lakes in the Sandy-Finge:
Lake region next to the Manitoba boundary. Their association with the
sauger, Stizostedion canadense (Smith), and turbid waters is apparent.
Both the goldeye and the sauger reach their peak abundance in the Sandy
Finger Lake region of the Patricias. Mean values for turbidity in Finger an

Sandy Lakes are 21.1 and 16.1 turbidity units respectively. Most of th
Patricia lakes have turbidity values less than 2.0 turbidity units.

The goldeye is absent from other Patricia lakes and does not occui
elsewhere in northern Ontario except in Lake Abitibi (35.0 turbidity units)
on the Quebec boundary, and local populations in tributaries of Lake
Winnipeg reaching into Ontario. The reason for their absence in seemingly
ecologically suitable sites in northwestern Ontario, to which the goldeye has
access, is not clearly understood.
Collection Sites (2) 19, 20.

Catostomus catostomus (Forster)

The longnose sucker seems to be generally distributed throughout the
Patricias, at least in the larger lakes and rivers.
Collection Sites (15). 2;.3,4, 5,657.89, WO; d bed 2 lag 9 20 a

Catostomus commersoni (Lacépéde )

The white sucker is the most widely distributed species in northern Ontario
Apparently it is found in all types of situations with the exception of smal
bog lakes on the Hudson Bay lowlands which probably freeze solid durin
the winter.
Collscnon Sites (23); 2..5; 5.6.07.) o. ot) 11,12, 130M, IS owas
19 20 2 22. 25, 24, 25:

Catostomus spp.

While the two species of Catostomus are widely distributed in the Patricias
their relative abundance in any particular situation varies greatly. The long
nose sucker apparently is absent from Lake St. Joseph, and in othe.
moderately warm, shallow lakes such as Favourable, Finger, Sandy an
Northwind. The white sucker is abundant in all of these waters. The lon
nose sucker probably reaches its peak abundance in Big Trout Lake wher
it outnumbers the white suckers throughout most of the lake, with th
exception of the littoral zone. Only one specimen of longnose sucker wai
captured in Deer Lake, an exceptionally deep lake which forms an early
sharp thermocline, and retains it throughout the summer months. Most o
the other Patricia lakes studied were well mixed during the summer seasor
and where a thermocline was formed, it was generally of short or inte:

12

mittent duration. The favoured habitat of the longnose sucker seems to be
the deeper, oligotrophic lakes lacking strong thermal stratification (Big
Trout), and larger rivers, while the white sucker inhabits chiefly the littoral
zones, in these situations and in the thermally stratified lakes with stable
thermoclines. It is possible that the two species of Catostomus are sympatric.
A species might compete best with a sympatric form in situations where the
habitat is optimal for the former. While the longnose sucker is more
generally found in the deeper lakes, depth itself is not likely to be a factor
governing distribution of the species, except as depth affects temperature
levels and oxygen concentrations.

Moxostoma macrolepidotum (LeSueur )

The northern redhorse is generally distributed throughout the larger lakes
and river systems of northern Ontario, but does not appear to be abundant
in any situation. It is absent from the deeper lakes, such as Big Trout, Deer,
Sutton and Hawley, which have mean depths of 52, 71, 95 and 67 feet
respectively.

Collection sites (13) 2, 3,6, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20.

Chrosomus eos Cope

The northern redbelly dace was recorded only from Goose Creek. As most
of the collections originated from larger lakes and streams, it is likely that
this species is much more widely distributed in favourable habitat situations
than the collections would indicate. It probably occurs in bog situations
throughout the Patricias.

Collection Sites (1) 5.

Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope)

Although the finescale dace was actually collected at only three collection
sites, it probably occurs in suitable habitat situations throughout the
Patricias, as suggested by Dymond and Scott (1941).

Collection Sites (3) 2, 5, 6.

Hybopsis plumbea (Agassiz)

The lake chub is widely distributed throughout northern Ontario lakes and
larger streams. It is difficult to explain its apparent absence in Lake St.
Joseph and in the Winisk River watershed which includes Wunnummin
Lake. Night collecting, which is usually the most successful for this species,
might reveal the presence of the lake chub at collection sites where it has
not yet been recorded. In any event, it is probably more widely distributed
than the number of collection sites from which it was taken would suggest.
Soallecnon sites (12) 2,3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14. 19, 20.25.

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque

The emerald shiner occurs generally in all the larger lakes on the Pre-
cambrian Shield portion of the Patricias, reaching a peak in abundance in
the turbid waters of Sandy and Finger Lakes.

Collection Sites (10) 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 25.

iz

6 HUDSON BAY

Vv
X27)
xO
> i
ee ee
~~ S00 7 |
~Yy JAMES |
Sor 8
“s
ole
\Sap
SS “y
940 SS
Se AKIMIS
10 00 \ |
SN
DB 1
<< 3
ag \
- 1940x 170 5 Bf
S
24 230 8 iad mies \
22 210X fu 14AQ0 NG 2 |
2540 aa =N
“Se
—
12 A0OXx =o
VE
NY RI
pL_®
° LYe)
EEE EE
3 Boax
SI°N
LEGEND:

4 - Notropis atherinoides
O — Notropis heterolepis
D - Notropis hudsonius
X - Notropis volucellus
1-25 - Collection Sites

Figure 2—Map of the Patricia Portion of Ontario and Akimiski Island (N.W.T.)
showing the collection sites (numbers) and Notropis species (symbols)
collected at each site. Northward distribution of the genus Notropis in
Ontario is apparently restricted south of the 60° July isotherm.

Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann and Eigenmann

Dymond and Scott (1941) reported the blacknose shiner as fairly common
in weedy bays of Lake Attawapiskat. Later collections revealed that this
species occurs in lakes in the upper reaches of all four major drainage
systems (Severn, Winisk, Attawapiskat and Albany), but was not common
in any of them.

Collection Sites (4) 10, 11; 12, 13;

Notropis hudsonius (Clinton)

The spottail shiner is the most widely distributed species of Notropis in the
Patricia area, and generally the most common at any particular collection
site.

Collection Stites (13) 9, 10,0, 7, toa a os 1S, 19; 20, 21 ee
Zo.

14

Notropis volucellus (Cope)
The mimic shiner was taken at four collection sites and did not appear to

be common in any of them.
Collection Sites (4) 12, 13, 19, 21.

Notropis spp.

It is interesting to note that the genus Notropis is apparently absent from
the Hudson Bay lowlands, although it appears to be widely distributed in
the larger lakes situated on the Precambrian Shield. None of the four species
of Notropis was collected from the lower reaches of the four major water-
sheds, namely, the Severn, Winisk, Attawapiskat and Albany, nor were
they taken from Hawley and Sutton Lakes, or Goose Creek, all situated on
the Hudson Bay lowlands. While the lake habitat on the Hudson Bay low-
lands is considerably different from those lakes at a similar latitude on the
Precambrian Shield, the habitats provided by the larger rivers originating
on the Precambrian Shield and flowing on to the lowlands are not obviously
different in adjacent regions. The lower portions of the Severn, Winisk,
Attawapiskat and Albany Rivers all appear to be environmentally suitable,
for example, for Notropis atherinoides, and indeed, N. atherinoides has
easy access to each of these sites from the middle regions or headwaters of
these same rivers. The fact that this species has not yet established popula-
tions in the lower portions of these rivers suggests a physiological incom-
patibility with the climate.

The use of the 65° July isotherm to predict the maximum northward
extent of certain fish species has been successfully used in Ontario by
Radforth (1944) and in Manitoba by Keleher (1956). In the present work
a line approximating the 60° July isotherm apparently establishes the
maximum extent of four species of Notropis in Ontario (Figure 2). It should
be noted that no Notropis spp. were collected at any of the eight collection
sites situated on the Hudson Bay lowlands. One or more representatives of
this genus were collected at 15 out of 17 inland collection sites, however.
As most North American cyprinids are all primary species as defined by
Darlington (1957), it seems likely that dispersal of the genus Notropis in
the Patricias was of necessity through fresh waters inland and not by way
of the estuarial waters of Hudson and James Bays.

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque

The fathead minnow was captured in small boggy streams near the lower
reaches of the Severn and Attawapiskat Rivers. Dymond and Scott (1941)
suggest that this species is taken in association with Chrosomus neogaeus
in boggy favourable habits.

Collection Sites (2) 3, 6.

Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes )

The longnose dace is generally distributed throughout the Patricias in the
larger lakes and streams.
Collection Sites-(11) 2, 3,5, 6, 7,9,°10,.11, 12,14, 22.

Y fe

|

Table 1—Distribution of fishes by collection site and major watershed in the Patricia Portio

Collection sites

Akimiski
Island

Albany
River

Attawapiskat

Lake (12)

Attawapiskat -
River

Big Trout
Lake

Bug River
Deer Lake
Favourable

Lake

Finger
Lake

Goose
Creek

Hawley
Lake

Lake St.
Joseph

Magiss
Lake

Nikip
Lake

North Caribou
Lake

Northwind
Lake

Petownikip
Lake

Sakwasso
Lake

Sandy
Lake

Setling Net
Lake

Severn
River

South Trout
Lake

Winisk
River
Wunnummin
Lake

(4)

(11)

Watersheds
ALBANY
WINISK
SEVERN
SUTTON
GOOSE

Acipenser
fulvescens

|

| Oncorhynchus
| gorbuscha

Pc bc Dx |x |

ix

P|

|

| Oncorhynchus
keta

E

E

SSS
Suse
x
xX
x
x
x
| ON
x
Dax
x
x
x
x
x
x

|
|
|

Hiodon
alosoides

x RIS | TX |

SE
= SS lies
sais |silsiiss/3 5/84).
= 8) S2/8'3/85| 88/85/85) 8 8
3S SS/ES SSS elec PSs
HSS §SSS'S/S F[Sse/A SSS
x
x |X
> SE SS 8
xX | X x
le x x
x
Reales
eX
IOS
x |X
| elles
x x
EONS
x
> SS hear
x
x |X
x | X
x
x x
mK BN
lefts ~)
x x
ale
NK | Dal OR x
Taal chee Peheoslice, ||) PAS
xX | X x
| Pes) ZS |e x
Te ee,
xX! X

Catostomus
catostomus

Ix [x [x [x bx [x |

|

Seer |

N otropis

g
3

SSE Selae
SslBsis |sslas
SESS] |SS/35
SsiSsi5 8/5 SS
SMueDe x x
x |x x
<< x
x x
x x
x x
x |
xx x
x x |x

x x
x |x

x |x

Sl Se

SCX x
x

x NSC

eal b:<

x |x x
x

lig < <x
x

x x
x |x
SIILX xx
x 1x x
dale

allie | xX
x x |
x x |x

Additional records from Long Lake (Harkness and Hart, 1927) shown by asterisks,
are included here to make the known distribution of fishes by watershed complete.

snduny |
sniaqdopohy |

snupound
snipound
snjpajnap
$najso0lajsD4)

suDjsuoour
Duyponig

s1usonripond
snyoydavoxoh py

Vand
8njqoy

snjouboa
§njjo)
YpLvDg
snjjog

wnasne
worpaysozus

Ontario and Akimiski Island, N.W.T. Legend: X = species collected; E = introduced.

|

asuappuDa
uoupaysozyy
upspunys
DUIILa

ZT | PPIX WS EX

sapoldpa
DUIDLI T

suaosarpyf
p90
wnibu
DULOISOaYIT
ajira
DULOISOAYIT
S14jsadns
sajujdojquy
snofipuossvwo
$1sd09.laq
40)
007
DsDb1DUL |
Snpyjowmay |

| SEX ON GIG DG OX

PGS || eX

x |X

IDJIDLDILI
shypyoruyy

spjauoud
sajpydawi J

x

DS Mh eek

x | X

snqjaonjou
$140.40 A)

sniuospny
$1d0.140

erdanniaiay |

Salle

>.
ee
x1 x] x] x]
x} ft |
<x} x [|
| xix]
aad ad
x1] <1]
[x1 x] x] x]
xb] x Px]
P<] xp]
xx] |]
x1] x1]
x1] x1]
1x [x] x] x|
ix1x]_ 1]
ras anal
Lx [x] x] x]
x |x] x] |
te oP ee
Lx |x| x]
| Ix} 1x
Ix{x|_ 1X]
[x1 x] x} |
| a) a |

Long Lake was formerly in the Albany River watershed prior to its diversion,

although it is not in the Patricia Portion of Ontario.

Semotilus margarita (Cope)

The pearl dace was not common at any of the three sites at which it was
collected. As in the case of Chrosomus spp. and Pimephales promelas, the
pearl dace is probably widely distributed throughout the area in suitable
habitats. Radforth (1944) suggests a relationship between the distribution
of this species and the 65° July isotherm. The three Patricia collection sites
for S. margarita were Goose Creek (50° July isotherm), Hawley Lake
50°-55° July isotherm), and Big Trout Lake (near the 60° July isotherm).
A collection site for this species in Manitoba (Keleher, 1956) was situated
at approximately the 55° July isotherm. It is apparent then, that the 65°
July isotherm does not relate to the distribution of S. margarita. At the
time of Radforth’s observation, very few fish collections had been made in
the Patricia Portion of Ontario.

Collection Sites (3) 5, 7, 9.

Lota lota (Linnaeus )

The burbot is widely distributed in the larger lakes and river systems of the
Patricias. One notable exception is the Hawley-Sutton Lake watershed, to
which apparently the burbot has not gained access. This species is generally
associated with lake trout and longnose suckers in the deeper portions of
the lacustrine habitat in thermally stratified lakes. In colder lakes such as
Big Trout, the distribution within the lake is more general.

Collection Sites “(16)r2,-334, 6, Oy Ph 2 13s 14-19) 209215 22.3245
22.

Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum )

The trout-perch can be found in all the larger lakes and rivers of the
Patricias. It has never gained access, however, to the Hawley-Sutton Lake
watershed. Trout-perch are often a conspicuous part of the fauna during
night collections (Hubbs and Lagler, 1958), and were possibly missed at
some collection sites where night collections were not made.

Collection Sites. (17) 2;°3;°65°9; 10; D112. Ss 14s, 16517, ss 19:
20, 23, 25.

Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque )

Only one specimen of rock bass was taken in Lake St. Joseph, the head-
waters of the Albany River. This is the northernmost record in Ontario for
this species although they reach a higher latitude in Lake Winnipeg, Mani-
toba. Rock bass are also found in small numbers in Lac Seul, about 35
miles southwest of Lake St. Joseph. It is not known how the rock bass
reached the headwaters of the Albany River as the water connection be-
tween Lac Seul and Lake St. Joseph is impassable to fishes from the former
to the latter lake. It is possible that at some time in the past there was a
connection between the upper reaches of the Nelson River drainage and
the headwaters of the Albany River, through the agency of stream piracy,
or perhaps by glacial action.

The discontinuous distribution of the rock bass in the northern part of
its range (it is missing in all the watersheds between the Nelson and the

18

6 HUDSON BAY

&
40 %
Sy are
an esse JAMES BAY
mas
Ss Z/
~ ‘oOo?
“N
NY, 8
~
Sia ;
"So,
Se
9x ~SBa, AKIMISKI
“N
10x mS ISLAND (N.W.T,)
Ss
N
SS 3x
20A0X Pe NS
19L0X RG WAGE AC
24X 23X 18 16EaX ~~
RUS 14.AX Ne
es wa 4x Ne 2
SS
“
“XN
~
12A400X Vey
lV
4 QQ! VER f
[Pad
Ve
P
° 59° 100
EEE eS)
51°N 430.0% MILES
LEGEND:

A - Stizostedion canadense
O — Percina shumardi
O - Ftheostoma exile
X —Perca flavescens
{1-25 — Collection Sites

Figure 3—Map of the Patricia Portion of Ontario and Akimiski Island (N.W.T.)
showing the collection sites (Numbers) and distribution of four percid
species (symbols). Northward distribution of these four percids is appar-
ently limited by the 60° July isotherm.

Moose with the above-noted exception), suggests a connection between the
two extinct Pleistocene lakes, Lake Agassiz (Nelson drainage) and Lake
Barlow-Ojibway (Moose drainage). The distribution of the freshwater
drum and the goldeye, which are absent from the intervening drainages
between the Nelson and the Moose and the Severn and the Moose respec-
tively, supports this hypothesis.

Collection Site (1) 13.

Etheostoma exile (Girard)

The Iowa darter appears to have a discontinuous range in northern Ontario.
It was taken from only Deer and Attawapiskat Lakes (Figure 3) in the
Patricias and was rare in both these locations.

Collection Sites’ (2) 12, 25.

19

Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque

The Johnny darter is the commonest darter in the Patricias. It is found in
the littoral zones of all the medium to large lakes and in the larger rivers.
Collection Sitess@4?) 12; 356,77, 95, TOT 2213, dao 19.20.2352 5.

Perca flavescens (Mitchill)

The yellow perch is common in most of the Precambrian Shield lakes of
the Patricias. The Attawapiskat River marks the limits of its northward
dispersal in the Hudson Bay lowlands and only one specimen was taken
here in two summers of rather intensive collecting. It is absent entirely from
the Hawley-Sutton Lake watershed, and missing from the lower reaches
(Hudson Bay lowlands portion) of the Winisk and Severn Rivers.

The yellow perch is small and stunted in most Patricia lakes although
it reaches a fair size in the Sandy-Finger Lake Region. This region is rela-
tively warm compared to that on the same latitude lying to the east of
Sandy Lake. Furthermore, Sandy and Finger Lakes are extremely shallow,
and warm up more rapidly than most of the Patricia Lakes. The climate in
this region then, is not so adverse for the yellow perch as in regions lying
to the north and east.

The distribution of the yellow perch and three other percids (as well
as the genus Notropis) was related to the 60° July isotherm (Figure 3).
None of these species was taken north of the 60° July isotherm with the
exception of one yellow perch specimen which was captured at the mouth
of the Attawapiskat River after two summers of intensive collecting. This
specimen was no doubt, a stray from the headwaters of the Attawapiskat
River, where the yellow perch is common (Dymond and Scott, 1941).
Collection Sites:( 17) 3,.9, V0). 11; 12. 13,14. 15, 16, 7, 1s. oe 202
23, 24,20):

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque)

The logperch was absent from some lakes which were intensively sampled,
despite the fact that it seems to have a moderately wide distribution in the
Patricias. Most notable of these were Deer, Hawley, Sutton, and North
Caribou. This species was quite common in some situations.

Collection Sites (9)"3,°6, 9, TOs 1 I is, 7 P20!

Percina shumardi (Girard )

Only four of 25 collection sites produced the river darter (Figure 3), and
two of these (Sandy and Finger Lakes) are contiguous waters. Dymond
and Scott (1941), noted that this species was fairly common in the Drink-
ing Marten River near Attawapiskat Lake. P. shumardi entered later collec-
tions only occasionally. Underhill (1957) places the arrival of the river
darter as Post-Lake Duluth in Minnesota, based on its presence in the Red
River basin (Hudson Bay drainage) and its absence in the Lake Superior
basin.

Collection Sites (4) 12, 13, 19, 20.

20

Stizostedion canadense (Smith)

The sauger does not occur in lakes or lower reaches of the major rivers on
the Hudson Bay lowlands. It is also absent from deep, clear lakes such as
Big Trout and Deer. The sauger reaches its greatest abundance in the
shallow, turbid waters of Sandy and Finger lakes. Its northward distribu-
tion appears to be related to the 60° July isotherm (Figure 3).

Collection Sites (i) vil, 12,03; 4. 05,16, 17, 18,19; 207-22.

Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill)

The walleye is almost universally distributed in the medium to large lakes
of the Patricias and the larger river systems. It is completely absent from
the Sutton River watershed however, and other smaller watersheds originat-
ing on the Hudson Bay Lowlands. It occurs downstream almost to the
estuaries of the Severn, Winisk, Attawapiskat and Albany Rivers, although
it is usually more abundant above the intertidal zones in these rivers,
especially from the first rapids above the intertidal zone. Walleyes taken
near the mouths of the Winisk and Severn Rivers were in poor condition.
Walleyes are occasionally taken in the summer in the process of resorbing
their eggs, an indication perhaps of a less than favorable habitat. In Big
Trout Lake the walleye is restricted to the extremely shallow west end,
and the Bug River tributary. They are taken only rarely around the islands
in the open, limnetic zone of the lake. Probably both cold temperatures
and deep waters in the limnetic zone provide adverse conditions for the
walleye at this latitude.

The walleye is absent from Echoing and Ney Lakes (Figure 1), near
the headwaters of the Hayes River, a fact that might explain the extent of
inland penetration by the brook trout to these lakes.

Savecction,sites,(19) 2, 3,4, 6, 9, 10. tl 12,13, 14, 15, 6, 17,18, 19,
20235, 24, 25.

Stizostedion spp.

There is probably considerable interspecific competition between the wall-
eye and the sauger, and they may be considered as sympatric species. The
Sauger reaches its greatest abundance in turbid waters and is, perhaps,
better able to compete with the walleye under these conditions. Doan
(1941) noted that turbid waters possibly facilitate survival of sauger
spawn. In any event, the affinity demonstrated by saugers for turbid waters
is well documented.

Cottus bairdi Girard

The mottled sculpin is distributed generally throughout the Patricias
although it appears to be absent from the Sutton River watershed. As
cottids are generally difficult species to collect, they may be even more
widely distributed than indicated by their occurrence in the collections.
Systematic work on this species and C. cognatus Richardson, is required
to clearly separate the two species in the Patricia area.

Collection Sitcashlah 3727, 9:10, 11,.12-13.14/15, 27) 19, 20; 25.

Cottus cognatus Richardson

The slimy sculpin is moderately common in the Patricia region. It is appar-
ently absent from many of the shallow lakes and also some deep lakes. As
with the preceeding species, it may be present in some lakes and not ob-
served because of inadequate collection techniques. It occurs in many of
the larger streams flowing into Hudson and James Bays.

Collection SmtesvC! Py 25 8. 5:'63.9, 10, A. ia a7 , sO 22:

Cottus ricei (Nelson)

The spoonhead sculpin was taken in the marine waters of James Bay off
Akimiski Island, and in island tidal pools. It was found in these locations
in association with Gasterosteus aculeatus, Pungitius pungitius and Myoxo-
cephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus). As with C. bairdi and C. cognatus, C.
ricei is probably more common than the collections would indicate. Inland,
fresh water collections of C. ricei were made in the lower reaches of the
Severn and Attawapiskat Rivers, and in Sandy and Deer Lakes. The spoon-
head sculpin was not abundant in any of these latter situations.

Collection Sites-(5))) 13,16,1195°25.

Myoxocephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus )

The fourhorn sculpin was collected at five points along the Hudson and
James Bay coasts in the tributary streams and tidal pools. This species
occurred in the tidal pools of Akimiski Island and James Bay proper.
Upstream migrations of large individuals occurred in the lower reaches of
the Severn, Winisk and Attawapiskat Rivers in September. If this species
(often referred to as M. thompsoni in fresh waters) occurs elsewhere in
the Patricias and occupies a profundal niche as it does in the Great Lakes,
it probably would not be collected except by bottom trawling and this was
not attempted.

Collection: Sites (5); 1,34, 5, 6.

Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland)

The brook stickleback was taken at only five collection sites. This species
thrives however in boggy situations and is possibly widely distributed in
the area.

Collection Sites (5) 2, 3, 6, 11, 14.

Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus

The distribution of the threespine stickleback is limited to the coastal
waters of Hudson and James Bays, the tidal pools of the coast, and the
lower reaches of the influent streams. It penetrates inland at least as far as
Sutton Lake, a distance by water of about 85 miles from Hudson Bay. This
species was also captured in the tidal pools, intermittent streams and the
James Bay coastal waters of Akimiski Island, in association with Pungitius
pungitius (Linnaeus).

Collection: Sites. (3) 215 2. *3-4/-.8:

22

Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus )

The ninespine stickleback is the most widely distributed gasterosteid in the
Patricias. It is exceeded in numbers only by the threespine stickleback in
estuarial waters, tidal pools and on the Hudson Bay lowlands where the
ninespine stickleback is also common. The latter species occurs also in the
coastal waters, tidal pools and intermittent streams of Akimiski Island. The
ninespine stickleback is a major forage fish in many of the larger inland
lakes where it reaches its peak abundance.

Walters (1955) postulates two glacial refugia for P. pungitius, the
Bering refugium and the Mississippi refugium. Recent work on the mor-
phology of P. pungitius (McPhail, 1963), supports this theory. Dispersal
of the ninespine stickleback apparently occurred through marine waters,
and the form occurring on the Hudson Bay lowlands, the tidal pools and
estuaries in Hudson and James Bays originated from the Bering refugium
according to McPhail (1963). The inland form of P. pungitius dispersed
from the Mississippi refugium throughout the extinct Pleistocene lakes
(Lake Agassiz and Lake Barlow-Ojibway) or through headwater captures
reached the Precambrian Shield portion of the Patricias.

Collection sites’ 4) 15 255356, 75.0, 9ai10) Il 12 ta 919) 20°25:

Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus

The first lumpfish from Ontario waters, and possibly the first from fresh-
water, was captured in the Winisk River by Alpheus Gull while lifting gill
nets on July 15, 1964. This specimen was a mature male, measuring 127
mm. (standard length) and 161 mm. total length. It was captured in fresh
water, 2 miles downstream from the townsite of Weenusk (figure 1), an
unusual habitat for this marine species. The lumpfish normally occupies
rocky bottom of full sea water where it attaches itself to stones by means
of its modified pelvic fins which assume the form of a sucker-like disc.
Often it floats among masses of aquatic vegetation. This freshwater locality,
virtually devoid of large stones or aquatic vegetation, seems to provide
atypical ecological conditions for an adult lumpfish.

The specimen was kindly donated to the Royal Ontario Museum (Acces-
sion No. 971) by Mr. H. G. Lumsden who also provided the information
pertaining to its capture.

DISCUSSION

The present work increases the total species recorded for the Patricia Por-
tion of Ontario from 33 (Dymond and Scott 1941) to 43, plus 1 hybrid
and 2 exotics. The ranges of many of these species are extended consider-
ably from those previously published.

The Patricias provide a rigorous climate for most fishes, and many
species reach their northern limit of distribution within this region. The
Patricias lie between the 50° and 65° July isotherms (Thomas, 1953), and
a small portion of the Hudson Bay coastline, between Weenusk and Cape
Henrietta Maria, at the junction of Hudson and James Bays, lies north of
the 50° July isotherm and has a subarctic climate.

2a

GY
\N $7

LEGEND:

The salinity concentrations in Hudson and James Bays are not of the
same magnitude as those in the Atlantic Ocean, and rather than having a
true marine habitat, Hudson and James Bays should more properly be
likened to a giant estuary. Movements of freshwater fishes about the open
waters of Hudson and James Bays are little known, and on the basis of our
present knowledge, it appears that most species remain within the individual
river estuaries or move along the shoreline in the littoral region of the bays.
Two brook trout tagged in the Sutton River by the Ontario Department of
Lands and Forests, were later recovered in the Winisk River, a minimal
distance of 55 miles travelled through Hudson Bay. Even in this case it is
not known if the tagged trout ever left the estuarial influences of either the
Sutton or Winisk Rivers for any length of time. Peripheral species, as
defined by Darlington (1957), possibly travel freely about the littoral

:

ge
oy; <= —SS= —_
Bp —— aN

Ss SS
A = =

Y YY
H Y ‘Ake 4 AAD i,
U4 Yj 4

Oo
—_
°o
°

Approximate Limits of Extinct Pleistocene Lakes
Approximate Limits of Marine Submergence

24

Figure 4—Map of northern Ontario showing major watershed systems and their
points of origin. Regions of past submergence (marine or freshwater) are
delineated by broken lines. (From Geological Association of Canada,
1958. In part)

ISLAND

region of the bays in the summer season, but almost certainly remain
within the influences of the river estuaries or their density currents, to avoid
the severe winter temperatures in Hudson and James Bays as recorded by
Hachey (1954). Besides the brook trout, other peripheral species that
might occur both in Hudson and James Bays and their tributary streams
in the Patricias are: lake sturgeon, arctic char, lake herring, lake whitefish,
round whitefish, burbot, mottled sculpin, slimy sculpin, spoonhead sculpin,
fourhorn sculpin, threespine stickleback and ninespine stickleback.

Eleven species of fish reach their northern distribution limits for Ontario
in the Patricias. Mean air temperatures as expressed by isotherms are more
important in describing northern limits of distribution than are lines of lati-
tude. In Canada, most July isotherms reach their lowest latitude in Ontario.
Consequently, fish species do not normally reach their highest latitude of
distribution in that province. Besides the eight species of fishes previously
described, limited by temperature in their northward distribution (Figures
2 and 3), the goldeye, fathead minnow, and rock bass also appear to reach
their threshold of survival in the Patricias possibly because of low mean
temperatures.

While there are certain objections to the use of isotherms in interpreting
the distribution of fishes (Underhill, 1957), they provide nevertheless, the
best general basis for explaining the maximum penetration of species reach-
ing their northernmost range in Ontario. Until the actual physiological
limitations of a species are known, the mean July isotherm furnishes a
convenient index for a complex of limiting factors.

Darlington (1957) redefined Myers (1938) classification of fishes
according to their ability to tolerate salt water. Briefly this classification is:
(1) primary division species—fishes strictly confined to fresh water, (2)
secondary division species—fishes having a little salt tolerance but living
in fresh water; (3) peripheral division species—fishes occuring in fresh
water but having much salt tolerance. Knowing Darlington’s classification,
as well as the present distribution of fishes, enables one to postulate on the
origin of different fish species and their mode of dispersal.

Of the peripheral division fishes, the following species probably radiated
both through the low salinity waters of Hudson and James Bays, as well as
through the extinct Pleistocene Lakes (Lake Agassiz and Lake Barlow-
Ojibway): lake sturgeon, lake herring, lake whitefish, round whitefish,
burbot, all the cottids (with the possible exception of the deepwater
sculpin), and the ninespine stickleback (McPhail, 1963). Unfortunately,
the northern boundaries of extinct Lakes Agassiz and Barlow-Ojibway
(Figure 4) are not yet clearly defined in the Patricias, and more detailed
information on dispersal through these former large bodies of water would
be highly speculative. Other species of peripheral division fishes apparently
were restricted primarily to a marine dispersal pattern in the Patricias,
occurring for the most part in Hudson and James Bays, or in tributaries
readily accessible to the marine environment. These species depending on
marine dispersal routes are: arctic char, brook trout, and threespine stickle-
back. Two other species belonging to peripheral division families (fivespine
stickleback and lake trout), have no affinity for saline waters, and were

as

likely dispersed through the extinct Pleistocene lakes, although the latter
species has been known to enter the sea (Rounsefell, 1958).

No secondary division fishes are found in the Patricias. The following
primary division fishes dispersed through extinct Pleistocene lakes from
their various glacial refugia: northern pike, goldeye, all the catostomids
and cyprinids, trout-perch, rock bass and all the percids. More accurate
delineation of the boundaries of the Extinct Pleistocene lakes, and a deter-
mination of which Pleistocene lakes were contemporaneous with one
another, would help in explaining the apparent discontinuous distribution
in northern Ontario and Manitoba, of such species as the goldeye, rock
bass, river darter and freshwater drum.

The limited amount of sampling on Akimiski Island produced only four
peripheral division species and one marine species (capelin) of fishes. The
four peripheral division species, (threespine stickleback, ninespine stickle-
back, spoonhead sculpin, and fourhern sculpin), were captured in inter-
mittent freshwater streams, saltwater tidal pools, and James Bay proper
around Akimiski Island, with the exception of the fourhorn sculpin which
was not taken in the freshwater habitat on the island. The capture of only
peripheral and marine species on Akimiski Island suggest a marine rather
than deltic or glacial origin for this island.

The four major river systems of the Patricias, the Severn, Winisk,
Attawapiskat and Albany, were all sampled at both their headwaters on
the Precambrian Shield and at their mouths on Hudson and James Bays.
The Severn and Attawapiskat Rivers were rather intensively sampled,
particularly in their lower reaches. Assuming equal intensity of sampling
for the four major watersheds, we might expect to collect more species from
the Severn and Albany River systems, both of which have at least part of
their headwaters situated on extinct glacial lake beds (Figure 4). The
Winisk and Attawapiskat River systems appear to miss the extinct Pleisto-
cene lake beds and consequently, were not as accessible to as many fish
species. More species were collected from the Severn (37) and Albany
(34) drainages than from the Attawapiskat (33) and Winisk (26) (Table
1), despite the fact that the Attawapiskat system was possibly the most
intensively fished. When contrasting the two intensively fished drainages,
(Severn and Attawapiskat, the former with accessibility to extinct Pleisto-
cene lakes), a difference of four species is shown (Table 1). The Albany
(extinct Pleistocene lake accessibility) can be similarly contrasted with the
Winisk drainage basin, both these systems being less intensively fished. A
difference of eight species exists between the Winisk drainage (26 species )
and the Albany drainage (34 species) although at least part of this differ-
ence is due to the lack of concentrated fishing effort in the Winisk drainage.
Consequently, it appears that the watersheds which had access to the
extinct Pleistocene lakes (Figure 4) have a more complex species composi-
tion than those which were unaccessible. The likelihood of this speculation
depends on more intensive sampling at the mouths of the Winisk and
Albany Rivers and the intermediate sections of all the watersheds between
their headwaters and mouths. Most species of fishes not yet recorded from
the mouth of the Winisk River, but expected to occur there, are small

26

species. More intensive seining is indicated then, in this area. Accurate
delineation of the extinct Pleistocene lakes would also enable dispersal
routes to be plotted more definitely. Aside from the differences in species
composition due to the previous existence of Pleistocene lakes, we should
expect the four major watersheds to have a large number of species in

Table 2—Number of species (in parentheses) found in each of the four major water-
sheds, and number of species common to any two watersheds.

Albany A ttawapiskat Winisk Severn
Albany (34) 30 24 31
Attawapiskat 30 G3) 24 32
Winisk 24 24 (26) 25
Severn 31 52 Pig G7)

Mean No. Species—32.5
Mean No. Species in Common to 4 Watersheds—27.7

common. The four watersheds had a mean number of species of 32.5
(Table 2), and a mean number of species in common between watersheds
of 27.7. Hence, there appear to be no great differences in the species com-
position of the major watersheds.

The Sutton River and Goose Creek watersheds are both short and
simple, arising out of the Hudson Bay lowlands (Figure 4), and flowing
more or less straight to Hudson Bay. Both streams appear to have
a depauperate fish fauna (14 and 12 species respectively). The Sutton
watershed was intensively sampled; in Goose Creek very little seining was
accomplished although gill nets were fished frequently. Many species,
almost universally distributed elsewhere in the Patricias, were apparently
absent from these two watersheds. The lake sturgeon, redhorse sucker, lake
emerald shiner, spottail shiner, burbot, trout-perch, yellow perch, logperch,
sauger, and walleye in particular were common species elsewhere in the
Patricias, but were not collected in these watersheds.

While there have been many fishery investigations in the Patricias in
the last ten years, only relatively few selected sites have been sampled
intensively. The vastness of the area and its inaccessibility, preclude the
possibility of intensive faunal sampling in the near future. The sites pre-
sently sampled with a fair degree of intensity are, however, scattered among
all the major watersheds of the region, and probably represent the distribu-
tion patterns in the remainder of the Patricias.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of this study was dependent to a large extent on the collections
made by student biologists employed on the Patricia Inventory Studies by
the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests for the period from 1959 to
1962. Supplementary collections from the Pacific Salmon Project (1955-
1958) were provided by the same agency. We are extremely grateful to the
innumerable residents of the Patricia Portion of Ontario who assisted in
our work or contributed additions to the collections.

The following people critically appraised the manuscript making many
valuable suggestions in the process: Dr. W. E. Swinton, Director of the
Royal Ontario Museum, Dr. J. R. Dymond, Dr. D. P. Fowler, R. Hepburn
and K. H. Loftus, all of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests.

Mr. G. C. Armstrong of the same organization provided data on the
introduction of the Pacific salmon species into the Hudson Bay watershed.

Peter Buerschaper and Kenneth Zurosky of the Royal Ontario Museum
prepared the field collections for later identification in the laboratory.

28

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29

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30

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