NRLF
B M 315 117
IWRART
THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIFT OF
MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDECEE,
1906
i
0
FLORA OF LOS ANGELES
AND VICINITY
BY
LE ROY ABRAMS, A. M.
INSTRUCTOR IN BOTANY IN LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
APRIL 5, 1904
A' 3 7
Copyright, 1904, by LEROY ABRAMS
STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
PREFACE.
As a student of the flora of southern California, the
author has long felt the need of some one book contain-
ing descriptions of those plants known to occur in our
region. While it is essential that one doing critical
work should laboriously search through scattered liter-
ature, the average student, and especially the novice,
will find such a course impossible. In an endeavor to
supply this need, the author has written this book. Not
that he feels that the flora is so well known that such a
work will prove adequate for years to come, but rather
to bring together what knowledge now exists concerning
the systematic side of our most interesting plant life.
That many mistakes must unavoidably occur, and that
many plants are yet to be added, is clearly apprehended.
The exact area included in this volume is the coast
slope of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. This terri-
tory comprises a large portion of the great southern
California valley, as well as the following mountain
ranges, in each of which we name the culminating point :
Sierra Santa Monica (Castro Peak 3946 ft.), Sierra San
Fernando (San Fernando Peak 3793 ft.), Sierra San
Gabriel (Mt. Gleason 6493 ft., San Gabriel Peak 6172 ft.,
Mt. San Antonio 10080 ft.), Sierra Santa Ana (Santiago
Peak 5675 ft.). Not a few of the more conspicuous and
common plants of southern California not known to
occur within our boundaries are included, however, so
that the student will find that a great majority of the
1477?:
iv Preface
plants to be met with on the coast slope south of Point
Conception are described.
In the preparation of the text the author has made
frequent use of published descriptions, especially original
ones, only such changes being made as seemed necessary
either on account of uniformity or to bring out unob-
served characters. Published lists of our local flora
have also been constantly consulted, but it is only jus-
tice to the author to say that he has personally collected
nearly all the plants included in this work and has
added many species not heretofore reported from our
region. Duplicates of these specimens, as well as many
.others from southern California, are to be found in the
Leland Stanford Jr. University Herbarium.
The author wishes to express his thanks to the follow-
ing persons for assistance in various ways: Mr. S. B.
Parish, Dr. A. Davidson and Dr. H. E. Hasse for valuable
notes; M*s$ Alice Eastwood for the privilege of examin-
ing the niaterial in the California Academy of Sciences
Herbarium 5 J)r. N. L. Britton, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr.
E. L. Greene,$r. P. A. Rydberg and Dr. J. K. Small for
notes on doubtful forms ; finally to Prof. William R.
Dudley, who has not otnly given many critical notes and
valuable suggestions which have aided greatly toward
the completion of the work, but has also shown many
personal favors which have rendered the task a pleasant
one to the author.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE.
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary).
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.
CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE.
Represented with us by 1 family. PINACEAE, 1.
CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Cotyledons 1 ; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Cotyledons 2; stem exogenous. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONS.
SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Leaves usually parallel-veined; flowers mostly 3-merous or
6-merous.
Perianth of minute scales or bristles, or wanting.
Flowers aggregated on a spadix or scattered, the clusters surrounded at
base by a spathe, or foliaceous or membranaceous bract; perianth of
minute scales or bristles, or wanting.
Reed-like or flag-like marsh plants; flowers unisexual.
TYPHACEAE, 8.
Immersed aquatic plants. NAIADACEAE, 9.
Marsh or subaquatic plants; flowers perfect. JDNCAGINACEAE, 14.
Minute floating plants. LEMNACEAE, 77.
Flowers in the axils of scales (glumes) ; perianth wanting.
Glumes 2 to each flower. GRAMINEAE, 18.
Glumes 1 to each flower. CYPERACEAE, 64.
Perianth of 6 distinct chaff-like scales. JUNCACEAE, 79.
Perianth petalold.
Carpels distinct, numerous. ALISMACEAE, 16.
Carpels united, usually 3, forming a 3-celled or 3-valved ovary.
Ovary superior. LILIACEAE, 82.
Ovary inferior.
Stamens 3; perianth regular. IRIDACEAE, 92.
Stamens 1 or 2; perianth irregular. ORCHIDACEAE, 93.
vi Key to the Families
SUBCLASS II. DICOTYLEDONS.
Leaves mostly netted-veined ; flowers seldom 3-merous or
6-merous, usually 4-merous or 5-merous.
Petals separate and distinct from each other or sometimes wanting, rarely
somewhat united. Series 1. CHORIPETALAE.
Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting.
Series 2. SYMPETALAE.
SERIES I. CHOKIPETALAE.
Petals distinct, at least at base, except in some species of
Silene and Crassulaceae.
Petals wanting.
(A) flowers unisexual, one or both kinds in aments,' trees or shrubs.
Staminate flowers in aments, pistillate becoming a nut.
Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACEAE, 96.
Leaves entire or variously lobed or toothed. FAGACEAE, 104.
Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments.
Leaves opposite; flowers dioecious. GARRYA, 293.
Leaves alternate.
Pistillate flowers becoming wax-coated berries. MYRICACEAE, 97.
Pistillate flowers becoming capsules. SALICACEAE, 98.
Pistillate flowers with their scales becoming a woody cone in fruit.
BETCLACEAE, 103.
(B) Flowers not in aments.
* Ovary superior.
1. HERBS.
Calyx and corolla both ivanting.
Flowers perfect, in spikes, these surrounded at base by a conspicuous white
involucre. ANEMOPSIS, 96.
Flowers monoecious.
Aquatic plants.
Leaves dissected. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 150.
Leaves entire. CALLJTRICHACEAE, 237.
Terrestial plants; flower-clusters surrounded by a petaloid involucre;
ovary 3-celled, raised above the Staminate flowers; the whole appear-
ing as a single flower. EDPHORBIACEAE, 231.
Key to the Families vii
<Jalyx present; corolla wanting.
Pistil ], 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Stipules present.
Leaves alternate.
Stipules not sheathing.
Flowers monoecious; herbage with stinging hairs.
URTICACEAE, 106.
Flowers perfect, fascicled; diminutive annual.
ALCHEMILLA, 202.
Stipules sheathing; calyx usually 6-parted, often petaloid.
POLYGONACEAE, 110.
Leaves opposite, pungent; petals represented by minute scales.
PENTACAENA, 150.
:Stipules none.
Calyx petaloid.
Calyx 6- (rarely 5-) parted; seed a 3-sided or lenticular achene.
POLYGONACEAE, 110.
Calyx tubular, its base hardening and enclosing the achene.
NYCTAGINACEAE, 136.
Calyx not petaloid.
Sepals herbaceous; herbage more or less succulent and scurvy.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 123.
Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers with bractlets.
AMARANTH ACE A E, 132.
Pistils several, distinct, each 1-celled, 1-ovuled. THALICTRUM, 156.
Pistil 1, 3-5-celled; sepals sometimes petaloid; flowers perfect.
AIZOACEAE, 138.
Pistil 3-celled ; flowers dioecious or monoecious. EUPHORBIACEAE, 231.
Pistil 1, 10-celled; fruit a berry. PHYTOLACCACEAE, 135.
2. TREES AND SHRUBS.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers dioecious; low maritime shrub; leaves fleshy.
BATIDACEAE, 134.
Flowers perfect or dioecious; sepals petaloid; fruit a tailed achene.
CLEMATIS, 154.
Flowers perfect; fruit a samara. FRAXINUS, 302.
X«eaves alternate.
Flowers perfect; sepals petaloid.
Sepals 6; stamens 9.
Stamens opening by uplifted valves; aromatic tree.
LAURACEAE, 157.
Stamens splitting longitudinally; shrubs.
ERIOGONUM, 116.
Calyx 5-cleft; stamens 5, monadelphous. FREMONTODENDRON, 250.
Flowers monoecious in head-like clusters. PLATANACEAE, 194.
Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens 4 or 5; fruit berry-like.
RHAMNUS, 241.
viii Key to the Families
** Ovary inferior.
Herbs; leaves alternate, divided. DATISCACEAE, 257.
Woody plants, parasitic on trees or shrubs. LORANTHACEAE, 1C
Petals present.
* Ovary superior.
\. STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS, MORE THAN 10.
Pistils several to many.
Pistils simple and distinct.
Pistils becoming achenes or follicles. RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
Pistils at first united, becoming distinct and forming tortulose pods.
PLATYSTEMON, 159.
Pistils cohering around a central axis. MALVACEAE, 245.
Pistil l.
Pistil 1-celled.
Sepals persistent.
Sepals 2. CALANDRINIA, 140.
Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, bract-like. CISTACEAE, 252.
Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as sepals.
PAPAVERACEAE, 158.
Pistil more than 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 245.
2. STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS, 10 OR FEWER.
Pistils more than 1, distinct.
Pistils exceeding the sepals and petals in number. RANUNCULACEAE, 151..
Pistils, petals and sepals of the same number. CRASSULACEAE, 183.
Pistils several, more or less united around a central axis, elastically separ
ating as 1-seeded carpels. GERANIACEAE, 227.
Pistil 1.
Corolla regular.
Ovary 1-celled,
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.
Fruit a capsule dehiscent at the apex by valves or teeth.
Placentas central or basal.
Calyx tubular or of 4-5 distinct sepals.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 143.
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals. PORTULACACEAE, 140.
Placentas parietal; calyx tubular. FRANKENIACEAE, 251.
Fruit indehiscent; sepals and petals 4. CRDCIFERAE, 164.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves; shrubby plants.
BERBERIDACEAE, 156.
Key to the Families ix
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Herbs.
Leaves opposite.
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals. ELATINACEAE, 251.
Calyx tubular. SILENE, 143.
Leaves alternate or basal.
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, sometimes 2 or 4.
Ovary 1-celled, stipitate. CAPPARIDACEAE, 180.
Ovary 2-celled, not stipitate. CRUCIFERAE, 164.
Sepals and petals 5; capsule 5-celled.
Stamens 10; leaves 3-foliate. OXALIDACEAE, 228.
Stamens 10; leaves pinnate. LIMNANTHACEAE, 237.
Stamens 5; leaves simple. LINACEAE, 229.
Shrubs or trees.
Petals and sepals 4; stamens 6; ovary stipitate.
ISOMERIS, 181.
Petals and stamens 2; fruit a simple samara.
FRAXINUS, 302.
Corolla irregular.
Stamens 10; diadelphous or monadelphous; corolla papilionaceous.
LEGUMINOSAE, 204.
Stamens 5; petals 5, 1 spurred; sepals auricled.
VlOLACEAE, 253.
Stamens 6; sepals 2; petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs.
BICDCULLA, 163.
Stamens 6-8, monadelphous; petals 3, papilonaceous-like.
POLYGALACEAE, 230.
3. STAMENS PERIGYNOUS.
Stamens on an hypogynous disk or on a disk lining the base of the calyx.
Herbs ; disk 1-sided. . RESEDACEAE, 182.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens equaling the petals in number and opposite them.
Shrubs; petals commonly hooded; ovary usually 3-celled.
RHAMNACEAE, 240.
Woody vines climbing by tendrils; petals early deciduous.
VITACEAE, 244. .
Stamens exceeding the petals in number.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit drupe-like; styles or stigmas 3. ANACARDACEAE, 238.
Fruit a double samara; leaves simple.
ACERACEAE, 240.
Stamens on the calyx.
Corolla irregular; fruit a legume. LEGUMINOSAE, 204.
Corolla regular.
Stamens more than 10; pistils 1-many. ROSACEAE, 195.
Stamens 10; fruit a legume. PROSOPIS, 205.
Stamens 5-10.
Calyx campanulate. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 188.
Calyx tubular. LYTHRACEAE, 260.
Key to the Families
** Ovary inferior.
Trees and shrubs.
Stamens exceeding the petals in number; fruit a pome.
ROSACEAE, 195.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
RHAMNACEAE, 240.
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them.
Leaves alternate; fruit a smooth or prickly berry.
RIBES, 192.
Leaves opposite; fruit drupe-like. CORNACEAE, 292.
Herbs.
Petals and stamens many; fleshy maritime herbs.
MESEMBRIANTHEMUM, 139.
Petals 5 or fewer.
Style 1.
Sepals and petals 4; capsule 4-celled. ONAGRACEAE, 261, 452.
Sepals and petals 5; capsule 1-celled. LOASACEAE, 255.
Sepals 2; petals 5; style 3-8-parted; capsule 1-celled.
PORTULACA, 142.
Style none; stigmas 4; aquatic plants with whorled leaves.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 273.
Styles 4-5; fruit berry-like. ARALIACEAE, 274.
Styles 2; flowers umbellate or capitate; fruit forming 2 1-celled carpels.
UMBELLIFERAE, 275.
Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems. CACTACEAE, 257.
SERIES II. SYMPETALAE.
Petals united, at least below, except in Pyrolaceae, Plumbagi-
naceae and Oleaceae.
* Ovary superior.
Corolla regular.
Stamens free from the corolla; anthers opening by pores.
Petals distinct or nearly so. PYROLACEAE, 294.
Petals united; shrubs or trees. ERICACEAE, 295.
Stamens adnate to the corolla.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.
Style 1 ; fruit capsular, many-seeded. PRIMULACEAE, 298.
Styles 5; fruit utricular, 1-seeded. PLUMBAGINACEAE, SOU
Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes.
Ovaries 2, separate, becoming follicles.
Filaments distinct. APOCYNACEAE, 304.
Filaments monadelphous. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 305.
Key to the Families xi
Ovary 1, not lobed.
Ovary 1-celled.
Leaves opposite, entire. GENTIANACEAE, 303.
Leaves mostly alternate and seldom entire.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 319.
Ovary 2-celled; corolla not scarious.
Leafy plants.
Calyx 5-toothed. SOLANACEAE, 349.
Sepals 5, distinct. CONVOLVULACEAE, 307, 452.
Leafless parasitic plants; herbage yellowish.
CUSCUTACEAE, 310.
Ovary 3-celled; styles 3-cleft; capsule 3-valved.
POLEMONIACEAE, 311.
Ovary2-4-celled; corolla scarious. PLANT AGINACEAE, 375.
Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed, forming 4 nutlets.
Leaves alternate. BORAGINACEAE, 328.
Leaves opposite. MENTHA, 348.
Corolla irregular.
Stamens 4 or 2.
Ovary 1-celled; parasitic plants. OROBANCHACEAE, 373.
Ovary 2-celled. SCROPHDLARIACEAE, 355.
Ovary 4-celled, not lobed, splitting into 4 nutlets.
VERBENACEAE, 336.
Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into 4 nutlets. LABIATAE, 338.
Stamens 5; ovary 2-celled. VERBASGUM, 356.
** Ovary inferior.
Stamens distinct.
Leaves alternate. CAMPANULACEAE, 385.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Stamens 1-3; slender spring annuals. VALERIANACEAE, 382.
Stamens 2-4; stout late summer herbs.
DIPSACEAE, 383.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Ovary 2-celled; flowers regular, minute; stems usually 4-angled.
RUBIACEAE, 377.
Ovary 2-5-celled; flowers regular or irregular.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 380.
Stamens united into a tube around the ovary.
Flowers not in heads.
Stamens 3; flowers regular. CUCURBITACEAE, 384.
Stamens 5; flowers irregular. CAMPANULACEAE, 385.
Flowers in heads on a common receptacle, ligulate or tubular.
COMPOSITAE, 389.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
FLORA OF LOS ANGELES
AND VICINITY.
Family 1. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY.
Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen nar-
row entire or scale-like leaves. The wood uniform in tex-
ture, without tracheae, these marked by large depressed
disks. The pollen sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes
(cones). Perianth none. Stamens several together,
subtended by a scale, filaments more or less united ;
anthers 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent ; pollen
grains often provided with 2 lateral inflated sacs.
Ovules with 2 integuments, borne solitary or several to-
gether on the surface of a scale, which is often subtended
by a bract. Fruit a cone with few-numerous woody,
papery or fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like. Seeds
wingless or winged. Endosperm copious. Embryo
straight slender. Cotyledons 2 or several.
Leaves not scale-like.
Leaves usually fascicled; cones maturing the second year.
1. PTNUS.
Leaves scattered, appearing 2-ranked; cones maturing the first year.
Cones pendulous; bracts conspicuous. 2. PSEUDOTSUGA.
Cones erect. 3. ABIES.
Leaves scale-like.
Monoecious; cones not berry-like. 4. LIBOCEDRDS.
Dioecious; cones with fleshy scales, berry-like. 5. JUNIPERUS.
2 Pinaceae
1. PINUS L. PINE.
Evergreen trees with 2 kinds of leaves, the primary
ones linear or scale-like, deciduous ; the secondary ones
forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising
from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5, or soli-
tary in a single species ; subtended by the bud scales,
some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate
cones borne at the bases of the shoots of the season, the
clusters of stamens spirally arranged each in the axil of
a minute scale ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing cones solitary
or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding year,
composed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each
with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening into a
large cone, which matures the following autumn, its
scales elongating and becoming woody. Seeds 2 on
the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crusta-
ceous.
* Scales thin, with a terminal unarmed umbo; leaves in 5's.
1. P. Lambertiana Dougl. (SUGAR PINE.) Becoming a large
tree, with light brown smoothish bark, splitting in small sec-
tions; leaves 8-10 cm. long, with 5-6 lines of stomata on each of
the 3 sides; staminate cones oval, 1 cm. long, with 10-15 involu-
cral scales ; anthers denticulate-crested ; fruiting cones cylindric,
bright brown, 2-4 dm. long, 8-10 cm. broad, on peduncles 8
cm. long; seeds smooth, black, 12 mm. long; wing scarcely
twice as long, widest below the middle, obtuse; cotyledons
13-15.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, 6000-8000
feet altitude.
2. P. flexilis James. A middle-sized tree with furrowed gray
bark; leaves 5, 3-6 cm. long, thick and rigid; staminate cones
oval, 12-14 mm. long, involucral bracts 8-9; anthers tipped by
a spur; fruiting cones oval to subcylindric, 8-16 cm. long, light
brown, scales rounded or pointed at the apex; seeds oval, com-
Pine Family 3
pressed, 8-12 mm. long; wing minute, scarcely exceeding 1 mm.
in width, usually remaining attached to the scale.
Summits of San Gorgonio, San Jacinto and Santa Rosa Mountains.
** Scales with a thickened, usually awned umbo.
•*- Staminate cones 3-6 mm. long; leaves 1-5 in a cluster, 5 cm. long
or less.
3. P. monophylla Torr. & Frem. (NuT PINE.) A small tree,
5-8 m. high, with irregularly spreading branches and pale flaky
bark; leaves short, spiny-tipped, solitary, terete, 3-5 cm. long;
staminate cones oval with 6 involucral bracts; fruiting cones
3-6 cm. long and nearly as broad, bright green, apex of scale
thickened, 4-angled, narrowed into a prominent knob with a usu-
ally truncate umbo ending in a minute incurved tip; seeds
oblong, 12-20 mm. long; wing light brown, 8-12 mm. wide,
remaining attached to the scale.
Frequent on the desert slopes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
4. P. quadrifolia Parl. (PARRY'S PINE.) A small tree, 6-10 m.
high, with around top; bark dark brown tinged with red, divi-
ded by shallow fissures; leaves 3-5 (mostly 4) in a sheath, stout,
glaucous, 30-45 mm. long ; staminate cones oval, about 5 mm.
long, surrounded by 4 conspicuous bracts; fruiting cones sub-
globose, 3-5 cm. broad; scales thickened at apex, rounded,
conspicuously keeled, narrowed with a central knob terminating
in a truncate or concave umbo, armed with a minute recurved
mucro, bright chestnut brown, the rest of the scale dull red;
seeds oval, 10-16 mm. long; wings brown, about 2 mm. wide,
remaining attached to the scale. (P. Parry ana Engelm.)
Santa Rosa Mountains, Hall. First collected at Larkin's Station near the
Mexican boundary by Parry.
•*- •*- Staminate cones 10-50 mm. long; leaves 2-5 in a cluster, usually
over 10 cm. long.
5. P. Torreyana Parry. (DEL MAR or TORREY PINE.) A small
tree, 6-10 m. high, with spreading branches and dark brownish
bark; leaves 5 in a cluster, crowded at the ends of the thick
branchlets, stout, 20-28 cm. long; staminate cones cyclindric,
about 5 cm. long and 8 mm. thick, involucral bracts 14; fruiting
cones broadly ovate, 10-15 cm. long, chocolate brown; scales
4 Pinaceae
much thickened at apex into broad straight or reflexed umbos
terminating in minute spines; seeds oval, 16-20 mm. long, nearly
enclosed by the thickened rim of the dark brown wings, these
8-10 mm. wide.
Delmar, San Diego County; Santa Rosa Island.
6. P. ponderosa Dougl. (YELLOW PINE.) A large tree with very
thick red-brown bark; deeply furrowed and split in large plates;
leaves 3 in each cluster on stout branchlets, dark green, 15-25
cm. long; staminate cones cylindric, 35-50 mm. long, involucral
bracts 10-12; fruiting cones oval, 7-12 cm. long, rich brown;
scales thickened into a central knob terminating in compressed
straight or recurved umbos, awned with slender spines ; seeds
ovate, acute, about 8 mm. long, c'oat nearly black, rugose; wing
thin, pale brown, 25-30 mm. long and about 20 mm. wide below
the middle.
Common on all our mountains, making up a greater part of the coniferous
forests. The cones usually fall during the autumn and winter after maturity.
7. P. Jeffrey! Oreg. Com. (JEFFREY PINE.) Closely resembling
the preceding in foliage and habit; bark deeply furrowed, not
split in large plates, dark; staminate cones 3 cm. long; fruiting
cones oval, rather rich brown, 15-30 cm. long; seeds 8-10 mm.
long; wings about 25 mm. long.
With the last, but much less common. Rather frequent in the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, especially about Bear Valley.
8. P. Murray ana Oreg. Com. (MURRAY PINE or TAMARACK
PINE.) Becoming a rather large tree, 15-40 m. high ; bark rather
finely furrowed, grayish-brown; leaves 2, 25-75 mm. long, very
stout and rigid; sheaths 8-12 mm. long when young; staminate
cones with 6-8 involucral bracts, cylindric, 10-15 mm. long;
fruiting cones clustered or in pairs, oval or subcylindric, oblique,
2-5 cm. long; scales armed with slender recurved prickles; seeds
scarcely 2 mm. long, dark brown mottled with black; wings
light brown, widest above the base, tapering to apex, 12-15 mm.
long.
Frequent in the upper portions of the coniferous forests. Mt. San An-
tonio; Bear Valley; Mt. San Gorgonio; Mt. San Jacinto.
9. P. Sabiniana Dougl. (DIGGER PINE or SILVER PINE.) A
rather small open-topped irregularly branched tree; leaves 3 in a
cluster, drooping, light green or glaucous, 2-3 cm. long; stami-
nate cones oblong, about 2 cm. long, with 10-15 involucral bracts;
Pine Family 5
fruiting cones lateral, short oval, acutish, 15-25 cm. long, 10-15
cm. in diameter, deep chestnut-brown; scales produced into
prominent knobs awned with stout straight or slightly incurved
spines; seeds subcylindric, dark, 18-24 mm. long; wing about
half as long.
Antelope Valley, ranging northward to the upper Sacramento. Confined
to the foothills.
10. P. Coulter! Lamb. (COULTER'S PINE.) A middle-sized tree,
with thick rough bark ; leaves crowded at the ends of the thick
branches in clusters of 3, stiff and erect, 15-25 cm. long, dark
blue-green; staminate cones cylindric, 35-40 mm. long, with
8-10 involucral bracts; fruiting cones long-oval, pointed, 25-35
cm. long, 10-12 cm. thick, yellowish-brown, persistent; scales
with a stout elongated urnbo armed with thick incurved spines ;
seeds oval, black, 12-16 mm. long; wing 20-30 mm. long.
Rather frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Bernardino, San
Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains, 4500-7000 feet altitude. Not yet reported
from the San Gabriel Mountains.
11. P. attenuata Lemmon. (KNOB-CONE PINE.) A small tree
usually less than 10 m. high, somewhat irregularly branched;
bark light brown, roughish ; leaves in clusters of 3, 10-15 cm.
long, dark green; staminate cones, cylindric, 14-15 cm. long, with
6 involucral bracts ; fruiting cones clustered in verticils, persistent
for many years, light chestnut-brown becoming grayish, elon-
gated-conic, oblique at the base, 8-14 cm. long; scales armed
with stout prickles; seeds black, grooved, 6 rnm. long; wing
14-16 mm. long, widest near the middle. (P. tuberculata
Gordon.)
Extending in a narrow belt along the southern slope of the San Bernar-
dino Mountains, 2500-4000 feet altitude.
2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. FALSE SPRUCE.
Evergreen trees with flat petioled leaves, appearing
2-ranked by a twist of the petiole, leaving an oval scar
on the smooth branches. Staminate cones oblong or cylin-
dric, partly enclosed by conspicuous orbicular bud-scales,
scales ending in a short spur ; anthers 2, obliquely split-
ting. Pistillate cones with the scales much shorter than
the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed
6 Pinaceae
aristulate bracts, maturing the first year. Seeds without
resinous-resides, the wing at last breaking off ; coty-
ledons 6-12.
1. P. macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. (BIG-CONE SPRUCE.) Tree
12-18 m. high, rarely 1 m. in diameter, branches spreading;
leaves rather narrow, acutish; staminate cones about 2 cm.
long; fruiting cones 12-18 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick; scales large,
rather thick; bracts somewhat exceeding the scales; seeds in-
cluding wing about 10 mm. long; cotyledons 9-12.
Rather common in all our mountains except the Santa Monica. Ranging
mostly from 2000-5000 feet altitude, being confined for the most part to
canyons and north slopes in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and
extending into the pine belt.
3. ABIES Link. FIR.
Evergreen trees with sessile leaves appearing 2-ranked
by a twist of the petiole leaving a circular scar on the
smooth branches, more or less flattened and emarginate,
bearing stomata only or mainly on the lower surface,
with 2 longitudinal resin-ducts mostly close to the epi-
dermis on the lower side. Staminate cones oval or cylin-
dric, scales terminating in a knob, bearing 2 anthers,
these transversely dehiscent. Pistillate cones erect, the
bract much larger than the scale. Fruiting cones erect,
maturing the first year, scales and enclosed or exserted
membranous bracts falling at maturity from the persist-
ent axis. Seeds partly and permanently enclosed by
the base of the wing. Cotyledons 4-10.
1. A. concolor (Gord.) Parry. (WHITE FIR.) Often becoming
a large tree with rough grayish bark; leaves obtuse, pale green,
with stomata on both sides, 2-3 cm. long or on young trees often
5 cm. long, convex above, somewhat falcate ; mature cones oblong-
cylindric, 8-12 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick, pale green; scales 24-30
mm. broad, but little over half as long; bracts short enclosed,
truncate or emarginate, with or without a short rnucro; wing of
the seeds oblique, as broad as long; cotyledons 5-7.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino,
San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains.
Pine Family ' 7
4. L.IBOCEDRUS Endl. INCENSE CEDAR.
Evergreen aromatic trees with thin fibrous bark and
scattered flattened branches. Leaves scale-like adnate
and imbricate in 4 rows, oblong, with free acute tips,
somewhat dimorphous. Staminate cones of 12-16 sub-
peltate broadly ovate pointed scales, bearing usually
4 pollen-sacs. Pistillate cones composed of 4-6 small
coriaceous valvate scales, only the middle pair fertile ;
ovules 2. Mature cones oblong, scales oblong ; seeds
unequally 2-winged, maturing the first year.
1. L. decurrens Torr. Mostly a rather small tree with bright
cinnamon-red bark and spreading branches; leaves pale green,
4-8 mm. long, the lateral ones without glands, nearly covering the
flattened, obscurely pitted inner ones; staminate cones oblong-
ovate, 5-6 mm. long; fruiting cones 2 cm. long and about 8 mm,
thick ; scales with short somewhat recurved mucro ; seeds ob-
long-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, the narrow outer wing scarcely
longer, the inner broader and nearly equaling the scale.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino,
San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains.
5. JUNIPEBUS L. JUNIPER.
Low dioecious or monoecious shrubs or trees, with
mostly thin shredded bark and evergreen binate or ter-
nate, free and subulate or adnate and scale-like leaves,
not 2-ranked. Cones small solitary axillary or terminal
upon short lateral branchlets ; scales few, decussately
binate or ternate. Staminate cones oblong-ovate ; an-
ther-cells 4-8 under each shield-shaped scale. Pistillate
cone of 2 or 3 series of fleshy scales, with 2 erect ovules to
each scale, becoming united into a blue-black or reddish
drupe in fruit and ripening the second year. Seeds 1-12,
bony ; cotyledons usually 2, rarely 4-6.
1. J. Californica Carr. Shrub usually much branched,
with stout, spreading branches and branchlets; leaves ternate,
8 Typhaceae
short and thick, mostly acute, grayish green ; fruit oblong-ovate,
reddish, dry and sweetish, 10-14 mm. long, of 6 or rarely 4 scales,
usually 1-seeded; seed 8-12 mm. long, smooth, often angled or
grooved, brown with a whitish 2-3-lobed hilum ; cotyledons 4-6.
San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Wash near the mouth of the can-
yon. Common on the desert slope.
2. J. occidentalis Hook. Usually a small tree, 6-12 m. high ;
fruit blue- black, resinous-fleshy ; seeds deeply pitted ; cotyledons 2.
Summit of Mt. San Antonio and in Bear Valley, San Bernardino
Mountains.
Family 2. TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and
solid cylindric stems, bearing long linear alternate
leaves. Flowers monoecious, in dense spikes or heads.
Perianth composed of bristles or irregular scales. Sta-
mens 2-7, filaments distinct or connate. Ovary stipitate
or sessile, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit nut-like ; endosperm
copious.
Flowers in spikes. 1. TYPHA.
Flowers in heads. 2. SPARGANIUM.
1. TYPHA L. CAT-TAIL.
Stems tall simple terminating in a long spike, the
staminate portion above contiguous with the pistillate
below or separate. Perianth of numerous fine bristles.
Filaments connate. Nuts small, enveloped in a copious
down.
1. T. latifolia L. Stems stout, 1.5-3 m. high; leaves long,
6-20 mm. wide, sheathing at base; spike 15-25 cm. long, 20 mm.
or more in diameter, the staminate and pistillate portions usually
contiguous; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; pollen grains in 4's;
fruit furrowed, bursting in water; seeds with separate outer
coat.
Frequent throughout our range along the margins of marshes or slow-
running streams. May-July.
2. T. angustifolia L. Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high; leaves
4-9 mm. wide; spikes 15-30 cm. long, 4-15 mm. in diameter, the
Naiadaceae 9
staminate and pistillate portions usually distant; stigmas linear
or linear-oblong; pollen grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not
bursting in water, outer coat not separable.
In similar places, but not common. Near Los Angeles, Davidson; San
Bernardino, Parish.
2. SPABGANIUM L. BUR-REED.
Marsh or aquatic plants with simple or somewhat
branched stems. Flowers in globose heads along the
upper portions of the stem and branches, the upper
heads staminate ; the lower pistillate, in the axils of leaf-
like bracts. Perianth of minute irregular scales. Sta-
mens with long slender distinct filaments. Ovaries ses-
sile, mostly 1-celled. Fruit nut-like.
1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Stems rather stout, 1-2.5 m. high,
branching; leaves, linear flat, slightly keeled beneath, the lowest
1-1.5 m.long, the upper shorter; staminate heads numerous;
pistillate heads 2-4, sessile or more commonly peduncled, com-
pact, 20-40 mm. in diameter when mature; style 1; stigmas 1-2;
nutlets sessile, 6-10 mm. long; perianth segments as many as
the angles of the fruit or with 2-3 outer ones, spatulate or eroded,
equaling the fruit.
Occasional along streams, usually growing with Typha. Ballona Creek;
New River near Alamitos. May-June.
Family 3. NAIADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY.
Aquatic plants entirely submerged or with floating
leaves. Stems jointed, usually branched. Leaves linear
or lanceolate or with broad floating blades, sheathing
at the base. Flowers small, naked or with herbaceous
or hyaline perianth, commonly borne on a spike or spa-
dix. Stamens 1-6, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries
mostly distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehis-
cent ; endosperm none ; embryo often curved.
10 Naiadaceae
Flowers perfect.
Perianth of 4 distinct segments. 1. POTAMOGETON.
Perianth none. 2. RUPPIA.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Fresh-water plants; flowers monoecious.
Leaves entire. 3. ZANNICHKLLIA.
Leaves spiny-toothed on the margins. 4. NAIAS.
Marine plants.
Flowers monoecious ; carpels ovoid. 5. ZOSTERA.
Flowers dioecious; carpels heart-shaped. 6. PHYLLOSPADIX.
1. POTAMOGETON L. PONDWEED.
Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or the uppermost
often opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and float-
ing, the floating elliptic or ovate, the submerged linear.
Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud. Peduncles
axillary, bearing small perfect flowers. Perianth segments
4, herbaceous concave, valvate in the bud, short-clawed.
Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth segments ;
anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile distinct 1-celled,
1-ovuled, attenuate into a short erect or recurved style.
* With floating and submerged leaves.
1. P. natans L. Stems 1-1.5 m. long, simple or sparingly
branched; floating leaves thick ovate-elliptic to lanceolate,
rounded or subcordate at base, 4-8 cm. long, mostly shorter than
the petiole; submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes or bladeless
petioles; peduncle as thick as the stem, 4-8 cm. long; spike
dense, 4 cm. long; fruit turgid, 4 mm. long, narrowly obovoid;
nutlet pitted on the sides, 2-grooved on the back.
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. Not known within our limits.
2. P. lonchites Tuckerm. Stems 1-2 m. long, much branched ;
floating leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 5-10
cm. long; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long,
4-20 mm. wide, rounded at base or tapering into a petiole; stip-
ules 2-8 cm. long, free from the leaves; peduncles thickening
upward, 4-6 cm. long; spikes dense, 2-4 cm. long; fruit 4 mm.
long, obliquely obovoid, sides smooth, 3-keeled on the back. (P.
fluitans Roth.?)
Occasional in ponds in the valley region.
Pondweed Family 11
** With submerged leaves only.
3. P. foliosus Californicus Morong. Stems 0.3-1 m . long, much
branched, flattened or winged; leaves 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,
3-nerved or sometimes 5-nerved toward the base; stipules free
from the leaves, small, white, becoming setose; peduncles 8-12
mm. long, erect, clavate, flattened; spikes subcapitate, 6-12-flow-
ered; fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, about 2mm. long, 3-
keeled on the back, middle keel winged, sinuate-dentate, face
strongly angled or arched; style apical. (P. pauciflorus Cali-
fornicus Morong.)
Occasional in streams and irrigating ditches in our interior valleys.
June-September.
4. P. pectinatus L. Stems 0.3-1 m. long, slender, much
branched, branches repeatedly forking; leaves setaceous, attenu-
ate to the apex, 1-nerved, often capillary and nerveless, 2-10 cm.
long; stipules half free, 1-2 cm. long, their sheaths scarious
on the margins; peduncles filiform, 4-10 cm. long; spike 1-4 cm.
long; flowers in whorls; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 4 mm.
long, with two obscure lateral ridges on the back ; style straight
or curved, facial.
Common in streams and ponds. May-August.
2. BUPPIA L. DITCH-GRASS.
Stems capillary, widely branched. Leaves all sub-
merged very slender attenuate 1-nerved, with mem-
branous sheaths at the base. Flowers on a capillary
spadix-like peduncle naked perfect, consisting of 2 ses-
sile anthers, 2-celled, attached by the back to the
peduncle, having between them several pistillate flowers
with sessile peltate stigmas in 2 sets on opposite sides
of the rachis, the whole at first enclosed in the sheathing
base of the leaf ; in development the peduncle elongates,
bearing the pistillate flowers at the end ; fertilization
takes place at the surface, after which the peduncle coils
up. Fruit a small obliquely pointed drupe, pedicelled.
1. B. maritixna L. Stems 0.5-1 m. long; leaves 4-6 cm. long;
sheaths membranous, 6-8 mm. long; peduncles 4-20 cm. long or
12 Naiadaceae
more in fruit; pedicels 1-3 cm. long at maturity; drupes with a
hard shell, 2 mm. long, ovoid oblique or gibbous at base, pointed
with the long style.
.Brackish streams along the coast. June-August.
3. ZANNICHELLIA L. HORNED PONDWEED.
Stems capillary, sparsely branched from a creeping rhi-
zome. Leaves all submerged, filiform but flat, 1-nerved.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil, en-
closed in the bud by a hyaline spathe-like envelope;
staminate solitary, with 2-celled anther on a short pedi-
cel-like filament ; pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped,
istipulate at base, tapering into a short style with a broad
€up-shaped stigma, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit
a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or sometimes toothed on
the back.
1. Z. palustris L. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves 2-6 cm. long;
fipathe separating from the leaves and fruit at maturity ; fruits
2-6 in a cluster, 2-4 mm. long, sessile or short pedicelled, some-
times the whole cluster peduncled ; style persistent, straight or
curved, 1-2 mm. long.
Occasional in marshes and ponds.
4. NAIAS L. NAIAD.
Stems slender, branching, from fibrous roots. Leaves
all submerged, opposite or whorled, spiny-toothed,
sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
axillary, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Staminate with a
double perianth ; the outer entire or 4-toothed at the apex,
the inner one hyaline, adhering to the anthers. Stamens
sessile or stalked ; anthers 1-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed
at the summit. Pistillate flowers of a single ovary,
which tapers into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, subulate.
Fruit a solitary carpel, sessile, ellipsoidal, with a crusta-
ceous pericarp.
Pondweed Family 13
1. N. flexilis (Willd.) R. & S. Stem slender, forking; leaves
linear pellucid, acuminate or acute, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
numerous and crowded on the upper branches with 25-30 minute
teeth on each margin ; fruit 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter ;
style long, persistent; stigmas short.
Near Soldiers' Home, Ifasse, Davidson.
4. ZOSTEBA L. EEL-GRASS.
Marine plants, wholly submerged, with slender root-
stocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves
2-ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with in-
flexed margins. Spadix linear, contained in a spathe.
Flowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on
the spadix. Staminate flower merely an anther attached
to the spadix near its apex, 1-celled ; pollen thread-like.
Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle.
Ovary 1 ; style elongated ; stigmas capillary. Mature
carpels flask-shaped, beaked by the persistent style.
Seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoidal.
1. Z. marina L. Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 0.5-2
m. long, 5-10 mm. wide; spadix 2-5 cm. long; flowers about 6
mm. long, crowded.
Shoal waters in bays on muddy bottoms. San Pedro.
5. PHYLLOSPADIX HOOK.
Submerged marine plants with thickened rootstocks
and slender stems, which bear the inflorescence at the
summit or in clusters along the upper part. Leaves
linear, sheathing. Flowers dioecious in spathes like
those of Zostera. Spathes with membranous edges, the
back thickened and terminating in long leaf-like ap-
pendages. Spadix with a series of short dilated foli-
aceous flaps, which close over the flower, spreading open
at maturity. Staminate flowers of numerous sessile
stamens in 2 rows ; anthers 1-celled. Pistillate of sim-
ple sessile ovaries, attenuate into a short style ; stigmas
14 Juncaginaceae
2, capillary. Fruit beaked by the short persistent style,
cordate-sagittate.
1. P. Torreyi Wats. Stems slender, flat, 0.5 m. long or more,
bearing the spathes in clusters along the upper part ; leaves 4-8
cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, thick and smooth; sheaths long, their
margins membranous; spathes 3-5 in a cluster, 2-4 cm. long,
slightly curved; appendages of the pistillate spadix elliptic, of
the staminate oblong-ovate; fruit heart-shaped, 5 mm. long.
Growing on rocks which are uncovered at low tide. San Pedro; La Jolla.
Family 4. JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW-GRASS
FAMILY.
Marsh plants with rush-like or cylindric leaves.
Flowers spicate, racemose or solitary, perfect or monoe-
cious. Perianth none, 1-bracted or 4— 6-parted. Stamens
1 or 3-6. Ovaries 1 or 3-6, when more than 1 they are
more or less united while immature. Seeds anatropous ;
embryo straight.
Flowers perfect ; perianth segments 3-6. 1. TRIGLOCHIN.
Flowers polygamous ; perianth wanting. 2. LILAEA.
1. TBIGLOCHIN L. ARROW-GRASS.
Marsh plants with radical semiterete fleshy leaves,
which have membranous sheaths at the base. Flowers
small perfect in spikes or racemes, on long smooth naked
scapes. Perianth segments 3-6, concave, the 3 inner in-
serted higher up than the others when present. Sta-
mens 3-6 ; anthers 2-celled extrorse sessile or nearly
so, inserted at the base of the segments and deciduous
with them. Ovaries 6, united or rarely free, 1-celled ;
style short ; stigmas as many as ovaries, plumose.
Fruit of 3-6 oblong or ovoid carpels, when ripe separat-
ing from the base upward from a persistent central axis,
dehiscing by a ventral suture.
Arrow-grass Family 15
1. T. maritima L. Perennial plants with a long rootstock and
a thick caudex, which is usually covered with the sheaths of old
leaves; spathes stout, 2-4 dm. high, commonly solitary; leaves
much shorter than the scapes, tapering to a long acute or obtuse
point, 4-6 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long; pedicels decurrent,
2-5 mm. long; perianth segments 6, the 3 inner smaller, ovate,
greenish-white; stamens 6; ovaries 6, united, each 1-celled,
1-ovuled ; carpels 3-angled, with the dorsal angles making a
broad groove on the back, 5-6 mm. long; stigmas persistent and
recurved.
Salt marshes along the coast.
2. LILAEA H. B. K.
Subaquatic stemless annuals, with simple slender
scapes and radical leaves, which are slightly dilated at
base. Flowers polygamous, the one sort solitary, pistil-
late and disposed among the leaves at the base, with
long thread-like styles ; the other monoecious, in dense
spikes at the apex of slender scapes. Staminate flowers
imbricated in narrow oblong spikes ; anthers nearly ses-
sile in the axis of a white linear petaloid bract. Pistil-
late flowers imbricated in conical crowded spikes, bract-
less, consisting of a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary ; stigma
capitate. Fruit ovoid, costate, indehiscent.
1. L. subulata H. B. K. Leaves cylindric, numerous, 12-20
cm. long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, tapering to a point at the apex;
scapes 8-16 cm. high, shorter than the leaves, terete; styles of
the solitary flowers often 12 cm. long and tipped with a capi-
tate stigma; fruit 6 mm. long.
Occasional about San Bernardino, Parish. Frequent about San Diego and
in the Cuyamaca Mountains.
16 Alismaceae
Family 5. AL.ISMACEAE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Aquatic or marsh plants, with scapose stems and radi-
cal long petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence race-
mose or paniculate. Flowers regular perfect, monoecious
or dioecious, pedicelled ; the pedicels in whorls and sub-
tended by bracts. Perianth segments 6, the outer 3
small herbaceous persistent ; the inner 3 larger and peta-
loid, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers 2-celled,
extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous
distinct on a flat or convex receptacle, 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Carpels becoming achenes in fruit.
Flowers perfect. 1. ECHINODORUS.
Flowers polygamous. 2. LOPHOTOCARPUS.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 3. SAGITTARIA.
1. ECHINODOR-US Rich. BUR-HEAD.
Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic
ovate or lanceolate, often cordate or sagittate leaves,
3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines.
Scapes often longer than the leaves. Inflorescence race-
mose or paniculate. Flowers perfect, in whorls, each
whorl with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles.
Petals white. Receptacle large convex or globose. Sta-
mens 12-30. Ovaries numerous ; style obliquely apical,
persistent ; stigmas simple. Achenes more or less com-
pressed, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads.
1. E. cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Leaves variable, usually broadly
ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 12-16 cm. long and wide, some-
times lanceolate and smaller; petioles angular, striate, 5-15 cm.
long; scapes 1 or more, erect 10-30 cm. high; flowers 3-6 in each
whorl, on pedicels 6-12 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate dilated at the base ; inner perianth segments shorter than
the outer, 4-6 mm. long; stamens usually 12; styles exceeding
the ovaries in length; fruiting heads bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diam-
Water-Plantain Family 17
eter; achenes obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical oblique,
1.5 mm. long. (E. rostratus Engelrn.)
Occasional along streams and banks of ponds. May-July.
2. LOPHOTOCARPUS Durand.
Annual aquatic or bog plants with basal long petioled
sagittate or cordate leaves, simple erect scapes bearing
flowers in several verticils of 2-3 at the summit, the
lower perfect, the upper staminate. Petals white.
Sepals distinct, enclosing or enveloping the fruit. Re-
ceptacle strongly convex. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous
inserted at the base of the receptacle. Pistillate numer-
ous with solitary ovules and an elongated persistent
style. Achenes winged or crested ; embryo horseshoe-
shaped.
1. It. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Scapes weak, at length
decumbent; leaves floating or ascending, entire, hastate or sagit-
tate, the basal lobes spreading ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-16
cm. long; verticils of flowers 1-5; bracts membranous, orbicular
or ovate, or those of the staminate flowers lanceolate ; pedicels
recurved in fruit ; petals 6-8 mm. long ; filaments flattened, papil-
lose; achenes obovate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on the mar-
gins, tipped with a short horizontal triangular beak. (Sagittaria
calycina Engelm.)
Ballona Creek.
3. SAGITTABIA L. ARROW-HEAD.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with tuber-bearing
or nodose rootstocks. Leaves with nerves connected by
numerous veinlets. Scapes erect decumbent or floating.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summit
of the scapes in whorls of 3's, pedicelled, the staminate
usually uppermost, whorls 3-bracted. Perianth seg-
ments 6, the outer 3 herbaceous persistent and reflexed
or spreading in the pistillate flowers. Stamens numer-
ous inserted on the convex receptacle ; anthers 2-celled,
18 Gramineae
dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with num-
erous distinct 1-ovuled ovaries and small persistent
stigmas. Achenes densely aggregated in globose heads,
compressed ; seeds curved ; embryo horseshoe-shaped.
1. S. latifolia Willd. Roots tock slender ; scapes 0. 2-1 m. high,
angled ; leaves very variable, ovate-sagittate to linear, acute,
lobes more or less divergent, acuminate; flowers monoecious
with the lower verticils pistillate or dioecious, 2-4 mm. wide;
petals white; stamens numerous 25-35; filaments glabrous;
pistillate pedicels shorter than the staminate; achenes broadly
winged on both margins, 3 mm. long, with a lateral horizontal or
curving beak, /^-/3 its length. (S. variabilis Engelm.)
Occasional on margins of ponds about Los Angeles.
Family 6. GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs of various habit, rarely
shrubs or trees. Stems (culms) generally hollow or
sometimes solid, the nodes closed. Leaves sheathing,
the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite
the blade, a scarious or cartilaginous ring (ligule)
borne at the base of the leaf-blade. Inflorescence spicate,
racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed
of 2-many 2-ranked imbricated bracts (glumes),
the 2 lowest in the complete spikelet always empty,
1 or both sometimes wanting. One or more of the
upper glumes usually contains in the axil a flower, which
is usually inclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called
the palea, placed opposite the glume with its back to the
axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled.
Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or
dioecious, subtended by 1-3, usually 2 minute hyaline
scales (lodicules). placed at the base of the ovary oppo-
site the palea. Stamens 1-6, usually 3 ; anthers 2-celled
versatile longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, 1-
ovuled ; styles 1-3, usually 2 and lateral ; stigmas
Grass Family 19
hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis).
Endosperm starchy.
KEY TO THE TRIBES.
I. PANICACEAK. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary or staminate
flower below, rarely above, the perfect one; rachilla articulated below
the empty glumes.
Axis of inflorescence articulated; empty glumes firmer in texture than
the flowering ones. Tribe 1. ANDROPOGYNKAK.
Axis of inflorescence not articulated; flowering glumes firmer in texture
than the empty ones. Tribe 2. PANICEAE.
II. POACEAE. Spikelets 1-many-flowered; rachilla usually articulated above
the empty glumes.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Spikelets arranged'on one side of a continuous rachis forming a unilat-
eral spike. Tribe 6. CHLORIDEAE.
SpiUelets not arranged in unilateral spikes.
Inflorescence spicate; spikelets sessile on alternate notches of the
rachis. Tribe 8. HORDEAE.
Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, rarely spicate or apparently
capitate ; spikelets pedicellate.
Glumes 5, the flrst 4 usually empty, the fifth with a hermaphrodite
flower; palea 1-nerved. Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE.
Glumes 3 or sometimes 4, the first two empty : palea 2-nerved.
Tribe 4. AOROSTIDEAE.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Spikelets pedicellate in panicles or racemes, never unilateral.
Empty glumes usually longer than the flowering glumes, 1 or more
of the latter usually awned on the back or from beneath the
teeth of the bifid apex; awn twisted.
Tribe 5. AVENEAE.
Empty glumes generally shorter than the flowering glumes, these
awnless or with 1-many terminal, rarely dorsal straight or
simply divergent awns. Tribe 7. FESTUCEAK.
Spikelets sessile in true spikes or on very short pedicels in unilateral
racemes.
Spikelets in unilateral spikes or racemes.
Tribe 6. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets inserted on the alternate notches of the rachis forming
equilateral, flattened or cylindric spikes.
Tribe 8. HORDEAE.
20 Andropogoneae
Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. SORGHUM TRIBE.
Spikelets in spike-like racemes, 2 at each joint of the
rachis, 1 pedicellate and hermaphrodite, staminate or
rudimentary. Glumes usually 4, the first and second
empty, large and much firmer in texture than the others,
the third usually empty or with a staminate flower in
its axil, rarely awned, the fourth or flowering glume
hyaline, usually awned, the awn generally twisted or
geniculate.
Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. 1. ANDROPOGON.
Inflorescence paniculate ; spikelets somewhat silky-pubescent.
2. SORGHUM.
1. ANDROPOGON L.
Slender or rather coarse perennials with solid culms.
Spikelets heterogamous, in pairs at each joint of the
articulate and usually hairy rachis, one of each pair ses-
sile, hermaphrodite and 1-flowered, the other pedicellate
and staminate or rudimentary. Glumes of the fertile
spikelet 4, the first coriaceous, flattened on the back with
a strong nerve near each margin and usually with
fainter ones between, second glume hyaline awned.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas plumose. Grain
unfurrowed, free within the hardened outer glumes.
1. A. glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Culms erect, 4-6 dm. high,
smooth, simple below, much branched above, upper nodes of
branches barbed; sheaths compressed, glabrous or pubescent;
leaves 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous, long acuminate, nearly equaling
the culms, those of the culms 15-45 mm. long; branches elon-
gated, forming a compact terminal inflorescence; spikes in pairs,
about 25 mm. long, loose, protruding from the sides of the
scabrous sheaths ; rachis flexuous, the joints and pedicels pubes-
cent with long spreading silky hairs ; outer glume about 3 mm.
long; awn 12-18 mm. long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet reduced
to a single scale or wanting. (A. macrourus Michx.)
Rubio and Eaton's Canyons, San Gabriel Mountains, McClatchie.
Sorghum Tribe 21
2. A. saccharoides Swartz. Culms erect, 4-10 dm. high,
simple or branched, glabrous, the nodes pubescent with silky
hairs ; sheaths smooth ; leaves 8-16 cm. long, 4-6 mm. broad,
long-acuminate, scabrous, glaucous ; ligule hairy ; spikes 25-35
mm. long, in an exserted panicle, 5-10 cm. long ; first glume of
sessile spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, about equaling the
terminal hairs of the rachis joints, pubescent at base with long
silky hairs, scabrous above ; awn 10-15 mm. long, spiral, bent,
scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet reduced to a single narrow scale.
Occasional on stony south slopes in the chaparral belt. Sepulveda Can-
yon and Cahuenga Pass, Santa Monica Mountains; Tia Juana, San Diego
County; Gaviota, Santa Barbara County.
2. SORGHUM Pers.
Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves
and terminal ample panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the
nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, 1 sessile and
perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile
spikelet consisting of 4 glumes, the outer indurated and
shining, obscurely nerved, the inner hyaline, the fourth
awned and subtending a small palea and perfect flower,
or palea wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain
free.
1. S. Halepense (L.) Pers. (JOHNSON-GRASS.) Culms erect,
9-15 dm. high, simple or sometimes much branched, smooth;
sheaths smooth; leaves 2 dm. long or more, 7-25 mm. wide,
long-acuniinate ; panicle open, 15-45 cm. long ; branches gener-
ally whorled, spreading, naked towards the base; outer glumes
of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, usually purplish,
pubescent with long, appressed hairs ; awn 8-16 mm. long, more or
less bent, sometimes wanting; pedicelled spikelets of 4 glumes,
the outer 2 about 6 mm. long, membranous, the inner 2 shorter
and narrower, sometimes with staminate flowers.
Becoming a troublesome grass in moist places along roadsides and in
fields. Especially common about Santa Ana.
22 Paniceae
Tribe 2. PANICEAE. MILLET TRIBE.
Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the
back. Glumes 3-4, rarely 2, when 4 the third usually
includes a staminate flower in its axil ; flowering glume
firmer in texture than the outer ones. Axis of the in-
florescence not articulated, the rachilla being articulated
below the empty glumes and the spikelets falling off
singly from the pedicels.
Spikelets not surrounded by a bristly or spiny involucre.
Glumes 3; spikelets sessile or on short pedicels in unilateral spikes or
racemes. 3. PASPALUM.
Glumes 4, the first usually short, rarely wanting.
Spikes digitate. 4. SYNTHERISMA.
Spikes not digitate. 5. PANICUM.
Spikelets surrounded by a bristly or spiny involucre.
Bristles slender, not falling with the spikelets.
6. CHAETOCHLOA.
Bristles thickened below, spine-like, falling with the spikelets.
7. CENCHRUS.
3. PASPALUM L. DITCH-GRASS.
Perennial grasses of various habit, with generally flat
leaves and 1-flowered spikelets borne in 2—4 rows on 1-
sided spikes, which are single, in pairs or panicled.
Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the inner surface,
convex on the outer. Glumes 3, rarely 2 by the absence
of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner
one indurated and subtending a palea and perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas plumose. Ovary
oblong or ovoid, smooth.
1. P. distichum L. Culms erect, 15-35 cm. high, creeping at
the base; sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate on the margins or
sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
smooth; spikes 25-50 mm. long, in pairs, or occasionally with a
third, exserted; rachis flat, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets
2.5-3 mm. long, elliptic, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute,
Millet Tribe 23
nearly sessile in 2 rows ; outer glumes 3-5-nerved, slightly ex-
ceeding the acute third one, which is sparingly bearded at the
apex.
Frequent along streams and irrigating ditches. Los Angeles ; Santa Ana.
4. SYNTHEBISMA Walt. CRAB-GRASS.
Annual grasses with flat leaves. Spikelets borne in
pairs or in 3's in secund spikes which are digitate or
approximate at the summit of the culm. Glumes 4 or 3,
the innermost one chartaceous, subtending a palea of
similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas plumose.
1. S. sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. Culms erect or decumbent,
often rooting at the lower nodes, 3-9 dm. long, smooth ; sheaths
glabrous or pubescent; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide,
acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; spikes 3-10, narrowly linear,
4-15 cm. long, digitate at the summit of the culms; rachis flat,
winged; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, in pairs, 1 sessile or nearly
so, lanceolate; first glume minute, second a half to a third as long
as the spikelet. (Panicum sanguinale L.)
Common along irrigating ditches and in neglected orchards and gardens.
5. PANICUM L. PANIC-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses, varying greatly in habit
and inflorescence. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flow-
ered the lower one staminate only. Glumes 4, the 3
lower membranous, empty or the third with a staminate
flower ; the fourth chartaceous shining, enclosing a
palea of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns
commonly wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stig-
mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened
fruiting glume and palea.
* Awns present.
1. P. Crus-galli L. Culms 3-8 dm. high, usually branching
at base; sheaths smooth; leaves 1-5 dm. long, 3-12 mm. wide,
smooth or scabrous ; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile mostly
24 Paniceae
erect or ascending branches ; spikelets ovate, green or purple,
densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second
and third glumes about 3 mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third
glume more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate abruptly
pointed.
Frequent in neglected orchards and gardens and in waste places.
** Awns none.
2. P. colonum L. Culms tufted, smooth, 2-6 dm. high, often
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths compressed,
usually crowded; ligule wanting; leaves flat, 3-15 cm. long, 2-8
mm. wide; panicles composed of 3-18, 1-sided more or less
spreading dense branches, these 1-3 cm. long, spikelets single, or
in 2's or 3's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous triangular
rachis, obovate, pointed; first glume about half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved, the second and third glumes a little more
than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the
fourth cuspidate.
Occasional along irrigating ditches and in waste places about Los Angeles
and Santa Ana.
3. P. capillare L. Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. high,
simple or sparingly branched ; sheaths papillose-hirsute ; leaves
15-30 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, more or less pubescent; terminal
panicle usually 2-4 dm. long, lower branches exserted and widely
spreading, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate;
first glume }£-)•£ as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes
nearly equal, acute, the fourth 1.5 mm. long.
Occasional along irrigating ditches and in neglected orchards and gardens.
4. P. scoparium Lam. Culms simple and erect, becoming
profuse with age; sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose;
leaves usually rounded or truncate at the base, pubescent or
glabrate, thoee of the culms 4-6 cm. long, those of the branches
much shorter; terminal panicles less than 8 cm. long, ovoid, their
branches ascending; lateral panicles much shorter, not exceed-
ing the leaves; spikelets scarcely 2 mm. long, pubescent. (P.
pubescens Lam.)
Not known to occur within our limits, but it has been found in the San
Jacinto Mountains by Mr. Hall, and at Glenn Ranch in Lytle Creek Canyon
by the author.
Millet Tribe 25
6. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. BRISTLY FOXTAIL.
Annual or perennial grasses with erect culms, flat
leaves, and dense cylindric or somewhat open bristly
.spike-like panicles. Spikelets hermaphrodite, usually 1-
flowered. Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous, the third
often subtending a hyaline palea and rarely a staminate
flower, the fourth or flowering glume chartaceous,
.smooth or transversely rugose, inclosing a palea similar
in texture. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free,
enclosed within the glume and palea.
1. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. An erect or ascending csespitose
glaucous annual, 3-12 dm. high; culms branching at the base,
•compressed, glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths glabrous; ligule
short ciliate; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, long acumi-
nate, nearly glabrous or scabrous on the upper surface and mar-
gins, generally pilose with scattered long hairs at the base;
spikes about 1 cm. in diameter; rachis pubescent; setae 5-12 at
each spikelet, unequal, yellowish, 3-8 mm. long; spikelets
broadly ovate, 3 mm. long; palea convex at the base, concave
above, transversely striate.
Occasional along streets in Los Angeles, Davidson.
2. C. imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. Perennial; culms erect or
.ascending, more or less csespitose, from creeping rootstocks,
slender, compressed, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise
smooth ; sheaths glabrous, the lower much longer than the inter-
nodes, smooth on the hyaline margins ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-7
mm. wide, long tapering to the apex, slightly scabrous on the
upper surface and margins; spikes 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm.
broad; rachis angular, pubescent, branches short, 1- or rarely 2-
flowered; setse 8-12, spreading, 5-10 mm. long, unequal, slender,
finely antrorsely scabrous; spikelets ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm.
long ; first glume about %-% as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute,
5-7-nerved ; third glume equaling the flowering glume, 5-nerved,
subtending a broad palea of its own length; flowering glume
elliptic-ovate, finely transversely rugose; palea plane or concave
-above.
Frequent along irrigating ditches. Los Angeles; Santa Ana; San Ber-
mardino.
26 Phalarideae
7. CENCHBUS L. BUR-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves
and spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets subtended by a
spiny involucre, which is deciduous at maturity with them.
Glumes 4, the first hyaline, the second and third mem-
branous, the latter sometimes subtending a palea and
staminate flower, the fourth chartaceous, subtending a
palea of similar texture which incloses a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.
1. C. tribuloid.es L. Culms erect or decumbent from an an-
nual root, usually robust, 15-45 cm. high, freely branching;
sheaths generally very loose, compressed smooth; leaves 6-10
cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; spikes 25-50 mm. long; involucres
crowded on the scabrous rachis, globose, pubescent except at the
base, spines stout; spikelets 2-flowered, about 6 mm. long.
Occasional in orchards and gardens. San Bernardino, Pariah; Rialto.
Native of Europe.
Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE. CANARY-GRASS TRIBE.
Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, 1-flowered
or rarely 3-flowered ; glumes 5, the first 2 empty and
below the articulation of the rachilla, the third and
fourth above the articulation, usually empty or rarely
subtending staminate flowers, very unlike the other ones,
sometimes reduced to bristles, the fifth glume with a
1-nerved or nerveless palea and a hermaphrodite flower.
Represented with us by the single genus. 8. PHALARIS.
8. PHAL.ABIS L. CANARY-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and
spike-like, capitate or narrowly paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the first and
second about equal in length, strongly compressed later-
ally, usually wing-keeled, the third and fourth much
Agrostideae 27
smaller or rudimentary, fifth subtending a palea similar
to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Grain oblong free smooth, enclosed in the
glumes.
1. P. minor Retz. Culms simple or somewhat branched, 4-10
dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base, smooth; sheaths usu-
ally shorter than the internodes more or less inflated; ligule
rounded, 2-6 mm. long; blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide,
smooth or faintly scabrous; spike 2-8 cm. long, dense; spikelets
5 mm. long; empty glumes more or less scabrous, 3-nerved,
wing-keeled; third and fourth glumes subulate, hairy; fifth
twice as long as the third and fourth, acuminate, pubescent with
long appressed hairs.
Very common in all our valleys in rather moist or heavy soil. March-
May.
2. P. Lemmoni Vasey. Culms rather slender, 3-10 dm. high,
smooth; sheaths smooth; blades 3-5 mm. long, acuminate;
ligule 6 mm. long; spike dense, nearly cylindric, sometimes
slightly interrupted or lobed ; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute
or acuminate; second pair about 1 mm. long; flowering glume
lanceolate, acuminate, about equaling the empty glumes, pubes-
cent; palea nearly as firm in texture as its glume and a little
shorter.
Racher local. First collected near Santa Cruz by Lemmon. Collected by
the author at Inglewood, so far the only locality known for it in southern
California.
Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE. BENT-GRASS TRIBE.
Spikelets all hermaphrodite, 1-flowered, with 3 glumes,
the first 2 empty or rarely wanting, usually exceeding or
equaling the third or flowering glume in length ;
rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea into a
naked or plumose bristle. Palea usually 2-nerved.
28 Agrostideae
Flowering glumes awned or mucronate pointed.
Awn of flowering glume terminal or from between the teeth of the
bifid apex, sometimes wanting in Epicampes.
Awns 3-branched. 9. ABISTIDA.
Awns simple.
Awns articulate with the glumes.
Awns usually long, geniculate and twisted below, persistent.
10. STIPA.
Awns short, caducous, or wanting. 15. EPICAMPES.
Awns not articulate with the glume. 11. MUHLENBERGIA.
Awn dorsal.
Spikelets articulated with the pedicel below the empty glumes.
16. POLYPOGON.
Spikelets not articulated below the empty glumes.
Empty glumes saccate at the base, several times larger than the
flowering glumes; inflorescence spike-like. 18. GASTRIDIUM.
Empty glumes not saccate, never exceeding the flowering glumes
more 'than a third.
Empty glumes smooth or minutely scabrous along the keel.
17. AGROSTIS.
Empty glumes more or less hairy; inflorescence spike-like.
13. ALOPECURUS.
Flowering glumes awnless.
Pericarp free from the grain. 14. SPOROBOLUS.
Pericarp closely adherent to the grain.
Empty glumes abruptly awn-pointed. 12. PLEUM.
Empty glumes not abruptly awn-pointed. 17. AGROSTIS.
9. ABISTIDA L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.
Plants various in habit and inflorescence, with very
narrow, often involute setaceous leaves. Spikelets nar-
row, 1-flowered. Glumes 3, narrow, the 2 empty ones
carinate ; the third rigid and convolute, bearing 3
awns, sometimes rudimentary or rarely wanting. Palea
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free,
tightly enclosed in the glumes.
1. A. Americana bromoides (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill.
Culms slender, branching below and tufted, 8-35 cm. high ;
sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule reduced to a short
fringe; sterile shoots few, the leaves 2-8 cm. long, involute,
setaceous, scabrid above; panicle exserted, spike-like, secund,
purplish, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets on short pedicels; empty
glumes narrow, linear, abruptly pointed, scabrous on the back,,
the first 3-5 mm. long, second 5-9 mm. long; flowering glume
Bent-grass Tribe 29
scabrous on the keel, about as long as the second glume ; central
awn shorter to a little longer than its glume, the lateral ones a,
little shorter, all scabrous; palea less than 1 mm. long.
Occasional in dry open places in the chaparral belt about Pasadena and
San Diego; Catalina Island.
2. A. purpurea aequiramea (Schule) Merrill. Rather stout r
tufted, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high; culms simple; sheaths longer
than the internodes, pilose at the throat; leaves involute, the
lower numerous, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, those of the culm
about 3, usually 3-4 cm. long; panicle purplish, the branches
capillary, generally erect or ascending, usually many-flowered,
3-5 at each node; spikelets pale or purplish; second empty
glume twice as long as the first, equaling the flowering glume,
both cleft at the apex, the midnerve excurrent as a scabrous awn,
1-2 mm. long; flowering glume about 10 mm. long, strongly
tuberculate-scabrous ; awns equal, 5-7 cm. long. (A. purpurea-
Calif arnica Vasey.)
Occasional in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt.
10. STIPA L. FEATHER-GRASS.
Generally rather tall grasses with convolute, rarely
flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-
flowered, narrow. Glumes 3, the outer 2 narrow acute
or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid convolute with
a hairy callus at the base and bearing a more or less
bent awn, which is spiral at the base and articulated to
the glume. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, dis-
tinct. Grain narrow free, tightly enclosed in the glume.
*Awn scabrous or nearly smooth.
1. S. Hassei Vasey. Culms slender and wiry, tufted, more or
less branching below, erect, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves very narrowly
linear, setaceous, 1-2 dm. long, erect; ligule minute; sheaths
narrow, striated; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, narrow, loose, erect ;
branches erect, mostly 2-3 together, the larger ones 25 mm. long
or more, naked below, others flowering to the base; spikelets
small; empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
about 5 mm. long, nearly equal ; flowering glume nearly as long as
30 Agrostideae
the empty ones, membranaceous, smooth ; rachilla short with a
few short hairs; palea half as long as its glume; awn 16-18 mm.
long, bent above the middle, twisted below, nearly smooth ; grain
oblong, about 2 mm. long.
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
2. S. eminens Cav. Culms tufted, slender, 3-9 dm. high, pu-
bescent at the nodes; leaves convolute-setaceous, basal ones
about half as long as the culm, lower culm leaves 15-20 cm. long,
the uppermost 5 cm. long; ligule very minute; sheaths striate,
smooth; panicle 10-15 cm. long, exserted, somewhat secund, the
very slender short rays in pairs, few-flowered; lower glumes
about 10 mm. long, the upper 8 mm. long, acuminate, purplish ;
flowering glume 5-6 mm. long, pubescent; awn about 25 mm.
long, slender, bent near the middle, minutely and evenly sca-
brous.
Occasional on dry ridges in the chaparral belt about Pasadena and San
Diego.
3. S. eminens Andersonii Vasey. Culms and leaves more
slender; panicle thinner; empty glumes 6-8 mm. long; flowering
glume 4mm. long, nearly cylindric ; awn 20-24 mm. long. Other-
wise like the type.
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
4. S. coronata Thurb. Culms 10-20 dm. high, stout, 6-8 mm.
thick at the base, lower culm leaves often 10 dm. long, 8-12 mm.
wide at base, gradually tapering to a long involute point, the
uppermost about 15 cm. long, nearly filiform and rigid, all slightly
scabrous on both surfaces and margins; ligule short; sheaths
rather loose, the uppermost dilated, smooth except the margins,
these ciliate especially at the throat; panicle 3-5 dm. long, at
length exserted and loose, narrow with erect branches; spikelets
short-pedicelled ; empty glumes acuminate and bristle-pointed,
slightly scabrous on the nerves, the lower 16mm. long, the upper
12 mm. long; flowering glume 10 mm. long, silky-pubescent;
awn about 25 mm. long, slender, bent below the middle and
minutely scabrous; palea about half the length of its glume;
anthers naked.
Frequent on dry open ridges in the chaparral belt. Santa Monica, Santa
Ana and San Gabriel Mountains ; also in the foothills of San Diego County.
5. S. Parishii Vasey. Culms tufted, leafy below, 3-4.5 dm.
high, rather stout; sheaths smooth longer than the internodes,
Bent-grass Tribe 31
the margins of the throat pubescent; blades involute, rigid,
smooth below, scabrous above, the lower ones 12-18 cm. long, the
upper 8-10 cm. long; panicle included at base by the somewhat
inflated upper sheath, 12-15 cm. long, open; the lower branches
in 3's, the upper in 2's or single, rather few-flowered ; empty
glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth, first 12-16 mm. long, second
about 2 mm. shorter; flowering glume about 7 mm. long, silky
with white hairs often 5 mm. long, 2-toothed; awn 16-20 mm.
long, smooth below, scabrous above.
Occasional in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, 5000-7000
feet altitude, Parish, Hall.
6. S. setigera Presl. Culms 3-9 dm. high, tufted, rather stout,
pubescent at the nodes ; sheaths hairy at the throat, the lower
shorter than the internodes ; basal leaves % as long as the culms ;
culm-leaves flat, 4-6 mm. wide, the uppermost nearly equaling
the panicle; ligule about 2 mm. long, truncate; panicle 10-25
cm. long, mostly included below, loose, flexuous, more or less
secund when young, the slender branches in pairs; pedicels
shorter than the spikelets; empty glumes 12-18 mm. long, long-
acuminate; flowering glume 10 mm. long, silky-hairy on the
nerves; awn geniculate above the middle, bent again, twisted and
pubescent below, 6-10 cm. long ; anthers bearded at the apex.
Common on the mesas, grassy hills, and in open places in the chaparral
belt.
* Awn villous or pubescent, at least below.
7. S. speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Perennial; culms tufted, erect,
2-5 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, the upper-
most inflated ; basal leaves half as long as the culms, scabrous,
culm leaves, usually 3, 5-15 cm. long, closely involute; panicle
often somewhat included, spike-like, 6-20 cm. long, the branches
usually in pairs, bearing 1-3 spikelets ; empty glumes nearly
equal, hyaline, acuminate, about 16 mm. long; flowering glumes
silky-pubescent, 8-12 mm. long, 2-toothed at the apex; awn 3-4
cm. long, geniculate below the middle, the twisted portion pilose
with white hairs 3-6 mm. long.
Occasional on dry hillsides in the lower portions of the chaparral belt.
San Fernando Valley; Elsinore; San Bernardino; San Diego.
8. S. viridula Trin. Culms stout, strict, simple, 4-7 dm. high ;
sheaths much shorter than the internodes; blades smooth or
32 Agrostideae
scabrid, involute setaceous at the apex; basal leaves about ^ as
long as the culm, culm leaves 3-4, 2-6 mm. wide, the upper 3-6
cm. long; ligule short with some hairs at the throat; panicle
exserted, narrow, 12-40 cm. long, the shorterect branches in 2'sor
3's ; empty glumes nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate, bristle-pointed,
6-12 mm. long; flowering glumes pubescent, 5-6 mm. long; awn
slender, flexuose, usually twice bent, 2-4 cm. long, pubescent or
plumose below ; palea about half as long as its glume ; anthers
naked.
Elysian Park, Davidson. Mt. Wilson in open pine woods.
11. MUHLENBEBGIA Schreb. DROP-SEED GRASS.
Perennial or annual grasses with convolute or flat
leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Rootstocks often
scaly. Spikelets 1-2-flowered. Glumes 3 or rarely 4 ;
the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute
and sometimes awned ; the third 3-5-nerved, subtending
a palea and perfect flower, obtuse, acute or produced
into a capillary awn ; stamens usually 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Callus minute. Grain narrow free, tightly en-
closed in the glume.
1. M. Californica (Vasey). Culms spreading, diffusely
branched, 4-8 dm. high ; panicles terminating the long, leafy, ter-
minal and lateral branches, 10-15 cm. long, its branches mostly
alternate, the lower distant and subspicate ; spikelets sessile and
crowded on the branches; empty glumes membranous except the
hispid green keel, equal, lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely 4 mm.
long, somewhat exceeding the flowering glume ; flowering glume
about 3 mm. long, firm, scabrous, acute and terminating in a
straight awn of about its own length, sparingly villous at the
base ; palea about equaling the glume, acute. (M. sylvatica Cali-
fornica Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7 : 93. 1882. M. Parishii Vasey, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club. 13 : 53. 1886.)
San Bernardino Mountains, Parish; near Pasadena, Davidson; San Diego.
2. M. debilis Trin. Culms tufted, decumbent at base and
much branched, purplish throughout, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves 25-
50 mm. long, puberulent; ligule 1 mm. long, lacerate; panicle 5-
12 cm. long, usually spreading, branches 25-35 mm. long, mostly
Bent-grass Tribe 33
single, sessile ; spikejets 2-3 mm. long, short-pedicellate ; empty
glumes nearly equal, V* to V5 as long as the flowering glume,
mostly obtuse or eroded, hyaline ; flowering glume slender, taper-
ing, scabrous throughout, terminated by a slender awn 25-35
mm. long; palea about equal to the flowering glume.
Common on dry ridges and exposed places in the chaparral belt. Santa
Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, south to San Diego.
12. PHLEUM L. TIMOTHY.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-
like inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 3, the
2 outer empty, membranous, compressed keeled, the
apex obliquely truncate, midnerve produced into an
awn, the third much shorter and broader, hyaline, trun-
cate denticulate at the apex. Palea narrow, hyaline.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed
in the glume and palea.
1. P. pratense L. Culms more or less tufted, erect, leafy, 3-9
dm. high, simple; sheaths smooth; blades minutely scabrous;
spike about 6 mm. wide, 3-10 cm. long; empty glumes about 2
mm. long, hyaline except the 3 scabrous nerves; flowering glume
nearly 2 mm. long.
Occasional in lawns, and in mountain meadows. Cuyamaca.
13. AliOPECUBUS L. FOX-TAIL GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent
culms, usually flat leaves and spike-like inflorescence.
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened. Glumes 3 ; the 2 outer
empty acute, sometimes short-awnecl, more or less united
below, compressed, keeled ; keel ciliate or somewhat
winged ; third glume truncate or obtuse, hyaline, acute,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or
rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated.
1. A. geniculatus L. Perennial; culms decumbent and often
rooting from the lower nodes, 2-4 dm. high, smooth; sheaths
smooth, upper inflated ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the lowest often
nearly equaling the culm, the uppermost equaling or exceeding
34 Agrostideae
the spike; spike 2-4 cm. long, about 4 mm.- wide; spikelets 2-3
mm. long; empty glumes silky, obtuse; flowering glumes gla-
brous, their margins united to near the middle ; awn about 4 mm.
long, slender.
In low ground on the mesas near Inglewood. In a similar location near
San Diego.
14. SPOROBOLTJS R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS.
Perennial or annual grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets usu-
ally small, 1-flowered, sometimes 2-3-flowered. Glumes
in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous ; the 2 outer
empty, the first somewhat the shorter ; the third equal-
ing or longer than the empty ones enclosing a perfect
flower and a 2-nerved palea. Stamens 2-3. Styles very
short, distinct. Grain free.
1. S. airoides Torr. Perennial; culms erect, rather stout and
tufted, 4-9 dm. high; sheaths somewhat shorter than the inter-
nodes, the throat ciliate; ligule very short; leaves convolute,
tapering to a filiform apex, those of the culm 4-5, the upper
filiform, 2-3 cm. long ; panicle terminal, ovoid, often partly
included at the base, 2-3 dm. long, its branches again branching
and bearing scattered spikelets above the middle; spikelets light
lead-color or brown; empty glumes obovate, nerveless, first
0.5-1 mm. long, second 1.5-2 mm. long; flowering glume con-
cave, broadly oval, 1-nerved, 2 mm. long; palea broader than its
glume and a little shorter, truncate.
Occasional in low ground. Wilmington; Westminster; San Bernardino;
San Diego.
2. S. asperifolius (Nees.) Thurb. Culms branching, 2-4 dm.
high, ascending from stout creeping rootstalks, sheaths smooth,
loose, longer than the numerous short internodes, leaves flat,
scabrous, 3-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle included at the base,
open, 9-18 cm. long, its branches scabrous, bearing single spike-
lets at the ends of very slender stiff branchlets ; spikelets tinged
with purple; empty glumes lanceolate, 3-nerved, first 0.3-0.5
mm. long, second slightly longer; flowering glume oval, obtuse,
1-1.5 mm. long; palea equaling the glume.
San Bernardino, Parish; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
Bent-urn ss Tribe :5.">
15. EPICAMPES Presl.
Tall perennial tufted Brasses with usually very long
spike-like panieles. Spikclets small, 1-ilowered. Empty
glumes '2. membranous, slightly unequal, convex on the
hack, carinate. often finely )>-nerved ; flowering glumes
.'{-nerved, obtuse or emarginate, a little shorter or about
equaling the empty glumes, usually tipped with a slen-
der rather short awn. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
short ; stigmas plumose. Grain free, included within
the glumes.
1. E. rigens Benth. Perennial, tufted ; culms rigid, erect,
smooth, 5-10 dm. high; sheaths longer than the internodes,
loose, smooth ; ligule 4-6 mm. long ; leaves scabrous, rigid, in-
volute apex attenuate, 1-3 dm. long ; panicle exserted or some-
what included, erect dense spike-like, 2-5 dm. long, 5-8 mm.
broad; spikelets minutely scabrous, elliptic; empty glumes
white, about 3 mm. long, nearly equal ; flowering glume awnless,
minutely pubescent, about 2 mm. long.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, in canyons, confined mostly to
the upper portions of the chaparral belt.
16. POLYPOGON Desf. BEARD-GRASS.
Annual or rarely perennial grasses with decumbent or
erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike-
lets 1 -flowered. Glumes 3 ; the outer 2 empty, each ex-
tended into an awn, the third smaller, usually hyaline,
short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palea
and perfect flower. Palea shorter than the glume.
Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free, en-
closed in the glume and palea.
1. P. Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual; culms erect orgenicu-
late, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths about equaling the nodes, the upper
slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle spike-like, oval
or cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, pale often yellowish-
green ; spikelets numerous, nearly concealed by the slender
36 Agrostideae
awns ; empty glumes pubescent or ciliate, obtuse, elliptic ; awns
4 mm. long; flowering glume 1 mm. long, hyaline, truncate-
jagged; awn equaling or shorter than the glume or wanting;
palea 2-toothed.
Common in low moist places along the coast and along streams through-
out our range, ascending the mountains to the pine belt.
2. P. littoralis Sin. Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, ascending
from rootstocks; sheaths nearly equaling the internodes, the
upper slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle dense,
somewhat lobed, 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; awns
equaling the empty elliptic glumes; flowering glume 1 mm.
long, truncate, hyaline, its awn nearly twice as long; palea
2-toothed.
Occasional along streams in the valleys and foothills.
17. AGBOSTIS L. BENT-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or bristle-like
leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered. Glumes 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous,
keeled, acute ; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, some-
times bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower.
Palea shorter than the glume, sometimes minute or
wanting. Stamens generally 3. Styles short, distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume.
1. A. verticillata Vill. Perennial from slender rootstocks;
culms decumbent, 3-6 dm. high, often rooting from the lower
nodes; sheaths inflated, smooth; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm.
wide, scabrid above; panicle loosely contracted, 4-10 cm. long,
8-12 mm. wide ; empty glumes nearly equal, obtuse, 1-nerved,
scabrous; callus naked; flowering glume 1 mm. long, 5-toothed,
glabrous ; palea nearly equaling the glume.
Common along streams in the mountains and valleys throughout our
range. Native of southern Europe.
2. A. asperifolia Trin. Annual; culms erect, tufted, leafy,
3-6 dm. high ; sheaths minutely scabrid ; leaves 7-15 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle interrupted, lobed and dense
above, 10-15 cm. long; branches crowded, erect; spikelets 2.5-3
mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, scabrous on the nerves;
Bent-grass Tribe 37
callus with a tuft of minute hairs at the base of each margin of
the flowering glume; flowering glume 1.5 mm. long, glabrous,
minutely 2-toothed at the apex, awnless ; palea obsolete.
Occasional in low moist places in the coast valleys.
3. A. Diegoensis Vasey. Perennial from slender stoloniferous
rootstocks ; culms erect, 4-8 dm. high ; sheaths minutely scabrid ;
blades 6-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, scabrid; panicle lax, narrow,
6-14 cm. long, its branches erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; empty
glumes nearly equal, scabrid; callus hairy at the base of each
margin of the flowering glume ; flowering glume 2.5-3 mm. long,
scabrid especially on the margins, 4-toothed ; palea obsolete.
Not known within our limits, but occasional in San Diego County and ex-
tending north to Washington.
18. GASTBIDIUM Beauv. NIT-GRASS.
Caespitose annuals with flat leaves and shining
spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite ;
rachilla prolonged behind the palea. Empty glumes 2,
equal, enlarged or saccate at the base, keeled above ;
flowering glume much shorter than the empty ones,
hyaline, truncate or obtusely 2-lobed, awnless or bearing
a slender awn just below the apex. Palea narrow, about
the length of the glume. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis-
tinct ; stigmas plumose. Grain subglobose, free, included
within the ventricose base of the glume.
1. G-. lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Culms more or less tufted,
erect, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth ; leaves, 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate,
scabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, pale
green and shining; spikelets lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; empty
glumes scabrous above ; flowering glume hairy, bearing a slender
awn below the middle.
Common on dry ground in the chaparral belt throughout our range. Na-
tive of southern Europe.
38 Aveneae
Tribe 5. AVENEAE. OAT TRIBE.
Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; outer empty glumes
usually longer than the first flowering glume ; 1 or more
of the flowering glumes awned on the back or from be-
tween the teeth of the bifid apex ; awn usually twisted
or geniculate.
Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the empty glumes.
19. HOLCUS.
Spikelets not articulate below the empty glumes.
Awns dorsal.
Spikelets small, less than 1 cm. long. 20. DESCHAMPSIA.
Spikelets 1 cm. long or more. 21. AVENA.
Awns terminal, rising from between the lobes or teeth.
22. DANTHONIA.
19. HOLCUS L. VELVET-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-
like or open panicles. Spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered ;
lower flowers perfect, upper staminate. Glumes 4 ; the
2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved,
the second 3-nerved and often short awned ; flowering
glumes chartaceous, the upper ones bearing a bent awn.
Palea narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain oblong, enclosed in the glume.
1. H. lanatus L. Densely and softly pubescent throughout;
culms 4-6 dm. high, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple;
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves
3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long; empty
glumes white-vilious, the upper awn-pointed ; flowering glumes
2 mm. long, smooth and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the
keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2- toothed and bearing a hooked
awn below the apex.
Santa Anita and Oak Knoll, McClatchie, Davidson.
20. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. HAIR-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-
Oat Tribe 39
flowered ; both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla ex-
tended beyond or rarely terminated by a staminate one.
Glumes 4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, membranous,
shining, persistent ; the flowering glumes similar in tex-
ture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, toothed at the
apex. Palea narrow. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain oblong, free and enclosed in the glume.
1. D. calycina Presl. Annual; culms slender, 1-6 dm. high;
sheaths smooth; leaves few, 3-6 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less;
panicle spreading, about % the length of the culms, bearing 1-5
spikelets above the middle, the lowest of which are on spreading
pedicels; spikelets 2-flo\vered ; empty glumes about 2 mm. long,
hairy below, shining above, 5-nerved, emarginate with 4 minute
ciliate teeth ; awn inserted below the middle, about 6 mm. long,
bent near the middle and twisted below.
Occasional on dry mesas or in open places in the foothills and mountains.
21. AVENA L. OAT.
Annual or perennial grasses with generally flat leaves
and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-several-flower-
ed or rarely 1-flowered ; the lower flowers perfect, the
upper usually staminate. Glumes 4-many, the 2 outer
empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent ;
flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on the back, acute,
generally bearing a dorsal awn, apex often 2-toothed.
Palea narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in
the glume and palea, free or sometimes adherent to the
latter.
1. A. fatua L. (WILD OAT.) Culms usually tufted, 5-15 dm.
high; leaves scabrid, rather long and broad; panicle 1-4 dm.
long, its branches unequal, long filiform ; spikelets drooping, 2-3-
flowered ; empty glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, 20-25 mm.
long, 9-11-nerved; flowering glumes 18 mm. long, acute, bifid,
yellowish hairy especially below, 9-nerved ; awn from near the
40 Aveneae
middle of the glume, 1-2 cm. long, geniculate; palea 15 mm.
long, hairy on the nerves.
Very common in all the valleys and on grassy hills. Native of southern
Europe.
2. A. fatua glabrescens Coss. (BASTARD OATS.) Like the
type except that the flowering glumes are glabrous. In this re-
spect resembling A. saliva L., the cultivated oat, but it is easily
distinguished from that by its longer and geniculate awn and
wide, 9-nerved flowering glume. A . saliva is awnless or has a
short straight awn and a 7-nerved glabrous flowering glume.
Occasional in our valleys. San Bernardino, Parish; Inglewood.
22. DANTHONIA DC. WILD OAT-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many-
flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper stami-
nate ; rachilla pubescent extending beyond the flowers.
Glumes 5— many, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, sub-
equal, persistent, generally extending beyond the upper-
most flowering glume ; flowering glumes rounded on the
back, 2-toothed, deciduous ; the awn arising from be-
tween the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base,
bent. Palea hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse
or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free,
enclosed in the glume.
1. D. Californica Boland. Perennial, tufted; culms 4-8 dm.
high, erect or somewhat decumbent at base; sheaths smooth,
villous or bearded at the summit ; blades flat or convolute, 10-15
cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spikelets 1-5, terminal, 15-25
mm. long, usually purplish ; pedicels slender, spreading, minute-
ly hirsute ; empty glumes equaling the spikelet ; flowers usually
7; flowering glume about 8 mm. long, hairy on the callus and
margins below the middle, teeth about 2 mm. long; awn about
equaling the glume, scabrous.
In dry usually stony ground. Newhall, Davidson.
Chlorideae 41
Tribe 6. CHLORIDEAE. FINGER-GRASS TRIBE.
Spikelets 1-several-flowered in 1-sided spikes or
racemes ; the racemes digitate or fasciculate, rarely soli-
tary ; flowering glumes usually keeled, entire and un-
armed or toothed and with 1-3 straight awns.
Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, forming unilateral spikes, which are scat-
tered along a common rachis. 24. SPABTINA.
Spikes 2-6, digitate. 23. CYNODON.
Spikes slender, alternating and more or less remote along a common
axis. 25. LKPTOCBLOA.
23. CYNODON Pers. BERMUDA-GRASS.
Perennial mostly from running rootstocks, with short
flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikes digitate,
slender. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Glumes 3 ; the 2
outer empty, keeled ; the third broader membranous,
compressed. Palea a little shorter than the flowering
glume, hyaline 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain free.
1.0. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Culms 1-3 dm. high, erect, from
long creeping and branching stolons, smooth; sheaths glabrous
or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along
the stolons; ligule pilose; leaves 25-50 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide,
flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, 12-25
mm. long, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; empty
glumes hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second,
about % as long as the broad and strongly compressed third one.
Common along irrigation ditches and roadsides. Native of Europe.
Commonly called Bermuda Grass and extensively used for lawns.
24. SPABTINA Schreb. CORD-GRASS.
Perennial glabrous grasses with long horizontal root-
stocks, flat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of
1-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets
1-flowered narrow deciduous, borne in 2 rows on the rachis,
42 Chlorideae
articulated on very short pedicels below the glumes.
Glumes 3 ; the outer 2 empty keeled very unequal,
the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equaling or
shorter than the second. Palea often larger than its glume,
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated ; stig-
mas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free.
1. S. glabra Muhl. Culms simple, stout, 6-15 dm. high;
sheaths glabrous, the lower ones crowded; leaves 5-7 dm. long,
1-1.5 cm. wide, usually flat, tapering to a long involute tip,
smooth; panicles 2-4 dm. long, strict; spikes 5-15 cm. long;
spikelets crowded, 10-14 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous or
sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first 6-8 mm., the second
10-14 mm. long; flowering glume 8-10 mm. long; palea slightly
exceeding the glume.
Occasional in the salt marshes along the coast. Wilmington.
2. S. foliosa Trin. Culms erect, 6-8 dm. high, stout; sheaths
smooth, crowded at least above; leaves 2-3 dm. long, about 1 cm.
wide, smooth, tapering to a long involute tip; panicle 10-15 cm.
long, nearly cylindric; spikes 2-5 cm. long, appressed ; spikelets
crowded, 12-14 mm. long, glabrous or the empty glumes usually
stoutly ciliate on the keels ; the first empty glume narrow, 7-8
mm., the second 12-14 mm. long; flowering glume 10-12 min.
long, slightly shorter .than the palea.
This has been found at San Diego and may occur within our limits. It is
easily recognized by its dense spike-like inflorescence and leafy culms.
25. LiEPTOCHliOA Beauv.
Mostly rather tall annual grasses with flat leaves and
numerous spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets
2— many-flowered, flattened, alternating in 2 rows on one
side of the rachis. Glumes 4-many, the 2 lower empty,
keeled, 3-nerved. Palea 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palea.
1. !L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. Culms 3-9 dm. high,
erect, branched, smooth; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth; ligule short, lacerate-toothed ; leaves 5-18 cm. long,
2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes numerous, slender, rigid, ascend-
Festuceae 43
ing or sometimes spreading, the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets
usually 3-flowered, about 2 mm. long; empty glumes shorter
than the spikelets, acute, 1-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keel ;
flowering glumes 2-toothed at the apex, ciliate on the nerves.
Common in the San Joaquin Valley and at Imperial along irrigating
canals. Known within our limits only from near Santa Monica, Davidson.
Tribe 7. FESTUCEAE. FESCUE TRIBE.
Spikelets 2-mnny-flowered, usually hermaphrodite,
pedicellate in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes
dense and spike-like. Flowering glumes usually larger
than the empty glumes, awnless or with 1-several
straight, rarely bent, awns, which are either terminal or
borne just below the apex.
Spikelets of 2 kinds in the same inflorescence, hermaphrodite and sterile.
Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, awnless. 32. CYNOSURUS.
Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, long awned. 33. LAMABCKIA.
Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence.
Plants dioecious, saline or maritime.
Spikelets solitary, concealed in the axils of the crowded short and
rigid leaves. 26. MONANTHOCHLOE.
Spikelets in exserted spike-like panicles. 30 DISTICHLIS.
Plants not dioecious.
Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved or nerveless.
Annual; inflorescence a lax panicle. 27. ERAGROSTIS.
Perennial; inflorescence a spike-like panicle. 28. KOELERIA.
Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved.
Flowering glumes rounded on the back.
Nerves of the flowering glumes prominent.
29. MELICA.
Nerves of the flowering glumes obscure or manifest only near the
apex.
Flowering glumes obtuse and awnless. 34. POA.
Flowering glumes acute, often awned.
Flowering glumes entire, acute or awned from the apex.
35. FESTUCA.
Flowering glumes usually awned just below the entire or
2-toothed apex. 36. BROMUS.
Flowering glumes compressed or keeled.
Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the ends of
the few panicled branches. 31. DACTYLIS.
Spikelets 1-2 cm. long; glumes short-awned.
36. BROMUS.
Spikelets smaller; glumes awnless. 34. POA
44 Festuceae
26. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm.
A creeping or stoloniferous grass with stout rigid
crowded leaves. Spikelets 2-3-flowered unisexual some-
what unlike usually sessile in 4's and concealed within
the leaf fascicles, the upper floral leaves becoming smaller
at .length reduced to sheaths and resembling the outer
glumes. Flowering glumes membranous rigid obtuse or
denticulate. Palea 2-nerved included within the flower-
ing glume. Stamens in the staminate plants 3. Styles
in the pistillate plants distinct, elongated ; stigmas bar-
bellate. Grain free, included within the glume and
palea.
1. M. littoralis Engelm. Culms firm, creeping or ascending;
leaves crowded, subulate, usually about 1 cm. long, conduplicate ;
flowering glumes 9-12-nerved.
Occasional on salt marshes along the coast. San Pedro; San Diego.
ARUNDO DONAX L. (GIANT-REED.) A tall reed-like grass with
hollow culms, broad flat leaves and ample terminal panicles. In-
troduced from southern Europe and cultivated for ornament,
sometimes found as an escape.
GYNERIUM ARGENTIUM Nees. (PAMPAS-GRASS.) Tall reed-like
grass with solid culms, long narrow leaves and large showy plu-
mose panicles. Introduced from South America and cultivated for
ornament.
27. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and con-
tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2— many-flowered,
more or less flattened. Glumes 4-many ; the 2 outer
empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled,
1-nerved or the second 3-nerved ; flowering glumes mem-
branous, keeled, 3-nerved. Palea shorter than the
glumes, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually per-
sisting on the rachilla after the glume has fallen. Sta-
Fescue Tribe 45
mens 2-3. Styles distinct, short. Grain free, loosely en-
closed in the glume and palea.
1. E. major Host. Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect or decumbent
at base, usually branched, smooth; sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes, sparingly pilose at the throat, otherwise smooth ; blades
5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous
above; panicle 5-15 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascend-
ing, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-15 mm. long, about
3 mm. wide, flat; empty glumes obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, lateral
nerves prominent.
Along ditches and streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana.
2. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Annual, 4-5 dm. high, somewhat tuft-
ed, smooth; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; leaves
flat, 8-15 cm. long, smooth ; panicle spreading, 15-30 cm. long ; rays
decompound, smooth or slightly bearded in the axils; spikelets
on pedicels 4-8 mm. long, narrowly linear, 5-8 mm. long, 7-20-
flowered, dark lead color or purplish; empty glumes lanceolate,
first 1.5 mm. long, second 2 mm. long, flowering glume ovate,
1.5-1.8 mm. long; palea about equaling its glume, scaberulouson
the keel; grain 1 mm. long. (E. Orcuttiana Vasey.)
Occasional along irrigating ditches about San Bernardino and Santa Ana.
28. KOELEBIA Pers.
Tufted annual or perennial grasses with flat or setace-
ous leaves and mostly spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-
5-flowered. The 2 outer glumes empty, narrow, unequal,
acute, keeled, scarious on the margins ; flowering glumes
3-5-nerved. Palea hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles very short. Grain free, enclosed in the glume
and palea.
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial; culms erect, tufted, 3-7
dm. high; sheaths smooth, equaling or shorter than the inter-
nodes; basal leaves %~/4 as l°ng as the culms, culm leaves 2-4,
6-12 cm. long, all glabrous; panicle spike-like, somewhat lobed
and interrupted, 5-12 cm. long ; axis and branches soft-pubescent ;
spikelets 2-4-flowered, 4-5 mm. long ; first glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long,
second 3-4 mm. long; flowering glume equaling the second empty
one.
Common on grassy hills.
46 Festuceae
2. K. cristata pinetorum. Closely resembling the type in
habit and floral characters, but the sheaths and leaves soft-pubes-
cent. (K. cristata pubescens Vasey, not of Beauv.)
Occasional in open pine forests. Wilson's Peak; San Bernardino Moun-
tains; San Jacinto Mountains.
29. MEL.ICA L. MELIC-GRASS.
Perennial often tufted grasses with usually flat leaves
and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 1-several-
flowered, often secund. The rachilla extended beyond
the flowers and generally bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped
or hooded glumes, convolute around each other. Two
outer glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved ; flowering
glumes larger, rounded on the back, 7-13-nerved, some-
times bearing an awn, the margins more or less scari-
ous. Palea broad, shorter than the glume, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the
palea and glume.
1. M. imperfecta Trin. Culms slender, somewhat tufted, 3-10
dm. high; sheaths exceeding the internodes; blades 6-7, flat or
becoming involute, usually glabrous or more or less scabrous,
15-20 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its
branches in remote clusters, unequal, the longer 5-7 cm. long;
spikelets scabrid 1-flowered, with an imperfect flower or rarely
2-flowered: empty glumes ovate or nearly so, the first about 3
mm. long, 3-nerved, second slightly longer, 5-nerved; flowering
glume about 4 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved, often purplish;
palea nearly as long as its glume.
Common on grassy slopes on the mesas and grassy hills. March-May.
2. M. imperfecta flexuosa Boland. Much resembling the
type in habit and foliage, but the branches of the panicle few-
flowered, generally in pairs, often reflexed; spikelets larger,
acuter, paler and more coriaceous.
Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson.
3. M. imperfecta minor Scribn. Usually densely tufted ;
culms compressed or angular; leaves mostly basal ; branches of
Fescue Tribe 47
the panicles short, divergent or reflexed ; spikelets smaller than
in the species ; the outer glumes shorter and more obtuse.
San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park.
4. M. imperfecta refracta Thurb. Densely velvety-pubescent
throughout; panicle slender, flexuous, its branches few, distant,
strongly refracted ; spikelets very acute.
Santa Monica, Davidson.
30. DISTICHLIS Raf. SALT-GRASS.
Dioecious grasses of saline or maritime habit with
rigid culms, creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or
convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets flattened more on the staminate plants than on
the pistillate. Two outer glumes ejnpty, narrow, keeled,
acute ; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones,
many-nerved, acute, rigid ; palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea.
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. (SALT-GRASS.) Culms rather stout,
from creeping scaly rootstocks, rigid, erect, 1-5 dm. high; sheaths
numerous, glabrous, bearded at the throat; blades pale green,
3-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide at base, spreading, rigid, margins
minutely ciliate ; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm. long, its branches ap-
pressed ; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, keeled; empty glumes obtuse,
first 2-3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; flowering glume ot sterile
spikelets 3-5 mm. long, of fertile spikelets 5-6 mm. long.
Very common in low subsaline places along the coast and in our interior
valleys.
31. DACTYLIS L. ORCHARD-GRASS.
A tall perennial grass with flat leaves and paniculate
inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, short pedicelled,
in dense capitate clusters. Flowers perfect or the upper
staminate. The 2 outer empty glumes thin membran-
ous, unequal, keeled, mucronate ; flowering glumes larger
than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the mid-
nerve extended into a point or short awn. Palea shorter
48 Festuceae
than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea.
1. D. glomerata L. Culms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, erect,
simple, smooth ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or
rough; ligule 2-4 mm. long; blades 7-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide,
flat, scabrous; panicle 7-18 cm. long, its branches spreading or as-
cending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 25-60 mm. long; spike-
lets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes 1-3-
nerved, the first shorter than the second; flowering glumes 4-6
mm. long, rough, pointed or short awned, ciliate on the keel.
Occasional in yards about Los Angeles.
32. CYNOSUBUS L.
Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves
and dense spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets consisting
of narrow empty glumes with a continuous rachilla, the
terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader glumes with articulate
rachilla, and subtending perfect flowers. The 2 outer
glumes broad, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short awned ;
upper glumes narrower, usually empty. Glumes of the
sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, linear-subulate;
1-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Grain
finally adherent to the palea.
1. C. cristatus L. Perennial; culms tufted, erect, slender,
3-6 dm. high; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes;
blades of the culm flat, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide ; spike near-
ly cylindric, oblong or linear, 3-10 cm. long; the clusters of spike-
lets all turned to one side, the empty ones forming involucres to
each cluster.
On lawns, rarely seen. Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of Europe.
33. LAMABCKIA Moench.
A low annual grass with flat leaves and showy 1-sided
panicles of crowded fasciculate spikelets, the fertile
spikelets nearly enclosed by the numerous sterile ones.
The terminal spikelet of each fascicle fertile, the others
Fescue Tribe 49
(1-3) linear and consisting of many distichously imbri-
cated obtuse empty glumes. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered,
with rachilla prolonged into a slender stipe and bearing
a small empty awned glume or reduced to an awn.
Empty glumes 2, 1-nerved, acuminate or short-awned,
slightly unequal; flowering glume broader, 1-nerved,
bearing a slender awn just below the apex. Palea nar-
row, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct ; stig-
mas barbellate.
1. L. aurea (L.) Moench. (GOLDEN-TOP.) Annual; culms
tufted, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths smooth; blades 5-8 mm. wide;
panicle linear or oval, 5-8 cm. long; empty glumes of the fertile
spikelets narrow, keeled, 4-4.5 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm.
long, oval, bearing a dorsal awn a little below the apex, 6-9 mm.
long.
Common on grassy plains and hills. Native of southern Europe.
34. POA L. MEADOW-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-6-
flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous.
Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Glumes membran-
ous, keeled ; the 2 lower empty, 1— 3-nerved ; the flower-
ing glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with
a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved, the mar-
ginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one.
Palea a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain
free or sometimes adherent to the palea.
* Annuals.
1. P. annua L. Annual; culms weak, compressed, 5-30 cm.
long, decumbent ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades of the sterile shoots
Mt~% as l°ng as the culms ; culm leaves 3, flat; panicle subsecund,
ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, its branches usually in pairs, the longest
2.5 cm. long, bearing spikelets above the middle; spikelets nearly
50 Festuceae
sessile, 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; empty glumes compressed,
about 2.5 mm. long; flowering glume ovate, smooth, erose at
apex, 2.8-3.1 mm. long, with soft hairs on the keel and lower
part of the lateral nerves; palea 2.5-2.8 mm. long, ciliate or
pubescent on the keels.
Common in moist places in all our valleys. Native of Europe.
2. P. infirma H. B. K. Annual; culms slender, spreading, 1-2
dm. long; sheaths compressed, loose; ligule 2 mm. long; leaves
smooth; panicle ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, its branches mostly in pairs
bearing 2-5 spikelets above; spikelets subsessile, oblong, 2-4-
flowered, 3-4 mm. long; empty glumes scarious on the tips and
margins, the second larger than the first, 2-2.2 mm. long; flower-
ing glume broadly oval, about 3 mm. long, scarious toward the
apex and on the margins, ciliate on the keels and margins below ;
palea nearly equaling the glume, ciliate on the keels.
In moist rather shady places. Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek.
** Perennials.
3. P. pratensis L. (KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS.) Perennial;
culms terete, glabrous, from running rootstocks, 3-6 dm. high;
sheaths smooth ; ligule truncate, 1.5 mm. long ; leaves of the ster-
ile shoots flat, abruptly concave-pointed, those of the culms 3,
smooth or scabrous; panicle usually rather open pyramidal, its
branches in half whorls of 3-6, densely flowered on tiie upper
half; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 4-7 mm. long; empty glumes acute,
scabrous on the keels, first 2.5-3 mm. long, second 3-3.5 mm.
long; flowering glume webbed at the base, scabrous toward the
apex, pubescent on the marginal nerves and on the keel below;
palea linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous on the keels.
Frequent in lawns and occasional in mountain -meadows. Bear Valley;
Cuyamaca.
4. P. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Perennial; culms tufted,
3-7 dm. high, usually dioecious; leaves of sterile shoots usually
flat, 6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, culm leaves 2-3, conduplicate,
1-10 cm. long; ligule 3-5 mm. long; panicle spike-like, 8-12 cm.
long, its branches in 2's or 3's, flower-bearing on the upper half;
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flattish, often tinged with purple, 3-7-
flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, compressed, 4-5 mm.
Fescue Tribe 51
long; flowering glume oblong, 4-5 mm. long, often denticulate at
the apex, scabrous; palea lanceolate, scabrous, shorter than or
equaling its glume.
Frequent on dry open hillsides in the chaparral belt.
5. P. scabrella (Thurb.) Vasey. Perennial; culrns slender,
4-7 dm. high, scabrid ; leaves of the sterile shoots flat or con-
duplicate, 12-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, those of the culm 2-3, £-7
cm. long; ligule 5-12 mm. long; panicle rather open, 12-15 cm.
long, its branches in pairs, the longest 5-7 cm. long; spikelet
flower-bearing at least above the middle; spikelets 5-6 mm. long,
3-5-flowered ; first empty glume 2.5 mm., the second 3 mm. long;
flowering glume 3 mm. long, rough, hairy on the lower part of
the nerves, apex denticulate; palea slightly shorter.
Occasional in the canyons of our coast mountains. Pasadena, Davidson;
Santa Monica Mountains.
35. FESTUCA L. FESCUE-GRASS.
Mostly tufted perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-several-
flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty, more or less un-
equal, acute, keeled ; flowering glumes membranous,
narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute
and often awned at the apex. Palea scarcely shorter
than the glume. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, dis-
tinct. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the
glume or palea.
1. F. microstachys (Munro) Nutt. Annual; culms slender,
erect, tufted, 1-4 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth or pubescent; ligule 0.5 mm. long or less; culm-leaves
2-4, erect, 3-8 cm. long, very narrow; panicle 3-10 cm. long, its
branches secund, divergent, remote, the longec 3-5 cm. long;
spikelets remote, 5-10 mm. long, 1-5-flowered; empty glumes
awnless, scabrous or glabrous, the first 3 mm., the second 5 mm.
long; flowering glume 3-4 mm. long, scabrous; awn slender, 6-8
mm. long.
Occasional in the chaparral belt and in our dry interior valleys.
52 Festuceae
2. F. microstachys Grayi. Spikelets or at least the flower-
ing glumes more or less densely pubescent. Otherwise as in the
type. (F. microstachys ciliata Gray.)
Cuyamaca Mountains. Not known within our limits, but intermediate
forms have been collected near San Bernardino.
3. F. Myuros L. Annual; culms slender, smooth, mostly
erect, 2-5 dm. high ; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes;
culm-leaves 3-5, erect, slender, 5-10 cm. long; panicle narrow,
7-25 cm. long; branches scabrous, erect, appressed ; spikelets 5-8-
flowered, 8-10 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous, the first 2 mm.
long or less, second involute, 4-6 mm. long; awn 5-8 mm. long;
palea lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, nearly equaling its glume,
with 2 short awns.
Occasional in grassy places that have been pastured. Capistrano. Na-
tive of Europe.
4. F. Myuros ciliata Coss. Empty glumes slightly more un-
equal; flowering glumes, at least the uppermost, conspicuously
ciliate above the middle.
Common on mesas and grassy hillsides, and along streets and waste
places. Native of southern Europe.
5. F. octoflora Walt. Annual; culms usually tufted, 15-30
cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; culm-
leaves 2-5, erect, slender, 3-6 cm. long ; panicle simple erect, 5-10
cm. long, rather narrow; spikelets oval, 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-
flowered; empty glumes involute, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm.
long; flowering glume involute, acuminate, scabrous 3-4 mm.
long; awn 1-7 mm. long; palea lanceolate, scarcely as long as
the glume ; stamens 2.
Frequent throughout the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains.
36. BROMTJS L. BROME-GBASS.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter-
minal panicles thickened at the summit. Spikelets few-
many-flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty, unequal,
acute ; flowering glumes rounded on the back or some-
times compressed and keeled below the summit. Palea
shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens generally 3.
Stigmas sessile, inserted below a hairy cushion at the
top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palea.
Fescue Tribe 53
* Awns very slender, usually twisted or bent.
1. B. hordeaceus L. Annual; culms erect, 2-8 dm. high,
usually pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft pilose-
pubescent; ligule 1.5-2 mm. long laciniate; leaves linear, pilose-
pubescent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; pan-
icle contracted, 5-14 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide; spikelets 5-13-
flowered, 12-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, be-
coming obtuse; empty glumes coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubes-
cent, the lower 3-5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, the upper 5-7-nerved,
7-8 mm. long; flowering glume 8-9 mm. long, coarsely pilose or
scabrous-pubescent; awn rather stout, rough, straight or some-
times becoming twisted, 6-9 mm. long. (B. mollis L.)
Frequent in our coast valleys along roadsides. Native of southern
Europe.
2. B. secalinus L. Annual; culms 3-7 dm. high, smooth
throughout or somewhat pubescent on the nodes ; sheaths smooth
or sometimes sparsely pilose-pubescent; leaves 1-2 dm. long,
coarsely and sparsely pubescent above, smooth beneath ; panicle
8-18 cm. long, erect, the upper part drooping in fruit; spikelets
ovoid-lanceolate, 10-18 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide in fruit; empty
glumes smooth, obtuse, the first 4-6 mm. long, 3-5-nerved, the
second broader, 6-7 mm. long, 7-nerved ; flowering glume 7-
nerved, 6-8 mm. long, elliptic, obtuse, smooth or scabrous; awn
undulate, 3-5 mm. long; palea equaling the glume.
Los Angeles River, Davidson.
3. B. Trinii Desv. Annual ; culms 3-6 dm. high, often branched
above, smooth or pubescent at the nodes ; sheaths pilose-pubescent
or nearly smooth; leaves 6-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually
pilose-pubescent throughout or nearly smooth; panicle rather
crowded and narrow, suberect, 8-20 cm. long; branches slender
ascending; spikelets lanceolate, 5-7-flowered, 1.5-2 cm. long;
empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the first 1-nerved,
8-11 mm. long, the second broader, 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long;
flowering glume coarsely and rather sparsely pubescent, 5-nerv-
ed, 12-15 mm. long, acuminate, with 2 narrow teeth 2-3 mm.
long; awn 15-20 mm. long, twisted below, bent below the mid-
dle. (Trisetum barbatum Steud.)
Occasional in the foothills and in the dry interior valleys. Pasadena;
Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino; San Diego.
54 Festuceae
4. B. Trinii pallidiflorus Desv. A more robust and larger
plant, 6-12 dm. high; sheaths pilose-pubescent; leaves broadly
linear-lanceolate, smooth or somewhat sparsely pilose-pubescent;
panicle more elongated, mostly 2-4 dm. long; branches mostly
6-12 at the lower whorls, weak and spreading.
Same range as the last and apparently more common.
** Awns stout, straight.
•*- Awns over 1 cm. long.
5. B. Madritensis L. Annual; culms 3-7 dm. high, smooth;
sheaths smooth or the lower sparsely pubescent; ligule about 2
mm. long; leaves linear, puberulent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle erect, 5-12 cm. long, lower branches
2-4, 1-3 cm. long, unequal, spreading in flower, slender; spikelets
3-4 cm. long, nearly smooth or scabrous-puberulent, 7-11-flower-
ed; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, 9-12
mm. long, the second 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long; flowering glume
linear-lanceolate, 15-18 mm. long, glabrous or scabrous; awn
stout, tapering, rough, somewhat curved, 16-22 mm. long; palea
pectinate-ciliate on the keels, equaling the insertion of the awn.
Santa Ana Mountains, on the Santiago Peak trail, altitude 3000 feet.
6. B. maximus Gussoni Parl. Annual; culms erect or as-
cending, 4-7 dm. high, smooth; sheaths pilose-pubescent; ligule
3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, pilose
on both sides; panicle somewhat drooping, secund, lax, 1-2 dm.
long; lower branches 2-4, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 5-7-flowered,
3.5-5 cm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the
first 15-20 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second broader, 25-30 mm.
long, 3-nerved; flowering glume 5-nerved, 25-30 mm. long,
strongly scabrous, 2-toothed, teeth hyaline, 3-4 mm. long; awn
stout, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, rough; palea somewhat shorter than its
glume.
Common along streets and in waste places.
7. B. rubens L. Annual; culms about 2-5 dm. high, erect,
puberulent above; sheaths pubescent; ligule 1-2 mm. long, leaves
3-15 cm. long, pubescent on both sides; panicle erect, compact,
usually purplish, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly 7-11-flowered,
2-2.5 cm. long; empty glumes acuminate, pubescent or scabrous,
the first narrow, 1-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, the second 3-nerved,
10-12 mm. long; flowering glume 13-16 mm. long, lanceolate,
Fescue Tribe 55
acute, 5-nerved, scabrous or appressed scabrous-pubescent, teeth
4-5 mm. long; awn 18-21 mm. long; palea long ciliate-pectinate
on the keels.
Common in sandy soils along the coast and in our interior valleys. Port
Ballona; Fullerton; Capistrano; San Bernardino.
-«- -*-Awns less than 1 cm. long.
8. B. Richardson! Link. Perennial; culms 6-13 dm. high,
smooth ; sheaths smooth below or sparsely pilose, pilose at the
throat; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm.
long, 5-12 mm. wide, usually scabrous above and glabrous be-
neath; panicle drooping, 15-25 cm. long; spikelets drooping,
terete, acuminate, becoming oblong-larrteolate and compressed,
2-3 cm. long, 6-11-flowered; empty glumes smooth, the first acut-
ish, 8-10 mm. long, the second 9-12 mm. long; flowering glume
obtuse, 7-nerved, 12-15 mm. long, appressed ciliate-pubescent
nearly to the apex; awn straight, 3-5 mm. long; palea slightly
shorter than its glume.
Frequent on wooded slopes and in canyons in all our mountains and foot-
hills.
9. B. Orcuttianus Vasey. Perennial; culms erect, 8-12 dm.
high, puberulent near the nodes, leafy below; sheaths glabrous
or sparingly pilose-pubescent ; ligule 1-2 mm. long ; leaves smooth,
broadly linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle
erect or nearly so, 10-15 cm. long, its branches few, widely divar-
icate in fruit and rather rigid; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm.
broad, on short, stout pedicels, terete, acuminate, 5-9-flowered ;
empty glumes smooth or scabrous, the first acute, 6-8 mm. long;
the second broader, obtuse, 3-nerved, 8-10 mm. long; flowering
glume 10-12 mm. long, obtuse, scabrous to scabrous-pubescent,
5-7-nerved, apex emarginate; awn about 5-7 mm. long; palea
about equaling its glume.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, in the
upper altitudes of the chaparral belt.
10. B. unioloides (Willd.) H. B. K. Annual ; culms 5-10
dm. high, smooth; sheaths usually pilose-pubescent, sometimes
smooth; ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, scabrous on both
sides or sparingly pilose-pubescent; panicle erect or nearly so,
1.5-3.5 dm. long, its lower branches 2-4, short or on larger plants
spreading or somewhat drooping; spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-9
mm. broad, 7-11-flowered ; empty glumes broad, subacute, smooth
56 Festuceae
or faintly scabrous, the first usually 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, the
second 7-nerved, 10-13 mm. long; flowering glumes broadly
lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous, more or less scabrous, slightly
2-toothed at the apex, 13-16 mm. long; awn rarely exceeding 2
mm. in length; palea K~% the length of its glume.
Occasional along streets and irrigating ditches about Los Angeles.
Fruitland.
11. B. unioloides Haenkeanus (Presl) Shear. Smaller than
the type, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths retrorsely pilose; leaves linear,
narrow, retrorsely pilose-pubescent on both sides ; panicle erect,
5-10 cm. long.
Reported from Mentone, Leiberg.
12. B. marginatus Nees. Perennial; culms 6-12 dm. high,
mostly puberulent to pubescent ; sheaths pilose-pubescent ; ligule
3-3.5 mm. long; leaves rather sparsely pilose-pubescent through-
out and scabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle
erect, 1-2 dm. long, its lower branches 2-4, erect or spreading in
flower, unequal, the lowest about 7 cm. long and bearing 2 spike-
lets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, laterally compressed,
7-9-flowered, erect or ascending; empty glumes scabrous to
scabrous-pubescent, the first subacute, 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long,
second 5-7-nerved, 9-11 mm. long; flowering glume coarsely
pubescent, acute, 11-14 mm. long, mostly 7-nerved, teeth very
short, subacute ; awn 4-7 mm. long; palea ciliate-pectinate on the
keels, equaling its glume or nearly so.
Frequent in all our mountains in the pine belt and in the upper portions
of the chaparral belt on wooded slopes.
13. B. carinatus H. & A. Annual or biennial; culm 5-8 dm.
high, slightly pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft
pilose ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; leaves flat, mostly narrow, 1-2.5 dm.
long, 3-6 mm. wide, sparsely pilose on both sides; panicle rather
lax, 1-2.5 dm. long, lower branches 3, spreading or drooping;
spikelets compressed, 2.5-3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, 5-9-flowered ;
empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous-
pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second 5-7-nerved,
9-10 mm. long; flowering glume puberulent or short pubescent,
7-nerved, 13-16 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at apex and tapering
into an awn 7-10 mm. long; palea nearly equaling its glume,
ciliate-pectinate on the keels.
Rather common in grassy places in the lower hills and valleys. Verdugo
Hills ; Inglewood ; San Bernardino.
Hordeae 57
14. B. carinatus Californicus (Nutt.) Shear. Sheaths and
blades nearly smooth ; flowering glumes merely scabrous, other-
wise as in the type.
Occasional in the coast valleys. Ballona Creek near Mesmer.
Tribe 8. HORDEAE. BARLEY TRIBE.
Spikelets 1-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile
along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound
spike. Glumes awned or awnless.
Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis.
Spikes very slender; spikelets 1-2-flowered. 38. LEPTDRUS.
Spikes stout; spikelets usually 2- (or more) flowered.
Spikelets placed with one edge against the rachis. 37. LOLJUM.
Spikelets placed with one side against the rachis. 39. AGROPYRON.
Spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis.
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis. 40. HORDEUM.
Spikelets 2 at each joint of the rachis.
Axis of the spike continuous ; empty glumes entire. 41. ELYMUS.
Axis of the spike articulate; empty glumes usually 2-many-cleft.
42. SlTANION.
37. LOLIUM L. DARNEL or RAY-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses, with simple erect culms,
flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several-
flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of
the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of
the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rigid,
the first in the lateral and the 2 lower in the terminal
spikelets empty ; flowering glumes rounded on the back,
5-7-flowered. Palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct, very short ; stigmas 2. Grain adherent to the
palea.
1. L. perenne L. (ENGLISH RAY-GRASS.) Perennial; culms
3-6 dm. high, erect or commonly geniculate at the base, smooth;
sheaths smooth; leaves scabrid on the edges and upper side;
spike 1-3 dm. long, bearing 6-10 spikelets; rachis smooth, chan-
neled; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, smooth, shining, 7-11-flowered ;
empty glumes strongly ribbed, much shorter than the spikelet;
58 Hordeae
flowering glume linear-oblong, terete, obtuse to shortly awned,
ribbed.
Occasional in moist places along irrigating ditches and in low ground.
Flowering the year round.
2. L. perenne multiflorum (Lam.) Auct. Annual or biennial ;
spikes often purplish, somewhat curved ; spikelets 15-30-flowered ;
flowering glumes usually with a short, slender awn.
In similar locations and apparently more common than the type.
3. L, temulentum L. (DARNEL.) Annual; culms rather stout,
3-8 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths smooth, usually somewhat exceed-
ing the nodes; spikes stout, with 9-15 spikelets; spikelets 5-7-
flowered ; empty glumes not ribbed, equaling or usually exceeding
the spikelets; flowering glume turgid, awnless or commonly
with a straight awn 2 cm. long or less.
Occasional along roadsides and in grain fields.
38. LEPTUBUS R. Br. HARD-GRASS.
Mostly low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and
strict or curved elongated slender spikes ; spikelets 1-2-
flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the
jointed rachis. Empty glumes 1-2, narrow, rigid, acute,
5-nerved ; flowering glumes much shorter, hyaline, keeled,
1-sided to the rachis. Palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Sta-
mens 3 or less. Styles short, distinct. Grain narrow
glabrous free, enclosed in the glume.
1. L. cylindricus Trin. Culms slender, erect, straight, 2-4
dm. high, somewhat tufted, simple or commonly branched,
smooth; sheaths smooth, much shorter than the internodes;
leaves ascending, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-8 cm. long, smooth; spike
green, 5-15 cm. long, straight; empty glume very acute, about
4 mm. long.
Occasional on borders of salt marshes toward the coast. Mesmer; Wil-
mington; Oceans ide.
2. L. incurvatus (L.) Trin. Culms much branched, internodes
more or less curved, more or less purplish throughout; spikes
numerous, incurved ; empty glumes 2, about 6 mm. long, narrow,
acute.
Not known within our limits, but it occurs on the salt marshes at San
Diego and about San Francisco.
Barley Tribe 59
39. AGBOPYRON J. Gaertn. WHEAT-GRASS.
Annual or perennial uTasses with flat or involute
leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 3— many-flowered,
sessile, single and alternate at eaeli notch of the rachis,
the sides of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. The
lower glumes empty, narrower and usually shorter than
the flowering glumes, acute or awned ; flowering glumes
rijrid, rounded on the hack, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or
awned at the apex. Palea 2-keeled, the keels often
eiliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain
pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palea.
1. A. Parishii Scribn. & Smith. Culms 5-10 dm. high, smooth,
retrorsely pubescent on the nodes; sheaths pubescent below,
sparingly eiliate on the margins, the lower shorter, the upper
longer than the internodes; leaves smooth below, scabrous above
and on the margins, the lower 1-2 dm. long, the uppermost 2.5-5
cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide at the somewhat constricted base, linear
attenuate ; spike composed of 8-12 compressed oblanceolate spike-
lets; spikelets 5-7-flowered, 16-20 mm. long, shorter than the
internodes of the rachis, these scabrous on the margins ; empty
glumes % as long as the spikelet, nearly equal, linear, acute
or acuminate, 5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering
glume lanceolate, acute, 9-11 mm. long, 5-nerved and scabrous
above, minutely 3-toothed, awnless or awned; awn straight,
slender, 6-8 mm. long; palea equaling its glume, acute or obtuse.
Occasional in the San Bernardino Mountains. First collected in Water-
man's Canyon by S. B. Parish.
2. A. Parishii laeve Scribn. & Smith. Habit of the type, but
nodes and sheaths glabrous; awns equaling or exceeding the
glumes in length.
Ballona Creek, near Mesmer; Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino
Mountains. First collected in the Cuyamaca Mountains by Palmer.
40. HOBDEUM L. BARLEY-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter-
minal cylindric spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in
3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short
6Q Hordeae
stalked and imperfect ; rachilla produced beyond the
flower. Empty glumes 2, all alike and subulate ;
flowering glumes narrow lanceolate, rounded on the
back, rigid, persistent, obscurely 5-nerved above, usually
awned. Palea nearly equaling the glume, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually
adherent to the glume, hairy at summit.
1. H. nodosum L. Perennial; culms erect, slender, 2-6 dm.
high, sheaths glabrous; leaves often deflexed, flat, scabrous, 5-8
mm. wide; spike slender, compressed, usually nodding, 6-10 cm.
long, 8-10 mm. wide; rachis very brittle; lateral spikelets awn-
less, staminate or neutral; flower of central spikelet sessile;
empty glumes not flattened or dilated above the base, all alike
and subulate; flowering glume including its awn 14-18 mm. long;
awn usually brownish or purplish.
Frequent in moist places in all our valleys.
2. H. uodosum depressum Scribn. & Smith. Lower and more
tufted than the type; culms geniculate at the base or erect, 1-3
dm. high ; upper sheaths inflated ; leaves shorter than in the type,
usually pubescent; empty glumes 18 mm. long; fertile flowering
glume with an awn equaling its own length.
Occasional in marshes along the coast. Resembling the next in habit.
3. H. maritimum L. Annual, rather glaucous ; culms more
or less decumbent at base, tufted, 1-2 dm. high; spikes 2—4 cm.
long, rather pale ; lateral spikelets neutral or sometimes stami-
nate, their inner empty glumes obliquely lanceolate, 1 mm. wide;
fertile flower sessile.
Occasional along the coast. San Diego.
4. H. Gussoneanum Parl. Much resembling the last in habit,
but the inner empty glumes only narrowly flattened instead
of wing-margined along the inner side, 0.5 mm. wide.
Occasional along the coast marshes.
5. H. murinum L. Annual ; culms tufted, decumbent at base,
2-5 dm. high; upper sheaths smooth, scarious on the margins,
often dilated, the lower pilose; leaves softly pubescent and sca-
brous; spikes stout, compressed, 5-10 cm. long; central spikelet
pedicelled; empty glumes lanceolate, flat, ciliate; awns 18-24 mm.
Barley Tribe 61
long; outer empty glumes of lateral spikelets similar, the inner
awn-like and not ciliate; flowering glume about 12 mm. long,
scabrous above; awn 2-5 cm. long; flowering glumes of the lat-
eral spikelets smaller; awn 15-40 mm. long; palea ciliate on the
keels.
A very common and troublesome grass in all our valleys, especially in
pastured land. Commonly called Fox-tail.
41. ELYMUS L. WILD RYE.
Mostly erect rather tall grasses with flat leaves and
closely flowered terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6-flowered,
the uppermost imperfect, sessile, in 2's rarely in 3's or
4's at the alternate notches of the continuous or articu-
late rachis ; rachilla articulate above the empty glumes
and between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, nearly
equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or awn-pointed,
persistent, and subtending the flowers like an involucre ;
flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, obscure-
ly 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or awned from the apex.
Palea a little shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Sta-
mens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grains adherent to the
glumes and palea, hairy at the summit.
1. E. condensatus Presl. Culms stout, from stout creeping
rootstocks, 10-25 dm. high ; sheaths smooth : ligule 2-4 mm. long ;
leaves 3-5 dm. long, 25 mm. wide or less at the base, long
acuminate, smooth or nearly so toward the base, becoming sca-
brous toward the apex, flat, the edges somewhat involute above;
spike rather dense and ample or somewhat lobed, 2-5 dm. long,
erect; spikelets imbricated in 2's or 3's or more, 4-5-flowered ;
empty glumes subulate, scabrid, about 12 mm. long; flowering
glumes scabrous below, 11 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 7-nerved; palea
equaling the glume, scabrous and ciliate on the keels above.
Frequent in canyons and in somewhat moist places on all the hills and in
the chaparral belt of the mountains.
2. E. triticoides (Xutt.) Buckley. Culms rather slender,
smooth and usually glaucous, from slender rootstocks, 6-10 dm.
high; sheaths smooth; ligule a ciliate ring; leaves 15-30 cm.
long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves above;
62 Hordeae
spike 9-18 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide or less; rachis puberulent
and with a narrow ciliate wing; spikelets in 2's or 3's, rather dis-
tant below, crowded in the middle, often single above, 4-6-flower-
ed; empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the
nerves above; flowering glumes 6-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 9-
nerved, glabrous; palea about equaling its glume, scabrous on
the keels.
Common in low ground, especially in the coast valleys.
3. E. Orcuttianus Vasey. Culms usually several from short
rootstocks, 5-10 dm. high, slender, leafy; sheaths smooth; ligule
a short ciliate ring; leaves erect, 15-25 cm. long, "3-8 mm.
wide, scabrous on the margins; spike 10-15 cm. long, erect,
loosely flowered; spikelets 2 or frequently only 1 at each
joint, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, rigid, long-
pointed, 8-12 mm. long; lower flowering glumes 8-10 mm. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded and smooth on the back, scabrous
at the apex, 5-nerved on the inside, the upper ones shorter and
more scabrous; palea K-/-S shorter than its glume, ciliate on the
keels. '
Elysian Park, Davidson; near San Diego, Orcutt. Closely related to the
preceding and possibly only a form of it.
4. E. glaucus Buckl. Culms erect and tufted, from stolonifer-
ous rootstocks, 6-10 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths smooth or mi-
nutely scabrid ; ligule about 0.5 mm. long, entire ; leaves flat, sca-
brid on both sides, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest about 2 dm. long;
spike linear, erect, 6-15 cm. long, 5—8 mm. wide; spikelets usual-
ly in 2's, sometimes in 3's, 3-4-flowered ; empty glumes 8-12 mm.
long; awn-pointed, scabrid on the 2-4 prominent nerves; flower-
ing glumes scabrid above, 9-12 mm. long, tapering into a straight
awn 7-14 mm. long; palea scabrid, 9-10 mm, long, emarginate;
rachis scabrid on the margins.
Frequent in open shady places in the upper portions of the chaparral belt
and in the pine belt. San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. June-July.
42. SITANION Rafin.
Csespitose perennials, with usually flat leaves and
bearded spikes. Spikelets usually 2 (1-3) at each joint
of the articulate rachis of the spike, 2-several-flowered.
Barley Tribe 63
Empty glumes 2 or sometimes 3, many-parted from near
the base or bifid or subulate and entire, awned ; flower-
ing glumes terminating in a single awn or trifid or
3-awned. Palea as long as its glume, entire, bidentate
or 2-awned. Stamens 3. Styles short. Grain adherent
to its glume and palea, hairy at the summit.
* Empty glumes deeply cleft into 3-11 or more sectaceous awns.
l.S. jubatum Smith. Culms erect, 6-9 dm. high, smooth;
lower sheaths hirsute, the upper minutely pubescent or sparsely
hirsute, becoming smooth ; ligule 1 mm. long; leaves 10-18 cm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide, strigose-pubescent throughout and sparsely
hirsute above, midnerve prominent beneath ; spike 1-2 dm. long,
densely flowered ; empty glumes 4, 3-many-parted from about the
middle, the lobes setaceous, mostly 8-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-
flowered, the second hermaphrodite, the other sterile or the upper
staminate; flowering glume linear-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long,
smooth below, sparsely scabrous above, 5-nerved, trifid at the
apex, lateral lobes setaceous, the middle prolonged into a slender
scabrous awn, 8-12 cm. long; internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm.
long, glabrous.
Ojai Valley, Hubby; Coldwater Canyon, San Antonio Mountains, growing
under pines at about 7000 feet altitude.
2. S. multisetum Smith. Culms tufted, 3-5 dm. high, gla-
brous or minutely strigose-pubescent ; sheaths scarious on the
margins, strigose-pubescent and hirsute ; ligule very short ; leaves
5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, linear, pungently pointed,
sparsely hirsute on the back, scabrous on the margins, hirsute and
scabrous above ; spike erect, 5-8 cm. long, usually reddish ; usually
only 1 spikelet at each joint fertile; empty glumes 3-rnany-parted
nearly to the base; awns slender, scabrous, mostly 2-6 cm. long;
lowest flowering glume of the sterile spikelet subulate, resembling
the segments of the empty glumes; flowering glume of fertile
spikelet 8-9 mm. long, smooth below, keeled and scabrous above,
3-awned, the middle awn 5-6 mm. long ; palea equaling its glume ;
internodes of the rachis 4-5 mm. long, smooth, scabrous on the
margins, compressed.
Rather common on mesas and grassy hills. March-May.
64 Cyperaceae
** Some of the empty glumes bifid above the middle or all entire and
subulate-setaceous.
3. S. Californicum Smith. Culms tufted, ascending, 1.5-2.5
dm. high, rather densely pubescent above; lower sheaths densely
hirsute, the upper minutely puberulent ; ligule obsolete ; leaves
2-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins,
densely puberulent on the back; spike rather loosely flowered,
5-8 cm. long ; lowest flower of one or both spikelets sterile ; empty
glumes 4, entire, 3-5 cm. long ; flowering glume linear, 10-12 mm.
long, finely scabrous, awn stout, about 4 cm. long; palea 2 mm.
shorter than its glume, scabrous on the nerves below ; internodes
of the rachis 4-5 mm. long, scabrous throughout.
Rather common in open pine woods in the San Gabriel and San Bernar-
dino Mountains. June-August. Another closely related species, S. glabrum
Smith, is frequent in the San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains. It is read-
ily distinguished by the glabrous culms and sheaths.
4. S. anomalum Smith. Culms erect, scarcely or not at all
tufted, 5-6 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth or the lower
sparsely hirsute, ciliate on the margins, shorter than the inter-
nodes ; ligule 1 mm. long; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
scabrous throughout; spike rather loosely flowered, 1-1.5 dm.
long, reddish; spikelets 4-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate,
entire, those of the lowest spikelets bifid above the middle with
short awn 1-4 cm. long; flowering glumes 10 mm. long, linear-
lanceolate, smooth below, scabrous above, 3-awned ; lateral awns
1-2 mm. long, the middle one erect 3-4.5 cm. long; palea shorter
than its glume, scabrous on the margins.
? First collected near Pasadena by O. D. Allen. Ballona Creek, near
Mesmer, and on the South Fork of the Santiago Creek, Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 7. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY.
Grass-like or rush-like annual or perennial herbs
from fibrous roots or running rootstocks. Stems slender
solid, triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened.
Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or
imperfect, 1 or rarely 2 in the axil of each scale,
and arranged in spikes. Spikes solitary or clustered,
1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricat-
Sedge Family 65
ed, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, com-
posed of bristles or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or
wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more ; filaments slen-
der or filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or stipitate ; ovule 1, ana-
tropous, erect ; style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or
2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular plano-convex or trigonous
achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute.
Flowers perfect.
Scales 2-ranked.
Spikelets flattened; perianth none. 1. CYPERUS.
Spikelets scarcely flattened; perianth of 3-6 bristles.
5. SCHOENUS.
Scales spirally imbricated.
Styles not dilated at base. 2. SCIRPUS.
Styles dilated at base.
Spikelets solitary, terminal, bractless. 3. ET.EOCHARIS.
Spikelets in umbels, involucrate. 4. FJMBRISTYLIS.
Spikelets polygamous; scales spirally imbricated, only the terminal perfect.
6. CLADIUM.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; pistillate enclosed in a sac-like perigynium.
7. CAREX.
1. CYPERTJS L. GALINGALE.
Annual or perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple,
triangular, leafy near the base and with 1 or more in-
volucrate leaves at the base of the simple or compound,
umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel
sheathed at the base, usually very unequal. Spikelets
flat or nearly terete, composed of few-many persist-
ent or deciduous scales, these concave, conduplicate or
keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower empty.
Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Styles
2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the lenticular
or 3-angled achene.
1. C. diandrus capitatus Britton. Stems tufted, slender, 1-4
dm. high; leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 1-2,
elongated ; spikelets sessile in a capitate cluster, appearing some-
66 Cyperaoeae
what lateral, 8-20 mm. long, linear or linear-oblong; scales with
brown margins appressed, coriaceous, obtuse, shining; stamens
generally 3 ; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted ; achene lenticular,
oblong or oblong-ovate, somewhat pointed, dull. (C. diandrus
castaneus of the Bot. Cal.)
Occasional in moist sandy places on river bottoms. Los Angeles; San
Bernardino.
2. C. laevigatus L. Perennial, with slender creeping rhizomes ;
stems tufted, slender, 8-15 cm. high, terete, with 2-3 short brown
sheaths at the base, the upper bearing a short, erect, subtriangu-
lar leaf, otherwise naked ; involucre of usually 2 leaf-like bracts,
1 a continuation of the stem, erect, the other spreading, 3 cm.
long or less ; umbel sessile, capitate, apparently lateral ; spikelets
sessile, many-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, pale green; scales broad,
obtuse, about 2 mm. long; rachis deeply pitted transversely;
stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; achene broadly obovate, 12 mm. long.
Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles and San Bernardino.
3. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems very slender, tufted, 3-15 cm.
high ; leaves 2 mm. wide or less, nearly equaling the stems, those
of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel ; umbel sessile, usually
capitate; spikelets linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, 6-10-flowered ;
scales pale brown, lanceolate, firm, tapering into a long recurved
awn ; stamen 1 ; style 3-cleft ; rachis narrowly winged, the wings
persistent ; achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse,
mucronulate. (C. aristatus Boeckl.)
In moist sandy soil. Laguna, San Joaquin Hills, Orange County; Bear
Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
4. C. esculentus L. Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bear-
ing rootstocks; stems rather stout, 3-6 dm. high; leaves light
green, 4-8 mm. wide, usually longer than the stem, with promi-
nent mid vein, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much exceed-
ing the umbel; umbel 4-10-rayed, usually compound ; spikelets
numerous in loose spikes, straw-colored or yellowish brown,
spreading, 12-24 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, many-flowered ; scales
ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved; rachis narrowly winged;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled.
Frequent in river bottoms about Los Angeles, Santa Ana and San Ber-
nardino.
5. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems tufted, usually
rather stout, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves 3-8 mm. wide, equaling or ex-
Sedge Family 67
ceeding the stem, rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-7,
the longer much exceeding the umbel ; umbel mostly compound ;
spikelets linear, subacute, 6-20 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide,
many-flowered, clustered in oblong nearly or quite sessile spikes ;
scales chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate; rachis
with membranous wings separating as a pair of hyaline interior
scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong,
pointed at both ends, pale, half as long as the scale.
Reported from Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, and Baldwin's Ranch by
McClatchie.
2. SCIBPUS L. BULRUSH.
Annual or perennial often rush-like sedges with leafy
stems or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets
terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or
umbellate, usually subtended by a 1-several-leaved in-
volucre. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile
or the lowest sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Peri-
anth of 1-6 bristles or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-3.
Styles 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly decid-
uous from the achene or its base persistent as a subulate
tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex.
* Roots fibrous.
1. S. cernuus Vahl. Stems tufted from fibrous roots, slender,
5-20 cm. high, sheathed at base; upper sheath bearing a short
slender leaf; involucral bract slender, 2-20 mm. long; spikelet
solitary, ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long; scales brownish
with a pale midvein, concave; bristles none; style 3-cleft; achene
3-angled-obovoid, the sides convex, smooth or somewhat granular,
dark brown, scarcely 1 mm. long. (S. riparius Spreng.)
Occasional on river bottoms 'about Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. Re-
sembling E< arts in habit.
** Perennials from rootstocks.
•*- Inflorescence apparently lateral.
2. S. Americanus Pers. Perennial by long rootstocks; stems
sharply 3-angled, with concave sides, erect, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves
68 Cyperaceae
1-3, narrowly linear, shorter than the stem, keeled; involucral
bract solitary, leaf-like, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if
lateral, sessile in capitate clusters of 1-7, acute, 8-16 mm. long;
scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft,
the midvein extended into a subulate awn, the margins scarious,
ciliate or glabrous; bristles 2-6, retrorsely barbed, shorter than
or equaling the achene; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate,
plano-convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. (S. pungens Vahl.)
Occasional on river bottoms about Los Angeles; Santa Ana; San Diego.
April-July.
3. S. Olneyi Gray. Perennial by long stout rootstocks ; stems
stout, 6-25 dm. high; sharply 3-angled with concave sides; leaves
1-3, 3-12 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; involucral
bract stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if lateral,
capitate in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or obovoid-oblong,
obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a
green midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles
usually 6, slightly shorter than or equaling the achene, retrorsely
barbed; stamens 3; styles 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex,
b:own, mucronate.
Common in marshes and along running steams throughout our ra/ige.
June-September.
4. S. lacustris occidentalis Wats. Stems stout from creeping
rootstocks, terete or rarely obscurely 3-sided, 1-3 m. high, leafless
or the basal sheaths bearing a short nearly terete leaf; involucral
bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence; spikelets numer-
ous, scattered or more or less clustered in an irregularly com-
pound umbel, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; scales broadly ovate,
obtuse, usually pubescent; bristles 6, equaling or longer than
the achene, slender, retrorsely barbed; style 2-cleft; achene
obovate, plano-convex, abruptly mucronate, grayish. -
Common along streams and marshes. This and the next are commonly
called "Tule." June-September.
5. S. Californicus (C. A. Myer) Britton. Much resembling
the last in habit and size ; stems obtusely 3-angled ; involucral
bract very short, stoutly subulate ; umbel compound ; spikelets
6-10 mm. long, oblong; scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed by the
excurrent midvein; bristles shorter than the achene, rather
stout, strongly ciliate at least below; style 2-cleft; achene obo-
Sedge Family 69
vate, plano-convex, nearly white or brown, narrowed above into
a short point, contracted at base, 1-1.25 mm. broad. (8. Tatora
Kunth.)
With the last and apparently more common. Typical forms are readily
distinguished by the stouter and shorter strongly ciliate bristles, stouter
filaments, and smaller achene tapering at the apex. Intermediate forms,
apparently hybrids, are occasionally found.
•«-•*- Inflorescence terminal; stem leafy.
(>. S. robustus Pursh. Perennial by large rootstocks ; steins
stout, sharply 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 6-15 dm. high;
leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, smooth, 5-10 mm. wide,
midvein prominent; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated, erect, sim-
ilar to those of the stem, often 3 cm. long; spikelets in a dense,
often compound terminal cluster of 6-20, ovoid-oblong, obtuse or
eubacute, 16-24 mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad; scales ovate, brown,
puberulent, lacerate or 2-toothed, midvein excurrent into an at
length reflexed awn; bristles 1-6, shorter than the achenes, or
none ; style 3-cleft ; achene compressed, flat on the face, convex
or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown,
shining, 3 mm. long. (S. maritimus of the Bot. Gal., not of L.)
Common in marshes, especially in somewhat saline places. June-October.
7. S. atrovirens Muhl. Perennial by slender rootstocks;
stems 3-angled, rather slender, leafy, 6-12 dm. high; leaves
elongated, nodulose, rough on the margins, 6-12 mm. wide, 1-2
usually exceeding the inflorescence; involucral leaves usually
several, unequal, the longer equaling or exceeding the rays ; um-
bel 1-2-compound or rarely simple ; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute,
densely capitate in 6's-20's at the ends of the rays or raylets;
scales greenish-browrn, oblong, acute, midvein excurrent ; bristles
usually 6, retrorsely barbed above, naked below, about equaling
the achene; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, pale
brown, dull.
Marshes in Los Angeles and Glendale, Davidson.
8. S. microcarpus Presl. Perennial; stems 6-12 dm. high,
rather stout; leaves rough-margined, exceeding the stem; the
longer involucral leaves usually exceeding the inflorescence ; um-
bel 1-2-compound; spikelets 3-25 together in capitate clusters at
the ends of usually spreading raylets, ovoid-oblong, 3-4 mm. long,
70 Cyperaceae
acute; scales brown, with a green midvein, blunt or subacute;
bristles 4, barbed nearly or quite to the base, somewhat longer
than the achene; stamens 2; styles 2-cleft; achene oblong-
obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the
back, pointed.
Rather common in meadows and along streams in the pine belt of all
the mountains. Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie.
3. ELEOCHARIS E. Br. SPIKE-RUSH.
Annual or perennial herbs, with simple, usually terete
stems, and leaves reduced to mere sheaths or the lower
rarely bearing a blade. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect,
several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre.
Scales concave, spirally imbricated. Perianth of 1-12
usually retrorsely barbed bristles, or sometimes wanting.
Stamens 2-3. Styles 2-cleft and achene lenticular or
biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene more or less distinctly
3-angled. Base of the style persistent on the summit of
the achene, forming a terminal tubercle.
1. E. palustris (L.) R.jfe S. Perennial by horizontal root-
stocks; stems stout, terete or nearly so, striate, 3-8 dm. high;
basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the upper one
obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylindric, 6-24 mm. long, 3-4
mm. broad, thicker than the stem ; scales ovate-oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, purplish-brown, with scarious margins and a green
midvein; bristles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer
than the achene, sometimes wanting; stamens 2-3; style 2-3-
cleft; achene brownish or yellowish-brown, smooth, obovate;
tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at the base, flattened, %-%
as long as the achene.
Common in wet places along streams throughout our range. May-August.
2. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Perennial by filiform rootstocks
or stolons ; stems filiform, tufted, obscurely 4-angled and groov-
ed, erect or spreading, 4-10 cm. long; sheaths truncate; spikelet
compressed, narrowly ovate, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long,
1 mm. broad ; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, pale green, with a nar-
row band of brown on each side of the midvein, deciduous, many
usually sterile ; bristles 3-4, fugacious, shorter than the achene ;
Sedge Family 71
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-
angled, with a rib on each angle and 6-9 intermediate ones, con-
nected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, ^ as long as the
achene.
Frequent in moist places along streams and on borders of ponds. April-
June.
3. E. montana (H. B. K.) R. & S. Perennial ; stems slender,
sulcate, 15-45 cm. high, erect ; basal sheaths brown ; spike oblong
or sometimes ovate, 4-10 mm. long, rounded at the apex; scales
numerous, closely imbricated, ovate, very obtuse, brown with
green midvein, scarious margined; bristles 4-6, about equaling
the achene; style 3-cleft; achene obtusely 3-angled, oblong-
obovate, about 1 mm. long, greenish brown, smooth; tubercle
broad at the base and slightly constricted, deltoid, acute. (E.
arenicola Torr.)
Frequent on river bottoms and borders of marshes throughout our range.
4. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial ; stems rather slender, com-
pressed, strongly sulcate, 3-8 dm. high; often reclining and root-
ing at the apex ; basal sheaths light colored, truncate; spike ob-
long, 6-10 mm. long; scales straw-colored or pale brown, ovate,
obtuse, carinate and rather firm, about 4 mm. long; bristles 6,
exceeding the achene ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovate, obtusely 3-
angled, about 2 mm. long; tubercle not constricted at the base,
pyramidal, about 1 mm. long. (E. rostellata occidentalis Wats.)
Frequent in marshes and on river bottoms about Los Angeles and San
Bernardino.
4. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Annual or perennial herbs with stems leafy below.
Spikelets umbellate, several-many-flowered, subtended
by 1-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbri-
cated, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none.
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its
base much enlarged, falling away from the achene when
mature. Achene lenticular, biconvex or 3-angled.
1. F. thermalis Wats. Perennial by short matted rootstocks ;
stems 3-6 dm. high, flattened and somewhat roughened, striate;
leaves 2-4 mm. wide, flat, becoming more or less revolute, some-
72 Cyperaceae
what pubescent or nearly glabrous, rough on the margins; in-
volucral bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, scabrous, 15-25 mm.
long, shorter than the rays; spikelets umbellate, solitary on the
ends of the rays, ovate to linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long; scales
ovate, obtuse, mucronate, dull brown, pubescent; style 2-cleft,
flattened and ciliate ; achene obovate, lenticular, obscurely striate,
1.5 mm. long; tubercle soon deciduous.
Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Wright,' Waterman's Hot Springs,
Parish.
5. SCHOENUS L.
Ours perennial herbs from rootstocks, with slender
erect tufted stems and slender subterete basal leaves.
Involucral bract erect appearing as a continuation of the
stem. Spikelets sessile in capitate lateral clusters, few-
flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, the lower ones
empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 6
scabrous or pubescent bristles. Stamens 3. Style
3-cleft, not dilated at the base. Achene more or less
3-angled, with a very short beak.
1. S. nigricans L. Stems tufted, slightly compressed, slender,
5-7 dm. high ; leaves rigid, subterete, channeled, rough on the mar-
gins, shorter than the stems ; sheaths black ; involucral bract
3-5 cm. long; spikelets capitate clustered, ovate lanceolate, com-
pressed, 6-8-flowered; rachis zigzag; scales ovate, acute, com-
pressed, keeled, very dark brown; bristles 6, unequal, dilated at
the base, barbed above, longer than the achene; achenes globose-
oblong, 3-angled, white and shining.
Arrowhead Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Parish. Otherwise known
in North America only from Florida .
6. CLADIUM R. Br.
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, stout tall leafy
stems and elongated channeled leaves. Spikelets small,
usually clustered in terminal corymbs, panicles or
cymes. Scales mostly about 5,. closely imbricated, brown,
the lower empty, the terminal one fertile and the 1-2
Sedge Family 73
below it staminate. Perianth none. Stamens 2-3.
Style 2-3-cleft, somewhat dilated at the base, continuous
with the ovary. Achene ovate or oblong-ovate, smooth,
acute with the obscure persistent base of the style.
1. C. mariscus Californicum Wats. Stems in rather dense
tussocks, stout, 18-24 dm. high; leaves equaling the stem; pan-
icle diffuse, drooping; spikelets in clusters of 2-3, narrowly ob-
long, 4-6 mm. long; lower scales ovate, aciitish or acute, the
upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate, light brown ; achene brown,
ovate, attenuate above.
" The variety has been collected in a swamp near San Gabriel (Brewer)
and in southern Nevada, Wheeler." Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:234. This has not
been seen by recent collectors, and it is doubtful if Brewer's plant came from
San Gabriel.
7. CAREX L. SEDGE.
Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks, with mostly
.".-angled stems. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated
or short and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of
scales. Spikes either wholly pistillate or staminate, or
bearing staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous).
Perianth none. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens. Pis-
tillate of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas
borne on a very short axis in the axil of a scale-like
bractlet (perigynium) which completely encloses the
achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex.
* Spikelets unisexual, all distinct and sometimes remote, staminate
uppermost.
1. C. Pseudo-Cyperus Americana Hochst. Stems stout, 4-6
dm. high, angles sharp and scabrous ; leaves rigid, nodose, 5-10
mm. wide, long, tapering; spikelets 4-6, densely flowered, the
uppermost staminate, linear, 25-80 mm. long; pistillate spikelets
4-7 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, cylindric, approximate or the lowest
remote ; scales pale, attenuate to a long hispid point, lanceolate
or oblong, those of the staminate linear-lanceolate; perigynium
74 Cyperaceae
coriaceous, pale olive, ovate to lanceolate, attenuate to a long beak ;
beak bidentate, the teeth about 2 mm. long; nutlet obovoid,
chestnut colored. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus comosa Boott.)
Canyon near Burbank, Davidson.
2. C. spissa Bailey. Stems stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth or near-
ly so; leaves numerous, rigid, glaucous, serrate, about equaling
the stem, 10-15 mm. wide; lower bract long, leaf-like, the upper-
most short or nearly obsolete; spikelets 6-12 or more, the lowest
10-15 cm. long, long-pedicelled, the upper becoming sessile, all
erect, cylindric; staminate 4-6 or more, 3-10 cm. long; scales
with a stout toothed awn; perigynium about 3 mm. high, elliptic
or obovate, coriaceous, few-flowered, yellowish-green.
Occasional in the canyons of all the mountains and foothills.
3. C. filiformis latifolia Boeckl. Stems 3-8 dm. high, stolon-
iferous; leaves often exceeding the stems, 2-4 mm. wide, spike-
lets 3-4, purple, staminate 1-4, linear, 3-5 cm. long, more or less
pedicelled, the lower sessile; pistillate 2-4, oblong or cylindric,
2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, densely flowered, remote, sessile or
the lowest pedicelled; pedicels scabrous; scales purple, pale in
the middle, acute, ciliate at the apex; perigynium coriaceous,
hispid, ovoid, obtusely angled, olive-colored; beak short, with
short divergent scabrous teeth, broader and usually shorter than
the scales.
Occasional in fresh-water marshes in the coast valleys, Davidson.
4. C. laciniata Boott. Stems stout, sharply angled, 6-11 dm.
high; leaves rather numerous, nearly equaling the stems, 4-8
mm. wide; bracts very long; spikelets 4-6, cylindric; staminate
1-2, commonly pedicelled, 2.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; pistill-
ate 5-8 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, remote, the upper sessile, the
lower long-pedicelled, nodding; scales purple or ferruginous,
pale in the middle, ciliate, acute or with rough awn ; perigynium
abruptly or gradually beaked, nearly entire to bidentate with
serrate teeth, compressed-lenticular, punctate, sparingly toothed
on the upper margins.
First collected at Santa Barbara by Nuttall. Occasional in marshes in-
our coast valleys.
5. C. Barbaras Dewey. Stems 5-10 dm. high, leafy, glaucous,
sharply angled and rough at least above; bracts leaf-like, the
lower long; pistillate spikes 2-4, 25-75 mm. long, narrow, the
Sedge Family 75
lower with slender pedicels, 7.5-10 cm. long, attenuate at the
base, usually truncate at the apex, scales white backed and
brown edged, obtuse ; perigynium nerveless, abruptly contracted
into a short distinct beak.
Occasional in marshes about Los Angeles and Santa Barbara.
6. C. triquetra Boott. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slightly scabrous,
leaves pale, 2-5 mm. broad, equaling or shorter than the stem;
spikelets 3-5, oblong ; staminate about 18 mm. long, 2 mm. broad,
subsessile; pistillate 12-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, erect, the
upper approximate, the lower pedicelled, all with abortive flowers
above; scales pale chestnut, ovate, numerous, margins hyaline;
perigynium pale, covered with long white hairs, ellipsoidal,
sharply 3-angled, acute at each end, with a short bidentate beak,
1-4-nerved, longer and broader than the scale; nutlet filling the
perigynium.
Frequent on dry ground in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mountains.
7. C. multicaulis Bailey. Culms very numerous, 3-6 dm.
high, stiff and wiry, terete, smooth or minutely scabrous beneath
the flowers ; sheaths leafless or produced into stiff and appressed
tips, 2 cm. long or more, or on sterile stems 8-15 cm. long and
spreading ; the lower scales leaf-like and prolonged into a slender
tip, dilated and hyaline at the base ; pistillate flowers 2-6, the
lower often remote; perigynium 6-8 mm. long, strongly 3-angled,
many-nerved; beak very short, entire; nutlet punctate, com-
pletely filling the perigynium.
Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of all our mountains.
** Spikelets androgynous, rarely dioecious, usually clustered in rather
compact spikes.
8. C. siccata Dewey. Rootstock creeping, clothed with short
lanceolate scales; stems slender, sharply angled, 15-60 cm. high,
scabrous above; leaves rather rigid, 1-4 mm. wide, shorter than
the stems, scabrous on the margins above ; bracts scale-like, the
lowest cuspidate, usually shorter than its spikelet ; spikes oblong,
2-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, ferruginous; spikelets 4-12, alter-
nate, simple, ovoid, 4-16 mm. long, 2-8 mm. broad, crowded or
distinct below, the terminal pistillate at least at base, the in-
termediate staminate or all variously mingled; scales ovate-
lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, with broad hyaline margins ; peri-
76 Cyperaceae
gynium oval or ovate, tapering to a long, sharply bidentate beak,
fissured on the outer side, unequally serrate on the margins,
plano-convex, nerved, about equaling the scale ; nutlet oblong,
dark chestnut.
Common on borders of marshes throughout our ranges. Cienega ; Ballona ;
Santa Ana; San Bernardino.
9. C. xnarcida Boott. Stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above;
leaves 2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spike 2-4 cm. long,
6-10 mm. wide, dull brown ; spikelets many, crowded or contigu-
ous, closely imbricated, 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, the lower
compound; bracts clasping, scale-like, setaceously pointed, the
lowest exceeding its spikelet; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate,
margin .hyaline, brownish; perigynium nearly black in fruit,
orbicular with a short, or ovate and with a longer bidentate beak,
stipitate, plano-convex, margins incurved, serrate above, nerved,
equaling the scales; nutlet ferruginous, lenticular, produced at
the base.
Frequent in marshes in the coast valleys.
10. C. teretiuscula Gooden. Stems slender, pale green, erect,
scabrous at least above, 3-7 dm. high; leaves usually 2 mm.
wide, shorter than the stems ; bracts minute or none ; spike nar-
rowly oblong, compact or interrupted, 25-50 mm. long; spikelets
several-many, staminate above; scales thin, ovate, brownish,
acute or short-awned ; perigynium ovate-oval, smooth, few-
nerved, tapering to a beak of about its own length, serrate on the
margins above.
In canyons near Altadena, McClatchie.
11. C. occidentalis Bailey. Glaucous; stems 3-6 dm. high;
leaves nearly equaling the stems; spike slender, 25-50 mm. long;
spikelets somewhat crowded, or the lowest usually distinct;
bracts scale-like, minute; scales muticous; perigynium turgid,
ovate, abruptly short beaked, nearly marginless.
" East Santa Monica Range," Davidson.
12. C. Hookeriana Dewey. Stems slender from creeping
rootstocks, 2-6 dm. high, sharply angled, scabrous ; leaves shorter
than the stem, 2 mm. wide, tapering to a slender setaceous tip;
bracts ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spikelet, the lowest
setaceous and often 25-50 mm. long; spike 2-4 cm. long, oblong
or cylindric ; spikelets 4-10, approximate ; staminate flowers few ;
scales ovate or lanceolate, acute, chestnut-colored with green
Lemnaerat 77
midnerve, margin liyaline; perigynium oval, abruptly tapering
to a sharply bidentute beak, serrate above on the sharp incurved
margins, shorter than the scale.
Frequent on borders of the coast marshes.
Family 8. LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY.
Minute perennial floating plants without leaves or
with only very rudimentary ones. The plant body con-
sisting of a disk-like thallus, with usually 1 or more
rootlets from the middle below. Florets imbedded in
the frond, without perianth, naked or bracteate with 1-2
stamens and a sessile 1-celled, 1-several-ovuled ovary.
Style simple with funnelform stigma. Fruit a utricle ;
embryo straight.
Roots more than 1, fascicled. 1. SPIRODELA.
Root solitary. 2. LEMNA.
Roots none. 3. WOLFFIELLA.
1. SPIBODELA Schleiden.
Stipe attached (peltately) to the frond back of and
under the basal margin. Reproductive pouches 2, tri-
angular, opening as clefts in either margin of the basal
portion of the frond. Roots more than 1, fascicled.
Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers from the
reproductive pouches ; spathe sac-like ; filaments curv-
ing upward from the margin of the frond ; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit rounded lenticu-
lar, with wing margins.
1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schl. Fronds solitary or united in colonies
of 2-5, roundish obovate, flat on both sides, sessile or nearly so;
5-15-nerved, 3-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide; roots 4-16; rootcap
large, sharp pointed ; spathe a complete sac, opening at the upper
end; pistil flask-shaped; fruit somewhat winged; seed slightly
compressed, smooth.
Near San Bernardino, Parish. This, as well as all the other members of
the family occurring with us, is rarely fertile.
78 Lemnaceae
2. LEMNA L. DUCKWEED.
Stipe attached to the basal margin of the frond. Re-
productive pouches 2, triangular, opening as clefts in
either margin of the basal portion of the frond. Root
solitary. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers ;
spathe various ; filaments curving upward from the mar-
gin of the frond. Anthers 2-celled, transversely dehis-
cent.
1. L. gibba L. Fronds from solitary to 4 in a colony, com-
monly 2, orbicular to obovate, 2-5 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, more
or less unsymmetrical, thick, convex and slightly keeled above,
usually more or less gibbous beneath, usually 3-5-nerved; fruit
winged with rounded lobes on either side of the stigma; seeds 1-7.
Common in slow-running streams and ponds.
2. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or with 2 or more in a colony,
round to elliptic-obovate, 2-4 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, sym-
metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, upper surface sometimes
keeled and with a row of papulae along the midnerve, obscurely
3-nerved; fruit not winged ; seeds solitary.
Apparently less common than the last.
3. I*, cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Fronds commonly in colonies
of 2-8, oblong to obovate-oblong, usually somewhat falcate, 2.3-4.5
mm. long, 0.7-1.5 mm. wide, usually strongly unsymmetrical;
fruit elongated-ovate, slightly unsymmetrical; seed oblong-ovoid.
(L. Valdiviana Phil.)
Common throughout our range.
4. Li. minima Phil. Fronds commonly in colonies of 2, ob-
long to elliptic, 1.5-3.9 mm. long, 0.9-2.7 mm. wide, slightly to
prominently convex above, with a row of papulae along the mid-
nerve, convex below, commonly nerveless; pistil short, clavate;
seed oblong, pointed.
Near San Bernardino, Parish; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains;
Lakeside, San Diego County.
5. If. trisulca L. Fronds floating and submerged, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, with a long stipe attached to the basal margin ;
often somewhat falcate, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; terminal
margins serrulate and fluted, acute at apex.
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
Juncaceae 79
3. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier.
Stipe attached on the margin of the single reproduc-
tive pouch. Pouch triangular, opening as a cleft in the
basal margin of the frond. Fronds rootless, thin, uri-
symmetrical, curved in the form of the segment of a
band, abundantly punctate on both surfaces with brown
epidermal pigment cells. Flowers and fruit unknown.
1. W. oblonga (Phil.) Hglin. Fronds solitary or in pairs,
oblong or commonly tapering from the obliquely rounded base to
the slightly narrower bluntly rounded apex; slightly falcate;
basal portion alone exposed to the air, 0.53-1 mm. broad, 1.7-4.6
mm. long; stipe insertion at the lower angle of the two walls of
the pouch.
Near San Bernardino, Parish,
2. W. lingulata Hglm. Fronds solitary or rarely in pairs,
ovate to oblong, tongue-shaped, slightly unsymmetrical ; 1.7-3
mm. broad, 2.7-6.6 mm. long, only a small part of the frond about
the base exposed to the air; stipe insertion on the margin of the
lower wall of the pouch.
San Bernardino, Parish.
Family 9. JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY.
Perennial or sometimes annual rushes or sedge-like
herbs, growing in tufts or from creeping rootstocks. In-
florescence usually compound, paniculate or corymbose,
rarely reduced to a single flower, bearing its flowers
singly or loosely clustered or aggregated into heads or
spikes. Flowers small, regular, perfect. Perianth
6-parted, the segments glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6 ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal
slit. Ovary superior, 3-celled or sometimes 1-celled with
3 parietal placentae. Ovules 3-many, anatropous ;
styles 3, filiform. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds
small, cylindric to subglobose, often caudate or append-
aged ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo minute, thick.
Represented with us by a single genus. 1. JUNCUS.
80 Juncaceae
1. JUNCUS L. RUSH.
Perennial or sometimes annual, glabrous plants, grow-
ing usually in marshes or wet places, with simple terete
or flattened, usually pithy stems. Leaves terete, chan-
nelled or flat. Flowers solitary or clustered in cymes,
panicles or heads, greenish or brownish. Stamens 6 or
3. Capsule 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae,
many-seeded.
* Panicle sessile, apparently lateral; stems terete, leafless or the basal
sheaths bearing a few terete leaves.
-*- Flowers clustered.
1. J. acutus sphaerocarpus Engelm. Stems and leaves 0.5-
1.5 m. high, stout, rigid and pungent, growing in large tussocks;
panicle 6-12 cm. long, about equaling the spathe, secondary
spathes long-acuminate ; clusters 2-4-flowered ; perianth segments
scariously margined, outer broadly lanceolate, acute, inner
obovate, deeply emarginate, 2 mm. long; capsule subglobose,
apiculate, about 4 mm. long. (/. robustus Wats.)
Salt marshes near the coast. Port Ballona ; Wilmington.
•*--*- Flowers solitary.
++ Flowers 4 mm. long or more; capsule oblong-ovate.
2. J. Lescurii elatus Wats. Stems rigid, stout, 1.5-2.5 m.
high, leafless, from a stout creeping rhizome; panicle lax and
widely spreading, 6-12 cm. long; perianth segments 5-6 mm.
long, lanceolate, acuminate, with brown margins ; anthers much
longer than the filaments ; capsule oblong-ovate, acute, beakless,
about equaling the perianth.
Occasional along streams in our foothill canyons. What seems to be the
same has been collected by the author along New River near Long Beach.
3. J. Balticus Willd. Stems rigid, rather slender, leafless,
3-4 dm. high; panicle 2-4 cm. long; perianth segments lanceo-
late, acute, 4-5 mm. long, brownish; capsule rather acutely
angled, beaked ; seeds distinctly reticulate.
Frequent along streams and in low ground generally throughout our range.
4. J. Mexicanus Willd. Closely resembling the last, but
more slender, 12-24 cm. high ; stems somewhat flattened, sheaths
Rush Family 81
frequently leaf-bearing ; panicles about 2 cm. long, loosely few-
flowered; perianth segments 4-5 ram. long, lanceolate, greenish
or slightly tinged with brown. (J. compressus H. B. K.)
Habitat similar to the last, and apparently more common.
++•»+ Flowers 3 mm. long or less; capsule obovate or subglobose.
5. J. patens Meyer. Stems rather soft, 0.5-1 m. high ; inner
sheaths tipped with a short awn; panicle rather open, about 4
cm. long; perianth segments 3 mm. long, often brownish, spread-
ing in fruit; stamens 6; capsule subglobose, slightly angled,
obtuse, apiculate, equaling or a little shorter than the perianth.
Canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
** Panicle terminal; stems more or less leafy.
•*- Annuals.
6. J. bufonius L. Stems usually branching from the base,
5-25 cm. high, with fibrous roots; leaves 0.5 mm. wide or less ;
flowers mostly solitary and remote upon the spreading branches ;
perianth segments lanceolate, greenish, with scarious margins,
4-6 mm. long; stamens 6, sometimes 3, 2-3 mm. long; anthers
shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than
the perianth.
Common in the valleys and mountains in moist ground.
•*- •*- Perennials.
** Leaves not knotted.
7. J. longistylis Torr. Stems several, simple, leafy, 3-5 dm.
high ; leaves much shorter than the stems, flat and grass-like, the
sheaths with distinct ligules ; heads usually 5-9 in a sparingly
branched panicle, exceeding the very short spathe ; few-flowered ;
perianth segments greenish, narrowly ovate acuminate; stamens
6; seeds oblanceolate, minute, faintly ribbed.
Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mountains.
+*+* Leaves knotted by internal transverse partitions.
8. J. Torreyi Coville. Stems 2-10 dm. high ; rootstocks slen-
der, with tuberiform thickenings a few centimeters apart, each
supporting a single stem ; stem stout, 1-4-leaved ; blade stout,
82 Liliaceae
terete, 10-25 mm. thick, spreading; heads 1-20, exceeded by the
lowest bract, each 10-16 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-7 mm.
long, the segments subulate; stamens 6; capsule subulate, 3-
sided, exceeding the perianth. (/. nodosus megacephalus Torr.)
Occasional along streams. Los Angeles River, Davidson.
9. J. phaeocephalus Engelm. Stems from a creeping root-
stock, ancipital, 3-7 dm. high; leafy; leaves flat 2-6 mm. wide,
often exceeding the stems ; flowers in a single or few many-
flowered heads; perianth segments brownish, 3-4 mm. long,
lanceolate acuminate ; stamens 6 ; anthers usually exceeding the
filaments ; style long exserted ; capsule acute ; seeds ovate, close-
ly reticulated.
Frequent along streams and in low brackish places. May-July.
10. J. phaeocephalus paniculatus Engelm. A more robust
form of the last; heads several in a compound panicle, rather few-
flowered.
With the last or in similar places.
Family 10. LJLJACEAE. LILY FAMILY.
Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corymbs
or rarely with rootstocks or a woody caudex. Leaves
various. Flowers solitary or clustered, regular, mostly
perfect. Perianth segments 6, distinct. Stamens 6,
hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the base of
its segments ; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse. Ovary
superior, 3-celled. Ovules few or numerous, in each
cavity ; styles united ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a loculi-
cidal capsule ; endosperm copious.
* Fruit a capsule.
Herbs with bulbs or corms.
Flowers not umbellate.
Stems from a tunicated bulb.
Styles 3, distinct. 1. ZYGADENUS.
Styles united, more or less 3-clef t. 2. CHLOROGALUM.
Stems from a scaly bulb.
Perianth very showy, its segments reflexed. 9. LILIUM.
Perianth segments not reflexed. 10. FBITILLABIA.
Stems from a corm ; flowers showy. 11. CALOCHORTUS.
Lily Family 83
Flowers umbellate.
Perianth segments distinct or nearly so.
Odor and taste alliaceous; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
3. ALLIUM.
Odor and taste not alliaceous; ovules several in each cell.
Flowers greenish-white. 4. MUILLA.
Flowers yellow. 5. BLOOMERIA.
Perianth segments united below into a tube.
Stamens 6.
Perianth-tube more or less inflated; inner stamens appendaged.
6. BRODIAEA.
Perianth-tube funnelform; stamens unappendaged.
8. TRITELIA.
Stamens 3; staminodia 3. 7. HOOKERA.
Plants with short stout woody caudex and large panicle of showy flowers.
12. HESPEROYUCCA.
** Fruit a berry.
Leaves scale-like; branchlets numerous, filiform. 13. ASPARAGUS.
1. ZYGADENUS Michx. ZYGADENE.
Stems simple, scale-like, from a tunicated bulb," gla-
brous and somewhat glaucous, with linear mostly basal
leaves and greenish-white flowers, in a raceme or panicle.
Perianth nearly rotate, segments ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, with a green glandular spot at the narrowed base.
Stamens free from the segments and about equaling
them ; filaments subulate. Styles distinct persistent.
Capsule deeply 3-lobed. Seeds brownish, angled.
1. Z. Frexnontii Torr. Bulb oblong, 2-5 cm. long, with dark
coats ; stems 4-8 dm. high ; basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad at the base, somewhat falcate-curving; stem leaves few,
shorter, sheathing at the base; flowers few to many in a raceme
or panicle; lower pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long; segments 8-14 mm.
long, the outer not clawed, the inner with a broad claw ; gland
greenish-yellow, toothed on its upper margin ; stamens about as
long as the segments; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long.
Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains and
Verdugo Hills. April.
2. CHIiOBOGALUM Kunth. SOAP-PLANT.
Stems from a fibrous-coated bulb, tall almost leafless
paniculately branched above, the branches loosely race-
84 Liliaceae
mose. Basal leaves tufted long-linear, the stem leaves
much reduced. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels
jointed at the summit. Perianth white or purplish, per-
sistent and at length twisted over the ovary, its segments
distinct ligulate spreading, with 3 closely approximate
nerves down the middle. Stamens 6, inserted on the
base of the segment ; anthers versatile. Style long-fili-
form slightly 3-cleft, Capsule broadly turbinate, 3-
valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate,
somewhat rugose.
1. C. pomeridianum (Ker) Kunth. Bulbs large, about 1 dm.
long, densely and coarsely fibrous-coated; stem and spreading
panicle 6-15 dm. high; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 12-30 mm. broad,
carinate and undulate; pedicels slender, about 6 mm. long;
perianth rotate, its segments 16-20 mm. long, white with purple
veins'; capsule about 6 mm. long.
Common on dry hillsides and plains. May-July.
3. AL.LIUM L. ONION.
Scapes from a tunicated bulb or rarely from a coated
corm, with mostly narrowly linear basal leaves. Herb-
age with the characteristic odor and taste of onions.
Flowers in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3
membranous, separate or united bracts. Pedicels slen-
der, not jointed. Perianth persistent, its segments dis-
tinct or united at the base. Stamens inserted on the bases
of the perianth segments ; filaments filiform or dilated,
sometimes toothed. Style filiform, jointed. Capsule
obovate-globose, obtusely 3-lobed, often crested, loculici-
dally dehiscent. Seeds obovoid, wrinkled, black.
1. A. haematochiton Wats. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high,
somewhat compressed and 2-edged ; tunicated bulb oblong, crown-
ing a horizontal rhizome, its coats deep reddish-purple, shining;
leaves several, linear, flat and rather thick, 2-4 mm. broad, about
equaling the scape; bracts 2, short connate; umbel erect or
Lily Family 85
somewhat nodding, deep purple or rose-color; segments ovate-
lanceolate acute, 6-8 mm. long; stamens and style very slender,
scarcely equaling the segments; ovary truncate with very short,
rounded crests; capsule obcordate, 4 mm. long.
On dry rocky hillsides. Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills.
April-May.
2. A. serratum Wats. Scape terete, slender, about 1 dm.
high ; bulb nearly globose, without rhizome, its coats with a dis-
tinct close horizontally serrate denticulation; leaves 2 or more,
somewhat shorter than the scapes; bracts narrowly acuminate ;
perianth segments broadly ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, acute
or somewhat acuminate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the
inner shorter and sometimes serrulate; filaments all with a nar-
rowly deltoid base; crests very narrow central.
G lend ale, Davidson.
4. MUILLA Wats.
Scape from a fibrous conn and bearing an umbel sub-
tended by several small scarious bracts. Leaves mostly
few, very narrow, nearly terete. Pedicels not jointed.
Perianth subrotate persistent, of 6 nearly equal slightly
united oblong-lanceolate segments, greenish- or yellowish-
white with a dark 2-nerved midrib. Stamens inserted
near the base ; filaments filiform, slightly thickened to-
ward the base or petaloid : anthers versatile. Ovules
8-10 in each cell ; style clavate, persistent and at length
splitting. Capsule globose scarcely lobed, loculicidal.
Seeds compressed and angled.
1. M. serotina Greene. Scapes 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves
3-4 dm. long, subterete, the upper surfaces nearly plane, the
lower convex and sharply 7-striate, the striae retrorsely scabrous ;
umbel 40-70-flowered ; pedicels nearly 10 cm. long; perianth
rotate about 12 mm. broad, greenish-white; outer segments
oblong-linear, the inner oblong; filaments stout, subulate, little
compressed; anthers 1 mm. long, lurid purple.
Frequent in dry stony places in the plains and foothills. April-May.
86 Liliaceae
5. BLOOMEBIA Kell. GOLDEN STARS.
Scape from a fibrous coated corm, with linear carinate
basal leaves and many yellow flowers in a terminal
umbel, subtended by membranous bracts. Pedicels
jointed at the summit. Perianth persistent, of 6 nearly
equal distinct linear-oblong somewhat spreading seg-
ments. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments,
and a little shorter ; filaments filiform with a somewhat
cup-shaped winged and often bicuspidate appendage
surrounding the base ; anthers oblong, attached near the
base but versatile. Ovules several in each cell ; style
filiform-clavate, persistent and splitting with the capsule.
Capsule subglobose, membranous, obtusely 3-lobed^
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds subovoid, angular and
wrinkled, black.
1. B. aurea Kell. Bulb about 15 cm. in diameter, becoming
densely covered with brownish fibres; scape scabrous, 2-5 dm.
high ; leaf solitary, equaling or exceeding the scape, 6-12 mm.
broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate; pedicels numerous 3-6 cm.
long; perianth nearly rotate in bloom; segments 8-12 mm. long;
appendages about 2 mm. long, bicuspidate, minutely papillose.
Frequent in the foothills and on the plains. April-June.
6. BRODIAEA Smith. WILD HYACINTH.
Scape tortuous or twining from a depressed fibrous,
coated corm. Leaves usually 2, fleshy linear. Umbel
subtended by 3 or more thin spathaceous bracts. Peri-
anth tube thin, more or less inflated and angular or sac-
cate, about equaled by the segments. Stamens 6, the
inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side,
sterile in some species, the outer ones naked ; anthers
basifixed. Ovules 8-8 in each cell ; style persistent,
with short divergent stigmas. Capsule ovate to oblong,,
more of less attenuate above. Seeds angled, black.
Lily Family 87
1. B. capitata Benth. Scape 1.5-5 dm. high, very tortuous,
not rarely twining; leaves about equaling the scape carinate;
bracts purple, darker than the flowers ; flowers several, capitate
clustered on short pedicels 12 mm. long or less ; perianth tube
funnelform, shorter than the segments; appendages connivent,
forming a corona.
Common on the plains and foothills. March-May.
7. HOOKEBA Salisb.
Scapes erect straight from a fibrous coated corm, with
few linear leaves and a solitary umbel subtended by
several membranous bracts. Perianth tube thick turbi-
nate, segments equaling the tube spreading at the tip.
Stamens 3 opposite the inner segments, the outer stamens
being reduced to staminodia.
1. H. minor (Benth.) Britton. Scape slender, 5-15 cm. high ;
pedicels 2-5, mostly 2-5 cm. long; perianth about 3 cm. long,
violet-purple or paler, its limb rotate, the segments with a strong
mid vein, the outer narrower mucronulate ; anthers 4-6 mm. long,
shorter than the retuse or emarginate staminodia. (Brodiaea
minor Wats.
Occasional in heavy soil. March-April.
8. TBITELEIA Dougl.
Scapes slender from a fibrous coated corm, with few
thin linear leaves and bearing an umbel of yellow, white,
blue or purple flowers. Perianth tube rather short or
funnelform, not inflated angular or saccate ; the seg-
ments erect or spreading. Stamens 6 unappendaged, all
antheriferous ; anthers versatile or basifixed. Ovary on
a slender stipe.
1. T. laxa Benth. Scape 3-6 dm. high ; umbel 10-30-flowered ;
pedicels 3-6 cm. long; perianth 3-4 cm. long, funnelform, violet,
cleft nearly to the middle; anthers versatile, ovate-lanceolate,
2-lobed at base, bluish or white. (Brodiaea laxa Wats.)
On low hills, Los Felis, Davidson.
88 Liliaceae
9. LILIUM L. LILY.
Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems and large
erect or drooping flowers. Perianth deciduous funnel-
form or campanulate, of 6 distinct spreading or recurved
segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base
within. Stamens 6, mostly shorter than the perianth,
slightly attached to the segments ; filaments filiform or
subulate; anthers linear versatile. Ovules numerous; style
long somewhat clavate above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ob-
long or obovoid loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer-
ous flat, packed in 2 rows in each cell.
1; Ii. Humboltii Koezl. & Leicht. Bulbs large, 5-15 cm. in
diameter, white or purplish ; stems stout, purplish, puberulent or
glabrous, 15-30 dm. high; leaves usually in 4-6 whorls of 10-20
each, oblanceolate, undulate, 10-15 cm. long, 20-25 mm. wide,
acute, somewhat scabrous or pubescent on the margins and
beneath; flowers usually many on short and widely spreading
pedicels, 7-15 cm. long or more, scattered; segments 6-10 cm.
long, 12-24 mm. broad, reflexed, strongly revolute above the short
abruptly narrowed claw, reddish-orange with maroon spots,
papillose-rigid toward the base; stamens 4-5 cm. long, about
equaling the style; anthers oblong, 8-16 mm. long, red; capsule
large, obovoid, acutely 6-angled.
Frequent in canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountains.
June-July.
10. FBITILIiABIA L. MISSION BELLS.
Stems erect from scaly bulbs with thick fleshy scales.
Leaves scattered or verticillate, mostly narrow and
sessile. Flowers solitary or racemose leafy-bracted,
mostly dull-colored, nodding. Perianth campanulate or
funnelform deciduous, of 6 distinct equal oblong-oblance-
olate concave segments, more or less blotched or tinged
with purple or yellow or white and with a smooth nectar-
iferous pit near the base. Stamens inserted on the base
of the segments ; filaments slender ; anthers oblong ver-
Lily Family 89
satile extrorse dehiscing laterally. Ovules many ; style
slender, united to the middle or throughout, deciduous.
Capsule membranous ovate oroblong, 6-angled or winged,
loculicidally o-valved. Seeds flat in 2 rows in each cell,
brownish.
1. F. biflora Lindl. Bulb of a few very thick and fleshy ovate
scales, 0-10 cm. long; stem usually stout, 15-45 cm. high, 1-3-
flowered ; leaves 2-6, mostly near the base, somewhat verticillate
or scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long;
perianth dark brownish-purple tinged with green ; segments
spreading, oblong-lanceolate, about 25 mm. long; stamens 8-10
mm. long; anthers 4 mm. long, mucronate; styles distinct above;
stigmas linear; capsule broadly obovoid, somewhat fi-angled,
12-18 cm. long.
Occasional in open places in the foothills. April.
11. CALOCHOBTUS Pursh. MARIPOSA LILY.
Stems usually flexuous and branching from membranous
or rarely fibrous coated corms, with few linear-lanceolate
leaves, those of the stems alternate clasping. Flowers
few showy terminal on the branches or umbellately fas-
cicled. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct more or less
concave segments, the inner mostly broadly cuneate-obo-
vate, usually with a conspicuous glandular pit near the
base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments ;
anthers linear to oblong, basifixed. Ovules many; stigmas
sessile recurved persistent. Capsule elliptic to oblong.
* Petals arched; capsule broadly elliptical, deeply triquetrous.
1. C. albus Dougl. Glaucous; stems 15-45 cm. high, mostly
branching; bracts foliaceous ; flowers subglobose, nodding; sepals
shorter than the petals, greenish; -petals white, ovate-orbicular,
15-25 mm. long, bearded above the gland with long white hairs ;
anthers oblong, obtuse, mucronate; capsule 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm.
wide; seeds pitted.
Common on shady banks in the San Gabriel Mountains.
90 Liliaceae
** Petals not arched; pedicels stout, erect.
-*- Capsule oblong, obtuse at both ends.
2. C. Catalinae Wats. Stems branching, 3-6 dm. high, bulb-
iferous at base, leaves and bracts linear; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
purple-spotted near the base, nearly equaling the petals; petals
cuneate-obovate, 3-5 cm. high, lilac, with a large ovate purplish
blotch at base; gland oblong, yellow or brown, covered with
brown or yellowish hairs; anthers obtuse pinkish, 5 mm. long,
on filaments 3 times as long; capsule 2.5-5 cm. long, about 1 cm.
wide.
Common on the plains and in the foothills. Onofree Mountains; Santa
Ana Mountains; San Pedro Hills. Extending as far north as the Santa Inez
Mountains.
•*-•*- Capsule narrowly oblong, attenuate into a beak.
3. C. Weedii Wats. Stems often much branched above, 3-5
dm. high; bracts linear; sepals oblong with an acuminate tip
nearly as long as the petals or exceeding them, yellow orange-
spotted at the base ; petals cuneate-obovate, sometimes truncate,
2.5-3.5 cm. long, deep yellow, usually dotted with brown, the
upper margin ciliate, densely clothed with hairs at least on the
lower two-thirds ; anthers about equaling the filaments.
Dry hills in the coast mountains and foothills of San Diego County.
4. C. Weedii purpurascens Wats. Like the type as to struc-
tural characters, but petals more or less purplish and conspicu-
ously blotched with brown. (C. Weedii vestus Purdy.)
In the chaparral belt of the coast mountains from the Santa Ana to the
Santa Inez Mountains.
5. C. clavatus Wats. Stems rather stout, 3-5 dm. high,
bulbiferous near the base ; bracts linear ; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, about equaling the petals; petals cuneate-obovate,
yellow, tinged with brown below, the lower half clothed with
long clavate hairs ; gland circular, deep, bordered with imbricated
scales ; anthers purple, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, about equaling
the filaments; capsule narrow, about 5 cm. long.
Santa Monica Mountains ; Newhall.
6. C. splendens Dougl. Stems single 3-6 dm. high, usually
branched above, bulbiferous at base; sepals lanceolate-acumi-
nate, recurved, yellowish, with an oval purple spot near the base
within; petals obovate-cuneate, 3-4 cm. long and of greater
Lily Family 91
width, lilac with a small purplish blotch at base surrounding the
densely hairy gland, the lower third sparsely hairy to, but not
below, the gland; anthers obtuse, usually shorter than the fila-
ments.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun-
tains.
7. C. invenustus Greene. Stems 1-4 dm. high, bulbiferous at
the base ; flowers in a 2-several-flowered umbel ; sepals ovate-
oblong, shortly acuminate, striate and scarious margined, the
tips not recurved, shorter than the petals; petals about 3 cm.
long, obovate-cuneate, the rounded summit centrally apiculate,
dull white, tinged greenish and purplish, the short claw purplish;
gland oblong, covered with light hairs, and with a few scattered
hairs near; anthers 5-7 mm. long, obtuse at apex, yellow, on
narrowly margined filaments a little shorter, capsule 4 cm. long.
Frequent in the coniferous belt of the San Bernardino Mountains; Mt.
Santiago, Santa Ana Mountains.
8. C. venustus Dougl. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves and bracts
narrow; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute, about
equaling the petals; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, broader
than long, white, shaded above with lilac, a conspicuous reddish-
purple spot near the summit, a brownish-yellow arch in the cen-
ter, and a brown base, or these markings sometimes obscure;
gland oblong or lunate, densely hairy and surrounded by a few
scattered hairs ; anthers oblong, obtuse on dilated filaments of
nearly equal length ; capsule narrow, 5-7 cm. long.
Open hills about Newhall, Davidson.
9. C. venustus sulphurous Purdy. Petals light yellow, with
eye in center and a rose-colored blotch at summit.
Newhall, Davidson.
12. HESPEROYTJCCA Baker. SPANISH BAYONET.
Subacaulescent with a short stout woody caudex and
straight needle-pointed rough-margined flat leaves and
ample panicle. Perianth broadly campanulate, of sub-
equal distinct thin broadly lanceolate concave segments.
Filaments evidently adnate to the perianth below, clavate,
suberect ; anthers didymously cordate. Ovary oblong-
ovoid or obovoid, mostly longer than the short slender
92 Iriclaceae
style ; stigma capitate, long-papillate, minutely per-
forate. Fruit capsular incompletely 6-celled, 3-valved
through the laciniate false septa. Seeds thin flat.
1. H. Whipplei (Torr.) Baker. Simple or sometimes c?espi-
tose ; leaves ascending, rigid, 3-10 dm. long, about 15 mm. wide,
plano-convex subtriquetrous or keeled on both faces, sometimes
falcate striate glaucous, keenly but finely denticulate, with very
fine slender pungent end spine; panicle 2-5 m. high, long
peduncled, glabrous; flowers creamy-white, pendent, fragrant,
capsule about 5 cm. long. (Yucca Whipplei Torr.; Y. Whipplei
gramini folia Wood.)
Common in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. June-July.
YUCCA ARBORESCENS (Torr.) Trelease. (JOSHUA TREE.) The
large yucca of the Mohave Desert.
13. ASPARAGUS L. ASPARAGUS.
Stem at first simple fleshy scaly, at length much
branched, the branchlets filiform and mostly clustered
in the axils of the scales and usually flattened. Flowers
small solitary or clustered. Perianth segments all alike.
Stamens inserted at the base of the segments ; anthers in-
trorse. Ovules 2 in each cell ; style slender ; stigmas 3
short recurved. Berry globose.
1. A. officinalis L. An escape from cultivation and becoming
well established. May.
Family 11. IKZDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY.
Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves
and perfect regular or irregular mostly clustered flowers
subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6 lobes,
its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2
series, convolute in the bud withering-persistent. Sta-
mens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite the outer
series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform distinct
or united ; anthers 2-celled extrorse. Ovary inferior
Orchidaceae 93
mostly -'5-eelled ; ovules mostly numerous in each cell;
style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule
3-celled loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded.
1. SISYRINCHIUM L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.
Perennial tufted slender herbs with short rootstocks
simple or branched 2-edged or 2-winged stems, linear
grass-like leaves and rather small mostly blue terminal
flowers, umbellate from a pair of erect green bracts.
Perianth-tube short or none, the segments oblong or obo-
vate, equal mostly aristulate. Stamens more or less
monodelphous. Style branches filiform undivided, alter-
nate with the anthers. Capsule globose or obovoid.
Seeds mostly rounded smooth or pitted.
1. S. bellum Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high, glabrous or with sca-
brous margins, with 1-3 floriferous nodes at the summit ; peduncles
usually 2 at each node; spathes of 2, nearly equal bracts, sca-
brous on the keel, 4-7-flowered; perianth deep blue-purple with
yellowish base, 2 cm. broad or more; stamens united to near the
summit; anthers very small; capsule round-obovoid, 6 mm. high ;
seeds 1.5 mm. thick, obscurely pitted.
Frequent on grassy slopes, both in the valleys and mountains from near
sea- level to 6000 feet. April- August.
Family 12. ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHID FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots,
sheathing entire leaves sometimes reduced to scales.
Flowers perfect irregular bracted solitary, spiked or
racemed. Perianth of 6 segments : the outer (sepals)
similar or nearly so ; 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral,
alike ; the third (lip) dissimilar, usually larger, often
spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or
pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into
an unsymmetrical column; anther (in ours) 2-celled; pol-
len in 2-8 pear-shaped usually stalked masses (pollinia),
94 Orchidaceae
united by elastic threads, waxy or powdery attached at
the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating
in a beak at the base of the anther or between its sacs ;
stigma a viscid surface. Ovary inferior, usually long
and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled ; ovules numerous on 3
parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous
minute mostly spindle-shaped ; endosperm none ; embryo
fleshy.
Perianth with a spur. 1. PIPERIA.
Perianth spurless. 2. GYROSTACHYS.
1. PIPEBIA Rydb. REIN-ORCHIS.
Somewhat leafy below, the leaves usually withering be-
fore anthesis, those of the stem bract-like. Flowers green-
ish or white ; sepals and petals 1-nerved ; the upper sepal
ovate or lanceolate, erect ; the lateral ones spreading,
linear to lanceolate, their bases united with the claw of
the lip ; upper petals free, lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late, oblique ; the blade of the lip linear-lanceolate to
ovate, obtuse, truncate or hastate at the base. Anther-
cells parallel, opening nearly laterally. Stigma a small
beak in the angle between the anther-cells ; ovary sessile,
ellipsoid in fruit.
1. P. lancifotta Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves
and lower stem leaves lanceolate, alternate, 10-15 cm. long, 1-2
cm. wide, withering after anthesis; spike many-flowered, lax,
2-3 dm. long; bracts ovate, acute, striate, about % as long as the
flowers; flowers greenish, 11-13 mm. long; upper sepal ovate,
obtuse, about 4 mm. long; blade round-ovate, scarcely at all
hastate, thick with prominent medium ridge; spur filiform,
slightly clavate, about twice as long as the lip and about equaling
the ovary. (Habenaria Unalaschcnsis of recent authors, in part,
not of Spreng.)
Occasional in the canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse; San
Gabriel Mountains. April.
Saururaceae 95
2. P. longispica (Durand.) Rydb. Stem stout, 3-7 dm. high;
basal leaves and lower stem leaves 2-4, lanceolate, acute, 10-15
cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, withering about the time of anthesis;
spike many-flowered, rather lax, 1-3 dm. long; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, acuminate; flowers greenish, about 5
mm. long; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; petals broad-
ly lanceolate ; blade of the lip ovate-hastate, distinctly auricled
and truncate at base; spur filiform, 2.5 times as long as the lip.
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
2. GYBOSTACHYS Pers. LADIES' TRESSES.
Stems erect, leafy, from a cluster of tuberous roots.
Flowers in a twisted spike, white, spurless. Sepals and
petals narrow, erect or more or less connivent ; lip ob-
long sessile or nearly so, the base embracing the column,
with a callous protuberance on each side, the dilated
summit spreading and usually entire. Column very
short oblique, terminating in a short terete spike.
Stigma ovate, with an acuminate bifid beak. Anther
sessile or nearly so at the base of the stipe behind,
acuminate. Pollen-masses 2, thin and powdery.
1. G. Bomanzoffiana (Cham.) MacM. Stems rather stout,
glabrous, 1-5 dm. high, bracteate above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to linear; spike dense 3-ranked, conspicuously bracteate; sepals
and petals connivent; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, summit wavy-
crenulate; callosities smooth, sometimes obscure; the oblong-
linear gland and slender bifid beak 1.5 mm. long; capsule oblong,
6-12 mm. long. (Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham.)
Occasional in canyons in our foothills.
Family 13. SAURURACEAE. LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY.
Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled
leaves and small perfect bracteolate flowers in peduncled
spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 6-8 or sometimes
fewer, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled ; the carpels dis-
96 Juglandaceae
tinct or united, 1-2-ovuled ; ovules orthotropus. Fruit
capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4, mostly indehis-
cent carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid ; endosperm copi-
ous, mealy ; embryo minute, cordate.
1. ANEMOPSIS Hook. YERBA MANSE.
Stems nodose scape-like, stoloniferous from aromatic
creeping rootstocks. Leaves mostly radical, minutely
punctate. Flowers in a compact spike surrounded at
the base by a persistent colored involucre of 5-8 bracts ;
each flower except the lowest also surrounded by a small
colored bract. Stamens 6-8. Ovary sunk in the rachis
of the spike, 1-celled ; stigmas 3-4. Capsule dehiscent
at the apex.
1. A. Californica H. & A. Stem 15-50 cm. long, with a broad-
ly ovate clasping leaf above the middle and a fascicle of 1-3 small
petioled leaves in the axil ; basal leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded
above, more or less narrowed toward the cordate base, 5-15 cm.
long, on petioles 10-20 cm. long; spikes 1.5-4 cm. long; involu-
cral bracts white, often reddish beneath, oblong, 1-3 cm. long;
floral bracts white, obovate, unguiculate, 5-6 mm. long; ovules
6-10 on each placentia.
Frequent in wet saline places throughout our range. March-August.
Family 14. JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY.
f
Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately compound
leaves and monoecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate
in long drooping aments, the pistillate solitary or sev-
eral together. Staminate flower consisting of 3-numer-
ous stamens, with or without an irregularly lobed peri-
anth adnate to the bractlet. Anthers erect, 2-celled,
dehiscent by a longitudinal slit ; filaments short. Pis-
tillate flowers bracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a
3-5-lobed (usually 4-lobed) calyx, or without both calyx
and petals. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or incompletely
Myricaceae 97
2-4-celled ; ovules solitary, erect, orthotropus ; styles 2.
Fruit in ours a drupe, with indehiscent, fibrous woody
exocarp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut, wrhich is
incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed ; endo-
sperm none ; cotyledons corrugated, oily.
1. JUGLANS L. WALNUT.
• Trees or large shrubs, with a somewhat resinous-aro-
matic bark and foliage, superposed buds and odd-pin-
nate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets. Stami-
nate flowers borne on the twigs of the previous year ;
perianth 3-6-lobed ; stamens 8-40, in 2 or more series.
Pistillate flowers solitary or several together on a termi-
nal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season ; calyx
4-lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the
sinuses ; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large glo-
bose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endo-
carp rugose or sculptured, 2— 4-celled at the base.
1. J. Californica Wats. Arborescent shrub growing in
clumps, 5 m. high, or rarely a tree and attaining a height of 12
m., more or less tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves
15-25 cm. long; leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 4-6 cm.
long ; aments often in pairs, 7-12 cm. long ; perianth of staminate
flowers 3 mm. long; stamens 30-40; drupe globose, slightly com-
pressed, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; nut shallowly sulcate.
Confined mostly to the foothills below 3000 feet. Frequent in the Santa
Monica Mountains and Puente Hills, less so on the southern borders of the
San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 15. MYRICACEAE. BAYBERRY FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and
aromatic simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious
flowers, in linear, oblong or globular, bracted aments.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth
none. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens,
98 Salicaceae
inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short, distinct or
somewhat united ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, dehiscing by a
longitudinal slit. Pistillate flowers with a solitary, 1-celled
ovary, subtended by 2-8 bractlets ; ovule solitary, ortho-
tropus ; style very short ; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a
small oblong drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy.
Seed erect ; endosperm none.
1. MYRICA L. WAX MYRTLE.
Shrubs or small trees, with entire, dentate or lobed
mostly resinous-dotted leaves, monoecious or dioecious.
Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric ; stamens
4—8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose ; ovary sub-
tended by 2—4 short bractlets. Fruit globose, waxy.
1. M. Californica C. & S. Thickly branched evergreen shrub,
2-3 m. high; leaves thick, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate,
tapering to an acute apex, narrowed below to a short petiole,
6-12 cm. long, remotely serrate or nearly entire ; flowers monoe-
cious; staminate aments below the pistillate, 2 cm. long or less;
stamens 7-16, united by their filaments; bractlets 2, narrowly
oblong, hairy at apex; pistillate aments in the axils of the upper
leaves, 6-10 mm. long; ovary ovate, with 2 exserted styles, red;
bractlets minute; fruit brownish-purple, covered with a whitish
wax, 4 mm. in diameter.
Rustic Canyon near Santa Monica, Basse.
Family 16. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate stipulate leaves
and dioecious flowers in terminal aments. Each flower
subtended by a scale-like bract. Perianth none. Sta-
mens 2-several, central or scattered on a glandular disk.
Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2-4. Fruit a 2-4-valvecl cap-
sule, with numerous comose seeds.
Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stigmas elongated.
1. POPULTJS.
Bracts entire ; stigmas short. 2. SALIX.
Willow Family 99
1. POPULUS L. POPLAR or COTTONWOOD.
Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs,
and broad or narrow, usually petioled leaves, the stipules
minute fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or
incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire.
Staminate aments dense, pendulous, their flowers with
4-60 stamens, with distinct filaments. Pistillate
aments pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary sessile ;
style short ; stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule
2-4-valved. Coma of the seeds often very long and
copious.
1. P. trichocarpa T. & G. Tree with a broad head of ascend-
ing branches, 8-15 m. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, round-
ed at base, acute at apex, serrulate, dark green and shining
above, pale beneath, 5-8 cm. long, on terete petioles, 3-5 cm.
long; staminate aments 3-5 cm. long; disk oblique, bearing 40-60
stamens, with purple anthers ; pistillate aments 5-7 cm. long,
loosely flowered ; ovary hoary tomentose ; capsule 3-valved.
•Frequent in the canyons of all our mountains and sometimes extending
down into the valleys. March.
2. P. Fremont! Wats. Tree with a broad head of wide-
spreading branches, 6-15 m. high; leaves deltoid-orbicular, 4-10
cm. long, somewhat broader; crenate or sinuate-crenate, abrupt-
ly acute at apex, truncate or subcordate at base, green or yellow-
ish-green on both surfaces; staminate aments 25-35 mm. long;
stamens 60 or more, with dark red anthers ; pistillate aments 5
cm. long, loosely flowered; ovary glabrous; capsule on pedicels
4 mm. long, minutely rough-tuberculate.
Rare within our limits. Fernando. Common in the San Bernardino Valley,
and in San Diego County south of the San Luis Key River.
2. SALIX L. WILLOW.
Trees or shrubs with mostly long narrow usually
acute leaves, and persistent or early deciduous broad or
minute stipules. Bracts entire or denticulate. : Disk
gland-like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense,
erect, spreading or drooping, their flowers with' 1-11
100 Salicaceae
stamens with filaments distinct or sometimes united be-
low. Pistillate usually erect or spreading ; ovary sessile
or short-stipitate ; style short or filiform, with 2 entire
or 2 cleft stigmas. Capsule mostly 2-valved.
* Stamens 3 or more; aments terminating leafy branchlets.
1. S. nigra vallicola Dudley n. var. Tree 8-12 m. high, with
dark, rough hark ; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrate, nar-
rowly lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely serrulate,
acute or acuminate, narrowed at base to petioles 4-6 mm. long,
which are quite puberulent or nearly glabrous at maturity ; stip-
ules lanceolate when well developed, the larger 8-10 mm. long,
all glandular toothed, often with similar glands on the lower sur-
face and on the serratures of the young leaves ; aments expand-
ing with the leaves, terminating the short lateral branches, the
starninate 3-6 cm., the pistillate 2.5-5 cm. long; stamens 5-11,
their filaments tomentose below ; bracts pale, obovate or round-
ish, usually very tomentose; style short; stigmas 2, lobed ;
capsule ovoid, glabrous or more or less pubescent, mostly 4-5 mm.
long, from slightly longer to twice the length of the smooth
pedicels.
The largest willow in southern California. Frequent along the Santa Ana
River from Santa Ana to San Bernardino; also along the San Dieguito and
San Diego Rivers in San Diego County. The type of this heretofore unde-
scribed willow is the author's no. 3256, collected along the Santa Ana
River near Orange.
2. S. lasiaudra Benth. A middle-sized tree with rough bark;
leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, abruptly taper-
ing at the base, acuminate at apex, sharply and closely serrulate,
pale beneath ; petioles glandular at the base of the blade ; stipules
small, glandular-serrate; aments on long peduncles, the pistillate
5-7 cm. long; bracts of the staminate yellowish, toothed; sta-
mens usually 5; ovary glabrous; stigma nearly sessile, bifid;
capsule lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, on pedicels 2 mm. long.
Occasional along streams in the valleys. Los Angeles River, near Cahu-
enga Pass. A form with smaller leaves and aments is apparently frequent
along all the streams in the valleys; it is near the type, but the petioles
and stipules are inconspicuously glandular.
3. S. laevigata Bebb. Tree 10-15 m. high ; branches reddish-
brown ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, green
Willow Family 101
and shining above, more or less glaucous beneath, 8-12 cm.
long, glabrous ; petioles about 1 cm. long; puberulent above and
somewhat grooved ; staminate ainents usually flexuose, 5-7.5 cm.
long ; bracts more or less elliptic, woolly at base, glabrous and
pallid towards the apex; stamens 5-6; filaments pubescent
below; capsule conic from a thick base, acute, glabrous, on ped-
icels 3-4 times as long as the gland; stigma nearly or quite
sessile, emarginate.
Frequent along all our streams, especially in the canyons.
** Stamens 2, rarely 1.
•*- Aments subsessile on leafless peduncles.
4. S. lasiolepis Benth. Tree or large shrub, 4-8 m. high;
leaves oblong or somewhat broadest above the middle, obscurely
and irregularly serrulate, dull green above, more or less gray-
pubescent beneath, 12-20 mm. broad, 5-7 cm. long, on petioles
5-10 mm. long; aments appearing before the leaves, suberect;
the staminate 2-4 cm. long; stamens 2; pistillate 2.5 cm. long or
less ; capsule acute, smooth, short pedicelled ; styles rather short ;
stigmas erect.
The most common willow, covering a considerable area along the Santa
Ana and San Gabriel Rivers toward the coast.
•*-•*- Aments terminating leafy branchlets.
5. S. Parishiana Rowlee. Slender shrub, 1-3 m. high; young
twigs cinereous strigose; leaves linear-lanceolate, minutely and
remotely denticulate, 5-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, silky canescent
when young, glabrous and somewhat coriaceous when mature,
veins few but very prominent; stipules none; aments on long
leafy peduncles, 2-3 cm. long, the upper leaves of the branch
much surpassing the ament; flowers dense; scales white, densely
villous all over, oblong, acute; filaments scanty hairy at the base ;
capsules densely villous, oblong, closely sessile; style distinct;
stigmas linear.
Not uncommon around San Bernardino according to Parish. This and the
following species are very doubtful and might, with apparently good reasons,
be put into a single species, but the author has preferred to retain them
until our California forms of this difficult group are better known.
6. S. macrostachya Nutt. Shrub or small tree, 1-6 m. high,
often in dense thickets; bark light brown, cinereous, young
branches villous; leaves 5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, sessile or nearly
102 Salicaceae
so, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute at both ends, more or
less villous-pubescent; stipules none; aments on short leafy lat-
eral branches, 2-3 cm. long, densely flowered, oblong; scales
densely villous all over, oblong; filaments crisp villous upon the
lower half; capsules clothed with long lax hairs, closely sessile;
style evident ; stigmas divided, linear.
Common along streams and washes throughout our valley region.
7. S. xnacrostachya leucodendroides Rowlee. Shrub 1-3 m.
high ; leaves 10-12 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, densely white tomentose
on both sides, largest remotely denticulate ; aments cylindric, 4-5
cm. long, otherwise as in the type.
San Bernardino Valley.
8. S. exigua Nutt. Small shrub or becoming a small tree ;
branches light brown ; leaves 4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, yellowish,
closely sessile, entire or nearly so, canescent when young, usual-
ly becoming quite glabrous at maturity, very narrowly elliptic,
veins very indistinct; stipules none; aments 2-5 cm. long, on
peduncles about the same length, appearing with the leaves,
rather densely and evenly flowered, sometimes the lower flowers
remote; scales in the staminate ament oblong to obovate, in the
pistillate narrower and longer, smooth or more or less crisp
villous on the margins; capsule closely sessile, lanceolate, gla-
brous, light green ; stigmas short and thick, sessile, sometimes
even appearing slightly sunken in the apex of the capsule.
In the interior valleys, mostly beyond our limits.
9. S. exigua virens Rowlee. Leaves 10-12 cm. long, 1 cm.
wide, nearly glabrous, veins conspicuous on both sides, distinctly
denticulate; stipules large, oblong denticulate; aments large,
the pistillate 4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, sometimes borne in 3's at
the ends of the long leafy shoots.
San Bernardino, Wright.
10. S. argophylla Nutt. Tree or large shrub forming clumps,
young twigs puberulent, branches nearly glabrous and very
tough; bark turning from brown to yellow or orange before
blooming; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide,
closely sessile, entire or rarely minutely and remotely denticulate,
clothed equally on both sides with an appressed silky pubescence ;
stipules none or very minute on vigorous shoots ; aments
surpassed by their leafy peduncles, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick,
Betulaceae 103
often in pairs or in 3's at the ends of the branches; scales oblong,
obtuse in the staminate aments, narrower and more acute in the
pistillate, glabrous on the back, crisp hairy on the margin and
toward the base, erose above ; lower half of the filament densely
crisp hairy ; capsule lanceolate, covered with straight appressed
silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas sessile, oblong, about twice
as long as thick; mature capsule often becoming nearly glabrous.
Mostly east of our limits in dry washes.
Family 17. BETITLACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.
Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled
simple leaves and small flowers in aments. Staminate
aments pendulous, with 1-3 flowers in the axils of each
bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or
none, and 1-10 stamens. Pistillate aments erect or
drooping, spike-like or capitate, their flowers with or
without a calyx adnate to the solitary 1-2-celled ovary ;
style 2-cleft ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit
a small compound or ovoid-globose nut or samara. En-
dosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy.
1. ALNUS Gaertn. ALDER.
Shrubs or trees with dentate or serrulate -leaves, and
both pistillate and staminate flowers in aments ; the
staminate pendulous ; the pistillate erect, clustered.
Staminate flowers 3-6 in each axil, consisting of a most-
ly 4-parted perianth, 1-4 stamens and subtended by 2-4
minute bractlets ; ovary 2-celled ; bracts woody, per-
sistent, 5-toothed or erose. Nut small, compressed,
winged or wingless.
1. A. rhombifolia Nutt. Tree 7-14 m. high, with a light gray
trunk ; leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to elliptic, 2.5-10 cm.
long, irregularly serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath; stam-
inate aments 7-15 cm. long; bracts obtuse; stamens usually 2
104 Fagaceae
(1-3); pistillate aments 4-6 mm. long; cones broadly oblong,
12-20 mm. long; seeds acutely margined.
Common along mountain streams and occasionally extending down into
the valleys. January.
Family 18. FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen or deciduous alternate
petioled leaves and small monoecious flowers, the stam-
inate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, the pistil-
late solitary or several together, subtended by an invo-
lucre of more or less united bracts, which becomes a bur
or cup. Petals none. Staminate flowers with a 4-7-
lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens ; filaments slender, dis-
tinct ; anther sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate
flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth,
adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary ; ovules 1-2 in each cell,
only 1 in each ovary maturing, pendulous, anatropous ;
styles as many as cells to the ovary, linear. Fruit a
1 -seeded nut, with coriaceous or bony exocarp. Endo-
sperm none ; cotyledons large, fleshy.
Represented with us by a single genus. 1. QUERCUS.
1. QUERCUS L. OAK.
Trees or shrubs with persistent or deciduous leaves
and small green or yellowish monoecious flowers,
the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping
aments, the pistillate solitary in many-bracted involu-
cres. Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts,
consisting of mostly a 6-lobed campanulate perianth and
5-12 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate with an
urn-shaped or oblong 3-celled ovary ; ovules 2 in each
cell ; styles usually 3, short. Fruit (acorn) consisting
of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the
involucre (cup), subtending or nearly enclosing the
1-seeded coriaceous nut.
Beech Family 105
* Stigmas sessile or nearly so; nuts not densely tornentose on inner
surface; scales of the rather shallow cup thick and often
tuberculate. White Oak.
•*- Acorns maturing the first year.
1. Q. lobata Nee. (Valley Oak, Roble.) Stately tree with
slender, often long and pendulous branches; leaves oblong or
obovate, 6-12 cm. long, deeply lobed or pinnatifid, pale green,
acorns subsessile; nut long-conic, 3-6 cm. long; cup deep-
hemispheric, strongly tuberculate.
Chatsworth Park and San Fernando. A single tree has also been ob-
served near Santa Monica (Hasse) and another near Lamanda Park by the
author, which is the southern limit of this oak as far as known.
2. Q. Douglasii H. & A. (Blue Oak.) Middle-sized tree with
rounded head, branches numerous, erect-spreading ; leaves decid-
uous, 5-6 cm. long, oblong, sinuate or with shallow lobes, bluish-
green above, pubescent beneath ; acorn sessile or short pedun-
cled ; nut elongated-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, mostly acutish ; cup
hemispheric, with ovate-lanceolate, thick or somewhat tubercled
scales.
Encino, San Fernando Valley, Davidson.
3. Q. Engelmanni Greene. A middle-sized tree, 8-15 m.
high, with light colored and rather smooth bark, trunk often
6-10 dm. thick, branches spreading to form a well rounded scarce-
ly depressed head; leaves short-petioled, oblong, 5-8 cm. long,
entire or sometimes with a few coarse teeth, obtuse or retuse at
the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, those of young
shoots sometimes acutish at both ends and coarsely serrate-
toothed throughout, somewhat coriaceous, almost without retic-
ulation, downy-pubescent when young, becoming glabrous in age ;
acorns sessile or peduncled ; cup hemispheric, tuberculate ; nut
oblong, about 2 cm. long.
Frequent from Altedena to Monrovia; also occurring at Azusa and Glen-
dora, as well as in the foothills of San Diego County.
4. Q,. duxnosa Nutt. Shrub 1.5-5 m. high, the slender branches
tomento.se when young; leaves coriaceous, sometimes persistent,
2 cm. long or more, oblong, obtuse, sinuate or sinuate-toothed,
dark green above, pubescent beneath; acorns sessile; nut oval,
2-3 cm. long; cup deep-hemispheric, 1-2 cm. broad, usually
strongly tuberculate, occasionally with somewhat flattened
scales.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. What seem to be
hybrids between this and Q. Engelmanni are not infrequent wherever the
range of these two approach each other.
106 Urticaceae
•*- •*- Acorns developing the second year.
5. 0,. chrysolepis Liebm. (Canyon Oak.) Usually a large
tree ; leaves evergreen, oblong, acute or cuspidate, obtuse or sub-
cordate at base, usually entire or spinose-denticulate, pale and
glaucous green above, more or less fulvous-tomentose beneath,
becoming glabrate in age; acorns variable in size; nut oval,
obtuse, 15-30 mm. long; cup hemispheric, very thick, its scales
usually almost hidden by fulvous tomentum, 1-3 cm. broad
Common in the canyons of all our mountains above 2500 feet.
** Stigmas on long styles; nuts densely tomentose on the inner sur-
face; scales of the deep cup thin. Black Oak.
6. Q. agrifolia Nee. (Live Oak, Encina.) Large, widely
spreading tree; leaves persistent, oval to oblong, 4-7 cm. long,
sinuately spinose-dentate, somewhat stellate pubescent when
young, in age mostly convex above, pale and nearly glabrous
beneath; acorns annual, sessile or nearly ao; nut narrow and
tapering, 2-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; cup turbinate, rather
deep with lanceolate slightly pubescent brown scales.
The common oak of our valleys and foothills.
7. Q. Wislizeni A. DC. A spreading shrub or a small tree
with us; leaves persistent, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute, entire or somewhat spinose-dentate, usually
plain, green on both faces, glabrous; acorns biennial; nuts nar-
row as in the last ; cup turbinate, very deep.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all our mountains except the Santa
Monica Range.
Q. CALIFORNICA (Torr.) Cooper. A middle-sized tree with large
deeply toothed deciduous leaves ; fruit developing the second year ;
cups deep, with thin scales.
Common in the pine belt of the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuya-
maca Mountains.
Family 19. URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY.
Ours annual or perennial herbs, with mostly stipulate,
simple leaves and often with stinging hairs. Flowers in
racemed or panicled cymes (ament-like), with small
persistent bracts, monoecious or polygamous, small,
Nettle Family 107
greenish. Petals none. Calyx mostly 4-parted or
sepals distinct, with as many stamens opposite the
lobes ; filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the
bud, straightening elastically at anthesis. Ovary super-
ior 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style and stigma 1. Fruit an
achene. Endosperm oily, not copious ; embryo straight.
Herbs with stinging hairs; leaves opposite.
Sepals 4, distinct. 1. URTICA.
Staminate calyx 4-parted; pistillate unequally 2-4-toothed.
2. HESPEROCNIDE.
Herbs without stinging hairs; leaves alternate. 3. PABIETARIA.
1. UBTICA L. NETTLE.
Annual or perennial, simple or branching herbs, with
stinging hairs, and opposite 3-7-nerved petioled serrate or
dentate stipulate leaves. Flowers clustered in axillary
geminate racemes or heads. Staminate flowers 4-mer-
ous. Pistillate calyx with unequal sepals, the inner
larger and at length enclosing the flattened achene.
Stigma sessile, tufted.
* Annual.
1. U. urens L. Erect, branching from the base or sometimes
simple, 25-50 cm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, deeply and
sometimes doubly serrate, 1-4 cm. long, on slender petioles of
about the same length; stipules 4 mm. long; flower clusters
rather dense, mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androg-
ynous, mainly pistillate.
Common in gardens and waste places. Native of Europe.
** Perennials.
2. U. holosericea Nutt. Stems simple, stout, 1-3 m. high or
more, more or less bristly and finely pubescent ; leaves finely and
densely pubescent beneath, less so above or with only a few scat-
tering bristles, ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper much
shorter, on petioles }£ as long, coarsely serrate ; stipules narrow-
ly oblong, acute or obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; Staminate flower
clusters rather loose, nearly equaling the leaves ; pistillate denser
108 Urticaceae
and shorter; inner sepals ovate, densely hispid, 1 mm. long,
about equaling the broadly ovate achene.
Very common along streams and in low ground in the valleys and the
lower altitudes of the mountains. May-September.
3. U. Breweri Wats. Much resembling the last, grayish with
a short hispid pubescence or nearly glabrous and with scattered
bristles; petioles slender, 2.5-5 cm. long, about \4 the length of
the leaves; flower clusters rather open, scarcely exceeding the
petioles; sepals obovate or somewhat rounded, obtuse, minutel)'
hispid, nearly 2 mm. long and about twice the length of the
broadly ovate achene.
"Frequent about Los Angeles (Breiuer) and ranging eastward to southern
Colorado and western Texas." Bot. Cal. 2 : 64. 1880. Not seen by us, nor has
it been by recent collectors.
2. HESPEBOCNIDE Torr. WESTERN NETTLE.
Annual herbs distinguished from Urtica by the pistil-
late perianth, which is a membranous flattened oblong-
ovate sac, with a minutely 2-4-toothed orifice.
1. H. tenella Torr. Slender and weak, 25-50 cm. high, simple
or branched, somewhat hispid with branching hairs and bristly ;
leaves 1-3 cm. long, thin, ovate, obtusely serrate; petioles slen-
der, >£ as long ; flower clusters rather dense, nearly glomerate,
shorter than the petioles; calyx thin, hispid, with hooked hairs,
in fruit 1-1.5 mm. long; achene membranous, striately tubercu-
late with minutely rough points.
Sepulveda Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains; San Pedo Hills; also near
San Diego and on Catalina Island.
3. PABIETABIA L.
Ours slender annuals without stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate, entire, 3-nerved petioled, without stipules.
Flowers in axillary glomerate clusters, polygamous, sub-
tended by leafy bracts. Calyx of the perfect flowers
4-parted, in the pistillate tubular-ventricose, 4-cleft with
connivent lobes. Style slender or none ; stigma spatu-
late, recurved, densely tufted. Achene ovoid, smooth
Loranthaceae 109
and shining, enclosed in the dry brownish nerved
calyx.
1. P. debilis Forst. Very slender, usually diffusely branch-
ing from the base, 10-25 cm. high, somewhat hispid; leaves 5-10
mm. long or more, broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base or
abruptly cuneate; petioles slender, about equaling the leaves ;
achene 1 mm. long.
Growing in moist shady places, especially in the chaparral belt. Santa
Monica Mountains; Verdugo Hills; Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 20. LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY.
Evergreen shrubs or herbs, ours parasitic on shrubs or
trees and absorbing food from their sap through special-
ized roots (haustoria). Stems dichotomously branched,
s woolen at the joints and bearing opposite thick coriace-
ous entire exstipulate leaves, foliaceous or reduced to-
connate scales. Flowers dioecious, regular, clustered or
solitary, small and greenish. Petals none. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, 2-5-lobed. Stamens equaling the
calyx-lobes and inserted upon them ; anthers 2-celled
or confluently 1-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled,
1-ovuled ; style simple or none ; stigma 1. Fruit a
berry ; seed solitary with glutinous testa and copious
endosperm ; embryo straight, terete or angled.
Leaves scale-like; anthers 1-celled; pollen spinulose. 1. RAZOUMOFSKYA.
Leaves foliaceous; anthers 2-celled; pollen smooth. 2. PHORADBNDRON.
1. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm.
Plants yellow or greenish-brown with fragile jointed
angled stems. Leaves reduced to opposite connate
scales. Flowers solitary or several from the same axil.
Staminate flowers mostly 3-parted, compressed. An-
thers sessile on the lobes, circular, 1-celled, dehiscent at
the base by a circular slit ; pollen grains spinulose.
Pistillate flowers ovate, compressed, 2-toothed, subsessile,
110 Polygonaceae
at length exserted on reflexed pedicels. Berry fleshy
compressed, dehiscing elastically at the circumscissile
base. Cotyledons very short.
1. R. occidentalis (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems much branched,
5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick ; staminate plants brownish-yellow,
bearing numerous dense spikes, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes 3-4
mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; pistillate plants olive-brown;
spikes short, 5-6-flowered or with the upper reduced to 1 ; berry
brown, oblong, tapering to each end, 4-5 mm. long. (Arceutho-
bium occidentalis Engelm.)
Frequent on pines.
2. PHOKADENDRON Nutt. MISTLETOE.
Woody plants with terete usually jointed and brittle
stems. Leaves foliaceous, entire, faintly nerved, or re-
duced to connate scales. Flowers sunk in the jointed
rachis, usually several in the axil of each bract. Stami-
nate flowers with a mostly 3-lobed globose calyx, bearing
a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each
lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to
the inferior ovary. Berry sessile ovoid or globose,
fleshy.
1. P. villosum Nutt. Foliage deep green; leaves elliptic,
obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, on short petioles;
berries pinkish, 3 mm. in diameter.
On oaks about Pasadena.
2. P. macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell. Foliage deep
green; leaves orbicular-obovate, 5-7 cm. long, usually 5-nerved;
spikes large ; flowers pubescent.
Common on the sycamores.
Family 21. POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT
FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate or verticillate
leaves, which are often only radical, with sheathing
stipules or none. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed
Buckwheat Family 111
pedicels. Calyx of 4-9 sepals, usually petaloid, persist-
ent. Stamens as many as the sepals, perigynous. Styles
2-4, distinct or somewhat united, opposite the angles of
the lenticular or triquetrous achene. Seed erect; em-
bryo straight within the mealy endosperm or curved
around it.
Leaves without stipules.
Involucre bract-like.
Flowers solitary, surrounded by a 2-lobed bract, becoming elongated
in fruit. 1. PTEROSTEGIA.
Flowers capitate, each surrounded by a bract. 2. NEMACAULIS.
Involucre wanting; calyx involucre-like. 3. LASTARBIAE.
Involucre tubular with 3-6 cuspidate or awned often hooked teeth.
4. CHOBIZANTHE.
Involucre turbinate with 18-20 acicular awns. 5. ACANTHOSCYPHUS.
Involucre campanulate or turbinate, deeply 3-5-cleft, the lobes ending in
straight awns or awnless. 6. OXYTHECA.
Involucre oblong, campanulate or turbinate, 4-8-toothed or lobed, awnless,
usually many-flowered. 7. ERIOGONUM.
Leaves with sheathing stipules.
Sepals 6, the outer 3 smaller; stigmas 3, tufted. 8. RUMEX.
Sepals 4-6, equal ; stigmas 2-3, capitate. 9. POLYGONUM.
1. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M.
Very slender annuals, diffusely dichotomous from the
base, with opposite leaves and foliaceous bracts. Invo-
lucres axillary, sessile, solitary, consisting of a single
2-lobed bract, shorter than the solitary sessile flower,
enlarged in fruit, scarious and reticulated, loosely en-
closing the achene, gibbously 2-saccate on the back.
Calyx 6-parted or rarely 5-parted. Stamens 3-6, insert-
ed at the base of the calyx-lobes. Achene triangular,
glabrous ; cotyledons accumbent.
1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems several from the base,
10-30 cm. long or more; lower leaves petioled, 4-12 mm. long,
fan-shaped, 2-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed or slightly lobed ;
upper leaves obovate-spatulate, entire or more or less toothed;
bracts similar, 2 mm. long; involucres 2-3 mm. long in fruit, the
margins of the lobes toothed or laciniate; flowers about 1.5 mm.
long, sessile ; calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Common and general below 4000 feet. The whole plant often reddis
when growing in exposed places.
-112 Polygonaceae
2. NEMACAULIS Nutt.
Slender diffuse annuals with spatulate mostly radical
leaves and no stipules. Flowers capitate, each with a
free herbaceous bract, perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, colored,
enclosing the achene. Stamens 3. Styles 3 ; stigmas
capitate. Achene short-ovoid, obscurely 3-angled.
1. N. denudata Nutt. Stems prostrate or ascending, 15-30
cm. long, glabrate, reddish; leaves narrowly spatulate, 2-5 cm.
long, including the short petiole, densely tomentose-hairy on
both sides; bractlets of the flower clusters obovate-spatulate,
2 mm. long, the outer flowerless, the inner smaller, woolly within
and glabrous without; flowers yellowish, scarcely 1 mm. long,
short pedicellate, glabrous; inner segments broadest; achene
0.7 rnm. long. (N. Nuttallii Benth.)
Occasional on sand-dunes along the seashore and in sandy soils in our
interior valleys.
3. LASTABBIAEA Eemy.
A small diffuse rigid fragile annual, with the aspect of
Chorizanthe. Involucre wanting. Perianth involucre-
like, coriaceous, tubular, 5-6-cleft to the middle ; the
narrow teeth rigid, awned, recurved and uncinate.
Stamens 3, inserted on the throat ; filaments very short,
with small membranous appendages intervening at their
insertions. Achene triangular ; embryo curved.
1. Li. Chilensis Remy. Branches procumbent or ascending,
5-15 cm. long, hirsute ; lowest leaves linear, obtuse, hispid-ciliate,
1-2 cm. long, cauline in whorls of 4-5, unequal; bracts 3-6 mm.
long concealing the flowers; perianth 2-3 mm. long, its tube
triquetrous ; teeth 5, 3 long and 2 short ; anthers small, orbicular ;
style very short.
Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in sandy soils. April.
4. CHOBIZANTHE R. Br.
Low dichotomously branched annual herbs, with
rosulate basal leaves and opposite or ternate stem-leaves,
often reduced and bracteate. Involucre 1 -flowered, or
Buckwheat Family 113
rarely 2-3-flowered, tubular or funnelform, sessile, 3-6-
anded or costate, 3-6-toothed or 3-6-cleft, its teeth
divaricate, cuspidate or awned. Flowers pedicellate or
nearly sessile, included within the involucre, or the seg-
ments protruding. Calyx 6-parted or 6-cleft, colored.
Stamens usually 9, rarely 3 or 6, adnate to the base of
the calyx-tube. Ovary glabrous.
* Glabrous or glandular-pubescent.
1. C. Thurberi (Gray) Wats. Somewhat glandular-puberu-
lent, usually about 1 dm. high, branching from the base; leaves
2.5 cm. long, glabrous, slightly ciliate ; bracts oblong, more or
less united, 2-6 mm. long; involucres glabrous, chartaceous, tri-
angular-prismatic, obscurely reticulated, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm.
broad, with 3 broad straight awned spurs at base and 3-5 broad
short erect teeth ; flowers 1 of 2 on slender pedicels, pubescent at
base, nearly 2 mm. long; segments oblong-spatulate, obtuse or
emarginate, the alternate ones slightly shorter.
Occasional on dry sandy plains, mostly farther inland than our range.
2. C. leptoceras (Gray) Wats. Very slender and nearly gla-
brous; leaves and bracts as in the last; involucre 4-6 mm. long,
somewhat hirsute, deeply 4-6-cleft, the coriaceous turbinate base
surrounded by as many rigid usually uncinate awn-like spurs ;
lobes rigid, narrow, unequal, attenuate into straight rigid some-
what divergent awns ; flowers 2 or 3, occasionally exserted, villous-
pubescent, 1 mm. long; segments narrowly oblong to ovate,
nearly equal.
On dry sandy plains from San Gabriel eastward.
3. C. Californica Gray. Hirsute and glandular, 3 dm. high
or less, often reddish ; bracts 1-2 cm. broad, lateral or rarely per-
foliate, lobed ; involucres on contracted branchlets and often
clustered in the axils, 4-6 mm. long, obtusely angled, 2-3-toothed
and 2-3-sided ; segments of the perianth obovate, entire, villous-
pubescent on the midvein.
Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys.
** Villo us-pubescent or hirsute, not glandular.
-*- Bracts notfoliaceous.
4. C. staticoides Benth. Erect or decumbent, rather stout,
1-4 dm. high, with spreading branches, villous-pubescent, often
114 Polygonaceae
purplish, leaves all basal, tomentose beneath, oblong, obtuse,
2.5-6 cm. long ; bracts not acerose ; involucres in rather close
cymes, 3-6 mm. long, the alternate teeth larger, nearly equal;
flowers nearly sessile, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely villous
on the midvein, cleft to near the middle; segments oblong, en-
tire, the alternate ones about half as long and narrower; stamens
inserted at base.
Very common and general. May-July.
5. C. procumbens Nutt. Slender, procumbent, branching
from the base and diffuse, villous-pubescent, often yellowish;
leaves spatulate, 2.5 cm. long or less, not tomentose, bracts
mostly small; involucres 2-3 mm. long, the alternate teeth
strongly divergent, about equaling the tube, uncinate; flowers
sessile, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous or somewhat villous, segments
equal, narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire; stamens inserted at the
base.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson.
•*- +- Bracts more or less foliaceous.
6. C. Parryi Wats. Branching from the base, 5-8 cm. high,
villous-pubescent; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5 cm. long,
not tomentose; lower bracts as large, similar, pungent; tube of
the involucre 2 mm. long, the alternate teeth strongly divergent,
as long or longer ; flowers nearly sessile, white or pinkish, 3 mm.
long, villous on the nerves, cleft nearly to the middle; segments
recurved, somewhat undulate, oblong-ovate, acutish, crenate, the
inner ones about the same length, but narrower ; stamens insert-
ed at the base.
Scarcely reaching our eastern borders, but rather frequent on dry plains
and foothills in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties.
7. C. Fernandina Wats. Procumbent, rather stout, strongly
silky-pubescent, 6-10 cm. long; leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
not tomentose ; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper narrowly
linear; tube of involucre 2 mm. long, the teeth stout, with
straight awns; flowers white, 2 mm. long; lobes nearly equal,
broadly oblong, the alternate ones slightly narrower.
First collected in San Fernando Canyon. Otherwise only known from
Chatsworth Park.
8. C. Xanti Wats. Branching diffusely from near the base,
6-15 cm. high, villous-pubescent and tomentose; leaves ovate-
Buckwheat Family 115
oblong, 4-12 mm. long, tomentose beneath ; lower bracts similar or
linear-oblanceolate ; involucres tomentose, in diffuse cymes, the
tube 4 mm. long with strongly divergent teeth half as long or
more, the alternate ones much smaller; flowers rose-colored, 5
mm. long, sessile, villous ; segments linear-oblong, entire, acutish,
the alternate ones only half as long; stamens inserted at the
base.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains.
5. ACANTHOCYPHUS Small.
Slender nearly glabrous acaulescent annual herbs,
with erect wiry forking scapes. Leaves basal firm dentic-
ulate with spinulose teeth, dilated at the base. Bracts
scale-like, ternate, united at the bases, inclined to one
side of the axes. Involucres turbinate, truncate, on
wire-like peduncles, with 18-20 hard ribs, which are
prolonged into as many rigid acicular awns, these sur-
passing the tube in length. Flowers 5-14, of 2 kinds :
staminate, included ; pistillate, exserted. Pedicels sub-
tended by linear or linear-spatulate bractlets. Perianth
glabrous, segments 6. Stamens 9, inserted at the base
of the perianth.
1. A. Parishii (Parry) Small. Slender, 2-5 dm. high ; stems
with short-stalked glands at the base and for a short distance
above the forks, otherwise glabrous and more or less glaucous ;
leaves 3-4 cm. long, finely spinulose-denticulate, tube of invo-
lucre 2 mm. long, much surpassed by its slender whitish
bristles. (Oxytheca Parishii Parry.)
Common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
6. OXYTHECA Nutt.
Slender dichotomously branched annuals, stipitate-
glandular at the nodes. Leaves in a rosette at base.
Bracts foliaceous and more or less united, usually ter-
nate. Involucres, few-flowered, more or less distinctly
pedicellate, campanulate or turbinate, 3-5-cleft, the
116 Polygonaceae
teeth bearing an awn or awnless. Flowers equal, gland-
ular-pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9.
1. O. trilobata Gray. Much branched from the base, 1 dm.
high or less; leaves somewhat villous, oblanceolate, 2-3 cm.
long; bracts ternate, oblong-lanceolate, awned, not reflexed ; in-
volucres broadly turbinate, 5-parted nearly to the base, strongly
nerved, 3-4 mm. long, with awns slightly shorter than the lobes;
pedicels spreading, 4-10 mm. long; flowers 3-5 in each involucre,
light rose color, 2 mm. long; segments ligulate-oblong, 3-cleft,
the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, slightly erose on the sides;
ovary triangular.
Not common within our limits, but found on dry plains in San Bernardino,
Riverside and San Diego Counties.
7. EBIOGONUM Michx.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with
basal, alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules,
and perfect involucrate flowers. Involucre campanulate,
turbinate or oblong, 4-8-toothed or 4-r8-lobed, awnless,
usually many-flowered ; the more or less exserted pedi-
cels intermixed with scarious narrow setaceous bracts or
bractlets. Perianth 6-parted or deeply 6-cleft, petaloid.
Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the perianth. Styles
3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular, rarely lenticu-
lar.
* Involucres nerveless, pedicellate; perianth-lobes unequal.
I. E. Thurberi Torr. Annual, very slender, about 15 cm.
high, much branched below the middle, with ovate acute bracts
at the forks, tomentose below the panicle, leaves subbasal,
rounded-ovate, about 1 cm. long, undulate rugose, pubescent
above, white tomentose beneath ; pedicels slender, about 2 cm.
long, erect or spreading, involucres campanulate, less than 2 mm.
high, cleft nearly to the middle; flowers rose-colored or white,
outer segments rounded, much broader than the inner lanceolate
ones.
Common on dry plains and foothills from Pasadena eastward; also in the
Santa Ana Mountains.
Buckwheat Family 117
** Involucres 5-6-nerved, mostly sessile; perianth-lobes similar.
-«- Involucres capitate or fascicled.
•** Perennials with stout short woody caudex.
2. E. latifoliuxn Smith. Caudex indurate, its branches few,
short, very leafy; scapes not fistulose, 2-5 dm. high; leaves ob-
long to ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, often undulate and becoming gla-
brate above; bracts triangular; heads large and dense, 12-20 mm.
broad, solitary and terminal or few in a simple umbel; involucre
tomentose, 4 mm. long; flowers glabrous, light rose color, 3 mm.
long.
Bluffs near Santa Monica.
3. E. nudum Dougl. Caudex sparingly leafy; scapes rather
slender, fistulose, 3-6 dm. high, sparingly branched above;
leaves broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, on slender
petioles, undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becoming gla-
brate above; involucres usually 3-6 in each cluster, glabrous or
nearly so, 4-6 mm. high; flowers glabrous or somewhat villous,
2-3 mm. long, white or rose color.
Occasional on Catalina Island and on the mainland east of our territory.
August-September.
+*++ Perennials, shrubby, leafy; leaves often fascicled; bracts foli-
aceous.
4. E. cinereum Benth. Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high, in dense
clumps, hoary-tomentose throughout; leaves orbicular to oblong,
12-18 mm. long, on very short petioles, obtuse, undulate, strongly
nerved; peduncles elongated, sparingly dichotomously branched,
bearing few rather loose heads ; bracts short ; involucres 4 mm.
long; perianth very villous, rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long-.
Bluffs along the seashore at Santa Monica and San Pedro.
5. E. parvifolium Smith. Shrubby, about 3 m. high, more
or less white-tomentose throughout; leaves broadly ovate to
oblong, 8-18 mm. long, acute, abruptly narrowed at base to the
very short petiole, revolute and undulate on the margins, becom-
ing glabrate above ; lower bracts conspicuous, the upper smaller;
involucres tomentose, about 3 mm. long; perianth rose-colored,
glabrous, about 3 mm. long.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
6. E. fasciculatum Benth. (WILD BUCKWHEAT.) Shrubby,
5 dm. high or more, more or less tomentose ; leaves narrowly
118 Polygonaceae
oblanceolate, revolute, tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 6-18
mm. long, much fascicled ; peduncles short or elongated, bearing
a short cymosely divided umbel; bracts rather conspicuous;
involucres about 4 mm. high, glabrate; flowers rose-colored or
whitish, glabrous or somewhat villous.
Very common on the plains and in the foothills.
•*-•*- Involucres solitary, often secund along the virgate branches.
** Perennials, white-tomentose; panicle sparingly branched and
virgate.
7. E. saxatile Wats. Caudex densely leafy, sparingly branch-
ed; leaves rounded or obovate, obtuse, 12-16 mm. broad, cuneate
at base, densely tomentose on both sides ; petioles short and
thick; branches of the cymose panicle 1-2 dm. long, spreading;
bracts subfoliaceous, triangular; involucres 3-4 mm. long, teeth
acute ; perianth rose color, 2-3 mm. long, the lobes appressed to
the nearly glabrous achene, this abruptly narrowed at base.
Frequent in the higher altitudes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
8. E. Wrightii Torr. Much branched, leafy at base, 2-5 dm.
high, rather slender; leaves oblong-ovate, 15-25 mm. long, acute,
narrowed at base to a 4-8 mm. long petiole; bracts all small,
triangular; involucres loosely spicate along the ascending
branches, 3 mm. high, the teeth rigid, acute ; perianth rose color,
3 mm. long ; achene scabrous on the angles above, these acute at
base.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains in the pine belt.
9. E. Bloomeri Parish. Caudex as in the last ; leaves dense-
ly white-tomentose or somewhat brownish, oval, ovate or obo-
vate; scapiform peduncles numerous, 2-4 dm. high, erect, repeat-
edly branched; lower bracts foliaceous; involucres distant, 4
mm. high; the teeth subacute, few-flowered; perianth 8 mm.
high, attenuate at base, glabrous, yellowish; filaments hairy at
base ; achene glabrous, attenuate above.
Frequent in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
10. E. elongatum Benth. Stems erect, rather slender, from
a sparingly branched base; leaves usually somewhat scattered,
oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, narrowed to a short peti-
ole, becoming glabrate above ; bracts ovate-triangular to lanceo-
Buckwheat Family 119
late, acute; involucres distant on the few elongated branches,
5-6 mm. high, obtusely toothed ; flowers white or pale rose color,
2-3 mm. long; achene glabrous.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains, as well as in the in-
terior valleys.
**** Annuals.
11. E. virgatum Benth. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, tomentose
throughout, branches few, ascending, elongated, strictly virgate or
flexuous; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the involucres, some-
times including 1 or more leaves ; involucres tomentose, narrow,
4 mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long, white or yellowish, glabrous.
Frequent in the foothills.
12. E. vimineum. Dougl. Glabrous or tomentose toward the
base, erect, 2-4 dm. high, much branched from near the base, the
branches elongated and virgate, the lower commonly in whorls
of 4-5 ; lower forks often leafy ; leaves orbicular to broadly ovate,
6-18 mm. long, white-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate
above, the margins undulate, on petioles of about the same
length; involucres very narrow, 2 mm. high; flowers few, pale
rose color or yellowish, 2 mm. long, outer segments obovate;
inner oblong.
Frequent in the coast ranges.
13. E. gracile Benth. Floccose-tomentose throughout, rather
diffusely branched, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or broadly
oblong, tomentose on both sides or less so above ; bracts more or
less elongated, the lower foliaceous ; involucres rigid, acute, often
dark brown ; perianth white or pale rose color, 1.5 mm. long.
Common in sandy soil, especially toward the coast.
14. E. gracile leucocladon (Benth.) Torr. Less branched,
the branches strict, becoming glabrate ; flowers pale rose color.
Dry sand-washes of the interior.
8. RUMEX L. DOCK.
Perennial or annual leafy-stemmed herbs. Stem
grooved, usually branched. Leaves entire or undulate,
flat or crisped, with scarious obliquely truncate cylindric
sheathing stipules. Flowers green, usually perfect, in
a simple or compound often panicled raceme. Calyx
120 Potygonaceae
6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner
ones (wings) usually bearing a grain-like callosity on
the back, larger and enclosing the achene. Stamens
6 ; filaments short, glabrous ; anthers oblong. Style
3-parted ; stigmas peltate, tufted. Achenes 3-angled.
* Flowers dioecious; leaves hastate.
1. B. Acetosella L. Perennial by slender running rootstocks,
slender erect or nearly so, simple or branched, 2-4 dm. high, gla-
brous; leaves narrowly hastate, petioled, the uppermost leaves
somewhat entire; panicle narrow, naked, becoming reddish;
calyx green,! mm. long; stamens exserted; achene granular,
exceeding the persistent calyx.
In moist grassy places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
** Flowers perfect; leaves not hastate.
•*- Inner calyx-lobes with slender awned teeth.
2. B. pulcherL. Stems erect, 5-8 dm. high, with rigid di-
varicately spreading branches ; leaves scabrous beneath, the basal
oblong or lanceolate, acute, cordate or obtuse at base ; flowrers on
short stout rigid pedicels; wings ovate, 2-3 mm. long, with 4-6
rigidly awned teeth on each side.
Sparingly introduced, Inglewood. Native of Europe.
3. B. persicarioides L. Annual, pubescent, pale green ; stem
erect, simple or branched, 2-6 dm. high, sometimes spreading,
very leafy; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 2 dm. long or usually
less, narrowed at the base or cordate, acute at the apex, the
margins undulate and somewhat crisped; panicle simple or
branched; racemes erect, leafy bracted; whorls dense, usually
rather distant ; pedicels equaling or somewhat exceeding the
inner calyx-lobes, jointed at the base; inner calyx-lobes oblong,
2 mm. long, with 1-3 bristles on each margin, each bearing an
ovoid or oblong grain; achene about 1.5 mm. long, pointed,
reddish.
Frequent in moist places, especially along the margins of ponds. Native
of Europe.
•*- Inner calyx-lobes with entire or dentate or erose margins, herbage
glabrous.
4. B. salicifolius Weinm. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous ;
stems ascending or spreading, simple or branched, grooved, flexu-
Buckwheat Family 121
ous, 4-8 dm. long; leaves mostly lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
petioled, not undulate or crisped; racemes dense, interrupted
below in fruit; flowers in dense clusters; wings 2 mm. long,
undulate or subdentate, each bearing a large ovoid grain ; achene
2 mm. long, dark red.
Frequent in moist places along the coast and in the mountains.
5. B. conglomeratus Murr. Stems slender, erect, commonly
branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 15 cm. long
or less, somewhat undulate and crisped, the lower long petioled,
cordate at base, acute or obtuse at apex, the upper short petioled ;
panicle very loose, much branched; racemes slender, inter-
rupted; flowers loosely whorled, the whorls distant; pedicels
slender, shorter than or equaling the wings ; wings ovate, fiddle-
shaped, 3 mm. long, toothed near the base, each bearing a large
oblong grain ; achene about 1.5 mm. long, pointed, red.
Common in damp land, especially toward the coast.
(>. R. crispus L. Stems simple or branched above, erect,
rather slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaves crisped and undulate, the
lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, long petioled,
the upper narrowly oblong or lanceolate, short petioled, all cordate
or obtuse at base; panicle rather open; racemes simple or com-
pound ; flowers rather loosely whorled ; calyx green ; fruiting
pedicels about twice the length of the wings, jointed near the
base; wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or notched at base,
erose-dentate or nearly entire, each bearing a grain ; achene 2
mm. long, dark brown.
Common in moist places.
7. B. hymenosepalus Torr. Stems erect, 4-6 dm. high,
stout, leafy, simple or branched above; leaves attenuate to a
short thick fleshy petiole, oblong to broadly lanceolate, often 3
dm. long, acute, strongly undulate; racemes panicled about 3
dm. long; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; wings 8-12 mm. broad, rose
color, deeply cordate, strongly reticulate-veined, grains entirely
wanting; achene 4 mm. long.
Frequent in dry sandy soil. Canaigre of commerce.
9. POLYGONUM L. KNOTWEED.
Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with
alternate entire leaves and naked, ciliate or foliaceous
margined sheaths. Flowers usually perfect, often colored,
122 Polygonaceae
variously clustered. Pedicels jointed. Calyx 4-5-part-
ed, usually petaloid, the outer segments slightly larger
than the inner ones. Stamens 5-9 ; filaments glabrous ;
anthers oblong. Style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft ; stigmas
capitate. Achene lenticular or 3-angled, invested by
the persistent calyx.
1. P. incarnatum Ell. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stem
erect, simple or branched above, more or less swollen at the
nodes, 8-12 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, 6-18 cm. long, acumi-
nate at both ends, short petioled, sparingly punctate and ciliate;
sheaths loose, long, sometimes ciliate when young, becoming
naked; racemes panicled, drooping, 4-10 cm. long, linear; calyx
white or pink, small ; stamens 6 ; style 2-parted to near the base ;
achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, smooth and shining.
Marshes about Los Angeles. Probably introduced from the Atlantic
coast.
2. P. lapathifolium L. Stem simple or much branched,
erect or ascending, swollen at the nodes, 3-12 dm. high, the
peduncles and petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, attenuate to the apex, tapering to the
short petiole, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; sheath cylindric,
ribbed or striate; racemes panicled, 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping,
narrow, rather dense, calyx pink, white or greenish, 5-parted ;
stamens 6 ; style 2-parted to below the middle ; achene lenticular,
2 mm. long. (P. nodosum Pers.)
Occasional along streams.
3. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Stems rather stout, 3-10 dm.
high, erect or decumbent, clothed with short appressed hairs;
leaves lanceolate, obtuse; sheath cylindric, loose, ciliate;
racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less in-
terrupted, 3-7 cm. long; calyx white or whitish, often conspicu-
ous; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; achene
3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, smooth.
Frequent along streams, especially toward the coast.
4. P. aviculare L. Annual or perennial, slender, glabrous,
bluish-green; stem prostrate or ascending, simple or much
branched, 1-6 dm. long; leaves linear to oblanceolate, commonly
oblong, 6-18 mm. long, nearly sessile ; sheath oblique, 2-parted
Chenopodiaceae 123
or becoming lacerate; flower clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered;
flowers small, short pedicelled; calyx green, its 5 lobes with
white or pinkish margins; stamens 5-8; style short 3-parted to
near the base; achene 3-angled, ovoid, 2 mm. long, reticulated.
A common weed in waste places.
5. P. Convolvulus L. Annual, glabrous, scurvy ; stem twin-
ing or trailing, branched, 1-10 dm. long; leaves ovate-sagittate,
long-petioled, acuminate, slightly ciliate, 1-7 cm. long; sheath
oblique, rough on the margin; axillary clusters loosely flowered;
flowers greenish, pendulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted,
closely investing the achene; stamens 8; style short, nearly
entire; stigmas 8; achene 3-angled, granular.
Cultivated fields about Pasadena, JfcClatchie.
Family 22. CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT
FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs often succulent mealy or scurvy, some-
times fleshy. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, some-
times wanting, without stipules. Flowers perfect or uni-
sexual, with an herbaceous calyx of 2-5 often keeled
rigid sepals, or sometimes wanting in pistillate flowers.
Stamens distinct, as many as the sepals and opposite
them or fewer ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior,
1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an achene or utricle in fruit.
Embryo annular and surrounding the endosperm or spiral
and with the endosperm lateral or wanting.
Leaves various, not semiterete and fleshy nor spiny.
Flowers perfect or polygamous.
Calyx 3-5-cleft or 3-5-parted.
Calyx 3-cleft; stamen 1; leaves entire. 1. APHANISMA.
Calyx mostly 5-cleft, herbaceous in fruit; stamens mostly 5; flowers
in panicled spikes. 2. CHENOPODIDM.
Calyx 3-5- toothed, dry in fruit; flowers few or solitary in the axils;
leaves pinnatifid. 3. ROUBIEVA.
Calyx of 1 sepal; stamen 1. 4. MONOLEPIS.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 5. ATRIPLEX.
Leaves wanting; stems fleshy. 6. SALICORNIA.
Leaves semiterete, fleshy. 7. DONDIA.
Leaves spiny. 8. SALSOLA.
124 Chenopodiaceae
1. APHANISMA Nutt.
Slender glabrous annuals, with alternate sessile entire
leaves, and axillary mostly solitary perfect bractless
flowers. Calyx 3-cleft, with concave segments un-
changed in fruit. Stamen 1 ; filament short. Ovary
depressed ; style shortly 2-3-cleft ; pericarp somewhat
5-angled, rather thick and indurate. Seed horizontal,
with very thin crustaceous testa. Embryo annular sur-
rounding the copious endosperm.
1. A. blitoides Nutt. Stems ascending, branched, 3-7.5 dm.
high; leaves thin, oblanceolate to ovate-oblong, the upper ones
ovate, acute, 6-15 mm. long; calyx minute, its lobes ovate,
obtuse, closely appressed to the base of the fruit; fruit 1 mm.
broad; seed shining, punctulate-rugose.
San Pedro, Davidson; Catalina Island.
2. CHENOPODIUM L. GOOSEFOOT.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly introduced
weeds. Leaves often white-mealy, sometimes glandular,
alternate, petioled. Flowers perfect, bractless, clustered
in axillary or terminal often panicled spikes. Calyx
herbaceous, 3-4-parted or mostly 5-parted ; the lobes
usually connate or crested, more or less closely covering
the fruit. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the
lenticular or subglobose, horizontal or vertical seed.
Embryo annular or curved around the copious endo-
sperm.
* Annuals; ours introduced.
•*- Leaves white-mealy or glabrous.
1. C. album L. Stems erect, 0.5-2 m. high, branches ascend-
ing; leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, narrowed at
the base, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, white-mealy
beneath, dentate or sinuate or the upper entire, 2-6 cm. long;
Goosefoot Family 125
spikes densely flowered, often panicled; calyx about 1 nun. broad
in fruit, its lobes strongly carinate.
A common weed in waste fields. May-September. Nativeof the Old World.
2. C. album viride (L.) Moq. Closely resembling the type,
but leaves bright green or very slightly mealy beneath.
Vernon, Davidson.
3. C. murale L. Stout erect, 3-6 dm. high, the lower-
branches usually spreading or decumbent; leaves 3-8 cm. long,
rhombic-ovate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base,
acute at the apex, glabrous or slightly mealy when young ; spikes
panicled, loosely flowered; calyx enclosing the fruit ; seed acutely
margined.
Frequent in waste places. Often flowering the year round. Native of the
Old World.
4. C. rubrum L. Annual, somewhat fleshy and glabrous or
commonly somewhat mealy; stem erect, leafy, 3-7 dm. high,
with strict or ascending branches; leaves thick, 3-5 cm. long,
rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate,
or the upper entire, acute or obtuse at apex, narrowed at base to
a rather short petiole; flowers in compound, leafy-bracted axil-
lary and terminal spikes, often exceeding the leaves; calyx 3-5-
parted, its segments slightly fleshy, reddish, not keeled, obtuse,
about as long as the utricle; stamens 1-2; stigmas short; utricle
horizontal, shining, rather sharp-edged.
Occasional in saline flats and marshes along the coast. August-November.
-*- Leaves more or less glandular-pubescent.
5. C. ambrosioides L. Stem ascending or erect, 0.5-1 m. high,
much branched and leafy, more or less glandular-pubescent,
strong-scented ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, subacute or
acute at the apex, narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate,
undulate or the upper entire, 3-9 cm. long ; flower clusters dense,
axillary upon the branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes
appressed ; pericarp deciduous.
Frequent in waste places. Native of Europe.
** Perennials.
6. C. Californicum \Vata. Stout, erect or decumbent at base,
5-8 dm. high, from a thick fusiform root; leaves broadly triangu-
lar-hastate, truncate or cordate at base, 3-9 cm. long, sharply
126 Chenopodiaceae
and unequally sinuate-dentate, dark green, glabrous or slightly
mealy when young ; flowers in dense clusters in terminal spikes ;
calyx deeply 5-toothed, loosely enveloping the fruit; pericarp
persistent; seed subglobose, about 2 mm. broad.
Frequent in the valleys and foothills. March-May.
3. BOUBIEVA Moq.
A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong scented,
prostrate and diffusely branched, with narrow small
sh'ort-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small,
green, perfect or pistillate, solitary or in small axillary
clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, in fruit be-
coming ovoid, strongly reticulated. Stamens 5. Styles
3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Em-
bryo a complete ring.
1. R. multifida (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, very leafy,
1-4 dm. long; leaves lanceolate to linear or linear-oblong, deeply
pinnatifid into linear-oblong, acute, entire or toothed lobes;
flowers 1-6 in an axil, sessile, scarcely 1 mm. broad, some perfect,
some pistillate ; fruiting calyx 3-nerved and strongly reticulate-
veined ; utricle compressed.
Occasionally found in waste places. Pasadena; Compton.
4. MONOLEPIS Schrad.
Low branching annual herbs, with small narrow alter-
nate entire, toothed or lobed leaves and polygamous or
perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a
single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen 1. Styles
2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the
vertical seed. Embryo nearly a complete ring.
1. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Slightly mealy when
young, becoming glabrous or nearly so; stem 8-24 cm. high,
with many ascending branches ; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled
or the upper sessile, 1-6 cm. long, narrowed at base, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe linear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times
as long as the ascending lateral ones ; sepal oblanceolate or
spatulate; utricle minutely pitted, 1 mm. broad.
Cienega, Davidson.
Goosefoot Family 127
5. ATBIPLEX L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby, often scurvy-
canescent or silvery, with alternate petioled or sessile
leaves, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or
monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or in axil-
lary clusters. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of
a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens.
Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 or more united bract-
lets which enlarge in fruit, their margins entire or
toothed, often crested or winged. Calyx none. Stigmas
2. Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruit-
ing bract lets. Embryo annular.
* Annuals', monoecious.
1. A. patula L. Stems stout and succulent, erect, 2-6 dm.
high, with few ascending branches, herbage green, only the grow-
ing parts somewhat mealy ; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or
coarsely toothed, sometimes hastate at base ; inflorescence more
or less leafy below, the clusters dense in spikes or panicles;
bracts rhombic-ovate, thick and subcoriaceous, 8-12 mm. long,
entire or toothed, sometimes muricate.
Frequent in saline places, especially toward the coast.
2. A. expansa Wats. Annual, erect, much branched, 5-10
dm. high, closely and finely mealy-scurvy; leaves 2.5-7 cm. long,
broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, irregularly and sharply sinuate-
toothed, the lower on stout petioles about 1 cm. long, and strong-
ly 3-nerved from the base, the upper reduced to sessile more or
less cordate floral bracts, as broad or broader than long ; flower
clusters more or less unisexual, those of the lower clusters mostly
staminate ; fruiting bracts sessile, clustered in the axils of the
leaves, orbicular, mostly 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad,
usually emarginate at the apex, the wing sharply toothed and
commonly bearing on one face a few irregular projections or
crests.
Occasional in the Ballona Marshes.
3. A. microcarpa Dietrich. Minutely and somewhat hoary
puberulent, the numerous reddish branches nearly glabrous ; stems
128 Chenopodiaceae
15-30 cm. long, spreading and decumbent; leaves oblong or
oblong-ovate, 6-10 mm. long, acute at each end, sessile; flowers
in small axillary clusters, the terminal ones usually more stami-
nate; fruiting bracts round-obovate, usually less than 2 mm.
broad, the roundish summit narrowly bordered with 3-7 small
herbaceous teeth, sides frequently somewhat muricate or 1-nerved ^
seed 0.5 mm. broad.
Rather common in saline places toward the coast.
4. A. Watsoni A. Nelson in lit. Branching from the base,
somewhat woody below, slender, decumbent or sometimes pros-
trate, densely hoary-scurvy ; leaves mostly opposite, cuneate-
rounded at base, acute or acutish, oblong-ovate, 12-25 mm. long;
staminate flowers in dense clusters in short interrupted terminal
spikes; calyx 5-cleft; fruiting bracts sessile, slightly cordate at
base, acute, 4 mm. long and broad, compressed, united to above
the middle, entire or slightly denticulate; seed nearly 2 mm.
long. (A. decumbens Wats.)
Not known to occur within our limits, but found at San Diego.
** Perennials; monoecious, or the last 2 dioecious.
5. A. Serenana A. Nelson in lit. Stems rather stout and more
or less diffuse, 3 dm. or more long ; branches smooth and shining,
straw-colored ; foliage finely grayish-scurvy ; leaves oblong-ovate,
acute, 8-18 mm. long, thin, sharply toothed or the smaller entire ;
flower-clusters unisexual, the staminate in terminal simple or
compound spikes, the pistillate axillary ; fruiting bracts 2 mm.
long, the margins laciniately toothed or dentate, the central tooth
lanceolate and conspicuous. (A. bracteosa Wats.)
Very common throughout our range in saline places.
6. A. semibaccata R. Br. Perennial ; steins much branched
from the base, prostrate, woody below, branches 3-10 dm. long,
branchlets slender, whitish, leafy throughout; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, tapering at base to a short petiole rounded at apex,
2-4 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide, entire or commonly irregularly and
remotely dentate, pale green above, silvery beneath ; staminate
flowers in short capitate spikes terminating the branchlets ; fruit-
ing bracts about 3 mm. long, the margins entire or minutely
toothed on the lateral angles, becoming fleshy and reddish when
mature.
Becoming well established along roadsides and in waste places. Wise-
burn; Wilmington; Santa Ana. More common about San Diego and Escon-
Goosefoot Family 129
dido. Native of Australia and cultivated to some extent under the name
of Australian salt-bush.
7. A. Californica Moq. Finely white-mealy; stems slender,
leafy, mostly herbaceous, prostrate or scrambling among low
shrubs, usually much branched and forming a mat; leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm. long, sessile or narrow-
ed to a short petiole ; staminate flowers in terminal spikes, the
pistillate in axillary clusters ; fruiting bracts membranous, ovate,,
acute, entire, loosely closed over the utricle but not united, 3 mm.,
long or less.
Occasional in saline places along the coast and on sandy bluffs overhang-
ing the sea.
8. A. leucophylla Dietrich. Densely whitish-scurvy, steins
stout, 3 dm. long or more, mostly prostrate; leaves thickish,
orbicular or elliptic, 8-16 mm. long, sessile, 3-nerved ; staminate
clusters in a dense terminal spike, 1-2 cm. long ; pistillate flowers
in axillary 2-3-flowered clusters; fruiting bracts completely
united and with a short terminal wing, globose or nearly so, 3-4
mm. long.
Rather common on the seabeach sands, often more or less buried.
9. A. orbicularis Wats. Subcanescent with very fine pubes-
cence, woody at base, much branched and forming a compact
growth, 9-14 dm. high; leaves oblong-obovate, 2 cm. long or
more, retuse or obtuse and apiculate, narrowed to a very short,
slender petiole ; inflorescence paniculate, naked or leafy below,
the small dense staminate clusters with the pistillate flowers in
sessile clusters ; fruiting bracts orbicular, somewhat coherent
toward the base, entire, not appendaged on the back, 4-6 mm.
broad; seed 1 mm. broad.
Common along the seashore from Santa Monica to Port Los Angeles.
What seems to be the same is also common on bluffs near Capistrano.
10. A. Breweri Wats. Dioecious, stout, 1.5-2 m. high, woody
below, grayish-puberulent ; the branches terete, somewhat flexu-
ous ; leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat rhombic-cuneate at the base,
obtuse or abruptly acute, 2.5-5 cm. long; calyx deeply 4-cleft;
fruiting bracts spongy, ovate to rounded, convex, united at the
margin to the middle, entire, 2-3 mm. broad.
Bluffs along the seashore. Port Los Angeles ; Santa Monica ; Port Ballona .
130 Chenopodiaceae
11. A. canescens (Pursh) James. Erect and shrubby, rather
Strict, about 8 dm. high ; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or
linear, 15-45 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed to the base,
entire ; usually dioecious ; the flowers in panicled spikes ; calyx
5-cleft; fruiting bracts connate and indurated, not scurvy or
muricate, the wings distinct and broad, veined and entire or
toothed, 4-6 mm. long.
Occasional in the vicinity of San Bernardino and San Diego. A common
species on the desert.
6. SALICOBNIA L.
Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with op-
posite terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere oppo-
site scales at the nodes. The flowers sunken, 3-7 together
in the axils of the upper leaves, forming narrow terminal
spikes, perfect or the lateral staminate. Calyx fleshy,
3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit,
deciduous. Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, exserted.
Styles and stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy
fruiting calyx ; embryo conduplicate.
1. S. ambigua Michx. Perennial by a woody rootstock ;
stem decumbent or trailing, 1-6 din. long, the branches ascending
or erect, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 7-15 cm.
long, pale green ; scales broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; fruiting
spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, broad as the branches; flowers about all
equally high and about equaling the joints.
Very common in salt marshes along the coast. May-August.
2. S. subterminalis Parish. Perennial from a tufted ligneous
spreading-prostrate caudex ; the herbaceous stems widely spread-
ing or suberect, crowded or fascicled, 1-3 dm. high, internodes
short; the numerous branchlets slender, both members of each
pair often ascending on the same side of the main stem, giving it
a unilateral appearance; spikes 1-3 cm. long, of few-several
enlarged fertile bracts (joints broader than long) and usually
about as many slender longer sterile ones ; scales acute, becom-
ing divaricate-alate ; middle flower united nearly or quite to the
stigmas ; fruit glabrous.
Not common within our limits. Capistrano; Mesmer. Easily distin-
guished from S. ambigua by its much greener slender and numerous branch-
lets. Common about San Diego.
Goosefoot Family 131
7. DONDIA Adans.
Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suffretes-
cent, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly
terete entire leaves and perfect or polygamous bracteo-
late flowers solitary or clustered in the upper axils.
Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled
or slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta-
mens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Seed vertical or hori-
zontal ; embryo coiled into a flat spiral.
1. D. Moquini (Torr.) Nelson. Erect branched, rather bushy,
usually about 6 dm. high, somewhat woody at base, branches
leafy, smooth or somewhat tomentose ; leaves linear subterete,
narrow at base, 12-18 mm. long, acute, the floral similar ; clusters
mostly 7-flowered ; perianth deeply cleft, incurved or slightly
cucullate; seed vertical, 1.5 mm. broad, dark brown, finely tuber-
culate. (Suaeda Torreyana Wats.)
Common in saline places. July-September.
2. D. multiflora (Torr.) Heller. Somewhat shrubby, 6-10
dm. high, with slender diffuse or divaricate leafy branches, more
or less tomentose; leaves numerous, small, 1 cm. long or less, ob-
long, narrow at base, obtuse or acute; flowers solitary or clus-
tered, shortly lobed, small ; seed mostly vertical, less than 1 mm.
broad, obscurely tuberculate. (Suaeda suffrutescens Wats.)
In saline places in the interior and occasional along the coast.
3. D. Californica (Wats.) Heller. Glabrous or pubescent;
stems woody at base, about 2 dm. high; branches decumbent,
6-12 dm. long, woody below, bearing ascending or erect, very
leafy branchlets 15-30 cm. long ; leaves broadly linear, acute, 10-14
mm. long ; flowers 4 mm. broad, 1-3 in the axils ; perianth deeply
cleft; seed vertical, nearly 2 mm. broad, faintly reticulated.
(S. Californica Wats.)
Frequent In saline places along the coast.
4. D. depressa (Pursh) Britton. Annual, branched from the
base and usually above, 2-5 dm. high; branches decumbent or
ascending, usually very leafy; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm.
long, broadest at or near the base, the upper often narrowly
132 Amaranthaceae
lanceolate; sepals acute, 1 or more of them strongly keeled in
fruit; seed about 1 mm. broad, dull, minutely reticulated.
Frequent in low alkaline places toward the coast. Hyde Park; Mesmer.
8. SALSCXLA L.
Annual or perennial much-branched herbs, with
prickly-pointed leaves and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate
flowers, solitary in the axils or sometimes several
together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by
a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclos-
ing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed ; styles 2.
Utricle flattened, its seed horizontal ; embryo coiled into
a conic spiral.
1. S. Tragus L. Annual, more or less scabrous-pubescent,
bushy-branched, the branches slender, 2-6 dm. high; leaves and
outer bracts usually red at maturity, the former not noticeably
swollen at base, linear, somewhat fleshy; calyx membranous,
conspicuously veiny, its wings longer than the ascending lobe.
Occasional along roadsides. Commonly called the Russian thistle.
Family 23. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH
FAMILY.
Ours herbs with alternate or opposite, simple mostly
entire leaves. Flowers small usually green, perfect or
unisexual, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in
terminal spikes or axillary heads. Calyx herbaceous
or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct or
more or less united. Corolla none. Stamens 1-5, mostly
opposite the calyx-lobes, hypogynous; anthers 1-2-celled.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a
utricle, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Embryo
annular ; endosperm mealy, usually copious.
Leaves alternate; flowers unisexual. 1. ARAMANTHUS.
Leaves opposite; flowers perfect. 2. ALTERNANTHERA.
Amaranth Family 133
1. AMARANTHUS L. AMARANTH.
Ours annual weeds, with alternate petioled undulate
or crisped leaves, and polygamous or monoecious small
green or purplish flowers, in dense spikes or axillary
clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit indehiscent or circum-
scissile, beaked by the persistent style.
1. A. retroflexus L. Stems stout erect, with a few erect or
ascending branches from the base, 3-10 dm. high; herbage rather
deep green often somewhat reddish, roughish-puberulent ; leaves
rhombic-ovate, ovate or the upper lanceolate, on slender petioles,
2-6 cm. long or sometimes longer; flowers green, densely clus-
tered in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout,
ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, 8-14 mm.
broad; bracts lanceolate-subulate, scarious except the carinate
midrib, 3-6 mm. long; sepals 5, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, cus-
pidate, 2 mm. long or less; stamens 5; utricle black and shining,
circumscissile, about 1 mm. broad.
Frequent ifi uncultivated orchards and gardens. Native of Europe.
2. A. graecizans L. Stems erect, bushy-branched, glabrous,
whitish, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, 2-4
cm. long, slender petioled; flowers polygamous, in small axillary
clusters; bracts subulate, pungent-pointed, much longer than
the 3 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle slightly rugose,
longer than the sepals; seeds about 0.7 mm. broad. (A. albus
L.)
Rather common summer weed in cultivated fields. Native of Europe.
3. A. blitoides Wats. Stems somewhat succulent, prostrate,
3-6 dm. long, whitish; leaves glabrous, deep green, shining;
flowers in small axillary few-flowered spikelets ; bracts ovate-
oblong, shortly acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals 4-5, 1.5-2 mm.
long, oblong, obtuse and mucronulate or acute; stamens 3;
utricle smooth, circumscissile; seed 1.5 mm. broad.
Moist soil at Santa Monica, Davidson. Common about Rialto.
4. A. deflexus L. Glabrous, purplish-green, somewhat suc-
culent; stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender,
134 Batidaceae
3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate to oval, obtuse to emarginate at apex,
mostly narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; petioles
slender, often as long as the blades or the lower longer ; flowers
polygamous, in dense mostly short and thick terminal spikes and
capitate in the axils ; bracts shorter than the 2-3 oblong or spat-
ulate sepals; utricle fleshy, 3-5-nerved, smooth, indehiscent,
rather shorter than the sepals.
Rgdondo, Greata. A ballast plant introduced from tropical Americf.
2. AL.TERN ANTHER A Forsk.
Annual or perennial branching herbs, with opposite
(at least the lower) entire leaves and perfect or dioecious
flowers, in panicles or heads, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Sta-
mens 5, united into a short cup at base ; sterile fila-
ments minute, tooth-like ; anthers 1-celled. Style short ;
stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Seed vertical, lenticular.
1. A. Achyrantha R. Br. Stem prostrate, pubescent; 1-3
dm. long; leaves smoothigh oval or obovate, narrowed into a
petiole; heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered, dense, oval,
white; sepals lanceolate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs
on the back, the 2 inner ones much smaller; sterile filaments
subulate, equaling the fertile ones.
Streets of Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of tropical America.
Family 24. BATIDACEAE. BATIS FAMILY.
A low maritime shrub, with opposite entire exstip-
ulate leaves and dioecious bracteate flowers, in axil-
lary sessile ament-like spikes. Staminate flowers dis-
tinct. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-
ovate, clawed. Pistillate flowers 8-12, united into a
fleshy spike, without perianth. Ovaries coherent, 4-celled,
becoming a fleshy, ovoid-conical fruit; stigma sessile,
capitate. Seeds 1 in each cell, erect, oblong ; testa mem-
branous ; embryo slightly curved, caulicle inferior ; endo-
sperm none. Represented by a single monotypic genus.
Phytolaccaceae 135
1. BATIS L.
Characters of the family.
1. B. xnaritima L. Glabrous, stems branched, prostrate, 9-14
dm. long, the short flowering branches erect; leaves linear to
ovate-oblong, 2.5 cm. long, narrowed to the base; spikes soli-
tary in the axils along the branches; the staminate 4-8 mm.
long; the pistillate 2 mm. long, becoming 10-15 mm. long in
fruit; bracts entire, obtuse or acute, in vertical rows, persistent,
those of the pistillate deciduous; petals white; stamens 2 mm.
long, exserted.
San Pedro and Redondo to San Diego.
Family 25. PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED
FAMILY.
Ours perennial herbs with alternate entire leaves and
perfect racemose flowers. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the
bud. Petals wanting. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous,
with subulate or filiform filaments ; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 10-celled ;
ovules solitary, amphitropous ; styles 10 ; stigmas linear
or filiform. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed ; embryo
annular ; endosperm mealy.
1. PHYTOLACCA L.
With the characters of the family.
1. P. decandra L. Stems branching from a perennial root,
1.5-3 dm. high, glabrous, strong smelling and succulent; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both
ends, 1-3 dm. long; petioles 2-8 cm. long; racemes formed at the
base of the branches, becoming opposite the leaf, peduncled, 5-20
cm. long; pedicels divergent, with a subulate-lanceolate bract at
base and usually with 2 similar ones above; calyx white, 4-6
mm. long; sepals orbicular; ovary subglobose ; style recurved;
berry dark purple, 10-12 mm. in diameter.
Santa Monica, Davidson.
136 Nyctaginaceae
Family 26. NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK
FAMILY.
Ours herbs with fragile stems and tumid joints, and
entire petiolate exstipulate mostly opposite leaves.
Flowers perfect, with a calyx-like involucre. Petals
wanting. Calyx corolla-like, campanulate or salver-
shaped, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous ;
filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral
slits. Ovary superior, enclosed by the tube of the per-
sistent calyx, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style short or elongated ;
stigma capitate. Fruit consisting of the hardened base
of the calyx, often costate or winged, enclosing the free
achene.
Calyx funnelform or campanulate; fruit slightly ribbed. 1. MIRABILIS.
Calyx salver-shaped; fruit winged. 2. ABRONIA.
1. MIBABILIS L. FOUR-O'CLOCK.
Perennial herbs, somewhat woody toward the base, with
opposite leaves and axillary solitary or paniculate ped-
uncles. Involucre calyx-like, 5-cleft or 5-parted, herba-
ceous unchanged in fruit, bearing 1-12 flowers. Calyx
tubular or narrowly campanulate, with somewhat spread-
ing lobes. Stamens 5, equaling the calyx ; filaments
united at the base. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong,
smooth or slightly ribbed or angled.
1. M. multiflora pubescens Wats. Stems stout spreading,
0.5-1 m. long; herbage roughish pubescent throughout; leaves
rather thin, 3-7 cm. long, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, sometimes slightly cordate, decurrenton the slender
2-4 cm. long petioles; involucre about 20-25 mm. long, 5-cleft to
about the middle, the lobes acute; flowers usually 6, broadly
funnelform, 3-5 cm. long, rose color to purple, the tube greenish,
acutely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, equaling the calyx, shorter than the
filiform style; fruit ovate-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, with 10 shallow
furrows near the base and with as many intermediate dark lines.
Four-o'clock Family 137
2. M. Californica Gray. Stems ascending or spreading from
a somewhat woody base, 3-6 dm. long; herbage viscid-pubescent;
leaves rather thick. 1-3 cm. long, broadly ovate to cordate, ob-
tuse or acute; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; involucre about 6
mm. long, acutely 5-cleft to near the middle; calyx narrowly
campanulate, 10 mm. long, the lobes spreading, emarginate;
stamens equaling the calyx and nearly equaling the style; fruit
ovate smooth, 3 mm. long.
Common in the foothills throughout our range. March-June.
2. ABRONIA Juss. SAND-VERBENA.
Ours perennial herbs, often prostrate and more or less
viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite unequal leaves.
Involucres of 5-15 somewhat scarious leaflets, enclosing
numerous sessile showy and fragrant flowers. Calyx
salver-shaped, the lobes usually 5, obcordate or emarginate.
Stamens usually 5, unequal, adnate to the calyx-tube and
included. Style included ; stigma linear-clavate. Fruit
indurated, 3-5-winged ; achene smooth, cylindric. Em-
bryo with only 1 cotyledon.
1. A. umbellata Lam. Stems slender, prostrate and widely
branching, 3-10 dm. long, viscid-puberulent; leaves nearly gla-
brous, broadly obovate to oblong, the margin rarely sinuate, 2-4
cm. long, narrowed to a slender petiole of equal length or longer ;
peduncles 5-10 cm. long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate,
4-6 mm. long, enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming an umbel-like
head; calyx rose-purple, rarely whitish, 12-16 mm. long, lobes 5,
emarginate; fruit oblong, attenuate at each end, 8-10 mm. long,
glabrous ; wings thin, broadest above and often truncate.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
2. A. maritima Nutt. Stems stout, the lower portion usually
buried in the drifting sand, prostrate, succulent and viscid ; leaves
thick, broadly ovate to oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, 3-5 cm.
long, vertical on stout petioles of about the same length; ped-
uncles slightly exceeding the leaves ; involucral bracts short, ovate-
oblong, enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming a narrow head ; calyx 1
cm. long, deep red ; fruit viscid-pubescent; wings rather thick.
Common on the beach sands along the seashore.
138 Aizoaceae
Family 27. AIZOACEAE. CARPET-WEED FAMILY.
Ours herbs very succulent, except Mollugo, with op-
posite or verticillate leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous
or petaloid, the tube adnate or free from the ovary.
Petals numerous or wanting. Stamens 3-many, with
slender filaments inserted on the calyx-tube. Styles
3-20. Fruit a capsule, 3-20-celled, dehiscence various.
Seeds numerous, minute ; embryo annular ; endosperm
scanty or copious.
Ovary free from the calyx; petals none.
Sepals 5; capsule 3-valved; leaves not succulent.
1. MOLLUGO.
Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid; capsule circumscissile; succulent.
2. SESOVIUM.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals and stamens numerous.
3. MESBMBRIANTHEMDM.
1. MOLLUGO L. CARPET- WEED.
Annuals, ours prostrate, glabrous, much-branched, with
verticillate stipulate leaves. Stipules scarious, mem-
branous, deciduous. Flowers axillary on long slender
pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; sepals scarious-
margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Ovary ovoid
or globose, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculici-
dally dehiscent.
1. M. verticillata L. Stem much branched, prostrate, 10-20
cm. long, glabrous, not succulent; leaves in whorls of 5's or 6's,
spatulate to linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, 10-25 mm. long,
narrowed to a short petiole; flowers 1.5-2 mm. broad; sepals
oblong, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule; capsule rough-
ened by the projecting seeds; seeds minute, smooth and shining
or slightly granular.
Growing in damp places near borders of pools. Garvanza, Davidson;
Laguna, Orange County.
2. SESUVIUM L. SEA PURSLANE.
Stems prostrate or decumbent, fleshy with opposite ex-
stipulate leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils, sessile or
Carpet-weed Family 139
on short stout pedicels. Calyx-tube turbinate, free from
the ovary, the lobes 5, often purplish within, oblong,
obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5-many ; filaments
united at the base into sets. Ovary 3— 5-celled, with as
many styles. Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong, cir-
cumscissile at the middle. Seeds many, minute, smooth.
1. S. sessile Pers. Stems prostrate, much branched, 1-3 dm.
long or more; leaves broadly sp&tulate or linear, 1-4 cm. long;
flowers sessile or nearly so, 6-10 mm. long; sepals ovate-lance-
olate, scarious-rnargined, 6 mm. long; filaments united below
the middle, red.
Occasional in low saline places. June-September.
3. MESEMBBIANTHEMUM L. ICE-PLANT.
Ours very fleshy maritime herbs, with opposite exstip-
ulate leaves. Flowers large and showy, terminal and
in the forks of the branches. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, the lobes 5, unequal, herbaceous. Petals numer-
ous, linear. Stamens very numerous, with slender fila-
ments, inserted with the petals on the tube of the calyx.
Capsule 4-20-celled, with as many styles, dehiscing at
the depressed summit by stellate valves. Seeds minute,
many.
1. M. aequilaterale Haw. Stems prostrate, often forming
extensive mats; leaves 3-angled, 4-6 cm. long, smooth; flowers
solitary, sessile or nearly so, about 3 cm. broad; calyx- tube tur-
binate, 2-4 cm. long; the larger foliaceous lobes nearly as long;
petals red ; styles 6-10.
Common along the seashore.
2. M. crystallinum L. Annual or biennial, prostrate and
widely branching, the herbage covered with white glistening pa-
pillae; leaves flat, fleshy, clasping, broadly ovate or spatulate,
undulate; flowers axillary sessile or nearly go, white or pink;
calyx-tube campanulate, 6-10 mm. long, lobes ovate, retuse or
acute ; stigmas 5.
Common in low saline places near the coast. May-June.
140 Portulacaceae
3. M. nodiflorum Haw. A prostrate branching annual with
rather slender terete leaves; flowers white or whitish, small,
about 1 cm. broad.
Not known within our limits, but occurring on Catalina Island and along
the shore of the mainland from near Capistrano south. Abundant about
San Diego.
Family 28. PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE
FAMILY.
Herbs generally fleshy or succulent, with alternate or
opposite leaves and regular but unsymmetrical per-
fect flowers. Sepals commonly 2. Petals 4 or 5, rarely
more, hypogynous, equal in number to the petals and
opposite them or fewer ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-3-cleft or divided ;
ovules 2-many, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or
crustaceous, circumscissile or 3-valved. Seeds 2-many,
reniform-globose or compressed ; embryo curved ; endo-
sperm farinaceous.
Sepals 2, distinct, free from the ovary, persistent.
Ovary 3-valved.
Styles 2-cleft; sepals unequal, hyaline. 2. CALYPTRIDIUM.
Styles 3-cleft; sepals equal, herbaceous.
Stamens more than 5; seeds many, smooth. I. CALANDRINIA.
Stamens usually 3; seeds few, tuberculate. 3. MONTIA.
Sepals 2, united at the base, adnate to the ovary; ovary circumscissile.
4. PORTULACA.
1. CALANDBINIA H. B. K.
Low succulent herbs with alternate or radical leaves,
and purplish flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 2,
green and persistent. Petals mostly 5. Stamens 5-15
or sometimes only 3. Ovary free, many-ovuled, style
3-cleft, short. Capsule ovoid, membranous, 3-valved.
Seeds smooth or minutely tuberculate.
1. C. caulescens Menziesii (Hook.) Gray. Stems decumbent
or ascending, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 10-30 cm. long, leafy ;
Purslane Family 141
leaves linear to oblanceolate, the lower petioled, 3-6 cm. long;
flowers scattered along the branches; sepals ovate, acute or acu-
minate, carinate, the keel and margins entire or sparsely ciliolate ;
petals broadly obovate, 5-15 mm. long, rose-red or rarely white;
seeds black and shining. (C. Menziesii (Hook.) T. & G. ; C. ele-
gans Spach.)
Common on the mesas, especially in the coast region. February-May.
2. C. maritima Nutt. Stems glaucous, depressed, 6-10 cm.
long; leaves mostly rosulate at the base, obovate to obovate-
spatulate, the upper bract-like; flowers in a loose naked cyme;
calyx ovate, acute, about 3 mm. long; petals 5-6 mm. long, rose-
purple; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long, acutish ; seeds dull grayish.
Along the seashore at Santa Monica ; Davidson.
2. CALYPTBIDIUM Nutt.
Glabrous and rather succulent herbs, branching from
the base, the branches prostrate or ascending. Flowers
small, ephemeral, solitary or clustered in scorpioid spikes
Sepals 2, broadly ovate or cordate-orbicular, scarious,
persistent. Petals 2-4. Stamens 1-3. Style bifid. Cap-
sule membranaceous, 2-valved, 6-12-seeded.
1. C. monandrum Nutt. Stems prostrate, much branched,
2-8 cm. long; leaves spatulate, about equaling the branches,
mostly radical, the cauline similar but usually smaller; sepals 2,
narrowly scarious margined, 1.5mm. long; petals 2-3, about equal-
ing the sepals; stamens 1, shorter than the petals; filaments subu-
late ; style short, shortly 2-lobed or entire ; capsule linear, be-
coming much exserted, bearing the withered petals at the apex ;
seeds 5-10.
Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore and occasional in the foot-
hill region. March-May.
3. MONTIA L. MINER'S LETTUCE.
Low glabrous and succulent herbs with delicate pale
rose-colored or white flowers in loose axillary or ter-
minal, simple or compound racemes. Sepals 2, rarely 3,
persistent. Petals usually 5, rarely 3 or wanting, more
142 Portulacaceae
or lesss united at base, usually slightly unequal. Sta-
mens 3-5, inserted on the corolla opposite the lobes.
Ovary 3-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded.
1. M. perfoliata (Bonn) Howell. Scapose stems 10-30 cm.
high; leaves long petioled, oblanceolate to ovate or deltoid;
involucral bracts completely joined, forming a perfoliate disk ;
flowers in short or rather long peduncled racemes ; sepals ovate,
2-3 mm. long; petals 3-5 mm. long, white or rose color; seeds
lenticular, black and shining, minutely granular. (Claytonia
perfoliata Donn.)
Common in moist shady places below 4000 feet altitude. February-May.
2. M. spathulata (Dougl.) Howell. Low and rather dense,
3-10 cm. high ; radical leaves linear or spatulate-linear, little ex-
ceeded by the flowering stems; cauline leaves from spatulate-
ovate to lanceolate, almost distinct or connate upon one side into
an obcordate or 2-lobed involucre; inflorescence 1-2 cm. long;
flowers small; petals 2-4 mm. long; seeds black, shining, granu-
lated. (Claytonia spathulata Dougl.)
Kings Canyon, Davidson. May.
4. PORTTJLACA L. PURSLANE.
Low succulent prostrate or ascending herbs with alter-
nate or opposite leaves and scarious or setaceous stipules.
Flowers axillary or terminal, ephemeral, (ours) yellow.
Sepals 2, coherent at the base into a tube and adnate to
the base of the ovary, the free upper portion at length
deciduous. Petals 4-6. Stamens 4-20, perigynous with
the petals. Style 1, deeply 3-8-cleft. Capsule circum-
scissile near the middle, many-seeded.
1. P. oleracea L. Stems prostrate, 1-5 dm. long; leaves
fleshy, glabrous, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the apex ; flowers
sessile, axillary; stipules minute; sepals acute, carinate ; petals
yellow, 2-4 mm. long; stigmas 5; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds
dull black, finely tuberculate.
Cultivated grounds and waste places. May-August.
Caryophyllaceae 143
Family 29. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely lignescent at base,
with nodose stems and opposite entire leaves. Flowers
regular perfect or rarely unisexual by abortion. Sepals
4-5, united into a tube or distinct. Petals as many (or
none), often emarginate-toothed or deeply bifid. Sta-
mens usually as many as petals and alternating with
them ; filaments sometimes slightly cohering at the base,
anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, free or united below ;
ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-5-celled at the base ;
placenta axial ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit a
many-seeded capsule, opening by 2-5 entire or bifid
valves, or 1-seeded and indehiscent. Embryo straight
or curved ; endosperm present.
Ovary several-many-seeded, becoming a capsule.
Sepals united. 1. SILENE.
Sepals distinct.
Stipules none.
Styles 3-4; petals divided nearly to the base. 2. ALSINE.
Styles 5.
Petals retuse or bifid. 3. CERASTIUM.
Petals entire or slightly emarginate. 4. SAGINA.
Styles 3; petals entire. 5. ABENARIA.
Stipules present.
Leaves not cuspidate.
Petals rather large or rarely none; styles distinct.
Leaves whorled. 6. SPEBGULA.
Leaves opposite. 7. TISSA.
Petals minute ; styles united below. 8. POLYCABPON.
Leaves cuspidate. 9. LOEFLINGIA.
Ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a utricle. 10. PENTACAENA.
1. SILENE L. CATCH-FLY.
Annual or perennial herbs with clustered or solitary
stems and bright red or usually white flowers. Calyx
more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or campanulate,
5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved. Petals 5, narrow,
clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4—5 ; ovary
144 Caryophyllaceae
1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled. Capsule dehiscent
by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds usually spiny or
tubercled.
* Calyx 18-30-ribbed.
1. S. multinervia Wats. Animal, erect, 25-35 cm. high, pubes-
cent throughout and somewhat viscid-glandular above; leaves
narrowly oblong or linear, acute ; inflorescence cymose with un-
equal branches; calyx ovate in fruit, contracted above, 10 mm.
long, 18-23-ribbed ; petals small not exceeding the subulate calyx-
teeth, purplish, unappendaged ; capsule narrowly ovate.
Occasional about Santa Monica, Hasse.
** Calyx 10-nerved.
•*- Annuals.
2. S. Anglica L. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched,
25-40 cm. high, hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves spatulate-
obovate, hirsute on both sides, 2-4 cm. long; racemes terminal,
1-sided; flowers on pedicels 2-4 cm. long; calyx villous-hirsute,
slender, becoming ovoid in fruit ; petals little exceeding the calyx,
their blades obovate, somewhat bifid, toothed or entire. (S. Gal-
lica L.)
A common introduced plant of fields and roadsides. Native of Europe.
March-May.
3. S. antirrhina L. Stems erect, slender, sparingly branched,
the middle of the upper internodes with a viscid belt, otherwise
glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 2-3 cm. long, usually
acute; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels filiform, 1-3.5 cm. long;
calyx glabrous, bright green, ovoid in fruit, 8 mm. long; petals
small, pink, or white, emarginate or bifid; ovary nearly sessile.
Frequent in the foothills. April.
*- •*- Perennials.
4. S. laciniata Cav. Finely pubescent, glandular above; stems
usually much branched and widely spreading, erect or decum-
bent, 3-10 dm. long; leaves lanceolate-linear, scabrous, ciliolate,
narrowed to a sessile base; calyx subcylindric or clavate, 15-20
mm. long; petals bright scarlet, 4-cleft, much exceeding the
calyx ; capsule oblong, usually exserted at maturity.
Common in the chaparral belt. May-August.
Pink Family 145
5. S. verecunda Wats. Finely hoary pubescent, glandular-
viscid above; stems several, usually erect, 20-40 cm. high, leafy
below ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatulate to
linear, acute, 3-5 cm. long ; flowers terminal on the short branches
or borne in 3-flowered lateral cymes; calyx in fruit clavate or
obovate; petals rose color, blades shorter than the pubescent
claws, 2-cleft, appendages oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and often
toothed at the apex ; capsule ovoid, stipitate.
Common in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in the
coniferous belt; also summit of Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mountains.
2. ALSINE L.
Tufted annuals, diffuse with cymose white flowers.
Sepals usually 5. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-parted, rarely
none. Stamens 10 or less, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled,
srveral-many-ovuled. Styles commonly 3, rarely 4-5,
usually opposite the sepals. Capsule globose to oblong,
dehiscent by twice as many valves as styles. Seeds
smooth or roughened.
1. A. media L. Weak and decumbent or ascending, 10-40 cm.
long, glabrous except a line of hairs along the stem and branches ;
leaves ovate or oval, 1-3 cm. long, the upper sessile, the lower
petioled; flowers 4-8 mm. broad, in terminal leafy cymes or axil-
lary ; pedicels slender ; sepals oblong, mostly acute, longer than
the 2-parted petals ; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx ; seeds
rough. (Stellaria media Cyrill.)
Common in shady places. February-April.
2. A. nitens (Nutt.) Greene. Very slender, erect annual;
stems filiform, several times forked, pubescent below ; leaves
mostly basal, the lowest ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long, on slender
petioles of about the same length, the upper sessile, lance-linear,
acute, 6-10 mm. long; sepals very acute, scarious-margined,
1-3-nerved ; petals half as long as the sepals or wanting ; capsule
oblong, about equaling the sepals. (Stellaria nitens Nutt.)
Common in the foothills in somewhat shady places. March-May.
3. CEBASTIUM L. CHICKWEED.
Annual or perennial, pubescent or hirsute herbs, with
terminal dichotomous cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5,
146 Caryophyllaceae
rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or
bifid, rarely wanting. Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles
equal in number to the sepals and opposite them, or
fewer. Capsule cylindric, 1-celled, many-ovuled, often
curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8 apical teeth. Seeds
rough.
1. C. viscosum L. Annual, tufted; stems ascending or
spreading, densely viscid-pubescent, 10-30 cm. long; leaves ovate
or obovate, or the lower spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse; bracts
small, herbaceous; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, in glomerate cymes,
becoming paniculate in fruit; pedicels shorter than or equaling
the acute sepals ; petals shorter than the sepals, bifid.
Frequent in waste places.
2. C. vulgatum L. Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent,
tufted, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. long ; lower leaves spatulate-
oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves oblong, 12-25 mm. long, acute or
obtuse; bracts scarious-margined ; inflorescence cymose, loose,
the pedicels at length much longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse
or acute; petals exceeding the sepals, 4-6 mm. long, 2-cleft; cap-:
sule usually curved upward. (C. trivale Link.)
Frequent in lawns.
4. SAGINA L.
Low tufted annual or perennial herbs, with subulate
leaves and small pedicelled whitish flowers. Sepals
4-5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or
none. Stamens of the same number or twice as many
or sometimes fewer. Styles as many as the sepals and
alternate with them. Capsule 4-5-valved, at length de-
hiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals.
1. S. occidentalis Wats. Very slender glabrous annual,
with several decumbent or ascending stems, these 5-15 cm. long;
leaves nearly filiform but flattened above; pedicels exceeding the
leaves, 14-25 mm. long; flowers 5-merous, 4-5 mm. broad;
capsule 3.5 mm. long.
Occasional in the Santa Monica Mountains and the Verdugo Hills.
Pink Family 147
5. ABENARIA L.
Annual or perennial herbs, with sessile leaves and
terminal cymose or capitate, rarely axillary and solitary
white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely
emarginate, rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles usually
3, rarely 2-5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule
globose or oblong, dehiscent at the apex by as many
valves or teeth as there are styles, or twice as many.
Seeds reniform-globose or compressed.
* Valves of the capsule 2-cleJt or 2-toothed.
1. A. Fendleri Gray. Stems numerous from a thick perennial
root, glaucous, glandular-pubescent above, erect, leafy, 10-35 cm.
high; basal leaves gramineous, setaceous, ciliolate or smooth,
5-10 cm. long, somewhat pungent; cauline becoming reduced,
connate and sheathing at the base ; inflorescence dichotomous,
few-many-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, alternate, glandular, 4-6
mm. long; petals white or pale yellow, obovate, slightly exceed-
ing the sepals; capsule 3-4 mm. long.
Los Angeles, Nevin.
** Valves of the capsule entire.
2. A Douglasii Fenzl. Annual, glabrous or sparsely glandu-
lar-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; stems much branched, 5-30
cm. high; leaves filiform ; peduncles filiform ; flowers numerous,
8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, thin-margined, obscurely or rather
distinctly ribbed; petals obovate, slightly exceeding the calyx;
capsule subglobose, somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds about
1.5 mm. broad, reniform, broadly margined, smooth or with fine
radiating striae.
Frequent in the foothill region, in open stony places. March-May.
3. A. paludicola Robinson. Perennial, glabrous and flaccid,
stems several, subsimple, procumbent, rooting at the lower joints,
leafy throughout ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 cm. long,
somewhat connate, margins slightly scarious; peduncles solitary
in the axils, 2-5 cm. long, spreading or recurved; sepals nerve-
148 Caryophyllaceae
less, acutish, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long. (A.
palustris Wats.)
Growing in marshy ground, near Los Angeles, Davidson.
6. SPEBGULA L. CORN SPURRY.
Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves,
much fascicled in the axils. Flowers white, in terminal
cymes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles
3, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the
valves opposite the sepals. Seeds compressed, acutely
margined or winged.
1. S. arvensis L. Slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
branching from the base, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. high;
leaves narrowly linear or subulate, 2.5-5 cm. long, clustered at
the nodes, appearing verticillate; stipules minute, connate; flow-
ers 4-6 mm. broad, numerous, in loose terminal cymes; pedicels
slender divaricate; sepals ovate, 3-4 mm. long, slightly longer
than the petals; stamens 10 or 5; capsule ovoid, longer than the
calyx.
Occasional about Los Angeles and Pasadena. Native of Europe.
March-April.
7. TISSA Adans.
Low annual or perennial herbs, with fleshy linear or
setaceous leaves, and small pink or whitish flowers in
terminal racemose, bracted or leafy cymes. Stipules
scarious, usually conspicuous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fewer
or none, entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1-celled many-
ovuled ; styles 3. Capsule 3-valved to the base. Seeds
reniform-globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuber-
culate. (Buda Adans.; Spergularia Pursh.)
* Annual, roots fibrous.
1. T. marina (L.) Britton. Stout, erect or ascending, more or
less glandular-pubescent, 3 dm. high or less ; leaves fleshy, 2-4
cm. long, linear, clustered in the axils; petals rose color; stamens
Pink Family 149
10; mature capsule 5-8 mm. long; seeds smooth or somewhat
roughened, sometimes margined.
Common in salt marshes toward the coast.
2. T. tennis Greene. Slender, diffusely branching, forming
depressed mats about 3 dm. broad, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
narrowly linear, 2.5 cm. long; stipules inconspicuous; flowers
minute, numerous, cymosely crowded on all but the lower parts
of the branches, subsessile; sepals obtuse, less than 2 mm. long;
petals wanting; stamens 2; styles 3; capsule 3-sided, 6-8 mm.
long; seeds numerous, minute, reddish-brown, smooth, wingless.
Santa Monica, Nevin.
3. T. gracilis (Wats.) Britton., Much resembling the last,
but the flowers on pedicels 2-4 mm. long; capsule 2 mm. long;
seeds triangular-pyriform, strongly rough-tuberculate.
Occasional on the mesas in low adobe soil ; Wilmington ; Inglewood.
March-April.
** Perennial, roots fleshy.
4. T. macrotheca (Hornem.) Britton. Perennial, from a
fleshy root; glandular-pubescent or nearly smooth ; stems stout,
ascending, 4 dm. high or less, branching from the base; leaves
broadly linear, 4 cm. long or less; flowers on pedicels usually
about 15 mm. long; calyx-lobes 6-8 mm. long; petals rose color;
stamens 10; capsule equaling the calyx-lobes; seeds winged,
smooth.
Common in salt marshes and alkaline flats. May-July.
8. POLYCARPON L.
Low diffuse, dichotomously branched annuals with
flat stipulate leaves and minute cymose flowers. Sepals
5, carinate-concave. Petals 5, minute, hyaline. Sta-
mens 3-5. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, 3-cleft. Capsule
3-valved, several-seeded.
1. P. depressum Nutt. Very slender, prostrate, the many
branches 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves opposite, spatulate, glabrous;
stipules small, narrow; flowers minute; the pedicels with small
bracts; petals very narrow, shorter than the sepals, entire; cap-
sule globose, 6-1 2-seeded.
On seashore sand-dunes, and in sandy soil in the foothills. Not common.
March-May.
150 Ceratophyllaceae
9. LOEFLINGIA L.
Low much branched rather rigid and pungent-leaved
annuals. Leaves with adnate and connate setaceous
stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves
and branches. Sepals 5, rigid, carinate. Petals minute
or none. Capsule 2-valved, several-seeded.
1. I*, squarrosa Nutt. Much branched, prostrate or ascend-
ing, 5-15 cm. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves and
sepals subulate setaceous, rigid and recurved, the leaves 4-6 mm.
long, the sepals somewhat shorter; capsule elongated, triquetrous,
exserted, many-seeded.
Streets of Los Angeles and Pasadena, Davidson, McClatchie.
10. PENTACAENA Bartl.
Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and
silvery-hyaline stipules. Flowers sessile clustered in
the axils. Sepals 5, unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger
and with a stout divergent terminal spine. Petals minute,
scale-like. Stamens 3-5, inserted at the base of the
sepals. Style very short, 2-cleft. Utricle enclosed in
the rigid persistent calyx.
1. P. ramosissima H. & A. Stems prostrate, forming dense
mats 15-30 cm. broad, woolly-pubescent; leaves crowded on the
stems, 6 mm. long; sepals woolly, except the divergent apex;
utricle apiculate.
Common in sandy soil along the coast.
Family 30. CERATOPHYL.L.ACEAE. HORNWORT
FAMILY.
Submerged aquatics with slender widely branching
stems and verticillate leaves, the monoecious or dioecious
flowers solitary and sessile in the axils. Perianth many-
parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numer-
ous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle ; anthers ses-
sile or nearly so, linear oblong, extrorse, appendaged.
Ovary superior, 1 -celled ; ovule 1, pendulous ; style fili-
Ranunculaceae 151
form. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm
none ; cotyledons 4, verticillate.
1. CEBATOPHYLLUM L. HORNWORT.
Leaves crowded in verticils, linear or filiform, spinu-
lose-serrulate, forked. Staminate and pistillate flowers,
generally at different nodes. Stamens 10-20 ; anthers
about equaling the perianth. Ovary and fruit slightly
exceeding the sepals, the fruit beaked with the long per-
sistent style.
1. C. demersum L. Stems 2-9 dm. long, leaves 2-3-times
forked, the end of the segments capillary and rigid, 8-25 mm.
long, fruit oval, 4-6 mm. long, smooth or tuberculate, sometimes
winged or with 2 basal spurs on each side.
In ponds and slow streams, frequent throughout our range. May-July.
Family 31. RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT
FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely climbing shrubs,
with alternate or opposite, simple or compound, exstip-
ulate leaves. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals
3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like. Petals usu-
ally of the same number, sometimes wanting. Stamens
many, hypogynous, longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels
many or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled.
Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries.
Endosperm present.
Flowers perfect.
Fruit a follicle.
Sepals herbaceous, persistent. 1. PAEONIA.
Sepals petal-like, deciduous.
Petals all spurred. 2. AQUILEGIA.
Upper sepal spurred. 3. DELPHINIUM.
Fruit an achene.
Woody climbers ; petals wanting. 4. CLEMATIS.
Herbs.
Achene longitudinally nerved. 5. OXYGRAPHIS.
Achene not longitudinally nerved. 6. RANUNCULUS.
Flowers dioecious, greenish; petals none. 7. THALICTBUM.
152 Ranunculaceae
1. PAEONIA L. PEONY.
Perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound
leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5 or 6, herbace-
ous and persistent. Petals of the same number, borne
with the numerous stamens on a fleshy disk. Style
short or none. Follicles 2-5, thick and leathery, several-
seeded.
1. P. Brownii Dougl. Glaucous and somewhat fleshy, 20-40
cm. high; leaves mostly radical, ternately or biternately
divided, the lobes obovate to linear-spatulate ; peduncles 2.5-5
cm. long; petals about equaling the sepals, brownish-red; fol-
licles usually 5, broadly oblong, smooth, 2-4 cm. long.
Occasional in the foothills throughout our range. March-April.
2. AQUILEGIA L. COLUMBINE.
Erect branching perennial herbs with ternately de-
compound leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5,
regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave,- spurred at
base. Stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to
staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming
heads of follicles in fruit.
1. A. truncata F. & M. Glabrous or somewhat viscid-pubes-
cent, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves large, biternate, the leaflets roundish,
cuneate at base, incised, the segments lobed or crenately toothed,
long-petioled ; flowers scarlet, tinged with yellow, reflexed ; sepals
truncate, widely spreading, shorter than the spurs ; follicles 2-3
cm. long, veined, beaked by the long persistent style.
Occasional in moist shady places, mostly above 2500 feet altitude. May-
July.
3. DELPHINIUM L. LARKSPUR.
Annual, or ours perennial, erect branching herbs with
palmately divided leaves, and racemose or paniculate
showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged
into a spur. Petals usually 4, the 2 posterior spurred.
Carpels few, becoming many-seeded follicles.
Crowfoot Family 153
* Flowers usually blue or purple, at least not red.
1. D. Parryi Gray. Glabrous or minutely and sparsely puber-
ulent; stems erect, 4-8 dm. high, from rather simple or few-
fascicled elongated roots, neither fusiform nor tuberiform ; leaves
3-5-parted, the divisions and few lobes linear, obtuse; raceme
virgate, at length rather loose ; sepals mostly broadly oblong,
about 10-15 mm. long, equaling the spur, deep blue, sparsely
and minutely puberulent or glabrate ; upper petals white-mar-
gined, 7-8 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long, apparently
glabrous and shining, but minutely puberulent under a lens.
Frequent in the foothills throughout our region. April-June.
2. D. variegatum T. & G. Usually hirsute-pubescent below;
stems erect and rather rigid, 3-6 dm. high, from rather short and
closely fascicled, somewhat fusiform roots; leaves 3-5-parted, the
divisions and lobes broadly linear, obtuse ; raceme mostly few-
flowered and rather close, sepals roundish-obovate or oval, 15-20
mm. long, equaling or exceeding the spur, violet-blue or purple,
at least the spur grayish puberulent ; upper petals entirely white
or nearly so, about 10 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long,
grayish puberulent.
Port Ballona. March-May.
3. D. decorum F. & M. Glabrous throughout or pedicels
slightly puberulent; stem lax, 2-5 dm. high; lowest leaves reni-
form or orbicular in outline, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the divisions
round-ovate to cuneate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed ; upper leaves
with narrow divisions ; raceme often paniculate, sparsely flowered ;
pedicels slender, spreading ; sepals oval, 10-15 mm. long, equal-
ing the spur, blue; follicles 10-12 mrn. long, erect or slightly
spreading.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, apparently less so in the Santa
Monica Mountains and foothills about Los Angeles.
4. D. decorum patens (Benth.) Gray. More slender than the
type, sometimes obscurely and sparsely pubescent; stems erect;
raceme closer; pedicels ascending in fruit; sepals 8-10 mm. long.
Frequent in the foothills of all our mountains.
** Flowers red.
5. D. cardinale Hook. Stems about 1 m. high, branching
above; leaves deeply parted into narrow divisions, with long
154 Ranunculaceae
linear or lanceolate lobes ; inflorescence racemose or paniculate,
many-flowered; sepals obovate, 10-15 mm. long, half as long as
the narrow spur, deep red ; petals usually somewhat yellowish.
Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3500 feet altitude. June-July.
4. CLEMATIS. VIRGIN'S BOWER.
Ours woody climbers with opposite mostly pinnately
divided leaves. Sepals usually 4, petaloid. Petals
none. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, becoming
achenes with long plumose styles.
1. C. lasiantha Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent; leaves 3 foliate;
leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, mostly broadly ovate, somewhat 3-lobed
and coarsely toothed, the teeth rounded; flowers polygamous,
solitary or 3-5 on bibractiolate peduncles, 3-6 cm. broad ; sepals
broadly oblong, cream-colored; achenes pubescent.
Common in the chaparral belt, clambering over shrubs. April-May.
2. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or nearly
glabrous ; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate, or the lowest pair of leaf-
lets again 3-foliate, ovate, cordate or obtuse at base, acute or acu-
minate, mostly incised or rather sharply toothed ; inflorescence
paniculate, many-flowered ; flowers 2-4 cm. broad, cream-colored ;
achenes densely silky-pubescent.
Common in canyons in all our mountains and occasionally extending into
the valleys along streams. May-July.
5. OX YGB APHIS Bunge.
Perennial herbs with crenate, dentate or lobed, long
petioled leaves and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7
together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usu-
ally 5, spreading, at length deciduous. Petals 5—15 with
a nectar-pit near the base of each. Stamens and pistils
numerous. Head of fruit oblong or oval or rarely sub-
globose. Achenes compressed, longitudinally striate,
without a hard coat.
1. O. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. Low, glabrous, spreading
by runners ; leaves mostly basal, slender petioled, cordate-oval or
reniform crenate, 4-18 mm. long; scapes 2-12 cm. long, some-
Crowfoot Family 155
times bearing one or more leaves at the base; flowers 1-7, 6-8
mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long; achenes com-
pressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-
pointed. (Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh.)
Frequent throughout our range in low moist places. March-July.
6. RANUNCULUS L. BUTTERCUP.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or mostly
basal simple entire, lobed, divided or dissected leaves,
and yellow, white or sometimes red flowers. Sepals
mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number or more,
conspicuous or minute, bearing a nectariferous pit and
sometimes a scale at base of blade. Achenes capitate or
rarely spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or
pectinate, sometimes transversely wrinkled, beaked with
a minute or elongated style.
* Terrestrial herbs; flowers mostly yellow.
1. B. Californicus Benth. Mostly pubescent and hirsute;
stems branching, 2-6 dm. high ; radical leaves usually pinnately
ternate, the leaflets lanciniately cut into 3-7, usually linear lobes ;
flowers 1-2 cm. broad; petals 7-15; achenes 3.5 mm. long, flat-
tened, slightly margined, beaked with the short straight or
slightly curved style.
Frequent on the mesas and in open places in the foothills. February-
April.
2. B,. hebecarpus H. & A. Slender, 15-30 cm. high, branched,
pilose-pubescent; leaves of rounded outline, deeply lobed or
cleft, the segments 3-lobed; flowers minute, on filiform pedicels;
achenes few in a globose head, rounded and flattened, papillose
and pubescent; beak short, recurved.
Growing in moist shady places, not common. Oak Knoll; Santa Monica
Mountains. March-May.
** Aquatics with finely dissected leaves and white flowers.
3. B. trichophyllus Chaix. Submerged; stems branching,
usually 3 dm. long or more; leaves petioled, 2.5-5 cm. long,
flaccid and collapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeat-
edly forked with capillary divisions; flowers white, 12-18 mm..
156 Berberidaceae
broad, on stout peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; achenes transversely
wrinkled.
Occasional in ponds and slow-running streams. May-August.
7. THAL.ICTRUM L. MEADOW-RUE.
Erect perennial herbs with ternately decompound
leaves and (ours) with small greenish dioecious panicled
flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals none. Stamens many.
Achenes few-ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile.
1. T. polycarpum Wats. Usually robust, 6-12 dm. high,
glabrous throughout; leaves of rather thin texture; achenes
numerous, forming a globular head in fruit, 6 mm. high, vesic-
ular, obovate or somewhat orbicular, usually only the midveins
apparent.
Common in the foothill region, mostly below 4000 feet altitude. April-
June.
Family 32. BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY
FAMILY.
Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal, simple or
compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary
or racemed, mostly terminal, perfect flowers. Sepals an,d
petals generally imbricated in several series. Stamens
as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous ;
anthers extrorse, opening by valves. Pistil 1 ; style
short; ovules 2-many, anatro;pous. Fruit a berry .or
capsule.
1. BERBERIS L. BARBERRY,
Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark, bitter.
Leaves mostly pinnately compound and spinulose-den-
tate. Flowers racemose, yellow. Sepals 6-9, petaloid,
bracted, each with 2 glands at base. Petals 6, imbricated
in 2 series. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the
stigma when touched on the inner face near the base.
Pistil 1 ; stigma peltate. Berry .1-few-seeded.
Lauraceae 1 57
1. B. dictyota Jepson. Shrub, 4-12 dm. high, rather sparsely
leafy ; leaflets 5-7, glaucescent on the upper surface, somewhat
paler beneath and prominently reticulate-veiny, strongly undu-
late, the margins spinose-dentate, the teeth few and rather
remote; racemes terminal, clustered, 2-5 cm. long; berries blue-
black, with bloom.
Occasional on dry ridges. Near Glendale, Davidson; Switzer's trail, San
Gabriel Mountains.
2. B. Nevinii Gray. Shrub 2-3 m. high; leaflets pale, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, often acuminate, teeth not remote,
spinulose-serrate, 1-2.5 cm. long; racemes loosely 5-7 flowered,
equaling or surpassing the leaves ; pedicels slender.
Fernando, where it was first collected by Nevin.
FAMILY 33. LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY.
Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate entire minute-
ly punctate exstipulate leaves and perfect or unisexual
yellow or greenish- flowers, in panicles or racemes.
Calyx 4-6-parted, segments imbricated in 2 series. Co-
rolla none. Stamens in 3-4 series, some of them often
imperfect ; anthers 2-4-celled, opening by valves.
Ovary superior, free from the calyx, 1-celled ; ovule sol-
itary, anatropous, pendulose ; style 1 ; stigma 1. Fruit
a 1-seeded drupe.
1. UMBELLULABIA Nutt. CALIFORNIA LAUREL or BAY TRBE.
Trees with thick evergreen petioled leaves and perfect
flowers, borne in terminal or axillary pedunculate umbels,
which are included before expansion in an involucre
consisting of 4 broad deciduous bracts. Calyx 6-parted,
deciduous. Stamens 9, inserted on the throat in 3 rows,
the 3 inner with a fleshy 2-lobed stipitate gland at the
base, alternating with 3 ligulate staminodia ; anthers 4,
4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. The
stigma dilated, somewhat lobed. Drupe subglobose or
ovoid, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx.
158 Papaveraceae
1. U. California (H. & A.) Nutt. Tree 4-15 m. high, grow-
ing parts and inflorescence somewhat puberulent; leaves shining,
dark green, lanceolate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long; peduncles in 4 ter-
minal panicles or solitary in the upper axils, 6-10-flowered ;
sepals 3-5 mm. long, oblong-ovate; stamens included; drupes
solitary or 2-3 in a cluster, 2 cm. long, becoming dark purple
with thin pulp and stone.
Throughout our range in canyons, or on mountain slopes where it is
often reduced to an arborescent shrub. January-April. Fruit in November.
Family 34. PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely shrubs with white, yellow or color-
less sap and alternate exstipulate leaves or the upper
rarely opposite. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect,
regular or irregular. Sepals distinct or united into a
•calyptra, caducous, 2, rarely 3 or 4. Petals 4-6 or rarely
none, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens numerous or few,
hypogynous, distinct, filaments filiform ; anthers open-
ing by a longitudinal slit. Ovary 1, many-ovuled,
mostly 1-celled, the carpels rarely becoming distinct in
fruit ; style short, stigma simple or divided ; ovules an-
atropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by pores
or valves.
Flowers regular.
Uppermost leaves opposite.
Filaments very broad; carpels distinct in fruit. 1. PLATYSTEMON.
Filaments filiform or nearly so; capsule 1-celled.
2. PLATYSTIGMA.
Leaves all alternate.
Flowers large, white.
Perennial; capsule many-celled. 3. ROMNEYA.
Annual; capsule 1-celled. 7. ARGEMONE.
Flowers yellow or orange.
Shrub; flowers yellow. 4. DENDROMECON.
Herbs; flowers usually orange. 5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA.
Flowers reddish.
Stigmas tufted at the end of the short style.
6. MECONOPSIS.
Stigmas sessile, radiate. 8. PAPAVER.
Flowers irregular. 9. BICUCULLA.
Poppy Family 159
1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. CREAM CUP.
Low villous annuals with entire mainly opposite
leaves and cream-colored flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6.
Stamens many with flattened filaments and linear an-
thers. Carpels 6-25, at first united ; stigmas linear free.
Fruit of as many distinct linear indehiscent torulose
pods, 3-8-seeded, at length breaking transversly between
the seeds.
1. P. Californicum Benth. Slender, branching from the base,
more or less decumbent, 15-30 cm. high, pilose; leaves 5-8 cm.
long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear; peduncles erect, 8-20
cm. long; sepals villous; petals 6-12 mm. long, cream-yellow,
sometimes shading to yellow toward the base; carpels 6-25,
forming an oblong head, 10-20 mm. long, beaked by the persist-
ent stigmas.
Common in sandy soil throughout our range ;below 3000 feet altitude.
March-May.
2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth.
Low slender annuals with leaves, sepals and petals as
in Platystemon. Stamens 6-12 ; filaments filiform or
nearly so. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae,
somewhat 3-lobed or nearly terete ; stigmas ovate to
subulate. Capsule 3-valved, dehiscent through the
placentae.
1. P. denticulata Greene. Glabrous, branching, 8-25 cm.
high; lower leaves spatulate or the small blade rhombic-ovate
and narrowed into a broad petiole, 1-3 cm. long; upper spatulate
or linear-oblong, entire or denticulate; petals narrow, oblong,
2-4 mm. long; stamens 6-9; anthers linear, equaling or exceed-
ing the filaments.
Occasional in shady places in the foothills. March-May.
3. ROMNEYA Harv. MATILIJA POPPY.
Smooth stout erect perennial herbs, with colorless
juice, pinnately divided alternate leaves and very large
160 Papaveraceae
showy flowers. Sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous
dorsal wing. Petals 6. Stamens numerous, with fili-
form filaments somewhat thickened below, and oblong
anthers. Ovary oblong, densely setose, more or less
'completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many-
ovuled placentae ; valves 7-12, opening from the summit
downward. Seeds finely tuberculate.
1. B. Coulter! Harv. Herbaceous stem 1-2.5 m. high, from a
soft woody base, branching above, glabrous glaucescent ; leaves
of firm texture, pinnately parted or divided, petioled, 6-12 cm.
long ; divisions 3-9, cuneate-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, the ter-
minal 3-clef t, margins and rachis often sparsely ciliolate-spinulose ;
flowers terminating the branches; sepals smooth, petals delicate,
4-6 cm. long.
Occasional in canyons. Santa Ana Mountains; Puente Hills. It also
occurs in Ventura County.
2. Bi. trichocalyx Eastwood. Closely resembling the last in
habit, leaves thinner, divisions narrower; sepals setose.
Occasional in the canyons of San Diego. County, also in Santa Barbara
and Ventura Counties. To be expected within our range.
4. DENDBOMECON Benth. BUSH POPPY.
Smooth branching shrubs with alternate vertical thick
rigid entire or ciliolate-denticulate leaves, and showy
yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numer-
ous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers.
Ovary linear, 1-celled and with 2 nerve-like placentae,
elastically 2-valved from the base upward ; valves striate-
costate. Seeds oval or globose, finely pitted, carunculate
at the hilium.
1. D. rigidum Benth. Shrub 1-3 m. high, with many slender
branches and light-colored bark; leaves pale or glaucescent,
lanceolate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse
with rigid mucro, entire or rarely ciliolate-denticulate, reticulate-
veiny with strong midrib, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long; flowers
bright yellow, 2-4 cm. broad ; capsule arcuate, 4-6 cm. long.
Frequent in the chaparral belt. Flowering nearly throughout the year.
Poppy Family 161
5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. CALIFORNIA POPPY.
Smooth glaucous annual or perennial herbs, with
colorless bitter juice, finely dissected leaves and bright
orange or yellow flowers. Sepals coherent into a narrow
pointed hood, deciduous at anthesis from a dilated torus.
Petals 4, borne on the torus. Stamens numerous, with
short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with
2 nerve-like placentae ; styles short ; stigmas divided
into 4-6 linear unequally divergent lobes. Capsule
elongated, 10-nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent by 2 valves
>« -pa rating from placenta! ribs. Seeds globose, reticulate
or rough tuberculate.
1. E. Californica Cham. Root perennial, thick and branch-
ing; stems branching decumbent or ascending, leafy; herbage
glabrous ; calyx about 2 cm. long, conical ; petals flabelliform ,
4 cm. long or less, usually orange, sometimes paler; rim of torus
expanded, 2-4 mm. wide; seeds reticulated.
Not common within our limits. Sierra Madre; San Fernando Mountains
near Chatsworth Park. March-May.
2. E. peninsularis Greene. Annual, smooth and rather glau-
cous ; scapose or at length freely branching, 10-25 cm. high;
petals golden yellow or orange, flabelliform or broadly cuneate,
4 cm. long or less; rirn of torus expanded, 2-4 mm. broad; seeds
reticulated.
Common in sandy soil throughout our range in the valleys. March-May.
3. E. hypecoides Benth. Scabrous or hirsute, pubescent
below, glabrous above, glaucescent ; branches many and rather
slender from an annual root, decumbent at base, about 30 cm.
high or less, leafy; leaf segments few, linear, cuneiform; calyx
oblong-conic, 1 cm. long; petals 2 cm. long or less, orange;
torus short, tubular or turbinate, without expanded rim to the
outer margin, the inner erect, hyaline; seeds faintly reticulated.
Santa Monica Mountains, not common.
6. MECONOPSIS Vigner.
Ours slender erect leafy annuals, with orange-colored
juice and scarlet or orange-red flowers. Sepals 2.
162 Papaveraceae
Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary and capsule
tipped with a style and with a globose mass of stigmas,
1-celled and with 4-8 more or less intruded placentae,
dehiscent by only as many short teeth or valves at the
summit.
1. M. heterophylla Benth. Glabrous or sparsely pilose-
pubescent below, 3-6 dm. high, simple or branching; leaves
somewhat succulent, pinnately parted or divided, mostly petioled ;
peduncles slender; petals 1-2 cm. long, brick-red; capsule tur-
binate to obovate, dehiscent by 8 operculate lids.
Frequent in shady places in the foothills and mountains below 4000 feet
altitude. March-April.
7. AB.GEMONE L.
Setose and spinulose-dentate chiefly annual herbs
with orange-yellow and acrid juice and sinuate or pinnat-
ifid leaves. Sepals with cornute tip or appendage below
the apex. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens numerous. Ovary
densely setose 1-celled, with 4-5 nerviform placentae,
stigmas oval, somewhat radiate and united on the sum-
mit of the very short obsolete style.
1. A. platyceras hispida (Gray) Prain. Stem erect, simple
or rarely branching, 3-6 dm. high, hispid throughout and more
or less armed with rigid bristles or prickles ; leaves 6-10 cm. long,
the lower narrowed to a winged petiole, the upper sessile ; flowers
white, 5-8 cm. broad; capsule oblong, 3 cm. long, very prickly;
seeds 2 mm. in diameter.
Occasional in dry exposed slopes or dry canyon floors in all our mountains.
June-August.
8. PAPAVEB L.
Annual or perennial herbs with narcotic juice milky
or rarely turning yellow, mostly pinnately lobed or dis-
sected leaves and showy flowers solitary on long pedun-
cles. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary
capped by the closely sessile circular flat or somewhat
Poppy Family 163
conical disk of the combined radiate stigmas, dehiscent
only under the edge of it by as many dentiform short
lids ; placentae 4-20, mostly projecting far into the cell.
1. P. Californicum Gray. Annual, erect, simple or branch-
ing, 3-6 dm. high, sparsely pilose-pubescent, leafy below ; petals
brick-red with greenish spot at base, 2 cm. long or less; capsule
1 cm. long or more, clavate-turbinate, 6-11-nerved.
Frequent on shady slopes in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Moun-
tains. March-May.
9. BICUCULLA Adans.
Perennial glabrous herbs, with compound and much-
dissected leaves and more or less irregular flowers. Se-
pals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4 in 2 pairs ; the
outer pair with more or less spreading tips, spurred or
saccate at base ; inner pair narrower, callous tipped,
cohering over the enclosed stigma. Stamens 6, in 2 sets
of 3 each ; anthers of middle stamens 2-celled, the others
1-celled ; filaments slightly united or distinct. Ovary
1 -celled with 2 parietal several-ovuled placentae ; stigma
2-lobed contrary to the placentaB. Fruit a silique-form
capsule.
1. B. chrysantha (H.& A.) Coville. Pale and glaucous; stem
erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaves twice pinnate, and the more or less
confluent divisions pinnately 3-5-cleft or incised; inflorescence
compound thyrsoid-paniculate, many-flowered; flowers yellow,
erect, subterete, 1-15 dm. long, deciduous; outer petals soon
spreading or recurving to below the middle, slightly gibbous at
base, but little larger than the inner ; these dorsally crested with
a long and wide undulate or crisped wing. (Dicentra chrysantha
H. & A.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. May-July.
2. B. ochroleuca (Engelm.) Heller. Much like the last in
habit, but the flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, ochroleucous ; only the
tips of the outer petals spreading ; the inner with purple tips and
with large wing crest. (Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm.)
Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains.
164 Cruciferae
Family 35. CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely suffrutescent with acrid juice, alter-
nate leaves and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals
4, deciduous or persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner
similar, concave or saccate at base. Petals 4, rarely 2
or none, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally
clawed. Stamens 6, rarely fewer, hypogynous, tetrady-
namous. Pistil 1, compound, consisting of 2 united car-
pels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment ; style
generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma discoid or
more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, usually
2-celled, 2-valved or rarely indehiscent. Endosperm
none ; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate.
** Pods dehiscent into 2 valves to the base.
Pods elongated-linear, at least twice as long as wide.
Flowers white or purplish, or yellow in some species of Roripa.
Subaquatic or marsh plants.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell. 12. CARDAMINE.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 11. RORIPA.
Not aquatic or marsh plants.
Rootstocks tuberous. 13. DENTARIA.
Roots fibrous.
Petals fiat.
Pods usually compressed, seeds flat, winged.
22. ARABIS.
Pods terete; seeds oblong or globose, wingless.
2. THELYPODIUM.
Petals undulate-crisped or twisted.
Pods terete or nearly so; cotyledons incumbent.
3. CAULANTHUS.
Pods compressed; cotyledons accumbent.
4. STREPTANTHUS.
Flowers yellow.
Pods borne on a long stipe. 1. STANLEYA.
Pods terete or 4-angled, sessile or short stipitate.
Pubescence simple or none.
Pods spreading.
Seeds globose or oblong.
Seeds in 2 rows. 7. DIPLOTAXIS.
Seeds in 1 row. 8. BRASSICA.
Seeds flat. 10. BARBAREA.
Pods erect, appressed to the stem. 6. ERYSIUM.
Pubescence branched or stellate.
Leaves entire or faintly toothed. 23. CHEIRANTHUS.
Leaves deeply 2-pinnatifid. 21. SOPHIA.
Pods flat. 14. TROPIDOCARPUM
Mustard Family 165
Pods short, never twice as long as broad except in Draba.
Pods compressed parallel with the partition.
Pods many-seeded. 18. DRABA
Pods 2-seeded. 24. KONIG.
Pods compressed contrary to the partition.
Pods many-seeded.
Pods heart-shaped. 17. BURSA.
Pods elliptic. 16. HUTCHINSIA.
Pods 2-seeded. 5. LEPIDIUM.
** Pods indehiscent.
Pods of 2 indehiscent cells. 15. DITHYREA.
Pods 1-celled, 1-seeded, orbicular.
Pods winged. 20. THYSANOCARPUS.
Pods wingless. 19. ATHYSANDS.
Pods elongated jointed. 9. RAPHANUS.
1. STANLEY A Nutt.
Mostly tall erect branching glabrous and glaucous
perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnately divided
leaves and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated
terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals nar-
row, long-clawed. Stamens 6, nearly equal ; anthers
twisted. Ovary short, stipitate ; style short or none.
Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving,
somewhat compressed, dehiscent ; the valves strongly
1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Cotyledons
straight.
1. S. pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stems stout, 15-25 dm. high ;
lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided or rarely entire,
12-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, long-petioled ; upper leaves similar
or less divided or oblong-lanceolate and entire, short-petioled ;
flowers numerous, yellow; petals 16-24 mm. long; filaments Ali-
form exserted ; siliques 5-8 cm. long, on stipes about % as long.
Occasional on the dry plains and foothills of all our interior valleys.
2. THELYPODIUM Endl.
Erect annual or biennial herbs, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves entire, toothed or
pinnatifid. Flowers racemose or subspicate, purplish or
whitish. Siliques nearly terete, linear, short-stipitate or
sessile ; valves 1-nerved, dehiscent ; style short ; stigma
nearly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, mar-
ginless. Cotyledons incumbent.
166 Cruciferae
1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Erect annual, simple or spar-
ingly branched above the middle, hispid below, often smoothish
above; leaves oblanceolate in outline, irregularly sinnuate-
toothed or pinnatifid with spreading acute entire or toothed seg-
ments, 4-12 cm. long, distinctly petioled or the upper sessile by a
narrow base; inflorescence racemose; sepals oblong, ^ as
long as the petals; these narrow, spatulate, 3-5 mm. long, pale
rose color or yellowish-white; siliques usually deflexed or widely
spreading, slender attenuate, 3-5 cm. long, on pedicels 2-3 mm.
long. (Sisymbrium reflexum Nutt.)
Common in dry ground both in the valleys and foothills.
2. T. lasiophyllum inalienum Robinson. Size and habit of
the type; petals yellow or yellowish; siliques erect or slightly
spreading. (Sisymbrium acutangulum Brew. & Wats.)
Hills about Los Angeles.
3. CAULANTHUS Watson.
Stout erect biennials, with pinnatifid, toothed or nearly
entire leaves and purple or greenish-white flowers. Se-
pals about equal, saccate at base. Petals slightly longer,
undulate-crisped, claw broad, blade rhomboidal scarcely
broader than claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at base,
curved. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed, the lobes parallel
with the valves. Pods terete, elongated, sessile upon
the receptacle ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, oblong,
somewhat flattened, scarcely or not at all margined.
Cotyledons incumbent.
1. C. amplexicaulis Wats. Glaucous annual, rather slender
and flexuous, simple or more frequently with several spreading
branches; leaves elliptic-oblong or the upper broadly cordate-
clasping, subentire often ascending; pedicels 8-24 mm. long,
widely spreading.
• Near San Fernando, Davidson.
4. STBEPTANTHUS Nutt.
Erect branching often glaucous annual or biennial
herbs, with entire or toothed rarely pinnatifid leaves
Mustard Family 167
and purple or white flowers. Sepals ovate or oblong,
equal at base or 1 or rarely both pair saccate at base,
usually colored, their tips erect or spreading. Petals
narrow or with a well developed blade and channeled
claw, twisted or undulate. The longer filaments some-
times connate ; anthers elongated, sagittate at base.
Pod linear, compressed ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 1
row, flattened and more or less winged. Cotyledons
accumbent.
1. S. heterophyllus Nutt. More or less pubescent through-
out with spreading simple hairs; stem usually simple, 1 m.
high or less; leaves linear, at least the lowest pinnatifid with
divaricate lobes or toothed, the upper usually entire; flowers
purplish or white, 8-12 mm. long; calyx narrow; sepals slightly
saccate; pods abruptly reflexed on slender pedicels 5-7 cm. long,
about 1.5 mm. wide, beaked by a slender style; seeds small and
crowded, narrowly winged.
Occasional throughout our range; confined mostly to the chaparral belt.
April-May.
5. LEPIDIUM L. PEPPERGRASS.
Erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent, annual or
rarely biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid, lobed
or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers.
Petals small or rarely wanting. Stamens often fewer
than 6. Stigmas, in ours, sessile or nearly so. Silicles
oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition,
more or less emarginately winged at the apex ; valves
keeled, dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each cell, flattened. Coty-
ledons incumbent or rarely accumbent.
* Capsule merely emarginate.
•*- Pedicels terete.
1. L. medium Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple
below, branching above, erect, 2-9 cm. high; leaves lanceolate,
dentate, rarely pinnatifid; stem leaves entire; pedicels slender,
168 Cruciferae
terete, spreading or divaricate, longer than the capsule ; stamens
2-4 ; capsule orbicular retuse, glabrous.
Common in the valleys and mountains throughout our range.
•*- •*- Pedicels flattened.
2. Ii. lasiocarpum Nutt. Low, branching from or near the
base, decumbent or ascending, hirsute with spreading hairs or
somewhat tomentulose; lower leaves pinnately parted, segments
usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly toothed or
entire; racemes several ; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally
spreading, 3 mm. long; capsule suborbieular, thin-margined near
the apex, hispid pubescent upon both faces or at least upon the
margins.
Sand-dunes along the seashore.
3. L. nitidum Nutt. Erect or usually branched from the base
and spreading, 1-3 dm. high, glabrate or somewhat pubescent;
lower leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow rachis and alternate
segments; the upper leaves often entire; racemes 1-several,
loosely flowered ; petals considerably exceeding the sepals ; pedi-
cels strongly flattened, spreading; capsule smooth, shining, often
purplish, 4-5 mm. long.
Very common on grassy plains and hills. February-March.
** Apex of capsule produced into 2 distinct teeth or lobes.
4. L. acutidens (Gray) Howell. Branching from the base,
decumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long, pubescent throughout
with short spreading hairs; leaves linear tapering at both ends,
entire or faintly and remotely denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, about
2mm. wide; branches flowering about % their length; racemes
rather loose; pedicels strongly flattened, appressed to the stem to
near the middle, then curving outward; pod strongly reticulated,
sparsely pubescent, 4 mm. long including the acute teeth, about
3 mm. broad; sinus about 1 mm. deep and 2 mm. broad at tip.
(L. dictyotum acutidens Gray.)
In saline places toward the coast. Cienega; Santa Monica.
6. EBYSIMUM L. HEDGE-MUSTARD.
Erect annual, somewhat hirsute at least below with
simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid. Inflorescence spici-
Mustard Family 169
form with several divaricately spreading branches.
Flowers small, yellow. Siliques terete, tapering almost
from the base to the apex ; stigma slightly 2-lobed.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell. A monotypic genus as here
understood.
1. E. officinale L. Stems 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves lyrately
and somewhat runcinately pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, the upper
shorter, lanceolate, subentire or hastate; pods 1 cm. long, nearly
sessile, erect and closely appressed to the rachis. (Sisymbrium
officinale Scop.
Common along streets and in waste places. Native of Europe.
7. DIPLOTAXIS DC. SAND ROCKET.
Erect annual or perennial herbs with pinnatifid or
lobed leaves and rather large yellow flowers in terminal
racemes. Silique elongated linear flat or flattish, short
beaked or beakless ; valves mostly 1-nerved. Style slen-
der. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyle-
dons conduplicate.
1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Annual, branched from the base,
sparingly hispid or glabrous, the slender branches 3-6 dm. high,
leafy only below ; leaves oblanceolate, sinnuate-lobed or some-
times pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed at the base, mostly
slender-petioled ; fruiting racemes long, loose ; flowers 12-16 mm.
broad ; pod about 3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, flattish ; fruiting
pedicel 18-30 mm. long.
Occasional along ditches about Los Angeles, Pasadena and Santa Ana.
Native of Europe.
8. BBASSICA L. MUSTARD.
Erect branching annual or biennial herbs, with pin-
natifid basal leaves, those of the stem dentate or often
nearly entire, and showy yellow flowers in elongated
racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile on the receptacle,
terete or 4-angled, tipped with a persistent usually
1 -seeded beak ; valves 1-3-nerved ; stigma truncate or
170 Cruciferae
2-lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, globose. Cotyle-
dons conduplicate.
* None of the leaves clasping the stem.
1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Erect 1-3 m. high, freely and widely
branching, pubescent or glabrate; lower leaves slender- petioled,
deeply pinnatifid, with 1 terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lat-
eral ones ; segments all dentate ; upper leaves short-petioled or
sessile, pinnatifid or dentate or the uppermost entire; flowers
6-10 mm. broad; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long in fruit; pods nar-
rowly linear, 4-angled, smooth 10-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, ap-
pressed against the stem ; beak slender 2-4 mm. long; seeds dark
brown.
Common in poorly cultivated fields, especially in adobe soils. April-May.
2. B. alba (L.) Boiss. Erect, branching above, 3-10 dm. high,
more or less pubescent with simple hairs ; leaves all pinnatifid or
the upper only dentate; pods spreading, pubescent, tipped with
a flattened beak of about equal length ; seeds pale yellow.
Near the Soldiers' Home, Hasse.
** Upper leaves clasping.
3. B. campestris L. Stems 3-10 dm. high, glabrous and glau-
cous or rarely slightly pubescent below; lower leaves petioled,
pubescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid, the upper glabrous,
lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuseish, sessile and clasping at the
base, entire or dentate; pedicels spreading or ascending, often 2
cm. long in fruit; pods 3-5 cm. long; beak 8-10 mm. long.
Frequent in waysides and neglected gardens. January-April. In favored
places often flowering nearly throughout the year.
9. BAPHANUS L. RADISH.
Erect or widely branching from the base, annual or
biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers.
Silique elongated linear, fleshy or corky, constricted or
continuous amd spongy between the seeds, indehiscent.
Seeds globose. Cotyledons conduplicate.
1. B. sativus L. Biennial or annual from a more or less
elongated fleshy root; erect and freely branching, 3-5 dm. high,
Mustard Family 171
sparsely pubescent with stiff "hairs or nearly glabrous above; lower
leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid; segments crenate or dentate;
flowers 12-18 mm. broad, yellowish or commonly whitish with
purple veins; pods 2-4 cm. long, constricted between the seeds
when mature; seeds 2-several ; beak conical, 1-2 cm. long.
Frequent in poorly cultivated fields and waste places, especially in sandy
soils. April-June or often throughout the year.
10. BARBAREA R. Br.
Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs
with angled stems, pinnatificl leaves and racemose yellow
flowers. Silique elongated, linear, 4-angled ; valves keeled
or ribbed ; style short ; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds
in 1 row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless. Cotyle-
dons accumbent.
1. B. Barbarea (L.) MacM. Tufted stems erect, 3-6 dm.
high; lower leaves petioled, 5-12 cm. long, lyrately-pinnatifid,
segments oval or obovate, repand-toothed or sometimes entire ;
upper leaves sessile, rarely clasping; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm.
broad; pods spreading or ascending, about 2 cm. long, obscurely
4-angled; pedicels about 4 mm. long. (B. vulgaris R. Br.)
Moist places in the mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt. June-
August.
11. RORIPA Scop.
Branching herbs with simple or pinnate-lobed, dissected
or rarely entire leaves and yellow or white flowers. Sepals
spreading. Stamens often less than 6. Pods short or
elongated, terete or nearly so, sessile on the receptacle ;
valves faintly 1-nerved or nerveless. Styles short or
slender. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell.
Cotyledons accumbent.
* Flowers white.
1. B. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. (WATERCRESS.) Aquatic, gla-
brous; stems branching, floating or creeping, rooting from the
nodes; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong,
172 Cruciferae
nearly entire; racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, 4-5
mm. broad; petals twice the length of the sepals; pods 1-3 cm.
long, 2 mm. wide, spreading and slightly curved upward, on
pedicels of about their own length. (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)
Common in streams. May-October.
** Flowers yellow.
2. B. curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. Annual or biennial, spar-
ingly pubescent or glabrous, with erect or ascending, usually
much branched stems, 15-45 cm. high; leaves mostly oblanceolate
in outline, pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or toothed, the lower 25-75
mm. long; racemes short; flowers pale yellow, 4 mm. broad;
petals slightly exceeding the sepals; style short; pods linear,
8-15 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, strongly curved upward;
pedicels spreading or ascending.
Frequent in low ground, about ponds and on river bottoms. Variable in
foliage characters.
12. CABDAMINE L.
Erect or ascending herbs mostly growing in marshes
or along watercourses, with running rootstocks or fibrous
roots, entire, lobed or divided leaves and racemose or
corymbose, white or purple flowers. Stamens usually
6. Siliques elongated, flat, generally erect ; valves
nerveless, elastically dehiscent at maturity, sessile on
the receptacle. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, compressed,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent, equal or unequal.
1. C. Gambellii Wats. Rather stout, 6-9 dm. high, branched,
decumbent at base and rooting at the lower joints, glabrous or
sparingly soft villous; leaves mostly basal, persisting in a rosu-
late cluster, pinnately divided; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate to
oblong-linear, usually cuneate at base and acute, mostly few-
toothed, 6-24 mm. long; raceme nearly sessile, becoming elon-
gated ; flowers white, 6-8 mm. broad ; pedicels slender, divaricate ;
pods about the same length, narrow, erect or ascending, often
curved ; style slender, 2 mm. long.
Frequent in marshes and wet places in the valleys.
.Mustard Family 173
13. DENT ARIA L.
Perennial herbs growing in damp woods, with fleshy
tuberous rootstocks, erect mostly unbranched stems and
more or less divided leaves. Flowers large, white or
often tinged with purple. Petals much longer than the
sepals with slender claw and ovate spreading blades.
Siliques linear, flattened, their valves nerveless. Seeds
in 1 row in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons thick often
mu'qual, accumbent.
1. D. Californica Nutt. Rootstock slender, tubers small;
stem 2-3 dm. high, rather stout, simple or branched above, gla-
brous or nearly so; basal leaves entire or 3-foliate, the leaflets
petiolulate, suborbicular, sinuate or coarsely toothed; cauline
2-4, mostly shortly petioled and above the middle of the stem,
deeply lobed or pinnately 3-5-foliate, rarely simple, the leaflets
mostly petiolate, ovate to lanceolate-linear, entire or toothed, 2-7
cm. long; flowers white or rose-colored ; pods 2-6 cm. long; style
4-6 mm. long; seeds oblong.
Frequent in damp shady places in the mountains and foothills. March-
April.
14. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook.
Slender erect branching annuals, more or less hirsute-
pubescent with simple hairs or writh a few forked ones
intermingling. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow,
borne in loose leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals concave,
spreading, equal at base. Petals spatulate-obovate.
Stamens tetradynamous ; anthers short, rounded. Stig-
ma circular or slightly emarginate, on a slender style.
Silique partially or completely 2-celled, ours obcom-
pressed, sometimes twisted.
1. T. gracile Hook. Stems slender, erect or spreading, usu-
ally 15-25 cm. long, more or less pubescent; leaves shallowly or
deeply pinnatifid, the segments acutish, cleft or entire ; cauline
leaves reduced; pedicels axillary, spreading, 6-20 mm. long;
174 Cruciferae
pods lance-linear to linear, 1-2 cm. long, strongly obcompressed
throughout; seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
Frequent in our interior valleys. March-May.
2. T, dubium Davidson. Much resembling the last in habit,
foliage and pubescence; capsule linear, 2-celled and strongly
obcompressed above the middle, by a twist becoming compressed
below and only 1-celled.
Frequent about Los Angeles. This species is very closely related to the
last and may prove to be only a tortological form. March-May.
15. DITHYBEA Harv.
Low branching annuals, with stout stems and thickish
ovate or orbicular subentire leaves, the whole herbage
more or less cinerous-tomentose with stellate hairs. In-
florescence racemose, dense, often branched. Flowers
whitish or purple. Sepals ovate to oblong, erect or
spreading, pubescent. Petals conspicuous with spreading
blade and slender claw. Stamens 6 with linear sagittate
anthers. Pods strongly obcompressed, 2-celled ; the
cells nearly orbicular, indehiscent with a thickend mar-
gin, separating at maturity from the persistent linear
axis, 1-seeded. Seeds flat, marginless. Cotyledons
accumbent.
1. D. Californica maritima Davidson. Branching from the
base, 15-30 cm. high; leaves thick, fleshy, densely pubescent, the
basal narrowed to slender petioles, the upper sessile, coarsely
toothed or subentire; racemes short, very dense, elongated in
fruit; flowers about 12-15 mm. broad; limb purplish; pedicels
dark purple ; pods 8-10 mm. wide, half as long, emarginate above
and below, pubescent on the margins.
Occasional along the seashore between Redondo and Port Ballona.
16. HUTCHINSIA R. Br.
Low slender mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubes-
cent with forked hairs, ours annual with entire or pin-
nately lobed leaves and minute white flowers in terminal
Mustard Family 175
racemes. Stamens 6. Style none or very short. Sili-
cles oval, obcompressed, the valves strongly 1-nerved.
Seeds numerous in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent or
accumbent.
1. H. procumbens (L.) Desv. Branching from the base,
slender, ascending or procumbent, 5-20 cm. long; lower leaves
short-petioled, pinnatifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire,
1-2.5 cm. long ; uppear leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or lobed ;
pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 6-12 mm. long in fruit;
pods elliptic or oval, obtuse, rarely emarginate, 3-4 mm. long.
(Capsella divaricata Walp.; C. elliptica Meyer.)
In moist saline places throughout our range. March-April.
17. BUBSA Weber. SHEPARD'S PURSE.
Erect annual herbs, pubescent with forked hairs.
Basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white.
Silicles cuneate-obcordate, obcompressed, the valves
keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each cell,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.
1. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Erect, branching, 15-40 cm.
high, pubescent below, mostly glabrous above; basal leaves
lobed or pinnatifid, forming a rosette, 5-12 cm. long; cauline
leaves few, lanceolate, auricled, dentate or entire; flowers 2 mm.
broad ; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 10-14 mm. long
in fruit; pods triangular, more or less deeply emarginate at the
apex, rarely truncate, 4-6 mm. long. (Capsella Bursa-pastoris
Medic.)
Common weed in gardens and waste places. Flowering at all times of the
year.
18. DRABA L.
Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with sea-
pose or leafy stems, simple leaves and racemose flowers.
Silicles elliptic, oblong or rarely linear, compressed.
Stigma entire or nearly so. Valves dehiscent nerveless.
Cotyledons accumbent.
176 Cruciferae
1. D. cuneifolia Nutt. Annual, loosely stellate-pubescent
throughout, branching from the base, the branches slender, 8-15
cm. long, leafy below; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or
acutish, entire or few-toothed, 1-5 cm. long; raceme peduncu-
late, at length elongated, loosely flowered; flowers small, white;
pods linear-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, many-seeded, hispid with
appressed simple hairs; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 2-6 mm.
long ; stigma sessile or nearly so.
Occasional in dry sandy soil in the foothills and the interior valleys. The
two varieties are more common.
2. D. cuneifolia integrifolia Wats. Smaller than the type,
2-5 cm. high; leaves smaller, mostly entire; capsule glabrous;
pedicels 2 mm. long or less.
Same range as the type and apparently more common.
3. D. cuneifolia Sonorae (Greene) Parish. Much resembling
the type in size and habit ; racemes often nearly sessile ; capsules-
hispid with stellate hairs.
Same range as the type and the most common form with us.
19. ATHYSANUS Greene.
.Slender diffuse annual, leafy only near the base-
Leaves simple, toothed. Sepals equal. Petals without
claws. Stamens 6, equal. Silicles orbicular not winged
or margined, 1-celled and 1-ovuled.
1. A. pusillus, (Hook.) Greene. Hirsute-pubescent; stems
filiform, branching from the base, the branches mostly ascend-
ing, unilaterally racemose throughout ; leaves few, ovate, sparingly
toothed, 1 cm. long ; flowers minute, often apetalous ; pods lentic-
ular, more or less uncinate hispid, 2 mm. long or less.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-May.
20. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. LACE POD.
Erect and slender, sparingly branched annuals with
minute white or rose-colored flowers in slender elongated
racemes. Stamens 6, tetradynamous or rarely only 4.
Capsule compressed, orbicular, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, inde-
hiscent, winged ; the wings entire crenate or perforated.
Mustard Family 177
1. T. curvipes Hook. More or less hirsute, 2 dm. high or
more, branching above; basal leaves rosulate, oblong, pinnatifid
with short blunt lobes or dentate; upper leaves lanceolate, sag-
ittate-auriculate, clasping at base, 1-2 cm. long; pedicels very
slender, 3-6 mm. long, strongly recurved ; capsule usually pubes-
cent; wings entire or crenate.
Frequent on grassy slopes. March-April.
2. T. laciniatus Nutt. Smooth or nearly so, and somewhat
glaucous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves rather thin, the basal ones not form-
ing a rosette, linear, entire to deeply pinnatifid into narrow linear
segments, upper leaves entire, 20-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
narrowed at base, racemes 10-20 cm. long; pods elliptic to orbic-
ular, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, including the entire or slightly
crenate wing, reticulate, glabrous or sometimes somewhat pubes-
cent; pedicels slender, spreading and becoming more or less
deflexed.
Occasional on shaded slopes in the canyons of the Santa Monica, San
Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, mostly below 3000 feet altitude.
21. SOPHIA Adans.
Annual or perennial herbs, canescent or pubescent
with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems,
2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves and small yellow
flowers in terminal racemes, these becoming elongated
in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short.
Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, the
valves 1-nerved. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless, in 1 or
2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent.
1. S. pinnata (Walt.) Howell. Densely canescent through-
out, pale; stem erect, branched, 2-7 dm. high, slender, the
branches ascending; leaves 5-10 cm. long, oblong, 2-pinnatifid
into very numerous small, toothed or entire, obtuse segments ;
pedicels very slender, widely spreading, 10-15 mm. long; pods
horizontal or ascending, oblong or linear-oblong, somewhat com-
pressed, 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, canescent or glabrous; seeds
in 2 rows in each cell. (Sisymbrium canescens Nutt.)
Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys. April-June.
2. S. incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat glandu-
lar-hairy, 3-6 dm. high, freely branching; leaves pinnately
178 Cruciferae
divided, the segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, incisely
serrate; petals lanceolate-spatulate, surpassing the petals; pedi-
cels 4-6 mm. long, spreading, exceeded by the spreading or
curved-ascending, nearly or quite glabrous capsule ; seeds in 1
row in each cell.
Frequent in the pine belt of the San Bernardino Mountains and to be ex-
pected within our range.
22. ABABIS L.
Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs with
entire, lobed or pinnatifid leaves and white or purple
flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, compressed, with
smooth or keeled mostly 1-nerved valves, not elastic,
dehiscent at maturity. Stigma nearly entire or 2-lobed.
Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged or
wingless. Cotyledons accumbent.
* Seeds in 1 row in each cell.
1. A. Virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or rarely biennial,
glabrate; stems ascending or decumbent, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves
oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, 2.5-7 cm. long, the lower
petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; pedicels spreading or ascend-
ing, 4 mm. long in fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear,
ascending, 16-24 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad; seeds in 1 row
in each cell, nearly as broad as the pod, orbicular, wing-margined.
(A. Ludoviciana C. A. Meyer.)
Inglewood in low ground. Our plants have the leaves often merely
dentate. March.
2. A. repanda Wats. Biennial; stem stout, branching, 3 dm.
high or more, pubescent throughout with mostly stellate hairs,
usually longer and simple at base ; leaves narrowly obovate to
oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire,
those of the stem narrowed to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse ;
flowers white, small ; petals narrow, 4 mm. long, slightly exceed-
ing the calyx ; pods recurved-spreading, faintly 1-nerved at the
base, seeds elliptic, broadly winged.
Occasional in the upper portions of the pine belt in the San Gabritl and
San Bernardino Mountains.
Mustard Family 179
** Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
3. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Biennial; erect, pubescent below,
glabrous and glaucous above, simple or somewhat branched, 5-10
dm. high; basal leaves petioled, 5-15 cm. long, oblanceolate or
oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, pubescent with simple hairs,
those of the stem with sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the
lower dentate, 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish ;
flowers yellowish white, 4 mm. broad; pedicels 4-10 mm. long,
erect; pods narrowly linear, 5-7 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, erect and
appressed; seeds in 2 rows in each cell, marginless; style none.
(A. perfoliata Lam.)
Frequent in the foothills throughout our range.
23. CHEIBANTHUS L. WALLFLOWER.
Ours biennial or perennial more or less pubescent
herbs, with simple entire or toothed leaves. Flowers
mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled;
valves strongly keeled. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in
1 row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at
apex. Cotyledons incumbent. (Erysimum.)
1. C. angustatus Greene. Perennial; rather stout, erect, 5
dm. high or more; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or
few-toothed, few and scattered above, densely clothing the basal
part of the herbaceous stem and short sterile branches of the
short subligneous caudex, the whole plant subcinerous with
appressed 2-forked hairs; calyx-lobes 10-12 mm. long; petals
yellow, the lower pair parallel to each other, the upper divergent
from each other; pods in a long lax raceme, 4-sided, ascending.
Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Moun-
tains.
2. C. suffrutescens Abrams. Perennial; often much branch-
ed, the branches woody, 1 m. long or less, usually straggling
among low shrubs, rough from the persistent bases of the old
leaves, usually about 5 mm. thick; floral branches clustered at
the ends of the main branches, slender, 3-4 dm. long; leaves
scattered along the floral branches, densely clothing their bases,
very narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 2-3 mm. broad, entire or
remotely and obscurely denticulate, these as well as the branches
180 Capparidaceae
cinerous with appressed 2-forked hairs; calyx-lobes 6-7 mm.
long; petals yellow, cruciform; pods in rather short but lax
racemes, on pedicels about 8 mm. long, widely spreading, straight
or slightly curved upwards, 4-sided, 1.5-1.75 mm. broad, 5-6 cm.
long; beak slender, scarcely 1 mm. broad and but little longer;
seeds brownish, about 1.5 mm. long.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly the
year round.
24. KONIG Adans. SWEET ALYSSUM.
Perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked
hairs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in ter-
minal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slen-
der, with 2 small glands at the base. Capsule compressed,
oval or orbicular. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cotyledons
accumbent.
1. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. Ascending or sometimes pro-
cumbent, freely branching, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent with
appressed hairs ; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ;
flowers white, fragrant, about 4 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels
ascending, 6-8 mm. long; capsules glabrous, pointed, oval or
nearly orbicular, 2-3 mm. long. (Alyssum maritimum L.)
An escape from gardens, along streets and in waste places. Flowering
nearly throughout the year.
Family 36. CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees with pungent or acrid
watery juice, simple or palmately compound alternate
leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose,
mostly regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 4. Petals 4,
sessile or clawed. Stamens usually 6, equal, inserted on
the receptacle ; anthers oblong, longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, 1-celled ; ovules many, borne
on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds
mostly reniform ; endosperm none ; cotyledons some-
wrhat coiled.
Herbs. 1. CLBOME.
Shrubs. 2. ISOMERIS.
Caper Family 181
1. CLEOME L.
Ours branching herbs with digitately 3-5-foliate leaves
and yellow flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 4,
often persistent. Petals 4, cruciate, entire, equal. Sta-
mens 6. Ovary stipitate with gland at the base. Cap-
sule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded.
1. C. lutea Hook. Erect, glabrous, branching, 4-12 dm. high ;
leaves 5-foliate, slender-petioled or the upper 3-foliate and sub-
sessile ; leaflets oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, short-stalked
or sessile, narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute and mucronulate
at the apex, 1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong, mucronulate;
flowers densely racemose; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long; pod
linear, acute, 3-6 cm. long, borne on a stipe nearly as long.
Field near Downey, Davidson.
2. ISOMEBIS Nutt.
Ill-scented shrubs with puberulent branches, 3-foliate
petioled leaves and large yellow flowers axillary or in
bracteate racemes. Sepals 4, persistent. Petals 4, oblong,
equal. Receptacle dilated with a hemispherical torus.
Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle, enlarged and glan-
dular on the upper surface. Ovary long-stipitate, many-
ovuled on the placentae ; style short ; stigma minute.
Capsule oval or nearly globose, inflated, tardily 2-valved.
Seeds smooth.
1. I. arborea Nutt* Widely branching shrub, 1-3 m. high,
with hard yellow wood and puberulent branches ; leaves 3-foliate ;
leaflets oblong to lanceolate, equaling the petioles, entire, mucro-
nate ; flowers in terminal bracteate racemes ; bracts simple ;
petals yellow, 10-16 cm. long, twice longer than the sepals; cap-
sule oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, attenuate into the stipe and
abruptly tapering at the apex.
Frequent on bluffs and hills along the coast, Ballona Harbor; San Pedro;
San Joaquin Hills. February-July.
I. ARBOREA GLOBOSA Coville. This subspecies, which differs
from the type in having globose capsules, has been reported from
Oceanside and may occur within our limits.
182 Resedaceae
Family 37. RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves, gland-
like stipules and racemose or spicate bracted unsymmetri-
cal flowers. Calyx 4-7-parted, more or less irregular.
Petals 2-6, usually laciniate or dentate. Stamens hypog-
ynous, 3-40, borne on the base of the calyx or on a dilat-
ed nectariferous and oblique disk, declined or unilateral.
Ovary 1, composed of 3-6 carpels, at least the tips dis-
tinct ; ovules many. Fruit capsular. Seeds reniform ;
endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent.
Petals 4; disk present. 1. RESEDA.
Petals 2; disk wanting. 2. OI.IGOMERIS.
1. RESEDA L.
Erect or decumbent herbs with entire, lobed or pinnat-
ifid leaves and small spicate or narrowly racemose
flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped,
glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on the inner surface
of the disk and on one side of the flower. Capsule 3-6-
lobed, horned at the top before maturity.
1. B. lutea L. Ascending or decumbent, somewhat pubes-
cent with short stiff hairs or nearly glabrous ; leaves 5-10 cm.
long, broadly ovate or oblong, deeply lobed or divided, some-
times pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong with undulate margins ;
flowers in narrow racemes, 4-6 mm. broad, greenish yellow;
pedicels ascending, about 4 mm. long in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all
but the lowest irregularly cleft; sepals of the same number; cap-
sule oblong, about 8 mm. long, with 3 or rarely 4 short teeth.
An occasional escape from gardens.
2. OLIGOMEBIS.
Low glaucous chiefly annuals with linear and entire
leaves, and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes.
Stamens usually 4. Petals 2, posterior, free or united at
the base, entire or 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none.
Crassulaceae 183
Stamens 3-10. Ovary 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule
4-sulcate, many-seeded, opening at the summit.
1. O. glaucescens Camb. Annual or biennial; 15-30 cm.
high, branching at base, the branches ascending; leaves often
fascicled and somewhat fleshy, 1-2 cm. long; spikes elongated
terminal, the stem-like branches bracteate, densely flowered;
petals oblong, obscurely lobed, posterior; stamens 3, posterior;
capsule depressed globose, 3 mm. in diameter, 4-lobed, 4-cuspi-
date ; seeds smooth .
In low saline places. Portugese Bend; Elsinore; also at San Diego and
Tia Juana. April-May.
Family 38. CRASSULACEAE. STONE-CROP FAMILY.
Mostly succulent or fleshy herbs with cymose or rarely
solitary, regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none.
Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4— 5-cleft
or 4-5-parted. Petals equal in number to the calyx-
lobes, distinct or somewhat united below, persistent.
Stamens of the same number or twice as many with fili-
form or subulate filaments and longitudinally dehiscent
anthers. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each
carpel. Carpels eqUal to the calyx-lobes in number,
distinct or united below, with subulate or filiform styles
and numerous ovules. Follicles membranous or coria-
ceous, 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds
minute ; embryo terete, imbedded in fleshy endosperm.
The descriptions of most of the species and genera are
adopted from Britton and Rose's recent article, " New or
Noteworthy North American Crassulaceae," Bui. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 3:1-45. 1903.
Plants not minute.
Petals spreading, distinct at base; leaves not linear. 1. SEDUM.
Petals spreading, yellow, slightly united at base; leaves linear; peren-
nials by conns. 2. HASSEANTHUS.
Petals spreading, united at base; leaves narrow; perennials by root-
stocks. 3. STYLOPHYLLUM.
Petals erect, united at base; carpels erect. 4. DUDLEYA.
Plants minute, succulent. 5. TILLAEA.
184 Crassulaceae
1. SEDUM L.
Fleshy mostly glabrous erect or decumbent herbs
with mostly alternate entire or dentate leaves and per-
fect flowers in terminal often 1-sided cymes. Calyx
4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigy-
nous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals,
their filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the recep-
tacle entire or emarginate. Carpels distinct or united
at the base ; styles short.
1. S. obtusatum Gray. Glaucous and often mealy, from a
branched rooting caudex, 10-15 cm. high, simple; leaves very
thick, obovate or spatulate, flat, 15-20 mm. long ; cymes of rather
numerous scattered branches; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; petals
oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute, pale yellow, 6-8 mm. long,
little exceeding the stamens and style ; calyx broadly campanu-
late, sepals 3-4 mm. long, broad, obtuseish.
Mount Disappointment, Davidson,
2. S. spathulifolium Hook. Similar in habit to the last, but
the cyme approximate; pedicels shorter or the flowers sessile;
sepals 3 mm. long, ovate, acute; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute,
6-8 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style.
Lytle Creek Canyon near the falls.
2. HASSEANTHUS Rose.
Stems several, arising from small globose or oblong
corms. Basal leaves linear, terete, narrowed below into
flattened petioles ; stem-leaves narrowly ovate, turgid
but somewhat flattened. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla-seg-
ments united at base into a short tube, yellow or
white changing to purple. Carpels 5, united at base,
widely spreading.
1. H. elongatus Rose. Stems slender, 10-15 dm. high ; leaves
linear, elongated, not at all variegated ; cyme branches simple,
widely spreading, 2-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes oblong; corolla
bright yellow.
Described from specimens collected in the San Joaquin Hills by the
author. What seems to be the same has also been collected in the Santa
Ana Mountains by Helen D. Geis.
Stone-crop Family 185
2. H. multicaulis Rose. Perennial by an oblong corm, 2-3
cm. long; stems 2-5., rather stout, 1-1.5 cm. high, variegated,
glabrous, not at all glaucous; basal leaves 3-4 cm. long, terete,
acute; stem leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, ovate-oblong, acute or acumi-
nate, turgid or somewhat flattened ; inflorescence of several
secund, many-flowered racemes; flowers subsessile; calyx-lobes
ovate, obtuse; flower-buds pinkish, obtuse; corolla-lobes widely
spreading above the middle, pale yellow, tinged with red, 7-8
mm. long, slightly united at base.
Described from specimens collected by Dr. Hasse on sterile clay bluffs
near Santa Monica.
3. STYLOPHYLLUM Britton & Rose.
Perennials with more or less branched rootstocks ;
basal leaves linear elongated or flattened but always nar-
row, sometimes abruptly widened below into a broad clasp-
ing base ; flowering stems with long sessile leaves not
clasping at base. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, equal and
small. Corolla campanulate, not angled, white, red or
yellowish, its lobes broad, thin and spreading, united below
into a tube. Stamens 10, borne on the corolla-tube. Car-
pels 5, united below, generally spreading.
1. S. insulare Rose. Stems very thick and woody, 6-8 cm.
in diameter, crowned by a rosette of spreading leaves, the old
leaves somewhat persistent; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
broad above the base, 2 cm. broad at base, fleshy, much flattened
except toward the apex, acute, more or less glaucous, especially
when young; flowering branch stout, purplish, 3-4 dm. long;
inflorescence paniculately branched ; primary branches short,
nearly equal, 2-3-dichotomous, the ultimate branches short and
few-flowered; calyx 3 mm. long, its lobes twice as long as the
tube, ovate, acute; corolla 7 mm. long, reddish, somewhat cam-
panulate, its tube about the length of the carpels ; carpels united
at base, widely spreading.
Described from specimens collected on Catalina Island by Blanche Trask.
2. S. Hassei Rose. Caudex elongated, sometimes about 3 dm.
long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, somewhat branching, covered with
the old persistent leaves, crowned with a dense erect rosette;
186 Crassulaceae
leaves very glaucous, linear, not tapering, except toward the
apex, 10 cm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, somewhat flattened
below, terete above, flowering stems weak, their primary branches
1-2-dichotomous, the ultimate branches slender and many-
flowered ; calyx widely spreading in age.
Described from specimens collected on Catalina Island by Dr. Hasse.
3. S. densiflorum Rose. Glaucous throughout from more or
less branching rootstocks ; leaves numerous, erect, nearly terete,
acute, 6-12 cm. long; flowering branches slender and weak;
inflorescence a rather dense compact cyme, its ultimate branches
rather short, 4-8-flowered; pedicels short, 1-3 mm. long; calyx
2 mm. long, its lobes twice as long as its tube, broadly ovate to
orbicular, obtuse; corolla white or pinkish, 6 mm. long, its seg-
ments spreading, distinct nearly to the base. (Cotyledon nudi-
caule Abrams.)
Frequent on rocky cliffs in the San Gabriel Canyon.
4. DUDLEYA Britton & Rose.
Caulescent or acaulescent perennials with flat linear
to ovate basal leaves and yellow, orange, red or rarely
white flowers, mostly in panicles. Leaves of the flower-
ing branches usually much shorter and relatively broader
than the basal ones, sessile or clasping. Calyx conspicu-
ous, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, linear-lanceolate to ovate,
obtuse to acuminate. Corolla nearly cylindric, or some-
what angled, the segments united below the middle,
erect, or their tips somewhat spreading, obtuse to acumi-
nate. Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes, dis-
tinct. Carpels erect, many-seeded. (Cotyledon in part.)
* Leaves spatulate to ovate, rather thin.
1. D. pulverulenta (Nutt.) B. & R. Densely white-mealy
throughout ; caudex short and very stout ; rosulate leaves rather
thin and flaccid, in a flattened large rosette, broadly spatulate,
abruptly acute, 5-10 cm. long; scapes 4 dm. high or more, stout
with broadly cordate rather numerous acute leaves, the lower
sometimes ovate, acuminate; inflorescence of 2-6 elongated simple
racemes; pedicels mostly horizontal, slender, 6-15 mm. long;
Stone-crop Family 187
flowers erect or ascending; sepals ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long;
corolla somewhat contracted above, reddish, about 14 mm. long,
petals carinate with a prominent mealy-glaucous midvein. (Coty-
ledon pulverulenta Benth. & Hook.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt on rocky slopes in all our mountains.
July-August.
2. D. minor Rose. Acaulescent, or very old plants with a
carrot-shaped rootstock 5 cm. long, crowned by a small rosette
of spreading leaves ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, the large ones 5-7
cm. long, narrowed at base, abruptly acuminate, glaucous ; in-
florescence slender, with a few elongated 1-sided racemes; pedi-
cels slender, 10-15 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long, its lobes ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellow or pale orange, 12 mm.
long, its tube 2 mm. long.
Originally described from plants collected by Dr. Hasse in the San
Gabriel Canyon, altitude about 2000 feet. Wilson's trail, altitude 2500 feet,
on rocky banks
3. D. ovatifolia Britton. Glabrous, low, green, 1.5 dm. high
or less; flowering stems rigid ; basal leaves ovate, shining above,
acute, about 2 cm. long; leaves of the flowering stems ovate, or
the lower ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or the lower acute, 5-8 mm.
long; cymes few-flowered; pedicels very slender, 1 cm. long or
less; flowers about 1 cm. long; calyx segments triangular-ovate-
lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, nearly as long as the corolla- tube ;
corolla bright yellow, its segments lanceolate, acute.
Described from specimens collected in the Santa Monica Mountains by
H. M. Hall.
** Leaves rather thick, lanceolate to nearly linear or strap-shaped.
4. D. Brauntoni Rose. Csespitose, the rootstocks crowned
by 6-8 rosettes of leaves; leaves elongated, strap-shaped, becom-
ing 20 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, but often at flowering time only
10 cm. long and 1 cm. broad, pale green and very glaucous on the
face, acute; flowering stems usually stout, 3-6 dm. long, pale
green, their lower leaves often quite large, the upper ones ovate,
acute, thickish, slightly cordate at base; inflorescence at first
somewhat compact, of 3-4 branches, these finally much elongated,
1-2 dm. long; pedicels very short, 1-3 mm. long, not elongated
in fruit; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acute; seg-
ments of corolla pale greenish yellow, 10-12 mm. long, erect.
Described from plants collected by Ernest Braunton on Elysian Hills,
Los Angeles.
188 Saxifragaceae
5. D. elongata Rose. Stems elongated, at length 2-4 dm.
long, simple or branched ; leaves nearly linear, broadest near the
base, very glaucous, 4-8 cm. long, 9 mm. wide or less, acute to
acuminate; flowering stems leafless below, leafy above; the
leaves ovate, acute, cordate, 1 cm. long or less; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate ; pedicels very short, 1-2 mm. long; calyx-
lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. long, twice as long as the tube; corolla
12 mm. long, at first reddish yellow, in age deep red.
Along the coast. Described from specimens from near San Pedro, col-
lected by Dr. Hasse.
6. D. lurida Rose. Acaulescent; basal leaves ascending or
nearly erect, very numerous, not at all glaucous at flowering
time, at last deeply bronzed, lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 cm.
long, 10-22 mm. broad at the middle, fleshy but not very thick;
flowering stems stout, purplish, 4-5 dm. tall, their leaves broadly
ovate, 8-12 mm. long, rather slender; calyx-lobes ovate, acute,
5-6 mm. long, reddish ; corolla reddish, 12-15 mm. long, the seg-
ments erect, acute.
Frequent in the Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills.
5. TILLAEA.
Minute somewhat succulent and glabrous herbs with
opposite entire leaves and minute axillary mostly white
flowers. Sepals and petals 3-5, distinct or united at the
base. Stamens as many. Carpels as many, distinct ;
styles short-subulate ; ovules 1-many. Seeds striate
longitudinally.
1. T. minima Miess. Diffusely branched, 2-6 cm. high, erect
or ascending; leaves about 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, connate at
base ; flowers in short leafy axillary panicles ; sepals 4, scarcely
1 mm. long, oblong-ovate, acute, slightly exceeding the linear-
lanceolate acuminate petals ; carpels of about the same length,
acute ; seeds usually solitary.
Common on sandy ground throughout the valley region.
Family 39. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE
FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate opposite or basal,
chiefly exstipulate leaves and mostly perfect solitary,
Saxifrage Family 189 ,
racemose, cymose or paniculate flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed
or 4-5-parted, free or adnate to the ovary, usually per-
sistent. Petals 4-5, perigynous. Stamens equaling the
petals in number or twice as many, perigynous. Car-
pels 1-several, more or less united into a compound super-
ior or inferior ovary ; styles distinct or united. Fruit a
capsule, follicle or berry. Seeds usually numerous ; en-
dosperm generally copious, fleshy ; embryo small, terete.
Herbs.
Ovary with 2, rarely more, cells.
Stamens 5. 1. THEROFON.
Stamens 10. 2. SAXirRAGA.
Ovary 1-celled.
Stamens 5. 3. HEUCHERA.
Stamens 10. 4. LITHOPHRAGMA.
Shrubs. 5. RIBES.
1. THEBOFON Raf.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks and leafy
stems. Leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately
lobed and incised or toothed with callous glandular tips ;
petiole mostly with a stipular dilation at base. Flowers
white, paniculate or in corymbose-cymes. Calyx 5-lobed,
the tube adherent to the ovary, at length globular or
ovate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens short, alternating
with the petals ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent down the styliferous beaks.
Seeds ovoid, minutely papillose.
1. T. elatum (Nutt.) Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous
or somewhat glandular-pubescent, the dilated bases of the peti-
oles with brown bristly hairs, otherwise smooth or nearly so;
leaves thin membranous, 5-7 cm. broad, deeply 5-7-lobed; calyx-
lobes lanceolate-triangular, often slightly toothed above; tube
oval, urceolate in fruit; petals cuneate-elliptic, obtuse, 3.5 mrn.
long, much exceeding the calyx-lobes; claw very short. (Boy-
kinia occidentalis T. & G.)
Topango Canyon, Davidson.
2. T. rotundifolium (Parry) Wheelock. Stem villous-pubes-
cent and glandular, 4-8 dm. high, leafy; leaves 5-10 cm. broad,
190 Saxifragaceae
crenately incised and toothed, thin, nearly glabrous above, peti-
oles densely villous, the slightly dilated base with brown bristly
hairs; peduncles axillary and terminal; flowers short-pedicelled,
secund on the few elongated branches ; calyx campanulate, be-
coming broadly urceolate in fruit, its lobes entire, acute; petals
2-2.5 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes, spatulate ;
the claw twice as long as the rounded blade. (Boykinia rotundi-
folia Parry.)
Frequent in canyons in the San Gabriel Mountains, 2500-4500 feet altitude.
May-July.
2. SAXIFBAGA L. SAXIFRAGE.
Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with alternate or
mostly basal leaves and corymbose, paniculate or rarely
solitary small flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, its
tube free or adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5,
equal, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals ; fila-
ments filiform ; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 or rarely 3,
distinct or more or less united into a 2-celled ovary ;
styles distinct, persistent, at length divergent. Fruit of 2
follicles or a 2-lobed or 2-beaked capsule, dehiscent down
the beaks or the ventral suture. Seeds smooth.
1. S. California Greene. Scape 15-45 cm. high; leaves few,
rather thick, reddish veined, sparsely glandular-villous, oval,
oblong or elliptic, 25-50 mm. long, coarsely crenate to repand-
denticulate; petioles rather broad, 12-25 mm. long; inflores-
cence cymose-paniculate ; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its
segments reflexed ; petals oblong, 3 times as long as the calyx,
white or rose-tinted ; filaments subulate, inserted under the edge
of an elevated perigynous disk.
Arroyo Seco, McOlatchie; near Glendale, Davidson.
3. HEUCHEBA L.
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, mostly basal
long-petioled rounded usually cordate leaves, and slen-
der scapes. Inflorescence in ours paniculate, bracteate,
bearing small mostly purple flowers. Calyx campanu-
Saxifrage Family 191
late or in fruit somewhat urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes
obtuse and sometimes unequal, the tube coherent with
lower half of the ovary. Petals unguiculate, small, en-
tire, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, ex-
serted or included ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary and cap-
sule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, more or less
2-beaked, the beaks tapering into the slender styles,
dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute,
papillose.
1. H. elegans Abrams. Scape 25-35 cm. high, villous-hirsute;
leaves thickisb, round-cordate, 1-2 cm. broad, crenately lobed
and toothed, the margins ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petioles
2-2.5 cm. long, villous; stipules scarious, the free portion nar-
rowly lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, ciliate with long slender hairs ;
panicles 14-18 cm. long, villous-pubescent throughout and some-
what glandular, its branches cymose, 3 cm. long, usually 9-flow-
ered, the uppermost becoming reduced ; bracts subtending the
branches about 4 mm. long, lacerate, those subtending the
pedicels similar but somewhat reduced ; calyx pink, villoua, 8-10
mm. long, narrowly campanulate, its lobes narrowly oblong,
about 3 mm. long; petals white, lanceolate-spatulate, 5-6 mm.
long, narrowed below to a slender claw ; stamens included.
Frequent in rocky places in the higher altitudes of the chapparal belt.
Mount Gleason; Mount Lowe; Mount Wilson.
4. LITHOPHRAGMA T. & G.
Slender perennial herbs from mostly grumous roots,
with chiefly basal round-cordate toothed or lobed leaves,
their petioles stipuliform at base, cauline few on the
simple stems. Flowers few in a simple terminal raceme.
Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, free from the
ovary or more or less adnate to it. Petals 5, exserted,
3-7-lobed or sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included ;
anthers cordate. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placen-
tas ; styles 3, short. Fruit a 3-valved, many-seeded cap-
sule.
192 Saxifragaceae
1. L. affinis Gray. Stems 1 or several, 15-40 cm. high, sca-
brous-hirsute; basal leaves few, round-reniform, slightly lobed,
2-3 cm. broad; cauline 3-lobed to the middle, the lobes coarsely
toothed ; calyx 5 mm. long, turbinate, the tube more or less ad-
herent to the ovary; pedicels about equaling or slightly exceed-
ing the calyx ; lower petals 8-10 mm. long, 3-toothed, the upper
slightly smaller, entire; seeds faintly striate-pitted or almost
smooth.
Occasional on shady banks in the foothills, below 4000 feet altitude.
March-May.
5. BIBES L.
Erect branching shrubs with alternate palmately
lobed, often resinous-glandular or viscid leaves. Stipules
when present adnate to the petiole. Flowers racemose,
rarely solitary on 1-2-leaved axillary shoots ; pedicels
subtended by a bract and usually bearing 2 bractlets at
about the middle. Calyx-tube adnate to the globose
ovary and more or less produced above it. Petals 5 or
rarely 4, erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes.
Stamens equaling the petals in number and alternate
with them. Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae ;
styles 2, more or less united ; stigmas terminal. Fruit a
berry, crowned with the withered remains of the flower.
* Thornless. CURRANT.
-*- Flowers yellow; leaves convolute in bud.
1. R. tenuiflorum Lindl. Shrub, 1-3 in. high, nearly gla-
brous, glandless ; leaves light green, 3-5-lobed at apex, not cor-
date ; racemes many-flowered ; bracts green, conspicuous ; flowers
bright yellow; calyx salver-shaped, tube 1 cm. longer more; lobes
oval, % as long as the tube ; berry glabrous, amber color. •
Eaton's Wash, near Sierra Madre. February-March.
•*- •*- Flowers not yellow; leaves plaited in the bud.
2. K. xnalvaceum viridifoliuxn Abrams. Shrub 1-2 in. high,
the young branches short-pubescent and more or less densely
glandular with stalked glands; leaves rather thick, 3-7 cm.
Saxifrage Family 193
broad, slightly or not at all rugose, minutely scabrous and some-
what glandular with sessile glands above, pale and glandular-
pubescent beneath ; petioles beset with stalked glands and more
or less puberulent; inflorescence glandular-pubescent, racemes
rather long-peduncled, drooping, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, 1
cm. long, ciliate-toothed above ; pedicels 3-4 mm. long ; calyx rose-
colored below, becoming nearly white above, its tube cylindric,
pubescent within, 12 mm. long; its lobes broadly ovate, rounded
at apex, 4-5 mm. long; petals rounded, 2 mm. broad; anthers
nearly sessile, 2 mm. long; style pubescent; berries becoming
reflexed at maturity, on short pedicels, pubescent and rather
sparsely beset with coarse gland-tipped hairs, purplish. 1 cm.
long.
Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains, below 4000
feet altitude. March-April.
3. B. Nevadense Kell. Rather slender, loosely branching
shrub, 1-2 in. high, older bark flaky deciduous; leaves 5-10 cm.
broad, thin, not , rugose, bright green and glabrous above, paler
beneath and sparsely pubescent ; stipular base of petiole ciliate-
margined with long coarse plumose hairs ; racemes rather short
and dense, on rather long pendulous peduncles ; flowers rose-
colored ; calyx-tube urceolate, 3mm. long, lobes spreading, about
equaling the tube; berry small, globose, glabrous, black.
Strain's Camp, Mount Wilson. Frequent along streams in the San An-
tonio and San Bernardino Mountains, in the pine belt. May.
** Thorny. GOOSEBERRY.
•*- Flowers 5-merous.
4. B. divaricatum Dougl. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, spreading,
glabrous or nearly so, thorns single or sometimes triple; leaves
roundish, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incisely toothed ; peduncles slender,
elongated, drooping, 3-9-flowered; pedicels with broad bract at
base; calyx green without, purplish within, 5-7 mm. long; tube
short, campanulate, much exceeded by the oblong lobes; petals
white, fan-shaped, margins convolute; filiform filaments and
style much exserted ; berry small, glabrous, black.
Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie. March.
5. B. amarum McClatchie. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, the rigid
stems and branches beset with yellow-brown commonly triple
spines, often hispid; leaves inflorescence and young branches
194 Platanaceae
glandular-hirsute; leaves thin, 1-4 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed and
incised ; peduncles 1-2-flowered ; bracts round-ovate, usually
3-lobed, 6 mm. long; calyx-tube oblong-campanulate, 6 mm.
long; lobes reflexed, 6 mm. long, purplish red; petals pinkish
white, rounded, erose-toothed at summit; stamens equaling or
slightly exceeding the petals; anthers sagittate, mucronate,
purplish; berry 12-20 mm. broad, densely covered with glandu-
lar bristles.
Frequent on shaded slopes in the San Gabriel Mountains below 4000 feet
altitude. February-March.
6. R. hesperium McClatchie. Shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, with
spreading branches ; stems smooth, beset with dark-colored com-
monly single spines ; inflorescence and young branches puberu-
lent; leaves thin, 12-20 mm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incised;
peduncles 1-2-flowered; bracts broad, fan-shaped with ciliated
membranous pink margins; calyx-tube campanulate, slightly
inflated, about 2 mm. long, lobes greenish-red, 6-8 mm. long,
petals cuneate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-toothed at summit or
entire; filaments 4-6 mm. long; anthers mucronate, greenish ;
berry 12-20 mm. in diameter, densely beset with rather long
spines.
Common in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains below 3000 feet
altitude. January-February.
•*--«- Flowers 4-fnerous.
7. R. speciosum Pursh. Evergreen shrub, 1.5-3 m. high,
with leafy red bristly branches ; subaxillary spines 3, united at
base; leaves subcoriaceous, dark green, smooth and shining above,
rounded, 3-lobed, lobes short, crenately toothed; peduncles pen-
dulous, 2-5-flowered; flowers bright red, drooping; calyx 12-18
mm. long, its tube short, somewhat inflated, lobes oblong, not
spreading ; petals about % the length of the calyx-lobes ; filaments
filiform, much exceeding the calyx; anthers small, oval; berry
small, densely prickly.
Frequent in the foothills. March-April.
Family 40. PLATANACEAE. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
Large trees with thin exfoliating bark, alternate
petioled palmately lobed leaves and small green monoe-
Rosaceae 195
cious flowers in dense globular heads. Receptacle some-
what fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally minute sepals.
€orollas of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate
flowers with stamens as many as sepals and opposite
them ; filaments short ; anthers longitudinally dehis-
cent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct pistils ; ovary
linear, 1-celled ; style elongated ; stigma lateral. Fruit
.a dense head, composed of numerous narrowly obpyra-
midal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with
long hairs ; seed pendulous ; endosperm thin ; cotyle-
dons linear.
1. PLATANUS L. PLANE-TREE or SYCAMORE.
Characters of the family.
1. P. racemosa Nutt. A large widely branching tree, 10-25
m. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brate, 10-15 cm. broad and scarcely as long, mostly 5-lobed, trun-
cate or somewhat cordate at base ; lobes acute, the lower smaller,
bluntly cuspidate at the ends of the veins ; petioles shorter than
the leaves; stipules larger on young twigs; staminate heads
.several ; pistillate heads 3-5.
Common along all the streams, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. March.
Family 41. ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate mostly stipulate
leaves and regular flowers. Calyx free from or adnate
to the ovary, usually 5-lobed, sometimes bracteolate. Pet-
als distinct, equal in number to the calyx-lobes or none.
Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the calyx ; an-
thers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent or rarely by
pores. Carpels 1-many, distinct or united. Ovary
1-several-celled. Seeds 1 or fewr in each cell, anatropous ;
•endosperm present or wanting.
196 Rosaceae
Herbs.
Petals present.
Styles terminal; ovules pendulous.
Petals yellow. 4. POTENTILLA.
Petals white. 7. HORKELIA.
Styles lateral; ovules ascending. 5. ARGENTINA.
Styles nearly basal. 6. DBYMOCALLIS
Petals none; pistil 1. 10. ALCHEMILLA.
Shrubs.
Stems unarmed.
Fruit a pome. 2. HETEROMELES.
Fruit an achene or follicle.
Flowers solitary or somewhat fascicled. 8. CERCOCARPUS.
Flowers in terminal racemes.
Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed. 1. HOLODISCUS.
Leaves fascicled, entire, minute. 9. ADENOSTOMA.
Fruit a cluster of drupelets, berry-like. 3. RUBUS.
Fruit a drupe. 12. PRDNUS.
Stems prickly.
Calyx not fleshy ; fruit a cluster of drupelets. 3. RDBUS.
Calyx fleshy; enclosing the achenes. 11. ROSA.
1. HOLODISCUS Maxim.
Unarmed shrubs with simple toothed or lobed exstipu-
late deciduous leaves and terminal panicles of numerous
white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-clef t, nearly rotate. Petals
5, rounded. Stamens 20, inserted on an annular perigynous
disk. Pistils 5, distinct, becoming 1-seeded hairy carpels,
tardily dehiscent by the dorsal suture or indehiscent.
1. H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; the
branches short, rigid ; bark grayish brown, more or less shreddy;
leaves ovate, cuneately narrowed to a short winged petiole, pin-
nately lobed or toothed above the middle, green and nearly gla-
brous above, whitish tomentose beneath ; panicles erect, branch-
ing; carpels hirsute. (Spirea discolor Pursh.)
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt.
2. H, discolor dumosus (Nutt.) Wats. Lower and more
compact; panicle smaller, unbranched.
Mount San Antonio near the summit.
2. HETEBOMELES Roem. CHRISTMAS BERRY.
A small evergreen tree or sometimes shrubby, with
simple coriaceous toothed leaves and terminal corymbose
Rose Family 197
panicles of small white flowers. Calyx turbinate, 5-parted,
the lobes at length inflexed over the carpels and becom-
ing fleshy. Petals rounded, concave. Stamens 10 ; fila-
ments dilated at base and somewhat connate. Ovary
2-3-celled, 4-6-ovuled ; styles 2-3. Fruit a red ovoid
berry-like pome ; carpels free from the fleshy calyx-tube
above the middle.
1. H. arbutifolia (Poir.) Roem. Usually 3-6 m. high, nascent
parts tomentulose; leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
5-10 cm. long, remotely serrate or dentate, dark green and shin-
ing; fruit about 6 mm. long.
Common in the chaparral belt. May-June.
3. BUBUS L.
Low shrubs or trailing vines, usually prickly, with
alternate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petioles.
Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, racemose or pani-
cled, white or purplish, mostly perfect. Calyx persist-
ent, bractless, deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens
many, inserted on the calyx, distinct. Carpels many,
inserted on a convex or elongated receptacle, ripening
into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2,
1 abortive ; style terminal, slender. Seed pendulous.
* Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stems unarmed.
1. B. parviflorus Nutt. (SALMON BERRY.) Stems erect, 1-2.5
m. high, without prickles; bark smooth or somewhat glandular-
pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy; leaves palmately
5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 10-15 cm. broad, gla-
brous, or somewhat tomentose on the veins beneath ; petioles and
peduncles hirsute-glandular; flowers few, corymbose, white, 2-4
cm. broad; calyx-lobes tipped with a long slender appendage;
fruit separating from the receptacle when ripe, hemispheric,
red. (R. Nutkanus Mocino.)
In moist shady places in the San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains
in the pine belt. April-June.
198 Rosaceae
** Leaves 3-5-foliate; stems prickly.
2. B. leucodermis Dougl. (RASPBERRY.) Stems erect, 4-8
dm. high, glaucous, armed with stout, straight or recurved
prickles ; leaves 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate ; leaflets ovate to
lanceolate-acuminate, doubly serrate, white tomentose beneath ;
the veins, petioles and peduncles prickly; stipules setaceous;
flowers few, corymbose, 1 cm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, long acu-
minate, exceeding the petals ; ovaries tomentose ; fruit separat-
ing from the receptacle when ripe, yellowish red with a white
bloom and agreeable flavor.
Occasional in all our mountains in the pine belt. May-June.
3. B. vitifolius C. & S. (BRAMBLE or BLACKBERRY.) Stems
woody, weak and trailing or suberect, somewhat glaucous,
armed with straight, slender prickles, 1-6 m. long; leaves pin-
nately 3-5-foliate or those of the flowering branches only deeply
lobed; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, glabrous or
more or less pubescent ; flowers imperfect, staminate large with
elongated petals ; pistillate small with broad petals ; fruit per-
sistent on the receptacle, oblong, black and sweet.
Frequent in the foothills and valleys, mostly along streams. January-
April.
4. POTENTIAL A L.
Ours perennial or rarely annual herbs with digitately
or pinnately compound leaves and cymose yellow perfect
flowers. Calyx persistent, its tube concave or hemi-
spheric, 5-bracteolate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, mostly obovate
and emarginate. Stamens commonly 20, inserted on
an annular disk very near the base of the receptacle ;
filaments filiform or spatulate but not flattened. Pis-
tils many, becoming dry achenes in fruit, inserted on
a hemispheric or conic receptacle ; style terminal or
nearly so, deciduous ; ovules pendulous, anatropous.
1. P. multijuga Lehm. Perennial; stems erect, 3-7 dm.
high, slightly silky-strigose, more or less leafy; stipules large, 1-2
cm. long, ovate, entire; basal leaves numerous, often 2-3 dm.
long, slightly hairy or glabrate, pinnate with 6-13 pairs of leaflets ;
leaflets obovate, cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed above
Rose Family 199
the middle ; cauline leaves smaller and with fewer leaflets ; flowers
about 15 mm. broad, in rather narrow cymes; pedicels slender;
bractlets oblong, about % as long as the ovate calyx-lobes ; petals
broadly obcordate, about 1/3 longer than the calyx-lobes; style
filiform.
Ballona, Basse, Apparently a rare plant not otherwise known.
5. ARGENTINA Lam.
Perennial herbs growing in damp ground and spread-
ing by slender runners, with thick and fascicled roots
and pinnate leaves. Flowers borne on simple pedicels
from the axils of the leaves formed on the runners,
5-merous and with 5 bractlets. Calyx nearly wheel-
shaped. Petals yellow, broadly elliptic to nearly orbicu-
lar, obtuse. Stamens 20-25, inserted closely around the
base of the receptacle ; filaments filiform, rather short.
Receptacle hemispheric, bearing numerous pistils, these
becoming dry achenes in fruit. Style filiform, lateral,
attached at the middle of the ovary, somewhat persist-
ent. Seeds ascending and amphitropous.
1. A. Anserina (L.) Rydb. Main stem inconspicuous, pro-
ducing many long runners ; leaves 1-2 dm. long, abruptly pinnate
with 9-31 larger leaflets and with smaller ones interposed, usually
prostrate, slightly silky and green above, white-silky and tomen-
tose beneath; larger leaflets oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, deeply
and sharply serrate; flowers 1-2 cm. broad, on pedicels 3-20 cm.
long; petals much exceeding the calyx.
Rather common in damp ground in the valleys. Flowering through the
summer. (Potentilla Anserina L.)
6. DBYMOCALLIS Tourr.
Erect more or less glandular or viscid herbs from
perennial rootstocks, with pinnate leaves and cymose
yellow 5-merous bracteolate flowers. Calyx saucer-
shaped or hemispheric. Petals obovate, elliptic or nearly
orbicular, obtuse. Stamens 20-30 on a persistent disk
200 Rosaceae
at base of receptacle. Receptacle hemispheric with
numerous pistils which become dry achenes. Style
basal, slightly thickened and glandular below, tapering
at both ends or nearly filiform, rather persistent. Seed
attached near the base, ascending, orthotropous.
1. D. glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high,
rather slender, slightly striate, viscid and glandular hairy at
least above, nearly simple below, branched above ; lower stipules
lanceolate, the upper ovate and usually deeply toothed; basal
leaves petioled, pinnate ; leaflets 3-4 pairs, sparingly hairy, nearly
glabrous above, obovate, mostly obtuse, simply or doubly serrate
with broad teeth, 1-3 cm. long, the upper generally somewhat
larger; cauline leaves short petioled, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets;
flowers in an open many-flowered cyme, 10-15 mm. broad ; bract-
lets linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the oblong or obovate-
lanceolate acute sepals ; petals obovate, about equaling the sepals,
stamens 25. (Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. Ours not typical,
having usually smaller flowers and less acute sepals. March-July.
2. D. glandulosa monticola Eydb. A more slender and
smaller mountain form with smaller leaflets, more open but
smaller cymes, shorter sepals, pale yellow petals, and often only
20 stamens. (Potentilla glandulosa Nevadensis Wats.)
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains. May-August.
7. HORKELIA Cham. & Sch.
Perennial herbs with a thick woody caudex or root-
stock covered with brown scales, pinnate leaves and
cymose flowers. Calyx deeply campanulate to saucer-
shaped, deeply 5-lobed, with 5 bractlets alternating with
the lobes. Petals variable, unguiculate, white or rarely
pale yellow. Stamens 5—20, inserted in the throat of the
calyx-tube and remote from the base of receptacle ; fila-
ments dilated, petaloid. Receptacle hemispheric or
conic with numerous pistils. Styles long and slender,
generally thickened and somewhat glandular at base,
deciduous. Ovules and seeds pendulous, anatropous.
Rose Family 201
1. H. sericea (Gray) Rydb. Stem rather stout, 3-6 dm. high,
silky-pubescent, scarcely glandular; stipules ovate or lanceolate,
1-2 cm. long, often toothed ; basal leaves numerous, rather short-
petioled ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, rather thick, densely and finely
silky-canescent, obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rather coarsely some-
what crenately toothed, the upper confluent; cauline leaves simi-
lar but smaller with 2-5 pairs of leaflets; cyme rather dense;
calyx cupulate ; bractlets entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; lobes
similar, slightly exceeding the bractlets ; petals white, spatulate,
5-6 mm. long. (H. Californica sericea Gray.)
Near Port Ballona, not otherwise known south of Santa Barbara. March-
May.
2. H. platycalyx Rydb. Stem rather stout, 3-10 dm. high,
glandular-pubescent, often tinged with red ; stipules ovate, 1-2
cm. long, often toothed ; basal leaves several, more or lessglandu-
lar-puberulent; leaflets 5-7 pairs, obovate, crenate, 1-2 cm. long;
cauline leaves similar but with fewer leaflets ; cyme open and
branched ; pedicels often 2.5 cm. long; flowers 15-20 mm. broad;
calyx-tube saucer-shaped ; bractlets ovate, slightly exceeded by
the ovate-triangular calyx-lobes ; petals oblong or spatulate,
exceeding the calyx-lobes by about %.
Occasional in the dry interior valleys; Claremont.
3. H. puberula (Greene) Rydb. Stems mostly several, 3-6
dm. high, branched, finely glandular-puberulent, leafy; stipules
obovate, often toothed; basal leaves numerous, puberulerit or
glabrate; leaflets 5-8 pairs, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-2.5 cm.
long; flowers about 1 cm. broad; calyx-tube cupulate; bractlets
broadly lanceolate, exceeded by the ovate-lanceolate calyx-lobes ;
petals oblong-spatulate, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. March-May.
8. CEBCOCABPUS H. B. K. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
Unarmed evergreen shrubs or trees with simple stipu-
late leaves and small axillary or terminal solitary or
somewhat fascicled apetalous flowers. Calyx salver-
shaped, the 5-lobed limb deciduous. Stamens many, in 2
or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Pistil 1 ; style ter-
minal ; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous
terete villous achene, included in the elongated calyx-
202 Rosaceae
tube, caudate with the elongated plumose twisted style.
Seed linear ; endosperm none.
1. C. betulaefolius Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high,
with rather thin flaky gray bark and spreading or somewhat
recurved branches; leaves thick, obovate, cuneate, entire below
the middle, serrate toothed above, sometimes faintly so, distinctly
veined on both surfaces, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; calyx
open campanulate, 6 mm. broad, the tube becoming 12-14 mm.
long in fruit, somewhat contracted above; achene coriaceous, the
plumose style about 7 cm. long.
Rather common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Flowering in
March and fruiting in July.
9. ADENOSTOMA H. & A. CHAMISO.
Unarmed evergreen shrubs with small coriaceous en-
tire fascicled stipulate leaves and small white flowers in
terminal panicled racemes. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed,
10-striate. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens 10-15, inserted
in bundles alternate with the petals. Pistil 1, simple ;
style lateral ; ovary 1 -celled, 1— 2-ovuled. Achene en-
closed by the hardened persistent calyx-tube.
1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Shrub 1-4 m. high with reddish
virgate branches and grayish bark, becoming shreddy; stipules
small, acute, leaves fascicled, linear-subulate, 4-8 mm. long, pun-
gently acute, glabrous, often resinous ; flowers crowded, sessile ;
calyx bracted at base, green, 2 mm. long, its lobes shorter than
the small petals; ovary obliquely truncate.
Very common in the chaparral belt. April-June.
10. ALCHEMILLA L. LADY'S MANTLE.
Ours small annual herbs with leafy stems and minute
green flowers in the axils of the palmately lobed leaves.
Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-parted with alternat-
ing minute bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1 or 2,
minute. Pistils 1 or 2, slender ; style rising from near
Rose Family 203
the base of the ovary ; ovule 1, ascending. Achene
ovate, compressed, enclosed in the persistent calyx.
1. A. arvense (L.) Scop. Slender simple or much branched
from the base, 4-10 cm. high; floriferous and hirsute through-
out; leaves 3-parted, the segments 2-3-cleft; calyx-tube much
contracted under the 4-parted limb.
Occasional in shady places or along streams in the foothills.
11. ROSA L. ROSE.
Prickly shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, adnate stipules
and large solitary or corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube
globose or urceolate ; its limb 5-parted ; bractlets none.
Petals 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens many on the
silky disk, which lines the calyx-tube. Pistils many,
included in the calyx-tube, but free and distinct ; styles
subterminal ; ovules solitary pendulous. Achene bony,
enclosed in the fleshy enlarged red berry-like calyx-tube.
1. B. Californica C. & S. Erect, branching, 1-3 m. high;
prickles few, stout, usually recurved; foliage of firm texture,
more or less glandular and tomentose; stipules entire; leaflets
5-7, ovate or oblong ; serratures mostly simple, spreading ; corymb
mostly few-flowered; pedicels pubescent and glandular; calyx-
lobes foliaceous-tipped ; fruit globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter;
persistent lobes erect.
Frequent throughout our range both in the valleys and mountains.
Flowering often nearly the year round
12. PBUNUS L. CHERRY.
Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen
usually serrate leaves and white or rose-colored flowers
in terminal or axillary racemes or corymbs. Calyx
campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5,
spreading. Stamens 15-25, inserted with the petals.
Ovary solitary, free ; style terminal ; ovules 2, pendu-
lous. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe with a bony
stone ; seeds 1 or rarely 2.
204 Leguminosae
1. P. demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Shrub, 1-4 m. high; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at
base, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm.
long, with 1 or 2 glands at the base of the blade; racemes 5,
terminal, 7-10 cm. long, many-flowered; drupe globose, red or
purple, astringent; stone globose.
Occasional in the San Bernardino and San Antonio Mountains in the
upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt.
2. P. ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-6 m.
high, bark grayish brown; leaves coriaceous, glossy above, gla-
brous throughout, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely spinose-
toothed, 2.5-5 cm. long, on short petioles; racemes axillary, 2.5-5
cm. long, leafless ; flowers small ; drupe 1 cm. long or more, thick,
slightly obcompressed, sweetish, scarcely astringent.
Common in the chaparral belt. May-June.
Family 42. LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate stipulate com-
pound or rarely entire leaves and irregular or regular
flowers. Leaflets mostly entire, the upper somtimes
converted into tendrils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft,
its tube exceeding the perigynous disk, which bears the
petals and stamens. Petals 4-5, regular, with numerous
stamens or more commonly 5 and irregular ; the stand-
ard superior larger and external, covering in the bud
the 2 lateral ones (wings), these covering the 2 infer-
ior pair which are more or less united above, forming
the keel. Stamens and pistils enclosed in the keel. Fila-
ments 10, 9 commonly united below into a sheath about
the pistil and 1 distinct (diadelphous) , or all united
(monadelphous) , or distinct ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent
longitudinally. Pistil simple, free, becoming a legume
in fruit ; ovules few or many on the single parietal
placenta ; style usually incurved. Legume 1-celled,
2-valved, sometimes falsely 2-celled by the intrusion of
the placenta. Endosperm usually wanting.
Pulse Family
205
Flowers regular, stamens distinct. 1. PROSOPIS.
Flowers irregular.
Stamens distinct; shrub; flowers solitary, purple. 2. XYLOTHERMIA.
Stamens diadelphous or monodelphous.
Leaves palmately 5-1 1-foliate. 3. LUPINUS.
Leaves 3-foliate.
Herbage not glandular-dotted.
Herbs.
Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes.
Pods spirally coiled. 5. MEDICAGO.
Pods small, wrinkled. 6. MELJLOTUS.
Flowers capitate. 7. TRIFOLIUM.
Shrub. 4. CYTISUS.
Herbage glandular dotted. 9. PSORALEA.
Leaves unequally pinnate; tendrils wanting.
Herbage glandular-dotted.
Shrub; pods not prickly. 10. AMORPHA.
Perennial herb; pods prickly. 12. GLYCYRRBIZA.
Herbage not glandular-dotted.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. 11. ASTRAGALUS.
Flowers solitary or umbellate. 8. LOTUS.
Leaves pinnate; tendrils present.
Style villous all around at apex. 13. VICIA.
Style villous on l side. 14. LATHYRUS.
1. PROSOPIS L.
Trees or shrubs often armed with axillary spines or
spinescent stipules. Leaves bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs
of pinnae and usually numerous small entire leaflets.
Flowers greenish, regular, in cylindric or globose axillary
pedunculate spikes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth very
short and valvate. Petals 5, valvate. united below the
middle or at length free, woolly on the inner side.
Stamens 10, free and exserted ; anthers tipped with a
deciduous gland. Ovary villous ; style filiform. Pod
linear compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or
twisted, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually pulpy with-
in. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed.
1. P. juliflora (Swartz) DC. (ALGAROBAOF MESQUIT.) A shrub
or small tree, much branched, the branches widely spreading ;
spines axillary ; petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulent ; leaflets
8-12 pairs, the pairs about 1 cm. distant, linear, 12-15 mm. long,
206 Leguminosae
2.5-4.5 mm. wide, sparsely puberulent at least on the margins ;
spikes nearly sessile, 5-8 cm. long, usually dense; flowers very
short-pedicelled, 2 mm. long; pods straight or slightly falcate,
only 1-3 developing, 10-15 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, longitudi-
nally veiny, on stipes about 5mm. long, straw-colored and sweet-
ish when mature.
River bottoms about San Bernardino. Common on the Colorado Desert.
2. P. pubescens Benth. (TORNILLA or SCREW-BEAN.) A shrub
or small tree resembling the last in habit, more or less puberulent ;
stipules spinescent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, the pairs 3-5 mm. distant,
oblong, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse at apex; spikes on peduncles about
1 cm. long, 4-6 cm. long, often lax; flowers sessile, 3 mm. long,,
pods usually several-many developing, twisted into a straight
cylinder, 25-35 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, on stipes less than
2 mm. long.
River bottoms about San Bernardino, with the last.
2. XYLOTHEBMIA Greene.
A rigid much branched spinescent shrub with small
nearly sessile 1-3-foliate exstipulate leaves and large
solitary subsessile purple flowers. Calyx campanulate,
repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal ; standard orbicular,
the sides reflexed ; keel petals distinct, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens distinct. Pod linear, compressed, straight, sev-
eral-seeded.
1. X. montaua (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 1-2 m. high, the
branches widely spreading; leaves crowded; leaflets 6-18 mm.
long, oblanceolate, acute, entire, somewhat silky-pubescent when
young; flowers near the ends of the stiff spinescent branchlets,
on short 2-bracteolate peduncles, rose-colored or purple, 15-20
mm. long. (Pickeringia montana Nutt.)
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
3. LUPINUS L. LUPINE.
Annual or perennial herbs or woody plants, with pal-
mately 5-15-foliate leaves and adnate mostly inconspicu-
ous stipules. Leaflets entire. Flowers in terminal
Pulse Family 207
racemes, verticillate or scattered. Calyx deeply bilabiate ;
upper lip notched ; lower entire or sometimes 3-toothed
or 3-cleft. Standard broad, the sides reflexed ; wings
united above, enclosing the incurved beaked keel. Sta-
mens monadelphous, dimorphous ; 5 anthers oblong,
basifixed, the other 5 rounded, versatile. Stigma bearded.
Pod 2-valved, compressed, straight.
* Ovules several in each pod. ,
•+• Annuals.
•+«• Flowers not verticillate.
1. L. truncatus Xutt. Usually rather stout, sparingly
branched, 3-6 dm. high, finely and sparsely pubescent, becoming
nearly glabrous; leaflets 5-7, linear-cuneiform, apex truncate,
entire or 3-toothed, 2-4 cm. long, scarcely equaling the petiole;
upper calyx-lip 2-cleft; petals deep purple, 8-10 mm. long; the
standard shorter; keel 2-3 mm. long.
Common in the open foothills and valleys. March-May.
2. L. sparsiflorus Benth. Slender, sparingly branched, 3-6
dm. high, villous with spreading hairs; leaflets 5-9, linear, obtuse
at apex, 1-2.5 cm. long; petioles 2-4 times longer; upper calyx-
lip 2-parted; petals violet, 10 mm. long; standard shorter; keel
ciliate on the claws and on the lower % of the blade ; pod 1-2.5
cm. long.
Frequent in the foothills. March-May.
3. L. hirsutissimus Benth. Rather stout, 2-3 dm. high, very
hispid with viscid stinging hairs; leaflets 5-7, broadly cuneate-
obovate, retuse, obtuse, or rarely acute, mucronulate, 1.5-3 cm.
long; petioles twice as long; racemes loose; upper calyx-lip
deeply cleft; petals reddish purple, nearly equal, 12 mm. long;
keel ciliate on the claw only ; pod hirsute, 2.5 cm. long.
Frequent in the foothills and interior valleys, mostly in sandy soil.
March-May.
4. L. concinnus Agardh. Low 10-15 cm. high, spreading,
densely villous or hirsute; leaflets 5-8, oblanceolate, 10-20 mm.
long, obtuse ; petioles slender, 2-4 times longer ; racemes short,
dense, subsessile; bracts linear-setaceous persistent; upper
calyx-lip 2-parted, lower deeply trifid ; petals 8 mm. long, violet ;
208 Leguminosae
standard shorter with a yellow spot in the center ; keel scarcely
falcate, naked, slightly exceeding the wings ; pod 4-seeded.
Occasional in dry washes in the interior valleys.
5. L. gracilis Agardh. Low, slender, 6-15 cm. high, spread-
ing, rather densely pilose; leaflets 5-7, cuneate-obovate, 6-12
mm. long; racemes short lax; bracts short; upper calyx -lip
bifid, lower 3-toothed; petals 6 mm. long, blue and white; stand-
ard shorter; keel slightly exceeding the wings, nearly straight,
naked; pod 1 cm. long.
San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park. April.
.«. ++ pioyiers verticillate.
6. "Li. micranthus Dougl. Rather slender and weak, branched
from the base, 12-20 cm. high, pilose-pubescent, not at all suc-
culent; leaflets 5-7, narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, 1-3 cm.
long; petioles twice as long; racemes pedunculate; verticils 3-5,
often indistinct ; pedicels 3 mm. long or in fruit 6 mm. long ; upper
calyx-lip 2-clef t, the lobes divergent, lower longer entire ; petals
4 mm. long, blue except the white and dotted middle of the erect
mucronulate standard; keel woolly-ciliate above the middle;
pods 5- seeded.
Common in all our valleys. March-May.
7. L. affinis Agardh. Stout and succulent, branching above,
3-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous or somewhat short pubescent;
leaflets 7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 2.5-4 cm. long;
petioles 2 or 3 times as long; racemes with 3-7 whorls; bracts
equaling the calyx; upper calyx-lip bifid, lower entire or
3-toothed; petals 10-12 mm. long, bluish-purple; keel broad,
naked.
Frequent in the valleys and foothills, mostly in heavy soils.
•*-•*- Perennials.
+* Herbaceous.
8. Ij. latifolius Agardh. Rather stout, erect, branching, 6-12
dm. high, minutely appressed-pubescent ; stem not striate, shin-
ing, leafy ; basal leaves long-stalked ; stipules linear-lanceolate ;
leaflets 5-7, broadly oblanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long ; racemes slender-
ped uncled, loose; verticils of ten distinct ; pedicels slender; calyx-
teeth elongated, the upper slightly notched at the narrow apex;
Pulse Family 209
petals blue, 12-14 mm. long; keel ciliate below the middle. (L.
rivularis latifolius Wats.)
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
9. I«. cytisoides Agardh. Taller than the last, 1-2 m. high;
stems striate ; pubescence minute, appressed ; stipules lanceolate-
subulate ; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or more ; raceme
much elongated, dense; flowers not verticillate ; calyx as in the
last; petals usually rose-purple, 12-14 mm. long; keel strongly
falcate, densely ciliate below the middle.
Frequent in the canyons of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains. April-August.
•«- •*- Suffrutescent or shrubby.
10. L. longifolius (Wats.). Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high, often from
a trunk-like base and much branched above; petioles 5-10 cm.
long; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or less, somewhat
canescent with appressed pubescence on both sides ; racemes rather
loosely flowered, 15-25 dm. long; flowers verticillate, 12-15 mm.
long, deep blue or nearly white; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft, the
lower entire ; standard with a whitish spot near the middle,
changing to rose-purple; keel ciliate above the middle to near
the tip, the claw naked; seeds oval, 4 mm. long, brownish. (L.
Chamissonis longifolius Wats.)
Frequent in the foothills and on bluffs along the seashore, but not on the
dunes. It is impossible from the meagre description of this in Bot. Cal.
to be sure what plant Dr. Watson had in mind. But the plant above de-
scribed seems to be the only one in southern California that could belong
here, so we feel justified in using his name.
11. Li. Grayi Wats. Stems decumbent or ascending from a
woody branching caudex, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky pubescent
throughout; leaflets 5-9, cuneate-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flow-
ers verticillate, 12-15 mm. long, deep blue; standard with a per-
manent yellow spot in center; keel ciliate from near the apex
to the base and on the claw.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and
Cuyamaca Mountains.
12. L. Chamissonis Esch. Shrubby, 4-8 dm. high, forming
rather dense tufts, leafy throughout ; leaflets usually 9, cuneate-
obovate, obtuse and mucronulate or acute, 1-3 cm. long, very
silky on both sides ; racemes rather dense, mostly on short ped-
uncles; flowers subverticillate, 10-12 mm. long; upper calyx-
210 Leguminosae
lip cleft, lower entire; petals blue or lavender; standard with
permanent yellow spot; keel naked.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly the
year round.
4. CYTISUS L. BROOM.
Shrubs with green, leafy or sometimes nearly leafless,
more or less angular branches. Leaves palmately or
pinnately 3-foliate ; leaflets entire. Flowers solitary or
racemose, usually yellow. Calyx bilabiate. Petals
broad ; keel obtuse. Stamens monadelphous. Pod
compressed, several-seeded.
1. C. Canariensis (L.) Link. Much branched, 1-2 m.'high,
soft pubescent, leafy; leaflets 6-12 mm. long; flowers yellow,
15-20 mm. long, fragrant, in terminal racemes ; upper calyx-lip
deeply 3-toothed, the lower slightly so.
An occasional escape from cultivation. A native of the Old World.
5. MEDIC AGO L.
Annual or perennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliate
leaves and 2-3 or many flowers in axillary peduncles.
Stipules adnate, often laciniate. Petals free from the
diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod 1-several-seeded,
coiled into a spiral.
1. M. sativa L. (ALFALFA.) Stems erect from a deep perennial
tap-root, glabrous, 5-10 dm. high ; leaflets cuneate-obldng to ob-
lanceolate, toothed above ; flowers many in a short raceme, violet ;
pod spirally coiled, unarmed.
An occasional escape. Native of Europe.
2. M. denticulata Willd. (BUR-CLOVER.) Slender, much
branched, decumbent, glabrous annual; leaflets obovate to obcor-
date, toothed above ; flowers small, yellow, 2-3 or rarely more on
axillary peduncles ; pods coiled, their margins armed with hooked
prickles.
Everywhere common. Native of Europe.
3. M. apiculata Willd. Stems branched from the base,
spreading, 3-6 dm. long; leaflets deltoid, 10-12 mm. long, den-
Pulse Family 211
ticulate except near the base; pod spirally coiled; 3-5 mm.
broad, unarmed, strongly reticulated, the reticulations extending
to the edge and appearing as a row of tubercles on either side of
the margin.
Occasional in lawns, Los Angeles ; Pasadena. Native of Europe.
4. M. orbicularis All. Much branched and spreading; leaves
obcordate, denticulate above; stipules laciniate; peduncles 1-2-
flowered ; pods coiled, unarmed, veiny, about 1 cm. broad.
This species, a native of southern Europe, was collected in a field near
Santa Ana by Helen D. Geis in 1902. We are not aware that it has here-
tofore been reported from North America.
5. M. lupulina L. More or less pilose-pubescent; stems
procumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long; leaflets broadly obovate,
denticulate above ; flowers in short spikes on slender peduncles,
yellow, scarcely 2 mm. long; legume 1-seeded, smooth, reniform,
the acuminate tip coiled.
Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek. Native of Europe.
6. MEL.ILOTUS L. SWEET CLOVER.
Erect annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foli-
ate leaves, the leaflets serrulate. Stipules adnate.
Flowers small in slender pedunculate racemes. Petals
free from the diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod
ovoid, small, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded.
1. M. Indica (L.) All. Annual; glabrous, erect, 3-20 dm.
high, branching; leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, dentic-
ulate, 2.5 cm. long or less; racemes many, bearing small, nearly
sessile, yellow flowers.
Common in damp ground. Native of Europe.
2. M. alba Lam. Annual; glabrous, erect, 6-20 dm. high,
branching; leaflets truncate; racemes many, elongated ; flowers
white, the standard exceeding the other petals.
Habitat of the last and as generally distributed but much less common.
Native of Europe.
7. TBIFOLIUM L. CLOVER.
Annual or perennial herbs with palmately 3-foliate
leaves. Leaflets usually denticulate. Stipules adnate.
212 Leguminosae
Flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely
few or solitary, on more or less elongated axillary or
terminal peduncles. Calyx 5-cleft with nearly equal
teeth, persistent. Petals persistent, all more or less
adnate to the staminal tube by their claws, or the stand-
.ard sometimes free : wings narrow ; keel mostly obtuse.
Stamens diadelphous. Pods membranous, shorter or
slightly exceeding the calyx, 1-6-seeded, dehiscent or
indehiscent.
* Heads not involucrate.
•*- Calyx-teeth not plumose; flowers pedicellate, reflexed in age.
1. T. gracilentum T. & G. Erect, slender, 2-5 dm. high, gla-
brous or peduncles and calyx sparsely villous; stipules lanceo-
late; leaflets cuneate-obcordate, serrulate, 1 cm. long; heads
15-25-flowered ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acu-
minate, 3 times the length of the tube; petals slightly exceed-
ing the calyx-teeth, purple or rose color; pods exserted, 2-seeded.
Common throughout our range on the plains and grassy hills. March-
April.
2. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, pale green or glau-
cous ; peduncles and calyx more or less villous ; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, entire; leaflets linear-cuneate, the sides remotely
toothed, apex bifid and mucronulate; heads 6-15-flowered ; calyx-
teeth subulate-setaceous, about equaling the minute pale rose-
colored corolla ; pod included, 1-seeded.
Morgans Station, Davidson.
3. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous ; stip-
ules narrow, acuminate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong or obovate, 1-2
cm. long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
very acute, rigidly ciliolate ; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx,
purple. (T. ciliatum Nutt.)
Common on grassy hillsides and in the valleys.
4. T. repens L. Perennial, diffuse, creeping, with erect
long-stalked leaves and heads; leaflets obcordate, denticulate;
calyx-teeth unequal, lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube;
corolla white ; pods usually 4-seeded.
The white clover of our lawns, occasionally appearing as an escape.
Pulse Family 213
•*- Calyx-teeth plumose; flowers subsessile, not reflexed in age.
5. T. pratense L. Rather stout, erect perennial, 2-3 dm.
high, pubescent; leaflets oval or obovate, often retuse, 2-3 cm.
long ; corolla elongated-tubular, rose-purple.
Sparingly cultivated and occasionally appearing as an escape.
6. T. Macraei albopurpureum (T. & G.) Greene. Much
branched, ascendmg or erect, 1-4 dm. high; stipules ovate to
lanceolate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the
middle, 12-20 mm. long; heads long-peduncled, ovate; calyx-
teeth longer than the tube, slender, plumose, equaling the small
white-tipped purple corolla. (T. albopurpureum T. & G.)
Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. March-April.
** Heads involucrate.
•*- Flowers not inflated.
** Involucre flat.
7. T. Wormskjoldii Lehm. Perennial, spreading under-
ground by slender rootstocks ; stems decumbent, often 3 dm.
long or more; herbage flaccid, glabrous; stipules lanceolate-acum-
inate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pecti-
nate-denticulate, 2 cm. long or more; involucre 1-2 cm. broad,
laciniate-aristate ; calyx-tube scarious, 10-striate; teeth linear-
subulate, much longer than the tube, all entire or 1 or more se-
taceously 2-3-parted; standard deeply emarginate, pale purple,
the other petals darker. (T. involucratum of Bot. Cal. in part.)
Frequent in low ground in the valleys. March-July.
8. T. spinulosum Dougl. Perennial with rather slender de-
cumbent or ascending stems, 2 dm. long or more ; leaflets nar-
rowly oblong, acute at both ends, spinulose denticulate, ending
in a stiff spinulose cusp; stipules ovate-acuminate, spinulose-
serrate; involucre deeply cleft or divided, smaller than in the
last; calyx-teeth narrowly subulate, stiff and pungent, about
equaling the corolla.
Frequent in the meadows of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains. Closely related to the last, and intermediate forms may be found.
9. T. variegatuxn Nutt. Annual ; glabrous, decumbent or pros-
trate with many slender branches; stipules lanciniately cleft;
peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; leaflets of the lower
leaves obcordate, those of the upper obovate-oblong, minutely
214 Leguminosae
spinulose-serrate ; involucre laciniate, shorter than the 3-15-flow-
ered heads; calyx-tube 15-nerved; teeth broadly subulate, taper-
ing to a setaceous point, longer than the tube; corolla exceed-
ing the calyx, purple and whitish-tipped.
Frequent in grassy openings in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt.
10. T. tridentatum Lindl. Annual; erectr2-4 dm. high, gla-
brous ; stipules setaceously laciniate ; leaflets linear or lanceolate,
sharply serrate, 2-6 cm. long; head 2-3 cm. broad; involucre
laciniate, much shorter than the flowers ; flowers about 1 cm. long,
bright purple with darker center; tip of standard sometimes
whitish; calyx-tube 10-nerved; the teeth rigid, broad at base,
abruptly narrowed to a subulates pinulose-tipped apex which
is usually subtended by a short stout tooth on each side.
Frequent on the plains and grassy hillsides. Very variable as to foliage.
March-April.
11. T. obtusiflorum Hook. Annual; stems stout, erect, flex-
uose. purple, with ascending branches; leaves dull green, soft
pubescent throughout and very clammy, acidulous; stipules
spreading or reflexed; leaflets 2-3 cm. long, linear-lanceolate,
pectinately setulose; heads 2-3 cm. broad on long peduncles;
calyx-tube with 10 prominent and as many lesser nerves ; corolla
whitish with a dark purple center. (T. roscidum Greene.)
Occasional on moist shady slopes and along streams in all our mountains,
confined mostly to the chaparral belt.
**** Involucre cup-shaped.
12. T. microcephalum Pursh. Annual; slender, much branch-
ed, decumbent, soft pubescent ; stipules ovate-acuminate, nearly
entire ; leaflets obovate-cuneiform or obcordate, denticulate ; heads
small, subglobose, many-flowered, on slender peduncles; involu-
cre many-cleft, the segments entire; calyx-teeth subulate, broad,
scarious and sometimes toothed at base ; corolla minute, pinkish ;
pod globose, 1-seeded.
Common in the foothills and mountains in open places. April-August.
•*- •*- Flowers becoming inflated.
13. T. furcatum Lindl. Usually stout and fistulose, branch-
ing from near the base, decumbent, 3-6 dm. long ; herbage light
green, glabrous and somewhat succulent; stipules large, mem-
Pulse Family 215
branous, nearly or quite entire; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, broadly
obovate, obtuse or retuse, dentate or spinulose-denticulate ; ped-
uncles stout, much exceeding the leaves ; involucral bracts con-
nate at base, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined ,
heads hemispheric, 2-4 cm. broad; calyx-teeth short, entire and
unequal ; corolla 1-2 cm. long, ochroleucous or somewhat reddish
tinged; pod stipitate, 3-8-seeded; seed rounded, minutely granu-
late.
Occasional on grassy hillsides in rather heavy soil. Elysian Park, David-
son; Chats worth Park.
14. T. stenophyllum Nutt. Diffuse annual with slender stems
and branches, often purplish, decumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm.
long ; leaflets linear, remotely serrate-toothed ; peduncles filiform,
much longer than the leaves ; segments of the involucre oblong,
cuneate at the base; head small, hemispheric; corolla purple or
white, inflated from a narrow base to a broad, almost truncate
apex; pod 2-seeded; seeds obliquely heart-shaped, strongly
rugose.
Frequent on grassy slopes. March.
15. T. depauperatum Desv. Low, diffuse, glabrous, annual,
branching from the base, decumbent, flaccid, 6-15 cm. long, few-
leafed ; leaflets 1 cm. long, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate,
denticulate; head long-peduncled, few-flowered; involucre much
reduced, with truncate short lobes ; corolla less inflated, not at
all truncate at apex ; pod 1-2-seeded ; seeds somewhat angular,
tuberculate-rugose.
Same range as the last and much resembling depauperate forms of it, but
easily distinguished by floral characters.
8. LOTUS L.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely suffrutescent
plants, with pinnately 3-many foliate leaves, and minute
gland-like or rarely foliaceous or scarious stipules.
Flowers solitary or umbellate, naked or subtended by
1-5-foliate bracts, sessile or on axillary peduncles.
Calyx about equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals free
from the stamens, nearly equal ; standard ovate or
rounded, the claw often remote from the others ; \vings
216 Leguminosae
obovate or oblong ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse or
acutely beaked ; stamens diadelphous. Style incurved.
Pod -linear, compressed or nearly terete, straight or
arcuate, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. (Ho-
sackia.)
* Stipules not gland-like; perennials.
1. L. oblongifolius (Benth.) Greene. Erect, slender, 3-4 dm.
high, somewhat appressed-pubescent ; leaflets 7-11, narrowly
oblong or oblanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, acute; stipules small,
acute ; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 5-7-flowered ; bract sub-
sessile, 1-3-foliate; flowers 15 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate,
nearly equaling the tube; corolla yellow, turning purplish or
brownish ; pod slender, 5 cm. long.
Occasional along mountain streams.
2. L. latnyroides (D. & H.) Greene. Slender, branching and
somewhat flexuose, 2.5-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent ; leaflets
5-7, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends; stipules triangular,
2 mm. long, scarious, ovate-acuminate; umbels 1-3-flowered,
with or without a linear-lanceolate bract; flowers 10 mm. long;
calyx-teeth linear, acute ; pod as in the last.
Along streams near Los Angeles and in San Gabriel Canyon.
** Stipules gland-like.
•*- Pod straight or nearly so, dehiscent. •
+«• Leaflets 1-3, on a linear rachis.
3. "Li. Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Annual; erect or decum-
bent, 2-6 dm. high, more or less villous ; leaflets 1-3 or rarely 5,
ovate to oblong, acutish, 12-15 mm. long; peduncles slender,
exceeding the leaves; bracts 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary,
salmon-colored or often whitish; calyx-tube short; the teeth
linear, equaling the corolla; pod 2-3 cm. long; seeds oblong,
smooth, dark-colored. (H. Purshiana Benth.)
Frequent in the foothills and mountains. June-September.
** +* Leaflets more than 3, on a dilated rachis.
= Flowers solitary ; bracts wanting ; standard approximate.
4. L. Wrangelianus F. & M. Annual; much branched, de-
cumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; sparsely or canescently
Pulse Family 217
villous, leafy ; leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate to oblong, 6-12
mm. long; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, equaling the tube;
corolla 6 mm. long, yellow; standard broadly ovate, erect; pod
pubescent, straight, 14-20 mm. long, 5-7-seeded. (H. subpinnata
T. & G.)
Frequent on dry hillsides and plains. March-May.
5. L. humistratus Greene. Much resembling depauperate
forms of the last but more diffuse ; herbage soft villous ; flowers
nearly sessile, yellow ; calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the
tube ; pod oblong, 1 cm. long, pilose, 2-3-seeded. (H. brachycarpa
Benth.)
Habitat of the last and as generally distributed, but less common.
= = Peduncles few-many- flowered; bracts usually present; standard
rather remote from the other petals, more or less reflexed.
(a) Annuals.
6. It. micrantlius Benth. Erect, slender, 5-20 cm. high, gla-
brous; leaflets 3-5, obovate and small to narrowly oblong and
12-16 mm. long; peduncles filiform; bracts 1-3-foliate; flowers
4 mm. long or less, yellow, turning reddish ; keel sharply incurved
at apex, about equaling the wings; blade of standard cordate;
pod 2.5 cm. long, compressed, constricted between the seeds;
seeds oval or roundish, slightly compressed, smooth. (H. parvi-
flora Benth.)
Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains in open grassy places. Not
common. April-June.
7. L. salsuginosus Greene. Ascending or decumbent, minute-
ly strigose or nearly glabrous, somewhat succulent, the branches
2-4 dm. long; leaflets 4-6, obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; ped-
uncles about equaling the leaves, 1-4-flowered ; bracts 1-3-foliate
or sometimes wanting; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. long; calyx-
teeth linear-subulate, about equaling the tube; standard and
wings equaling the straight keel ; pod scarcely compressed, 2-3
cm. long, 1 0-20- seeded ; seeds obliquely oval, smooth. (H. mari-
tima Nutt.)
In moist places on the plains and in the canyons of the foothills. March-
May.
8. It. rubellus (Nutt.) Greene. Slender, prostrate, strigose-
pubescent, or nearly glabrous, not at all succulent ; leaflets 6-10,
linear-oblong, mostly acutish ; early peduncles shorter than the
218 Leguminosae
leaves, bractless, 1-flowered, the later bracted, 2-flowered; corolla
usually reddish, 4-5 mm. long; pod straight or slightly curved at
tip, less than 2 mm. broad, 2.5 cm. long, 1-10-seeded; seeds
quadrate, minutely granulate, 1 mm. long or usually less, light
tawny.
Common in sandy soil along the coast. March-April.
9. L, strigosus (Nutt.) Greene. Strigose-pubescent, decum-
bent or prostrate; peduncles usually somewhat exceeding the
leaves, 2-flowered and 3-foliate-bracted ; flowers 9-12 mm. long,
yellow; pod pubescent, slightly curved upward, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5
mm. broad; seeds quadrate, more or less notched at both ends
as well as at the hilium, rugose and faintly tuberculate, mostly
olive-green.
Very common in open grassy places both on the plains and foothills below
2000 feet. March-May.
10. L. nudiflorus (Nutt.) Greene. Strigose-pubescent, decum-
bent or ascending; leaves shorter and broader than in the last;
peduncles exceeding the leaves, usually 2-flowered and 3-foliate-
bracted; flowers yellow, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; seeds
quadrate, seldom notched except at hilium, 2 mm. broad, strongly
mottled with black.
Occasional in open stony places in the San Gabriel Mountains.
(b) Perennials.
11. L. grandiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Perennial ; erect, 3-10
dm. high or more, slender, with few leaves and long internodes,
nearly glabrous, or somewhat silky-pubescent ; leaflets 5-7 on an
elongated rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, acutish ;
peduncles slender, elongated, small-bracted, 5-8-flowered ; flowers
2 cm. long, deep yellow, turning orange; calyx half as long; the
subulate teeth nearly equaling the tube ; pod slender, elongated,
glabrous.
Rustic Canyon, near Santa Monica, Basse.
.+- •*- Pod more or less arcuate, long-pointed, indehiscent.
*+ Perennials.
12. L. glaber (Torr.) Greene. Suffrutescent, tufted and reedy,
5-10 dm. high, erect or decumbent, nearly glabrous; leaflets
mostly 3, oblong to linear-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, obtuse or
Pulse Family 219
acute; umbels numerous, sessile; flowers 6-8 mm. long, yellow,
turning reddish; calyx 3-5 mm. long; the teeth subulate, erect,
slightly less than half as long as the tube. (H. glabra Torr.)
Common throughout our range in dry places below 3000 feet. Flowering
nearly the year round.
13. L. junceus (Benth.) Greene. Much resembling the last,
erect, shrubby ; leaflets obovate to oblong, 4-8 mm. long ; umbels
short-pedunculate to sessile; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx 4 mm.
long or less; teeth short and blunt.
Said to occur along the seacoast of Los Angeles County, but we have been
unable to detect it.
14. L.. leucophyllus Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, much
branched and ascending, having the habit of L. glaber, but sil-
very canescent with a close short silky pubescence ; leaflets 3,
cuneate-oblong to linear, 12-15 mm. long; umbels few-flowered,
sessile or short-peduncled ; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx half as
long, with short slender teeth. • (H. sericea Benth.)
San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson.
15. L. argophyllus (Gray) Greene. Densely silvery-silky
throughout; stems herbaceous, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm.
long ; leaflets 3-7, obovate and rounded, or oblong and acute, 5-12
mm. long; umbels dense, capitate, on short simple bracted ped-
uncles; flowers 8-10 mm. long; calyx half as long; the teeth
filiform, nearly as long as the tube, silky.
In the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
16. L. Davidson! Greene. Suffrutescent at the very base, the
slender branches 3-6 dm. long, prostrate or decumbent, only
sparsely leafy, floriferous chiefly near the ends; herbage canes-
cent with an appressed silky pubescence ; leaflets 3-5,'cuneate-
obovate, obtuse or acutish, 4-8 mm. long; umbel unifoliate-
bracted, many-flowered, on a slender peduncle, 2.5 cm. long or
less, usually exceeding the leaves; calyx-tube 2 mm. long; the
teeth slender, 1 mm. long; corolla about 6 mm. long, sulphur-
yellow, becoming deep red in age; pod strongly arcuate.
Wilson's Peak, where it was first collected by Davidson. This specie's
is very close to L. argophyllus and will no doubt prove to be only a form of it.
May-July.
17. L. Nevadensis (Wats.) Greene. Branches mostly prostrate,
wiry at base and more or less woody, 3-6 dm. long; sparingly
220 Leguminosae
villous or somewhat tomentose; leaflets 3-5, cuneate-obovate,
acute, 6-10 mm. long; umbel many-flowered, short-peduncled ;
bract 1-foliate; calyx-tube 2 mm. long; the teeth slender, half
as long; pod strongly arcuate.
Frequent in the San Bernardino and San Antonio Mountains in open pine
woods.
•**•** Annuals.
18. L. Heerxnaxmi (D. & H.) Greene. Branches numerous,
flexuose, weak and prostrate, 3-10 dm. long ; pubescence spread-
ing and slightly tomentose; leaflets 5-7, obovate or cuneate-
oblong, 4-8 mm. long; umbels on short peduncles or sessile;
flowers 4-5 mm. long; calyx half as long, somewhat villous; the
teeth filiform, about equaling the tube.
Canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, below 4000 feet.
9. PSORALEA L.
Punctate with dots and heavy-scented perennial herbs
or rarely shrubby. Stipules free from the petiole.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliate or rarely palmately 3— 5-foli-
ate. Calyx-lobes nearly equal, the upper often connate.
Keel united with the wings, broad and obtuse above.
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous ; anthers all
alike. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
* Leaves pinnately 3-foliate.
•*- Stems erect.
1. P. macrostachya DC. Simple or more or less branched,
1-4 m. high, nearly glabrous, pubenilent or often somewhat
tomentose; stipules small, lanceolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
3-5 cm. long; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes
cylindric, silky-villous ; bracts broad, acuminate, equaling the
flowers; lower calyx-tooth longest, about equaling the corolla;
tenth stamen nearly free; pod villous, ovate-oblong, acute, com-
pressed, 6-8 mm. long.
Along streams in the foothills and in the valleys. June-August.
2. P. physodes Dougl. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly
glabrous; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaflets ovate, acute, 2-3
cm. long; peduncles about equaling the leaves; racemes short,
Pulse Family 221
dense; bracts small; calyx with sessile glands and somewhat
villous with black hairs, becoming enlarged and inflated in fruit;
teeth short, nearly equal ; corolla 1 cm. long, twice as long as the
calyx, ochroleucous, often with a deep purple tinge; stamens
monadelphous; pod rounded, compressed, 6 mm. long.
Frequent in the upper chaparral belt throughout our range.
•*- •*- Stems prostrate.
3. P. orbicularis Lindl. Stem prostrate, creeping, the leaves
and racemes erect, long stalked ; leaflets 2.5-4 cm. long, the termi-
nal one nearly orbicular, the lateral pair obovate ; raceme often
2 dm. long ; bracts large, deciduous ; calyx villous and pedicellate-
glandular, cleft nearly to the base, the lower tooth equaling the
purplish corolla; stamens diadelphous; pod ovate, acute, 6 mm.
long.
Occasional in the valleys throughout our range; rare in the coast region.
** Leaves palmately 5- foliate.
4. P. Californica Wats. Low, tufted ; pubescence short, silky,
appressed; stipules scarious, lanceolate, deciduous; leaflets
broadly lanceolate, acutish, 2-4 cm. long; peduncles short; ra-
cemes rather loose, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender;
calyx silky-villous, 1 cm. long; the lobes linear, acuminate,
slightly surpassing the corolla ; pod thin, villous, oblong, with a
lanceolate beak.
San Bernardino Mountains in the chaparral belt.
10. AMORPHA L.
Glandular-punctate and heavy-scented shrubs with
unequally pinnate leaves, caducous stipules, and small
purple flowers in terminal spikes. Calyx obconic-cam-
panulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard erect, concave,
unguiculate ; wings and keel wanting. Stamens mona-
delphous at the base. Pod short, exceeding the calyx,
sessile, indehiscent, 1— 2-seeded.
1. A. Californica Nutt. 1-3 m. high, puberulent, the nascent
parts villous-pubescent ; leaflets 11-15, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 2
222 Leguminosae
cm. long; spikes slender, 5-15 cm. long; calyx-teeth acute,
broadly triangular.
Occasional in the upper chaparral belt in all our mountains.
11. ASTRAGALUS L. RATTLE- WEED or Loco- WEED.
Annual or perennial herbs or sometimes woody at
base, with unequally pinnate leaves, persistent stipules,
and rather small flowers arranged in axillary spikes or
racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with narrow blade
and slender claw ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma terminal, minute. Pod various, coriaceous and
turgid, or thin and bladdery-inflated, 1-celled or becom-
ing 2-celled by intrusion of one or both sutures. Seeds
few to many, small, on slender funiculi.
* Annuals.
1. A. didymocarpus H. & A. Slender, 3dm. high, pubescent
with fine, somewhat scattered hairs ; leaflets 9-15, cuneate-oblong
to linear, emarginate, 6-10 mm. long; spikes long-peduncled,
dense, ovate or oblong, 2-3 cm. long; flowers 3-5 mm. long, dull
purplish; pods erect, 4 mm. long, and about as broad, scarcely
exserted from the calyx, strongly wrinkled, 2-celled, 2-seeded.
Frequent on the plains and on grassy slopes of the foothills, mostly in
the interior region.
2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Stems very slender, 1-2 dm. high,
slightly pubescent; leaflets as in the last; spikes less dense,
cylindric, 2 cm. long ; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx,
•slightly wrinkled, strongly obcompressed ; closely related to the
last, but easily distinguished by fruit.
Not known within our limits, but it has been reported from Newhall and
€atalina Island. March-May.
3. A. strigosus (Kell.) Sheldon. Slender, sparsely and mi-
nutely pubescent, 15-20 cm. high ; leaflets 9-15, linear or cuneate,
acute or retuse ; flowers many, capitate, on a slender peduncle,
purple and white; pod 15 mm., long, slender, incurved, 2-celled,
5-10 seeded.
In low ground near the coast. March-May.
Pulse Family 223
** Perennials.
+-Pods bladdery-inflated.
-"•Pods stipitate.
4. A. leucopsis Torr. (RATTLE- WEED.) Stems erect, 3-5 dm.
high, tomentulose-canescent ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oval or oblong,
obtuse, 1 cm . long or more ; spike-like racemes , 3-6 cm. long or some-
times more; flowers 12 mm. long; calyx-tube campanulate, the
teeth subulate, more than half as long as the tube; pod thin,
bladdery, oval, unequally sided, 2-3 cm. long, tapering to a stipe
12 mm. long or less.
Frequent on the plains. March-May.
+++* Pods sessile.
5. A. Parishii Gray. Nascent parts sparsely pubescent,
becoming glabrous or nearly so ; stems somewhat fistulose, much
branched from the base and decumbent ; leaves about 1 dm. long,,
bearing about 32 leaflets ; leaflets 10-25 mm. long ; racemes 2-4
cm. long; flowers greenish-white-, 1 cm. long; pods sessile, 2-&
cm. long and nearly as thick.
Chats-worth Park.
** Pods not bladdery-inflated. .
6. A. Antiselli Gray. Stems slender, erect, 3-5 dm. high,
cinereous-pubescent, leaflets 21-29, linear-oblong, crowded, 4-&
mm. long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; raceme loosely
few-flowered ; flowers small, greenish- white ; calyx-teeth half the
length of the campanulate tube; pod thin, linear-oblong, com-
pressed, glabrous, 1-celled, 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, tapering to
a stipe of about half its length.
On grassy hillsides in our interior valleys. April.
7. A. pycnostachys Gray. Stout, erect, 6 dm. high, more
or less villous-hoary ; leaflets about 21, oblong, 12 mm. long;
flowers yellowish, in dense cylindric short-peduncled spikes;
pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated, ovate, acute, laterally flat-
tened, thin-coriaceous, glabrous, coarsely reticulate, 1-celled.
In moist subsaline soil near the sea. July-September.
8. A. Brauntonii Parish. Stems lignescent at base, 1-1.5 m.
long, erect or reclining; herbage canescent throughout with a
short soft pubescence ; leaflets 15-20 pairs, oblong, 2-5 cm. long ;
224 Leguminosae
flowers and fruit reflexed in compact many-flowered spikes ;
calyx-teeth slender, equaling the tube ; corolla light purple ; pod
sessile, coriaceous, oblong, 1 cm. long, 2-celled by the nearly com-
plete infolding of the dorsal suture to near the apex; seeds 2-3.
Occasional in dry places in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse, Braun-
ton.
12. GLYCYRRHIZA L. LICORICE.
Glandular-viscid erect perennial herbs with unequal-
ly pinnate leaves more or less persistent, and flowers in
dense axillary peduncled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals
narrow. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; the
alternate anthers smaller ; anther-cells confluent at the
apex. Pod short, compressed, often curved, prickly, in-
dehiscent, few-seeded.
1. G. glutinosa Nutt. Erect or decumbent, 6-9 dm. high,
nearly glabrous and viscid with minute sessile resinous dots, or
glutinous by a villous or hirsute glandular pubescence ; leaflets
13-19, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long ; stipules ovate-acuminate
to lanceolate, persistent; spikes oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, on ped-
uncles a little shorter; pod bur-like.
Occasional in canyons below 4000 feet, in our interior region.
13. VICIA L. VETCH.
Herbs with angular stems, more or less climbing by
the tendrils at the ends of the pinnate leaves. Calyx
5-cleft or 5-toothed, the upper teeth often shorter. Wings
of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Sta-
mens diadelphous or nearly so ; anthers uniform. Style
filiform, inflexed, the apex surrounded by hairs. Pod
flat, 2-valved. Seeds globular, usually many.
* Perennials.
1. V. Americana Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so, weak, 6-15
dm. high, climbing by branched tendrils; leaflets 8-12, thin-
membranous, vivid green above, pale beneath, mostly broadly
oblong and obtuse, mucronulate, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles shorter
Pulse Family 225
than the leaves, 4-8-flowered ; flowers purplish or bluish, about
18 mm. long; calyx-tube 4 mm. long; the lower teeth about 2
mm. long, the upper shorter, approximate, incurved.
Our forms all seem to belong to the two varieties.
V. AMERICANA TRUNCATA (Nutt.) Brew. Leaflets oblong-elliptic
or the lower broadly linear, 15-30 cm. long, truncate or broadly
retuse at summit, otherwise like the type.
Occasional on shaded slopes in the chaparral belt.
V. AMERICANA LINEARIS (Nutt.) Wats. Leaflets narrowly linear,
acute, strongly veined beneath, 12-25 cm. long.
Frequent in the chaparral belt, usually in more open places than the last.
2. V. Californica Greene. Erect or decumbent, rather strict
and seldom climbing, 1.5-4 dm. high, villous-pubescent ; tendrils
short, stiffish, seldom branched ; leaflets 8-12, subcoriaceous, deli-
cately feather-veined, cuneate-obovate, truncate or retuse, 10-15
mm. long, more or less dentate toward the mucronulate apex;
racemes exceeding the leaves, 3-5-flowered; calyx-teeth all broad
and short; corolla 12-18 mm. long, deep purple.
Summit of Mount Santiago, Orange County, and in the pine belt of the
Cuyamaca Mountains.
** Annuals.
3. V. sativa L. Stoutish, erect or nearly so, 6-9 dm. high,
somewhat pubescent ; leaflets 8-12, obovate-oblong, truncate or
retuse, mucronate; flowers 1 or 2, subsessile, 15 mm. long, red-
purple.
Rarely seen as an escape. Native of Europe.
4. V. exigua Nutt. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, slightly pubescent ;
leaflets 4-6, oblong-linear, obtuse; peduncles filiform, shorter
than the leaves, 1-2-flowered ; calyx-teeth lanceolate from a broad
base; corolla white or purplish, 4-6 mm. long; pod glabrous,
4-5-seeded.
Occasional on grassy hills, mostly in sandy soil.
5. V. Hassei Wats. Taller and less delicate than the last;
leaves longer and more numerous, deeply notched at apex ; flowers
6 mm. long; pod shortly stipitate, 5-8-seeded.
Same range as the last and probably only a robust form of it.
226 Leguminosae
14. LATHYBUS L. WILD PEA. ,
Much resembling Vicia, but usually larger with
broader leaves and flowers. Style-branches dilated and
flattish above, hairy along the inner side.
1. L. violaceus Greene. Sparsely and minutely pubescent
throughout; stems slender, shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high, acutely
angled ; stipules entire, narrow, less than half as long as adjacent
leaflet ; leaflets about 12, elliptic, obtuse, with a deflexed mucro ;
peduncles surpassing the leaves, many-flowered and rather dense ;
flowers 16 mm. long; lateral calyx-teeth much longer than the
tube ; the lowest equaling these and half as broad ; the upper pair
short, slightly connivent ; petals purple ; standard strongly obcor-
date; wings slightly shorter than keel.
Common in the foothills, especially in the chaparral belt.
2. Li. laetiflorus Greene. Sparsely and minutely appressed
pubescent; stems slender, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby
below, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves of rather firm texture, elliptic-
lanceolate; peduncles surpassing the leaves, loosely many-
flowered ; flowers about 22 mm. long ; lateral pair of calyx-teeth
broadly subulate, about equaling the tube, the lowest subulate,
longer than the tube, the upper pair very short, connivent at tip ;
petals nearly white, faintly flesh color; standard obcordate, the
sides abruptly reflexed, purple-veined ; wings meeting and con-
cealing the keel from above.
Less common than the last, but having about the same range.
3. Li. Alfeldi White. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent through-
out ; stem rather stout, flexuose, wingless ; stipules semicordate,
acuminate, thick, strongly reticulated, %-}4. as long as the leaf-
lets and often nearly as broad, the lower coarsely lobed, acu-
minately toothed ; leaflets 6-10, oblong to obovate, thick and stiff,
prominently reticulated, glabrous ; peduncles 6-10-flowered, much
exceeding the leaf ; flowers 2-3 cm. long, purple ; pedicels longer
than the calyx-tube ; calyx pubescent, upper teeth short, broadly
triangular, acute, lateral pair oblong-lanceolate, equaling the
tube, the lowest of equal length, subulate.
Frequent in the foothills of our interior region.
L. SPLENDENS Torr. Flowers very showy, deep rose-purple.
A very handsome species of Riverside and San Diego County, said to have
been first collected at Cucamonga.
Geraniaceae 227
Family 43. GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY.
Herbs with alternate or opposite, palmately lobed or
pinnate leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered perfect
regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5,
rarely fewer, usually persistent. Petals of the same
number, hypogynous. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as
many ; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Carpels 5, united
about a central axis, each 1-2-ovuled, indehiscent, at
length elastically splitting away from below, and beaked
by the long style.
Anthers 10; carpel tails not hairy on the inside. 1. GERANIUM.
Anthers 5; carpel tails hairy on the inside. 2. ERODIUM.
1. GERANIUM L. GERANIUM.
Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided
leaves and axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers
regular, .5-merous. Sepals imbricated. Petals hypog-
ynous, imbricated. Stamens 10, generally 5 longer and
5 shorter. Style persistent, naked on the inner surface,
becoming recurved. Carpel opening 'along the inner
face.
1. G. Carolinianuxn L. More or less spreading, 15-30 cm. high,
loosely gray pubescent and glandular; leaves incisely 3-5-parted,
3-5 cm. broad; segments cuneate, more or less deeply toothed or
dissected; peduncles 2-flowered, about 2 cm. long; petals rose
color, 4-5 mm. broad; beak of fruit villous or glandular; carpels
villous-hispid, usually black; seed reticulate.
Frequent on grassy hillsides of the valleys and foothills, March-April.
G. RICHARDSONI F. & M. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin,
5-12 cm. broad, incisely 3-5-parted; flower 18-20 mm. broad,
white or lavender with rose-colored veins.
Frequent in open pine woods and meadows* in- the' San Bernardino and San
Jacinto Mountains. June-August.
2. EBODIUM L'Her. ALFILERILLA.
Herbs with mostly jointed nodes, opposite or alternate
stipulate leaves, and axillary umbellate nearly regular
228 Oxalidaceae
flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous,
imbricated, the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5.
Anther-bearing stamens 5, with slightly dilated filaments
alternating with as many sterile filaments. Styles be-
coming spirally coiled after splitting away, pubescent on
the inner face. Carpels closed.
* Leaves rounded, crenately toothed or lobed.
1. E. macrophylluxn H. & A. Mostly nearly or quite acau-
lescent, tomentose with copious interspersed long glandular hairs
at least on the pedicels; leaves triangular-ovate or reniform,
crenate-serrate, sometimes crenately-lobed ; peduncles exceeding
the leaves, accrescent, at length 1 cm. long; petals equaling the
sepals, dull white; carpel clavate, densely velvety-pubescent;
seeds smooth.
Occasional in dry grassy places in the valleys or low foothills.
** Leaves pinnate or bipinnate.
2. E. xnoschatum Willd. Acaulescent and prostrate or with
ascending branches, mostly rather stout and glandular; leaves
rather ample; stipules large, obtuse; leaflets unequally and
doubly serrate ; peduncle several-flowered ; flowers rose color or
purple, on rather short, stout pedicels ; sepals not terminated by
long bristles ; antheriferous filaments 2-toothed.
The more prevailing species in the coast valleys. Native of southern
Europe.
3. E. cicutariuxu (L.) L'Her. Much resembling the last, but
more slender and less glandular, often coarsely canescent ; leaf-
lets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow, acute lobes; pedicels slen-
der ; petals rose color or purple ; sepals with 1-2 terminal bristle-
like hairs; filaments not toothed.
The prevailing species of the interior valleys and foothills.
Family 44. OXALIDACEAE. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.
Annual or perennial, leafy stemmed or acaulescent
herbs, often with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, with sour
sap (oxalic-acid), and mostly palmately 3-foliate leaves.
Linaceae 229
Stipules commonly present as scarious margins to the
bases of the petioles ; leaflets mostly obcordate. Flowers
perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes or rarely solitary,
on mostly rather long peduncles. Sepals 5, often un-
equal. Petals 5, white, purple or yellow. Stamens
10-15. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles united or dis-
tinct ; ovules 2-many in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal,
globose or columnar capsule. Embryo straight ; endo-
sperm fleshy.
1. OXALIS L. WOOD- SORREL.
Sepals imbricated, regular. Petals hypogynous. Sta-
mens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter,
all anther-bearing. Ovules several in each cell ; styles
5, distinct, persistent ; stigmas terminal. Seeds with a
loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat.
1. O. Wrightii Gray. Caespitose perennial, the prostrate
and rooting or ascending stems suffrutescent and more or less
branched below, 15-20 cm. long or more, from a short, erect,
woody caudex; leaves 3-foliate; leaflets 4-10 mm. long, often
broader ; petiole somewhat stipular-dilated at base ; flowers 6-10
mm. broad, yellow, 1-3 on elongated, axillary peduncles which
are short-bracteate at summit ; petals obovate, twice as long as
the calyx, usually emarginate; capsules oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long.
Common in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
2. O. corniculata L. Annual, csespitose, prostrate and root-
ing at the nodes, somewhat rough-villous ; leaflets 6-10 mm. long,
mostly broader ; stipules evident, rounded or truncate at summit,
adnate; flowers 6 mm. long, solitary or umbelled, otherwise as
in the last.
Occasional about lawns and greenhouses.
Family 45. LINAGE AE. FLAX FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves and
perfect regular flowers. Stipules mostly small or none.
Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. Petals of the
230 Polygalaceae
same number and alternate with them ; filaments mona-
delphous at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary
1, 2-5-celled or falsely 4-10-celled. Styles 2-5. Fruit
capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, oily ; endosperm little
or none ; embryo straight.
1. LINUM L. FLAX or LINSEED.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the
base, with alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, sessile
leaves, and perfect flowers. Inflorescence axillary or
paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands or wanting.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugaceous. Stamens 5, sometimes
with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled or
falsely 8-10-celled ; ovules 2 to each cell. Capsule
5-10-valved.
1. I*, usitatissmum L. Annual ; often tufted, erect, branching
above, 3-5 drn. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves
alternate, 3-nerved, lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide;
stipules none; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle;
flowers blue, 12-16 mm. broad, on slender pedicels ; sepals ovate,
acuminate, the inner ones ciliate and 3-ribbed ; petals obcuheate,
crenulate, twice the length of the sepals; capsule ovoid-conic,
6-8 mm. long, ihdehiscent; seeds compressed.
Occasional along streets about Los Angeles.
Family 46. POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or Whorled,
exstipulate leaves and racemose, spicate or solitary and
axillary flowers. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at base.
Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 5?
hypogynous, more or less. united into a tube, the lower
ones often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in 1 or
2 sets. Ovary 2-c'elled ; styles simple ; stigma curved,
dilated or lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous.
Euphorbiaceae 231
Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled, often
hairy ; embryo straight.
1. POL YG ALA L.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or whorled
leaves and racemose, spicate or rarely solitary flowers.
Petals 3, united into a tube, which is split on the back
and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6,
monadelphous below or diadelphous. Capsule membran-
ous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin ; seeds
usually hairy.
1. P. Californica Nutt. Stems many, slender, 5-20 cm. high,
from a woody base, mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or
ovate-elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers rose-purple, on bracteate
pedicels, 2-6 mm. long; wings 5 mm. long, rounded, saccate at
base, inner sepals broadly spatulate, 1 cm. long or less; lateral
petals linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate, equaling the broad
obtuse somewhat curved beak of the rounded hood ; fruit mostly
from cleistogamous flowers ; capsule glabrous, broadly ovate, 3 mm.
long, retuse, narrowly margined ; seed pubescent ; caruncle calyp-
triform, wrinkled and bladdery.
A more northern plant growing in shady places; rare within our limits,
being known only from the Mount Wilson trail at about 3000 feet altitude,
McClatchie.
Family 47. EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY.
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees with
acrid, often milky juice. Leaves opposite, alternate or
whorled, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, sometimes
with glands at the base ; stipules present or wanting.
Inflorescence various. Flowers sometimes apetalous,
often reduced and subtended by an involucre, which
resembles a calyx. Stamens few or numerous, in 1 or
many series ; filaments distinct or united. Ovary usu-
ally 3-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous ; styles
equaling the cells in number, simple, divided or many-
232 Euphorbiaceae
cleft. Fruit mostly a 3-lobed capsule separating often
elastically into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis.
Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight or slightly curved ;
endosperm fleshy or oily ; cotyledons broad.
Flowers with true calyx, not involucrate.
Stellate-pubescent.
Perennial; capsule 3-celled; dioecious. 1. CROTON.
Annual; capsule 1-celled; monoecious. 2. EBEMOCARPDS.
Glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves small, entire. 3. STILLINGIA.
Leaves large, palmately lobed. 4. RICINUS.
Flowers subtended by an involucre; calyx represented by a minute scale at
the base of the filament-like pedicel. 5. EUPHORBIA.
1. CROTON L. CROTON.
Stellate-pubescent, more or less glandular and strong-
scented herbs or shrubs, with mostly alternate, entire,
toothed or lobed leaves, and monoecious or dioecious
flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. Staminate
flowers uppermost ; calyx usually 5-parted ; petals usu-
ally present, small or rudimentary, alternating with the
glands ; stamens 5 or more, inflexed. Pistillate flowers
clustered below the staminate ; calyx 5— 10-parted ;
petals usually wanting ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 1 in each
cell ; styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule
splitting into usually 2-valved carpels ; seeds smooth or
minutely pitted.
1. C. Californicus Muell. Arg. Suffrutescent, procumbent or
ascending, 4-12 dm. high, dichotomously branched ; the branches
slender, cinereous throughout with a dense appressed scurf ; peti-
oles slender, 2-3.5 cm. long; stipules obsolete; leaves generally
oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, entire, 3-5-nerved; dioe-
cious; staminate plants more slender and short-branched; ra-
cemes simple; flowers about 3 mm. broad, on pedicels 4-6 mm.
long ; sepals 5, ovate ; stamens 12-15 ; filaments ciliate ; pistillate
raceme mostly 2-3-flowered ; styles 3, palmately 3-5-clef t or twice
2-cleft. Capsule usually 5-6 mm. high; seeds oval or globose,
4.5-5 mm. long, black.
Common in dry ground throughout our range.
Spurge Family 233
2. C. Californicus tenuis (Wats.) Ferguson. Stems erect,
3-7 dm. high, with very slender branches, densely scaly-stellate;
leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm.
wide, entire; petioles 5-10 mm. long, less than half the length of
the leaves ; staminate flowers about 2mm. broad ; stamens 10-12 ;
seeds 3-4 mm. long.
Same range as the type, and perhaps best considered only a form of it.
2. EREMOCARPUS Benth.
Stellate-pubescent glandular and heavy-scented an-
nual herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petiolate
exstipulate leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers in
axillary cymes. Calyx 5-6-parted, slightly imbricate in
the staminate flowers, wanting in the pistillate. Sta-
mens 6-7, central on the hairy receptacle ; filaments
exserted. Ovary with 4-5 small glands at the base,
1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style simple, filiform, stigmatic at the
apex. Capsule obovate-oblong, 2-valved. Seed smooth
and shining ; endosperm fleshy.
1. E. setigerus Benth. Low spreading heavy-scented annual,
hoary pubescent with a dense stellate and spreading hispid
pubescence; leaves ovoid or rhomboid, 2-5 cm. long, on slender
petioles, the upper crowded and appearing opposite or verticil-
late; staminate flowers few, long-pedicelled ; calyx with oblong,
obtuse segments, 2 mm. long; pistillate 1-3 in the axils; ovary
and style densely pubescent; capsule and seed 4 mm. long.
A common autumnal weed in all our valleys. Known as turkey weed.
3. RICINUS L. CASTOR-BEAN.
A tall monoecious herb, often persisting for several
years and becoming a small tree. Leaves alternate,
large, peltate, palmately lobed and toothed. Flowers
numerous, small, apetalous, greenish, in terminal racemes,
the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers
with a 3-5-parted calyx and numerous crowded stamens ;
filaments branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous
234 Euphorbiaceae
calyx. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; styles 3, united at the
base, 2-cleft. Capsule subglobose or oval, smooth or
spiny, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid
or oblong, mottled.
1. R. communis L. An introduced plant which is becoming
well established. In protected places it often becomes woody
and tree-like.
4. STILLINGIA L.
Glabrous herbs or shrubs with alternate or rarely
opposite, entire or toothed leaves, often with 2 glands at
the base, and monoecious bracteolate apetalous flowers
in terminal spikes ; bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate
flowers several together in the axils of the bractlets ;
calyx slightly 2-3-lobed ; stamens 2-3, exserted. Pistil-
late flowers solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets ;
calyx 3-lobed ; ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ;
styles short, somewhat united at the base. Capsule
2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 2-valved carpels. Seeds
ovoid or subglobose.
1. S. linearifolia Wats. Herbaceous, branching from the
somewhat woody base; the stems and branches slender, terete,
ascending, 3 dm. high or more ; leaves linear, entire or rarely ob-
scurely glandular-toothed, acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spikes slender,
open, 2.5-4 mm. long, with 2-7 scattered pistillate flowers below;
bracts very small, ovate, acute, minutely glandular on both sides,
1-flowered ; staminate flowers minute ; calyx turbinate ; stamens
2; pistillate calyx none ; capsule 3 mm. broad; seed round-ovate,
acute, 2 mm. long, smooth, somewhat viscid.
Occasional about San Bernardino and eastward in dry barren places, and
in similar places about San Diego.
5. EUPHORBIA L.
Monoecious herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or
verticillate leaves, and cymose flowers borne in sessile or
peduncled, turbinate or campanulate involucres, sub-
Spurge Family 235
tended by bracts which are often brightly colored. Sinuses
of the involucre usually bearing glands, naked or append-
aged. Staminate flowers scattered over the inner surface
of the involucre, consisting of a stamen, jointed on a fila-
ment-like pedicel which is subtended by a minute bractlet,
supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate flowers solitary,
consisting of a 3-celled ovary usually exserted on a stalk ;
styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsules often nodding, 3-lobed, separat-
ing into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds sometimes caruncled,
variously pitted, ridged or wrinkled.
* Glands of the involucre mostly with white or colored membranous
margins.
•*- Leaves entire ; margins of glands conspicuous.
1. E. albomarginata T. & G. Glabrous; stems numerous
from a woody perennial base, prostrate or decumbent, 5-30 cm.
long; leaves nearly orbicular, 4-8 mm. broad, often retuse above
and somewhat cordate at base, with a thin whitish edge; stipules
united into a conspicuous membranous white triangular scale,
entire or somewhat lacerate; involucres mostly solitary, cam-
panulate or turbinate, about 1.5 mm. long; glands maroon color
with a conspicuous entire white or rose-colored dilated append-
age ; capsule about 2 mm. long, the lobes angled on the back ;
seeds oblong, 4-angled.
Common and general. Flowering all summer.
2. E. polycarpa Benth. Glabrous or somewhat finely pubes-
cent; stems numerous from a perennial woody base, prostrate or
decumbent, 5-30 cm. long; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, usually
slightly cordate, 2-6 mm. long; stipules minute, short-triangular
to lanceolate, ciliate, distinct; involucres mostly solitary, about 1
mm. long; glands mostly dark purple, the white or rose-colored
somewhat crenate margins often very narrow; capsule small
with angled lobes; seeds oblong, 4-angled, about 1 mm. long.
Occasional in the foothills, especially in the Santa Ana Mountains.
3. E. melandenia Torr. Cinereous with a dense soft pubes-
cence, much branched from the base, the branches ascending
forming tufts; root simple, somewhat lignescent, but apparently
annual; leaves mostly ovate, short-petioled, usually oblique at
236 Euphorbiaceae
base, one side being somewhat cordate; stipules minute, ciliate,
distinct ; involucres solitary ; gland purple, its appendages with
a white or rose-colored margin; capsule densely hirsute. (E.
polycarpa vestitus Wats.)
Common in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun-
tains.
-«-•*- Leaves serrulate ; margins of glands smaller, greenish-white.
4. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Glabrous, annual; stems prostrate
or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; leaves mostly oblong, of ten narrowed
toward the oblique base, serrulate at the rounded or retuse sum-
mit, 4-12 mm. long; stipules distinct, setaceous or lacerate; in-
volucres solitary or in loose leafy clusters, campanulate, about
1 mm. long; glands small, greenish, the margin narrow, crenate
or entire; capsule angled, 2 mm. long; seeds sharply 4-angled,
the sides somewhat rugose.
Rather frequent throughout our range in moist places, especially on
borders of ponds.
** Gland destitute of colored margin; stipules none.
5. E. dictyosperma F. & M. Glabrous, annual; stem simple
or sometimes branching below, dichotomously branched above,
15-45 cm. high ; stem leaves scattered, oblong-spatulate to obo-
vate-spatulate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, often retuse, 1-3 cm.
long; on the branches opposite, broadly ovate to oblong, the
floral ones roundish-ovate, subcordate, mucronate, 4-12 mm.
long; rays usually 3 times forked; involucres and glands small;
styles bifid or parted ; capsule with rounded and warty lobes,
2-3 mm. long ; seeds subglobose, delicately netted-veined, dark
colored .
Occasional in rather moist places in all our foothills and mountains, con-
fined mostly to the chaparral belt.
6. E. nutans Lag. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent;
stems branched, ascending or erect, 2-6 dm. long, branches
often recurved at the ends; leaves opposite ; leaves oblong-ovate
to linear-oblong, oblique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, short -
petioled; stipules triangular, slightly lacerate; involucres nar-
rowly obovoid, 1 mm. long; glands subtended by small rounded
reddish appendages; capsule glabrous; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5
mm. long, 4-angled, transversely rugose.
This species, heretofore not known west of the Rocky Mountains, has been
recently collected near Santa Ana by Helen D. Geis.
Callitrichaceae 237
Family 48. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STAR-
WORT FAMILY.
Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with
slender or capillary stems, opposite exstipulate entire
leaves, and minute perfect monoecious axillary flowers.
Perianth none. Bracts 2, sac-like or none. Stamens 1 ;
filaments elongated, filiform ; anthers cordate, 2-celled,
opening by lateral slits. Pistil 1 ; ovary 4-celled ;
ovules 1 in each cell ; styles 2, filiform. Fruit com-
pressed, lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled
on the margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish
1-seeded carpels. Seed anatropous, pendulous ; endo-
sperm fleshy ; embryo straight or slightly curved.
1. CALLITBICHE L.
Characters of the family, this being the only genus.
1. C. xnarginata Torr. Usually rooting in the mud, small,
with linear-oblanceolate leaves, 4-6 mm. long or less, sometimes
floating with slender stems and the upper leaves spatulate ; styles
elongated, reflexed, deciduous; fruit on slender spreading pedi-
cels, 2-8 mm. long, deeply emarginate above and below, the
margins of the thick carpels widely divergent, narrowly winged.
Soldiers Home, Hasse. Near San Diego in shallow pools on the mesa.
Family 49. LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID
FAMILY.
Annual herbs with alternate petioled exstipulate pin-
nately divided leaves and perfect regular axillary long-
peduncled flowers. Sepals 2-5, valvate, persistent. Petals
the same number as the sepals, alternating with as many
small glands ; the nearly perigynous stamens twice as
many, distinct. Carpels as many as sepals and opposite
them, 1-ovuled, nearly distinct ; the single style slender,
238 Anacardaceae
arising from the center as in the Geraniaceae, cleft above
into as many stigmas as there are carpels. Fruit very
deeply 2-5-lobed, the carpels indehiscent, rough or tuber-
cled.
1. LIMNANTHTJS R. Br.
Low diffuse annuals, growing near water, with showy
white or rose-colored flowers solitary on axillary ped-
uncles. Carpels subglobose, at first fleshy, becoming
hard and rugose.
1. Li. Douglasii R. Br. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branch-
ed from the base, the weak and succulent stems 15-45 cm. long;
leaflets incisely lobed or parted with linear acute lobes ; ped-
uncles 5-10 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long; petals
oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate, 12-16 mm. long, yel-
low; style very slender, 6-8 mm. long.
Growing in wet places. Reported from Los Angeles and San Bernardino.
Family 50. ANACARDACEAE. SUMAC FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees with a resinous and usually acrid juice,
alternate simple or compound exstipulate leaves. Flowers
small, regular, mostly 5-merous, often polygamous or dioe-
cious, variously clustered. Stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals. Ovary free, 1-celled and 1-ovuled ;
styles sometimes 3. Fruit drupaceous.
1. BHUS L.
Shrubs or small trees with simple or pinnate decidu-
ous or evergreen leaves, and small flowers in axillary
and terminal panicles or sometimes in racemes or spikes.
Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens as many or twice
as many, with subulate filaments inserted under the
edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. Fruit a
small dry drupe. Seed pendulous upon a slender funic-
ulus rising from the base of the cell.
Sumac Family 239
* Inflorescence paniculate; fruit glabrous.
1. B. diversiloba T. & G. (Poisox OAK.) Erect, 1-3 m. high,
or ascending trees by aerial roots to a considerable height ; leaves
3-foliate, deciduous ; leaflets ovate, obovate or elliptic, very obtuse
or roundish at apex, variously lobed or toothed, or rarely entire;
flowers greenish, in small axillary open spreading or drooping
panicles; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, with a thin glabrous
deciduous epicarp and granular waxy persistent mesocarp ; stone
rugose or undulate.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. April-May.
2. B. laurina Nutt. Erect evergreen shrub, 2-4 m. high,
exhaling the odor of bitter almonds ; leaves thin, coriaceous,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, mucronate, 7-10 cm.
long, rounded at base on rather long petioles ; flowers polygamous,
very small, white, numerous in ample terminal panicles; drupes
whitish, 2-3 mm. in diameter, smooth; mesocarp waxy; stone
minute, smooth.
Very common in the foothills and extending well up into the chaparral ;
less common in the interior. June-July.
** Inflorescence glomerate or spike-like; fruit viscid, reddish.
3. B. integrifolia (Nutt.) B. & H. Low evergreen shrub, 1-2
m. high, often more or less depressed, with short stiff branches;
leaves oval, rigid-coriaceous, very obtuse at both ends, or acutish
at base, entire or sometimes serrate, 2.5-4 cm. long, dark green
and shining above, veiny and paler beneath ; petioles 5-8 mm.
long; inflorescence and young parts cinereous or canescently
puberulent; flowers white or rose-colored, glomerate, sessile, sub-
tended by rather thick orbicular bracts within which are 2 simi-
lar but thinner bractlets ; sepals oval-orbicular, scarious-margined,
ciliolate; drupes very viscid and acid, about 10 mm. in diameter.
Bluffs along the seashore; rarely extending inland on our range, Cahuenga
Pass; rather frequent in the foothills back of San Diego. February-March.
4. B. ovata Wats. Erect or spreading evergreen shrub, 1.5-3
m. high ; leaves rigid-coriaceous, very smooth and shining, ovate
or subcordate, acute at apex, entire or sharply Serrate ; inflores-
cence glabrous or glabrate ; bracts as in the last ; calyx scarcely
or not at all ciliolate; fruit 8 mm. in diameter, otherwise as in
the last.
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-April.
240 Aceraceae
5. R. trilobata Nutt. Low branching deciduous aromatic
shrub, more or less pubescent when young ; leaves 3-foliate ; the
terminal leaflet 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed
above the middle; the lateral pair 1-1.5 cm. long, round-ovate,
scarcely lobed, crenate; flowers yellowish, appearing before the
leaves in short spike-like clusters ; drupes viscid-hirsute.
Frequent in the foothills and mountains throughout our range. March.
Family 51. ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY. .
Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap,
opposite simple and palmately lobed or pinnate leaves,
and axillary or terminal cymose or racemose regular polyg-
amous or dioecious flowers. Calyx generally 5-parted,
the segments imbricated. Petals of the same number or
none. Disk thick, annular, lobed, sometimes obsolete.
Stamens 4-12, often 8 ; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed,
2-celled; styles 2, inserted between the lobes. Fruit of 2
long-winged samaras, joined at the base and 1-seeded or
rarely 2-seeded. Seeds compressed, ascending ; cotyle-
dons thin, folded.
1. ACER L. MAPLE.
Characters of the family.
1. A. macrophyUum Pursh. Becoming a tall tree with thick
rough and furrowed bark ; leaves large, deeply 3-5-parted, the lobes
irregular, coarsely toothed, soft pubescent when young, becoming
glabrate above and minutely puberulent below; flowers polyg-
amous, in many-flowered drooping racemes ; sepals and petals
rather broad, nearly equal; filaments pubescent at the base, in-
serted above the disk ; anthers sagittate ; carpels covered with stiff
tawny hairs ; wings 2.5-4 cm. long, diverging at an acute angle.
Occasional in all our mountains in canyons between 3000 and 6000 feet.
Family 52. RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, often thorny.
Leaves simple, stipulate, generally alternate. Stipules
Buckthorn Family 241
small, deciduous. Inflorescence commonly of axillary or
terminal cynics or panicles. Flowers small, regular, per-
fect or polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic or cylindric,
the limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the
petals and opposite them ; anthers short, versatile: Disk
fleshy. Ovary. sessile, free from or immersed in the disk,
2-5-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous, ascending.
Fruit a drupe or capsule, often 3-celled. Endosperm
fleshy, rarely none ; embryo large ; cotyledons flat.
Petals clawless or wanting. 1. RHAMNUS.
Petals long-clawed. 2. CEANOTHUS.
1. BHAMNUS L. BUCKTHORN.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate pinnately veined
(in ours) evergreen leaves, and small axillary cymose
perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate,
its limb 4-o-toothed. Petals 4-5, nearly sessile, some-
what emarginate and hooded, or none. Disk free from
the 3-4-celled ovary ; style 3-4-cleft. Drupe berry-like,
oblong or globose, containing 2-4 nut-like stones.
1. B. crocea Nutt. Low, much branched, the branches with
short spine-like branchlets, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves rigidly coriace-
ous, about 1 cm. long, bright green above, of ten yellowish beneath,
roundish-ovate, glandular-denticulate; flowers about 3 mm. in
diameter, reddish.
Occasional on the dry plains and in the chaparral belt of our interior
region.
2. B. crocea ilicifolia (Kell.) Greene. Shrub, sometimes
arborescent, branches scarcely spinescent ; leaves green on both
sides, often 2.5 cm. long; flowers often 5-merous; fruit some-
what larger than in the type.
Common in the chaparral belt throughout our range. In foliage closely
resembling Prunu* ilicifolia.
3. B. California Esch. Shrub, sometimes arborescent, 1-4
m. high, young parts pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves thin-
242 Rhamnaceae
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate,
3-5 cm. long; flowers in small umbel-like clusters, 5-merous;
petals small, ovate, emarginate; stamens exserted; fruit globose,
8-10 mm. in diameter.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Commonly called
wild coffee.
4. B. Californica tomentella (Benth.) Brew. & Wats. Leaves
tomentose beneath, the margins revolute, entire, otherwise as in
the type.
The more common form in the mountains, especially in the interior region.
2. CEANOTHUS L. CALIFORNIA LILAC.
Unarmed or spinescent, often arborescent shrubs, with
alternate or opposite leaves, and small but showy white,
blue or purple usually fragrant flowers, in often long-
peduncled dense axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx
5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, long-clawed. Ovary im-
mersed in the disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed.
Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 3-cleft. Fruit
somewhat 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets.
* Fruit hornless, sometimes keeled or crested; stipular base not
enlarged; leaves alternate.
•*- Leaves not glandular-toothed.
1. C. integerrinms H. & A. Tall, loosely branching and
sometimes arborescent with green or at length somewhat brownish
branches, slightly angled when young, not at all spinescent;
leaves ovate, 2-6 cm. long, prominently or sometimes indistinctly
3-veined, entire, somewhat loosely hairy above when young,
paler beneath and glabrescent or with a few soft hairs ; petioles
slender, somewhat villous, 6-8 mm. long; inflorescence 6-16 cm.
long and 3-10 cm. broad; flowers blue, varying to white; fruit
5-6 mm. in diameter, somewhat lobed at apex, nearly smooth
and with low but broad, deeply dorsal evanescent crests.
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains and in the uppermost por-
tions of the chaparral belt.
2. C. spinosus Nutt. Tall shrub or somewhat arborescent,
with at length cinnamon-brown, more or less divaricate, sparingly
Buckthorn Family 243
slender-spiny glabrous twigs; leaves elliptic, very obtuse or
emarginate, rounded or acutish at base, coriaceous, glabrous, 2-3
cm. long, entire, petioles glabrous or appressed-pubescent, 4-8
mm. long; thyrsus 10-15 cm. long and half as broad; flowers
pale blue; carpels depressed, 6 mm. in diameter, scarcely lobed,
smooth, crestless.
Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains, in canyons ; extending northward
to Santa Barbara, where it was first found by Nuttall.
3. C. divaricatus Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with pale green
glabrous or puberulent mostly very glaucous twigs, divergent,
some ending in spines ; leaves ovate, sometimes slightly cordate,
obtuse or acutish, glabrous and glaucous, coriaceous, 3-nerved,
10-15 mm. long; inflorescence 5-7 cm. long, mostly narrowly
oblong, dense, glabrate; flowers pale blue; capsule smooth, not
lobed, and scarcely crested, clammy, becoming dry.
Very common in the chaparral belt.
-*- •«- Leaves glandular-toothed.
4. C. tomentosus Parry. Shrub 2-4 m. high, with slender
gray or reddish, at first tomentose and usually densely verrucose
branches ; leaves round-ovate or elliptic, conspicuously glandular-
toothed, minutely velvety above, densely white or brownish
tomentose beneath, 1-3 cm. long, short-petioled ; inflorescence
loosely tomentose, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue or rarely
white; capsule 4 mm. in diameter, somewhat depressed, smooth,
slightly crested, distinctly lobed.
Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and
Cuyamaca Mountains, 3000-5000 feet altitude.
5. C. sorediatus H. & A. Shrubby or somewhat arborescent,
2-4 mm. high, with olive or at length purplish twigs; leaves
oblong-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, glandular-dentate,
1-2 cm. long, glabrous and glossy or sparingly pubescent when
young above, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath, silky-
pubescent on the principal veins and petioles; inflorescence at
first villous, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue; capsule globose,
4 mm. in diameter, smooth or slightly wrinkled, slightly lobed,
crestless.
A species of the coast mountains of central California, said to occur in
the San Gabriel Mountains, but not seen by the author.
244 Vitaceae
6. C. hirsutus Nutt. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-5 m. high,
with grayish or reddish, densely villous, rather flexible twigs;
leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base,
obtuse or acute, 2-4 cm. long, hirsute with rather long appressed
hairs above, loosely hirsute beneath especially along the veins ;
inflorescence loosely puberulent, villous, 2.5-5 cm. long ; flowers
deep blue to purplish ; capsule depressed, smooth, slightly lobed,
strongly crested. (C. oliganthus Nutt.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. 2500-4500
feet.
** Fruit crested and with horns; stipular base large and corky.
•*- Leaves alternate.
7. C. macrocarpus Nutt. Shrubby, 2-3 m. high, with gray
or reddish, at first appressed-pubescent twigs ; leaves rather thick,
spatulate or obovate, cuneate, obtuse to emarginate, glabrous and
dull above, minutely canescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long, margin
slightly revolute, entire or rarely denticulate; capsule 8-12 mm.
in diameter, laterally horned, apical crests low, scarcely lobed.
Frequent in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Ranges.
•*-•*- Leaves opposite.
8. C. cuneatus Nutt. Much resembling the last, but the
branches more rigid ; leaves similar but opposite, capsule slightly
oblong, 5 mm. in diameter, with 3 conspicuous horns near the
top.
Occasional along the southern rim of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Ranges.
9. C. crassifolius Torr. Shrub, 2-3 in. high, with grayish white
or rusty tomentose twigs ; leaves thick, elliptic-obovate, cuneate
or rounded at base, obtuse, somewhat revolute, pungently den-
tate or rarely entire, 1.5-3 cm. long, minutely roughened, at
length glabrous and pale green above, densely tomentose beneath ;
stipules very large ; capsules 8 mm. in diameter, with 3 stout,
erect horns near the tip.
Common In the chaparral belt of all our mountains.
Family 53. VITACEAE. GRAPE FAMILY.
Climbing or erect shrubs, with nodose joints, alternate
petioled leaves, and small flowers in panicles, racemes or
Malvaceae 245
cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separ-
ate or coherent, valvate. Stamens 4-5, opposite the
petals ; filaments subulate, inserted at the base of the
disk or between its lobes. Disk sometimes obsolete or
wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed
in the disk, 2-6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascend-
ing, anatropous. Fruit a 1-6-celled. commonly 2-celled,
berry. Testa bony ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo
short.
1. VITIS L. WILD GRAPE.
Climbing or trailing woody vines, mostly with tendrils.
Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed or detate. Stip-
ules generally small, caducous. Flowers mostly dioe-
cious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals
hypogynous or perigynous, coherent in a cap and decidu-
ous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ;
style very short, conic ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry
globose or ovoid, pulpy.
1. V. G-irdiana Munson. Strong climbing vine with thick
diaphragms ; leaves 15 cm. broad or less, broadly cordate-ovate,
with a rather deep and narrow sinus, obscurely 3-lobed, and with
many small and acute teeth, closely ashy tomentose beneath;
flower clusters large, very compound; berries small, black,
slightly glaucous ; seeds pyriform.
Occasional along streams in the foothills. June.
Family 54. MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly palmately
veined leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regu-
lar, perfect, or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Calyx
often bracted at the base. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, more
or less united, usually valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
convolute. Stamens many, hypogynous, monadelphous,
forming a central column around the pistil, united with
246 Malvaceae
the bases of the petals ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several-
celled, entire or lobed ; styles united below, distinct
above, mostly as many as the cells of the ovary ; ovules
1 or several in each cell. Fruit capsular, rarely a berry,
several-celled ; the carpels falling away entire or else
loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo curved ; cotyledons
large, plicate or conduplicate ; endosperm scanty or
copious.
Carpels 2-several-seeded. 1. MODIOLA.
Carpels 1-seeded.
Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style branches.
Stamens monadelphous. 2. MALVA.
Stamens united in phalanges in 2 series. 3. SIDALCEA.
Stigmas capitate or truncate.
Flowers rose- purple or rarely white. 4. MALVASTRUM.
Flowers cream-colored. 6. SIDA.
1. MODIOLA Moench.
Prostrate or ascending herbs often rooting from the
nodes, with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and small
axillary peduncled flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3.,
distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. Cells of the ovary many, with
2-3 ovules in each. Style branches stigmatic at the
summit. Carpels 15-20, septate between the seeds,
dehiscent into 2 valves, with awn-pointed tips, and aris-
tate on the back.
1. M. Caroliniana (L.) Don. Decumbent, annual or biennial,
more or less pubescent, freely branching ; stems 15-45 cm. long ;
leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 cm. wide, petioled, pedately
3-5-clef t, rarely simply dentate or incised ; flowers axillary, 6-10
mm. broad, red; peduncles at length elongated,, slender; fruit
depressed-orbicular, the carpels hispid-aristate along the back.
In rather low moist places. El Monte; Santa Anita.
2. MALVA L. MALLOW.
Pubescent or glabrate herbs with dentate lobed or dis-
sected leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or clus-
Mallow Family 247
tered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucre
3, rarely none. Petals 5. Ovary many-celled ; cells
1-ovuled ; style branches of the same number, linear,
stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels arranged in a
circle, beakless, indehiscent, 1 -seeded.
1. M. parviflora L. Glabrous or sparingly hairy annual,
with erect or ascending stems, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves rounded,
slightly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 3-10 cm. broad ; pedicels short ; bract-
lets linear; calyx accrescent, the broadly lobed limb rotately
spreading away from the mature fruit ; petals white or pale blue,
about equaling the calyx-lobes ; achenes glabrous or pubescent,
transversely and sharply rugose on the back, the acute winged
margins distinctly toothed.
A common vernal weed.
2. M. pusilla Smith. Much resembling the last in foliage
and habit ; pedicels somewhat longer ; calyx-lobes mostly closed
over the fruit ; petals bluish, 10-15 mm. long, surpassing the calyx-
lobes ; achenes reticulate-rugose, the margins acute, entire.
Known within our region only from low ground along Ballona Creek,
near Mesmer.
3. SID ALOE A Gray.
Erect annual or (ours) perennial herbs with mostly
palmately or pedately parted or deeply cleft leaves,
small stipules, and purple or pink or sometimes white
rather showy flowers, in terminal racemes or spikes, not
rarely polygamous by the abortion of the anthers. In-
volucre rarely present. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, com-
monly emarginate or truncate. Staminal column usu-
ally distinctly double, the exterior series of 5 distinct
4-10-antheriferous phalanges, the inner or terminal one
of about 10 mostly 2-antheriferous phalanges. Carpels
5-9, reniform, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
1. S. malvaeflora (Moc. & Sesse) Gray. Hirsute or stems
and petioles hispid with few-forked and some simple hairs ; stems
ascending or erect from decumbent base, 2-6 dm. high, from a
thick stock or root, simple ; basal leaves rounded crenate-incised,
248 Malvaceae
the upper more dissected ; flowers in simple few-many-flowered
spiciform racemes; petals rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; mature
carpels rugose-reticulate. (S. humilis Gray; S. delphinifolia
Nutt.)
Frequent on the grassy hills and mesas. March-May.
2. S. parviflora Greene. Stems glabrous at least below, sub-
simple, terminating in long slender loose racemes; lowest leaves
orbicular, crenate- toothed, the others deeply divided, the divisions
lobed; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, subtended by simple linear bracts
of scarcely the same length ; petals 8-12 mm. long, rounded at
apex ; carpels reticulated.
In low subsaline places throughout our range. Much resembling the last,
but easily recognized by the glabrous stems and leaves, and by the usually
smaller flowers.
4. MALVASTBUM Gray.
Low annual herbs or shrubs, often densely stellate-
pubescent. Bractlets 1-3 or rarely wanting. Calyx-
lobes 5. Petals 5, often showy. Staminal tube simple,
antheriferous at the summit. Styles filiform ; stigmas
capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, rarely 2-valved.
Seed ascending.
* Annuals.
1. M. exile Gray. Stems decumbent, branching from the
base, 2-4 dm. long, pubescent; leaves 12-18 mm. broad, broadly
ovate, cordate or truncate at base, deeply 5-lobed, sparingly
toothed, on slender petioles of about the same length ; flowers
mostly solitary and axillary on slender pedicels, 2-3 cm, long;
bractlets 3, linear, persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate;
petals obovate, purple, 4-6 mm. long; carpels 12-15, orbicular,
glabrous, transversely rugose-reticulated.
Chatsworth Park.
** Perennials.
•*- Upper surface of the leaves densely stellate-tomentose and hoary.
2. M. Fremontii Torr. Shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high, densely
soft-tomentose with long-rayed stellular pubescence; leaves
roundish, shallowly or scarcely at all cordate, crenate-toothed,
Mallow Family 249
2.5-5 cm. broad; flowers in axillary sessile or short pedunculate
clusters, interrupted spicate ; bractlets about equaling the calyx-
lobes ; calyx densely lanate tomentose, its lobes triangular, acute,
4-5 mm. long, mucronate with a more naked tip; petals rose
color, about 1 cm. long.
In the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
3. M. Davidsonii Robinson. Tall shrub or arborescent, 2-4
m. high, densely stellate-tomentose throughout; bractlets stout;
leaves deeply cordate, with narrow sinus, 5-angled or shallowly
5-lobed, varying to 3-lobed, irregularly crenate-dentate, 5-7.5 cm.
broad ; inflorescence a dense racemose panicle ; bractlets much
shorter than the calyx-lobes; calyx canescent-tomentose without
more naked mucronate tips, faintly 1-nerved or enervose; petals
rose-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long; carpels stellate-tomentose above/
San Fernando Valley and La Canada in washes.
•«--«- Upper surface of the leaves green, sparsely stellate-pubescent.
4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray. Tall shrub or somewhat
arborescent, 2-4 m. high, with wand-like branches, covered with
a dense short stellate-tomentum ; leaves angular, 5-lobed and
rather coarsely toothed, densely stellate-pubescent beneath,
sparsely so above, 3-5 cm. broad ; inflorescence racemose, or
amply racemose-paniculate; bractlets much shorter than the
calyx-lobes, these triangular, as broad as long, acute; petals rose-
purple, 2-2.5 cm. long. (M. Thurberi Gray; M. splendidum Kell.)
Common in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt.
5. SIDA L.
Herbs with serrate, crenate or lobed leaves and soli-
tary or clustered axillary or terminal perfect flowers.
Bractlets of the involucre none. Calyx 5-toothed or
5-cleft. Staminal tube anther-bearing at the summit.
Carpels 5-many, 1-ovuled ; style-branches of the same
number, stigmatic at the summit only. Carpels indehis-
cent or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous.
1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) T. & G. Perennial, stoutish, erect-
spreading or prostrate, leafy, 2-4 dm. long, hoary- tomentose or
250 Sterculiaceae
yellowish-tomentose throughout; leaves short-petioled, about
2.5 cm. long, reniform, oblique at the base, serrate or crenate;
flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, on slender at length reflexed
pedicels; bractlets 1 or 2, linear; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals
2cm. long, cream color; fruit short-conical, smooth ; carpels 6-10.
Common in subsaline places. May-September.
Family 55. STERCULIACEAE. STERCULIA FAMILY.
Trees, shrubs or herbs (mostly tropical or subtropical)
much resembling the Malvaceae. Calyx 5-parted, imbri-
cated, in ours petal-like. Petals wanting in ours. Sta-
mens in ours 5. monadelphous ; anthers adnate, extrorse,
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-celled or
rarely 4-celled, with numerous horizontal anatropous
ovules in the axils. Style simple, terminated by a
minute undivided stigma. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds
oval or ovoid ; embryo straight.
1. FBEMONTODENDBON Coville. CALIFORNIA SLIPPERY-
ELM.
Shrub with hard wood and dark colored bark. Leaves
tawny-canescent or ferruginous beneath. Bractlets 3,
sometimes 5, minute, caducous. Sepals roundish, rotately
spreading in anthesis, nectariferous-pitted at base. Sta-
mens regular ; filaments adnate to the calyx at the base,
monadelphous to or above the middle ; anthers elongated-
oblong, emarginate at both ends, adnate to an incon-
spicuous connective. Capsule ovoid, firm-coriaceous.
Seeds smooth.
1. F. Calif ornicum(Torr.) Coville. Branching shrub or arbor-
escent, 2-7 m. high ; leaves subcoriaceous, round-cordate to round-
ovate, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-cleft, 2-5 cm. broad; flowers short-ped-
uncled on short lateral branches ; calyx nearly glabrous, accrescent,
thin, 5-7 cm. in diameter, light yellow in anthesis, becoming
marcescent in age, within hairy at base and with a small nectarifer-
Elatinaceae 251
ous pit ; capsule 2.5 cm. long, hispid with short pungent hairs,
the cells villous within. (Fremontia Calif ornica Torr.)
Frequent in the upper altitudes of the chaparral belt of our interior
region. June-July.
Family 56. ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY.
Low herbs with opposite or verticillate stipulate entire
or serrate leaves, and small axillary or fascicled regular
perfect flowers. Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals of the
same number, hypogynous. Stamens of the same num-
ber or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5 ;
ovules many, anatropous. Capsule with septicidal dehis-
cence ; placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose
or ribbed.
1. ELATINE L.
Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs
with opposite or verticillate leaves, and minute axillary
mainly solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, mem-
branous. Capsule membranous, globose, 2-4-valved.
Seeds straight or slightly curved, striate longitudinally
and transversely.
1. E. brachysperma Gray. Terrestial or sometimes aquatic,
spreading, tufted, 2-5 cm. long ; leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, 4-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; sepals,
petals and stamens mainly 2; capsule globose, about 1 mm. in
diameter; seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about 0.5 mm.
long, marked by 6-7 longitudinal striae and 10-12 transverse
ones.
Occasional along borders of ponds toward the coast.
Family 57. FRANKENIACEAE. FRANKENIA
FAMILY.
Low perennial herbs or undershrubs with opposite
entire exstipulate leaves, sessile and often united at the
252 Cistaceae
membranous and somewhat sheathing base. Flowers
small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the axils of the
branches and branchlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic,
furrowed, its lobes 4-5, valvate. Petals as many as
calyx-lobes, hypogynous, narrowed to a claw which bears
an appendage on its inner face. Stamens 4—7 or rarely
more, hypogynous ; anther 2-celled, longitudinally de-
hiscent. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae ;
styles 2-4-cleft into filiform divisions. Capsule invested
by the persistent calyx. Seeds few, on slender funiculi
which are attached to the margin of the valves.
1. FBANKENIA L.
Characters of the family.
1. F. grandiflora Ch. & Sch. Stem much branched from a
somewhat woody base, more or less erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high,
glabrous or soft-pubescent, very leafy ; leaves obovate to narrowly
oblanceolate, revolute, 6-12 mm. long, dull green; calyx linear,
6 mm. long, strongly furrowed, the lobes short, acute; petals
small, red, the blade 2 mm. long or more, erose at the summit,
the appendages of the claw bifid ; stamens 4-7 ; style 3-cleft ; cap-
sule shorter than the calyx, linear, angular; seeds numerous.
Common in saline marshes. Flowering all summer.
Family 58. CISTACEAE. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
Shrubs or low woody plants with alternate or opposite
simple leaves, and solitary, racemose, clustered or panic-
ulate, regular, generally perfect flowers. Sepals 3-5,
persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior smaller and bract-like,
the inner 3 convolute. Petals 5 or 3 or sometimes want-
ing, fugacious. Stamens many, hypogynous. Ovary 1,
sessile, 1 -several-celled ; ovules orthotropous, stalked ;
style simple ; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehis-
cent by valves.. Seeds several or numerous; embryo
slender ; endosperm present.
Violaceae 253
1. HELIANTHEMUM L. ROCK-ROSE.
Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching,
mostly with showy yellow flowers. Petals 5, yellow,
fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae or false septa
3, ovules few-many ; style short or filiform or spatulate,
jointed with the ovary ; stigma capitate or 3-lobed.
Embryo curved.
1. H. scoparium Nutt. Stems tufted, slender, somewhat
woody below, sparsely stellate-pubescent, 2.5-3.5 dm. high ;
leaves few, narrowly linear, 8-20 cm. long; flowers on slender
pedicels, solitary or cymose at the ends of the branches; sepals
6 mm. long, acuminate, the 2 outer linear and much shorter;
petals 6-8 mm. long; stamens about 20; capsule equaling the
calyx.
Frequent on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all our mountains and
foothills. Our plants are slightly more pubescent than the form about
Monterey (which is typical), being often cinereous, and may prove to be a
good subspecies.
H. ALDERSONII Greene. A larger, nearly glabrous plant, with
petals 10-15 mm. long.
Common in the foothills of San Diego County.
Family 59. VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY.
Ours herbs with alternate or basal simple entire or
lobed leaves, and axillary or scapose usually solitary
perfect irregular flowers. Sepals 5, unequal. Petals
5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the lower one
spurred. Perfect stamens 5, hypogynous ; anthers erect,
connivent in a ring, sessile or on short filaments. Ovary
1, 1-celledj with 3 parietal placentae ; style simple. Cap-
sule dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous with a crus-
taceous testa ; embryo straight ; endosperm copious.
1. VIOLA L. VIOLET.
Characters of the family. The later flowers often
produced on runners or on short peduncles, and are
254 Violaceae
apetalous, or cleistogamous and abundantly fertile, while
the early showy ones are often sterile.
* Flowers blue or white.
1. V. palmata cucullata (Ait.) Gray. Acaulescent, the leaves
and scapes directly from rather short and thick rootstocks, glabrous
or somewhat villous-pubescent ; leaves rounded-cordate, renif or m
or hastate-reniform, tbe basal sides often cucullate-involute ;
corolla only saccate-spurred, blue or violet-purple, rarely white ;
lateral petals bearded toward the base; style gibbous-clavate,
beardless at summit.
In swamp-lands about Los Angeles, Davidson.
2. V. blanda Willd. Acaulescent, leaves and scapes from
slender filiform rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin,
ovate-cordate to round-reniform, crenulate; petals oblong to
ovate-lanceolate ; petals white with purple veins on the lower and
sometimes the lateral ones, usually beardless; spur short and
saccate.
Occasional about cold springs in the upper portions of the pine belt of the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
** Flowers yellow, at least within.
3. V. pedunculata T. & G. Stems 5-15 cm. long, prostrate
or ascending, puberulent or nearly glabrous ; leaves rhombic-
cordate, usually almost truncate at the broad base, obtuse, coarsely
crenate ; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or incised ;
peduncles erect, much exceeding the leaves, 10-20 cm. long; con-
spicuously bibractiolate ; flowers 2 cm. broad or more, yellow,
the upper petal dark brown without, the others purple- veined
within, the lateral ones bearded.
Frequent in open grassy places in the lower foothills and on the mesas.
March-April.
4. V. lobata Benth. Rootstocks erect ; stems stoutish, erect,
15-30 cm. high, leafy to the summit, puberulent or nearly gla-
brous; leaves renif orm or cordate in outline, 5-10 cm. broad,
palmately cleft into 5-9 narrowly oblong lobes, the central largest
or longest, some of the basal leaves often less lobed or merely
coarsely toothed ; petals 12 mm. long, yellow, the upper brownish
without, the lateral slightly bearded.
Occasional on the borders of mountain meadows in the San Bernardino
Mountains. Bear Valley.
Loasaceae 255
5. V. Douglasii Steud. Stems clustered from a deep fascicled
root, mostly subterranean, only the leaves and flowers appearing
above the ground, more or less pubescent; leaves large, bipin-
nately dissected into long linear or oblong segments; stipules
lanceolate, entire or toothed; peduncles equaling or exceeding
the leaves ; petals 10-14 cm. long, yellow, the upper brownish
purple without. ( V. chrysantha Hook.)
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
Family 60. LOASACEAE. LOASA FAMILY.
Erect or climbing branching herbs, often armed with
hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with alternate or oppo-
site exstipulate leaves, and solitary, racemose or cymose,
regular and perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5,
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens many,
inserted with the petals ; filaments filiform, commonly
arranged in clusters, opposite the petals ; anthers in-
trorse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, rarely
2-3-celled with 2-3 parietal placentae ; styles filiform,
entire or 2-3-lobed ; ovules anatropous ; endosperm
scanty.
1. MENTZELIA L.
Erect herbs with alternate entire lobed or pinnatifid
leaves, and terminal solitary or cymose, usually showy
flowers. Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud,
usually yellow. Styles 3, more or less united. Capsule
dehiscent at the tip, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat, some-
times winged, roughened or smooth.
* Petals 5, less than 15 mm. long.
1. M. integrifolia (Wats.) Rydb. Slender, about 3 dm. high ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or entire, the upper-
most often ovate; flowers clustered near the ends of the many
branchlets; calyx-lobes 2 mm. long, shorter than the petals;
filaments all filiform ; capsule narrowly linear-clavate, 12-18 mm.
256 Loasaceae
long; seeds usually in 1 row, short- prismatic, the 3 angles
grooved, the sides faintly tuberculate. (M. albicaulis integrifolia
Wats. ; M. dispersa Wats.)
Said to occur in our mountains, but not seen by us.
2. M. affinis Greene. Stems stouter, 3-6 dm. high, simple
and leafy below, widely branching above; leaves lanceolate,
deeply sinuate-pinnate; flowers scattered, 12 mm. broad; calyx-
lobes attenuate, subulate, 4-6 mm. long; filaments all filiform;
capsule 2.5 cm. long, almost linear, hispid with short stiff hairs ;
seeds prismatic, with grooved angles.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among the pines.
May-July.
3. M. micrantha T. & G. Rather slender, 3-6 dm. high,
simple below, corymbosely and rather compactly dichotomous
above; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate or sinuate-
toothed or entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers small, shorter than
the floral leaves; calyx-lobes 2 mm. long; petals oval, 3 mm.
long ; 5 outer stamens with dilated filaments ; capsule cylindric
or nearly so, 6-12 mm. long, few-seeded; seeds prismatic, with a
very shallow groove, the sides faintly tuberculate.
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
4. M. gracilenta T. & G. Stems rather stout, 3-4 dm. high,
branching from the base ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid,
with many narrow lobes, or only sinuate-toothed ; flowers usually
clustered ; calyx-lobes 4-10 mm. long ; petals obovate to oblanceo-
late, 8-16 mm. long; filaments subulate-filiform ; capsule slightly
clavate-dilated, 12-24 mm. long; seeds in 3 rows; irregularly
angular, minutely tuberculate, 1.5 mm. long.
Frequent on the plains and foothills and also on the sand-dunes along the
seashore.
** Petals usually 10, 25 mm. long or more.
5. M. laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. (BLAZING STAR.) Bien-
nial; stem stout, erect, branched above, 6-10 dm. high, often
white; leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, 5-15 cm. long; flowers
sessile on short branches, 6-8 cm. broad, light yellow, diurnal;
calyx-tube naked; calyx-lobes 2.5 cm. long or more; petals 10,
rarely 5, oblanceolate, acute; stamens numerous, about equaling
the petals in length, the outer with dilated filaments; capsule
3 cm. long; seeds many in double rows on the 3 placenUe,
Datiscaceae 257
horizontally flattened and winged, minutely tuberculate, 3 mm.
broad.
Frequent in dry washes in our interior valleys and canyons. May-Sep-
tember.
Family 61. DATISCACEAE. DATISCA FAMILY.
Ours smooth stout perennial herbs with unequally
laciniate pinnatifid leaves, and small dioecious or some-
times perfect flowers arranged in leafy racemes. Calyx
of sterile flowers very short with 4-9 unequal lobes ;
stamens 10-25, with short filaments. Pistillate flowers
with calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed ;
stamens when present 3, alternate with the teeth. Styles
3, bifid, the linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side.
Capsule 1-celled, opening at the apex between the styles.
Seeds many, small, in several rows on the 3 parietal
placentae ; embryo cylindric ; endosperm present.
1. DATISCA L. DURANGO ROOT.
Characters of the family.
1. D. glomerata (Presl) B. & W. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high,
simple or sparingly branched; leaves ovate or lanceolate in out-
line, acuminate, about 15 cm. long, the floral shorter; flowers
4-7 in each axil of the long leafy raceme; petals minute or want-
ing; the fertile flowers perfect; anthers subsessile, 4 mm. long,
yellow ; styles exceeding the ovary ; capsule oblong-ovate, 6-8
mm. long, slightly narrowed toward the truncate, triangular,
3-toothed summit.
Frequent along the streams in all our mountains, mostly in the upper
portions of the chaparral belt.
Family 62. CACTACEAE. CACTUS FAMILY.
Fleshy plants with flattened, terete, rigid or tuber-
culed, continuous or jointed stems, leafless or with small
leaves, generally spiny, the spines developed from cush-
ions of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary,
258 Cactaceae
sessile, terminal or lateral, perfect, regular and showy.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-lobed or
with distinct sepals. Petals numerous in several rows,
mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the
throat of the calyx, with filiform filaments and small
anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous anatropous
ovules borne on several parietal placentae. Style ter-
minal, elongated ; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry,
mostly fleshy. Seeds smooth or tubercled, the testa usu-
ally crustaceous or bony ; endosperm scanty or copious.
Spines never barbed ; flower-bearing areolae distinct from those bearing the
spines. 1. CEREDS.
Spines minutely barbed; flowers from the same areolae as the spines.
2. OPUNTIA.
1. CEBEUS Haworth.
Stems oval or cylindric, with the spine-bearing areolse
on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or fully de-
veloped parts of the plant bursting through the epider-
mis just above the bunches of spines, usually about as
long as broad, sometimes elongated. Scales of the ovary
distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete
and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with
spines or scales, or nearly naked. Seeds black ; endo-
sperm none ; embryo straight or curved.
1. C. Emoryi Engelm. Stems spreading, branching from the
base, cylindric, with 16-20 ribs, closely set with prominent hemi-
spheric areolse, bearing numerous thin straight yellow interlocked
spines; radials 40-50, very slender ; central solitary, stouter and
much longer ; flowers greenish yellow, 3-6 cm. broad, crowded on
one side near the end of the branches ; fruit globose, very spiny,
3.5 cm. in diameter; seeds obovate, acutely keeled, shining and
minutely tuberculate, 2.4-2.8 mm. long.
Said to occur from San Diego to the Salinas Valley, but we have not seen
it north of San Diego.
2. OPUNTIA Mill.
Plants with flat or cylindric more or less tuberculate
joints and conspicuous but caducous leaves. These each
Cactus Family 259
with an axillary pulvinus, which is usually clothed
with soft wool intervened with barbed bristles at the
upper edge and usually bearing spines at the lower edge.
Flowers developed from the bristle-bearing part of the
pulvinus, with rotate corollas. Ovary covered with
caducous leaves bearing axillary wool and often bristles
and spines. Fruit dry or succulent. Seeds large, flat-
tened and discoid, often margined, whitish ; cotyledons
foliaceous, curved about the endosperm.
* Joints flattened . PRICKLY PEAR.
1. O. Lindheimeri occidentalis (Engelm.) Coult. Erect and
spreading, 1-3 m. high, usually forming thickets; joints often 3
dm. long and 2 dm. wide; pulvini remote, about 4 cm. apart,
with very fine closely set bristles, 1-3 white (dusky at base) de-
flexed spines; fruit sour, very juicy; seeds 5-6 mm. broad, their
margins crenulate.
Frequent in our valleys and foothills from Los Angeles eastward.
2. O. Lindheimeri littoralis (Engelm.) Coult. Erect or spread-
ing, about 10 dm. high ; joints often 30-45 cm. long and 20-25 cm.
wide; pulvini usually about 2.5 cm. apart; spines straw color
(dusky at base), deflexed, slender; seeds 3-4 mm. broad, their
margins undulate.
Frequent on bluffs along the seashore.
** Joints cylindric.
3. O. Bernardina Engelm. Stems erect or nearly so, loosely
branched, slender, 6-15 dm. high, with reticulate wood; joints
cylindric, 7.5-30 cm. long, with slender oblong tubercles, 2.5-3
cm. long; pulvini with a dense row of very short, dark, more or
less persistent bristles at upper edge ; spines yellow, the sheathed
ones 4-5, 1-3 cm. long, the lowest longest and usually reflexed;
and 4 appressed short radial ones mostly on lower edge of pul-
vinus; flowers greenish yellow, tinged with red without, 2.5-4
cm. broad; fruit ovate, less than 2.5 cm. long, at length dry;
seed flat, 6 mm. broad, with a channeled commissure and con-
spicuous persistent funiculus.
Frequent on the interior plains east of Monrovia ; also in the Santa Clara
Valley, Ventura County.
260 Lythraceae
4. O. prolifera Engelm. Stems 1-3 m. high, much branched
and often forming thickets, with reticulated wood; joints cylin-
dric, dark green, 7.5-15 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. thick ; pulvini tomen-
tose and the older with fine straw-colored bristles ; spines 8-10,
variable, with large loose yellowish or rusty sheaths, 2.5-3.5 cm.
long, 1 subcentral, the others stellate-spreading; flowers dark
red, 3.5 cm. broad ; fruit clavate to subglobose, strongly tubercu-
late like the joints, often proliferous; seeds large, 6 mm. broad
with broad commissure.
Common about San Diego. Known in our region only at San Pedro, where
it is growing on bluffs near the bay.
Family 63. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs, often trees in tropical regions, mostly
with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered perfect
flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, free
from the ovary, but generally enclosing it, the limb
toothed and often with accessory teeth in the sinuses.
Petals as many as primary calyx-teeth or none. Sta-
mens various, inserted on the calyx ; anthers versatile,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-6-celled, or some-
times 1-celled ; style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; ovules
many, rarely few, anatropous. Capsule 1-several-celled,
variously dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. Endo-
sperm none ; cotyledons flat, often auricled at base.
Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric. 1. AMMANNIA.
Calyx-tube cylindric. 2. LYTHRUM.
1. AMMANNIA L.
Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with
4-angled stems, opposite sessile narrow leaves, and small
axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu-
late, globose or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with
small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, decidu-
ous. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube ; fila-
ments slender or short. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-
tube, nearly globose, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly.
Onagraceae 261
1. A. coccinea Rottb. Erect, glabrous, branching below,
15-45 cm. high; leaves linear lanceolate, all obtusely cordate,
auriculate, dilated at the somewhat clasping base, acuminate or
acute at the apex, entire, 2. 5-7.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad ; flowers
1-5 in each axil, sessile or nearly so; petals purple, fugacious;
style very slender, more than half the length of the capsule.
Soldiers Home, Hasse.
2. LYTHBUM L.
Herbs or shrubs with 4-angled stems, opposite, alter-
nate or rarely verticillate entire leaves, and solitary
cymose-paniculate and terminal flowers. . Calyx-tube
cylindric, 8-12-ribbed, with 4—6 primary teeth and as
many accessory ones inthe si nuses. Petals 4—6, rarely
wanting. Stamens 8—12, inserted on the calyx-tube.
Capsule enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled,
2-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds flat or angular.
1. L. Californicuxn T. & G. Stems erect from a perennial
stoloniferous root, simple below, paniculately branched above;
lower leaves lanceolate, the upper and floral linear, acute at
apex, tapering below to a sessile base; calyx with 12 strise and
very short teeth ; stamens not at all exserted and the style elon-
gated, or the stamens much exserted and exceeding the short
style.
Common in damp ground along streams, both in the valleys and moun-
tains. July- October.
Family 64. ONAGRACEAE. EVENING-PRIMROSE
FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alter-
nate or opposite leaves, no stipules or mere glands in
their places, and axillary spicate or racemose, generally
perfect regular or sometimes irregular flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, often prolonged beyond, the
limb 2-6-lobed, usually 4-lobed. Petals 2-9, mostly 4,
convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens commonly
as many or twice as many as the petals and inserted
with them on the summit of the calyx-tube, or on the
262 Onagraceae
epigynous or perigynous disk. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually
4-celled ; styles united ; stigma capitate, discoid or
4-lobed ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit usually a
capsule. Seeds mostly small, sometimes with a coma ;
endosperm scanty or none ; embryo straight.
Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary, its lobes persistent.
1. JUSSIAKA.
Calyx-tube usually produced above the ovary, the free portion and lobes
deciduous.
Seeds comose.
Flowers showy, scarlet. 2. ZAUSCHNEBIA.
Flowers small, white or purplish. 3. EPILOBIUM.
Seeds naked.
Anthers attached at or near the base and remaining erect.
Flowers minute ; calyx-lobes erect. 4. BOISDUVALIA.
Flowers showy ; calyx-lobes erect or united at the tip and turned to
one side in anthesis.
Petals distinctly clawed. 5. CLARKIA.
Petals sessile. 6. GODBTIA.
Anthers attached in the middle and versatile.
Capsule 4-celled.
Stigma 4-lobed; calyx-tube much exceeding the capsule.
7. ONAGRA.
Stigma capitate.
Calyx-tube with a lobed disk at the throat.
8. EULOBUS.
Calyx-tube naked at the throat. 9. SPHAEROSTIGMA.
Capsule 2-celled ; flowers minute. 10. GAYOPHYTUM.
1. JUSSIAEA L.
Perennial herbs with alternate, usually entire leaves,
and white or yellow axillary solitary flowers. Peduncles
mostly 2-bracted at the summit. Calyx-tube elongated,
cylindric or prismatic, adnate to the ovary but not pro-
longed beyond it, the limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes acute, per-
sistent. Petals 4—6, rarely more, inserted under the
margin of the disk. Stamens 8-12 in 2 rows, inserted
with the petals ; filaments short. Ovary 4-6-celled ;
stigma 4-6-lobed ; ovules many. Capsule linear, oblong
or club-shaped, angular or ribbed, septicidally dehiscent.
Seeds numerous.
1. J. Californica (Wats.) Jepson. Perennial; stems stout,
3-12 dm. long, floating or nearly prostrate on mud; leaves obo-
Evening-primrose Family 263
vate to obovate-oblong, or on the floating stems sometimes lance-
olate, obtuse or acute, 2.5-6 cm. long, on petioles 1-2.5 mm. long;
stipules gland-like or somewhat scale-like; flowers 12-16 mm.
broad, deep yellow ; the petals obtuse; fruit 2.5 cm. long, spongy,
indehiscent; pedicel 1 cm. long or more. (/. repens Californica.
Wats. ; Ludwigia diffusa Californica Greene.)
In stagnant water or muddy bottoms, in marshes toward the coast.
Cienega ;Mesmer; Alamitos.
2. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl.
Perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants ,,
spreading by subterranean shoots. Leaves opposite,
except those of the floral branches. Flowers racemose
along the leafy branches, large, scarlet. . Calyx-tube
globose, inflated just above the ovary, then becoming
funnelform, 4-lobed, bearing 8 small scales within at the
upper end of the short proper tube, 4 erect and 4 reflexed.
Petals 4, little exceeding the calyx-lobes, obcordate or
deeply cleft. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate with the petals,
inserted lower down and appearing shorter ; anthers
linear-oblong, attached by the middle. Style long,
exserted ; stigma peltate or capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule
slender fusiform, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds small, comose.
1. Z. Californica microphylla Gray. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm.
high, somewhat woody at base; herbage canescent with dense
firm tomentum; leaves many, fascicled, narrowly linear, some-
what mucronate ; flowers usually somewhat fascicled, 1-2 ter-
minating the branchlets; calyx narrowly funnelform, 3 cm.
long, its lobes lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; petals slightly ex-
ceeding the calyx-lobes, rather deeply 2-lobed, narrowed toward
the base, the lobes rounded at apex ; stamens about equaling the
petals.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet.
2. Z. Californica latifolia Hook. Stems herbaceous, 3-6 dm.
high; herbage somewhat canescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
nearly smooth.
This subspecies is common in the coniferous belt of the San Bernardino
Mountains.
264 Onagraceae
3. EPILOBIUM L. WILLOW-HERB.
Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants with alternate
or opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or
racemose flowers. Calyx-tube linear, produced beyond
the ovary, the limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4,
mostly obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8, anthers oblong
or linear, short. Ovary 4-celled ; united styles slender
or filiform ; stigma club-shaped or 4-lobed. Capsule
elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent by 4
valves. Seeds small, numerous, with a tuft of hairs
(coma) at the summit.
1. E. paniculatum Nutt. Stems erect at base, slender, terete,
loosely dichotomously branched, glabrate at base, somewhat
glandular-pubescent above or nearly smooth, 3-8 dm. high;
leaves chiefly fascicled and alternate, lanceolate or linear-lance-
olate, acute, sparingly denticulate, tapering to a slender winged
petiole, 3-5 cm. long, becoming smaller and bract-like above;
flowers scattered toward the ends of the branches ; petals about
£ mm. long, violet; capsules fusiform, falcate, about 2 cm. long;
seeds about 1 mm. broad, 2 mm. long, papillate.
Frequent in dry ground in the foothills and mountains. June-August.
2. E. holosericeum Trelease. Stems slightly woody, loosely
branching, 5-8 dm. high, at least the upper leaves and branches
canescent with subappressed hairs; leaves 5 cm. long, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, undulately low-serrulate,
narrowed, or abruptly contracted and then cuneately narrowed
into short petioles; flowers in long succession along the elon-
gated branches, pale, barely 5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels about
1 cm. long; seeds short-beaked, very finely papillate, 0.4 mm.
broad, 1 mm. long.
Frequent in low ground in all our valleys.
3. E. Californicum Haussk. Rather slender, 5-10 dm. high,
somewhat branched above, glabrous below, the inflorescence and
buds whitish with rather long coarse ascending hairs ; leaves
often 7-10 cm. long, lanceolate, subcordate, acute, remotely ser-
rulate, rounded or acutely tapering to short petioles, soon gla-
brous; petals 3-5 mm. long, rose-colored; fruiting peduncles
Evening-primrose Family 265
slender, sometimes nearly equaling the leaves; capsules some-
what pubescent, at length nearly glabrous, about 5 cm. long \
seeds faintly papillate, 0.4 mm. broad, 0.9 mm. long.
In marshes near the coast. Cienega, Davidson; Alamitos. May-July.
4. E. Parishii Trelease. Rather stout and intricately branched
even from the base, 5-8 dm. high, glabrous below, the inflores-
cence and capsules very sparingly, the young buds densely white-
tomentose; leaves 25-75 mm. long, lanceolate, very obtuse or the
reduced uppermost acutish, somewhat unequally or abruptly nar-
rowed to slender more or less elongated petioles, rather thin and
glabrous; flowers at length numerous, rose-colored; fruiting
peduncles about 15 mm. long; seeds short-beaked, 0.4 mm. broad,
1-1. 25 mm. long.
Common in damp land in the valleys and along streams below 4000 feet.
4. BOISDUVALIA.
Annual erect or decumbent rather rigid herbs, with
numerous alternate sessile leaves, and small purple
flowers in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx-tube funnelform
above the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes erect in flower.
Petals 4, obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 87
all perfect, unequal ; filaments slender, naked at base ;
anthers oblong, fixed near the base. Ovary 4-celled,
several-ovuled ; stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate.
Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly
terete, acute, dehiscent at the base. Seeds in 1 row in
each cell, naked and smooth.
1. B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. Usually much-branched, the
branches decumbent or ascending, bluish green, densely soft-
villous to glabrous; leaves about 12 mm. long or more, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, serrulate, the upper similar; flowers in a ter-
minal cluster and a few shorter lateral spikes, also occasionally
in the lower axils, shorter than the subtending leaves; petals
about 2 mm. long, violet; capsules rather slender, nearly straight,
usually acute, about 7 mm. long, subterete, with 4 broad nerves
or laterally somewhat 2-keeled, loculicidal ; seeds about 6 in each
cell, subfusiform. about 0.35 mm. broad, 1 mm. long.
Low ground. Santa Monica; Mesmer; San Diego. July-October.
266 Onagraceae
5. CLARKIA Pursh.
Erect sparingly branched annuals with alternate
petiolate leaves, and racemose or spicate flowers nodding
in the bud. Calyx-tube more or less prolonged above the
ovary, deciduous. Petals 4, clawed, often lobed or cleft.
Stamens normally 8, those opposite the petals often
sterile, rudimentary or wanting ; anthers oblong or
linear, fixed by the base. Ovary 4-celled ; style elon-
gated ; stigma 4-lobed, the lobes spreading. Capsule
linear, alternate above, coriaceous, straight or somewhat
curved, 4-angled, 4-valved to the middle. Seeds angled
or margined.
1. C. elegans Dougl. Glabrous or somewhat puberulent,
glaucous, 3-15 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched, rather
stout and rigid ; leaves broadly ovate to linear, repand-dentate ;
petals entire, the rhomboidal limb about equaling the linear
claw; filaments all perfect, with a densely hairy scale on each
side at base ; capsule 1-2 cm. long, stout, sessile, 4-angled, some-
what curved, often hairy.
Frequent in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast, extending
south to San Luis Rey River.
2. C. rhomboidia Dougl. Puberulent or glabrous, 3-10 dm.
high, rather slender, branching above; leaves thin, entire, ob-
long-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long; blade of petal
rhomboidal, the claw short, broad, often toothed ; stamens all
perfect, the filaments with hairy white scales at base ; capsules
pedicellate, 16-24 mm. long, 4-angled, glabrous, curved near the
base.
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains.
6. GODETIA Spach.
Erect simple or branching annuals, with alternate
entire or denticulate leaves, and mostly purple flowers,
showy in leafy spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube obconic
or short-funnelform, deciduous. Petals 4, broad, sessile,
entire, emarginate or cleft. Stamens 8, unequal, the fila-
Evening-primrose Family 267
ments opposite the petals shortest ; anthers perfect,
elongated, basifixed, erect or arcuate-recurved. Ovary
4-celled, many-ovuled ; style short ; stigma-lobes short,
linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided,
coriaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows,
obliquely angled, the upper part tuberculate-margined.
* Flowers erect in the bud.
1. G. quadrivulnera Spach. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. high,
puberulent; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely
denticulate; calyx-tube obconic, 4-6 mm. long; petals purplish,
often with a dark spot at summit, 6-12 mm. long ; stigma-lobes
purple, short; capsule 12-18 mm. long, attenuate at apex,
bicostate at the alternate angles, puberulent or somewhat vil-
lous.
Common on dry hillsides and open places in the chaparral belt.
2. G. viminea Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly or
quite glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long;
calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals purple, 2-3 cm. long; stamens
short, nearly equal ; stigma-lobes purple, linear-oblong ; capsule
2-3 cm. long, somewhat bicostate on the sides, pubescent.
Occasional in open grassy places in the foothills.
** Flowers drooping in the bud.
3. G. Bottae Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nascent parts
puberulent, otherwise glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous
or sparsely puberulent, denticulate ; flowers abruptly reflexed in
the bud; well developed bud about 2 cm. long, acutish ; petals
pink, often paler below and specked with purple, mostly 2.5-3
cm. long, cuneate, tapering from the truncate apex to the sessile
base; stigma-lobes broadly obovate, usually purple; capsule
linear, about 4 mm. long, not at all costate, its beak short and
nearly as broad, cinereous with a short appressed pubescence.
Common in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the foothills about Los
Angeles. G. pulcherrima Greene is apparently the same, Dr. Greene having
evidently confused this species with the next.
4. G. Dudleyana. Stems erect, simple below, more or less
branched above, 3-6 dm. high ; herbage puberulent throughout
with rather short curved hairs; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire
268 Onagraceae
or rarely faintly and remotely repand-denticulate ; flower- buds
drooping, elliptic-ovate, tapering above to a rather long acuminate
tip, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-tube 1.5-2 mm. long; petals obovate,
truncate at the apex, abruptly tapering near the base to a short
(2 mm. long) and narrow claw, 15-20 mm. long, pink, often with
purple specks below the middle; stamens slightly unequal, the
longest 12 mm. long, anthers yellow; style filiform, glabrous,
12-14 mm. long; stigma-lobes oblong, 1.5 mm. long, yellow; cap-
sule linear, abruptly tapering at base to a short pedicel, and at
the ape* to a slender beak, about 2.5 cm. long, each cell laterally
bicostate.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel
Mountains. The type is the author's number 2635, collected in the Little
Santa Anita Canyon at 2500 feet altitude. This species has been confused
with G. Bottae, but it is much nearer G. hispidula Wats.
5. G. epilobioides (Nutt.) Wats. Stems slender, somewhat
branched above, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate; calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals
cream-colored or rarely faintly tinged with rose, 8-10 mm. long,
rounded at apex or somewhat acutish ; stigma-lobes short ; cap-
sule 15-25 mm. long, acuminate at apex, attenuate at base to a
short base or nearly sessile, not costate.
Common in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast. First col-
lected by Nuttall at San Diego.
7. ONAGB.A Adans.
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs with mostly
erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate or toothed, ses-
sile or somewhat petioled. Flowers yellow, nocturnal,
in terminal spikes. Calyx-tube elongated, terete, gradu-
ally enlarged at the throat ; the segments narrow, the
tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens
many, equal in length ; filaments filiform ; anthers
linear. Ovary 4-celled ; styles united, filiform ; stigma
4-cleft ; ovules numerous, in 2 or more rows, horizontal.
Capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, more or less tapering, locu-
licidally dehiscent. Seeds more or less prismatic-angled.
Evening-primrose Family 269
1. O. Hookeri (T. & G.) Small. Biennial; stem reddish,
stout, angular, 1-2 m. high, herbage canescently pubescent and
somewhat villous; leaves lanceolate, sessile, acute, obscurely
denticulate, calyx-tube 3 cm. long; the segments nearly as long;
petals about 4 cm. long, obcordate, pale yellow, turning to rose
color; stigma-lobes yellow, spreading; capsule 2 cm. long, ses-
sile, canescent with a fine close pubescence; seeds brown, 1 mm.
long, faintly striate, not wing-angled. (CEnothera biennis hirsu-
tissima Gray.)
Frequent in moist ground, usually along streams, both in the valleys and
mountains. May-August.
8. EULOBUS Nutt.
A smooth erect annual with alternate leaves and
middle-sized flowers ; sessile along the virgate branches.
Calyx-tube scarcely at all produced beyond the ovary,
the limb 4-parted, reflexed. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate,
sessile, pale yellow turning reddish. Stamens 8 ; anthers
oblong, attached near the middle. Ovary 4-celled ;
stigma capitate. Capsule linear, elongated, 4-angled,
4-valved, imperfectly 4-celled, reflexed. Seeds numerous,
ovate-oblong, naked.
1. E. Californicus Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high, rather stout,
simple or with a few spreading virgate branches ; leaves linear,
2.5-5 cm. long, sinuately pinnatifid, with numerous unequal
divaricate acute teeth; calyx-tube prolonged less than 1 mm.
above the ovary; petals 8-10 mm. long, pale yellow or nearly
white; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds 3-angled.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
9. SPHAEBOSTIGMA F. & M.
Annual or perennial herbs with erect branching or
spreading stems, the bark often exfoliating and shiny.
Leaves alternate, entire or dentate, petioled or sessile.
Flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal spikes, usu-
ally yellow, rarely white or rose color, often with a
brownish spot at the base, turning green or reddish in
270 Onagraceae
age. Stamens 8 ; anthers versatile, oblong. Style fili-
form ; stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, usually linear,
4-angled, often contorted, membranous, sessile, dehiscent
loculicidally. Seeds in 1 row in each cell.
* Flowers yellow, axillary.
•*- Capsule more or less contorted.
•"Flowers more than 1 cm. broad.
1. S. viridescens (Lehm.) Walp. Silvery-canescent, with a
short and dense appressed pubescence; branches prostrate or
ascending, 3-8 dm. long, somewhat woody ; leaves rather thick,
spatulate-oblong or linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, sessile, usually
entire, 2 cm. long or more; petals 12-16 mm. long, turning green-
ish in age ; anthers linear-oblong, fixed below the middle ; cap-
sule short-pubescent. (CEnothera viridescens Lehm.; (E. chei-
ranthifolia sujfruticosa Wats.)
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly through-
out the year.
2. S. spirale (Lehm.) Walp. Stems herbaceous, prostrate or
ascending, 3-6 dm. long; leaves rather thick, spatulate to ovate-
cordate, the lowest short-petioled, entire or dentate, more or less
hirsute; calyx-pubescent; petals 8-12 mm. long, turning red or
tawny in age ; anthers linear-oblong, fixed in the middle ; cap-
sule acutely 4-angled, hirsute. (CE. cheiranthifolia of Bot. Cal.)
With the last but less common.
3. S. bistorta (Nutt.) Walp. Stems prostrate or ascending,
2-5 dm. long; leaves thinner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the
upper mostly sessile and rounded or cordate at base, all denticu-
late or dentate; calyx hirsute; petals 8-14 mm. long; capsule
8-18 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or more; beak very short. (CE.
bistorta Nutt.)
Very common in sand-washes about San Diego, where it was first col-
lected by Nuttall; extending north to Santa Barbara.
4. S. Veitchianum (Hook.) Small. Stems decumbent or
ascending, 2-4 dm. long ; leaves linear-oblong, lanceolate or ovate,
more or less hirsute; calyx hirsute; petals 10-15 mm. long; cap-
sule 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, attenuate into a long beak.
(CE. bistorta Veitchiana Hook.)
Very common in all our valleys in sandy soil.
Evening-primrose Family 271
**** Flowers less than 1 cm. broad.
5. S. hirtellum (Greene) Small. Stems stoutish, erect, sim-
ple or with a few ascending branches from the base, 15-30 cm.
high, the herbage purplish, short-hirsute ; radical leaves oblanceo-
late, denticulate ; stem leaves ovate, sessile, coarsely toothed and
more or less undulate-crisped ; petals 4 mm. long or more ; capsule
hirsute, narrow, attenuate upwards, once or twice coiled. (OS.
hirtella Greene.)
Frequent in the foothills and mountains.
6. S. micranthum (Hornem.) Walp. Stems prostrate or
ascending, 1-4 dm. long; leaves all narrowly oblanceolate to
linear-oblong, hirsute, 3-5 cm. long, dentate, acutish, some-
what undulate; petals 2-4 mm. long, often emarginate; capsule
4-angled, contorted, sparsely hirsute. (CE. micrantha Hornem.)
Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore, but not strictly maritime
as reported by some, for it is also frequent in sandy soil in all our valleys.
•«- •*- Capsule not contorted.
7. S. contortum (Dougl.) Walp. Slender, erect-spreading,
15-45 cm. high, somewhat pubescent with short appressed or
incurved white hairs ; leaves about 12 mm. long, linear-lanceolate,
acutish, denticulate; subsessile; petals 3 mm. long, turning deep
red ; anthers roundish, basifixed ; capsule about 2 cm. long,
sessile, straight or arcuate, scarcely attenuate at apex. (CE.
strigulosa T. & G.)
Common in sandy soil in the valleys and foothills toward the coast.
8. S. contortum Greenei Small. Stems erect, usually simple
below, more or less hirsute pubescent and somewhat viscid, other-
wise as the type. (CE. strigulosa epilobioides Greene.)
The common form in the interior valleys and foothills.
9. S. campestre (Greene) Small. Branched from the base,
15-30 cm. high and as broad, more or less hirsute-pubescent
throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, dentate;
petals 8-10 mm. long, turning brick-red; anthers linear-oblong,
1.5 mm. long, fixed toward the middle and versatile; pods more
than 2.5 cm. long, narrowly linear, slightly incurved with a slen-
der beak. (CE. dentata Wats, not Cav.)
Hills and mountains of San Bernardino County; common in the San
Joaquin Valley.
272 Onagraceae
10. S. campestre Parishii. Much resembling the type in
habit; cinereous throughout with a short appressed pubescence,
not at all hirsute; petals about 8 mm. long; pods very slender,
often much contorted.
Plains about San Bernardino, Parish. The type of this apparently good
subspecies was collected by Parish near San Bernardino in May, 1900, and
is in the author's herbarium.
** Flowers white or rose color, in loose spikes.
11. S. alyssoides (H. & A.) Small. Erect or with few
ascending branches from the base, 1-3 dm. high, canescently
puberulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowed
into a slender petiole, repand-denticulate or entire, 2.5-5 cm.
long; spike elongated, many-flowered; petals rose-purple, 4-8
mm. long, capsule 2-5 cm. long, slender, attenuate above, con-
torted ; seeds ash color, minutely pitted. ( CE. alyssoides H. & A . )
10. GAYOPHYTUM Juss.
Erect very slender diffusely branching annuals, with
alternate linear entire leaves and axillary white or
purplish flowers. Calyx-tube not prolonged above the
ovary, the 4-parted deciduous limb reflexed. Petals 4.
Stamens 8, the alternate ones usually minute and sterile ;
filaments filiform ; anthers subglobose, fixed near the
middle. Ovary oblong or linear, compressed, 2-celled ;
stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule membranous, cla-
vate, 4-valved. Seeds few-many, in 1 row in each cell,
smooth, naked, mostly oblong.
1. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Stem intricately dichotomous
with filiform branches 15-60 dm. high, glabrous below, appressed
canescent above or rarely with spreadingliairs throughout ; leaves
mostly narrow, usually appressed against the branches; petals
nearly white, turning rose color, 1-2 mm. long; stigma about 0.4
mm. in diameter; capsule about 1 mm. thick, oblong to subcla-
vate, often torulose, erect or refracted on filiform pedicels ; seeds
nearly erect in a single series, papillate, 0.5 mm. broad, 1.3 mm.
long.
Common in the pine belt in all our mountains.
Haloragidaceae 273
G. PUMILUM Wats. A lower, less branched species with nearly
sessile capsules; seeds very oblique in the cells, smooth.
Not known -within our limits, but occurs in Bear Valley and similar
places in the San Bernardino Mountains.
Family 65. HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER-MILFOIL
FAMILY.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic,
with alternate or verticillate leaves, the submerged ones
often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect or monoe-
cious or dioecious, axillary in interrupted spikes, solitary
or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb
entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small, 2-4 or none. Sta-
mens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong or short cylindric,
2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas
papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet or drupe, com-
pressed, angular, ribbed or winged, indehiscent, of 2-4
1-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons minute.
Ovary 1-celled. 1. HIPPURIS.
Ovary 4-celled. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM.
1. HIPPURIS L.
Aquatic herbs writh simple erect stems and verticillate
entire leaves. Flowers small, axillary, perfect or some-
times neutral or pistillate. Limb of the calyx minute,
entire. Petals none. Stamens 1, inserted on the margin
of the calyx. Style filiform, stigmatic its whole length,
lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small 1-celled,
1-seeded drupe.
1. H. vulgaris L. Stem slender, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves
linear or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1-20 mm. long, in crowded
verticils of 6-12; stamens with a short thick filament and com-
paratively large 2-celled anthers, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds
ovoid ; stigma persistent.
Not known within our limits, but occurring in the San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
274 Araliaceae
2. MYBIOPHYLLUM L.
Aquatic herbs with verticillate or alternate leaves, the
emersed ones entire, dentate or pectinate, the submerged
ones pinnatifid into capillary segments. Flowers axil-
lary, often interrupted-spicate, commonly monoecious,
2-bracted. The upper flowers generally staminate with
very short calyx-tube, the limb of this 2-4-lobed or
wanting; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Intermediate flowers
often perfect. The lower pistillate, the calyx more or
less deeply 4-grooved, with or without minute lobes ;
ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous ; styles
4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity into
4 bony, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels.
1. M. spicatum L. Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and
5's, dissected into capillary divisions ; floral leaves ovate, entire
or serrate, usually shorter than the flowers or sometimes none ;
spike 2.5-7.5 cm. long; petals 4, deciduous; stamens 8; fruit
about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. thick ; carpels rounded on the back,
with a deep groove between them, smooth or rarely slightly
rugose.
Occasional in deep pools or lakes in all our mountains.
Family 66. ARALIACEAE. GINGSENG FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate
rarely opposite leaves, and perfect or polygamous, vari-
ously clustered flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
its limb truncate or toothed. Petals usually 5, valvate or
slightly imbricate, sometimes cohering together, inserted
on the margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the
petals and alternate with them, rarely none, inserted on
the epigynous disk ; filaments filiform or short ; anthers
introrse. Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled ; styles as
many ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds flattened or somewhat
3-angled ; the testa thin ; endosperm copious ; embryo
small.
Umbelliferae 275
1. ABALIA L.
Perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate digitate or
compound leaves, and small flowers in a mostly simple
umbel, these either solitary, racemed or panicled. Pedi-
cels jointed. Bracts small. Calyx 5-toothed or entire.
Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk
depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles
free or united at base, becoming divaricate ; stigmas ter-
minal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3-5-angled,
fleshy externally ; endocarp chartaceous.
1. A. Californica Wats. (CALIFORNIA SPIKENARD.) Herba-
ceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, stout, 2-4 m. high, from a
large thick root ; leaves bipinnate or the upper pinnate, with 1-2
pairs of leaflets, these cordate-ovate, 10-20 cm. long or more,
shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute
teeth ; uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate : umbels in loose, ter-
minal and axillary, compound or simple racemose panicles which
are 3-6 dm. long, more or less glandular-tomentose ; rays numer-
ous, 8-12 mm. long ; involucres of several linear bractlets ; flowers
3-4 mm. long; disk and stylopodium obsolete; styles united to
the middle; fruit about 4 mm. long, reddish, becoming nearly
black.
Frequent in canyons above 2000 feet. May-July.
Family 67. UMBELLIFERAE. CARROT FAMILY.
Herbs with alternate decompound, compound or some-
times simple leaves, the petioles often dilated at the
base, the stems usually hollow. Stipules none or rarely
present and minute. Flowers small in compound or
simple umbels or rarely in heads, often polygamous.
Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involu-
cellate. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, its mar-
gin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the mar-
gin of the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip. Stamens
5, inserted on the epigynous disk ; filaments filiform ;
276 Umbelliferae
anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2,
filiform, distinct, often borne on a conic or depressed
stylopodium ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatrop-
ous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels, separating at
maturity along the plane of their contiguous faces (com-
missure); either flattened laterally (at right angles to
the commissure), or dorsally (parallel with the, commis-
sure), or nearly terete. Carpels after parting supported
on a slender axis (carpophore), more or less ribbed or
winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usu-
ally containing oil-tubes between the ribs and on the
commissural side. Seeds usually adnate to the pericarp,
their inner faces flat or concave ; -endosperm cartilagi-
nous ; embryo small.
Flowers in dense, usually rather spiny heads. 4. ERYNGIUM.
Flowers umbellate.
Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 3. SANICULA.
Fruit with bristles only on the ribs.
Bristles barbed at tip. 22. DAUCUS.
Bristles short, neither hooked nor barbed. 5. WASHINGTONIA.
Bristles hooked. 6. CAUCALIS.
Fruit not bristly.
Oil-tubes obsolete or obscure.
Leaves decompound. 8. CONIUM.
Leaves simple.
Fruit strongly flattened laterally. 1. HYDKOCOTYLE.
Fruit hot strongly flattened laterally. 2. BOWLESIA.
Oil-tubes distinct.
Fruit strongly flattened dorsally.
Flowers white.
Caulescent. 18. SPHENOSCIADIUM.
Accaulescent or nearly so. 19. LOMATIUM.
Flowers yellow.
Plants leafy-stemmed. 21. PASTINACA.
Plants with mostly basal leaves.
Leaflets large, sharply toothed. 20. EUBYPTERA.
Leaflets narrow or small, not sharply toothed.
19. LOMATIUM.
Fruit not strongly flattened dorsally, usually flattened laterally.
Oil- tubes solitary in the intervals.
Stylopodium conical.
Flowers yellow. 17. FOENICULUM
Flowers white.
Leaflets, at least the upper, linear or filiform.
13. CARUM.
Leaflets broader. 12. CICUTA.
Carrot Family 277
Stylopodium flat or wanting.
Ribs thick and corky.
Dorsal ribs filiform. 16. OENANTHE.
All the ribs prominent and corky. 11. APIUM.
Ribs obscure or obsolete. 7. APIASTRUM.
Oil-tubes more than 1 in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic. 15. BERDLA.
Stylopodium flat or wanting.
Seed-face involute, inclosing a central cavity.
10. DRUDEOPHYTUM.
Seed face deeply sulcate. 9. DEWEYA.
Seed-face plane. 14. SIUM.
1. HYDROCOTYLE L. PENNEYWORT.
Low herbaceous perennials growing in or near water,
with slender creeping stems, orbicular peltate or reni-
form leaves, and small white flowers in simple or prolif-
erous umbels, without involucres. Calyx-teeth minute
or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular, strongly flat-
tened laterally. Carpel with 5 primary ribs, broad or
filiform. Oil-tubes wanting or obscure.
1. H. umbellata L. Descending branches of the rootstocks
with round tubers; leaves orbicular-peltate, crenate; peduncles
as long as the petioles; umbels many-flowered, simple, rarely
slightly proliferous; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; fruit with a thin
pericarp except at the broad thick corky dorsal and lateral ribs,
strongly notched, 2 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, with dorsal
ribs prominent but obtuse.
Frequent on borders of marshes and streams. Apparently more common
in the interior valleys.
2. H. ranunculoides L. Floating or creeping in mud ; leaves
round-reniforin, 3-7-cleft, with crenate lobes; peduncles much
shorter than the petioles, reflexed in fruit ; umbel capitate, 5-10-
flowered; fruit corky, thickened throughout, ribs all filiform,
rather obscure. •
Common in pools or slow-running streams, especially toward the coast;
extending south at least as far as San Diego.
2. BOWLESIA Pv. & P.
Slender branching annuals with stellate pubescence,
opposite simple lobed leaves, scarious lacerate stipules,
278 Umbelliferae
and simple few-flowered umbels of white flowers on axil-
lary peduncles. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit
broadly ovate with narrow commissure and stellate
pubescence. Carpels turgid, becoming depressed on the
back, with neither ribs nor oil-tubes ; the whole dorsal
region inflated, the seed-cavity being on the commissural
side of the carpel. Seed flattened dorsally, the face and
back plane or convex.
1. B. septentrionalis C. & R. Stems weak, 0.5-6 dm. long,
dichotomously branching; leaves thin, cordate to reniform, 1.5-3
cm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or toothed, on long slender
petioles; umbels 1-4-flowered, on short peduncles; fruit about 2
mm. long, sessile or nearly so. (B. lobata of recent authors, not
of R. & P.)
Common throughout our range in the valleys and foothills, usually grow-
ing on shaded slopes.
3. SANICULA L.
Smooth perennial herbs with almost naked or few-
leaved stems, palmate or sometimes pinnate leaves with
more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes, involucre and
involucels, and greenish yellow or purple flowers in irreg-
ularly compound few-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth some-
what foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose, densely
covered with hooked bristles or tuberculate. Carpels
without ribs. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes mostly
large, 5 (3 dorsal and 2 commissural) or in ours 3-many
and irregularly distributed. Seed-face plane to deeply
concave or sulcate.
•
* Leaves palmately divided.
1. S. Menziesii H. & A. Stem solitary, erect, 3-10 dm. high,
branching; leaves round-cordate, 5-10 cm. broad, very deeply
3-5-lobed, the broad segments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft,
the teeth bristle- tipped ; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and
laciniately toothed; rachis scarcely winged; umbel with 3-4
Carrot Family 279
slender rays ; involucre of 2-3 small leaf-like bracts ; involucels
of 6-8 small entire bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones
short-pedicelled ; fruit sessile but distinctly stipitate, obovate, 2-4
mm. long, covered with strong bristles; seed-face sulcate.
Frequent in the foothills in moist woods.
2. S. arguta Greene. Stems more or less branching, 1.5-4.5
dm. high, from a thickened rootstock ; leaves palmately 5-parted,
the middle division elongated and distinct, all the divisions more
or less palmately lobed and toothed, decurrent upon the rachis,
forming a broad toothed wing, teeth spinosely pointed ; umbel
3-5-rayed; involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucels of linear to
linear-lanceolate spinosely pointed bractlets ; flowers yellow, the
sterile ones on pedicels 3-4 mm. long; fruit obovate, tapering
into a stipitate base, somewhat naked below, more bristly above,
6 mm. long.
Frequent on grassy hillsides and mesas, extending from Santa Barbara
to San Diego.
3. S. laciniata H. & A. Usually slender, branching from the
base, 1-6 dm. high; leaves broadly ovate-orbicular in outline,
from slightly 3-lobed to deeply 3-parted, the divisions from toothed
to laciniately cut, with bristle-tipped teeth; umbel 3-5-rayed;
involucre of leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small apiculate bract-
lets ; flowers yellow; fruit orbicular, not at all stipitate, 3 mm.
long.
Rather common on hillsides and in open places in the chaparral belt.
4. S. Nevadensis Wats. Low, with very short stems, the
numerous stoutish peduncles arising from near the base, 2 dm.
high or less; leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed,
the segments lobed or toothed; umbels with 3-10 rays; involucre
of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small, oblong, acute,
more or less united bractlets; fruiting rays 1.5-3.5 cm. long;
flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 2-3 mm. long; fruit
bristly all over, 3 mm. long; seed-face concave.
Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and pine belt.
Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mountains ; San Bernardino Mountains.
* Leaves pinnately divided.
5. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems 3 dm. or more high, from a
thickened rootstock, with usually a cluster of leaves at the base,
and 1-3 leaves above; leaves pinnately 3-7-parted, the divisions
280 Umbelliferae
incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the rachis, and forming a
toothed wing ; teeth acute or slightly pointed ; umbel with 3-4
elongated rays ; involucre of leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small
narrow acute bractlets ; flowers purple, in dense heads, the sterile
ones pedicelled; fruit bristly all over, 3 mm. long; seed-face
broadly concave with a prominent central longitudinal ridge.
Occasional on grassy hillsides.
6. S. bipinnata H. & A. Slender, 2-4 dm. high, from a slender
fusiform root ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with divisions not
at all decurrent on the rachis, cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely
and mucronately toothed; umbel 3-4-rayed; involucre of leaf-
like bracts; involucels of a few small bractlets more or less
united; flowers yellow; fruit 3 mm. long, with strong tubercles
tipped with short hooked bristles ; seed-face deeply sulcate, some-
times inclosing a central cavity, with a central longitudinal
ridge.
Los Angeles River, San Fernando Valley; Oak Knoll, Pasadena
7. S. tuberosa Torr. Stems 1-6 dm. high from a small globose
tuber; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, usually very finely divided,
ultimate segments very small ; umbel 1-4-rayed ; bracts leaf-like ;
bractlets unequal, united; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on long
pedicels; fruit broader than long, rather strongly flattened later-
ally for the genus, 2 mm. long, tuberculate and not at all bristly ;
seeds somewhat laterally flattened, with plane face.
Occasional in open places in the foothills.
4. EBYNGIUM L.
Glabrous perennials, with often rigid coriaceous spi-
nosely toothed or divided leaves, and white or blue flowers
sessile in dense bracteate heads. The outer bracts form
the involucre, the inner bractlets intermixed with the
flowers represent the involucels. Sepals prominent,
rigid, persistent. Fruit ovoid, flattened laterally, covered
with hyaline scales or tubercles. Carpels with ribs
obsolete. Stylopodium wanting ; styles short or long,
often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly 5, 3 dorsal and 2 commis-
sural. Seed-face plane.
1. E. Parishii C. & R. Stems slender, much branched, erect
or spreading, 1-4 dm. long; basal leaves simple or pinnate, the
Carrot Family 281
blades or segments laciniate-toothed or cleft, tapering into a long
more or less spinosely toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning
near the base, diffusely branching; the heads on very short ped-
uncles, nearly globose, about 6 mm. long; bracts very narrow,
rigid, 12-18 mm. long, with a few spinose bristles at the base, not
at all scarious-margined; bractlets about the size of the bracts,
short, scarious-margined below, broadening upward to a short
lobe on each side, the margined base inclosing the fruit and fall-
ing with it; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, 1.5 mm. long,
tapering to a cuspidate bristly tip; styles longer than the sepals.
In low heavy ground toward the coast. First collected by Parish near
Oceanside.
5. WASHINGTONIA Raf.
Glabrous or hirsute perennials from thick aromatic
roots, with ternately decompound leaves and white or
purple flowers in few-fruited umbels. Calyx-teeth obso-
lete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, more or less attenu-
ate at base, acute or beaked at apex, glabrous or bristly
on the ribs. Carpels slightly or not at all flattened
dorsally. Stylopodium conic, sometimes depressed. Oil-
tubes obsolete in mature fruit, often numerous in young
fruit. Seed-face from slightly concave to deeply sulcate.
1. W. brachypoda (Torr.) Heller. Stems rather stout, 3-9
dm. high, pubescent or sometimes glabrous; leaves ternately
compound; leaflets 2-3 cm. long, acute, laciniately lobed or
toothed; umbel 1-6-rayed; involucre and involucels of linear
bracts, the latter equaling or exceeding the flowers ; rays, 3.5-10
cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; fruit 12-16 mm. long, 4 mm.
wide, short-attenuate at base, rough-bristly on the very prom-
inent ribs; stylopodium and style 3 mm. long; the former broad
and somewhat depressed ; seed-face very concave, nearly inclosing
a central cavity. (Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr.)
Occasional in all our mountains on shady slopes.
6. CAUCALIS L.
Mostly hispid annuals with pinnately dissected leaves
and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate
or oblong, flattened laterally. Carpel with 5 filiform
282 Umbelliferae
bristly primary ribs and 4 prominent winged secondary
ones, with barbed or hooked bristles. Stylopodium thick,
conic. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals under the
secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face
deeply sulcate.
1. C. microcarpa H. & A. Erect slender, 1-3 dm. high, more
or less hispid ; leaves much dissected, the segments small ; um-
bels at the ends of the stem and branches, very unequally 3-6-
rayed ; involucre of foliaceous divided bracts ; involucels of entire
or somewhat divided bractlets ; rays slender, 7.5 cm. long or less ;
pedicels very unequal ; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, armed with
rows of hooked prickles ; the primary lateral ribs near margin of
commissural face.
Frequent in sandy or stony places in the valleys and mountains below the
pine belt.
2. C. nodosa Hudson. Stems erect with few branches, re-
trorsely scabrous ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets bipinnately dissected ;
umbels scattered along the stems opposite the leaves on very
short peduncles, simple or with supplementary short proliferous
umbel; fruit 1-4 mm. long, the outside of the umbel with the
exterior carpel densely covered with hooked bristles, the inner
carpel as well as the inner fruits smooth or with tubercles.
Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie.
7. APIASTRTJM Nutt.
Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely
dissected leaves having filiform or linear segments, and
small white flowers in naked unequally few-rayed
umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or cordate,
with obscure or obsolete ribs, more or less tuberculate.
Carpel with thin pericarp. Stylopodium minute, de-
pressed ; styles short. Oil-tubes solitary in the inter-
vals and beneath the ribs, 2 on the commissural side.
Seed-face narrowly concave or sulcate.
1. A. angustifolium Nutt. Slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, usually
much branched ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, biternately or triternately
divided, with linear or nearly filiform segments; umbels sessile;
Carrot Family 283
rays from 2.5 cm. long to wanting; pedicels 12 mm. long or want-
ing; fruit with narrow commissure, cordate in outline, 1 mm.
long.
Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys.
8. CONIUM L. POISON HEMLOCK.
Tall biennial glabrous herbs with spotted stems, pin-
nately decompound leaves, and small white flowers in
compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involu-
cels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened later-
ally. Carpels strongly many-ribbed. Large oil-tubes
none, but with a layer of oil-secreting tissue next the
deeply concave seed.
1. C. maculatum L. Erect, much branched, 6-15 dm. high;
lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, all
pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ulti-
mate segments dentate or incised ; petioles dilated and sheathing
at the base; umbels 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; rays slender, 2.5-4 cm.
long; pedicels filiform, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; fruit 3 mm. long,
its ribs very prominent when dry.
Occasional in waste places, especially in damp ground.
9. DEWEYA T. & G.
Caulescent plants with simply pinnate leaves, mostly
no involucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and
yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong,
flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel with 5 prominent
very acute ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore divided.
Oil-tubes several in the intervals and on the commissural
side. Seeds nearly terete, the face deeply sulcate.
1. D. arguta T. & G. Glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, rarely acau-
lescent ; leaves simply pinnate; petioles of the lowest pair, of
leaflets sometimes prominent, giving a divaricate appearance;
leaflets 5-7, ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the lowest often subcordate,
finely and sharply mucronate-serrate, the terminal and the lowest
284 Umbelliferae
often 3-lobed ; umbel 12-16-rayed ; rays 5-9 cm. long; pedicels
short, 3-10 mm. long; fruit oblong, smooth, 8 mm. long; oil-
tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side. ( Velaea
arguta C. & R.)
Frequent in dry open ground in the chaparral belt.
10. DBUDEOPHYTUM C. & R.
Caulescent or acaulescent plants with usually ter-
nately compound leaves and yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth
evident or wanting. Fruit orbicular, flattened laterally,
glabrous or pubescent. Carpel with 5 slender filiform
ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore variable, oil-
tubes several in the intervals and on the commissual
side. Seeds nearly terete, the inner face with a narrow
and deep sulcus, which enlarges into a central cavity.
1. D. Parishii C. & R. Glabrous throughout, nearly acaules-
cent, 3-4 dm. high; leaves thickish, ternate-pinnatifid, the seg-
ments ovate, irregularly cuspidate-toothed and lobed; umbel
20-rayed, with no involucre; bractlets few, setaceous; rays 5-7.5
cm. long; pedicels about 4-7 mm. long; calyx-teeth prominent;
fruit oblong, glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; carpophore 2-parted; oil-
tubes 3-4 in the intervals, 4-5 on the commissural side. ( Valaea,
Parishii C. & R.)
Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains.
11. APIUM L.
Annual or perennial glabrous herbs with pinnate or
pinnately compound leaves and white or greenish yellow
flowers in compound umbels. Calylx-teeth obsolete.
Stylopodium depressed or short-conic. Fruit ovate or
broader than long, smooth or tuberculate. Carpels
mostly with prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled. Oil-
tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis-
sural side. Seed terete or nearly so.
1. A. graveolens L. Glabrous; stems erect, 3-9 dm. high,
several-leafed; leaves pinnate, the basal and lower ones long-
Carrot Family 285
petioled, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, thin, broadly
ovate to oval, coarsely toothed and often incised, 1-3 cm. long;
umbels opposite the leaves and terminal, 3-7-rayed; involucre
and involucels small or none ; flowers minute, white, very short-
pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely 1 mm. long, the ribs somewhat
winged.
Common in low marshy places.
12. CICUTA L. WATER-HEMLOCK.
Smooth poisonous marsh perennials with pinnately
compound leaves and serrate leaflets and white flowers.
Calyx-teeth rather.prominent. Fruit flattened laterally,
oblong to orbicular, glabrous. Carpel with strong flat-
tish corky ribs, the lateral ribs largest without strength-
ening cells. Stylopodium low, sometimes low-conic.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural
side. Seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally flattened,
with face plane to slightly concave.
1. C. occidentalis Greene. Stout, 9-18 dm. high; rootstock
short, giving rise to slender roots above and a fascicle of thick
and elongated ones below; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets from
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, sharply serrate and
conspicuously reticulate beneath ; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, con-
stricted at the commissure, the ribs apparently equal, but laterals
largest in section, the intervals broad; oil-tubes large.
Frequent in marshes toward the coast.
13. CABUM L.
Smooth erect slender herbs with tuberous or fusiform
fascicled roots, pinnate leaves with few linear leaflets,
and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent for the size
of the fruit. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular to
oblong, glabrous. Carpel with filiform or inconspicuous
ril>s. Stylopodium conic. Oil-tubes large and solitary
in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed
dorsally flattened, more or less sulcate beneath the
tubes, the face plane or slightly concave.
286 Umbelliferae
1. C. Gairdneri (H. & A.) Gray. Stem 3-12 dm. .high from
fascicled tuberous or fusiform roots ; leaves few, usually simply
pinnate, with 3-7 linear-filiform leaflets, 5-15 cm. long; umbels
6-15-rayed ; bracts several or none ; bractlets linear, acuminate ;
rays 2.5-4 cm. long; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 1-2
mm. long, with small ovate calyx-teeth, low conic stylopodium
and long slender styles ; seed terete.
Occasional along borders of marshes.
2. C. Lemmoni C. & R. Resembling the last, but fruit oblong,
tapering somewhat at base and apex, 3 mm. long and 2 mm.
broad, with conspicuous ribs, each of which contains a small
group of strengthening cells ; calyx-teeth prominent, concealing
the stylopodium ; styles long and slender.
Occasional in marshes toward the coast.
14. SIUM L.
Smooth perennials growing in water or wet places,
with pinnate leaves, serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involu-
cres and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and
white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened
laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous. Carpel with promi-
nent corky nearly equal ribs. Stylopodium depressed ;
styles short. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Seed sub-
angular, with plane face.
1. S. cicutaefoliuxn Gmel. Stout, 6-8 dm. high; leaflets
3-8 pairs, linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acumi-
nate, 5-13 cm. long, lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely
dissected; umbel many-rayed; rays 2.5-4 cm. long; pedicels 2-6
mm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 2-6
on the commissural side.
Oak Knoll, McUlatchie.
2. S. heterophyllum Greene. Stems stout, angular and flexu-
ose, 1 m. high; lowest leaves with a single lamina which is
rather broadly rhombic-lanceolate, serrate or laciniate-cleft, 5-20
cm. long; petiole stout, fistulose; the other leaves 3-lobed or
divided and passing to the truly pinnate, with 2 pairs of broadly
lanceolate, acute, serrate leaflets ; bracts broadly lanceolate, taper-
ing at both ends ; fruit 3 mm. long, strongly ribbed.
Near Pasadena, Davidson.
Carrot Family 287
15. BEBULA Hoffm.
Smooth aquatic perennial herbs with simple pinnate
leaves, variously cut leaflets, and small white flowers.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly
round, emarginate at base, glabrous. Carpel nearly glo-
bose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs, thick corky
pericarp and no strengthening cells. Stylopodium
conic. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, closely sur-
rounding the seed-cavity. Seed terete.
1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 1.5-9 dm. high; leaflets
5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate; serrate to cut-toothed, often
laciniate-lobed, sometimes crenate, 1-7.5 cm. long; umbels many-
rayed ; rays 5 cm. long or less ; bracts usually conspicuous ; bract-
lets narrow; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long.
Occasional along watercourses.
16. OENANTHE L.
Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems,
pinnate or decompound leaves, and usually involucrate
umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth rather prominent.
Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally if at all, gla-
brous. Carpel semiterete in section, with broad obtuse
corky ribs ; laterals the largest ; a band of strengthen-
ing cells investing the seeds and oil-tubes. Stylopodium
very short-conic, with elongated styles. Oil-tubes soli-
tary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed
sulcate beneath each oil-tube.
1. O. sarmentosa Californica (Wats.) C. & R. Succulent stems,
6-15 dm. high ; leaves ternate and biternate ; leaflets approximate,
acute or acutish, toothed, often lobed at base, 1-2.5 cm. long;
umbels many; bracts few, linear or none; bractlets similar,
more numerous; rays 2.5 cm. long or less; pedicels numerous,
short; fruit about 4 mm. long, with commissural face as well as
ribs very corky.
Frequent along slow-running streams.
288 Umbelliferae
17. FOENICULUM Adans. FENNEL.
Erect biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pin-
nate compound leaves, linear or capillary leaflets, and
compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and in-
volucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obtuse or
slightly retuse at the apex. Stylopodium long, conic.
Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so. Car-
pels half terete, dorsally flattened, prominently ribbed.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat or
slightly concave.
1. F. Foeniculum (L.) Karst. Perennial, branched, 7-20
dm. high; leaves very finely dissected into capillary segments;
petioles broad, clasping ; umbels large, 9-25-rayed ; rays glaucous,
2.5-7.5 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long, slender; fruit
about 6 mm. long. (F. vulgare Gaertn.)
In waste places and along streets. Native of Europe.
18. SPHENOSCIADIUM Gray.
Nearly simple thick-rooted perennials, with stout
stems glabrous up to the tomentose umbel, once or twice
pinnate leaves with bladdery dilated petioles, and scari-
ous white or purplish flowers sessile on an enlarged
receptacle and forming a compact head. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, cuneate-obovate, hir-
sute. Carpel strongly flattened at base, winged above,
the dorsal and intermediate wings narrow, the lateral
broader. Stylopodium small and conic or flat in flower.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis-
sural side. Seed-face plane.
1. S. capitellatum Gray. Very stout, 3-14 dm. high; leaves
large and glabrous; the leaflets oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-5
cm. long, with rather few laciniate teeth or lobes, more or less
entire below ; umbel equally 4-15-rayed, with globose umbellets
of sessile pubescent flowers ; bractlets few, deciduous ; rays 2.5-5
cm. long; fruit cuneate-obovate, about 5 mm. long.
Cienega, Davidson.
Carrot Family 289
19. LOMATIUM Raf.
Acquiescent or short caulescent dry-ground perennials,
with fusiform or tuberous roots, ternate sometimes pin-
nate to dissected leaves, no involucre, and yellow, white
or purple flowers. Calyx-teeth usually obsolete. Fruit
strongly flattened dorsally, oblong to orbicular. Carpel
with filiform and approximate dorsal and intermediate
ribs, and winged laterals coherent until maturity with
those of the other carpel ; pericarp thin with strengthen-
ing cells beneath each rib. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-
tubes 1-several in the intervals, rarely obsolete, 2-10 on
the commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened with
plane or rarely slightly concave face. (Peucedanum.)
1. L. utriculatum (Nutt.) C. & R. Caulescent or nearly aeau-
lescent, ceespitose to 3 dm. high or more, from a more or less
thickened root, puberulent or glabrous; petioles very broadly
dilated; leaves ternately or pinnately decompound, with ulti-
mate segments narrowly linear 12 mm. or less long; umbel
unequally 5-20-rayed ; bracts much dilated, mostly obovate, often
toothed ; rays 5 cm. long or less ; pedicels 4-10 mm. long ; flowers
yellow; fruit broadly elliptic, glabrous, 4-10 mm. long, 2-7 mm.
broad, with wings nearly as broad as the body, and prominent
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes large, solitary in the
intervals, 4-6 or sometimes 2-3 on the commissural side, very short
accessory ones in the intervals ; seed-face somewhat concave.
Frequent on the mesas and grassy foothills.
2. L. Vaseyi C. & R. Short, caulescent, 15-20 cm. high;
slightly pubescent; petioles wholly inflated; leaves small, 2.5-5
cm. long, bipinnate, with the small ovate segments irregularly
3-5-lobed; umbel equally 2-5-rayed ; bractlets obovate, petiolu-
late, toothed; rays 2.5cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers
yellow; fruit broadly oblong, emarginate, glabrous, 12-14 mm.
long, 8 mm. broad, with wings twice as broad as the body, and
mostly prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs ; oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side.
Frequent in heavy soil on the mesas throughout our range.
290 Umbelliferae
3. Ij. dasycarpum (T. &G.) C. & R. Very short, caulescent
or acaulescent, with several stout peduncles, 1.5-3 cm. long, from
a common root, tomentose-pubescent ; leaves rather small, pin-
nately decompound, with numerous short linear segments ; umbel
somewhat equally 6-15-rayed ; bractlets linear to ovate, more or
less tomentose; rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long; pedicels 6-10 mm. long;
flowers white ; fruit nearly orbicular, coarsely pubescent, becom-
ing almost glabrous, 8-14 mm. long, 7-12 mm. broad, with thin
membranous wings, broader than the body, and filiform dorsal and
intermediate ribs ; oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals (an
occasional secondary one in the lateral intervals) , 4 on the commis-
sural side ; seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane
face.
Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in the interior region.
20. EUBYPTEBA Nutt.
Acaulescent or caulescent glabrous perennials, with
elongated roots, branching only from the base, leaves
once or twice compound, with usually broad sharply
toothed leaflets. Flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth minute
or obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, orbicular
to shortly oblong. Carpel with filiform ribs, and with
broadly winged laterals, these often distinct at base
and becoming cordate or emarginate, cohering until
maturity with those of the other carpel ; pericarp thin.
Stylopodium wanting ; disk impressed. Oil-tubes 1-sev-
eral in the intervals. Seed strongly dorsally flattened,
with plane face.
1. E. lucida Nutt. Short, caulescent, glabrous, rather stout,
1.5-5 dm. high; leaves ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, some-
what lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbel
equally 8-15-rayed ; bractlets lanceolate ; rays 1-5 cm. long ; pedi-
cels 12 mm. long; fruit nearly orbicular, emarginate at each end,
glabrous, 10-14 mm. in diameter, with wings more than twice as
broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side.
Occasional on dry ground in the chaparral belt in all our mountains.
Carrot Family 291
2. E. Hassei C. & R. Caulescent, stout, 6 dm. high or more,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous, from a long slender woody
root; leaves biternate on very long petioles (sometimes 2.5 dm.,
including petiole) ; leaflets broadly ovate with cuneate base, irreg-
ularly lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 2. 5-10 cm. long, becom-
ing 6 cm. broad; umbel long-peduncled, equally 8-18-rayed;
bractlets varying from rather short linear-setaceous to oblanceo-
late, foliaceous, entire or toothed and much exceeding the pedi-
cels; rays 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 12-16 mm. long; fruit as in
the last.
" Sierra Madre Canyon," ffasxe. We have seen no specimens that answer
the description of this plant, but forms of the last found in the Santa
Monica Mountains seem to approach it. No doubt it will be found to be only
a robust form of the last species.
21. PASTINACA L.
Tall erect mostly biennial branching herbs, with thick
roots, pinnate leaves, and compound umbels of yellow
flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit
oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally ; dorsal and in-
termediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, coherent
with those of the other carpel and forming a broad mar-
gin to the fruit. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, and
2-4 on the commissural side. Seed very flat.
1. P. sativa L. Usually biennial, glabrous or somewhat
downy-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high; the root long conic, fleshy;
lower and basal leaves petioled, pinnate, often 4.5 dm. long; leaf-
lets rather thin, ovate or oval, obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised
and sharply dentate, 2-6 mm. long; upper leaves generally much
reduced ; umbels several or numerous, 5-15 cm. broad, 7-15-rayed ;
the rays slender, 1-5 cm. long; pedicels very slender, 6-12 mm.
long in fruit; fruit broad, the dorsal and intermediate ribs not
prominent, but the oil-tubes conspicuous.
Rather frequent in marshes, especially toward the coast.
22. DAUCUS L.
Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom-
pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts,
292 Cornaceae
entire or toothed bractlets, and usually white flowers in
concave umbels which become connivent in fruit.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally.
Carpel with 5 slender bristles, primary ribs and 4-winged
secondary ones, each bearing a single row of prominent
barbed prickles. Stylopodium depressed or wanting.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, under the secondary
ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed flattened dorsally>
the face somewhat concave or almost plane.
1. D. pusillus Michx. Stems mostly simple, papillate, hispid,
2.5-60 cm. high; leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear seg-
ments ; umbels unequally few-many-rayed, forming a rather
compact head; rays 1-3.5 cm. long; pedicels very unequal ; fruit
3-5 mm. long.
Frequent in open dry ground in the chaparral belt and on the planes
ihroughout our range.
2. D. Carota L. (WILD CARROT.) Hispid, usually biennial,
erect, 3-9 dm. high, the root fleshy, deep conic; lower and basal
leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate, dentate, lobed or
pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller, less divided; bracts parted into
linear or filiform lobes; umbels 5-10 cm. broad; rays numerous,
crowded, 1-5 cm. long; the outer ones longer than the inner*
pedicels very slender, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; flowers usually
white, the central one of each umbel often purple ; fruit 3-4 mm.
long, bristly on the winged ribs.
Occasional in waste places.
Family 68. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs or rarely herbs, with simple and entire
opposite or rarely whorled leaves, and flowers in cymes
or spikes, perfect or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate or 4-5-lobed or none.
Petals generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, usually valv-
ate spreading, inserted at the base of the epigynous
disk. Stamens as many as the petals or more numerous,
inserted writh them ; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary
Dogwood Family 293
inferior, 1-2-celled ; styles 1 or 2 ; ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe or berry, 1-2-seeded.
Flowers perfect; petals present. 1. CORNUS.
Flowers dioecious; petals wanting. 2. GARRYA.
1. CORNUS L. DOGWOOD.
Shrubs or trees or rarely herbs, with simple mostly
entire and usually opposite, rarely verticillate leaves,
and small flowers in cymes or heads, the latter involu-
crate with large white bracts. Calyx-limb minutely
4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovules 1 in
each cell. Drupe ovoid or globose, the stone 2-celled
and 2-seeded.
1. C. occidentalis (T. & G.) Coville. Shrub, 2-5 m. high,
with smooth purplish branches ; leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic,
acute or somewhat acuminate, shortly cuneate at base, 5-10 cm.
long, paler beneath and more or less pubescent with loose silky
hairs, especially on the veins ; cyme spreading, round-topped, 3-5
cm. broad; fruit white, subglobose ; stone 5 mm. broad, some-
what compressed, furrowed on the edges. (C. pubescens Nutt.)
Occasional in moist ground, especially in the mountains, but reported from
Cienega by Davidson.
2. GARRY A Dougl. SILK-TASSEL TREE.
Evergreen shrubs with 4-angled branchlets, opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, the short petioles connate at
the base, and dioecious apetalous flowers in axillary
aments, solitary or in 3's between the decussately con-
nate bracts. Calyx of staminate flowers 4-parted, writh
linear valvate segments. Stamens 4, wath distinct fila-
ments. Disk and ovary none. Pistillate flowers with
the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete. Disk and
stamens none. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 2 ; styles 2, stig-
matic on the inner side, persistent. Berry ovoid>
1-2-seeded.
294 Pyrolaceae
1. G. Veatchii Palxneri (Wats.) Eastwood. An erect, branch-
ing shrub, 18-25 dm. high; branchlets sparsely pubescent with
close appressed silky hairs when young, becoming smooth with
age; petioles short, 2-6 mm. long; leaves coriaceous, oval or
oblong-ovate, slightly undulate or entire, acute at apex and aris-
tate, rounded or cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so above,
densely tomentose beneath with matted hairs, 2.5-5 cm. long;
bracts prominent, acute or acuminate, the lower foliaceous ; fruit
cuneate at base, the lower short-pedicelled, densely silky, becom-
ing glabrate ; calyx-teeth prominent and close to the base of the
styles. (G.flavescens Palmeri Wats.)
Rather frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San
Antonio and Cuyamaca Mountains. January.
2. G. Veatchii undulata Eastwood. Leaves elliptic or ellip-
tic-ovate, obtuse or aristate at apex, cuneate at base, the margins
undulate; fruit densely clustered, concealing the upper bracts;
calyx-teeth hidden in dense wool and some distance below the
base of the styles.
Occasional on Mount Wilson and Mount Lowe.
3. G. pallida Eastwood. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acute and with a recurved mucro, entire, sparsely silky-pubes-
cent beneath, with straight upwardly appressed pubescence;
racemes short; bracts about 3 mm. long; calyx-teeth close to the
base of the styles and concealed in the young fruit by dense hairs.
Santa Ana Mountains, where it was collected by the author on the trail to
Santiago Peak.
Family 69. PYROLACEAE. WINTERGREEN FAMILY.
Low mostly very green perennials, with branched
rootstocks, simple petibled leaves, and nearly regular
white or purple perfect flowers, racemose solitary or
corymbose. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Corolla very deeply
4-5-parted, or of 5 distinct petals. Stamens twice as
many as the divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse
in the bud, inverted at anthesis, opening by pores or
short slits ; pollen grains in 4's. Ovary superior,
4-5-celled ; style short or slender, often declined ; stigma
5-lobed or 5-crenate ; ovules very numerous, anatropous.
Ericaceae 295
Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds very numerous,
minute, the loose cellular coat much larger than the
almost undifferentiated embryo.
1. CHIMAPHXLA Pursh.
Perennial herbs with decumbent stems, ascending
leafy branches, opposite or verticillate evergreen short-
petioled serrate leaves, and spreading or nodding white
or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs or rarely soli-
tary. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 5-cleft or
5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular,
sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, the filaments
usually dilated above and somewhat pubescent. Ovary
globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles very short, obconic ;
stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate.
1. C. Menziesii Spreng. More or less branched from the
base, 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 12-36 mm.
long, sharply serrulate, the upper surface often mottled with
white; peduncle 1-3-flowered ; bracts ovate or roundish; fila-
ments slender, with a round dilated portion above the middle,
villous; flowers about 1 cm. in diameter.
Mount Wilson under pines. Frequent in the San Antonio, San Bernardino
and Cuyamaca Mountains.
SARCODES SANGUINEA Torr. (SNOW-PLANT.) Stems stout, red-
dish, 15-35 cm. high, more or less glandular-pubescent, clothed
with firm fleshy scales, the upper narrower, passing into the
linear bracts, these ciliate-margined, exceeding the flowers;
corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, 5-lobed, persistent; stamens
10, unappendaged ; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Antonio and San Bernardino
Mountains above 7000 feet. This interesting parasitic plant belongs to the
closely related family Monotropaceae.
Family 70. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY.
Shrubs, perennial herbs or trees, with simple exstipu-
late leaves, and mostly perfect sympetalous or rarely
296 Ericaceae
choripetalous flowers. Galyx free from the ovary,
4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regu-
lar or rarely somewhat 2-lipped and irregular, usually
4-5-toothed, lobed or divided. Stamens hypogynous,
usually as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes ;
filaments mostly separate ; anthers 2-celled, attached to
the filament by the back or base, the sacks often pro-
longed above into tubes, dehiscent by terminal pores or
chinks, often awned. Disk crenate-lobed or often none.
Ovary usually 2-5-celled ; style elongated or short ;
stigma peltate or capitate : ovules usually numerous,
anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds
numerous or sometimes only 1 in each cavity ; endo-
sperm fleshy.
Fruit granular, baccate. 1. ARBUTUS.
Fruit not granular, smooth or pubescent, drupaceous.
2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.
1. ARBUTUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with evergreen and coriaceous alter-
nate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small
flowers in a terminal cluster of racemes or panicles.
Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, 5-parted.
Corolla urceolate with 4-5 small recurved teeth. Ovary
on an hypogynous disk, 4-5-celled ; ovules crowded on a
fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angles of each
cell. Style rather long ; stigma obtuse. Fruit a many-
seeded berry.
1. A. Menziesii Pursh. (MADRONO.) Commonly 5-10 m.
high; bark exfoliating, deep red; leaves glabrous, elliptic or
ovate, green above, glaucous beneath, 5—10 cm. long, entire or
those of young shoots denticulate; petioles about 1 cm. long;
flowers in an ample terminal panicle or dense racemes; berry
fleshy, red, subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, surface granular.
Mount Wilson and Sturtevant trails at about 3000 feet altitude, and in
Los Tunas Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains.
Heath Family 297
2. ABCTOSTAPHYLOS Aclans. MANZ ANITA.
Shrubs or small trees with evergreen coriaceous alter-
nate leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers, in
racemes, spikes or panicles.- Bracts and bractlets present,
scale-like. Ovules solitary in the cells, which become
bony nutlets or combine into a few-several-celled stone.
Fruit a drupe with a hard surface and a mealy or almost
bony pulp between it and the nutlets.
* Leaves plane, alike or nearly alike on both sides.
«- Ovary and pedicels smooth or glabrate.
1. A. Manzanita Parry. Shrubby or arborescent, 2-8 m.
high ; bark mahogany-red, exfoliating, twigs and petioles minute-
ly tomentose-pubescent ; leaves dull green, commonly vertical by
a twist in the short petiole, rigid, ovate-oblong, glabrous on both
surfaces, 2.5-5 cm. long; petioles 6-10 cm. long; bracts less than
4 mm. long; pedicels smooth, corolla pinkish; ovary smooth;
fruit irregularly depressed-globose, 8-12 mm. broad, reddish
brown ; nutlets irregularly separable, rough-carinate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the San Ber-
nardino Range. In both confined mostly to the upper portions of the chapar-
ral belt.
2. A. patula Greene. Diffusely branched shrub, 1-1.5 m.
high ; young twigs rusty puberulent or nearly smooth ; leaves
smooth, bright green, ovate to broadly cordate, 2-5 cm. long,
entire, obtuse ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels smooth ; fruit smooth r
depressed-globose, about 6 mm. in diameter ; nutlets united into a
deeply lobed stone.
Occasional on dry ridges in the open pine woods of the San Antonio and
San Bernardino Mountains, 5000-8'JOO feet altitude.
-*- •*- Ovary and pedicels tomentose or glandular-pubescent.
3. A. tomentosa Dougl. Shrubby, erect, 1.5-3 m. high, twigs,
foliage and pedicels minutely tomentose when young, the twigs
often also hispid with scattered hairs ; leaves glaucescent, paler
and tomentose beneath, ovate to elliptic, entire or some times
denticulate; bracts conspicuous, foliaceous, usually exceeding
the short pubescent or somewhat hispid pedicels; ovary densely
298 Primulaeeae
hirsute, 7-10-celled ; fruit hirsute, minutely roughened ; nutlets all
separate or some united in pairs.
Common in all our mountains in the upper chaparral belt. The common
form in the San Gabriel Mountains is usually more or less glandular and
must be referred to A. glandulosa Eastwood; but all gradations occur, so that
it does not seem possible to separate them.
4. A. glauca Lindl. Shrubby, erect, 3-6 m. high, smooth
throughout; leaves glaucous, ovate, entire or denticulate; bracts
foliaceous, conspicuous ; pedicels stout, glandular-pubescent ; ovary
viscid-glandular, 6-8-celled; fruit dark red, very viscid; stone
with longitudinal ridges, sharply apiculate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the San
Antonio and San Bernardino Ranges.
5. A. Pringlei Parry. An erect, branching shrub, 1.5-2 m.
high ; twigs and petioles hispid and glandular-pubescent ; leaves
ovate to obovate, mucronate, rough, with ciliate margins, on
petioles 4-8 mm. long ; infloresence in dense divaricate panicles ;
bracts linear-lanceolate; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long, glan-
dular pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, densely glandular, ovary
glandular-hispid ; nutlets consolidated into a rough carinate
stone, or separable.
Occasional in the pine belt of the San Bernardino. San Jacinto and Cuya-
maca Mountains.
** Leaves revolute, smooth above, tomentose beneath.
6. A. bicolor (Nutt.) Gray. Shrub, 1-2 m. high ; leaves ovate
or oblong, 4-6 cm. long, margins entire, strongly revolute, gla-
brous above, white tomentose beneath, short-petiolate ; inflores-
cence in few-flowered compact racemes; bracts stout, pedicels
lanceolate; calyx-lobes and ovary tomentose; fruit globose, 6-8
mm. in diameter, dark brown, puberulent or smooth; nutlets
united into a round solid, nearly smooth stone.
Frequent in the foothills of western San Diego County. Reported from
Catalina Island.
Family 71. PRIMUL.ACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Herbs with alternate opposite or basal leaves and per-
fect regular flowers in terminal or axillary racemes
spikes umbels or corymbs, or solitary in the axils.
Primrose Family 299
Calyx free from the ovary, usually 5-parted ; persistent
or rarely deciduous. Corolla sympetalous, usually 5-cleft,
the lobes (in ours) spreading or reflexed. Stamens as
many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, inserted
on the tube or at the base of the ovary ; anthers introrse,
attached by their backs to the filaments, 2-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; placenta
central, free ; style 1 ; stigma simple, capitate. Capsule
2-6-valved ; valves erect, entire or 2-cleft. Seeds few or
many ; endosperm present.
Sterile filaments alternate with the corolla-lobes. I. SAMOLUS.
Sterile filaments wanting.
Flowers axillary on leafy stems. 2 ANAGALLIS.
Flowers in umbels at the ends of scapes. 3. DODKCATHEON.
1. SAMOLUS L. BROOKWEED.
Low glabrous herbs with alternate entire leaves and
small white flowers in loose racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its
base coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Corolla
campanulate, 5-cleft, with a slender tooth borne at each
sinus. Stamens 5, short and included, inserted on the
tube of the corolla. Capsule globular, 5-valved at the
summit, many-seeded.
1. S. floribundus H. B. K. Erect or ascending, branched at
least at the base, 15-45 cm. high ; leaves membranous, 25-75 mm.
long, obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into pet-
ioles, the basal often rosulate; flowers email, less than 2 mm.
broad, usually numerous, in loose elongated panicled racemes;
pedicels filiform, spreading, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-
lobes acute, shorter than the corolla ; capsule 2-3 mm. in diame-
ter, the 5 apical valves spreading at maturity. (S. Valerandi
Americanus Gray.)
Occasional along watercourses. Lytle Creek; San Bernardino Valley.
2. ANAGALLIS L. PIMPERNEL.
Annual or perennial diffuse or erect branching mostly
glabrous herbs, with opposite or verticillate sessile or
300 Primulaceae
short-petioled leaves entire or nearly so, and small
axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate. Stamens 5, inserted at
the base of the corolla ; filaments puberulent, distinct or
united into a narrow ring at the base ; anthers oblong,
obtuse. Ovary globose ; ovules numerous ; stigma obtuse.
Capsule globose, circumscissile. Seeds minute, flat on
the back.
1. A. arvensis L. Annual, diffuse, usually much branched ;
stems 1-3 dm. long, 4-sided; leaves ovate or oval, numerous,
opposite, sessile or somewhat clasping, obtuse or acutish, 6-20
mm. long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, 1-4 cm. long,
recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes keeled, rather rigid, slightly shorter
than the crenate glandular ciliate corolla-segments ; flowers
scarlet or salmon color, usually with a dark center, 4-6 mm.
broad ; capsule glabrous.
Common in waste places and gardens. Flowering nearly all the year.
3. DODECATHEON L. SHOOTING-STAR.
Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with entire or repand
basal leaves, and rather large flowers in involucrate
umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes reflexed, slightly unequal, the tube very short,
thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the
throat of the corolla ; filaments short, flat, monadelphous,
connivent into a cone, exserted ; anthers linear or lance-
olate, connivent, attached by their bases to the filaments.
Ovary ovoid or subglobose, superior ; style filiform, ex-
serted ; stigma 5— 6-valved at the apex or splitting to the
base. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa punctate.
1. D. Cleveland! Greene. Pale green and glandular, 3-6 dm.
high ; roots formed at the beginning of the dry season and remain-
ing dormant, no tubers formed; leaves scarcely fleshy, ascend-
ing or erect, spatulate-obovate, the margins erose ; corolla bright
purple with a yellow base; filaments purple, becoming yellow
Plumbaginaceae 301
at the base of the anthers; anthers purple except the midvein,
about twice the length of the staminal tube, the apex blunt,
retuse ; capsule oblong, circumscissile at the top.
Frequent on dry mesas and grassy hillsides. March-April.
Family 72. PLUMBAGINACEAE. PLUMBAGO
FAMILY.
Perennial, mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal
tufted leaves and small perfect regular clustered flowers.
Calyx tubular or funnelform, 5-toothed, plaited at the
sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hypogynous
clawed segments, connate at the base or united into a
tube. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypog-
ynous ; filaments separate or united at the base ; anthers
2-celled, attached by the backs to the filaments, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; ovules
solitary, anatropous, pendulous ; styles 5, separate or
united. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx,
rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary ; endosperm
mealy or none.
1. LIMONIUM Adans. MARSH ROSEMARY.
Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous
very small flowers cymose-paniculate on the branches of
bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, form-
ing 1-sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the
limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed.
Petals 5, clawed. Styles 5, separate, stigmatic along the
inner side. Fruit a utricle.
1. Li. Californicum (Boiss.) Small. Leaves 15-25 cm. long,
obovate-oblong, entire, fleshy-coriaceous; scape 3-6 dm. high;
spikes corymbose-panicled : calyx-tube more or less hairy on the
angles.
Occasional in salt marshes along the coast.
302 Oleaceae
Family 73. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs with opposite or rarely alternate
simple or pinnate exstipulate entire or dentate leaves,
and regular perfect, polygamous or dioecious, 2-4-parted
flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, cymes or fasci-
cles. Calyx free from the ovary, usually small, some-
times none. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the corolla ; fila-
ments usually short, separate ; anthers mostly large,
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior,
2-celled ; ovules few in each cell ; style usually short or
none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. Seeds
erect or pendulous ; endosperm present or wanting ;
embryo straight.
1. FRAXINTJS L. ASH.
Trees or tall shrubs with opposite and usually odd-
pinnate leaves, and small dioecious or polygamous,
rarely perfect, greenish fasciculate flowers, appearing
before or with the leaves. Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregu-
larly toothed, entire or none. Petals none or 2-4, separ-
ate, or united in pairs at the base, induplicate valvate.
Stamens 2, rarely 3-4, inserted on the base of the petals
or hypogynous ; filaments short-elongated ; anthers
ovate, oblong or linear. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous ;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat samara, winged at the apex
only or all around, usually 1-seeded. Seed oblong.
1. F. Oregana Nutt. A small or middle-sized tree; leaves
tomentose or glabrate in age; leaflets 5-9, oval to oblong-lanceo-
late, entire, sessile, 5-10 cm: long; flowers all with minute calyx
and no petals ; fruit marginless at base, margined upwards into
oblanceolate or spatulate retuse wing, the whole 2.5-4 cm. long.
San Gabriel and Lytle Creek Canyons.
2. F. dipetala H. & A. Shrub 2.5-4 m. high ; leaves 5-15 cm.
long; leaflets 3-9, green above, yellowish green beneath when
Gentianaceae 303
young, oblong, coarsely serrate above the middle, mostly petioled,
2-4 cm. long; flowers mostly perfect; calyx less than 2 mm.
long ; petals 2, oval, narrowed at base to a short claw, 6 mm. long ;
white; style slightly lobed at apex; fruit linear-oblong to spatu-
late-oblong, the terminal wing frequently emarginate at apex.
Occasional in canyons.
Family 74. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY.
Bitter, mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite
rarely verticillate exstipulate entire leaves, and regular
perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters or solitary
at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx persistent,
4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided, the lobes imbricated or
not meeting in the bud. Corolla funnelform, campanu-
late or rotate, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alter-
nate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform or
dilated at the base. Ovary superior, 1-celled or partly
2-celled ; ovules numerous ; style simple or none ; stigma
entire or 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent
by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed ;
endosperm copious ; embryo small, straight.
1. EBYTHBAEA Neck. CANCHALAGUA.
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or
amplexicaul leaves, and pink or yellow flowers in cymes
or spikes. Calyx tubular, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-divided, the
lobes narrow, keeled. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-5-lobed,
the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube ;
filaments short, filiform ; anthers linear or oblong,
becoming spirally twisted. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae
sometimes intruded ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed.
304 Apocynaceae
Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat
reticulated.
1. E. venusta Gray. Simple and cymosely several-flowered
at the summit or corymbosely branched, 8-20 cm. high ; leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, obtusish; calyx-lobes
very narrow to the base ; corolla bright pink with a yellow cen-
ter, the limb 2 cm. broad, lobes oval or obovate; anthers oblong-
linear; seed spherical.
Frequent in our interior valleys. May-June.
Family 75. APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY.
Perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly with acrid
milky juice, simple opposite or alternate exstipulate
leaves, and perfect regular cymose, solitary or paniculate
flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla and alternate with them, inserted in the tube or
throat ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, 2-celled. Ovary
superior or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct
carpels, or 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled ;
ovules few or numerous ; style simple or 2-divided ;
stigma simple. Fruit of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds
often appendaged by a coma ; endosperm present ;
embryo straight.
1. APOCYNTJM L. DOGBANE.
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and small white
or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary
corymbed cymes. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla campanu-
late, the tube beading within 5 small triangular append-
ages alternate with the stamens. Stamens inserted on
the base of the corolla ; anthers sagittate connivent
around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk
5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels ; ovules numerous
Asclepiadaceae 305
in each carpel ; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed.
Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds small, tipped
with a large coma.
1. A. cannabinum L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Root deep, vertical ;
stem much branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous
or nearly so, more or less glaucous ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-
oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at apex,
narrowed or rounded at base, glabrous above, sometimes pubes-
cent beneath, 5-15 cm. long ; petioles 2-12 mm. long or sometimes
none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base;
flowers 5-7 mm. broad; calyx-lobes about equaling the tube of
the greenish white corolla; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles
about 10 cm. long, narrowed at the apex.
Occasional in moist places along streams.
Family 76. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED
FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky
juice, opposite verticillate or alternate exstipulate leaves,
and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx-
tube very short, its segments imbricated or separate in
the bud. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments com-
monly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona)
between the corolla and the stamens and adherent to
one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla ;
filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous or distinct ;
anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, in-
trorsely 2-celled ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or
erect scarious membrane or unappendaged ; pollen
coherent into waxy or granular masses. Ovary of 2
carpels ; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the
peltate discoid stigma ; ovules numerous, pendulous.
Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com-
pressed, usually appendaged by a long coma.
Plants twining. 1. PHILIBEBTELLA.
Plants erect or decumbent, not twining. 2. ASCLEPIAS.
306 Asclepiadaceae
1. PHILIBERTELLA Vail.
Twining herbs or somewhat shrubby, with opposite
leaves and umbellate flowers. Calyx small, 5-parted, the
lobes acute. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deeply
5-parted, the lobes acute or obtuse, with a shallow entire
or undulate ring forming an outer crown in its throat.
The inner staminal crown consisting of 5 turgid fleshy
or hard scales or flattish appendages, attached in a circle
at the base of the sessile or slighly stalked column,
forming a hollow entire or undulate spreading surface
near the level of the conic stigmas. Follicles naked,
slender, attenuate at both ends or obtuse at base.
1. P. Hartwegii heterophylla (Engelm.) Vail. Stems slen-
der, twining, glabrous, puberulent or somewhat pubescent above;
leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, variable, some tapering into
the petiole, others with rounded and more with dilated or auricu-
late-cordate or truncate base; corolla scarcely puberulent, 1cm.
broad, its lobes acute; column sessile.
Occasional on dry hillsides in our interior valleys, growing over low
shrubs or herbs.
2. ASCLEPIAS L. MILKWEED.
Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite ver-
ticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and flowers in ter-
minal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided,
usually small, the lobes acute, often glandular within.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, the lobes mostly valvate, reflexed
in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona
of 5 concave, erect or spreading hoods, each bearing
within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Filaments
connate into a tube ; anthers tipped with an inflexed
membrane ; winged, the wings broadened below the
middle ; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous
on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or
Convolvulaceae 307
5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds usu-
ally comose.
1. A. eriocarpa Benth. Erect, 5-8 dm. high; densely floccose-
woolly, the loose wool hardly deciduous except from the angled
stem below ; leaves not rarely ternate and the uppermost alter-
nate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcor-
date at base, short-petioled, 10-20 cm. long; umbels few or
several, on stout peduncles; flowers dull white; corolla at first
woolly outside; the lobes longer than the pedicels; column short
but distinct; hoods shorter than the anthers, rather spreading,
ventricose, semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the
middle of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute
angle or tooth barely enclosing the filiform acute horn ; ovaries
glabrous, the summit of the styles villous; follicles more or less
woolly.
Frequent on dry mesas and in the foothills, also occasionally in the pine
belt of the San Gabriel Mountains.
2. A. Mexicana Cav. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or
sparsely puberulent; leaves in whorls of 3-6 or the lower and
uppermost opposite, linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long,
4-12 mm. broad, short-petioled ; umbels many, corymbose, densely
many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels; flowers
greenish-white; corolla-lobes 4 mm. long; hoods broadly ovate,
entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded by the stout subulate
incurved horn.
Frequent on the mesas and in the foothills.
Family 77. COITVOLVTJIjACEAE. MORNING-GLORY
FAMILY.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), the
stems twining or ascending, trailing or erect, with alter-
nate exstipulate leaves and regular perfect axillary,
cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided,
usually persistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla
often funnelform or campanulate, the limb 5-angled,
5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the
308 Convolvulaceae
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, ses-
sile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, entire or
2-4-divided ; styles 1-3. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or
of 2-4 distinct carpels. Seeds erect, villous, pubescent or
glabrous ; embryo plaited or crumpled.
Stigmas capitate. 1. IPOMOEA.
Stigmas filiform or oblong. 2. CONVOLVULUS.
1. IPOMOEA L. MORNING-GLORY.
Twining, trailing, ascending or rarely erect herbs with
large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals
equal or unequal. Corolla funnelform or campanulate,
the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens equal or
unequal, included ; filaments filiform or dilated at the
base ; anthers globose or ovoid ; ovary 2-4-celled, 4-6-
ovuled ; style filiform, included ; stigmas 1-2, capitate or
globose. Capsule septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded.
1. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Annual, pubescent; stem retrorse-
ly hairy, twining or trailing; leaves broadly ovate, deeply cor-
date, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. broad; peduncles slender,
1-5-fiowered ; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or
hirsute toward the base ; corolla 5-7 cm. long, blue or purple vary-
ing to white ; ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-celled ; capsule depressed-
globose, shorter than the sepals.
An escape from gardens. Introduced from tropical America.
2. CONVOLVULUS L.
Herbs, mostly perennials with slender rootstocks and
trailing, twining or erect stems. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary or clustered, large and showy. Sepals nearly equal
or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of
bracts at or near its base. Corolla and stamens as in
Ipomoea. Ovary 1-2-celled ; style filiform ; stigmas 2,
Morning-glory Family 309
filiform, oblong or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so,
i-4-celled, 2-4-valved.
* Bracts remote from the calyx, small, subulate.
1. C. arvensis L. Perennial, prostrate; the stems 3-10 dm.
long; leaves oblong, sagittate or hastate, 2.5-5 cm. long, the
basal lobes short; pedicels 1-3-fl owered , with a pair of subulate
bracts near the base ; corolla white with a tinge of purple on the
outside, neither lobed nor angled ; stigma filiform.
Occasional in cultivated fields and waste places. May-November.
* Bracts usually embracing the calyx, foliaceous.
2. C. Soldanella L. Low, glabrous, slightly succulent; stems
15-30 cm. long, prostrate; leaves reniform, deep green and shin-
ing, 2.5-5 cm. long; corolla 4 cm. broad, pinkish; capsule
1-celled; stigma ovate-oblong, thickish.
On the sandy beaches along the seashore. May-June.
3. C. repens L. Stems from a horizontal slender running
rootstock, 6-10 dm. long, twining or more commonly prostrate;
herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent ; leaves sagittate,
obtuse or acutish, the basal lobes obtuse or rounded, entire;
bracts ovate-cordate acute, completely enfolding the calyx;
corolla pinkish, 5 cm. long or more; stigma oblong.
In moist meadows in the coast region.
4. C. occidentalis Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent;
stems freely twining over shrubs; leaves slender-petioled, from
angular-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the
upper hastate; the basal lobes often 1-2-toothed; peduncles
elongated, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered ; bracts at base of the
calyx ovate or obscurely cordate, rnembranaceous, equaling it or
somewhat longer, mostly obtuse ; corolla campanulate-funnelform,
white or pinkish, 3-5 cm. long; stigma linear.
Common in the chaparral belt in all our foothills and mountains.
5. C. occidentalis tenuissimus Gray. Much resembling the
typical form; leaves narrowly hastate or sagittate; the middle
and basal lobes mostly narrowly lanceolate ; bracts ovate-oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, south to San
Diego.
310 Cuscutaceae
Family 78. CUSCUTACEAE. DODDER FAMILY.
White or yellow slender twining parasites, the leaves
reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx 5-lobed,
rarely 4-lobed or 4-5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the
bud. Corolla usually campanulate, 5-lobed, rarely
4-lobed, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate
scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these
sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes
and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses
above the scales ; anthers short, 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity ;
styles 2, separate or rarely united below ; stigmas capi-
tate or linear. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile,
irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds
globose or angular ; embryo linear, curved or spiral ;
cotyledons none.
1. CUSCUTA L. DODDER.
Characters of the family. Stems filiform, parasitic on
herbs and shrubs by minute suckers.
* Ovary and capsule depressed-globose.
1. C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems filiform, pale yellow; flowers
nearly sessile in small clusters; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse;
corolla campanulate, its lobes as long as the tube, acute or acu-
minate, reflexed ; scales large, ovate, equaling or exceeding the
tube, densely fringed all around ; capsule depressed-globose.
On various herbs about Los Angeles, Davidson.
2. C. Californica Choisy. Stems capillary, low ; flowers 2-4
mm. long, pedicelled in loose cymes; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-
lobes lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the campan-
ulate tube ; filaments nearly equaling the linear oblong anthers ;
appendages none or rudimentary ; style slender.
Occasional along the coast and In the interior, growing on various low
shrubs.
Polemoniaceae 311
** Ovary and capsule pointed.
3. C. salina Engelm. Stems slender; flowers 3-5 mm. long,
pedicelled in loose cymes ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as
long as the denticulate corolla-lobes; corolla-tube shallow-cam-
panulate; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; fringed
scales shorter than the corolla-tube; capsule conic, usually
1 -seeded.
In salt marshes along the coast, growing over Salicornia, etc.
4. C. subinclusa D. & H. Stems rather coarse, ascending
small shrubs to the height of a meter or more; flowers 5-7 mm.
long, sessile or short-pedicelled, at length in clusters 1-2.5 cm.
thick ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, much shorter than
the cylindric or urn-shaped corolla- tube ; corolla-lobes much
shorter than the tube, minutely crenulate or papillose ; anthers
oval, subsessile; scales narrow, fringed, reaching to the middle of
the tube ; capsule conic, capped by the marcescent corolla.
Common in the foothills, usually on shrubs or coarse herbs.
Family 79. POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely low shrubs, with alternate or opposite,
entire, lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly so flowers, corymbose-capitate, cymose or panicu-
late. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the seg-
ments slightly imbricated. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes
contorted. Stamens 5, inserted on the tip of the corolla
and alternate with its lobes.; filaments slender ; anthers
versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
superior, mostly 3-celled ; ovules few-many in each cell ;
style simple, filiform ; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds various.
Leaves alternate; annual herbs, or 1 species perennial and lignescent at
base.
Calyx scarious between the angles, ruptured by the distended capsule.
3. GlLIA.
Calyx scarious or coriaceous at base. 2. NAVABRETIA.
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; shrubby. 4. LEPTODACTYLON.
Leaves opposite and —
Entire, the floral alternate. 1. MICROSTERIS.
Palmately lobed, upper verticillate. 5. LINANTHUS.
312 Polemoniaceae
1. MICBOSTEBIS Greene.
Small much branched annuals with entire leaves, all
except floral ones opposite, and minute flowers scattered
singly or in pairs in the axils of the alternate leaves.
Calyx tubular, 5-clef t, the lobes acute, scarious-margined.
Corolla salver-shaped, the tube narrow. Stamens straight,
short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Capsule
3-celled, at length distending and rupturing the calyx-
tube. Seeds few, large, the coat when moistened develop-
ing a thick glutinous mass.
1. M. Californica Greene. Slender, 1-2 dm. high, loosely and
somewhat dichotomously branched from the middle ; leaves from
obovate-subulate in the lowest to oblong and oblong-lanceolate,
1-2 cm. long, all more or less pubescent with scattered hairs, a
few fine gland-tipped hairs on the flowering branches and calyx ;
calyx-teeth slightly shorter than the tube ; corolla red, the lobes
emarginate, little surpassing the calyx; capsule ovoid. (Collomia
gracilis of recent authors, not of Douglas.)
Occasional in shady places in the foothills.
COLLOMIA GRANDIFLORA Dougl. A strict erect annual, with
entire oblong-lanceolate leaves, and large salmon-colored flowers
in terminal and axillary heads.
Common in open pine woods in the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuya-
maca Mountains.
2. NAVABBETIA R. & P.
Glabrous and scentless or viscid-pubescent and heavy-
scented annual herbs, with leaves all alternate setace-
ously or spinosely pinnatifid, or the lowest subentire.
Flowers in crowded bracted clusters at the ends of the
branches. Calyx-tube scarious between the green angu-
lar or costate segments, unequal, erect or spreading,
pungent-tipped or pungent-cleft, the 2 outer sometimes
spinulose-toothed or -cleft. Corolla-tube funnelform or
salver-shaped. Stamens and style exserted or included,
straight or declined. Capsule 1-3-celled, 1-many-seeded,
Phlox Family 313
partially dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds commonly
mucilaginous and sending out threads containing each a
spiral coil.
1. N. prostrata (Gray) Greene. Glabrous or nearly so ; flower
clusters sessile near the ground, the few branches radiating from
beneath and prostrate; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad and
strap-shaped, the segments short and spreading; calyx-tube
minutely white-hirsute, thin-hyaline between the stout costae,
constricted over the capsule, the segments spreading, 2 subulate
and entire, 3 spinulose trifid ; pericarp a transparent indehiscent
utricle close-fitted to the amalgamated mass of glutinous seeds,
breaking transversely or irregularly when soaked ; seeds 4 in each
cell. (Gilia prostrata Gray.)
In low adobe places on the mesas of the coast valley. Inglewood.
2. N. viscidula Benth. Viscid-pubescent, at length much
branched, erect, 5-8 cm. high, rather stout; leaves narrowly
linear but firm, laciniate-pmnatifid or parted into setaceous-sub-
ulate ascending lobes ; the bracts ovate-dilated ; flowers densely
glomerate; corolla violet or purple, 8-10 mm. long; capsule of
firm texture, dehiscent, normally 3-6-seeded. (Gilia viscidula
Gray.)
Dry places of the interior plains and foothills. May-June.
3. N. atractyloides (Benth.) H. & A. Pubescent and very
viscid, rigid-branched, spreading or procumbent, 5-15 cm. long;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, rigidly coriaceous and in age reticulate,
the margins beset with divaricate spinose-subulate teeth ; flowers
less glomerate; corolla narrowly funnelform, 12-18 mm. long,
deep purple; capsule dehiscent, 6-10-seeded. (Gilia atractyloides
Steud.)
Frequent in dry washes. May-June.
3. GILIA R. & P.
Annual herbs, rarely perennial or shrubby, with alter-
nate entire or pinnately toothed, lobed or divided leaves,
and small or showy flowers more or less clustered at the
ends of the branches. Calyx campanulate or tubular,
5-toothed or 5-lobed, scarious between the ribs or angles.
Corolla funnelform. Stamens inserted equally on the
314 Polemoniaceae
throat. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the
calyx. Seeds several in each cell, becoming mucilaginous
when wetted.
* Leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately dissected, not pungent; flowers usually
in capitate bractless clusters.
1. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 4-6 dm.
high, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5-9
linear and entire or toothed lobes ; flowers few in the clusters,
subsessile or on more elongated pedicels; calyx-teeth erect or
recurved in fruit, the hyaline margin very narrow ; corolla deep
or rather pale purple, its proper tube shorter than the obovate
lobes; stamens included ; capsule ovoid.
Frequent on the plains and foothills in our coast region.
2. G. achilleaefolia Benth. Stems 3-5 dm. high, glandular-
puberulent throughout ; leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into
linear, somewhat recurved segments; branches few, naked, bear-
ing a dense cluster of usually deep blue flowers ; calyx glandular-
pilose, mainly hyaline, its lobes incurved in fruit; corolla-tube
cylindric ; throat very short and broad ; lobes oblong, scarcely
spreading ; stamens exserted.
Common on dry plains and foothills throughout our range.
3. G. abrotanifolia Nutt. Herbage glabrous throughout or
very sparsely pilose on the petioles and calyx; stems 3-6 dm.
high, with a few ascending branches or simple naked above, bear-
ing a terminal dense cluster of large pale blue flowers; leaves
large, thin, 3-pinnately dissected, the segments very narrowly
linear ; calyx glabrous or sparsely pilose, mainly hyaline, recurved
or spreading in fruit ; corolla with funnelform throat and obovate
lobes ; stamens included or scarcely exserted.
Frequent in open places in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Thia
and the next have been called G. capitata Dougl., but that is a small-flowered
species of Oregon.
4. G. staminea Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit;
stems and leaves sparsely pilose ; calyx densely arachnoid-villous,.
mainly hyaline, its lobes recurved ; stamens well exserted, nearly
white.
This species is common in the San Joaquin Valley and may occur within
our limits.
Phlox Family 315
5. G. inconspicua Dougl. Stems simple or branching from
the base, often somewhat woolly when young, and viscid-glandular
above, 18-36 cm. high; lower leaves bipinnatifid, the upper pin-
nately-parted or pinnatifid, becoming small and entire; flowers
somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled ;
corolla violet or purplish, 6-15 mm. long, narrowly funnelform,
the tube scarcely equaling the calyx.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains.
** Leaves, at least the cauline, entire or pinnatifid ; flowers scattered,
rarely clustered in the first.
6. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or
diffuse, 2-5 dm. high, commonly villous and glandular throughout ;
basal leaves and the lower cauline leaves pinnately-parted into
narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or rarely all so divided,
or the upper palmately divided into 3-5 obovate or lanceolate
divisions; corolla 8-12 mm. long, salver-shaped, blue-purple ; sta-
mens unequally inserted ; capsule globose ; seeds 1-2 in each cell.
(Collomia gilioides Benth.)
Frequent in shady places in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
7. G. latiflora exilis Gray. Diffusely paniculate-branched
above, 3-4 dm. high, glabrous below or the young parts some-
what arachnoid-tomentose, more or less glandular above; basal
and lower leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm.
long, with short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes,
these often enlarged and toothed or lobed; the cauline few,
becoming entire and subulate above; paniculate cymes very
loose; flowers mostly on elongated almost capillary pedicels,
about 1 cm. long, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below
into a narrow tube, which equals or slightly exceeds the calyx,
its lobes rounded-obovate, purple, the throat yellowish below;
capsule obovoid.
Wilson's Peak under pines, and similar places throughout the San Gabriel
Mountains.
8. G. tenuiflora altissima Parish. Loosely paniculate, branch-
ed above, 5-8 dm. high, hispid pubescent below, glandular above;
basal leaves 4-6 cm. long, bipinnately parted or divided ; the
upper becoming simple, small and entire ; branches loosely few-
flowered; pedicels shorter than the flowers; corolla 2.5-3 cm.
316 Polemoniaceae
long, lilac color with purple tube, narrowly funnelform, tapering
to the long slender tube ; capsule ovoid-oblong.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
*** Leaves slender, entire or with a few slender lobes, pungent;
flowers crowded in leafy-bracted clusters; bracts and calyces
woolly-matted.
9. G. virgata Steud. Annual, white-floccose, becoming gla-
brate ; stems slender, either simple and virgate or with virgate
branches from the base and paniculately branched above, 1-3 dm.
high; leaves slender-filiform, the lower mainly entire and the
upper rarely more than 3-parted; corolla blue or lavender, its
tube 8-12 mm. long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes; anthers
linear-sagittate, 2 mm. long.
Frequent in the foothills and plains in the interior region, mostly east of
our limits.
10. G. virgata floribunda Gray. Branches few, terminated by
large, compact flower clusters; most of the leaves pinnately 3-7-
parted ; corolla somewhat larger than in the type.
On dry plains from Azusa eastward.
11. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial, canescent-lanate when
young, becoming glabrate in age; stems rigid, branched from the
woody base, usually somewhat spreading, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves
rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short subulate,
spinulose lobes; flowers densely clustered, capitate-glomerate;
corolla violet-blue, its tube about 12 mm. long, 2-3 times the
length of the calyx ; anthers sagittate.
Occasional in open places, mostly on dry ridges, in the pine belt of all our
mountains.
4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A.
More or less woody or shrubby, commonly tufted, very
leafy plants. Leaves commonly alternate, and much
fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted, acerose-
subulate, rigid and pungent. Flowers showy, solitary and
sessile or few in clusters at the summit of the branches
or branchlets. Corolla salver-shaped, the throat some-
what funnelform. Filaments short, attached equally in
Phlox Family 317"
or below the throat ; anthers short, included. Capsule
many-seeded. Seeds not mucilaginous.
1. L. Calif ornicum H. & A. Shrubby, 6-12 din. high, the
branches and very crowded leaves tomentose-pubescent and more
or less glandular, leaf-segments narrowly linear, about 1.5 cm.
long; corolla rose color or lilac, its limb 2-4 cm. in diameter,
with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margins often minutely
erose ; ovules 20 or more in each cell. (Gilia Calif ornica Benth.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt. March-June.
5. LINANTHUS Benth.
Mostly low or slender annuals, with leaves opposite,
or the upper rarely alternate, palmately divided to the
base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (appear-
ing as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire.
Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-
tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal.
Corolla varying from salver-shaped to subrotate. Stamens
equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few-many
seeds in each cell.
* Corolla funnel form.
1. Ii. dianthiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Branching from the
base, the branches decumbent or simple and erect, 4-12 cm. high,
more or less pubescent ; leaves all simple, narrowly linear ; corolla
short-funnelform, 2 cm. long or more, lilac with a darker or
yellowish throat, the ample lobes from denticulate to strongly
fringed-toothed ; filaments inserted near the base of the tube;
ovules 12-20 in each cell. (Gilia dianthoides Endl.)
Common in sandy soil in the coast and interior valleys. February -April.
2. L. liniflorus( Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, dichotomous-
ly branched, about 3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-segments about
3, filiform; flowers on long slender pedicels in a loose cymose
panicle; corolla with nearly obsolete tube; the limb rotate,
12-24 mm. broad ; the obovate entire lobes white, marked with 7
deep blue veinlets ; stamens nearly as long as the corolla-lobes ;
318 Polemoniaceae
filaments with a dense pilose ring near the base ; ovules 6-8 in
each cell. (Oilia liniflorus Benth.)
Frequent on plains and foothills nearly throughout the state, but known
within our limits only on low hills near Trabuco Canyon, Santa Ana Moun-
tains.
3. Ii. pusillus (Benth.) Greene. Stems very slender, diffusely
dichotomously branched, pubescent; pedicels capillary; calyx 3
mm. long, the teeth subulate, barely half as long as the tube,
hispid-ciliolate ; corolla short-funnelform, little or not at all
exceeding the calyx; seeds 3-4 in each cell. (Gilia pusillus
Benth.)
Occasional on dry hillsides in our interior Region.
4. L. aureus (Nutt.) Greene. Nearly simple or more commonly
diffusely branched, 5-15 cm. high ; leaf-segments narrowly linear,
6 mm. long, hispidulous ; pedicels seldom longer than the flowers ;
corolla open-funnelform, golden yellow; the lobes rounded obo-
vate, widely spreading, equaling the tube; filaments inserted
just below the sinuses, glabrous at base; seeds about 10 in each
cell. (Gilia aurea Nutt.)
Frequent in the interior in dry washes.
5. L. Lemmoni (Gray) Greene. Stems widely branching,
about 10-15 cm. high, hirsutely pubescent; leaf-segments linear,
5-6 mm. long; flowers solitary or few in the axils and subsessile,
but more densely clustered at the ends of the branches; calyx
turbinate-prismatic, strongly 5-costate; lobes acerose-subulate,
equaling the throat of the yellowish short-funnelform corolla;
capsule many-seeded. (Gilia Lemmoni Gray.)
Open places in the chaparral belt.
** Corolla salver- shaped, the tube long-exserted.
6. Ii. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, branched
from the base, 8-15 cm. high ; leaf-segments linear or narrowly
oblanceolate ; corolla-tube very slender, 18-25 mm. long; throat
yellow ; lobes oval, 4-6 mm. long, mostly pale yellow or nearly
white, tinged with red or brown on the outside; style and fila-
ments half or more than half as long as the corolla-limb. (Lepto-
siphon parviflorus Benth. ; Gilia micrantha Steud.)
Common on the plains and foothills throughout our range in sandy soil.
March-April.
Hydrophyllaceae 319
7. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near the last, but small,
5-7 cm. high; flowers rose-purple, the elongated corolla-tube
12-18 mm. long, the limb 4-6 mm. broad. (Leptosiphon bicolor
Nutt. ; Gilia tenella Benth.)
Wilson's Peak, Davidson.
8. I*, ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, strict, 1-2 dm.
high, scabrous-pubescent; internodes long; leaves with 5-9 linear,
rigidly and densely ciliate segments ; corolla rose color, scarcely
exceeding the floral leaves, its limb 4 mm. broad or less. (Gilia
ciliata Benth.)
Wilson's Peak, growing in open grassy places among the pines. We have
not seen Davidson's specimens, but we strongly suspect that they belong to
this species rather than to L. bicolor, as listed by him. May-July.
Family 80. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATER-LEAF
FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly hirsute pubescent or
scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves,
and perfect regular 5-parted flowers in scorpioid cymes,
spikes or rarely solitary. Calyx deeply cleft or divided,
the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla funnel-
form or more or less spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on
the tube or base of the corolla and alternate with its
lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers versatile, 2-celled.
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or
1-celled with 2 placentae ; styles 2, separate or united
below; stigmas small, terminal ; ovules few-many.
Seeds various, usually pitted or somewhat roughened.
Style 1, 2-cleft or 2 parted.
Ovary 1-celled; the placentae expanded and forming a sac-like lining tO'
the pericarp.
Calyx with a reflexed lobe at each sinus. 1. NKMOPHILA.
Calyx naked at the sinuses. 2. EUCRYPTA.
Ovary 1-celled or becoming 2-celled by the meeting in the axis of the
narrow or slightly dilated placentae.
Corolla never yellow, or rarely yellowish, deciduous. 3. PHACELIA.
Corolla yellow, persistent. 4. EMMENANTHE.
Styles 2, distinct.
Herbs. 5. CONANTHUS.
Suffrutescent or shrubby. 6. ERIODICTYON.
320 Hydrophyllaceae
1. NEMOPHILA Nutt.
Low diffuse slender or fragile more or less hirsute
annual herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pinnati-
fid or lobed leaves, and mostly showy flowers, solitary
and peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply
5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading append-
age in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-cam-
panulate, usually with 10 small appendages within at
the base. Stamens included, inserted near the base of
the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary
1-celled ; style more or less 2-cleft ; ovules 4-20.- Cap-
sule 2-valved. Seeds carunculate.
1. N. aurita Lindl. Herbage scabrous with stout recurved
prickly hairs, the smaller often uncinate; stems weak, clinging
to other plants for support by means of the prickles; leaves
deeply pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat reflexed ; petioles winged,
clasping at base ; flowers in few-flowered racemes at the ends of
the branches; corolla 12-25 mm. broad, purplish violet; scales
triangular, covering the base of the filaments; capsule globose ;
seeds 4, globular, favose-reticulated.
Common on shady slopes throughout our range below 3000 feet. March-
April.
2. N. racemosa Nutt. Resembling the last in habit, but less
prickly; leaves often bipinnatifid ; petioles not strongly winged,
not clasping ; flowers distinctly racemose, less than 10 mm. broad,
usually pale; scales narrow, the upper half commonly free.
Frequent among shrubs on shady slopes in the vicinity of San Diego,
where it was first collected by Nuttall. It has also been collected on
Catalina and San Clemente Islands. March-May.
3. N. insignia Dougl. Stems much branched, spreading, 1-3
dm. long, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent with more or less
retrorse hairs ; leaves mostly bipinnatifid, pubescent with spread-
ing hairs, 2-5 cm. long, lobes elliptic-ovate; peduncles mostly
25-45 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla
15-25 mm. broad, rotate-campanulate, the tube scarcely half the
length of the lobes, usually deep blue, slightly hairy toward the
Water-leaf Family 321
base; scales rather broad, ciliate; seeds usually 12, corrugate-
roughened.
Frequent on sandy or dry plains and foothills throughout our range. The
rather persistent cotyledons are usually spatulate. March-April.
4. N. integrifolia (Parish). Stems usually much branched,
rather weak and spreading, somewhat densely pubescent through-
out with spreading hairs, the petioles nearly ciliate ; leaves 2-3-
toothed or pinnatifid, seldom entire; peduncles slender and
usually exceeding the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute and
mucronulate; corolla usually less than 1 cm. broad, rotate-cam-
panulate to nearly rotate, pale blue or nearly white, with darker
veinlets, hairy toward the base; scales linear, the upper half
usually free, hairy; seeds usually 8-12, corrugate-roughened,
sometimes minutely so, globose. (N. Menziesii integrifolia Parish . )
Rather common in the chaparral belt in all the hills and valleys, especi-
ally away from the coast. April-May.
2. EUCRYPTA Nutt.
Erect paniculately branched viscid annuals, with
small racemose flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses
naked. Corolla small, tubular-campanulate, without
appendages. Capsule globose, 1-celled, with 2 dilated
placentae lining the pericarp, 2-valved, 8-seeded, 2 seeds
remaining in each valve between the pericarp and the
placentae after dehiscence. Seeds corrugated or smooth.
1. E. chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene. Stems rather
slender, widely branching, 3-9 dm. high; leaves ample, 2-3-pin-
natifid ; racemes short and close, scarcely surpassing the leaves ;
calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; corolla white or bluish, scarcely sur-
passing the calyx-lobes; free seeds oblong-oval, corrugated, the
concealed ones flattened, smooth. (Ellisia chrysanthemifolia
Benth.)
Common in the chaparral belt and in the open foothills. March-May.
3. PHACELIA Juss.
Annual rarely perennial mostly hirsute or hispid
herbs, or rarely suffrutescent, with entire or variously
lobed or dissected leaves, and often showy flowers in
322 Hydrophyllaceae
scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted,
commonly more or less accrescent, unappendaged. Co-
rolla from nearly rotate to campanulate, tubular or
funnelform, deciduous, the tube commonly with internal
lamellate projections or appendages. Stamens inserted
on the base of the corolla-tube. Style 2-cleft. Capsule
1-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placentae adherent.
* Ovules 4 ', corolla-tube with 10 laminate appendages in pairs at
the base of the stamens.
1. P. Magellanica (Lam.) Coville. Hispid and the foliage
strigose, more or less canescent, 2-5 dm. high, from a perennial
or biennial root; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and
obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole, and
commonly some of them with 1-2 pairs of smaller lateral leaf-
lets; inflorescence hispid, the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested ;
corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer than the
oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes ; filaments much exserted
sparingly bearded.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the valleys and mountains.
2. P. ramosissima suffrutescens Parry. Perennial ; stems
much branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, lignes-
cent at base, often 2 cm. or more in diameter; herbage hispid
pubescent and more or less glandular above ; leaves 5-9-divided
or -parted, with oblong or narrower pinnatifid-incised divisions ;
spikes glomerate, short and dense ; flowers subsessile, ascending
in fruit; sepals ovate to obovate-oblanceolate ; corolla bluish or
dirty white; its lobes spreading or somewhat reflexed, short,
scarcely as long as the diameter of the throat ; stamens and style
moderately exserted; capsule globose-ovoid; seeds deeply pitted,
oval.
Common in the chaparral belt and on sand-dunes along the seashore.
Specimens from Port Ballona show 5 annular rings near base.
3. P. hispida Gray. Annual (as are all the following species),
5 dm. high or less, diffusely branched, setose-hispid with long slen-
der white bristles ; leaves with rather few, coarse divisions, the
uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised ; spikes soon loose
and loosely paniculate ; flowers on short slender horizontal pedi-
cels ; corolla very pale blue, rotate or campanulate ; lobes rounded
Water-leaf Family 323
at apex ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuate base nearly
equaling the corolla, in fruit 8-12 mm. long and almost 4 times
the length of the globose capsule; seeds short-oval, roughish-
scrobiculate.
Very common in the chaparral belt in open grassy places. April-June.
4. P. distans Benth. Stems much branched, ascending, 3-5
dm. high; herbage with scattered hispid hairs and close fine
pubescence; leaves pinnately 9-17-clivided into linear-oblong 1-2-
pinnatifid or cleft divisions; spikes scattered, solitary or gemi-
nate; sepals unequal, narrowly obovate to spatulate; corolla 6-8
mm. long, rotate-cam panulate, usually blue, rarely paler, the
lobes rounded ; internal appendages semiovate with free pointed
tips ; stamens little or not at all exserted.
Very common in the plains and foothills. March-May.
5. P. tanacetifolia Benth. Much resembling the last, but
usually stouter, erect, sparsely branching or simple ; leaves simi-
lar, larger and less finely dissected; spikes terminating the
branches, approximate, 6-9 cm. long; sepals linear, beset with
rigid bristles, in fruit little exceeding the oval capsule ; corolla
open-campanulate, 6-8 mm. long, lavender, the lobes blunt, not
rounded ; internal appendage entirely adnate, the tip rounded.
Slender specimens of this species were collected on the northern slope of
the Santa Monica Mountains, between Cahuenga Pass and Encino, by the
author in April, 1901 ; otherwise it is not known within our limits.
6. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather
simple ascending branches, 2-4 dm. high, herbage scabrous,
otherwise glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions ob-
long, toothed or incised ; spikes rather short, becoming loose in
fruit; pedicels short or almost wanting; calyx-lobes lanceolate to
broadly ovate, chartaceous, 7-10 mm. long in fruit, with thick-
ened midrib and reticulations, sparsely bristly-ciliate ; corolla
blue; stamens shorter or about equaling the corolla; capsule
ovate, mucronate, about half the length of the calyx-lobes, which
are arched over it; seeds oval, favose.
Open grassy hills, not common. Hollywood; Capistrano.
** Ovules mostly numerous.
•*- Appendages none.
7. P. viscida (Benth.) Torr. Stem erect, mostly simple, 3-6
dm. high, very glandular above ; leaves ovate or obscurely cordate,
324 Hydrophyllaceae
doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate, 2.5-6 cm. long; calyx-
lobes linear or obscurely spatulate, obtuse, 7-8 mm. long; corolla
deep blue with purplish or whitish center, rotate-cam pan ulate,
10-20 mm. broad; capsule ovate, abruptly cuspidate-pointed,
equaling the calyx.
Frequent in all the mountains bordering our coast valleys, especially
common on fire-swept places in the chaparral belt. March-May.
P. VISCIDA ALBIFLORA (Nutt.) Gray. Flowers white, otherwise
as in the typical form.
Same range as the last but less common.
8. P. grandiflora (Benth.) Gray. Closely resembling the
last, but usually more robust and more viscid; leaves larger;
calyx-lobes linear .8- mm. long; corolla rotate-campanulate,
2.5-4 cm. broad, purplish or pale bluish; capsule equaling the
calyx, the cuspidate persistent and indurated, base of the style
2 mm. long.
Same range as the last and growing in similar places. April-May.
•*- •*- Appendages 5, small truncate or emarginate scales, 1 adnate
to the inner base of each filament.
9. P. Whitlavia Gray. About 3 dm. high, loosely branching,
hirsute and glandular; leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed ;
calyx-lobes linear; corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube,
usually about 2 cm. long and twice the length of the lobes,
purple ; appendages to the exserted filaments hairy.
Occasional on low hills and in the chaparral belt. Verdugo Hills; San
Gabriel and Sants Ana Mountains.
10. P. Parryi Torr. Stems more or less branching, the
branches somewhat spreading; herbage hirsute or somewhat his-
pid and glandular ; leaves ovate, irregularly and incisely doubly
toothed or lanciniate or the lowest sometimes pinnately lobed,
the upper longer than the petioles, the lower on rather long slen-
der petioles; racemes very loose; pedicels filiform, widely spread-
ing ; calyx-lobes narrow ; corolla cleft beyond the middle, rotate-
campanulate, deep violet, 2 cm. broad; filaments bearded, ex-
serted; ovules on each placenta 20-30, and seeds 15-20.
Occasional in the chaparral belt in our interior region. Rather common
in the Santa Ana Mountains and throughout the western part of San Diego
County.
11. P. longipes Torr. Much resembling the last but more
slender, loosely branching; cauline leaves roundish -oval or sub-
Water-leaf Family 325
cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about 12 mm. long,
all shorter than the petioles; corolla about 1 cm. long, nearly
white, 5-cleft barely to the middle; ovules on each placenta 8-10;
seeds fewer.
" Rare and local in the San Gabriel Mountains,1' Davidson.
*** Ovules several (6-12} or more numerous on each plancenta; ap-
pendages of 10 vertical salient lamellx.
•*- Seeds areolate, reticulate or favose-pitted but not transversely
rugose; styles cleft to the middle.
12. P. brachyloba (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched, erect,
3-6 dm. high, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular above; leaves
pinnatifid, elongated, oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, lobes
7-15, entire or obtusely few-toothed; spikes crowded, solitary or
geminate, at length much elongated and slender ; pedicels very
short ; corolla white, campanulate, the lobes about half the length
of the tube ; the long narrow appendages nearly free from the
stamens ; ovules about 6, rarely more, on each plancenta ; cap-
sule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranous, shorter than the
narrow spatulate calyx-lobes; seeds oval, reticulated.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel
Mountains. April-June.
13. P. Douglasii (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched from the
base; the branches prostrate or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long; herb-
age pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; leaves
elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately
parted into several-many pairs of lobes, the terminal lobe not
larger nor parallel-veined ; racemes becoming elongated ; pedicels
filiform, 1-2 cm. long; calyx-lobes spatulate; corolla rotate-cam-
panulate, pale blue, about 1 cm. broad ; appendages semi-oblance-
olate ; ovules to each dilated placenta 12-14 ; capsule ovate, mucro-
nate; seeds roundish, oval, scrobiculate.
Frequent near the coast along the borders of the sand-dunes. Much re-
sembling some of the large-flowered Nemophilas.
14. P. Davidsonii macrantha Parish. Stems branched from
the base, decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, rather
soft pubescent and villous ; leaves deeply pinnatifid into 2-4 tri-
angular entire lobes and a much larger terminal one. the evident
veins of which are nearly parallel, the upper leaves commonly
entire and slender petioled; pedicels shorter than the fruiting
calyx-lobes ; calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate, fully twice the length
326 Hydrophyllaceae
of the ovate capsule; corolla 1 cm. high or more, the lobes dark
purple, the throat and tube yellowish.
Frequent in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains. May-August.
-<- •*- Seeds strongly corrugated transversely; style cleft only at apex.
15. P. Fremontii Torr. Much branched from the base, 1.5-3
dm. high ; leaves pinnatifid into 7-15 oblong or obovate entire
or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions; flowers crowded in the at
length elongated spiciform racemes ; corolla broadly funnelform,
twice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and nar-
row appendages united below with the filaments or. almost free
from them; capsule oblong; seeds 20-30, oblong, strongly and
somewhat evenly corrugated.
Los Angeles River; Wilson's Peak, Davidson. Summit of Santiago Peak.
4. EMMENANTHE Benth.
Annuals with the habit of Phacelia and differing from
that genus only by its yellow or cream-colored persist-
ent corollas, destitute of appendages.
1. E. penduliflora Benth. (WHISPERING BELLS.) Erect,
usually much branched from the base, 2-4 dm. high, villous-
pubescent and somewhat viscid ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves
numerous, short-toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight,
ascending; pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, these soon
pendulous; calyx-lobes ovate, 6-8 mm. long; corolla cream-
colored, campanulate, about 1 cm. long; filaments adnate to the
base of the corolla; seeds about 16, pitted.
Common throughout the chaparral belt of all the mountains. April-June.
5. CONANTHUS Wats.
Low herbs or suffrutescent plants with entire leaves
and purple, bluish or white flowers. Calyx deeply
5-parted. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salver-shaped,
the tube destitute of internal appendages. Stamens
often unequal and unequally inserted, included. Styles
2, distinct to the base or rarely united ; stigmas some-
Water-leaf Family 327
what capitate. Capsule thin, completely or incompletely
2-celle.d by the meeting of the 2 thin and dilated placen-
tae, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds usually numerous.
1. C. demissus (Gray) Heller. Annual ; stems much branched
from the base and erect-spreading, 5-15 cm. high, pubescent, hir-
sute or somewhat hispid ; leaves linear-spatulate, at least the lower
tapering into a petiole; flowers subsessile in the forks; sepals
very narrowly linear, not at all broadened above, 4-5 mm. long;
corolla bright purple, about 1 cm. long; capsule oblong, about
3 mm. long, 10-16-seeded.
Occasional in dry places in the San Gabriel Mountains. Frequent on the
desert.
2. C. stenocarpus (Gray) Heller. Erect, diffusely branched, at
length procumbent, the branches 1.5-3 dm. long, leafy, villous-
pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves oblong, the upper with a
broad sessile somewhat clasping base, the lower spatulate; flow-
ers sessile or on short pedicels becoming rigid in fruit; corolla
f unnelform, somewhat exceeding the linear sepals ; capsule cylin-
dric, 6 mm. long, nearly equaling the sepals ; seeds very numerous.
Growing about the borders of ponds. Santa Monica, Davidson; Soldiers
Home.
6. ERIODICTYON Benth.
Low shrubs or rarely herbaceous, with alternate more
or less dentate leaves, and funnelform or campanulate
flowers in terminal panicles or scorpioid cymes. Sepals
narrow, not dilated above. Filaments more or less adnate
to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted>
sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 2-celled
by the meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis.
Capsule first loculicidal then septicidal, thus 4-valved ;
each valve with a short beak or acumination and closed
on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-parti-
tion.
1. E. Californicum (H. & A.) Greene. Shrub, commonly 10-20
dm. high ; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, tapering below and fre-
quently above, dentate at least above the middle, very glutinous.
328 Boraginaceae
the areas between the veins on the under side with a close dense
felt; calyx 2 mm. long, with linear lobes; corolla white or pale
blue tubular-funnelform, 8-12 mm. long; stamens and styles
included. (E. glutinosum Benth.)
Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. More
common on the dry plains east of our range, as well as in the San Antonio
and San Bernardino Mountains, where it extends up to the pine belt. May-
August.
2. E. tomentosum Benth. Shrub, 25-30 dm. high, whitish
tomentose with a more or less dense coat of short villous hairs,
sometimes rusty-colored, branches leafy to the top ; leaves oblong
or oval, rigid, obtuse, 5-10 cm. long ; cymes at length broad ; calyx
densely villous, the corolla slightly so; corolla somewhat salver-
shaped and about twice the length of the calyx.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun-
tains. April-June.
3. E. Parryi (Gray) Greene. Stems about 8-18 dm. high,
woody below ; branches rather simple and erect, hirsute or vil-
lous, viscid-glandular and strong-scented; leaves 5 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. broad in the middle, tapering above to an acute apex
and below to a very short petiole ; the leaves at the base of the
branches often much reduced, bullate and the margin strongly
revolute; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about 4 mm. long; corolla
tubular-funnelform, about 15 mm. long, blue; stamens included,
unequal; ovary oval, about 3 mm. long; seeds 4 or sometimes
more. (Nama Parryi Gray.)
Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains.
Occurring in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the lower por-
tions of the pine belt. June-August.
Family 82. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY.
Herbs or rarely shrubs with mostly alternate exstipu-
late entire and pubescent leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly so flowers in scorpioid spikes, racemes or cymes
or rarely scattered. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, usually
persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, sometimes crested or append-
aged in the throat. Stamens inserted in the tube or
throat, alternate with the lobes ; anthers 2-celled, lon-
gitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, of 2 2-valved
Borage Family 329
carpels, these commonly 2-lobed appearing as 4 1-ovuled
carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit mostly of
4 1-seeded nutlets.
Ovary not lobed; glabrous perennial. 1. HELIOTROPIUM.
Ovary 4-lobed; hispid or pubescent annuals.
Flowers white.
Nutlets divergent, wing-margined and bristly, at least at apex.
2. PKCTOCARYA.
Nutlets erect.
Nutlets inserted at the base; scar rounded. 3. ALLOCARYA.
Nutlets laterally inserted.
Scar rounded. 6. PLAGIOBOTHRYS,
Scar linear, often bifurcate at base.
Calyx circumscissile near the middle. 5. PIPTOCALYX.
Calyx not circumscissile.
Roots imparting a purple stain; spikes leafy bracted.
4. EREMOCARYA.
Roots not imparting a stain; spikes naked.
7. CRYPTANTHE.
Flowers yellow. 8. AMSINCKIA.
1. HELIOTBOPIUM L. HELIOTROPE.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly entire petioled
leaves, and small blue or white flowers in scorpioid
spikes or scattered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear.
Corolla salver-shaped or funnelform, naked in the throat.
Stamens included ; filaments short or none. Style ter-
minal, short or slender ; stigma conic or angular. Fruit
2— 4-lobed, separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets or into 2
2-seeded carpels.
1. H. Curvassavicum L. Annual, fleshy, glabrous through-
out, more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 15-45
cm. long; leaves oblanceolate or sometimes linear, 2.5-5 cm.
long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles or the upper ses-
sile ; scorpioid spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pairs ;
flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute;
corolla white or rarely lavender ; stigma annular.
Common in low saline places.
2. PECTOCARYA D. C.
Low slender annuals with strigose-hirsute pubescence,
small narrow leaves, and small white flowrers scattered
330 Boraginaceae
along the stems and branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft,
spreading or reflexed in fruit, persistent. Corolla with
a circle of processes or crests which almost close the
throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, radiately
divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of
hooked bristles.
1. P. linearis (R. & P.) DC. Stems slender, diffusely branched
from the base, decumbent or ascending, canescent throughout
with appressed hairs, the leaves with spreading hairs; nutlets
oblong, 4 mm. long, becoming recurved, the winged margins
toothed, the teeth ending in an uncinate bristle, the apex thickly
beset with slender uncinate bristles.
Frequent on the mesas in the coast valleys and in moist places in the
interior region.
2. P. penicillata (H. & A.) DC. Closely resembling the last
in habit, usually smaller and densely canescent with appressed
hairs throughout ; nutlets oblong, 2 mm. long, the apex covered
with slender uncinate bristles, the winged margin entire, in-
curved, somewhat broader at the base and sometimes bearing 1
or 2 uncinate bristles.
Common in all our valleys and foothills, mostly in dry ground.
3. P. setosa Gray. Stems erect, 4-6 cm. high, yellowish
green, canescent with appressed hairs; calyx with a few strong
hispid hairs ; nutlets broad, about 1 mm. long, beset on the mar-
gins and inner surface with uncinate bristles.
First collected on the Mojave Desert. Common on the desert slopes of the
San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
3. ALLOCABYA Greene.
Mostly low spreading annuals, with linear entire
leaves, the lowest opposite, and small flowers in terminal
spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit
and persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the seg-
ments narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, white, yellow in
the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style
short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth or rough, attached
Borage Family 331
at their bases or below the middle to the receptacle, the
scar of the attachment concave or raised.
1. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. Stem branching from the
base, decumbent, 3 dm. long or less, rough with a rather coarse and
somewhat spreading pubescence ; racemes leafy almost through-
out ; segments of the calyx linear, widely spreading ; corolla very
small ; nutlets ovate, straight, carinate on both sides, the dorsal
keels and nearly straight transverse rugse dentate-interrupted ;
scar suborbicular, nearly basal.
In low ground near Inglewood.
4. EREMOCARYA Greene.
Hirsute-canescent low annuals with numerous leafy-
bracted racemose branches. Roots imparting a purple
stain. Leaves in a basal rosulate tuft. Racemes dense,
biserial, leafy-bracted ; pedicels filiform, short and per-
sistent with the calyx. Calyx 5-parted to the base,
campanulate in fruit, its lobes nerveless, not bristly.
Corollas small, white. Nutlets neither margined nor car-
inate, erect, attached for their whole length, the groove
open, slightly dilated and not furcate at base. Style
enlarged in fruit and persistent.
1. E. micranth.a (Torr.) Greene. Hirsute-canescent through-
out; stems slender, erect, diffusely branched from the base, 6-12
cm. high ; leaves linear, 4-10 mm. long; flowers crowded ; corolla
scarcely 2 mm. long, its lobes about 1 mm. long, obscurely append-
aged at the throat; nutlets oblong-ovate, acuminate, smooth
or nearly so, about 1 mm. long.
Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys.
2. E. lepida (Gray) Greene. Stems stouter than in the last,
8-15 cm. high ; corolla larger, its limb 4-6 mm. broad, append-
ages conspicuous ; nutlets nearly 2 mm. long, pectinate-scabrous.
Frequent in the dry interior foothills of San Diego and San Bernardino
Counties.
5. PIPTOCAiLYX Torr.
Hispid-canescent low diffusely branching annuals,
leafy-racemose throughout. Calyx villous-hispid, 5-cleft
332 Boraginaceae
to the middle, circumscissile near the middle, the lower
scarious part together with the short pedicel persistent ;
the lobes herbaceous, filiform, hispid-bristly, nerveless.
Nutlets 4, not carinate, margined, scabrous-roughened
or smooth and shining, the ventral groove divaricate-
forked at base.
1. P. circumscissus (H. & A.) Torr. Strongly hirsute-canes-
cent throughout ; sterns much branched from the base, forming
rounded tufts, 4-6 cm. high; leaves linear, those of the racemes
4-5 mm. long; flowers crowded; corolla minute, naked; nutlets
oblong-ovate, acute, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous.
Frequent in dry stony or sandy places in the interior foothills and moun-
tains. Mount Wilson; Ly tie Creek Canyon; Bear Valley.
6. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. POP-CORN FLOWER.
Rather large but slender annuals with most of their
leaves in a close basal tuft, the elongated branches erect
or decumbent. Racemes spike-like, elongated, loose,
naked or leafy-bracted ; pedicels very short, filiform, per-
sistent. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, closed or campanu-
late, often irregularly circumscissile near the base. Nut-
lets carinate on both sides toward the apex, usually with
well-defined lateral margins, the back very irregularly
rugose ; insertion almost medial on a depressed gymno-
base ; areola or scar rounded, rarely stipitate.
* Nutlets not stipitate.
1. P. canescens Benth. Stems much branched from the base,
decumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long; pubescence pale, soft-
villous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, the segments broadly
lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; nutlets 2 mm. long, incurved-
connivent, rugose-reticulate, the areola longer transversely, the
lateral angles very distinct.
Frequent in grassy places in our interior valleys and foothills.
2. P. nothofulvus Gray. Stems 1-several from the depressed
rosulate tuft of leaves, erect or suberect, 3-6 dm. high, branching
mostly above, silky-villous, the hairs reddish when young, espe-
Borage Family 333
ciall y on the calyx ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; spikes
leafless ; calyx cleft only to the middle, 3 mm. long in fruit, cir-
cumscissile below the middle; nutlets with dot-like granulations
between the rather prominent rugae.
Frequent on rather moist grassy hillsides about Los Angeles and on mesas
in the coast region.
** Nutlets stipitate.
3. P. Cooperi Gray. Diffusely branched from the base with
slender sparsely-leaved ascending flowering stems, 1.5-3 dm. long,
hispidulous ; leaves spatulate-linear to oblong-lanceolate ; spikes
at length sparsely-flowered, sparingly bracteate or above bract-
less; corolla-limb 4-6 mm. broad; nutlets trigonous and reticu-
late-rugose, dentate-muriculate on the reticulations.
Occasional on moist grassy slopes in the coast valleys.
7. CRYPT ANTHE Lehm.
Mostly low erect branching setose or hispid annual
herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small
mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate
spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous,
•erect or spreading in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform,
usually with 5 scales closing the throat. Stamens in-
•cluded ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style short ;
stigma capitate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, the
margins obtuse acute or winged, attached laterally to
the conic or elongated receptacle, scar elongated.
"* Nutlets muriculate.
1. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Rather stout, branch-
ing, rough-hirsute or hispid, 2-4 dm. high, with well-developed
irather dense spikes, mostly in 2's and 3's at the ends of the
branches; calyx about 3 mm. long, lanceolate; corolla 4-6 mm.
ilong; nutlets 2 mm. long, muricate-papillose and somewhat
rugose on the back; ventral groove and its basal bifurcation
mostly closed, lateral angles acutish, distinct.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt
•of all our mountains.
334 Boraginaceae
2. C. barbigera (Gray) Greene. Rather stout, much branched,
2-4 dm. high, hispid and hirsute; leaves narrowly linear; spikes
elongated, the flowers becoming rather distant; calyx-lobes lin-
ear, attenuate, 6-8 mm. long in fruit, covered with long shaggy
bristles, usually intermingled with long white villous hairs ;
corolla often 6 mm. broad; nutlets rarely acuminate, about 2
mm. long, grayish, muricate-papillose ; scar open, dilated at base.
Common in open dry places on the plains and foothills. March-May.
3. C. intermedia (Gray) Greene. Resembling the last in
habit; calyx-lobes 3-5 mm. long, armed with rather rigid and
pungent, whitish or rusty-yellowish bristles ; corolla usually less
than 4 mm. broad; nutlets grayish, about 2 mm. long, oblong-
ovate, thickly rough -muricate; scar wholly or partly open, with
an open areola.
Frequent on dry open ridges and on the plains in the interior region.
March-May.
4. C. ambig-ua (Gray) Greene. Stems rather slender, loosely
branching, 20-25 cm. high, sparsely hispid and hirsute; leaves
rather broadly linear ; flowers becoming scattered ; calyx-lobes 5-7
mm. long, beset with rather short, rigid bristles; corollas about
3 mm. broad ; nutlets deltoid-ovate, 2 mm. long, brownish, sparsely
and faintly muricate.
Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among the
pines. May-July.
** Nutlets smooth and shining.
5. C. flaccida (Lehm.) Greene. Slender, strict, 3-6 dm.
high, strigulose with minute close pubescence; leaves linear,
minutely more or less strigulose-hispid ; calyx erect in fruit,
appressed to the rachis, 4-5 mm. long; sepals filiform-linear,
thickish below, their bases very hispid with deflexed and strong,
somewhat hooked bristles; nutlets solitary, scarcely flattened
ventrally, the groove of attachment enlarged at base but not fur-
cate. (Krynitzkia oxycarya Gray.)
Known in our region only from Chatsworth Park.
6. C. xnicrostachys Greene. Rarely over 3 dm. high, much
branched from the base, hispidulous or hispid; calyx in fruit
ascending or erect, but not appressed to the rachis, 2-3.5 mm.
long ; sepals linear, hispid with widely spreading, but not deflexed,
straight and somewhat pungent hairs ; nutlet solitary, somewhat
Borage Family 335
flattened laterally, the groove of attachment divaricately forked
and somewhat open at the base.
Frequent in sandy soil in the foothills throughout our range. Our plants
usually somewhat canescent, but otherwise not differing from the northern
form.
7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from
the base, 1-3 dm. high ; spikes leafy bracted, the terminal larger
and interrupted, the lateral short and glomerate; sepals short-
linear, hispid bristly; nutlets 4, narrowly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm.
long, the ventral groove not forked or scarcely so.
Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
8. AMSINCKIA Lehm.
Hispid annual herbs with erect or spreading branched
stems, alternate linear leaves, and yellow flowers in elon-
gated scorpioid spikes. Calyx herbaceous ; sepals 5 or 4,
hy the union of 2 into 1 broader one. Corolla salver-
shaped, the throat somewhat funnelform with more or
less distinct folds but destitute of crests or processes.
Filaments short. Style filiform ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed.
Nutlets crustaceous, erect or incurved, smooth or rough,
triquetrous or ovate-triangular.
1. A. spectabilis F. & M. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, often
branched at base, the branches spreading or decumbent ; herbage
sparsely hispid, the hairs with very pustulate bases ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, bright green; calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear, hispid
with usually fulvous hairs; corolla orange-colored, usually 8-10
mm. long, the throat glabrous ; anthers unequally inserted in the
throat; nutlets reticulate-rugose and granulate, dark-colored.
Common in sandy soil near the coast, and apparently passing into the
next. These plants have long been considered as belonging to A. lycopsoides
Lehm., but that is a small-flowered species which has a bearded throat It
belongs to the seaboard and ranges from San Francisco to Vancouver Is-
land. In applying the name A. spectabilis 'to the narrow-leafed plant of the
interior valleys of middle California, recent authors have clearly erred;
for Fischer and Myer's specimens came from the seacoast at Bodega Bay,
"where the form we have in mind is common. February-June.
2. A. intermedia F. & M. Stems erect, in robust plants
much branched and more or less spreading ; herbage hirsute and
336 Verbenaceae
hispid throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, often canes-
cent; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, much exceeding the nutlets,
hispid with white or somewhat fulvous hairs ; corolla orange or
yellow, usually less than 8 mm. long, the throat glabrous ; nut-
lets reticulate-rugose and granulate, usually pale.
A very common weed in all the valleys and foothills. February-June.
Family 83. VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with usually opposite or verticillate
leaves, and perfect more or less irregular flowers in ter-
minal or axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx
usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regu-
lar or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric, the limb
4-5-cleft. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, rarely only
2, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, composed of 2 carpels with 2
ovules ; style simple ; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, separ-
ating at maturity into 2 or 4 nutlets, or a drupe con-
taining the 2-4 nutlets.
Corolla 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. VERBENA.
Corolla 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. LIPPIA.
1. VERBENA L.
Herbs, mostly with opposite leaves and variously
colored bracted flowers in terminal solitary, corymbose
or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled,.
more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped
or funnelform, its limb spreading, 5-lobed and slightly
2-lipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous or rarely
only 2, included ; connective of anthers unappendaged or
sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules-
1 in each cell ; style usually stout, 2-lobed, only 1 of the
lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx,,
Vervain Family 337
at length separating into 4 1-seeded, linear or linear-
oblong, smooth or rough nutlets.
* Bracts shorter than the flowers.
•*- Flowers, or at least the fruit, scattered.
1. V. urticifolia L. Stems minutely hirsute-pubescent to
almost glabrous, erect, 10-16 dm. high; leaves thin, petioled,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or doubly
serrate; spikes slender-filiform, panicled; bracts ovate, acumi-
nate, shorter than the calyx; corolla 2-4 mm. long, white or
purplish.
Occasional in marshes.
2. V. polystachya H. B. K. Scarcely as tall as the last,
scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, paniculately branched;
leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, sessile by a
narrowed base or short-petioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate,
occasionally somewhat lobed ; spikes thicker and denser than in
the last.
Occasional in marshes, less common than the last.
•*- •*- Fruit mostly crowded.
3. V. prostrata K. Br. Soft-villous to hirsute, diffusely
spreading, at length much branched, 5-9 dm. long; leaves obo-
vate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole,
veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-cleft; spikes solitary
or somewhat clustered, elongated, hirsute or villous; bracts sub-
ulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 4 mm. long;
nutlets oblong.
Common on the plains and in the foothills throughout our range.
** Bracts exceeding the flowers.
4. V. bracteosa Michx. Hirsute, much branched from the
base, the branches diffuse or decumbent, 2-4 dm. long; leaves
cuneate-obovate, narrowed into a short-winged petiole, pinnately
incised or 3-cleft and coarsely dentate; spikes thick, terminating
the branches ; lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised, the others
lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid, all exceeding the flowers;
corolla purplish or blue.
Occasional in low ground, especially in the bottoms of dried up ponds.
June-September.
338 Labiatae
2. LIPPIA L.
Perennial herbs with opposite sometimes verticillate
or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers in
axillary or terminal heads or spikes. Calyx small, mem-
branous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged,
2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla cylindric, the limb
oblique spreading, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the lobes
broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous :
anthers not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary
2-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; style short ; stigma
oblique or recurved. Fruit dry with a membranous
exocarp, at length separating into 2 nutlets.
1. I*, lanceolata Michx. Green, glabrous or very sparingly
pubescent with forked hairs ; stems slender, weak, procumbent or
ascending, often rooting at the nodes, simple or little branched ,
3-6 dm. long; leaves thin, oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate to below the middle, nar-
rowed at base, 2.5-7 cm. long ; peduncles axillary, slender, usually
longer than the leaves ; heads at first globose, becoming cylindric,
about 15 mm. long in fruit ; bracts acute ; calyx flattened, 2-cleft ;
corolla pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Occasional atong slow-running streams in marshy places. June-August.
Family 84. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY. ,
Aromatic punctate herbs or shrubs, with mostly
4-sided stems, simple opposite exstipulate leaves, and
irregular perfect flowers variously clustered. Calyx
regular or 2-lipped, 54oothed or 5-lobed, or rarely
4-toothed or 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla mostly 2-lipped ;
upper lip usually 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the
corolla-tube, generally 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2
with or without staminodia ; anthers 2-celled, introrse or
confluently 1-celled. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted ;
style 2-lobed. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets.
Mint Family 339
Flowers solitary in the axils.
Calyx gibbous on the upper side. 2. SCUTELLARIA.
Calyx not gibbous on the upper side.
Trailing herbs; flowers small. 8. MICROMERIA.
Shrubby; flowers large. 7. SPHACELE.
Flowers not solitary.
Calyx regular or its teeth nearly equal.
Corolla slender curved; stamens fully twice the length of the corolla.
l. TRICHOSTEMA.
Corolla nearly regular.
Flower-whorls axillary.
Stamens 4. 12. MENTHA.
Stamens 2. 11. LYCOPDS.
Flowers in terminal bracteate heads. 9. MONARDELLA.
Corolla evidently bilabiate,
Stamens included in the corolla-tube. 3. MARRUBIUM.
Stamens exceeding the corolla-tube.
Lower pair of stamens the longer. 4. STACHYS.
Stamens nearly equal. 10. KOELI.IA.
Calyx bilabiate or its teeth unequal.
Upper corolla-lip erect; filaments short; the connective transverse, the
lower portion evident. 5 SALVIA.
Upper corolla-tip spreading; connective nearly continuous with the
filament, the lower portion not evident or indicated by a tooth.
6. RAMONA.
1. TRICHOSTEMA L. BLUE-CURLS.
Annual or perennial strong-scented herbs or rarely
shrubby, with lanceolate, oblong or linear, entire or
slightly repand leaves, and small or middle-sized, usu-
ally blue or purple flowers, paniculate or in axillary
loose or dense clusters. Calyx campanulate, very un-
equally 5-lobed. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or in-
cluded, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft
into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair longer ;
filaments filiform, spirally coiled in. the bud, long
exserted ; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent
at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the
summit.
1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Strong-scented annual, simple or
branching from near the base, 1.5-3 dm. high, very leafy, herbage
cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves
340 Labiatae
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile or the lowest subsessile, with 3-5
strong, nearly parallel nerves, 2 cm. long; cymes short-peduncled
or nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform, some-
what pubescent, blue.
Frequent in dry fields, especially on the mesas in our interior valleys.
June-September.
2. T. lanatum Benth. (ROMERO or WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.)
Shrubby, about 1 m. high, very leafy; leaves thickish, narrowly
linear and with revolute margins, 1-nerved, glabrate and shining
above, canescent-tomentose beneath, sessile, many fascicled in
the axils, uppermost reduced to bracts; cymes in a naked
terminal, interrupted thyrsus, whole inflorescence clothed with
a dense violet or purple wool; corolla 1 cm. long; the filaments
fully twice as long.
Occasional in the chaparral belt on dry ridges in all the mountain ranges
and extending northward as far as Monterey County.
2. SCUTELLABIA L. SKULLCAP.
Annual or perennial herbs, with flowers solitary or
2-3 together in the axils or in bracted racemes or spikes.
Calyx campanulate, gibbous, bilabiate, the lips entire,
the upper with a crest or protuberance upon its back,
often deciduous in fruit, the lower persistent. Corolla
much exserted, dilated above into the throat, glabrous
within, upper lip arched, entire or emarginate, the lower
spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and some-
what connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad,
sometimes emarginate, the margins mostly recurved.
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip,
the upper pair somewhat shorter ; anthers ciliate, the
upper pair 2-celled, the lower 1-celled. Style unequally
2-cleft at the apex ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets
subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate.
1. S. tuberosa Benth. Perennial by tuberiferous rootstocks,
soft-pubescent or villous ; stems slender, often diffuse, 3-12 cm.
high, rather sparsely leafy; leaves mostly ovate, truncate or
cuneate at the base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed or
Mint Family 341
nearly entire, 1-4 cm. long, nearly all petioled; floral about
equaling or longer than the flowers; corolla narrow, about 15
mm. long, blue.
Occasional in shady places in all the hills and in the chaparral belt of the
mountains. April-June.
2. S. Bolanderi Gray. Perennial by filiform rootstocks, pubes-
cent; stems slender, simple or branched from the base, about 3
dm. high, very leafy to the summit; leaves ovate-elliptic, very
obtuse, closely sessile by somewhat cordate base, 2.5 cm. long or
less; flowers short-pedicelled, seldom equaling the leaf; corolla
yellowish, throat inflated, villous within.
Moist woods, El Monte, Davidson.
3. MABBUBIUM L. HOARHOUND.
Perennial, mostly woolly herbs, with dentate rugose
leaves, and small flowers in dense axillary clusters.
Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5- 10- toothed, the
teeth acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit.
Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emar-
ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle
lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, the posterior pair the shorter ; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes
short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
1. M. vulgare L. Stems stout, tufted, erect, white-woolly,
3-10 dm. high; leaves roundish crenate, except at the cuneate,
truncate or subcordate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath,
green above, 2-4 cm. long; flowers whitish ;x calyx-teeth usually
10, subulate.
Common in waste places. Flowering nearly all the year.
4. STACHYS L. HEDGE-NETTLE.
Annual or perennial, commonly pubescent or hispid
herbs, with mostly purplish flowers loosely clustered in
terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx mostly
campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, erect or
spreading, pointed. Corolla-tube not dilated at the
342 Labiatae
throat, narrow; the limb strongly 2-lipped, the upper
lip erect or slightly turned back, overarched or concave,
entire or emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe broader than the often deflexed lateral ones,
sometimes 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending
under the upper lip, the anterior pair the longer, some-
times deflexed or twisted after anthesis ; anthers con-
tiguous in pairs. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft,
the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid or oblong.
1. S. ajugoides Benth. Villous with very soft white hairs, 1.5-3
drn. high ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 2. 5-7 cm.
long, roundish or acutish at base, the lower petioled, the upper
sessile, the floral as long as the subtended flowers; flower-clus-
ters mainly distant; calyx short-campanulate or becoming tur-
binate in fruit, very slightly villous, the teeth triangular-ovate,
aristate-acuminate, nearly equaling the corolla-tube ; corolla
whitish, its lips 4-6 mm. long, the upper woolly on the back.
Frequent along streams in the valleys and in the lower altitudes of the
mountains below the pine belt. April-August.
2. S. albens Gray. Soft-tomentose or lanate with white wool,
3-15 dm. high, leafy; leaves oblong to ovate, usually with a more
or less cordate base, acutish at apex, 5-8 cm. long, the lower
short-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, the floral mostly shorter
than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spikes;
calyx turbinate-campanulate, the teeth triangular, aristulate,
nearly equaling the corolla-tube; corolla as in the last.
Frequent along marshes and streams in the valleys and extending into
the pine belt of all our mountains. May-August.
3. S. Californica Benth. Stems rather slender, simple from
the base or branched, 4-8 dm. high, sparsely retrorsely hispid,
especially on the angles, and more or less glandular with sessile
glands; leaves ovate-oblong,. subcordate at the base, the lowest
rather long-petioled, sparsely villous-hispid, crenate; flowers
about 6 in the whorls, these rather remote; calyx campanulate-
turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, spreading in age; co-
rolla purple, its tube about twice the length of the calyx, with a
horizontal hairy ring at its base within.
Frequent on shaded slopes and in canyons in all the mountains and foot-
hills. April-July.
Mint Family 343
5. SAL VI A L.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants, aromatic and bitter,
with clustered usually showy flowers. Calyx bilabiate,
its upper lip usually 3-toothed or entire, the lower
3-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, erect, entire, emargi-
nate or 2-lobed, usually concave, the lower spreading,
its middle lobe often emarginate. Anther-bearing sta-
mens 2, the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary ; fila-
ments usually short ; connective of the anthers trans-
verse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on
its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or some-
times bearing a small or rudimentary anther-sac. Ovary
deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft. Nutlets smooth, usually
developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted.
1. S. carduacea Benth. (THISTLE-SAGE.) Rather stout erect
annual, 2-5 dm. high; stem with a cluster of ample sinuate-
pinnatifid spinulose-toothed leaves at base, these and the whole
plant white-woolly and thistle-like; flowers in 1-4 dense head-
like verticillate clusters, these 2-3 cm. broad, equalled or sur-
passed by the ovate-lanceolate pectinate-toothed bracts; calyx
long-woolly, many-nerved ; corolla light blue, 2.5 cm. long ; upper
lip erose-denticulate and cleft; lower with a large flabelliform
fimbriately many-cleft middle lobe ; filaments very short ; lower
arm of the long filiform connective bearing a polleniferous anther-
cell.
Occasional in sandy soil in all the valleys and in the foothills. March-
May.
2. S. Columbariae Benth. (CniA or SAGE.) Slender annual,
branching and leafy below, 2-5 dm. high, naked and peduncle-
like above, more or less grayish pubescent with rather short re-
flexed hairs ; leaves rugulose, 1-2-pinnatifid into toothed or incised
divisions ; flowers in 1-several dense verticillate clusters, these
about 1 5-2 cm. broad, scarcely equalled by the rounded bracts;
bracts tipped with a slender awn, sparsely ciliate on the margins;
calyx-lobes purplish tipped, the upper lip large, arched, tipped
with a pair of partly connate short-awned teeth ; corolla deep
blue, hardly exceeding the calyx, the upper lip small, notched,
344 Labiatae
the lower with small lateral lobes and a large unguiculate trans-
versely oval 2-lobed middle one.
Frequent throughout our range in the foothills and on the plains. March-
May.
6. BAMONA Greene.
Perennial aromatic herbs or shrubby plants, with
rugose veiny mostly crenulate leaves, and rather showy
flowers, capitate-glomerate or sometimes more open and
paniculate. Calyx bilabiate, mostly deeply cleft on the
lower side as if spathaceous. Corolla strongly 2-lipped,
the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate. Anther-
bearing stamens 2 ; filaments slender, exserted, appar-
ently simple and bearing a linear 1-celled anther, or with
an articulation showing that the portion above it answers
to a filiform connective, the lower end of which some-
times projects into a subulate point. Otherwise as in
Salvia. (Audibertia Benth.)
1. R. grandiflora (Benth.) Briquet. Herbaceous, very villous
and glandular, aromatic; stems stout, 3-6 dm. high ; lowest leaves
hastate-lanceolate, obtuse, 8-20 cm. long, on margined petioles,
the upper oblong, sessile, all very rugose, sinuate-crenate, white-
tomentose beneath; flowers densely capitate-glomerate in large
interrupted spicate heads ; bracts broadly ovate, entire ; calyx
spathaceous, the orifice oblique, 2 lower teeth very short ; corolla
crimson, 3 cm. long.
Frequent on shaded banks in all the mountains. March-May.
2. K. nivea (Benth.) Briquet. Shrubby below, 9-12 dm.
high, hoary white throughout with a close tomentum ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or the lowest ovate, obtuse; the upper with
truncate base, very short-petioled ; flowers in dense verticillate
glomerules and interrupted spicate, much bracteate ; bracts her-
baceous oval, or oblong, obtuse and muticous; calyx splitting
down anteriorly, at length emarginate posteriorly, its teeth obtuse
and muticous; corolla light purple, about 1 cm. long, its tube
scarcely exceeding the calyx ; stamens and style much exserted ;
connective almost continuous with the filament.
Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and San Fernando Moun-
tains. April-July.
Mint Family 345
3. R. stachyoides( Benth.) Briquet. (BLACK SAGE.) Cinereous-
tomentose or glabrate, shrubby, 1 m. high or more, branching
and leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-
petioled, crenate, green and rugose above, cinereous-tomentose
beneath ; flowers in interrupted spicate heads or whorls ; the
floral leaves much reduced, these and the ovate or oblong bracts
as well as the calyx-teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acumi-
nate or spinulose-aristulate ; corolla white or lilac-tinged, about
1 cm. long, the tube longer than the limb; style, and especially
the stamens, little exserted ; subulate appendages of the connect-
ive often manifest.
Common on the low hills throughout our range. April-June.
4. B. polystachya (Benth.) Greene. (WHITE SAGE.) Shrubby
below, 1 in. high or more, minutely tomentose-canescent, the
branches virgate; leaves mostly very white on both surfaces,
oblong-lanceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 5-8 cm. long;
inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, 3-6 dm. long; the floral leaves,
bracts and bractlets small and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate
or subulate, cuspidate-tipped ; flowers sessile, loose ; upper lip of
calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer
than the triangular-subulate lower lip; corolla white or nearly
so, the lower lip much enlarged, the middle lobe rounded, emar-
ginate at apex, unguiculate, the upper lip short; tube very short ;
style and divergent stamens long-exserted ; filiform connective
continuous with the filament, its lower end usually indicated by
a minute tooth.
Very common on the dry plains toward the foothills and ascending these
to about 3000 feet. April-July.
7. SPHACEL.E Benth.
Shrubby or suffrutescent aromatic plants with the
floral leaves gradually reduced with rather large flowers
solitary in their axils, forming a leafy raceme. Calyx
campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed,
membranous in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a
broad tube, with a hairy ring at its base within, and 5
broad or roundish and plane, rather erect lobes. Stamens
4, distant, somewhat ascending; filaments naked ; anther-
sacs divergent.
346 Labiatae
1. S. calycina Wallace! Gray. Shrubby at base, 6-9 dm.
high, copiously villous, the branches leafy ; leaves ovate or oblong,
obtuse at apex, truncate or hastate-subcordate at base, petioled,
crenate, obtusely serrate or entire, rugose-veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long;
the uppermost and bracts sessile ; calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate
from a rather narrow base, over 1 cm. long; corolla purplish,
about 2.5 cm. long.
Occasional in all our mountains, mostly in the upper portion's of the
chaparral belt, on shaded slopes. May-June.
8. MICBOMEBIA Benth.
Erect branching or trailing perennial aromatic herbs,
with small pedicelled flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx oblong or tubular, about equally 5-toothed
and 12-15-nerved. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, naked
within, upper lip erect, entire or emarginate ; the lower
spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 4 ; filaments arcuate-
ascending ; the upper pair longer ; anthers 2-celled.
1. M. Chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. (YERBABUENA.) Stems
slender, trailing or creeping, 3 dm. long or more, herbage slightly
pubescent; leaves round-ovate, crenate, glandular-punctate, 2.5
cm. long or less; petioles 4-6 mm. long; flowers about 8 mm.
long; calyx minutely hispidulous; corolla pubescent without.
(Af. Douglasii Benth.)
Santa Monica Mountains in shady places, not common. May-June.
9. MONABDELLA Benth.
Annual or perennial aromatic herbs, with flowers in
terminal heads which are subtended by broad often
more or less colored involucral bracts. Calyx tubular,
narrow, 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Corolla glabrous within,
the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower 3-parted, all the
lobes linear or narrowly oblong. Stamens 4, distinct,
strongly or moderately unequal, exserted, straight ; an-
thers often divergent or divaricate.
1. M. lanceolata Gray. Annual, green and glabrous or the
stems puberulent, brachiately branched, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
Mint Family 347
rather few, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, taper-
ing below into a slender petiole^ the upper acute, all with entire
and even margins ; bracts foliaceous or nearly so, ovate or oblong,
mostly acute with many cross veinlets between the ascending or
parallel veins ; calyx-teeth densely hirsute within, sparsely if at
all so without, inconspicuously nerved; corolla bright rose color
or purple, sometimes with darker spots.
Frequent in dry ground in the interior region both in the valleys and
mountains. June-August.
10. KOEI/LIA Moench.
Perennial erect herbs with small flowers in terminal
or sometimes also axillary capitate or cymose clusters.
Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, equally or more or less
unequally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip
emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
didynamous, nearly equal or the lower pair a little the
longer ; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ;
style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent or roughened.
1. K. Californica (Torr.) Kuntze. Aromatic, herbage whitish
with a very fine and close soft pubescence; stem erect, simple or
with a few terminal branches, 5-9 dm. high; leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, sessile by an obtuse or subcordate base, entire
or denticulate, 3-9 cm. long; heads terminal and compact; calyx
pubescent, the tips of the teeth very woolly exteriorly ; corolla
white, resin-dotted. (Pycnanthernum Californicum Torr.)
Occasional in the canyons of all our mountains. April-July.
11. LYCOPUS L. WATER-HOARHOUND.
Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with
erect or diffuse stems, and small white or purple flowers,
bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx
campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, naked in
the throat. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric,
equaling or exceeding the calyx, the limb nearly equally
4-cleft, or 1 of the lobes broader and emarginate. Per-
fect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary
348 Labiatae
or wanting ; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ;
style slender, 2-cleft. Nutlets truncate at the summit,
narrowed below, trigonous, smooth.
1. L. lucidus Turcx. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by
stolons; stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple or some-
times branched, 3-9 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sessile or nearly so,
5-15 cm. long, sharply serrate; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acu-
minate-subulate, the outer ones often as long as the flowers;
calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ;
corolla slightly exceeding the calyx ; rudimentary stamens slen-
der, thickened at the apex ; nutlets much shorter than the calyx.
Occasional along stream banks in the San Bernardino Valley, Parish.
12. MENTHA L.
Erect or diffuse aromatic herbs with simple mostly
punctate leaves, and small whorled flowers, the whorls
axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes.
Calyx campanulate to tubular, 10-nerved, regular or
slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than
the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat regular, the pos-
terior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others,
entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included
or exserted ; filaments glabrous ; anthers 2-celled, the
sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted ; style 2-cleft. Nutlets
ovoid, smooth.
1. M. piperita L. (PEPPERMINT.) Perennial by subterranean
suckers; stems glabrous or sparsely puberulent, mostly erect,
branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed or rounded at the base, petioled, acute at the apex,
sharply serrate, glabrous except the veins beneath; whorls of
flowers in terminal, dense or interrupted spikes, 2.5-7 cm. long in
fruit; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth subulate, ciliate, half
as long as the tube or more; corolla glabrous.
Occasional along streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana. August-
December.
Solanaceae 349
2. M. spicata L. (SPEARMINT.) Perennial by leafy stolons;
herbage glabrous; stems branched, 3-5 dm. high ; leaves lanceo-
late, short-petioled or sessile ; whorls of flowers in terminal nar-
row, acute, usually interrupted spikes, these becoming 5-10 cm.,
long in fruit; calyx campanulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrater
subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. (M.
viridis L.)
Frequent in low ground along streams. August-December.
Family 85. SOLANACEAE. POTATO FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs, vines or rarely trees, with alternate or
rarely opposite exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx mostly 5-lobed.
Corolla varying from rotate to salver-shaped, mostly
5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted
on the tube alternate with them, equal (4 and didynamous
in Petunia, the fifth being smaller or obsolete) ; anthers
2-celled apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
entire, 3-5-celled, usually 2-celled ; ovules numerous on
the axillary placentae ; style slender, simple ; stigma ter-
minal. Fruit a berry or capsule.
Fruit a pulpy berry.
Anthers not connivent ; fruiting-calyx inflated. 1. PHYSALIS.
Anthers connivent; calyx not becoming inflated. 2. SOLANUM.
Fruit a nearly dry berry; shrubby. 3. LYCIUM.
Fruit a capsule.
Capsule prickly; flowers large, showy. 4. DATURA.
Capsule not prickly.
Flowers paniculate or racemose. 5. NICOTIANA.
Flowers solitary. 6. PETUNIA.
1. PHYSALIS L. GROUND-CHERRY.
Annual or perennial herbs with entire or sinuately
toothed leaves. Peduncles in ours solitary from the axils
of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit
enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled
350 Solanaceae
or prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclos-
ing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly corinivent. Co-
rolla open-campanulate, or rarely nearly rotate, plicate
in the bud. Stamens inserted near the base of the co-
rolla ; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit.
Style slender ; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numer-
ous, reniform, finely pitted.
1. P. ixocarpa Brot. Annual, at first erect, later widely
spreading, much branched ; stem angled, glabrous or the young
parts sparingly hairy ; leaves cordate to ovate, with a cuneate,
somewhat oblique base, sinuately dentate or entire, 2.5-6 cm.
long; peduncles 2-5 mm. long; calyx sparingly hairy, its lobes
short, triangular; corolla bright yellow, with purple throat, 10-15
mm. broad ; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled ;
berry purple. (P. aequata Jacq. f.)
Frequent in cultivated fields. June-September.
2. P. Greenei Rose. Annual, erect-spreading, the flexuose
branches angular, 2-3 dm. long ; herbage viscid-pubescent through-
out; leaves ovate or rhombic, acutish, entire or with few shallow
teeth, 2-3 cm. long, on slender petioles of about the same length ;
corolla greenish yellow, 12-15 mm. broad; fruiting calyx 10-15
mm. long, pendulous on the slender peduncle, which exceeds it
in length. (P. pedunculata Greene.)
San Joaquin Hills, Orange County; Santa Margarita Ranch, San Diego
County. First collected on Cedros Island. April-July.
2. SCXLANUM L. NIGHTSHADE.
Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent. Flowers
cymose, paniculate or racemose, white, blue, purple or
yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed
or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited in the bud,
5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the throat of
the corolla ; filaments short ; anthers linear or oblong,
acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone;
the anther-sacs dehiscent by a terminal pore or by a
short introrse terminal slit, or longitudinally. Ovary
Potato Family 351
usually 2-celled ; stigma small. Fruit a several-seeded
berry.
1. S. villosum Lam. Rather low and mostly spreading annual,
villous and more or less viscid; leaves conspicuously angulate-
dentate; filaments somewhat pubescent; berries yellow.
2. S. Douglasii Dunal. Usually somewhat woody, 1-2 in,
high ; stems angular, the angles somewhat denticulate-scabrous,
otherwise more or less puberulent; leaves variously angular-
dentate, or some nearly entire ; umbels nearly opposite the leaves,
several-flowered ; flowers white or pale purplish, 8-14 mm. broad,
pubescent without, deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate; anthers
yellow, 4-5 mm. long; filaments about 1 mm. long, stout, hairy,
nearly equaling the slender style; fruit black.
A common plant both in the valleys and mountains at lower altitudes.
Often appearing as an introduced plant along roadsides and in waste places.
3. S. Xanti Gray. Stems woody, 3-10 dm. high, the younger
angled, moderately villous with many-celled unbranched, mostly
gland-tipped hairs ; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, the largest 4-6 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the base, the
margins entire; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, usually deep violet, angu-
lately 5-lobed ; berry greenish.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains.
4. S. Xanti intermedium Parish. Stems woody, lax, 2 m.
high or less, viscid; leaves cordate to oblong, at least obtuse at
base, often with lateral lobes near the base, 3-15 cm. long ; corolla
2-4 cm. broad.
Common in all our low hills and in the mountains.
5. S. Xanti glabrescens Parish. Stems woody, slender,
10-15 dm. high, glabrate or above hirsutulous with short, mostly
1-celled hairs ; leaves oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, mostly atten-
uate or acute at the base, 2-6 cm. long; corolla 2 cm. broad.
Occasional in the valleys and foothills, mostly in dry and rather exposed
places.
6. S. Wallace! (Gray) Parish. Stems woody, about 1 m.
high, densely tawny with long many-celled glandular, mostly
simple hairs; leaves thickish, usually smoother than the stems,
crenate, the lower ample, cordate, the upper ovate, rounded or
subcordate at base; calyx narrowly funnelform, deeply cleft or
352 Solanaceae
less so and broader; corolla 2-4 cm. broad, deep violet; style
glabrate or villous below ; fruit dark purple.
Santa Catalina Island.
7. S. rostratum Dunal. Annual, erect, branching, 1-3 dm.
high, pubescent with long yellowish stellate hairs and armed
with long straight prickles; leaves pinnatifid; calyx densely
prickly, its lobes narrow, nearly half the length of the corolla and
enclosing the fruit; corolla about 2 cm. broad, yellow; anthers
linear-lanceolate, the lowest much longer and larger, with an
incurved beak.
Occasional in waste places and along roadsides. Inglewood; Soldiers
Home; Santa Monica. Native of Texas.
3. LYCIUM L. BOX-THORN.
Shrubby, often spiny plants, with small alternate
entire leaves, and white, greenish or purple axillary or
terminal solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu-
late, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-toothed, not enlarged in fruit, per-
sistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform,
salver-shaped or campanulate, the limb 5-lobed, the
lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform, sometimes
dilated at the base ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate or
2-lobed. Berry globose to oblong.
1. Ii. Californicum Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, much
branched, about 6-12 dm. high; leaves thickish, 2-6 mm. long,
obovate or spatulate to nearly linear ; pedicels often nearly obso-
lete; corolla white, its tube about 3 mm. long, included in the
campanulate 4-toothed calyx, its limb rotate, 4-parted, scarcely
4 mm. broad.
On bluffs near the sea. Redondo; Long Beach; Laguna. First collected
by Nuttall at San Diego.
2. Ii. Richii Gray. Stem slender ; leaves narrowly spatulate,
2-4 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, 8-10 mm. long; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, nearly or quite equaling the corolla-tube ; corolla-
lobes oval, slightly exceeding the tube.
A Mexican species reported from Santa Catalina Island.
Potato Family 353
3. L. Parishii Gray. Puberulent, branches slender; leaves
spatulate and lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm.
long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its limb shortly 5-lobed ; corolla
narrowly funnelform, about 10 mm. long, its lobes 2 mm. long,
ovate', obtuse, at length equaled by the stamens.
Dry mesas in the San Bernardino Valley, Parish.
4. DATURA L. THORN-APPLE.
Annual or perennial erect branching narcotic herbs,
with alternate petioled entire or sinuate-dentate leaves,
and large showy solitary short-peduncled flowers. Calyx
elongated-tubular or prismatic, 5-cleft or spathe-like,
circumscissile near the base. Corolla funnelform, the
limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Sta-
mens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla ; fila-
ments filiform, elongated. Ovary 2-celled or falsely
4-celled ; style filiform ; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Cap-
sule 4-valved from the top or bursting irregularly, ovoid
or globose, prickly.
1. D. Stramonium L. (STRAMONIUM or JAMESTOWN- WEED.)
Annual, green, glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sinuately and
laciniately angled and toothed ; calyx prismatic ; corolla white,
about 8 cm. long; capsule erect, thickly armed with short stout
prickles.
Introduced at Ballona, Davidson.
2. D. meteiloides DC. Prunose-glaucescent, erect, branching,
6-10 dm. high from a perennial root ; leaves unequally ovate, more
or less coarsely repandodentate or nearly entire; calyx cylindric,
about 8 cm. long; corolla white or tinged with violet, 15-20 cm.
long, the limb about 10 cm. broad, with 5 slender subulate teeth ;
capsule drooping in fruit, 5 cm. in diameter, densely prickly.
Frequent in sandy soil throughout our range. July-September.
5. NICOTIANA L. TOBACCO.
Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent or rarely gla-
brous narcotic herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate
entire or slightly undulate leaves, and medium-sized
354 Solanaceae
often yellowish or greenish flowers, in terminal often
bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanu-
late or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, salver-shaped
or nearly tubular, the tube usually elongated, the. limb
5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of
the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers 4-celled, style
slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved or some-
times 4-valved at the summit, smooth. Seeds numerous,
small.
* Herbs.
1. N. Cleveland! Gray. Viscid-pubescent or the stem villous,
2-6 dm. high; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 5-8
cm. long, the lower obtuse and with margined petiole not dilated
at base, the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a
broad and rounded or truncate base into an acuminate apex;
bracts lanceolate ; flowers paniculate-racemose ; calyx-lobes linear,
unequal ; the longer fully twice the length of the tube, more than
half the length of the corolla; corolla greenish- white, tinged with
violet, almost glabrous, 2.5 cm. long, salver-shaped, the somewhat
5-lobed limb 1 cm. broad ; filaments slender, equally inserted low
down on the tube of the corolla.
Sand-dunes along the seashore near Port Ballona.
2. N. Bigelovii Wats. Viscid-pubescent ; stems 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, the lower 12-18 cm.
long, with tapering base, the upper 4-8 cm. long, more acuminate,
with acute or some with broader and clasping base ; inflorescence
loosely racemiform; the upper flowers bractless; calyx-teeth
unequal, linear-subulate, about equaling the tube ; corolla white,
its tube 3-5 cm. long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat,
the limb 5-angulate-lobed, 15-25 mm. broad; filaments somewhat
unequally inserted high up on the corolla-tube.
Occasional in dry washes about Los Angeles.
** Trees.
3. N. glauca Graham. Arborescent, 3-6 m. high, glaucous
and glabrous; leaves long-petioled, ovate, subcordate; flowers
loosely paniculate; corolla greenish-yellow, 3-5 cm. long, tubular,
contracted at the throat, its limb erect, 5-crenate.
A well-established introduced plant; rather common along streams.
Flowering all the year.
Scrophulariaceae 355
6. PETUNIA Juss. PETUNIA.
Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs,
with entire leaves and axillary or terminal solitary
flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments
narrow. Corolla funnel form or salver-shaped, its limb
plicate spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted
on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, per-
fect, the fifth smaller, obsolete ; filaments slender. Ovary
2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved.
1. P. parviflora (Lehm.) Juss. Small, prostrate or diffusely
spreading, more or less pubescent, annual ; leaves oblong-linear
or spatulate, rather fleshy, nearly sessile,. 12 cm. long or less;
peduncles very short; calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves;
corolla purple, the tube pale or yellowish, 8 mm. long, funnel-
form, its lobes short, retuse, slightly unequal; capsule small,
ovoid.
Occasional on margins of ponds and along streams, especially in subsaline
places. June-August.
Family 86. SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT
FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate exstipu-
late leaves and perfect irregular flowers. Calyx per-
sistent, 4-5-toothed or 4-5-divided. Corolla 2-lipped or
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous or
nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate
with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled or confidently 1-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or
rarely 1-celled ; ovules mostly numerous, borne on the
axillary placentae ; style simple ; stigma entire or
2-lobed. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or locu-
licidally dehiscent. Seeds often reticulated or striate.
356 Scrophulariaceae
Leaves alternate.
Anther-bearing stamens 5. 1. VERBASCUM.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Calyx-tubular, 2-cleft, the segments entire or toothed.
11. CASTILLEJA.
Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-cleft. 12. ORTHOCARPUS.
Calyx spathe-like, of 2 distinct bract-like divisions, or the anterior
division wanting. 13. ADENOSTEGIA.
Calyx narrowly campanulate, 2-5-toothed; leaves pinnately divided.
14. PEDICULARIS.
Leaves opposite or the upper sometimes alternate.
Corolla-tube with a sac at the base. 3. ANTIRRHINUM.
Corolla-tube with a spur at the base. 2. LINARIA.
Coralla-tube without a sac or spur at the base.
Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a scale adnate to the
upper side of the corolla. 4. SCROPHULARIA.
Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a sterile filament.
5. PENTSTEMON.
Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a gland at the base of
the corolla. 6. COLLINSIA.
Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen wholly wanting.
Shrubs ; calyx prismatic. 7. DIPLACUS.
Herbs; calyx prismatic. 8. MIMULUS.
Stamens 4, 2 sterile. 9. MIMETANTHE.
Stamens 2; corolla nearly regular. 10. VERONICA.
1. VERBASCUM L. MULLEN.
Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect
herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large showy
flowers in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly un-
equal. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
unequal ; filaments of the 3 upper or of all pilose ;
anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovules numerous ; styles
dilated and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose
to oblong, septicidally 2-valved ; the valves usually
2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, rugose.
1. V. virgatum With. Stems about 1 m. high, stout, pubescent
and glandular throughout ; lowest leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblong-ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, crenate, the upper similar but smaller and
decurrent on the stems ; raceme narrow, spike-like, 5 dm. long or
more ; flowers somewhat clustered or solitary in the axils of the
much reduced bract-like leaves, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled -f
Figwort Family 357
calyx ovate, 5-6 mm. long; corolla yellow, about 15 mm. broad ;
filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs ; capsule subglo-
bose, about 6 mm. in diameter.
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places, especially in the interior
valleys. San Gabriel; El Monte; Lordsburg; Pomona. May-August.
2. LINARIA Juss.
Herbs with alternate leaves or the lower opposite or
verticillate, and regular flowers in terminal bracted
racemes or spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbri-
cated. Corolla spurred at the base or the spur rarely
obsolete, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower
spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often
nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending, included ; filaments and style filiform. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, opening by usually 3-toothed pores
or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, rugose,
angled or sometimes winged.
1. L. Canadensis (L.) Dumont. (WILD TOAD-FLAX.) Bien-
nial or annual, glabrous; flowering stem erect or ascending, very
slender, simple or branched, 2-7 dm. high, the sterile shoots
spreading or procumbent leafy; leaves linear or linear-oblong,
1-5 cm. long, entire, sessile; flowers 6-8 mm. long in slender
long racemes; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, erect and appressed in
fruit, minutely bracted at the base ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about
equaling the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long
as the tube or longer; palate white, corolla otherwise blue.
Occasional in cultivated fields, especially in sandy soil.
3. ANTIRRHINUM L. SNAP-DRAGON.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves or
the lower opposite, and mostly rather large flowers in
terminal racemes or solitary in the upper axils. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla irregular gibbous or saccate at the
base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower
spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly
358 Scrophulariaceae
or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
cluded ; filaments filiform or dilated above. Style fili-
form. Capsule obovoid or globose, opening by chinks or
pores below the summit. Seeds numerous.
1. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stems stout, erect, 1-1.5 m.high,
glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, destitute of prehen-
sile branches, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile above,
gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme ;
sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal, the longer equaling the cap-
sule; corolla rose-colored; filaments somewhat dilated above.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt.
2. A. Nuttallianum Benth. Stems branched from the base,
the branches mostly procumbent, 5-10 dm. long, glandular-
pubescent throughout; leaves ovate or subcordate, the largest
about 2.5 cm. long, nearly all distinctly petioled ; peduncles, at
least the lowest ones, longer than the flowers, sometimes disposed
to be tortile ; sepals shorter than the tube of the violet corolla ;
corolla about 8 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal ; palate very
prominent; seeds almost alately costate.
Occasional in sandy soil, especially toward the coast.
3. A. subsessile Gray. Similar to the preceding but less dif-
fuse and erect, strongly glandular-pilose; leaves ovate, all sessile
or nearly so ; pedicels shorter than the somewhat larger flowers ;
lower lip of the corolla larger in proportion.
Reported from Santa Catalina Island. Rather frequent on the mainland
about San Diego.
4. A. Coulterianum Benth. Stem 5-10 dm. high, erect, or
gaining support by its filiform tortile branches acting as tendrils,
glabrous, except the inflorescence which is villous-pubescent
with viscid and often glandular hairs ; leaves distant, linear to
oval ; spike virgate, 5-20 cm. long ; pedicels shorter than the
calyx; sepals linear or lanceolate, obtuse, all shorter than the
oval or ovate-oblong glandular-pubescent capsule ; corolla violet-
purple or usually white with yellowish palate, the lower lip large,
the tube about 6 mm. long.
Frequent in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of all our mountains
and occurring on the fans at the base of the mountains.
5. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect, nearly simple, 3-6 dm.
high, the tortile branches none; lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate,
Figwort Family 359
the upper ones linear or the floral filiform, much shorter than
the tortile racemose peduncles ; corolla violet-purple, about 1 cm.
long, with hairy palate and gibbous base ; capsule crustaceous,
globose, strongly exceeding the calyx, tipped with the straight
style of equal length.
Occasional at lower altitudes in all our mountains and foothills.
4. SCBOPHULABIA L. FIGWORT.
Perennial strong-smelling herbs, with mostly opposite
large leaves, and small flowers in terminal panicled cymes
or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes mostly obtuse.
Corolla irregular, the tube globose or oblong, not gibbous
or spurred at the base, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper
lobes longer erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower
spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-
bearing, didynamous, declined, the fifth sterile and re-
duced to a scale on the roof of the corolla-tube ; anther-
sacs confluent into 1. Style filiform ; stigma capitate
or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds
rugose.
1. S. Californica Cham. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous
below, above finely glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate, cordate
at base, serrate or incised-serrate, 6-18 cm. long; flowers about 8
mm. long; corolla dull red.
Frequent in the foothills and mountains below the pine belt. March-
June.
5. PENTSTEMON Soland.
Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants, with opposite
or rarely verticillate leaves, and large showy flowers in
terminal racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla irregular, tubular and often inflated, the limb
2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens 5, included, 4 antheriferous and didynamous,
the fifth sterile, as long or shorter than the others; anther-
sacs divergent or connivent. Style filiform ; stigma
360 Scrophulariaceae
capitate. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer-
ous, mostly angled.
* Anther-cells dehiscent for their whole length or nearly so.
•*- Corolla-tube not dilated.
1. P. cordifolms Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by
long sarrnentose branches, very leafy, scabrous-puberulent and
the inflorescence somewhat glandular ; leaves subcordate or ovate
with truncate base, acutely serrate or dentate, 2.5 cm. long or
less ; thyrsus short and leafy ; peduncles several-flowered ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; corolla scarlet, the tube about 2.5 cm. long, the
lips about 15 mm. long, the upper lip erect, the lower more or
less spreading ; sterile filament bearded down one side ; anthers
dehiscent through the apex.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. April-July.
2. P. ternatus Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering
branches glaucous, 1-2 m. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid,
15-35 mm. long, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth,
the upper ternately verticillate ; flowers in a long racemiform
thyrsus; sepals ovate-acuminate; corolla pale scarlet, 2.5 cm.
long, the lobes about 6 mm. long; stamens as in the last.
Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains.
May-August.
3. P. labrosus Hook. f. Glabrous; stems herbaceous, slen-
der, erect, simple, 4-5 dm. high ; leaves all entire, the lowest
oblanceolate, 5-6 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, the upper linear-
lanceolate, reduced; bracts minute; flowers in a simple raceme;
pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, 4 mm. long;
corolla scarlet, 2.5-3 mm. long, destitute of beard ; tube narrow ;
upper lip erect, the 3 lobes of the lower one equaling the upper
one in length, reflexed, about two-thirds the length of the tube;
sterile filament glabrous; anthers closed toward the apex.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in open
places among the pines. June-August.
4. P. centrantliifolius Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate,
4-8 dm. high; leaves all entire, the lower lanceolate, the upper
clasping, ovate-lanceolate; panicle narrow, usually 3 dm. long or
more ; pedicels slender ; corolla deep scarlet, narrow, tubular and
obscurely bilabiate; the short oblong lobes alike, except that the
Figwort Family 361
posterior are united higher; anthers opening widely, splitting
through the apex.
Common in the foothills and mountains mostly below the pine belt
throughout our range. April-July.
•*- Corolla-tube dilated.
"5. P. spectabilis Thurber. Pale or glaucescent and glabrous
throughout, 6-12 dm. high; leaves thinnish-coriaceous, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute, the upper pairs acu-
minate and their broad bases connate-perfoliate, spinulosely den-
tate or denticulate; thyrsus many-flowered, elongated pyramidal
or sometimes virgate, 3-6 dm. long; peduncles and pedicels slen-
der; corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb blue, 2.5cm.
long ; the narrow proper tube twice the length of the short ovate
calyx-lobes, then abruptly dilated into the campanulate-ventricose
or broadly funnelform throat, somewhat bilabiate, the oval or
roundish lobes 6-8 mm. long; sterile filament glabrous; anthers
dehiscent from the base toward but not to the apex.
Frequent on dry hillsides. May-July.
6. P. Parishii Gray. Size and habit of the last ; leaves entire
or minutely denticulate ; upper clasping by subcordate base but
not connate; corolla red, more dilated.
Not known within our limits. Cucamonga ; San Bernardino.
7. P. Palmeri Gray. Stems 6-9 dm. high ; glabrous except
inflorescence, that glandular or primose-puberulent ; leaves cori-
aceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, from sharply dentate
to nearly entire, upper from closely sessile to completely con-
nate-perfoliate ; thyrsus elongated pyramidal, racemiform ; corolla
cream-white, suffused with pink; the short narrow proper tube
hardly surpassing the ovate appressed sepals, very abruptly
dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat, about 2 cm. long
and as broad at orifice; the lips broad, the upper erect, 2-lobed,
lower 3-lobed, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base ; sterile
filament densely bearded above with long yellowish hairs.
Occasional above 5000 feet in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
** Anther-cells remaining closed below and saccate.
8. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent, gla-
brous throughout or rarely primose-puberulent ; stems or branches
362 Scrophulariaceae
slender, 6-15 dm. high, from a woody base; leaves lanceolate or
linear or the lower oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base ;
thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated; sepals ovate; corolla
2.5 cm. long or more, the narrow tube rose-colored or pink, some-
times changing to violet, ventricose f unnelform ; the bud often
yellowish ; sterile filament glabrous.
Occasional in the chaparral belt. Santa Monica Mountains; Verdugo
Hills; Santa Anita Canyon.
6. COLLINSIA Nutt.
Annuals with simple verticillate or opposite leaves,
and irregular flowers in whorls forming racemes, or soli-
tary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla
declined, the proper tube very short, the abruptly ex-
panded and gibbous throat forming an angle with it,
deeply bilabiate, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft ; the lower
lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or droop-
ing, flat, the middle one conduplicate, keel-like, enclosing
the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens
didynamous ; filaments filiform ; anther-sacs confluent
at the apex. The fifth stamen represented by a gland
on the upper side of the corolla-tube near the base.
Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or glo-
bose, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few,
large, peltate, concave on the inner side.
* Flowers verticillate, showy; upper pair of filaments bearded at
base.
1. C. bicolor Benth. Simple or branched above, 1.5-4 dm.
high, glabrous or finely pubescent and often viscid above; leaves
broadly oblong or the upper narrowed from the broad base to the
apex, serrulate, 5 cm. long or less ; flowers crowded in whorl-like
clusters, the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts ;
pedicels shorter than the oblong or lanceolate calyx-lobes ; corolla
about 2 cm. long; the lower lip usually rose-purple ; the upper
lilac or white, its lobes nearly as long as those of the lower;
throat saccate, bristly within; gland conic.
Common in open places in the hills and mountains, mostly below 2000 feet
altitude. April-May.
Figwort Family 363
2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Resembling slender forms of the
preceding in habit; herbage nearly or quite glabrous below,
strongly viscid above and giving off a brownish stain ; calyx-lobes
linear or oblong-linear, obtuse; corolla pale purplish or nearly
white and streaked with purple, 12-15 mm. long, the lobes of the
upper lip very short, reflexed.
Frequent on shady slopes in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of
the San Gabriel Mountains. April-June.
** Flowers usually scattered, small; filaments glabrous.
3. C. Paryi Gray. Stems puberulent throughout, simple or
more or less branched, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves thinnish, the
lower oblong, crenate, petioled, the upper lanceolate-linear, ob-
tuse, mostly entire and closely sessile, 2-4 crn. long; pedicels
solitary or the upper in 2's or 3's, as long as or the lowest exceed-
ing the flowers; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla deep blue,
6-8 mm. long, twice the length of the calyx, the lips about equal
in length, not longer than the throat; capsule about equaling the
calyx.
Occasional in dry ground in the chaparral belt. Verdugo Hills.
4. C. callosa Parish. Stems dichotomously branched, 10-30
cm. high, glabrous except the slightly glandular pedicels and
calyces; leaves opposite or ternate, oblong to acutely ovate, 2 cm.
long or less, the upper much reduced, sessile, entire, rather thick,
the margins somewhat revolute ; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate,
acute; corolla light blue, 5-8 mm. long; the lips about equaling
the moderately gibbous throat, their lobes entire, equal in length ;
capsule globose, shorter than the calyx-lobes.
First collected in Swartout Canyon, San Antonio Mountains, Hall; Mt.
Gleason, Elmer.
7. DIPLACUS Nutt.
Low evergreen glutinous shrubs, with opposite leaves
which are revolute in the bud, and large red, orange or
salmon-colored flowers, solitary in the axils. Galyx tub-
ular, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla with funnelform
tube and rather broad bilabiate limb. Stamens 4.
Stigma of 2 flat lobes closing together when irritated.
364 Scrophulariaceae
Capsule firm, coriaceous, opening down the upper suture
only, the valves spreading out nearly flat.
1. D. longiflorus Nutt. Low, suffrutescent, 5-10 dm. high,
more or less branched throughout, viscid- pubescent or the in-
florescence and growing parts villous and somewhat glandular;
leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate, more or less acute, 3-7 cm.
long, rather thin, the margins often revolute, denticulate or den-
tate ; calyx about 2.5 cm. long and about 8 mm. broad ; the lobes
5-7 mm. long, the upper a little longer, villous with viscid hairs;
corolla about 5 cm. long; the lobes of the upper lip shallowly
2-lobed, their margins wavy or erose; those of the lower lip usu-
ally truncate, more or less deeply crenately toothed.
Common on all the foothills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains.
We have seen no specimens with the strongly arachnoid pubescence which
is found on the plants about Santa Barbara, the type-locality of this species.
Two quite different forms occur with us: the one from which the above
description is drawn occurs in the Santa Monica Mountains, and is nearest
the type; but about Los Angeles and Pasadena the plants are usually less
villous and have a slender (about 5 mm. broad) calyx, and narrower corolla-
throat which tapers gradually to the slender tube.
2. D. puniceus Nutt. Resembling the last in habit; leaves
usually narrowly lanceolate, the margins strongly revolute ; calyx
15-20 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, viscid, not at all woolly, its lobes
4-5 mm. long; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, scarlet, the lobes of the
lower lips rather narrow, emarginate or retuse.
Common on dry hillsides about San Diego and ranging northward to the
Santa Margarita River, where it seems to intergrade with D. longiflorm.
8. MIMULUS L. MONKEY-FLOWER.
Herbs with opposite leaves and mostly showy yellow
or red flowers solitary and axillary or in a terminal
raceme. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co-
rolla from tubular to funnelform with strongly bilabiate
limb or the lobes nearly equal, a pair of bearded ridges
extending down the lower side of the throat. Stamens
4, the fifth entirely wanting. Stigma mostly of 2 flat
lobes closing together when irritated. Capsule dehiscent
by both sutures or on one side only, or cartilaginous and
indehiscent. Seeds many.
Figwort Family 365
* Flowers sessile or nearly so; style pubescent or glandular.
1. M. Bigelovii Gray. Low annual branching from the base,
glandular pubescent; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, acute or
acuminate; calyx-teeth nearly equal, very acutely subulate from
a broad campanulate tube; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, the limb
rotate, crimson with yellow center; the throat cylindraceous;
capsule oblong-lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx, valves
membranaceous.
Occasional in the pine belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. June-August.
2. M. Fremont! (Benth.) Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or
the lowest spatulate, obtuse ; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish,
less than a quarter the length of the tube; corolla crimson;
otherwise as in the last.
Frequent in sandy places in the interior valleys. April-May.
3. M. brevipes Benth. Stem simple or branched, 3-6 dm.
high, very viscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear, 3-10 cm.
long, entire or commonly denticulate; calyx-teeth very unequal,
acuminate, the posterior fully half the length of the broadly cam-
panulate tube; corolla yellow, 2.5-4 cm. long, the expanded
limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes;
capsule ovate-acuminate, firm-coriaceous.
Common on the dry plains and in the foothills. March-June.
** Flowers on slender pedicels ; styles glabrous.
-*- Herbage viscid-pubescent.
4. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 8 dm. high ; branched
from the base, with ascending branches, viscid-pubescent ; leaves
elliptic-ovate, 5 cm. long or more, dentate, sessile; pedicels
longer than the flowers ; calyx with equal triangular teeth ; co-
rolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long, the throat yellowish with crimson
lines, the tube little exserted, upper lip erect, deeply 2-lobed, the
sides turned back until they meet, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes reflexed, the middle lobe spreading.
Frequent along streams in the foothills and mountains below the pine
belt. May-August.
5. M. moschatus Dougl. Soft-villous and very viscid, musk-
scented ; stems weak and reclining, rooting at the nodes, 2-6 dm.
long, from perennial creeping rootstocks ; leaves oblong-ovate,
about 2.5 cm. long, remotely dentate, petiolate; calyx-teeth
366 Scrophulariaceae
somewhat unequal, about half the length of the tube ; corolla
yellow, 1.5 cm. long; capsule ovate, acute.
Occasional along streams about Los Angeles. May-July.
M, MOSCHATUS SESSILIFOLIUS Gray. Stems ascending, corolla
2.5 cm. long; otherwise as in the type.
Frequent in all the mountains in the pine belt and often extending along1
the streams down into the chaparral belt>
6. M. floribundus Dougl. Annual, slender, diffuse, 1-3 dm.
high, villous and very slimy, musk-scented; leaves ovate, 1-2.5
cm. long, dentate, short-petioled ; pedicels mostly longer than
the leaves; calyx narrowly campanulate, 4-6 mm, long; the
teeth nearly equal, 1 mm. long; corolla light yellow, mostly
twice as long as the calyx ; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse.
Frequent along streams, especially in the foothills and mountains. April-
August.
7. M. Parish.il Greene. Annual, erect, rather stout, 3-6 dm.
high, very villous and slimy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, sessile,
2.5-5 cm. long, dentate or denticulate ; pedicels mostly rather
short; calyx cylindraceous, 10-12 mm. long in fruit; its teeth
short-triangular; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx- teeth, light
rose color.
Occasional along streams. April-July.
•*- -*- Herbage not viscid-pubescent.
8. M. Langsdorfii grandis Greene. Perennial from stolon-
iferous or creeping basal branches, glabrous .or sparsely pubes-
cent; stems stout, fistulous, often 6-8 dm. high; leaves mostly
elliptic, often 6-8 cm. long, irregularly dentate, the lower petioled,
the upper sessile ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; calyx in an the-
sis 8-12 mm. long, in fruit somewhat longer and nearly twice as
broad ; upper calyx-teeth somewhat longer ; corolla yellow with
purple or brown dots in the throat, 2.5-5 cm. long. (J/. luteus in
part of recent authors, not of L.)
Frequent along streams and variable. March-June.
9. M. nasutus Greene. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent, decumbent at base, 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly subbasal,
ovate-cordate to reniform-cordate, acute, coarsely toothed or
lobed, the lowest on broad petioles, the floral reduced to bracts;
peduncles hardly exceeding the mature calyx or the lower much
Figwort Family 367
elongated; calyx broadly campanulate, its teeth acute, very
unequal, the upper one twice the length of the others ; corolla
about 1.5 cm. long, little surpassing the calyx, deep yellow, with
or without a large purple blotch on the lower lip.
Common along streams in the mountains and foothills below the pine
"belt. April-August.
10. M. micropliyllus Benth. Annual, glabrous below, some-
what pubescent above ; stems terete, slender, with ascending
branches or commonly simple, 1-3 dm. high; flowers in short
racemes or in depauperate forms, solitary ; leaves ovate to orbicu-
lar, often cordate at the base, denticulate or coarsely toothed ;
peduncles slender; calyx often dotted, oblique at the orifice; the
teeth obscure or prominent, the upper one largest; corolla 1-2
cm. long, throat rather narrow, the limb broad, usually without
purple dots.
Occasional along streams in the pine belt of all our mountains. June-
August.
9. MIMETANTHE Greene.
Erect branching annual, with long villous white hairs,
opposite leaves, and small yellow flowers. Calyx short-
campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube slightly 5-sulcate,
not prismatic angled. Corolla obscurely bilabiate, its
lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2-fertile. Capsule pointed,
loculiciclal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper
side and on the lower side along the apical attenuation.
1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched,
leafy, flowering from near the base, 1-3 dm. high, herbage glan-
dular-viscid ; leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire,
sessile; flowers on slender pedicels; the upper tooth of calyx
much longer than the others, equaling the tube ; corolla yellow,
the lower lobes usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding the
calyx, 6-8 mm. long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate. (Mimulus
exilis Durand.)
Frequent along streams in the valleys and in the mountains. May-
August.
10. VERONICA L. SPEEDWELL.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite and alter-
nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small terminal
368 Scrophulariaceae
or axillary racemose spicate or solitary flowers. Calyx
mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted. Corolla rotate,
its lobes very short, deeply and more or less unequally
4-lobed or rarely 5-lobed. Stamens 2, divergent, insert-
ed on either side at the base of the upper corolla-lobe.
Anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Ovary 2-celled ;
style slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule more or less
compressed, emarginate, obcordate or 2-lobed, loculicid-
ally dehiscent.
1. V. peregrina L. Annual, glabrous or somewhat glandular-
puberulent; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 1-3
dm. high; leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 6-20
mm. long, the lowest opposite, short-petioled or sessile, broader
than the upper and mostly entire, each with a short-pedicelled
flower in its axil ; flowers nearly white, about 2 mm. broad ; cap-
sule nearly orbicular, obcordate, 2-3 mm. high.
Occasional along the margins of streams and in the dry beds of winter
pools. April-July.
2. V. Byzantina (S. & S.) B. S. B. Annual, pubescent; stems
diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, crenate-dentate or somewhat incised,
8-24 mm. long, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate, each
with a slender-peduncled flower in its axil; pedicels filiform,
equaling or exceeding the leaves; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, blue;
capsule 6 mm. broad, half as high, shallowly and broadly emar-
ginate. ( V. Buxbaumii Tenore.)
Occasional about Los Angeles, Davidson.
11. CASTILLEJA Mutis.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate sessile
leaves and red or yellow flowers in terminal leafy-
bracted spikes, the bracts and calyx often brightly
colored. Calyx tubular, cleft in front or behind or
commonly 'both, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla
very irregular, its tube about equaling the calyx, the
limb 2-lipped ; the upper lip (galea) arched, elongated,
Figwort Family 369
concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing
the 4 didynamous stamens ; lower lip short, 3-lobed.
Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one
attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one
pendulous from its apex. Style filiform ; stigma entire
or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehis-
cent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated.
* Annuals.
1. C. stenanthe Gray. Stems mostly simple, erect, 3-6 dm.
high, pubescent and somewhat viscid throughout; leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, the upper with red linear tips which become
spirally coiled ; flowers scattered in a loose raceme, short-pedi-
celled ; calyx wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind
to near the middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely
2-cleft at the apex ; corolla about 3 cm. long; galea usually red-
dish, slightly falcate, a half longer than the tube ; capsule oblong.
Frequent in all our mountains along streams in moist places. May-
August.
** Perennials.
2. C. Martini Abrams. Stem rather slender, branching from
near the somewhat woody base, decumbent at base, the branches
ascending, villous and viscid throughout ; lower leaves linear or
broadly-linear, 2.5-3 cm. long, the upper mostly somewhat broader,
divided to near the middle into 3 lobes, the 2 lateral lobes
spreading, narrower than the middle one ; bracts similarly lobed,
somewhat dilated, scarlet-tipped; racemes narrow and rather
loose, 1-2 dm. long; calyx 14-16 mm. long, cleft nearly to the
middle behind, scarcely as deep in front, the segments broadly
lanceolate, 2-toothed, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, the ante-
rior one much the shorter; galea reddish in front, 1 cm. long,
equaling or slightly exceeding the tube ; capsule acute, 1 cm. long.
Common on dry ridges and slopes in all our mountains, confined mostly to
the chaparral belt. April-August.
3. C. Californica Abrams. Stems slender, fragile, branched
from a scarcely woody base, erect, more or less branched above,
4-5 dm. high, sparsely and minutely puberulent; upper cauline
370 Scrophulariaceae
leaves linear, remotely and ^obscurely denticulate or entire, 2-4
cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, obtuse, with short slender leafy branch-
lets in their axils; inflorescence at first viscid-pubescent, becom-
ing nearly glabrous, 1-2 dm. long ; bracts red or red-tipped, about
2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 very short
lateral teeth toward the apex ; calyx about 2.5cm. long, cleft about
equally before and behind; the lobes 1 cm. long, cleft at the apex,
the teeth lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long,
galea about three-fourths the length of the tube, green on the
back, the face bright red, the tube greenish-yellow.
Occasional in dry washes and fans in the interior valleys.
4. C. foliolosa H. & A. Suffrutescent with many stems from
the base, 3-4 dm. high, white woolly throughout; leaves linear
and entire, rather crowded below and fascicled in the lower axils,
3 cm. long or less; the uppermost and bracts 3-parted into linear
lobes; bracts with lobes spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle
lobe largest, shallowly 3-lobed ; spikes rather dense ; flowers
about 18 mm. long, galea only slightly exceeding the calyx,
shorter than or as long as the tube ; calyx-lobes truncate or retuse ;
capsule about 1.5 cm. long.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills.
12. OBTHOCABPUS Nutt.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alter-
nate leaves, and yellow white or purple flowers in bracted
usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly
colored. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or sometimes split down
both sides. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the
limb 2-lipped ; upper lip but little exceeding the inflated
3-plaited or 3-saccate lower one. Otherwise as in Castil-
leja.
* Filaments pubescent; galea bearded on the back.
1. O. purpurascens Benth. (OWL-CLOVER.) Annual, erect,
rather stout, at length much branched from the base, 1.5-5 dm.
high, villous-pubescent ; leaves with lanceolate base or body, and
laciniately 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform
Figwort Family 371
lobes, or the upper palmately cleft ; spike thick and dense ; bracts
equaling the flowers, somewhat dilated, their lobes crimson-
colored, as are also the calyx and corolla; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long,
the lip moderately saccate, white-tipped, with yellow and purple
markings; galea densely purple-bearded on the back, incurved
at tip; filaments hairy.
Common in sandy soils in the valleys and hills.
** Filaments glabrous; galea not bearded.
2. O. densiflorus Benth. Annual, erect, simple or branched
from the base, 1-3 dm. high, soft-pubescent above; leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, entire or with a few slender lobes; spike
dense, the lowest flowers sometimes distant ; bracts about equal-
ing the flowers, 3-cleft into linear purple lobes ; corolla 18-20 mm.
long, purple ; lip moderately ventricose and somewhat 3-saccate
for its whole length, the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-
linear; galea narrow, puberulent or nearly smooth.
Hills near Los Angeles, Greata.
3. O. Parishii Gray. Annual, nearly glabrous, about 2 dm.
high ; leaves 3-5-cleft into linear-filiform divisions, or the lower
entire; floral ones similar, the lobes purple-tipped; spikes dense
and short; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, half the length of the
tube; corolla rose-purple, little pubescent in the throat; lip con-
spicuously 3-saccate ; the sacs as broad as long, the teeth very
short; galea lanceolate, obtuse, puberulent.
Near Garvanza, Davidson.
13. ADENOSTEGIA Benth.
Annuals with alternate narrow entire or 3-5-parted
leaves, and irregular flowers scattered along the usually
many branches or in terminal clusters or heads. Bracts
and calyx never colored. Calyx spathe-like, consisting
of an anterior and a posterior leaf -like division or the
anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, somewhat
enlarged above ; its lips about equal in length, the
lower obtusely 3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2, anther-cells
372 Scrophulariaceae
unequal, ciliate or minutely bearded. Capsule flattened ;
seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one end.
1. A. filifolia (Nutt.)- Stems erect, branched, 3-6 dm. high;
leaves all filiform, 3-parted to near the base ; herbage pubescent
with short reflexed hairs intermingled with scattered spreading
hispid hairs; heads several-flowered, terminating the branches;
bracts 3-lobed to near the base, the entire portion about 1 mm.
broad, strongly 3-nerved ; the lobes all filiform and usually nearly
equal, the outer surface very hispid with stout spreading hairs
rising from postulate bases, the inner surface concave, pubescent,
slightly elongated at the apex and tipped with a blackish, more
or less retuse gland; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm. long. (Cordy-
lanthus filifolius Nutt.)
Common on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. Aden-
ostegia rigida Benth., to which our southern plants have been referred, has
broader leaves and bracts which are less hispid.
2. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Cory mbosely branched, 1-3
dm. high ; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent,
often tinged with purple ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, about
2 cm. long, entire; flowers in short spikes; bracts oblong-lanceo-
late, entire or commonly 3-toothed, the 2 lateral teeth much the
smaller ; flowers purple, equaling or slightly exceeding the bracts.
Occasional in salt marshes near the sea. June-September.
14. PEDICULABIS L.
Perennial herbs with alternate opposite or rarely
verticillate pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves,
and irregular flowers in terminal spikes or spike-like
racemes. Calyx 2-5-cleft, corolla tubular, strongly
bilabiate ; galea arched and compressed ; lower lip of 3
small rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4 ; anthers
approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal. Cap-
sule flattened, oblique at apex, loculicidally 2-valved.
1. P. densiflora Benth. Stems simple, erect, 2-3 dm. high,
commonly several from the scaly caudex ; herbage nearly gla-
brous or somewhat soft-pubescent; leaves pinnately divided or
Orobanchaceae 373
parted, the segments oblong, doubly serrate-toothed or incised ;
spike terminal, dense or at length loose; bracts linear, ciliate or
serrulate toward the apex, mostly shorter than the flowers ; calyx
5-angled, equally or unequally 5-toothed, 6-8 mm. long; corolla
crimson, 2.5 cm. long or more; galea large, somewhat broader
above, strongly arched, lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth ; fila-
ments glabrous.
Laurel Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson. February.
2. P. semibarbata Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, more
or less pubescent ; leaves in a basal tuft, 15-20 cm. long, on petioles
mostly exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, 2-pinnately parted
or nearly so, the oblong lobes laciniately few-toothed; corolla
yellowish, tinged with purple, pubescent without, about 2 cm.
long; galea nearly straight; filaments villous above.
Frequent on dry ridges in the open pine forests of all our mountains.
May-July.
Family 87. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE
FAMILY.
Erect simple or branched, brown, yellow, purplish or
nearly white root-parasites. Leaves reduced to alternate
appressed scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, sessile in
terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the
axils of the scales. Calyx 4-5-toothed or 4-5-cleft, or
split on one or both sides nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla more or less oblique, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted in the tube of the
corolla alternate with the lobes, a fifth rudimentary one
sometimes present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4
parietal placentae ; ovules numerous ; style slender ;
stigma discoid, 2-lobed or 4-lobed. Capsule 1-celled,
2-valved.
Flowers bractless, nearly regular. 1. THALESIA.
Flowers bracteate, strongly 2-lipped. 2. OBOBANCHE.
374 Qrobanchaceae
1. THALESIA Raf.
Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs,
parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered
scales, and long-peduncled yellowish, white or violet per-
fect bractless flowers. Calyx campanulate or hemi-
spheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acumi-
nate. Corolla oblique ; the tube elongated, curved ; the
limb slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect-spreading,
2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all
nearly equal. Stamens included ; anther-sacs mucro-
nate at the base. Ovary ovoid ; style slender, decidu-
ous ; stigma peltate or slightly 2-lobed.
1. T. fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high,
densely glandular-pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15 naked
1-flowered peduncles, 2.5-10 cm. long; calyx broadly campanu-
late, 6-10 mm. long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-
ovate, acute, equaling or shorter than the tube; corolla about 2
cm. long, purplish-yellow, puberulent within; the curved tube 3
times as long as the limb; the lobes oblong, obtuse. (Aphyllon
fasciculatum Gray. )
Occasional in rather dry ground in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun-
tains; growing on the roots of various shrubs. May-July.
2. OBOBANCHE L.
Glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or branched herbs,
parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered
scales, and spicate or racemose perfect bracted and some-
times bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above and
below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft
or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-toothed.
Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emar-
ginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
included ; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base.
Plantaginaceae 375
Ovary ovoid ; style slender, commonly persistent ; stigma
peltate to funnelform, entire or slightly 2-lobed.
1. O. Californicum C. & 8. Viscid-pubescent; stems stout,
usually simple, 5-15 cm. high ; flowers crowded in a dense
raceme; pedicels 2-4 or the lower sometimes 10 cm. long; bract-
lets close to the calyx; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about
equaling the yellowish or purplish corolla, this 2-2.5 cm. long;
anthers glabrous or slightly hairy.
Elysian Park, Davidson.
2. O. tuberosa (Gray) Heller. Pruinose-puberulent ; stems
stout, with a thickened tuber-like base, 15 cm. high or less ;
spikes dense, corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thickened
stem ; flowers subsessile or on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, equaling the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish, about 10-15
mm. long; anthers glabrous.
Echo Mountain among shrubs, McClatchie.
Family 88. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN
FAMILY.
Annual or perennial mostly acaulescent rarely stolon-
iferous herbs, with basal, in the caulescent species oppo-
site or' alternate, leaves, and small perfect, polygamous
or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense terminal
long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx
persistent,. 4-parted. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or
membranous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or
2, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat ; filaments fili-
form ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled.
Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic.
Ovules 1-several in each cell. Fruit a membranous or
coriaceous capsule, circumscissile at or below the middle.
Seeds peltate.
376 Plantaginaceae
1. PLANTAGO L. PLANTAIN.
Characters of the family.
* Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a beak.
1. P. hirtella H. B. K. Perennial from a thick root, hirsute,
especially the scape and leaves; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to
narrowly oblong, 5 dm. long or less, tapering below to a short
petiole, sparsely dentate ; scape usually longer than the leaves,
stout, erect; spike 15-30 cm. long, dense, except at base; corolla
persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule; seeds 3.
Occasional in low ground in the coast valleys.
** Corolla remaining expanded over the mature capsule.
•*- Perennials.
2. P. lanceolata L. More or less villous with tufts of brown-
ish hairs at the base of the leaves; leaves erect or spreading,
oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole, strongly
3-5-ribbed, 3 dm. long or less, entire; scapes exceeding the leaves,
channeled, slender; spike very dense, becoming cylindric, 10 cm.
long or less ; sepals ovate, with green midrib and scarious margins ;
pyxis oblong; ovary obtuse, 2-seeded, circurnscissile at about the
middle.
Common in low ground throughout our range.
3. P. major L. Glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent;
leaves spreading, long-petioled, mostly ovate, narrowed or round-
ed at base, entire or coarsely dentate, 2 dm. long or less ; scapes
exceeding the leaves, erect, 3 dm. long or less; spikes 2 dm. long
or less; pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle, 5-16-
seeded.
Frequent in low ground.
•*- •«- Annuals.
4. P. erecta Morris. Annual, silky pubescent, 6-15 cm. high;
leaves erect, narrowly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, about two-
thirds the length of the scapes or nearly equaling the shorter ones ;
scapes 1 or few ; spikes few-many-flowered, capitate or oblong, 15
cm. long or usually less; calyx-lobes obtuse, scarious-margined
Rubiaceae 377
with brownish midrib; pyxis ovate, truncate, purplish above,
circumscissile at the lower third ; seeds 2.
Very common on dry plains and in the foothills throughout our range.
5. P. erecta obversa (Morris). A more robust form ; leaves with
few to several callous denticulations ; scapes usually numerous ;
spikes 15-40 cm. long; capsule circumscissile near the middle.
(P. obversa Morris.)
Occasional in sandy soil toward the coast, also on Catalina Island. In
our opinion not a good species and scarcely worthy of varietal distinction.
6. P. Bigelovii Gray. Very slender, annual, 1 dm. high or
ess; leaves very narrowly linear or filiform, glabrous; scapes
very slender, slightly pubescent above ; spikes slender, about 15
mm. long and 4 mm. broad, often much shorter and reduced to
4-5 flowers; calyx broadly scarious-margined ; pyxis oblong-ovate,
much exceeding the calyx, circumscissile at the lower third.
Known within our limits only from Inglewood, where it occurs in low ex-
siccated places.
Family 89. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY.
Herbs or woody plants with simple, opposite or verti-
cillate, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimor-
phous or trimorphous regular flowers. Calyx-tube adnate
to the ovary, its limb various. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often
pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or
throat ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovary inferior, 2-5-celled ; style simple or lobed ;
ovules 1-many in each cell. Fruit a capsule or berry.
Seeds various.
1. GALIUM L. BEDSTRAW.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely suffrutescent,
with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently
verticillate leaves, and small white green yellow or
purple flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or
panicles. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Calyx-
378 Rubiaceae
tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed or
wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, alternate
with the corolla-lobes ; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules 1 in each cavity. Styles 2, short ; stigmas capi-
tate. Fruit biglobular, dry or fleshy, smooth, tubercu-
late or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels.
* Annuals.
1. G. Aparine L. Diffuse, weak, climbing over herbaceous
plants, setulose or hispidulous-roughened ; leaves in whorls of
7-8, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, mucronate,
tapering to a rather narrow base, 15-45 mm. long ; flowers white
or whitish ; fruit thickly beset with whitish hooked hairs.
Frequent on grassy hillsides in shady places. March-April.
** Perennials.
•*- Fruit dry, smooth; flowers perfect.
2. G. trifidum subbiflorum Wiegand. Perennial with slender
rootstock and slender weak wholly herbaceous ascending stems,
4 dm. high or less, much branched and intermangled, sharply
4-angled, somewhat scabrous ; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, very
unequal, 8-10 mm. long, obtuse, cuneate at the base, flaccid and
nearly smooth; pedicels capillary, equaling the leaves, nearly
glabrous, rarely 2-3-flowered ; corolla minute, white, its lobes
trifid, very obtuse; fruit glabrdus.
Occasional in shady places, mostly in the interior valleys.
•*-•*- Fruit dry, hispid.
3. G. angustifolium Nutt. Suffrutescent at base, 3-8 dm.
high, with rigid virgate branches, glabrous or minutely scabrous;
leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, 12-20 mm. long ; dioecious ;
cymes small, in narrow panicles, the fertile ones more or less
condensed ; corolla dull white, about 3 mm. broad ; bristles of the
fruit about the length of the body.
Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore, and in the foothills, often
ascending to 4000 feet altitude.
4. G. siccatum Wight. Somewhat suffrutescent below,
branched and bushy, sometimes reclining, the whole plant ciner-
eous-puberulent ; leaves linear, 8-16 mm. long, not rigid, barely
Madder Family 379
mucronulate; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; flowers polyga-
mous, greenish-yellow; fruit 2 mm. broad, densely hispid with
straight hairs.
Wilson's Peak, McClatchie; Santa Monica Mountains.
-«--«--*- Fruit fleshy or berry-like, hispid, pubescent or smooth.
5. G. grande McClatchie. Suffrutescent, evergreen, the woody
steins 6-10 mm. in diameter, 10-24 dm. long, erect or reclining on
bushes ; herbaceous branches and leaves cinereous-hirsute or his-
pidulous ; leaves in 4's, elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, 6-12
mm. long ; flowers numerous, polygamous, greenish-yellow, termi-
nal or sometimes axillary, 1-5 on a peduncle, 2-5 mm. broad ;
ovary densely hirsute; mature fruit baccate, clothed with stiff
hairs, at first white, becoming black, about 4 mm. broad.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel
Mountains.
6. G. Californicum H. & A. Wholly herbaceous, from slen-
der creeping rootstocks, often in low tufts, 8-30 mm. high, hirsute
throughout; stems slender; leaves in 4's, thin, ovate to elliptic,
acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers polygamous, few,
terminal, yellowish-white; fruit baccate, clothed with scattered
hairs, pearly white, changing to black in drying, 2-3 mm. in
diameter.
Frequent in all the mountains, mostly above 3000 feet altitude.
7. G. Nuttallii Gray. Suffrutescent below, often climbing,
6-15 dm. high, the angles of the stems and margins of the leaves
roughened or hispidulous, otherwise glabrous ; leaves in 4's,
thickish, oval to linear-oblong, mucronulate or obtuse, 3-6 mm.
long; fruit glabrous, purple, 4 mm. broad.
Common in the foothills throughout our range.
8. G. Andrews!! Gray. Densely matted, the prostrate stems
rooting at the joints, 5-10 cm. long, grayish, sparsely scabrous or
smooth ; leaves crowded, acerose-subulate, 4-8 mm. long; flowers
dioecious, male slender-pedicelled in few-flowered terminal cymes,
female solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves which are longer
than the at length reflexed pedicel; berry whitish, becoming
dark-colored.
On dry ridges in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and extending
into the pine belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Moun-
tains.
380 Caprifoliaceae
Family 90. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE
FAMILY.
Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite
simple or pinnate leaves, and perfect, regular or irregu-
lar, mostly cymose flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed,
sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted on the
corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes ; anthers versa-
tile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior,
1-6-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate or 2-5-lobed ;
ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a berry, drupe
or capsule.
Leaves pinnately compound; flowers rotate. 1. SAMBDCUS.
Leaves simple.
Berry white; corolla short campanulate. 2. SYMPHOBICABPCS.
Berry red or black; corolla tubular, somewhat irregular.
3. LONICERA.
1. SAMBUCUS L. ELDER.
Shrubs or trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, serrate
or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers
in compound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube
ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla
rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Sta-
mens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments
slender. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style 3-parted ; ovules 1 in
each cell, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5
1-seeded nutlets.
1. S. glauca Nutt. Bushy or arborescent, 2-5 m. high, the
largest specimens tree-like ; leaves coriaceous, glabrous ; leaflets
5-7, lanceolate, ovate or obovate, mostly abruptly acuminate, ser-
rate except at the acuminate apex, 2.5-8 cm. long; inflorescence
5-rayed, each ray again 1-3 times 5-rayed, forming a flat-topped
cyme, 8-15 cm. broad; flowers white, 7 mm. broad; fruit blue
beneath the white bloom.
Frequent on low hills and in washes in all the valleys. May-June.
Honeysuckle Family 381
2. SYMPHOBICABPUS Juss. SNOWBERRY.
Shrubs with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple
leaves, and small white or pink perfect flowers in axil-
lary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular,
the limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or salver-
shaped, regular or sometimes gibbous at the base, 4-5-
lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary
4-celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules,
the others each with a single suspended ovule ; style
filiform ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or
globose 4-celled 2-seeded berry.
1. S. mollis Nutt. Low, much branched shrub, about 3 dm.
high, the branches mostly erect; leaves oval or elliptic, mostly 1
cm. long, pubescent on both surfaces or more so on the lower sur-
face; corolla rose-red, barely pubescent within; berry globose,
8-12 mm. in diameter, pulp snowy.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the mountains and foothills.
3. LONICEBA L. HONEYSUCKLE.
Erect or climbing shrubs with opposite entire leaves,
and usually somewhat irregular spicate, capitate or gem-
inate flowers. Calyx- tube ovoid or nearly globular, the
limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform or
campanulate, often gibbous at base, the limb 5-toothed,
more or less oblique or 2-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules numer-
ous in each cell, pendulous ; style slender ; stigma cap-
itate. Berry fleshy, usually 2-3-celled, few-seeded.
1. L. subspicata H. & A. Bushy, more or less pubescent or
glandular above, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves rounded to elliptic, 2 cm.
long or less, all distinct and petioled, coriaceous, pale beneath ;
inflorescence in rather short interrupted spikes, terminating leafy
branches; flowers yellow, glandular-pubescent without; corolla-
tube 4-5 mm. long ; limb equaling the tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip
with 4 short rounded lobes, the lower narrow, entire, somewhat
gibbous at base; anthers 4 mm. long; filaments pubescent below.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains.
382 Valerianaceae
Family 91. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN
FAMILY.
Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and usually
small perfect or polygamous flowers, in corymbed,
panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower,
becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla epigynous, some-
what irregular, its tube narrow, sometimes gibbous or
spurred at base ; limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with
its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, 1 of the cells
containing a single suspended ovule, the others empty.
Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a single suspended
seed.
1. PLECTBITIS DC.
Annual herbs with simple or rarely with very slen-
der branches and usually entire leaves, the cauline
commonly sessile. Flowers small, borne in glomerules
at the end of the stem or branches, or the glomerules
in interrupted or dense spikes. Calyx-limb obsolete.
Corolla usually pink, more or less bilabiate, spurred
or gibbous at base. Wings of the fruit commonly in-
curved and forming a circular hollow or cavity on the
side.
1. P. minor (Hook.). Slender, 1-2 dm. high; leaves linear
or narrowly oblong; corolla about 2 mm. long ; the spur
longer than the tube ; fruit more or less hispid, dorsally carinate ;
the carina 2-grooved ; lateral wings broad, each with a more or
less obvious lobe at apex, spreading or incurved. ( Valerianella
macrocera Gray; P. congesta minor Hook.)
Occasional on shady hillsides. March.
Dipsaceae 383
Family 92. DIPSACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY.
Herbs with opposite or verticillate exstipulate leaves.
Flowers perfect, borne on an elongated or globose recep-
tacle, bracted and involucrate. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb cup-shaped or disk-shaped, or divided
into spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the limb
2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the
corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments distinct.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma undi-
vided, terminal or lateral ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit
an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-
lobes.
1. DIPSACUS L.
Rough-hairy or prickly, tall erect biennial or peren-
nial herbs, with opposite dentate or pinnatifid, usu-
ally large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense
terminal peduncled oblong heads. Bracts of the invo-
lucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-toothed.
Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla
oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigmas
oblique or lateral. Achene free or adnate to the in-
volucel.
1. D. fullonum L. (FULLER'S-TEASEL.) Biennial, stout, with
numerous short prickles on the stem, branches, midribs of the
leaves and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m.
high ; leaves sessile or the upper ones connate-perfoliate, lanceo-
late or oblong, entire, the lower obtuse, crenate; leaves of the
involucre spreading or reflexed, shorter than the head; heads
ovoid, becoming cylindric, 6-10 cm. long; scales of the receptacle
with hooked tips, about equaling the flowers; flowers lilac, 8-12
mm. long.
Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
384 Cucurbitaceae
Family 93. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY.
Herbaceous vines, climbing or trailing by means of
tendrils, with alternate petioled leaves, and solitary or
racemose monoecious or dioecious flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed. Petals
usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate or
united. Stamens mostly 3, 2 of them with 2-celled
anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther ; filaments
short, often somewhat united. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style
simple or lobed ; ovules few or numerous. Fruit a pepo,
indehiscent or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or burst-
ing irregularly. Seeds usually flat.
Flowers yellow, large; fruit indehiscent, smooth. 1. CUCURBITA.
Flowers white or greenish, small; fruit dehiscent at summit, prickly.
2. MlCRAMPELIS.
1. CUCURBITA L.
Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with
branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves which are often
cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious
flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, usually 5-lobed. Co-
rolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the
lobes recurving. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the
anthers linear, more or less united. Pistillate flowers
with 1 pistil ; ovary oblong, with 3-5 many-ovuled pla-
centae ; style short, thick ; stigmas 3—5, each 2-lobed,
papillose ; staminodia 3. Fruit large fleshy, with a
thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent.
1. C. foetidissima H. B. K. (CALABAZILLA or MOCK-ORANGE.)
Stems stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length of 2-5 m. ; root
very large, carrot-shaped; leaves ovate-triangular, cordate or
truncate at the base, acute at the apex, 1-3 dm. long, denticulate,
usually slightly 3-5-lobed, rough above, canescent beneath, on
stout petioles, 8-15 cm. long; peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers
mostly solitary; corolla 7-10 cm. long; pepo globose, 5-10 cm. in
diameter, smooth.
Frequent on dry sandy soil throughout our range.
Campanulaceae 385
2. MICBAMPELIS Raf.
Mostly climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed
divided or angled leaves, and small white or greenish-
white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate,
5-6-toothed. Corolla very deeply 5-6-parted. Stamens
3 in the staminate. flowers ; the anthers more or lese
coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled ovary ;
style very short ; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit
fleshy or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled,
dehiscent at the summit,
1. M. macrocarpa Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems much
branched, climbing over shrubs, from a very large fusiform root;
leaves about 1-1.5 dm. "broad, with a closed sinus, 5-cleft to the
middle or below it, the divisions slightly 3-5-lobed, mucronate;
fruit ovoid-oblong, 8-12 cm. long, usually densely echinate with
stout but rather soft spines, the longest often 5 cm. long, usually
12-14-seeded ; seed ovoid, 18 mm. long, light brown, encircled by
a dark marginal line.
Frequent in the hills and in the chaparral belt of all the mountains.
February-May. Commonly called chilicothe or wild cucumber.
Family 94. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER
FAMILY.
Herbs with alternate exstipulate entire dentate or
rarely lobed leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and
racemose, spicate, paniculate or solitary perfect flowers.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed
or 5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular, its limb 5-lobed,
regular or more or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided
into separate petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the
corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla on the calyx
where it becomes free from the ovary ; filaments separate
or connate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate or united.
Ovary 2-5-celled or rarely 6-10-celled, the placentae pro-
jecting from the axis or with 2 parietal placentae ; style
386 Campanulaceae
simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed. Fruit a capsule or
berry. Seeds numerous and small ; embryo minute,
straight; endosperm fleshy. (Including the family
Lobeliaceae of some authors.)
Corolla regular; stamens separate.
Capsule opening on the side by 2-3 valves, which leave small round per-
forations. 1. LEGOUZIA.
Capsule opening by a hole left by the falling away of the base of the style.
2. GlTHOPSIS.
Corolla irregular; stamens more or less united.
Anthers free, filaments more or less united ; flowers minute.
3. NEMACLADUS.
Anthers connate.
Corolla-tube open to the base on 1 side. 4. LOBELIA.
Corolla-tube closed. 5. PALMERELLA.
1. LEGOUZIA Durand.
Annual herbs with long slender stems and branches,
alternate toothed or entire leaves, and axillary 2-bracted
flowers sessile or nearly so. The earlier flowers small,
cleistogamous, the latter with a blue or purple, nearly
rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the
earlier flowers 3-4, in the latter 4-5. Corolla 5-lobed or
5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments
flat ; anthers separate, linear., Ovary 3-celled or rarely
2-celled or 4-celled ; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule
opening by lateral valves.
1. L. biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem
simple or branched, roughish on the angles, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves ovate, oblong or the upper lanceolate, sessile, acute or
obtuse at the apex, crenate with few teeth or entire, 8 20 mm.
long; the calyx-lobes of the earlier flowers ovate to lanceolate, of
the later lanceolate-subulate ; capsule oblpng-cylindric, 6-10 mm.
long, opening by valves close under the calyx-teeth. (Specularia
biflora Gray.)
Occasional on grassy slopes.
2. GlTHOPSIS Nutt.
Slender annuals with rather small linear-oblong coarse-
ly toothed sessile leaves. iFlowers simply terminating
Bellflower Family 387
the branches or becoming lateral, erect, all alike. Calyx-
tube club-shaped, ,strongly 10-ribbed, adnate to the sum-
mit of the ovary, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous
lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Fila-
ments short, dilated at the base ; anthers long, linear.
Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-lobed, Capsule club-shaped,
coriaceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own
length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-seeded,opening when
the somewhat persistent base of the style falls away
by a round hole in its place. Seeds fusiform-oblong.
1. G. specularioides Nutt. Stems simple or with 1-2 prolifer-
ous branches, 5-20 cm. high, hirsute or glabrate; leaves linear-
oblong, 6-10 mm. long, the lower obovate, 2-4 mm. long, all
sharply few-toothed; calyx-lobes 6-18 mm. long, shorter than or
much exceeding the corolla; corolla purplish, its lobes shorter
than the tube ; capsule turgid, tapering into a very short peduncle.
Hills about Soldiers Home, Basse.
3. NEMACLADUS Nutt.
Low and diffusely branched annuals, with numerous
capillary branches, cauline leaves minute, sessile, sub-
tending the dichotomous branches. Flowers minute on
rather long capillary pedicels. Calyx partly or wholly
free. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or 2-parted,
the lower 3-lobed or 3-parted. Filaments monadelphous
to near the base ; anthers oval, glabrous. Style incurved
at the tip ; stigmas capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved from the tip, 7-40-seeded.
1. N. ramosissimus montanus (Greene) Gray. Glabrous
throughout or sparsely puberulent below and occasionally with
some villous hairs at the base of the pedicels ; stems diffusely and
diehotomously branched, very slender, 1-2 dm. high ; basal leaves
obovate, denticulate, 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, curved
upward; calyx about 2 mm. long, the lobes equaling the tube;
corolla white, slightly exceeding the calyx; capsule 7-12-seeded;
seeds favose-reticulated, ovate-oblong.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
388 Campanulaceae
2. N. raxnosissimus pinnatifidus (Greene) Gray. Much re-
sembling the last; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid,
the cauline toothed ; capsule 15-25-seeded ; seeds short-oblong.
San Gabriel Mountains, Allen.
4. LOBELIA L.
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose,
spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique
or incurved, divided to the base on 1 side, 2-lobed ; the
lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned
away from the other 3, which are somewhat united.
Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous at
least above ; 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs
at the tip, all united. Ovary 2-celled ; the 2 parietal
placentae many-ovuled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Cap-
sule loculicidally 2-valved.
1. L. splendens Willd. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect,
commonly simple, 4-8 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or almost
linear, glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile, 10 cm.
long or less; flowers in a rather close often elongated raceme;
calyx-tube hemispheric, 4 mm. long, the lobes linear-lanceolate,
8 mm. long; corolla bright red, 2 cm. long, the tube narrow, the
lobes about 8 mm. long; seeds oblong, somewhat rugose-tubercu-
late.
Along streams in wet places in the upper portions of the chaparral belt
of the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
5. PALMERELLA Gray.
Slender erect or spreading herbs, glabrous or nearly
so, with mostly lanceolate entire or serrate leaves, and
blue flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx-tube tur-
binate, the lobes slender. Corolla-tube elongated, linear
and straight, not at all dilated at the throat ; the short
limb abruptly spreading ; 2 lobes small, spatulate-linear
and recurving, the 3 larger obovate or oblong, slightly
united at the base. Filaments more or less adnate to
Compositae 389
the corolla up to near the throat, then monadelphous
and free, or adnate on 1 side only ; anthers oblong, the
3 larger naked, the 2 shorter tipped with a tuft of very
short bristles. Ovary and capsule as in Lobelia.
1. L. debilis serrata Gray. Stems simple or rarely branched
above, 2-6 dm. high, very leafy, glabrous except the inflorescence,
this puberulent ; cauline leaves lanceolate-linear or lanceolate,
the lower broader, spatulate to obovate, all sharply serrate,
the uppermost passing into slender bracts ; racemes few-many-
flowered ; pedicels slender ; calyx-lobes narrowly-subulate, twice
the length of the tube, and nearly equaling the corolla ; corolla-
tube slender, 2 cm. long, in age splitting up from the base as in
Lobelia, pale blue ; the larger lobes deep violet, 6-8 mm. long.
Frequent in moist places in the canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa
Ana Mountains.
Family 95. COMPOSITAE. SUNFLOWER FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate or
opposite leaves. Flowers in heads, borne on the enlarged
summit of the peduncle (receptacle) and surrounded by
the bracts of the involucre. Receptacle naked or with
bracts subtending the flowers or with bristles among the
flowers. Calyx-tube united with the ovary, the limb
when present called pappus, and consisting of awns,
hairs, bristles, scales or paleae. Corolla tubular and
5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the limb strap-shaped (ligulate)
and toothed or entire at the apex, those of a head all
tubular, all ligulate or of both kinds. When both kinds
are present the marginal ones are ligulate and are called
ray-flowers, the inner are tubular and are called disk-
flowers. Stamens 5 ; filaments free ; anthers united and
forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in Ambrosiae and
the filaments more or less cohering. Styles 2-lobed, the
lobes stigmatic on the inner surface. Ovary 1-celled,
becoming an achene in fruit. Pappus commonly per-
sistent.
390 Eupatorieae
KEY TO THE TRIBES.
Heads all alike, composed of both ray- and disk-flowers or of disk-flowers only.
Anthers not caudate at base.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre well-imbricated.
Style-branches stigmatic only below the middle; flowers never
yellow; rays none. l. EDPATORIEAE.
Style-branches of the perfect flowers stigmatic to or above the
middle, the upper sterile portion forming a flattened ap-
pendage. 2. ASTEBEAE.
Style -branches stigmatic up to the truncate apex.
Bracts herbaceous ; herbage not aromatic. 7. HELENIEAE.
Bracts with soarious margins; herbage aromatic or strong-
scented. 8. ANTHEMIDEAE.
Bracts usually in 1 series; pappus generally capillary.
9. SENECIONEAE.
Receptacle fimbrillate. 7. HELENIEAE.
Receptacle chaffy.
Bracts of the involucre not scarious.
Bracts of the involucre in a single series, more or less enclosing
the ray-achenes. 6. MADIEAB.
Bracts of the involucre in 2 or more series not enfolding the ray-
achenes. 5. HELIANTHEAE.
Bracts of the involucre scarious, at least on the margins.
8. ANTHEMIDEAE.
Anthers caudate at base.
Anthers not appendaged at apex; involucre usually scarious.
3. INULEAE.
Anthers appendaged at apex; bracts usually spinescent.
Corollas regular, all tubular. 10. CYNAREAE.
Corollas 2-lipped; rays wanting. 11. MDTISIEAE.
Heads of 2 kinds : staminate heads clustered above the pistillate, anthers
more or less free ; pistillate heads few-flowered, flowers completely
enclosed in the prickly involucre. 4. AMBROSIEAE.
Heads all alike, composed of ligulate flowers only. 12. CICHORIEAE.
Tribe 1. EUPATORIEAE. EUPATORY TRIBE.
Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with white or flesh-
colored perfect disk-flowers and no rays. Receptacle
naked. Anthers not caudate at base. Style-branches
stigmatic only below the middle.
Achenes 5-angled. 1. EUPATORIUM.
Achenes 10-ribbed. 2. COLEOSANTHUS.
1. EUPATORIUM L.
Erect mostly branching perennial herbs, with opposite
verticillate or alternate often punctate leaves, and
cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white blue or purple
Eupatory Tribe 391
flowers. Involucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts im-
bricated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex or
conic, naked. Corolla regular, its lobes slender, 5-lobed
or 5-toothed. Style-branches flattened above, stigma tic
at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of
numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles, arranged
in a single row.
1. E. Pasadense Parish. Stems slender and apparently her-
baceous, glandular-puberulent ; upper leaves opposite, short-
petioled, ovate-deltoid, acute at apex, cordate at base, serrate,
thin, minutely atomiferous beneath; cymes rather compact, on
dichotomous peduncles longer than the leaves; pedicels 1 cm.
long, with 2-3 linear bracts; heads 20-30-flowered ; involucral
bracts lanceolate, firm, 4 mm. long, prominently 2-ribbed, the
acute tips softer; corolla 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, white, the fili-
form tube twice the length of the abrubtly expanded throat ;
pappus scabrous, equaling the corolla, early deciduous; achenes
smooth, 5-angled, slightly arcuate, 1.5 mm. long;- receptacle
somewhat rounded.
Wet bank of a pool in a canyon south of Pasadena, McClatchie.
2. COLEOSANTHUS Cass.
Herbaceous perennial or partly shrubby plants, with
opposite or alternate leaves and discoid heads of whitish
or pink flowers in panicles or cymes. Involucral bracts
well-imbricated in several series, striate. Receptacle
flat or convex. Achenes 10-striate or -ribbed. Pappus a
single row of numerous rough or serrate bristles.
1. C. Californicus (T. & G.) Kuntze. Shrubby at base, 6-9
dm. high, paniculately branched; herbage somewhat glandular-
puberulent; leaves alternate, ovate, somewhat triangular or
slightly cordate, obtuse, irregularly crenate- toothed, 3-ribbed
from the base, veiny, roughish, 2-4 cm. long, short-petioled ;
heads spicate or racemose along leafy branches, about 1 cm. high,
10-15-flowered ; involucral bracts with thinnish, mostly obtuse
straight tips. (Brickellia Calif ornica Gray.)
Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains.
392 Astereae
2. C. Nevinii (Gray) Kuntze. Herbage white-woolly ; leaves
repandodentate ; heads 30-40-flowered ; otherwise as in the last.
Newhall, Nevin.
Tribe 2. ASTEREAE. ASTER TRIBE.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with usu-
ally scentless herbage and alternate leaves. Receptacle
naked. Bracts of the involucre commonly well-imbri-
cated. Disk-flowers commonly yellow. Rays present or
wanting. Anthers not caudate. Pappus of bristles or
awrns. Pollen grains echinate.
Pappus of several caducous awns; heads large. 3. GRINDELIA.
Pappus of several short scales; heads small. 4. GUTIERREZIA.
Pappus of a few persistent slender bristles. 5. PENTACHAETA.
Pappus of many persistent slender bristles.
Rays present, yellow.
Rays without pappus. 6. HETEROTHECA.
Rays with pappus like that of disk-flowers.
Pappus of 2 kinds, the outer short and scale-like.
7. CHRYSOPSIS.
Pappus of 1 kind only.
Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs.
Heads small, in scorpioid racemes. 8. SOLIDAGO.
Heads small in corymbose panicles. 9. EDTHAMIA.
Evergreen woody plants with punctate, flat or terete leaves.
10. CHRYSOMA
Rays present, not yellow.
Pappus rusty-brown; anthers with slender appendages at apex.
14. CORETHROGYNE.
Pappus dull white.
Bracts in more than 2 series. 15. ASTER.
Bracts in 1-2 series.
Rays exceeding the disk. 16. ERIGERON.
Rays inconspicuous, shorter than the disk. 17. LEPTILON.
Rays none.
Outer flowers enlarged and more deeply cleft on the inner side.
13. LESSINGIA.
Outer flowers not enlarged.
Flowers yellow.
Herbage glandular and glutinous. 12. HAZARDIA.
Herbage pubescent. 11. ISOCOMA.
Flowers not yellow.
Outer flowers pistillate, truncate; inner hermaphrodite.
18. CONYZA.
Dioecious shrubs or perennial herbs. 19. BACCHARIS.
Aster Tribe 393
3. GRINDELIA Willd.
Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants with
sessile rigid mostly serrate leaves and rather large hemi-
spheric heads terminating corymbose branches. Invo-
lucral bracts with usually narrow herbaceous squarrose-
recurved tips. Flowers of both ray and disk many,
permanently yellow. Style-appendages lanceolate or
linear. Achenes short, thick, compressed or turgid,
truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 deciduous stout awns
or bristles.
1. G. camporum Greene. Herbaceous; stems white and shin-
ing, tufted from a perennial root, about 6 dm. high, glabrousr
very leafy up to the loosely corymbose heads, even the branches
of the corymb conspicuously leafy-bracted ; basal leaves almost
wanting ; stem leaves oblanceolate-spatulate, sessile and clasping,
5 cm. long, saliently serrate-toothed; bracts of flowering branches
nearly entire, spreading; involucre 12-20 mm. wide, its bracts
with long linear recurved tips; ray-achenes obscurely 3-sided
with 3 or more pappus awns ; disk-achenes compressed, obliquely
biauriculate or unidentate at the summit.
Adobe mesas near Wiseburn. June-August.
2. G. robusta Nutt. Stems herbaceous, stout, ascending from
a perennial root, about 5 dm. high ; leaves broadly cordate-oblong,
obtuse, coarsely serrate, about 3.5 cm. long, often 2.5 cm. broad,
subcoriaceous, pubescent on the margins, otherwise glabrous;
heads very few, large, corymbosely disposed; outer bracts of
involucre rather leafy, the others narrow and squarrose ; pappus
awns 2.
Open grounds about Los Angeles and toward the coast. First collected
at San Pedro by Nuttall. May-July.
3. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Bushy and suffrutescent, 6-12 dm.
high, glabrous; leaves thickish and rather fleshy, 7-10 cm. long,
cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong, entire or sparsely dentate,
clasping at the broad base ; involucre about 12 mm. high, glutin-
ous, its bracts all with squarrose green tips; pappus awns usually
several, compressed barbellulate.
Borders of salt marshes along the coast. September-November.
394 Astereae
4. GUTIERREZIA Lag,
Herbaceous or suffrutescent, freely branching, some-
what resiniferous, nearly glabrous plants, with alternate
linear entire leaves, and numerous small heads corym-
bosely arranged at' the ends of the branches. Involucral
bracts coriaceous, the outer successively shorter. Ray-
and disk-flowers yellow. Achenes angled or striate,
mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous.
1. G. divergens Greene. Suffrutescent, 4-7 dm. high, gla-
brous or merely granular-scaberulous, the panicled branches
nearly destitute of foliage at flowering time; involucres 6 mm.
high, obovate-turbinate, their obovate obtuse bracts well-imbri-
cated and with blunt green tips; disk-flowers 5-7; rays about 5;
pale£e of the pappus 9-12, very unequal, narrow and acute.
Common on the interior plains and foothills, especially common on the
fans at the base of the mountains. July-August.
5. PENTACHAETA Nutt.
Small slender nearly glabrous annuals, with alternate
linear entire leaves, and mostly small heads solitary or
somewhat clustered at the ends -of more or less naked
branches. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its
bracts in 2 series, scarious-margined, appressed, mucro-
nate. Ray-flowers white, yellow or wanting. Disk-flowers
yellow, very slender. Style-appendages filiform-subulate,
hispid. Achenes pubescent. Pappus of 3-5 slender
bristles.
1. P. aurea Nutt. Diffusely branching, 1-3 dm. high, some-
what villous-pubescent ; heads about 10-15 mm. broad, many-
flowered ; flowers all yellow ; rays obtuse, 20 or more ; involucral
bracts broadly lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, with green
middle portion and scarious margins ; achenes somewhat villous-
pubescent ; pappus bristles 5-8.
Arroyo Seco, Davidson. Frequent in the Santa Ana Mountains and com-
mon throughout the coast slope of San Diego County.
Aster Tribe 395
2. P. Lyoni Gray. Hirsute, at least the margins of the plane
linear or spatulate-linear leaves, 1-1.5 dm. high, with the sparing
ascending branches leafy up to the head or short peduncle ; in-
volucre hirsute ; its bracts linear-lanceolate and of nearly equal
length, green, with narrow scarious margins ; pappus-bristles 9-11
or commonly 12.
San Pedro; Santa Catalina Island, Lyon. Not seen by us. The above is a
copy of the original description.
6. HETEROTHECA Nutt.
Annual or biennial hirsute herbs, with alternate leaves
and a terminal corymbose panicle of middle-sized heads.
Involucre ovate, its bracts closely imbricated in many
series, without spreading tips. . Flowers yellow, those of
the ray pistillate, of the disk perfect. Style-appendages
of the disk-flowers ovate or lanceolate. Achenes com-
pressed, pubescent, those of the ray thin-triquetrous,
with caducous pappus or none. Pappus of disk-achenes
of an outer series of sparse short bristles and an inner
series of copious longer ones.
1. H. grandifolia Nutt. Annual or biennial, 1-2 m. high,
hirsute, the inflorescence viscid and strong-scented ; stem leaves
oval or oblong, coarsely toothed, partly vertical by a twist in the
petiole, this bearing at base 2 stipuliform lobes; involucre about
1 cm. high ; ray-achenes without pappus; those of the disk with
but faint traces of the outer and shorter bristles.
Frequent in waste places in sandy soil. June-November, or in favored
places flowering throughout the year.
7. CHRYSOPSIS Ell.
Low perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent, with
sessile usually entire leaves, and middle-sized heads ter-
minating corymbose or fastigiate branches. Involucre
ovate or broader, its bracts narrow, regularly imbricated
in several series. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages
linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Achenes compressed,
obovate to linear-fusiform. Pappus brownish, of many
396 Astereae
capillary scabrous bristles, with or without an outer
series of short bristles of paleae.
1. C. sessilifolia Nutt. Slender, sparsely pilose-hispid, viscid-
glandular ; leaves oblanceolate, sharply pointed, the longest often
3-4 cm. long; corymbose branches ending in about 3 subsessile
heads; these about 12 mm. high, leaf y-bracted at base; involu-
cral bracts viscid-glandular; achenes slender-fusiform, silky-
pubescent; outer pappus slenderly squamellate.
Along the coast, Davidson.
2. C. fastigiata Greene. Stems several, ascending, 3-6 dm.
high, rigid and brittle, densely clothed with small ascending, erect
leaves ; these strongly crisped, 12 mm. long or less, sessile, acute,
densely silky-tomentose on both sides; heads narrow, numerous,
in a fastigiate corymb at the ends of the branches; bracts of the
narrow turbinate involucre rather softly strigose-pubescent ; rays
few, short and inconspicuous; achenes silky- villous ; outer series
of pappus wanting.
Frequent on dry plains and in the lower portions of the chaparral belt.
8. SOIiIDAGO Vail. GOLDENEOD.
Strict simple-stemmed perennial herbs, with alternate
more or less serrate leaves, and many small heads in ter-
minal clusters which are usually in scorpioid racemes
and forming a panicle. Involucre narrow, its bracts in
2 or more series, neither herbaceous-tipped nor glutinous.
Flowers all permanently yellow, the outer and ligulate
shorter, the inner narrow-funnelform. Style-appendages
lanceolate. Achenes terete or prismatic, 5— 10-nerved,
glabrous or pubescent. Pappus a series of unequal sca-
brous permanently white bristles.
1. S. confinis Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence some-
times minutely pubescent, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, the
stem leaves shorter, about 5-8 cm. long, the basal often oblanceo-
late or obovate, heads about 4 mm. long, crowded in a dense
oblong panicle, not secund ; rays not surpassing the disk-flowers ;
achenes canescently pubescent.
Occasional in low marshy places. Cienega; San Bernardino. July-Octo-
ber.
Aster Tribe 397
2. S. Californica Nutt. Roughish with an almost cinereous
short pubescence, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves larger and more numer-
ous below, passing from obovate to oblong-lanceolate, and from
obtuse to acute, the lower and broader more or less serrate;
panicle virgate, rather loose, the racemiform clusters secund ;
heads 6 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear,
obtusish ; rays 7-12 ; achenes pubescent.
Frequent in open places in the lower portions of the chaparral belt in the
San Gabriel and Santa Ana Ranges. June-October.
9. EUTHAMIA Cass.
Erect glabrous perennial very leafy more or less dis-
tinctly corymbose branched herbs, with narrow entire
pellucid -punctate leaves, and small heads clustered at
the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts firm, im-
bricated, glutinous. Ray-flowers about twice as many
as disk-flowers, all permanently yellow. Achenes short,
turbinate, villous-pubescent.
1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Somewhat paniculately branching,
1-2 m. high ; leaves lanceolate-linear, obscurely 3-nerved ; involu-
cral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays 16-30 ; disk-flowers 8-14,
their style-tips obtuse.
Frequent in low ground and along streams in our valleys and foothills.
August-November.
10. CHRYSOMA Nutt.
Low evergreen shrubs with mostly narrow subterete
punctate leaves and terminal cymose or corymbose
clusters of small heads. Involucre turbinate, its bracts
mostly lanceolate, very regularly imbricated, margins
subscarious. Flowers permanently yellow. Disk-flowers
slender with subcampanulate throat and deeply cleft
limb. Style-appendages filiform, acuminate, hirsutulous.
Achenes more or less distinctly prismatic. Pappus of
scabrous slender bristles, dull-white or yellowish, becom-
ing reddish.
398 Astereae
* Leaves flat.
1. C. Parishii Greene. Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves lanceo-
late, 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acute, subcoriaceous, strongly
punctate, glutinous ; heads numerous in crowded corymbs, termi-
nating the erect branches, small, 10-12-flowered ; involucre tur-
binate ; the bracts few, irregularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute,
with a green midrib ; achenes turbinate, minutely silky. (Bige-
lovia Parishii Greene.)
Occasional in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel,
San Bernardino and Santa Ana Ranges. August-October.
2. C. cuneata (Gray) Greene. Freely branching and spread-
ing, about 3 dm. high; leaves coriaceous, cuneate-obovate or
spatulate-obovate, often retuse, 10-14 mm. long, resinous-punctate,
glutinous; heads about 12 mm. high, in a terminal fasciculate
corymb; bracts lanceolate or linear, obtusish ; rays 1-5 or none ;
achenes pubescent. (Aplopappus cuneatus Gray.)
On rocky ledges in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains .
** Leaves very narrow and subterete.
3. C. ericoides (Less.) Greene. Diffusely branching, 8 dm.
high or less, the branches fastigiate-corymbose, very leafy through-
out ; leaves linear, terete, those of the branches about 1 cm. long,,
deflexed, bearing in their axils very short branchlets hidden by
2-ranked closely imbricated shorter ones; involucres turbinate,
about 6 mm. high; bracts tomentose-ciliate, all erect, the outer
successively shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the
very short leaves; rays about 3-5, short; achenes glabrous,
(Ericameria microphylla Nutt.)
Frequent on bluffs and sand-dunes along the seashore.
4. C. Palmeri (Gray) Greene. Paniculately much branched r
about 1 m. high or less; leaves all filiform terete, those of the
branches about 2 cm. long; lower bracts of the involucre green-
ish-tipped ; rays 3-4; achenes pubescent. (Aplopappus Palmeri
Gray.)
Occasional in the foothills about Los Angeles and San Diego.
5. C. pinifolia (Gray) Greene. Rather stout, with rigid,
erect branches, 15 dm. high or less; stem-leaves filiform, 2.5 cm.
long or more, mucronate ; heads rather few in a contracted panicle,
or scattered, campanulate ; proper bracts of the involucre broadly
Aster Tribe 399
lanceolate and with a greenish midrib, the loose outer ones subu-
late, shorter than the inner and passing into the small leaves of
the flowering branchlets ; rays usually 6-10; achenes glabrous or
nearly so. (Aplopappus pinifolius Gray.)
Frequent in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the lower alti
tudes of the chaparral belt. August-November.
11. ISOCOMA Xutt.
Rather rigid tufted erect suffrutescent plants, with
thick leaves and a corymbose terminal cluster of rather
small rayless heads. Involucral bracts coriaceous, closely
imbricated, the tips herbaceous, appressed. Corollas
permanently yellow ; tube slender ; limb ventricose, its
segments more or less connivent about the style. Style-
appendages ovate or somewhat narrower, pubescent.
Achenes short, compressed or subterete, silky-pubescent.
Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal, the inner longest
and often flattened and awn-like, faintly scabrous.
1. I. vernonioides Nutt. Glabrous or commonly loosely
pubescent, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaves oblanceolate, more or
less serrate, 2-4 cm. long, often with many fascicled ones in their
axils; heads 8 mm. high, campanulate; bracts of the involucre
obtusish; pappus-bristles stout, none very perceptibly flattened.
(Bigelovia veneta Gray.)
Common on dry hillsides and plains. Santa Monica; Los Angeles; Santa
Ana Mountains ; San Joaquin Hills. July-November.
12. HAZABDIA Greene.
Low shrubs or suffrutescent plants, with subcoriaceous
more or less persistent toothed or serrate leaves, and
spicate or somewhat thyrsoidly congested heads. Invo-
lucre oblong or obconic, its numerous bracts in many
series, often with squarrqse-spreading tips. Heads 20-40-
flowered. Rays yellow or none. Disk-corollas narrow,
merely 5-toothed, yellow, changing to red or brown.
Style-tips linear-subulate. Achenes fusiform, slightly
compressed, few-nerved. Pappus reddish.
400 Astereae
1. H. squarrosa (H. & A.) Greene. Suffrutescent, erect,
6-10 dm. high, glandular and glutinous; leaves oblong, about 2
cm. long, spinulose-dentate ; heads many, spicately thyrsoid
toward the summit of the branches, 1 cm. long; bracts of the
involucre rigid, appressed, in many series, their tips abruptly
spreading; rays none; achenes sparsely pubescent. (Aplopappus
squarrosus H. & A.)
Occasional on dry hillsides throughout our range. November.
13. LESSINGIA Cham.
More or less floccose-woolly and sometimes glandular
annuals, with alternate more or less serrate leaves, and
small cymosely panicled heads. Flowers yellow or often
whitish or purplish, all perfect. Corollas with slender
tube and long narrow lobes, the outer ones more deeply
cleft on one side and imitating a palmatifid ligule. In-
volucre campanulate or turbinate, its bracts much imbri-
cated, appressed, herbaceous tipped. Anthers with
slender subulate appendages. Style-appendages obtuse
or truncate, densely hispid, often with a setiform cusp
among the hairs. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform,
silky-villous. Pappus-bristles rigid, scabrous, red or
brownish.
1. L. glandulifera Gray. Stems diffusely branched from a
short erect stem, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, glabrous or glabrate above;
basal leaves oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lower stem leaves
spinulose-dentate, those of the branches 5 mm. long or less, thick
and rigid, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, the margins commonly
beset with yellowish tack-shaped glands ; involucre campanulate
or turbinate, its bracts appressed, some or all glanduliferous ;
flowers yellow.
Common on the dry interior plains of our region. June-September.
14. CQRETHBOGYNE DC.
Perennial herbs covered with a white woolly tomentum
at least when young. Inflorescence glandular. Leaves
alternate entire or serrate, heads middle-sized, solitary,
Aster Tribe 401
corymbose or panicled. Involucre hemispheric to turbi-
nate, its bracts much imbricated, scar ions except the
herbaceous tips. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers sterile.
Anthers appendaged at the apex. Style-appendages
comose or with a bearded tuft.
1. C. virgata Benth. Stems erect, often 1 m. high; herbage
floccose-woolly ; leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, serrate-
toothed above; inflorescence a large virgate panicle, viscid with
short-stalked glands, usually bearing many heads; involucre
turbinate-campanulate, 10-12 mm. broad ; bracts rather broadly
linear, their tips usually somewhat reflexed.
Common in sandy soil near the coast. June-August.
2. C. virgata Bernardina. Stems erect or ascending, 6-8
dm. high; herbage densely floccose-woolly; leaves oblanceolate
or oblong, serrate-toothed above ; inflorescence somewhat virgate-
branched ; heads not numerous, only the involucres and the
uppermost portion of the peduncles glandular ; involucres turbi-
nate-campanulate, 6-8 mm. broad; bracts narrowly linear, their
tips somewhat recurved.
Common on the dry plains of the interior valleys, especially in the San
Bernardino Valley. The type of this variety is the author's no. 2931, collected
at Mentone.
15. ASTER, L.
Leafy stemmed autumnal perennial or rarely annual
herbs with alternate leaves and panicled or somewhat
corymbose heads. Involucre hemispheric to campanu-
late, its bracts imbricated in several series, tips herbace-
ous. Ray-flowers many, commonly bluish or pinkish,
pistillate. Disk -flowers perfect, yellow changing to red-
purple ; corolla-tube slender ; limb funnelform. Style-
branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceo-
late or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous,
scabrous, usually in 1 series, dull white.
i
* Perennials.
1. A. Menziesii Lindl. Strictly erect, about 4-6 dm. high,
usually simple and very leafy up to the mostly simply racemose or
402 Astereae
racemose-paniculate inflorescence, the whole plant cinereously
and roughly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7.5
cm. long, remotely and faintly serrate; heads numerous in an
ample cymose panicle ; involucres nearly hemispheric, about 6
mm. high; bracts in rather few series, spatulate-linear, very
obtuse, wholly green-herbaceous; rays dull pale purplish.
Occasional on dry wooded hills about Los Angeles and eastward.
2. A. hesperius Gray. Stems paniculately branched, 6-10
dm. high, varying from nearly glabrous to scabrous-pubescent;
leaves lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations,
5-10 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide; heads crowded, 8-10 mm. high;
involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradually
acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated or with
some loose and slender herbaceous exterior ones which equal the
inner ; rays either white or violet, 6-8 mm. long.
Cienega, near Los Angeles, and in low ground about San Bernardino.
3. A. Greatae Parish. Stems erect or assurgent, '4-17 dm.
high, glabrous or above sparsely hirtellous ; leaves thin, ovate,
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, the scabrid mar-
gins few-toothed or entire, the base clasping ; the uppermost
usually reduced to linear or linear-lanceolate bracts; heads 5
mm. high, in an ample panicle; involucral bracts loosely imbri-
cated in a few series, lanceolate, green, minutely ciliate; rays
30-40, light purple, narrow, acute, 5-10 mm. long; achenes hir-
sute.
Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains, mostly in the
upper portions of the chaparral belt.
** Annuals.
4. A. exilis Ell. Stem erect, 6-12 dm. high, rather stout be-
low, paniculately branched above into numerous slender branches ;
lower leaves lanceolate, the upper linear, mostly entire ; heads
small, numerous, about 6 mm. high, narrow; bracts of the invo-
lucre linear-subulate; rays 15-40, bluish-purple or pinkish.
Frequent in low subsaline places, especially along the coast. August-
October.
16. ERIGERON L.
Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal
leaves and corymbose, paniculate or solitary heads of
both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric
Aster Tribe 403
or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, usu-
ally imbricated in but 1 or 2 series. Receptacle nearly
flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers purplish or whitish,
pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, 5-lobed.
Style-appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse.
Achenes flattened, mostly 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles
scabrous, in 1 series or with an outer shorter series.
1. E. Philadelphicus L. Perennial by stolons, soft-pubescent
or sometimes nearly glabrous ; stems slender, mostly branched
above, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse,
dentate, 2.5-7 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; upper
leaves clasping, often cordate at base, entire or dentate ; heads
several or many, corymbose-paniculate, 1-2 cm. broad ; peduncles
slender, thickened at the summit; involucre depressed hemi-
spheric ; its bracts linear, usually scarious-margined ; rays 100-150,
4-8 mm. long, light rose-purple ; pappus simple ; achenes puberu-
lent.
Occasional in low moist ground.
2. E. foliosus Nutt. Scabrous and somewhat strigose-pubes-
cent, 4-8 dm . high , leafy throughout ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
entire, about 4 mm. broad, 3-6 cm. long, those of the branches
reduced; heads hemispheric, 12-14 mm. broad; rays about 30,
narrow, purple ; achenes with a few coarse bristly short hairs.
Frequent in sandy soil toward the coast.
4. E, fragilis Greene. Stems erect, rigid, 5-7 dm. high,
minutely scabrous, leafy; leaves linear-filiform, 3-5 cm. long,
rigid, rough with minute incurved hairs; heads usually 10-15,
arranged in a loose corymbose panicle on spreading branches;
involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 3 series ; rays 30-40,
very narrow, deep violet; achenes nearly glabrous.
Frequent on the dry plains and foothills away from the coast.
17. L.EPTILON Raf.
Annual or biennial herbs with small racemose or
panicled heads of white flowers. Involucre mostly cam-
panulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Rays small,
usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, pistillate,
or none. Disk-flowers perfect, usually 4-toothed or
404 Astereae
4-lobed. Style-branches short. Achenes flattened. Pap-
pus-bristles in 1 series.
1. L. Canadense (L.) Britton. Stem hispid-pubescent or gla-
brate, 2 m. high or less, paniculate, much branched ; leaves usually
pubescent or ciliate, the lower spatulate, dentate or entire, 5-10
cm. long, the upper linear and mainly entire ; heads very numer-
ous, about 4 mm. broad ; involucre 2-3 mm. high ; its bracts linear,
acute, glabrate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white, shorter
than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. (Erigeron
Canadense L.)
A common weed in waste places and cultivated fields.
18. CONYZA L.
Ours a viscid pubescent branching annual, with alter-
nate leaves, and small many-flowered heads in a crowded
thyrsoid leafy panicle. Involucre campanulate, its
bracts narrow, appendiculate, in 2-3 series. Pistillate
flowers much more numerous than the hermaphrodite,
their filiform or slender corollas shorter than the disk
and style, truncate or 2-4-toothed. Achenes small, com-,
pressed. Pappus a single series of soft capillary bristles,
sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones.
1. C. Coulter! Gray. Stems simple belowr, branching above,
about 1 m. high or less, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, with many-
jointed hairs ; stem-leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate-
oblong and with partly clasping base, dentate to laciniate-pinnat-
ifid, 2.5-5 cm. long; involucre 2-4 mm. high, hirsute with soft
spreading hairs ; flowers whitish ; corolla-tube of pistillate flowers
truncate, half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers
only 5-7; achenes nearly glabrous ; pappus bristles several, sca-
brous.
Occasional in subsaline places. July-September.
19. BACCHARIS L.
Dioecious perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate
leaves and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tubu-
lar flowers. Involucre of scale-like imbricated bracts.
Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla of the pistillate flowers
Aster Tribe 405
slender, truncate or minutely toothed, that of the stami-
nate tubular, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the fertile flowers
smooth exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudimentary,
tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes
more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the pistillate
flowers copious, capillary, very fine and soft, becoming
elongated in fruit, that of the staminate flowers shorter.
* Achenes 10-nerved.
1. B. pilularis DC. Compactly branched evergreen shrub,
2-4 m. high or lower and depressed when growing along the sea-
shore ; branchlets angular from the leaf-bases ; leaves subcori-
aceous. glutinous, 2 cm. long or less, cuneate-obovate, coarsely
toothed or some entire; involucre nearly hemispheric, 4 mm. long,
its bracts oval or oblong, all but the innermost very obtuse;
flowers white; fertile pappus not over 8 mm. long.
Near Santa Monica, Davidson.
2. B. Emoryi Gray. Erect with slender branches, 1-5 m.
high ; leaves mostly oblong, or the lower broader, with attenuate
or cuneate base and the larger somewhat petioled, more or less
3-nerved, often 2-4-toothed, pale ; those of the branches oblanceo-
late-linear, mostly entire, 1-nerved ; involucre campanulate or
oblong, 6-8 mm. long; bracts firm-coriaceous, the outermost oval
obtusish, the innermost thin, bearded toward the tip; pappus of
the pistillate 12 mm. long in fruit.
In low ground toward the coast. Redondo; San Pedro; Santa Ana; San
Bernardino.
** Achenes 5-nerved (rarely 4-nerved).
3. B. Plummerae Gray. Loosely pubescent throughout, not
at all glutinous ; stems herbaceous from a woody base, 6-12 dm.
high, somewhat branched; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, irregu-
larly and acutely serrate, 5 cm. long or less, obscurely 3-nerved;
heads 8 mm. long; involucral bracts linear; achenes somewhat
compressed, puberulent, obscurely 5-nerved; pappus in fruit 8
mm. long.
Topacgo Canyon, Davidson.
4. B. Douglasii DC. Glabrous and somewhat glutinous;
stems herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, erect, 12 dm.
high or less, simple up to the terminal corymb; leaves glutinous,
406 Inuleae
ovate-lanceolate, either entire or serrulate, 3-nerved from near
the base, 7-14 cm. long; heads about 6 mm. high; involucral
bracts erose-ciliate, thin and pale with a greenish center; pappus
of pistillate flowers scarious, 4 mm. long, soft, of staminate clav-
ellate and barbellate at the summit.
Occasional along streams in our coast region. Ballona Creek; Los
Angeles River. August-October.
5. B. glutinosa Pers. Stems herbaceous above, woody below,
1-3 m. high; branches striate-angled ; leaves very glutinous,
lanceolate, acute, denticulate or repandodentate, 5-7 cm. long;
heads in ample cymose panicles at the ends of simple slender
branches, mostly 6 mm. high; involucre stramineous, destitute
of green center or distinct costa.
Occasional on borders of marshes. August-November.
6. B. vixninea DC. Shrubby and willow-like, producing short
lateral flowering branches, these terete and minutely striate;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, ob-
scurely 3-nerved, 5-7 cm. long; heads about 4 mm. high, hemi-
spheric, in small cymose clusters; involucre tawny, destitute of
green center or costa.
Very common along all our streams throughout our range. April-July.
Tribe 3. INULEAE. EVERLASTING TRIBE.
Annual or perennial mostly white-woolly plants, with
alternate or opposite leaves and small dioecious heads.
Involucral bracts often white or scarious, imbricated.
Pistillate flowers mostly white, with filiform corollas.
Anthers caudate at base, unappendaged at apex. Pappus
capillary or none.
Involucral bracts many; receptacle naked.
Bracts dry, but not scarious. 20. PLUCHEA.
Bracts scarious. 25. GNAPHALIUM.
Involucral bracts few or none; receptacle chaffy.
Bracts completely enclosing their achenes; pappus none.
Achenes gibbous. 21. MICROPUS.
Achenes straight or somewhat curved.
Receptacle columnar. 22. STYLOCLINE.
Receptacle globose or ovoid. 23. PSILOCARPHUS.
Bracts of 2 kinds, the lower completely enclosing their achenes; the others
chaff-like, surrounding a central cluster of flowers.
24. FILAGO.
Everlasting Tribe 407
20. PLUCHEA Cass.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small heads
of tubular flowers in terminal cymose clusters. Involu-
cral bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, her-
baceous. Receptacle flat. Outer flowers of the head pis-
tillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate. Central
flowers perfect, but mostly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft.
Achenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a series
of capillary scabrous bristles.
1. P. sericea (Nutt.) Coville. (ARROWWOOD.) Shrub, 4 m.
high or less, with suberect slender willowy branches, very leafy
up to the cymose clusters of rather small heads; leaves silky-
pubescent, 2.5-5 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends,
entire ; involucre campanulate ; outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomen-
tose ; inner ones narrowly linear, deciduous; flowers whitish,
tinged with purple or red ; pappus copious, the bristles of the
sterile flowers clavellate-dilated, of the fertile slender. (P. borealis
Gray.)
Rather common along the streams, especially in the interior valleys,
May-July.
2. P. camphorata DC. Annual, stoutish, minutely and some-
what viscid-pubescent, leafy, 6 dm. high; leaves oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, toothed or denticulate, the
larger 7-12 cm. long, petioled ; heads short-pedicelled, dull purple,
crowded in a corymbose cluster; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often
colored.
Occasional along streams and marshes about Los Angeles; Ballona
Creek.
21. MICBOPUS L.
Low floccose annuals with alternate entire leaves and
several-flowered scattered heads. Pistillate flowers in 1
or 2 series on a small receptacle, each enclosed in a con-
duplicate bract which has a scarious, appendiculate lip.
Hermaphrodite sterile flowers central, few, mostly naked.
Involucre outside of the fruiting bracts scanty and
scarious. Achenes gibbous, obovate, each enclosed in its
bract and falling away with it. Pappus none.
408 Inuleae
1. M. Californicus F. & M. Slender, erect, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves mostly linear; fructiferous bracts 5-6, becoming firm-cori-
aceous, somewhat semicordate or semiobovate in outline, straight
anteriorly, the soon erect bract-like tip mostly scarious.
Frequent on open hillsides in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the
foothills about Los Angeles.
22. STYLOCL.INE Nutt.
Low and diffuse white-woolly annuals, with alternate
leaves and terminal subglobose heads. Bracts of the
involucre and of the receptacle deciduous with the
mature fruit, those of the fertile flowers involute or sac-
cate-conduplicate, embracing the obovate or oblong
obcompressed achene ; those of the sterile flowers plane
or concave. Pappus wanting in the fertile flowers, com-
posed of a few caducous bristles in the sterile ones.
1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Stems 5-10 cm. long; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, obtuse ; fruiting bract hyaline, broadly ovate,
woolly on the back.
Occasional in open ground, on wooded slopes, and in the chaparral belt.
April-June.
23. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt.
Small, usually depressed and much branched floccose
annuals, with opposite leaves and globose heads which
are sessile in the axils or at the forks. Fruiting bracts
numerous, crowded on the globular or oval receptacle,
cucullate-saccate, semiobovate or semiobcordate, rounded
at the tip, somewhat membranaceous, apex introrse, the
ovate or oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or erect.
Achene loose within the bract, oblong or narrow, straight,
slightly compressed.
1. P. globiferus Nutt. Branched from the base and spread-
ing or prostrate ; leaves linear or narrowly spatulate, the upper-
most little surpassing the very woolly heads; achenes obovate-
oblong, about 1 mm. long.
Frequent on the plains and hills, especially in exsiccated places. April-
May.
Everlasting Tribe 409
24. FILAGO L.
Erect slender floccose-woolly annuals with alternate
entire leaves and small discoid heads in capitate lateral
and terminal clusters. Bracts of the involucre few and
scarious. Receptacle convex or subconic, chaffy, each
chaff-scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers of the
heads in several series, pistillate, their corollas filiform,
minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, but
mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed.
Achenes terete or slightly compressed.
1. F. Californica Nutt. Slender, erect, annual, 2 dm. high
or usually less ; leaves linear or the lowest spatulate; heads ovate,
slightly angular; pistillate flowers 8-10-bracteate, their bracts
broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, somewhat arcuate-incurved,
very woolly, with broadish and obtuse hyaline tips; inner bracts
oblong, concave, nearly glabrous; achenes narrowly oblong,
minutely papillose-granular; pappus of the embraced none; of
the others copious.
Frequent on dry hillsides and plains, especially in sandy soil. April-
June.
25. GNAPHAL.IUM L. EVERLASTING.
Woolly erect or diffusely branched annual, biennial
or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and discoid
heads of pistillate and perfect flowers. Involucral
bracts scarious, white or yellowish, imbricated. Recep-
tacle flat, naked. Pistillate flowers in several series,
their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed.
Central flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed
or 5-lobed. Achenes not ribbed. Pappus a single series
of scabrous capillary bristles, sometimes thickened above.
* Pappus-bristles not united at base.
•*- More or less glandular-pubescent and heavy-scented.
1. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Biennial, erect, 6-15 dm. high,
paniculately much branched above the middle ; the panicle often
410 Inuleae
rather narrow and virgate ; herbage glandular and very sweet-
scented, only the stem slightly arachnoid ; leaves green on both
sides, distinctly decurrent ; heads narrow, 4 mm. high, rose color ;
bracts oblong-lanceolate, acutish.
Occasional on wooded slopes about Pasadena and Los Angeles.
2. G. Californicum DC. Biennial, 6-10 dm. high, stoutish,
corymbosely branched at the summit, bearing rather loose
cymosely disposed clusters of broad heads ; leaves lanceolate, gla-
brate above, glandular and balsamic-scented, s'trongly adnate-
decurrent; heads 5-7 mm. high, nearly as broad, white or yellow-
ish; outer bracts ovate or oblong, the inner acute.
Rather common on the dry plains and foothills. April-July.
3. G. leucocephalum Gray. Perennial from a lignescentroot;
stems several, 4-6 dm. high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy;
herbage white with close wool except the under sides of the
leaves ; stem -leaves narrowly linear, attenuate, acute, erect, short-
decurrent at the narrow base, viscid-glandular above; heads in a
small close cyme ; involucre broadly campanulate, much imbri-
cated, pearly white; bracts ovate and oblong, obtuse.
Occasional in dry washes. Santa Anita Wash, near Monrovia.
-*- -*- Not at all glandular or heavy-scented.
4. G. Chilense Spreng. Stems rather stout, from an annual
or biennial root, 3-6 dm. high, loosely floccose or the upper faces
of the leaves often nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or the lower
often spatulate or oblanceolate ; heads in close clusters at the
ends of the corymbose branches ; involucre hemispheric, with a
yellowish-green tinge; bracts oval or oblong, obtuse.
Common along the seashore on the sand-dunes and frequent in our foot-
hills and mountains, extending into the pine belt.
5. G. microcephalum Nutt. Biennial; stems slender with
several erect branches, 5-8 dm. high, loosely corymbose-paniculate
above, the whole herbage white with a persistent wool, not at all
glandular or heavy-scented ; leaves linear or the lower spatulate,
slenderly decurrent ; heads rather few or loose in the paniculately
or cymosely disposed clusters; involucres ovate; bracts white,
ovate or oblong, obtuse, except the inner.
Frequent in dry washes and in the chaparral belt. June-September.
4. G. palustre Nutt. Low, branching annual, 5-15 cm. high,
floccose with long wool ; leaves spatulate to oblong and lanceo-
Ambrosiae 411
late; heads glomerate, leafy-bracted ; involucres about 2 mm.
high, embedded in loose wool; bracts linear, obtuse, brownish-
green, the tips white.
Occasional along river bottoms and on the margins of ponds. May-
October.
** Pappus united at the base, deciduous in a ring.
5. G. purpureum L. Biennial, simple or branching, erect
or decumbent at the base, 2-3 dm. high, canescent with a dense
close wool ; leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate
and green above; heads crowded in an elongated more or less
interrupted spiciform inflorescence ; involucre brownish ; achenes
sparsely scabrous.
Lincoln Park, Davidson.
Tribe 4. AMBROSIAE. RAGWEED TRIBE.
Herbs with mostly alternate leaves and greenish or
white unisexual flowers. Staminate heads racemose or
clustered above the few axillary pistillate ones. Pistil-
late heads usually 2-flowered, destitute of pappus and
corolla, completely enclosed by the more or less spiny
involucre and becoming a bur in fruit. Staminate
flowers many. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla present.
Anthers distinct or scarcely coherent.
Involucral bracts of Staminate heads united.
Involucres of pistillate heads armed near the apex with a single row of
prickles. 26. AMBROSIA.
Involucre of pistillate heads armed with several rows of prickles.
27. GAERTNERIA.
Involucral bracts of Staminate heads distinct. 28. XANTHIUM.
26. AMBROSIA L. RAGWEED.
Monoecious branching herbs or shrubs, with alternate
or opposite, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small
heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose,
the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils.
Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-ovoid, closed,
1-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines ;
412 Ambrosiae
corolla none ; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate
heads hemispheric, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered ;
corolla funnelform, 5-toothed ; anthers scarcely coherent,
mucronate-tipped.
1. A. psilostachya DC. Stems erect from horizontal root-
stocks, 5-8 dm. high, with strigose pubescence and somewhat
scabrous ; leaves once or twice pinnatifid ; fruit mostly solitary
in the axils, turgid-ovoid, about 3 mm. long, obtusely short-
pointed, rugose-reticulate, either unarmed or with 4 short or sharp
tubercles.
A common weed in low ground, especially in our coast valleys. June-
September.
27. GAERTNERIA Med.
Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, sometimes woody
at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided
leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads of discoid
flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the
pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Invo-
lucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4-
celled, 1-4-beaked, armed with several rows of spines
and forming a bur in fruit ; corolla none ; style-branches
exserted ; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the cells ;
pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-ped-
uncled, their involucres broadly hemispheric, open 5-12-
lobed ; receptacle chaffy ; corolla regular, with short
tube and 5-lobed limb ; anthers scarcely coherent,
mucronate-tipped.
1. G. tenuifolia (Gray) Kuntze. Perennial, erect, 4-15 dm.
high, leafy throughout, hispid or varying to glabrate; leaves
mostly 2-3-pinnately parted or dissected into narrow oblong or
linear lobes, the narrow rachis often with a few interposed small
lobes, the terminal elongated ; staminate racemes elongated and
paniculate; pistillate heads in numerous glomerules below, in
fruit minutely glandular, about 2 mm. long, armed with 6-18
short and stout incurving spines, their tips usually hooked and
Ragweed Tribe 413
with an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola about each.
(Franseria tenui folia Gray.)
Rather common about Cahuenga Pass.
2. G. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. Annual, diffuse, hir-
sute or hispid; the stems and branches 3-10 dm. long; leaves
ovate or roundish in outline, 2.5-7 cm. broad, bipinnatifid ; sterile
racemes numerous, short; fruiting involucre 6-8 mm. high, with
flat lanceolate-subulate spines. (Franseria acanthicarpa Hook.)
Not uncommon on the dry plains of the interior valleys. July-September.
3. G. bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Perennial, procumbent ;
stems 6-10 dm. long, hirsute; leaves ovate in outline, 2.5-5 cm.
long, 2-3-pinnately parted, with oblong lobes, canescent with soft
tomentum or finely hirsute ; staminate spikes or racemes dense ;
fruiting involucre ovate-fusiform, 6-8 mm. long, armed with
rather short and thick flattish spines, their acute tips somewhat
incurved. (Franseria bipinnatifida Nutt.)
Common along the seashore on beach sands and on the sand-dunes.
Flowering nearly throughout the year.
28. XANTHIUM L. COCKLE-BUR.
Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny
herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate leaves, and father
small heads of greenish flowers, the staminate ones capi-
tate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate
axillary. Involucre of the staminate heads with short
distinct bracts in 1-3 series ; receptacle chaffy ; corolla
tubular, 5-toothed ; anthers not coherent, mucronate at
apex ; filaments united. Involucre of pistillate heads
ovoid or oblong, closed, covered with hooked spines, 1-2-
beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 ovoid or oblong
achene ; corolla none ; pappus none.
1. X. spinosum L. Widely branching from the base, about
6 dm. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less lobed or pinna-
tifid, glabrate and green above, white-tomentose beneath ; axils
each with a short-stalked sponged yellow spine about 2 cm. long;
burs about 10 mm. long, armed with short weak prickles.
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places. August-October.
414 Heliantheae
2. X. Canadense Mill. Stems stout, branched above ; leaves
broad-ovoid, slightly lobed, rough -scabrous ; burs about 2 cm.
long, densely beset with stoutish hooked prickles and strongly
2-horned at the apex.
Rather common in low ground, especially in sandy soil. July-October.
Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. SUNFLOWER TRIBE.
Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with opposite or
basal leaves, and commonly balsamic-resinous juice.
Rays present, usually showy. Involucral bracts her-
baceous or foliaceous. Receptacle chaffy ; chaff sub-
tending each flower. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns
or cup-like, or rarely of rather stout plumose bristles.
Rays usually present.
Rays usually present; pappus paleaceous.
Involucral bracts imbricated in several series.
Rays sterile.
Achenes quadrangular-compressed, glabrous. 29. HELIANTHUS.
Achenes flattened, villous, cilate on tne margins. 30. ENCELIA.
Rays fertile. 31. VERBESINA.
Involucral bracts of 2 dissimilar series.
Rflys present, fertile. 32. LEPTOSYNE.
Rays sterile or none. 33. BIDENS.
Rays wanting; pappus of plumose bristles. 34. BEBBTA.
29. HELIANTHUS L. SUNFLOWER.
Erect annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or
alternate simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose
or solitary heads of both tubular and ray-flowers, the
rays yellow, the disk yellow brown or purple. Involu-
cre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in
several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy,
the chaff subentire. Ray-flowers sterile. Disk-flowers
perfect, with short tube and 5-lobed limb. Style-branches
tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong
or obovate, compressed or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus
of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional
shorter ones, deciduous.
Sunflower Tribe 415
1. H. annuus L. Robust, hispid or scabrous; stems often
2.5 cm. high, thick, mottled or spotted with purple; leaves all
but the lowest alternate, acute or acuminate, more or less regu-
larly dentate or denticulate, 10-25 cm. long, petiolate; involu-
cral bracts broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-acuminate ; disk
2 cm. broad or more, dark purple or brown; rays often 5 cm.
long.
A common weed in all the valleys.
2. H. Oliver! Gray. Rather stout, 2-4 m. high, leafy through-
out, soft-villous and somewhat tomentose, not at all roughened;
leaves all alternate, lanceolate, 10-17 cm. long, tapering to an
acute point, and at base into a short-margined petiole, nearly
entire, obscurely 3-nerved near the base; involucre villous, its
bracts linear-subulate, not surpassing the disk ; rays 2.5 cm. long ;
palea of pappus subulate from broad base.
Cienega; East Los Angeles.
3. H. Parishii Gray. Stems slender, 2-5 m. high, simple or
branched above; leaves elongated-lanceolate, softly cinereous-
puberulent or canescent beneath, scabrous above; heads 10-15
mm. high ; rays 20-35 mm. long ; involucral bracts linear-subulate,
longer than the disk, villous toward the base; disk-corollas with
a silky-villous ring or 2 tufts above the short proper tube ; paleae
of the pappus slender-subulate.
Oak Knoll, Grant. Rather frequent in the San Bernardino Valley.
30. ENCELIA Adans.
Herbs or low shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves,
and usually with large peduncled heads of both ray- and
disk-flowers, the rays neutral yellow, the disk yellow or
brownish, perfect. Receptacle flat, convex or conic,
chaffy ; chaff usually soft and mainly scarious. Achenes
flattened, thin-edged, often villous. Pappus none or an
awn or its rudiment to each margin of the wingless
achene.
1. E. Californica Nutt. Woody at base, branched above, 6-12
dm. high, strong-scented, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, rarely denticulate or toothed, about 5 cm. long,
green and glabrate ; heads commonly solitary, the disk about 2
cm. broad, brownish or purplish; involucre white-villous ; rays
416 Heliantheae
16-20, 2.5 cm. long or more, golden-yellow; achenes obovate with
very shallow notch and no pappus, the margins very long villous.
Very common in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of all the moun-
tains; also on the low hills about Los Angeles and along the coast. Rang-
ing from Monterey to San Diego. In the San Bernardino and Riverside Valleys
and eastward it is replaced by E.farinosa Gray, which has the leaves cov-
ered with a silvery tomentum.
31. VEBBESINA L.
Perennial or annual, pubescent or scabrous herbs with
alternate or opposite leaves, often decurrent, and corym-
bose or solitary heads of both ray- and disk-flowers, or
the rays sometimes wanting. Involucral bracts imbri-
cated in few series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy,
the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistil-
late or sterile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile.
Achenes flattened or those of the rays 3-sided, their
margins winged or wingless. Pappus of 1-3, usually 2,
subulate awns, sometimes with 2-3 intermediate scales.
1. V. encelioides(Cav.) Gray. Annual ; stems densely puberu-
lent, much branched or rarely simple, 3-6 dm. high; leaves
deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely den-
tate, green and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canes-
cent beneath, all alternate or the lowest opposite, narrowed at
the base to a margined petiole, these often with dilated append-
ages at the base, heads several or many, 2.5-5 cm. broad; involu-
cral bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, golden-yellow,
3-toothed ; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged ; pappus
of 2 subulate awns, those of the rays rugose, thickened, often
wingless.
Occasional in moist alluvial soils along our valley streams. Los Angeles;
San Fernando Valley. April-June.
32. LEPTOSYNE DC.
Glabrous annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubby,
with dissected leaves, and usually long scapiform erect
peduncles, bearing rather large heads of yellow flowers.
Involucral bracts in 2 series, the outer of narrow foliace-
Sunflower Tribe 417
ous spreading bracts, the inner of broad membranous
erect ones. Rays broad, pistillate and often fertile,
sometimes neutral. Chaff of receptacle linear, thin,
scarious, deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat or
somewhat concavo-convex, margined. Pappus a minute
callous cup or a pair of palese.
1. L. Douglasii DC. Annual, 3 dm. high ; leaves mostly basal,
2-3-parted into filiform divisions ; rays 10-15 cm. long; the ring
of the disk-corollas distinctly bearded; achenes sparsely beset
with capitate rigid bristles, the margin becoming corky; cup-
like ring in place of pappus entire.
Common on dry plains and in open places in the lower portions of the
chaparral belt. March-May.
2. I*, gigantea Kell. Perennial; stems stout, fleshy, 6-20
dm. high, bearing at the summit an ample tuft of leaves and stout
peduncles of corymbosely arranged heads; leaves 3-pinnately
divided into filiform segments ; achenes oblong or ovoid, obscurely
3-5-nerved, narrowly callous-winged ; pappus a slight coroniform
cup.
Bluffs along the sea near Santa Monica. Common on the islands.
33. BIDENS L.
Annual or perennial herbs with opposite serrate or
usually lobed or dissected leaves, or the upper mostly
alternate, and usually rather large heads of both tubular
and radiate flowrers or the rays none. Involucral bracts
in 2 series, distinct or somewhat united at base, the
outer often foliaceous and much longer than the inner.
Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending
the disk-flowers. Rays when present neutral, usually
yellow. Disk-flowers perfect. Achenes flat, quadrangu-
lar or nearly terete. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate
awns, barbed or hispid.
1. B. speciosa Parish. Aquatic, perennial by stolons, gla-
brous throughout; stems erect or ascending, stout, 10-25 dm.
high, branched at the nodes; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long,
418 Madieae
toothed, narrowed to the connate base; heads on peduncles 4-8
cm. long, erect, nodding in fruit; outer involucral bracts 4-8,
foliaceous, reflexed; the inner bracts 8, membranous, acutely
oval; rays golden-yellow, ovate-oblong, 2 cm. long; chaff linear >
equaling the disk-flowers; achenes black, flat, 5 mm. long; awns
2, 3 mm. long, or with a third half as long, awns and edges of the
achene retrorsely barbed.
Frequent in shallow streams about San Bernardino, apparently less com-
mon toward the coast. August-November.
2. B. pilosa L. Annual ; stems erect, usually branched from
the base, 4-6 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent ;
leaves pinnate, pilose-pubescent; leaflets 3-5, irregularly serrate-
or incised, 15-25 mm. long; heads scattered, few, 10-12 mm.
broad; rays none; achenes narrow, linear, about 1 cm. long.
Frequent along streets and irrigating ditches. Native of tropical America.
34. BEBBIA Greene.
Much branched suffrutescent plants with few mostly
opposite narrow leaves, and scattered discoid heads.
Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 3-4
series, the inner somewhat scarious and striate. Recep-
tacle chaffy ; the chaffy bracts persistent, lanceolate,
partly embracing the achenes, nearly equaling those of
the involucre. Corollas tubular, yellow. Achenes tur-
binate, slightly obcompressed. Pappus consisting of 1
series of long rather stout plumose bristles.
1. B. juncea (Benth.) Greene. Much branched from a woody
base, 10-15 dm. high ; flowering branches rush-like, nearly Leaf-
less, pale green and glabrous or minutely and sparsely scabrous ;
leaves mainly opposite, linear; heads scattered, terminating the
branchlets, 1 cm. high; pappus-bristles equaling the slender
corollas ; achenes appressed-pubescent.
Occasional in dry washes. Santiago Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains, Geis;
Highlands.
Tribe 6. MADIEAE. TARWEED TRIBE.
Annual or perennial herbs, with usually glandular
viscid or heavy-scented herbage. Leaves alternate or
Tarweed Tribe 419
opposite. Involucral bracts in 1 series, each partly or
wholly enclosing an achene. Bracts of the receptacle
commonly in a single series between ray- and disk-
flowers. Rays always present and fertile, destitute of
pappus. Disk-flowers sterile or fertile, their pappus
paleaceous, awn-like or none.
Ray-achenes laterally compressed, completely enfolded by the involucral
bract.
Rays inconspicuous.
Disk-flowers several. 35. MADIA.
Disk-flowers 1-4. 40. HARPAECARPUS.
Rays showy. 36. MADARIA.
Ray-achenes somewhat obcompressed, half enclosed by the bracts.
Leaves spiny ; flowers yellow. 37. CENTROMADIA.
Leaves not spiny.
Herbage somewhat glandular; flowers yellow. 38. DEINANDRA.
Herbage not glandular; flowers white or rose color.
39. CALYCADENIA.
Ray-achenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enfolded by their bracts.
Bracts 5; herbage canescent. 41. LAGOPHYLLA.
Bracts more than 5.
Rays showy, yellow or white. 42. BLEPHARIPAPPDS.
Rays inconspicuous; pappus becoming showy. 43. ACHYRACHAENA.
35. MADIA Mol. TARWEED.
Glandular and viscid heavy-scented herbs with at
least the upper leaves alternate entire or toothed. Heads
axillary and terminal. Involucre angled by the salient
carinate backs of the uniserial involucral bracts, these
usually completely enclosing the ray-achenes, their tips
herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, bearing a single
series of chaff united and forming a cup between the
ray- and disk-flowers, the inner portion naked or fimbril-
late. Ray-flowers yellow, rather short, 3-lobed, fertile.
Disk-flowers sterile. Pappus none. Achenes laterally
compressed, smooth, beakless.
1. M. sativa Mol. Stem simple with a few short ascending
branches above, erect, stout, 3-9 dm. high, pubescent with slen-
der hairs and beset with stalked very viscid glands ; leaves lance-
olate, nearly entire, glandular-pubescent; heads 12 mm. high,
420 Madieae
short-peduncled or sessile in the upper axils and at the ends
of the short branches; cup of receptacle broadly campanulate,
enclosing many disk-flowers; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong,
4-angled ; ray-achenes falcate-obovate.
Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. July-September.
2. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, loosely branching,
5-7 dm. high, viscid; heads scattered, broad-ovate, about 6 mm.
high; cup of receptacle ovoid, not closed; achenes thin, not an-
gular.
On wooded slopes in the Santa Monica Mountains. May-July.
36. MADARIA DC.
Erect glandular pilose or somewhat hispid annuals,
with lanceolate usually entire leaves, and corymbosely
panicled heads of showy yellow flowers. Involucral
bracts wholly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle
convex densely fimbrillate-hirsute and with a circle of
bracts between ray- and disk-flowers. Disk-flowers sterile.
Ray-flowers fertile, showy, their achenes laterally com-
pressed, smooth, not incurved. Pappus none.
1. M. elegans (Don.) DC. Stems rather stout, 8-15 dm.
high; leaves scattered, lanceolate, entire or serrate, sessile by
a broad base; whole herbage viscid with stalked glands, the
peduncles and involucres hirsute with long white hairs ; heads
numerous in an ample corymbose panicle ; rays 12-15, about 2
cm. long, yellow, often with dark red base; achenes rather thin
and flat, dark brown or blackish.
Near Fairmont, Davidson; Trabuco Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains. June-
September.
37. CENTBOMADIA Greene.
Rigid corymbosely or diffusely branching annuals,
with alternate pinnatifid or entire spinescent leaves.
Herbage more or less resiniferous or glandular through-
out. Involucral bracts subulate, pungent, half enclosing
the ray-achenes, persistent. Ray-flowers 15-40, yellow,
small, fertile. Disk-flowers sterile. Receptacle convex.
Tarweed Tribe 421
chaffy throughout, the chaff distinct and persistent.
Achenes triangular, the inner angles terminated by a
short apiculation, nearly smooth or faintly rugose-tuber-
culate. Pappus none.
1. C. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Stout with rather rigid
ascending or spreading branches, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute or hispid,
scarcely viscid, nearly or quite scentless; lower leaves 2-pinnati-
fid, the upper 1-pinnatifid, the lobes pungent-tipped; chaff of
receptacle rigid-pungent ; disk-achenes destitute of pappus ; ray-
achenes nearly black, about 2 mm. long, the ventral angle cari-
nate, the plane sides and rounded back faintly tuberculate-
rugose.
Common in the plains in heavy, rather moist soil. July-November.
2. C. Parryi Greene. Widely branching, 3-6 dm. high, sparsely
hirsute, minutely resinous-glandular, aromatic; lowest leaves
pinnatifid,the cauline linear, entire, sharply pungent, spreading,
the uppermost pilose-ciliate toward the base ; heads scattered ; ray-
achenes dull black, 1.5 mm. long, somewhat compressed, smooth
on the sides, with a few coarse tuberculations on the back ; disk-
achenes with 3 or more paleee exceeding the corollas ; chaff of
the receptacle not pungent.
Brackish flats toward the coast. June-August.
38. DEINANDRA Greene.
Erect, rigid and brittle, balsamic-viscid annuals, with
mostly small few-flowered panicled heads, and entire or
serrate leaves. Involucral bracts few, half enclosing
their achenes, their tips short, rigid and erect. Rays
usually 5, broad, 3-toothed, diurnal. Receptacle chaffy
only next the rays. Ray-achenes gibbous, tuberculate-
rugose, the terminal areola raised upon a distinct
curved beak from the angle of the ventral face of the
achene ; disk-achenes mostly sterile, with or without a
paleaceous crown.
1. D. fasciculata (DC.) Greene. Hirsute or hispid below,
glabrous and viscid-glandular above, 2-5 dm. high ; heads small,
422 Madieae
subaessile, usually fasciculate-clustered; involucral bracts gla-
brous or glandular-hispidulous ; bracts of the receptacle slightly
united; pappus of the disk-achenes of 6-10 linear palese. (Hem-
izonia fasciculata T. & G.)
Very common and general on the plains and lower hills. June-September.
2. D. Wrightii (Gray) Greene. Slender, diffusely and widely
branching; the filiform branchlets terminating in a single head;
lower leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; pappus of disk-achenes com-
posed of 8-9 firm distinct palese, laciniate at apex.
Frequent in the interior valleys beyond our range. San Bernardino;
Riverside; Elsinore. It has also been reported from Catalina Island.
3. D. Kelloggii Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit;
heads solitary, terminating the slender paniculate branches;
pappus of the tubular flowers united to near the lacerate sum-
mit.
Apparently rare in southern California; known only from near Pasadena,
where it was recently collected in an old field by Joseph Grinnell.
39. CALYCADENIA DC.
Erect virgate or diffusely branching, more or less hir-
sute or hispid annuals, with narrowly linear entire
leaves, all but the lowest alternate. Floral leaves usu-
ally subulate and often ending in a saucer-shaped gland.
Receptacle flat, the chaff herbaceous and only enclosing
the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 1-5, white or yellow, ves-
pertine, palmately 3-lobed or parted. Ray-achenes
obovoid-triangular, the terminal areola low, nearly cen-
tral. Disk-achenes turbinate-quadrangular, the outer
fertile. Pappus chaffy.
1. C. tenella (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, paniculately diffusely
branched above, 1-5 dm. high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent; the
filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular; leaves almost fili-
form, the margins involute, destitute of glands; heads scattered;
involucre cylindraceous-campanulate ; ray-flowers 3-5, 3-parted
to the slender tube, white or often tinged with rose ; ray-achenes
rugose, short-stipitate and abruptly rostellate-apiculate ; disk-
flowers 5, white, cleft into oblong-linear lobes ; their pappus of
4-5 lanceolate palese tapering into stout rough awns and as many
Tarweed Tribe 423
intermediate short lanceolate truncate ones. (Hemizonia tenella
Gray.)
Common on dry barren places in our interior valleys and in open places in
the chaparral belt. June-August.
40. HARPAECARPUS Nutt.
Small slender viscid-glandular sweet-scented annuals
with entire narrow mostly alternate leaves, and numer-
ous pedicellate small few-flowered heads. Ray-flowers
fertile, 4-8, minute. Disk-flowers 1-4. Bracts of the
receptacle united and forming a cup which encloses the
disk-flowers, receptacle otherwise naked. Achenes slender
compressed or obcompressed. Pappus none.
1. H. exiguus Gray. Slender, 8-15 cm. high, hirsute, glan-
dular above, paniculately branched; the small heads on long
filiform naked peduncles ; leaves linear, alternate ; involucral
bracts 5-8, lunate, almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular;
cup of receptacle prismatic and very narrow, enclosing a single
straight obliquely obovate laterally compressed achene; ray-
achenes obovate-lunate, pointed by a small disk.
Frequent on wooded hillsides in open places. May-August.
2. H. minimus (Gray) Greene. Stems branching, only about
2.5 cm. high; leaves mostly opposite, the lowest oval or oblong,
the others linear, about 6 mm. long; achenes of the ray broadly
obcompressed, rounded at the summit, beakless. (Hemizonia
minima Gray.)
Wilson's Peak, Davidson.
41. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt.
Slender, villous or hirsute, rigid and brittle, panicu-
lately branched annuals, with mostly alternate com-
monly entire leaves, and many small heads of pale
salmon-colored or yellow vespertine flowers, subtended
by foliaceous bracts. Bracts of the involucre 5, thin,
herbaceous, flat on the back, completely enclosing its
obcompressed achene and deciduous with it. Rays
cuneate, palmately 3-cleft, their achenes obovate-oblong,
424 Madieae
smooth, nearly straight, pointless. Receptacle flat ;
chaff a single row of distinct bracts surrounding about
5 perfect but sterile disk-flowers. Pappus none.
1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Canescent with a loose silky pubes-
cence, 2-8 dm. high, diffusely paniculate ; lowest leaves spatulate-
obovate, stem-leaves lanceolate to linear, all entire; heads 6 mm.
high, 12 mm. broad, including the expanded rays; achenes 3
mm. long.
Frequent in open places in the foothills and in the chaparral belt of the
mountains. May-September.
42. BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook.
Vernal annuals with alternate leaves or the lowest
opposite, and usually showy heads of white or yellow
flowers terminating the branches. Bracts of the invo-
lucre flattened on the back, more or less completely
enfolding their obcompressed achenes. Rays 8-20
3-lobed ; their achenes obovate or narrower, destitute of
pappus. Disk-flowers with cylindraceous funnelform
5-lobed corollas ; their achenes linear-cuneiform, usually
with a pappus of bristles or awns. Receptacle flat, bear-
ing a series of chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-
flowers. (Layia.)
^Pappus-bristles villous below the middle.
1. B. hispidus Greene. Diffusely branched from the base or
simple, 3 dm. high or less, hispid throughout with spreading
hairs and with a few small dark-stalked glands on the uppermost
leaves and involucres ; leaves all narrow and entire ; rays white,
about 1 cm. long; pappus bright white, the bristles densely vil-
lous below the middle.
Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys. Big Tejunga ; La Canada ;
Arroyo Seco.
2. B. elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Habit of the last but taller,
sparsely hirsute and more or less stipitate-glandular throughout;
lower leaves pinnately toothed, the upper entire; rays yellow,
Helenieae 425
about 1 cm. long; pappus white, bristles densely villous below
the middle.
Frequent on our dry interior plains. San Fernando Valley; Pasadena;
Santa Ana Mountains.
** Pappus-bristles naked.
3. B. platyglossus (F. & M.) Greene. Stems usually about
3 dm. high and sparingly branched, hirsute and stipitate-glan-
dular; lower leaves pinnatifid into linear lobes ; rays 10-15 mm,
long, yellow with cream-colored tips ; disk-achenes silky-hirsute;
pappus of 15-20 scabrous tawny bristles.
Frequent in sandy soil, especially along the coast.
43. ACHYBACHAENA Schauer.
Soft-pubescent sparingly branched annual, with nar-
row leaves, all but the lowest alternate, and rather large
oblong-campanulate heads terminating pedunculiform
branches. Involucral bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each
enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the low convex recep-
tacle membranous in a single row between ray- and
disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 6-8, very short, 3-cleft ; their
achenes slightly obcompressed, destitute of pappus.
Disk-flowers mostly fertile, clavate, 10 striate, bearing a
showy pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-
scarious palese.
1. A. mollis Schauer. Erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaves linear,,
entire or serrulate ; heads 2.5 cm. long or less in flower ; rays very
short and involute, yellow, changing to reddish-brown ; heads ex-
panded in fruit, forming a globose cluster ; pappus becoming very
showy.
Occasional in the coast valleys, on grassy plains or in grain fields. Ex-
tending south to San Diego.
Tribe 7. HELENIEAE. SNEEZEWEED TRIBE.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or oppo-
site leaves. Receptacle naked or with a few fimbrillae.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 series or rarely in 3 series.
Pappus of palese, awns or bristles, or wanting.
426 Helenieae
Leaves opposite.
Involucral bracts in more than 1 series. 44. JAUMEA.
Involucral bracts in 1 series.
Bracts distinct. 47. BAERIA.
Bracts united into a toothed cup. 48. LASTHENIA.
Leaves alternate.
Rays present.
Rays with toothed appendages opposite the ligules.
49. MONOLOPIA.
Rays unappendaged.
Bracts of the involucre erect.
Herbage pubescent and viscid-glandular.
Bracts equal, in 1-2 series. 46. PERITYLE.
Bracts imbricated, in 2-3 series. 54. HULSEA.
Herbage more or less floccose-woolly.
Perennial or suffrutescent plants. 50. ERIOPHYLLUM.
Low annuals. 51. ACTINOLEPIS.
Outer bracts foliaceous, spreading. 45. VENEGASIA.
Bracts reflexed. 55. HELENIUM.
Rays wanting.
Bracts 5-6; herbage viscid; heads small. 52. AMBLYOPAPPUS.
Bracts more numerous ; heads middle-sized. 53. CHAENACTIS.
44. JAUMEA Pers.
Succulent and glabrous perennial herbs, with opposite
entire subterete fleshy leaves, and solitary terminal
short-peduncled middle-sized heads of yellow flowers.
Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, its bracts broad
and imbricated, the outermost short and fleshy. Rays
pistillate, fertile. Receptacle naked, conical. Disk-
flowers yellow. Style-branches papillose or hairy.
Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus none.
1. J. carnosa (Le&s.) Gray. Stems rather slender, prostrate,
many from fleshy crown of the tap-root, mostly simple, 1-2 dm.
long, rooting at the nodes; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long; heads about
1 cm. high; rays about 6, linear, not surpassing the disk; achenes
glabrous.
Common in salt marshes along the coast. April-October.
45. VENEGASIA DC.
Stout perennial leafy branching herbs with scattered
large and showy heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
Sneezeweed Tribe 427
hemispheric, broad, the round-ovate bracts imbricated
in several series, the outer somewhat foliaceous, the
innermost narrow and scarious. Receptacle flat, naked.
Ray-flowers many, long, narrow, entire or 3-toothed.
Disk-flowers glandular-bearded especially at the base of
the tube, 5-angled and many-nerved. Pappus none.
1. V. carpesioides DC. Stems widely branching, 1.5 m. high
or less, glabrous ; leaves thin, ovate-deltoid or ovate-cordate, acute,
crenate, 7-10 cm. long, petioled, resinous-dotted beneath; heads
terminal and from the upper axils, short-peduncled, about 2 cm.
broad ; rays about 15, and about 2.5 cm. long.
Frequent in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains.
46. PEBJTYLE Benth.
Mostly annuals with dentate or palmately lobed
leaves, all but the lower alternate, and small or middle-
sized heads terminating the branches. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts distinct, more or less overlapping, cari-
nate-concave and partly embracing the outer achenes.
Receptacle flat or concave. Ray-flowers yellow or white,
pistillate or none. Disk-flowers yellow, narrow, 4-toothed.
Achenes flat, cartilaginous-margined, usually strongly
ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown and
commonly a slender awn from one or both of the angles.
1. P. Californica nuda (Torr.) Gray. Somewhat pubescent
and viscid-glandular ; leaves roundish-cordate, about 1 cm. broad,
incisely lobed, the lobes coarsely dentate ; heads narrowly oblong ;
achenes oblong, densely hispid- villous on the margins; pappus
none.
Bluffs along the sea at Santa Monica, Hasse.
47. BAERIA F. & M.
Low mostly slender annuals, commonly pubescent,
with opposite linear entire or laciniate-pinnatifid leaves,
and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers on slender
428 Helenieae
peduncles. Involucre campanulate, its bracts usually
in 1 series, distinct, usually carinate below. Ray-flowers
few or many, often short. Achenes clavate, linear or
linear-cuneiform. Pappus of few awns or palese or both
or rarely none.
* Leaves entire.
1. B. chrysostoma F. & M. Stems slender, freely branching,
2 dm. high or less, hirsute-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear,
entire; heads 6-8 mm. high; bracts of the involucre 7-12; rays
7-12, 6-8 mm. long; achenes clavate-linear, slightly contracted at
the summit, glabrous; pappus none.
Rather common in open places in our coast valleys and foothills. Port
Ballona; Santa Monica Mountains. April-May.
2. B. gracilis (DC.) Gray. Closely resembling the last; stems
slender, usually about 1 dm. high ; leaves narrowly linear ; bracts
and rays 10-12 or sometimes less; rays 4-6 mm. long; achenes
linear-cuneate, broad at the summit, commonly canescent ; pap-
pus of white, lanceolate or ovate, slender, awned palese or the
palese sometimes almost obsolete.
Common on dry hillsides throughout our range. April-May.
** Leaves dissected.
3. B. affinis (Nutt.) Gray. Erect, sparingly branched, 10-15
cm. high, minutely pubescent, obscurely or not at all glandular;
leaves with filiform divisions; rays 6-8, oblong, short; involucral
bracts ovate-oval; pappus of 8-10 oblong or lanceolate palese
with laciniate-setulose margins, fully equaling the corolla-tube,
some or most of them produced into an awn almost equaling the
disk-flowers, or in the rays blunt and awnless.
Occasional in dry sandy places in our interior valleys. Chatsworth Park;
Verdugo Hills; Arroyo Seco.
4. B. tenella (Nutt.) Gray. Closely resembling the last and
associated with it, but pappus of 6-10 short and firm quadrate or
broadly cuneate palese with the truncate muticous summit den-
ticulate or nearly entire, not surpassing the tube of the corolla.
Sycamore Grove, Greata.
5. B. mutica (Nutt.) Gray. Stems slender, erect, branching,
1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent; rays 10-15, elongated-oblong;
Sneezeweed Tribe 429
pappus of 6-8 quadrate-oblong paleae with obtuse or truncate
erose summits.
In sandy soil along the coast near Port Ballona; common about San
Diego. April-May.
48. LASTHENIA Cass.
Low slender glabrous and usually succulent annuals,
with opposite linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly
entire leaves, their sessile bases connate around the
stem. Heads middle-sized on peduncles terminating the
stem and branches, composed of yellow flowers. Invo-
lucral bracts a single series connate by their edges into
-a 5-15-toothed glabrous green cup. Rays usually pres-
ent. Disk-flowers all fertile, 4-5-lobed. Achenes linear
or narrowly oblong, compressed, sometimes slightly 2-3-
nerved. Pappus of 5-10 firm subulate-tipped paleae or
none.
1. L. glabrata Coulter! Gray. Somewhat fleshy, rarely
slightly pubescent; stems erect, branching, 2 dm. high or less;
peduncles somewhat enlarged under the erect heads; involucre
hemispheric; rays 5-10 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate-
oblong, with obtuse edges and with minute scattered rough points
or glands.
Common in saline marshes, especially along the coast.
49. MONOLOPIA DC.
White-woolly annuals with alternate entire or den-
ticulate leaves and large peduncled heads of yellow
flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts united into a
cup with broad triangular teeth or distinct to the base.
Receptacle conical, naked. Ray-flowers 3-4-toothed,
bearing at the base of the ligule an oblong or roundish
denticulate appendage. Disk-corollas somewhat hairy
on the lobes. Achenes angular, black. Pappus none.
1. M. major DC. Stoutish, nearly simple or with several
pedunculiform naked monocephalous branches, about 5 dm. high ;
430 Helenieae
heads about 3 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre joined into a
broad campanulate-toothed cup; achenes 4 mm. long.
Occasional on grassy hills mostly toward the coast, especially on heavy
soils. Santa Monica Mountains, north slope ; San Pedro Hills.
50. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag.
Annual or perennial floccose herbs or suffrutescent
plants, with entire or divided alternate leaves, and
mostly middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
oblong to hemispheric, its bracts of firm texture and per-
manently erect. Rays usually few, short and broad.
Disk-flowers with slender tube, commonly glandular and
hairy. Style-branches truncate or obtuse. Achenes
clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled.
Pappus of firm pointless palese.
1. E. confertiflorum (DC.) Gray. Stems suffrutescent, 4-6
dm. high, usually branched from the woody base, with a close
dense, at length deciduous tomentum ; flowering branches leafy ;
leaves 1-4 cm. long, ternately or pinnately 3-7-parted into nar-
rowly linear divisions ; heads many in compact terminal clusters,
3-4 mm. high ; involucre obovoid-oblong, its bracts about 5, ovate ;
rays 4-5, 3-4 mm. long; palese 8-10, nearly equal, about half as
long as the achene.
Common throughout the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt in all our
mountains and hills. March-August.
51. ACTINOLEPIS DC.
Small floccose-woolly simple or freely branching
annuals, with small heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
obovate or oblong, its bracts few, thinnish, sometimes
concave and partly embracing the achenes. Receptacle
convex or nearly flat. Ray-flowers few, broad and usu-
ally short. Achenes oblong subclavate and 4-angled.
Pappus composed of several scarious or somewhat opaque
paleaceous scales.
1. A. Wallace! Gray. Diffusely branched or, when dwarfed,
simple, 4-8 cm. high, densely white-tomentose ; leaves alternate,
Sneezeweed Tribe 431
obovate or spatulate, entire; heads short-peduncled ; bracts of
the involucre about 8, becoming somewhat carinate-concave, with
scarious margins embracing the ray-achenes; ray-flowers short
and broad, yellow; achenes glabrous; palese 10, very short, obtuse.
Dry washes in the interior valleys. La Canada; San Fernando Valley.
April-May.
*•
52. AMBLYOPAPPTJS H. & A.
Rigidly erect panicled small maritime annual with
gummy sweet-scented very bitter herbage, narrow entire
alternate leaves, and small discoid heads of yellow
flowers. Involucral bracts 5-6, broadly obovate, their
middle part becoming somewhat carinate-concave. Re-
ceptacle small conical. Corollas all short, tubular, those
of the pistillate flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, of the
perfect 5-toothed ; the teeth soon connivent. Achenes
obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8-12 oblong obtuse
palese about equaling the corollas.
1. A. pusillus H. & A. Somewhat corymbosely much branch-
ed, 10-25 cm. high, the lowest leaves pinnately 3-5-parted and
opposite, their segments narrowly linear; involucre 4 mm. high.
Occasional on bluffs overhanging the sea. Port Los Angeles ; Playa del
Rey. June-August.
53. CHAENACTIS DC.
Annual herbs, often more or less woolly, with com-
pound leaves and discoid heads mostly solitary and
peduncled. Involucre campanulate, the linear bracts
equal, uniserial, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corollas with short tube, long narrow throat and short
teeth, those of the outer row sometimes more ample
and resembling rays. Achenes slender, smooth. Pappus
of hyaline nerveless paleae.
* Corollas yellow, the outer somewhat enlarged and unequally lobed.
1. C. lanosa DC. Stems short, branching, bearing few-
many long naked peduncles, 1-2 dm. high, the earlier scapiform;
432 Helenieae
herbage floccose-woolly when young; leaves thickish, simply pin-
nately-parted into few narrowly linear lobes, or the uppermost
entire; heads about 12 mm. high; the outer flowers only moder-
ately enlarged, not surpassing the disk; involucral bracts nearly
linear ; pappus of 4 equal long palese.
Common on plains and foothills, especially in sandy soil.
2. C. glabriuscula DC. Taller and more caulescent, branch-
ing above, 2-3 dm. high, herbage thinly floccose, becoming gla-
brate; peduncles long, stout; heads 15-20 mm. high; involucral
bracts glabrate, broader, thickish, obtuse; marginal flowers
ample, much exceeding the others; pappus of 4 equal narrowly
oblong acutish palese.
Common on sandy soil or rocky ground in the lower hills and along the
coast.
** Corollas whitish or at least not yellow.
3. C. santolinoides Greene. Subacaulescent perennial ; leaves
all crowded on short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown,
white-tomentose, linear in outline with broad rachis, thickly beset
with small oblong obtusely few-lobed crispate divisions ; peduncles
scapiform, 10-15 cm. long, simple or once or twice forked, glan-
dular and viscid; heads 12 mm. high, rather narrow; outer
flowers scarcely or not at all enlarged; pappus of 8-10 linear-
ligulate palese a little shorter than the flowers.
In the higher altitudes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains,
in open pine woods. June- August.
4. C. artemisiaefolia Gray. Stems paniculately branched or
nearly simple, 3-8 dm. high, furfuraceous-pubescent, somewhat
viscid, above glandular-hirsute; leaves 2-3-pinnately divided or
parted into short linear or oblong lobes; heads loosely cymose-
paniculate, about 12-15 mm. high; involucral bracts lanceolate,
acute; flowers all alike; achenes clavate, flattened; pappus a
small minutely annular disk.
Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. April-June.
54. HULSEA T. & G.
Viscid or floccose-woolly leafy herbs with alternate
entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, sessile or nearly so,
Sneezeweed Tribe 433
and large solitary or scattered heads. Involucral bracts
thin, herbaceous, linear to oblong, in 2-3 series. Recep-
tacle flat. Ray-flowers yellow or purplish. Disk-flowers
with long narrow throat and 5 short lobes. Achenes
linear-clavate or cuneate-oblong, villous. Pappus of
4-5 hyaline palese, either erose or lacerate at the sum-
mit or dissected into capillary bristles.
1. H. heterochroma Gray. Annual, stout, 6 dm. high or
more; leaves oblong, saliently dentate; involucre about 2 cm.
high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute; ray-flowers
many, 6-8 mm. long, rose-purple, occasionally reduced or obso-
lete ; palese oblong, the 2 over the angles of the achenes longer
than the others, the shorter truncate-lacerate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the upper portions of the
chaparral belt. Mount Lowe, Dudley; Wilson's Peak.
55. HELENIUM L. SNEEZEWEED.
Erect perennial resinous-dotted herbs, with alternate
leaves sessile except the lowest and often decurrent on
.the stem. Heads solitary or corymbose, borne on long
naked peduncles. Flowers yellow, those of the ray
several, usually small and drooping, those of the disk
numerous, minute, often brownish. Bracts of the invo-
lucre linear, reflexed. Receptacle globose or hemi-
spheric, naked. Achenes turbinate, ribbed, usually more
or less pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin or hyaline
palese.
1. H. puberulum DC. Puberulent, paniculately branched,
6-12 dm. high, the branches ending in slender peduncles; leaves
lanceolate or narrowly linear or the longest oblong, sessile and
strongly decurrent on the stem ; heads globose, 10-15 mm. broad ;
ray-flowers and bracts of the involucre reflexed, short and incon-
spicuous; disk-flowers brownish; pappus-scales ovate, with a
short slender awn; achenes about 1 mm. long.
Frequent along mountain streams, especially in the chaparral belt.
434 Anthemideae
Tribe 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. MAYWEED TRIBE.
Strong-scented or aromatic herbs, with alternate,
mostly dissected, pinnately parted or pinnatifid leaves.
Involucral bracts imbricated, commonly dry and scari-
ous or with scarious margins. Receptacle naked or with
chaff-like bracts. Rays present or none. Pappus none
or a short scarious crown.
Receptacle chaffy; rays present.
Heads solitary; rays 14-20. 56. ANTHEMIS.
Heads in a terminal corymb; rays 4-5. 57. ACHILLEA.
Receptacle naked; rays none.
Marginal flowers destitute of corollas. 59. COTULA.
Marginal flowers not apetalous.
Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches. 58. MATBICARIA.
Heads small, in panicled racemes or spikes. 60. ARTEMISIA.
56. ANTHEMIS L.
Annual or perennial ill-scented branching herbs, with
finely dissected alternate leaves, and radiate heads soli-
tary on terminal peduncles. Involucre hemispheric, its.
bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined,
appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex or
conical, chaffy at least toward the summit ; the chaff
subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fer-
tile or neutral, white or yellow. Disk-flowers perfect,
yellow, the limb 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, ribbed or
striate. Pappus none.
1. A. Cotula L. (MAYWEED.) Annual, glabrous or some-
times pubescent above, glandular, much branched, 2-6 dm. high ;
leaves mostly sessile, finely 1-3-pinnately dissected into narrow
acute lobes; heads about 2 cm. broad, including the rays; these
10-18, white, neutral, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle conic, its
chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers ; achenes 10-ribbed,
rugose or glandular-tuberculate.
Common in moist places in all our valleys. Native of Europe. April-
June.
Mayweed Tribe 435
57. ACHILLEA L. (YARROW, MILFOIL.)
Perennial herbs, with finely dissected, leaves, and small
heads of both tubular and ligulate flowers corymbose at
the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre ovoid or
campanulate, its bracts compressed, imbricated in few
series. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy ; chaff mem-
branous, subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white
or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow.
Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus
none.
1. A. lanulosa Nutt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple or
corymbosely branched above, 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves and
those of the sterile shoots petioled, those of the stem sessile, all
narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline, finely dissected into
narrow pinnatifid segments; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad, in
terminal compound dense corymbs; rays 4-6, white.
Rather common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
58. MATBICABIA L.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves dis-
sected into filiform or narrowly linear segments, and
discoid or radiate peduncled heads. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle
conic or elongated, naked. Rays in ours wanting.
Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, 4— 5-toothed. Achenes
3— 5-ribbed. Pappus a coroniform border or none.
1. M. matricariodes (Less.) Porter. Annual, glabrous; stems
leafy, becoming much branched, often more or less decumbent,
1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute
lobes; heads numerous, 6-8 mm. broad; involucral bracts oval
or oblong, green with broad white scarious margins, much shorter
than the ovoid disk ; achenes oblong, faintly nerved ; pappus an
obscure crown. (M. discoidea DC.)
Frequent along roadsides and in waste plases. May-July.
436 Anthemideae
59. COTULA L.
Low annual or perennial herbs with alternate lobed or
dissected leaves, and slender peduncled discoid short-
hemispheric heads. Involucral bracts in about 2 series,
greenish. Receptacle naked, flat or nearly so. Marginal
flowers pistillate and apetalous. Disk-flowers 4-toothed,
fertile or sterile. Achenes pedicellate, compressed,
spongy-margined or narrowly winged. Pappus none.
1. C. coronopifolia L. Perennial, usually subaquatic, some-
what succulent and glabrous; stems clustered, stoutish, decum-
bent, 25-30 cm. long ; leaves linear-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid
or the upper entire, clasping or sheathing at the base ; heads
much depressed, 8-12 mm. broad; apetalous flowers in 1 row,
their achenes with a thick spongy wing; disk-flowers yellow,
their achenes with wing reduced.
Common in wet places along streams and marshes, especially toward the
coast. Flowering nearly throughout the year.
2. C. australis Hook. Annual, slender and diffusely branched,
pubescent with soft spreading hairs, not at all succulent, 5-12 cm.
long; leaves 1-2-pinnately divided into linear lobes; heads 2-3
mm. broad ; involucral bracts brownish-tipped, scarious-margined ;
apetalous flowers in 2-3 rows, pedicellate, their achenes minutely
hispid on both faces, the margins smooth.
In waste places along streets, not common. January-March.
60. ARTEMISIA L.
Mostly aromatic and bitter herbs or shrubs with
alternate leaves and panicled spikes or racemes of small
discoid heads. Involucral bracts imbricated in few
series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat,
convex or hemispheric, naked or pubescent, riot chaffy.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-
toothed. Central flowers perfect, sterile or fertile, or
flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers often tipped at
apex with subulate appendages. Achenes obovoid or
oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded or truncate at the
Senecioneae 437
summit, with a small terminal areola. Pappus none or
minute and coroniform.
1. A. heterophylla Nutt. Perennial; stems erect, somewhat
woody at base, 1-2 m. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate or
elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, sparingly pinnatifid, cleft or often entire,
green above, white-tomentose beneath ; heads mostly erect in
dense terminal panicles, the axis leafy; involucre oblong ; margi-
nal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, all fertile. (A. vulya-
ris Calif ornica Bess.)
Common in low ground and along streams in the foothills. July-October.
2. A. biennis Willd. Annual; stems erect, virgate, 3-10 dm.
high, leafy to the summit; herbage deep green, glabrous and
nearly tasteless, aromatic ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceo-
late or broadly linear laciniate or toothed lobes, or the upper-
most only pinnatifid; heads small, in close glomerules on the
spiciform short branches and stems; involucre hemispheric;
achenes with small epigynous disk.
Occasional in low moist ground about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
3. A. dracunculoid.es Pursh. Perennial; stems clustered,
herbaceous, 6-12 dm. high, virgately branched, glabrous, pungent-
scented when bruised, tasteless ; lowest leaves 3-cleft at summit,
the others linear, entire; heads numerous, nodding on very slen-
der short peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters some-
times secund ; involucre hemispheric, about 2 mm. broad ; margi-
nal flowers fertile ; disk-flowers perfect, sterile.
Frequent in the valleys and foothills throughout our range. August-
October.
4. A. Californica Less. (CALIFORNIA SAGE.) Shrubby, with
numerous ascending branches, 6-12 dm. high, aromatic; leaves
cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, the lowest parted
into a few linear filiform segments, the upper entire; heads
many, nodding in long racemose leafy panicles ; involucre hemi-
spheric, about 4 mm. broad ; achenes truncate at summit, with a
squamellate or coroniform-dentate pappus.
Common on dry hillsides in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt.
September-December.
Tribe 9. SENECIONEAE. GROUNDSEL TRIBE.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or basal
leaves. Involucral bracts little or not at all imbricated,
438 Senecioneae
mostly in 1-2 series. Receptacle naked. Pappus-bristles
soft, commonly copious and usually white.
Shrubby or suffrutescent plants.
Rays wanting.
Bracts imbricated; leaves mostly scale-like. 61. LEPIDOSPARTUM
Bracts in 1 series ; herbage woolly. 62. TETRAD YMIA.
Rays present. 63. SENECIO.
Herbs; rays present or wanting. 63. SENECIO.
61. LEPIDOSPARTUM Gray.
A low rigid green scaly-bracted almost leafless shrub,
somewhat fastigiately branching, and bearing some-
what corymbose or racemosely arranged heads of pale
yellow flowers. Involucral bracts of 2 sets, the inner
long, linear, 8-12 in 2 or more series, the outer much
shorter and imbricated. Receptacle naked. Rays none.
Disk-flowers with long tube and lanceolate-linear spread-
ing lobes. Achenes oblong, terete, 8-10-nerved, with
large epigynous disk. Pappus copious, of soft white
capillary bristles.
1. L. squamatum Gray. Branching shrub, broom-like, 6-12
dm . high ; young seedlings and shoots floccose-tomentose, and with
spatulate entire leaves, becoming glabrous and nearly leafless in
age; heads 6-10 mm. high, terminal on the branches.
Frequent in dry washes in all our interior valleys. July-October.
62. TETBADYMIA DC.
Low rigid canescently tomentose shrubs with alter-
nate narrow entire leaves and cymose-clustered discoid
heads of yellow flow^ers. Involucre long and narrow,
of 4-6 bracts. Corollas with long tube, the narrow
spreading lobes longer than the campanulate involucre.
Achenes terete, short, 5-nerved, from long-villous to gla-
brous. Pappus of fine and soft long capillary white or
whitish bristles.
1. T. comosa Gray. Branches erect, elongated, 4-8 dm. high ;
primary leaves linear, softly floccose-tomentose, the earlier 5-7 cm.
Groundsel Tribe 439
long, and 4 mm. wide, plane ; those of the branches often filiform,
deciduous, some of the upper changed to long soft spines; heads
corymbose or glomerate at the summit of the branches ; involucre
5-9-flowered, its bracts 5-6; pappus fine, concealed by the long
wool of the achene.
Dry washes of the interior valleys, perhaps not within our region but
found as far westward as Cucamonga. July-August.
63. SENECIO L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate
or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate
many-flowered heads of both tubular and ray-flowers or
only tubular, in ours yellow. Involucre cylindric or
campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, distinct or
united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones.
Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, mostly naked.
Rays when present pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect,
o-toothed. Achenes terete or those of the marginal
flowers so ewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or
canescent and usually emitting a pair of spiral threads
after wetting. Pappus copious, of white scabrous or
smooth capillary bristles.
1. S. vulgaris L. Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stems
slightly fleshy, 1-3 dm. high, more or less branched ; leaves clasp-
ing at the base, pinnatifid, the lobes and sinuses sharply toothed ;
heads 7-9 mm. high; bracts black-tipped; rays none; achenes
slightly canescent.
Common in neglected gardens and yards. Flowering throughout the year.
Native of Europe.
2. S. Californicus DC. Annual, glabrous or becoming so,
slender 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate in outline, varying from
denticulate to pinnatifid, the lobes short and obtuse, all but the
lowest sessile and auriculate-clasping, 2.5-5 cm. long; involucre
6-8 mm. high, its bracts narrow; rays oblong, 6-8 mm. long,
light yellow ; achenes canescent.
Common in sandy soil in dry places in our interior valleys and foothills,
and on the sand-dunes along the seashore. February-May.
3. S. ilicetorum Davidson. Stems erect, from a biennial or
perennial root, 5-10 dm. high, very floccose-woolly, at length
440 Cynareae
glabrate above; basal leaves thin, 2-3 dm. high, elliptic-oblong,
acute at both ends, coarsely dentate, the teeth spreading, triangu-
lar, callous-tipped, the sinuses rounded and the larger denticulate,
lower leaves resembling the basal, the uppermost narrow lanceo-
late, entire or irregularly dentate; heads 1-2 cm. broad, less than
1 cm. high, 6-10 in a close cluster at the ends of the peduncles ;
rays none; flowers all fertile.
Wilson's trail at 2500 feet altitude, Davidson.
4. S. Douglasii DC. Suffrutescent, usually about 1 m. high,
branching from the base, whitish-tomentose or becoming gla-
brate; lower leaves pinnately divided into about 5 narrowly
linear lobes, the uppermost entire, all with revolute margins;
heads rather few, corymbose, 10-15 mm. high; rays light yel-
low, 10 mm. long; achenes hoary with a short pubescence.
Common on dry plains and foothills, mostly below 3000 feet altitude.
July-November.
Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. THISTLE TRIBE.
Herbs with alternate prickly leaves and mostly large
heads. Involucral bracts imbricated, usually spinescent,
Receptacle bristly or hairy. Rays none. Corollas tubu-
lar, deeply and narrowly lobed. Anthers caudate at the
base and appendaged at the apex. Pappus bristly or
plumose, rarely paleaceous.
Pappus bristles plumose, deciduous in a ring.
Pappus in 1 series. 64. CARDUUS.
Pappus in several series. 65. CYNARA.
Pappus bristles setose. 66. CENTAUREA.
64. CARDUUS L. THISTLE.
Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, with alter-
nate or basal sinuate dentate lobed or pinnatifid usu-
ally spiny leaves, and large many-flowered solitary or
clustered discoid heads of crimson purple or white
flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickly-
tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, bristly. Flowers all tubular, per-
Thistle Tribe 441
feet and fertile or rarely dioecious, their corollas slender,
with deeply 5-cleft limb. Filaments pilose or rarely
glabrous. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or
obtusely 4-angled, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several
series of slender plumose minutely serrulate or simple
bristles, connate at base.
1. C. edulis (Nutt.) Greene. Stout, 1-2 m. high, pubescent,
leafy up to the short panicle ; leaves oblong or narrower, sinuate-
pinnatifid, weakly prickly; heads 3-4 cm. high, depressed-glo-
bose, few in a terminal cluster, leafy-bracted at base; involucre
arachnoid when young; flowers deep purple, their segments
shorter than the throat.
Pasadena, McClatchie.
2. C. Californicus (Gray) Greene. Rather slender, 6-12 dm.
high, canescently woolly; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, moderately
prickly; heads solitary on long peduncles, about 4 cm. high;
involucres somewhat woolly ; the lower bracts coriaceous-acerose,
spreading and incurved, the others straight, all subulate-spines-
cent at the tip ; flowers lilac-purplish or rose color ; lobes shorter
than the throat.
Occasional in open places in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa
Ana Mountains. May-July.
3. C. occidentalis Nutt. Stout, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves deeply
pinnatifid, glabrate above, canescently tomentose beneath;
heads solitary on stout peduncles ; involucre subglobose; bracts
straight, subulate-lanceolate, with short spines, densely covered
with cobwebby hairs ; flowers deep red-purple ; lobes longer than
the throat.
Common on sandy soil, especially toward the coast. May-July.
65. CYNABA L. ARTICHOKE.
Stout perennial prickly herbs, with pinnatifid sessile
leaves, their lobes spinescently tipped, and large heads of
purple tubular flowers. Involucral bracts well-imbri-
cated, coriaceous, spinescent. Receptacle fleshy, fimbril-
late. Achenes obovate, compressed and somewhat
4-angled. Pappus of many series of plumose bristles.
442 Mutisieae
1. C. Scolynms L. Stout and low, with very ample hoary-
tomentose bipinnatifid leaves; involucral bracts ovate obtuse or
emarginate.
An occasional escape from gardens., June-July.
66. CENTAUREA L.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate entire den-
tate or pinnatifid leaves, and large or middle-sized heads
of variously colored flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose,
its bracts imbricated in many series, tipped with a stout
spine. Receptacle flat, bristly. Corolla-tube slender,
the limb 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Achenes oblong or
obovoid, compressed or somewhat 4-angled, obliquely or
laterally attached to the receptacle. Pappus of many
slender scabrous bristles or scales or rarely none.
1. C. Melitensis L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Erect, branching, 5-8
dm. high, cinereous-pubescent or when young somewhat woolly;
basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate,
mostly entire, narrowly decurrent; principal bracts with slender
spines of about their own length, spines pectinate-spinulose at
base, innermost with spinescent tips ; flowers yellow ; pappus of
very unequal rather rigid bristles or squamellate.
A common weed in waysides and fields. July-November. Native of
southern Europe.
Tribe 11. MUTISIEAE. PEREZIA TRIBE.
Ours perennial herbs with subcoriaceous setulose-
ciliate alternate leaves. Involucral bracts imbricated.
Corollas 2-lipped, the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed.
Anthers caudate and with a long appendage at the apex.
Represented with us by the single genus. 67. PEREZIA.
67. PEREZIA Lag.
Perennial herbs with mostly reticulated often setulose-
ciliate or spinulose leaves, and solitary cymose or panic-
ulate middle-sized discoid heads of rose-purple white
or blue flowers. Involucral bracts imbricated in few-
Cichorieae 443
several series, dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Recep-
tacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Corollas
5-lobed and somewhat bilabiate. Achenes narrowed at
apex. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous rigid or soft
bristles.
1. P. microcephala Gray. Tall, branching above, 1.5-2 m.
high, leafy; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, cordate-clasping,
8-12 cm. long, thin-coriaceous, minutely glandular-scabrous,
veiny, closely spinulose-denticulate; heads corymbose at the
summits of the paniculate branches, 12-15 mm. high; involucral
bracts very acute, coriaceous; flowers 10-15 in a head, their
corollas 8-10 mm. long, rose-purple.
Frequent on the dry interior plains and foothills. July-August.
»
Tribe 12. CICHORIEAE. CHICORY TRIBE.
Herbs with milky juice and alternate or basal leaves
and perfect flowers with ligulate corollas. Receptacle
naked or chaffy.
Pappus paleaceous.
Paleae not awned ; flowers blue. 68. CICHORIUM.
Paleee with a slender awn or bristle.
Palese cleft at the apex, the bristle or awn proceeding from the cleft.
70. UBOPAPPUS.
Palete not cleft at the apex. 69. MICBOSERIS.
Pappus of rather rigid plumose bristles.
Receptacle chaffy. 71. HYPOCHAERIS.
Receptacle naked.
Achenes not beaked. 72. PTILORIA.
Achenes, at least the inner, with a slender beak.
Flowers white. 73. NEMOSERIS.
Flowers purple; pappus brownish. 74. TRAGOPOGON.
Pappus of soft capillary scabrous bristles.
Achenes beakless.
Achenes not flattened.
Pappus deciduous, or 1-2 outer bristles persistent.
75. MALACOTHRIX.
Pappus persistent.
Pappus white. . 80. CREPIS.
Pappus tawny. 81. HIERACIUM.
Achenes flattened. 77. SONCHUS.
Achenes beaked.
Achenes flattened. 78. LACTUCA.
Achenes not flattened. 79. AGOSERIS.
444 Cichorieae
68. CICHOBIUM L.
Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal
leaves, and large heads of usually blue flowers ped-
uncled or in sessile clusters along the branches. Invo-
lucral bracts in 2 series, herbaceous, the outer somewhat
spreading, the inner erect and subtending or partly
enclosing the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked or
slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the
apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches
slender, obtusish. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, trun-
cate, beakless. Pappus of 2-3 series of short blunt
scales.
1. C. Intybus L. (CHICORY.) Perennial from a long deep tap-
root; stems slightly hispid, stiff, branched, 3-9 dm. high; basal
leaves spreading on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate
in outline, 8-16 cm. long, narrowed into long petioles; upper
leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasp-
ing or auricled at the base; heads numerous, 25-40 mm. broad,
1-4 together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted
branches ; flowers bright blue, rarely white.
Occasional in waste places. Hyde Park; Shermans.
69. MICBOSEBIS Don.
Acaulescent glabrous or slightly puberulent annuals,
with basal tufted leaves pinnatifid with mostly linear
and often falcate lobes or entire. Heads solitary in
long leafless scape-like peduncles, these nodding in bud,
becoming erect in fruit. Involucre narrowly oblong to
ovoid or subglobose. Ligules short, yellow. Achenes
slender-fusiform or cylindric, ribbed, mostly truncate.
Pappus paleae 5, mostly short, abruptly or gradually
passing into the scabrous awn.
1. M. aphantocarpha tenella Gray. Scapes usually decum-
bent at base, 15-35 cm. high ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; invo-
lucre calyculate; achenes slender, 3-4 mm. long, oblong-clavate ;
Chicory Tribe 445
palese ovate, scarcely 1 mm. long; bristles 6-8 mm. long, slender,
fragile or deciduous.
Near Santa Monica, Davidson.
2. M. cyclocarpha Gray. Scapes 2-4 dm. high ; leaves nar-
row, 1-2 dm. long; heads about 10 mm. broad; achenes oblong-
turbinate, 5 mm. long, the outer ones white-villous ; palea of the
pappus ovate, 2-3 mm. long, about half the length of the slender
persistent bristles.
Occasional in open grassy places on the north slope of the Santa Monica
Mountains.
70. UROPAPPUS Nutt.
Nearly acaulescent annuals with pinnatifid or entire
leaves and solitary heads on scape-like peduncles.
Heads erect, oblong. Involueral bracts about equal,
with shorter ones at the base, all membranous. Ligules
short, yellow. Achenes 10-12-ribbed. Pappus-paleae 5,
elongated, tipped with a very short awn or bristle which
proceeds from the cleft summit.
1. U. linearifolius (DC.) Nutt. Stems or peduncles usually
several from the base, erect, 2-4 dm. high, in robust plants thick-
ened and fistulose under the oblong head ; leaves linear, 7-15 cm.
long; 2-4 mm. wide, with 2-several pairs of more or less serrate
salient attenuate lobes; achenes attenuate above into a beak, 10
mm. long; pappus silvery-white, 12-14 mm. long; the awn deli-
cate, about half the length of the deeply notched palea.
Common on grassy hillsides in the foothills. March-May.
2. U. Lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. Stout, 2-4 dm. high; peduncles
scarcely thickened under the head ; leaves as in the last or some-
what broader; achenes brownish, 10 mm. long, slightly narrowed
above; pappus dull brown or sordid, 12-14 mm. long; awn nearly
equaling the palese, from a very shallow notch.
Same range as the last, but not common.
71. HYPOCHAERIS L.
Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched
stems, mostly basal tufted leaves pinnatifid or entire,
446 Cichorieae
and mostly large long-peduncled heads. Involucre
oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous
in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Flowers
yellow. Achenes oblong to linear, 10-ribbed, contracted
above or the outer truncate. Pappus of 1 row of plu-
mose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones.
1. H. radicata L. Perennial ; steins several, slender, 3-6
dm. high, branched or rarely simple; leaves spreading on the
ground, oblanceolate to obovate, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 5-15
cm. long, hirsute; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more; achenes rough,
all with slender, long beaks.
Pasadena, McClatchie.
72. PTILOR.IA Raf.
Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous
herbs, with erect simple or branched usually rigid stems,
alternate or basal entire or runcinate-pinnatind leaves,
those of the branches often small and scale-like, and
small erect heads of usually pink flowers paniculate or
solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylin-
dric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious-
margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous
short exterior ones. Flowers pinkish, opening in the
morning. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at
base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear,
terete, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at summit. Pappus
of 1 series of rather rigid plumose bristles.
1. P. virgata (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, 3-10 dm. high,
virgate, glabrous throughout and the herbage deep green ; leaves
runcinate ; heads 6-8 mm. high, subsessile along the naked upper
part of the stem and branches, 4-8-flowered ; achenes subclavate or
oblong, ribbed and with as many mostly closed grooves, rugose ;
pappus white, plumose almost throughout, rather persistent.
Common on dry ground, especially toward the coast. July-September.
2. P. pleurocarpa Greene. Taller and stouter than the last,
virgate-paniculate, glabrous and glaucous; heads rather small,
Chicory Tribe 447
fe\v-flowered ; achenes fusiform, rugose-tuberculate between the
salient rib-like angles, intervening grooves wanting; pappus-
bristles numerous, distinctly plumose to the base, bright white,
soft, early deciduous.
Common in fields and along waysides about Pasadena and eastward to
San Bernardino. July-August.
3. P. cichoriacea (Gray) Greene. Perennial, 3-8 dm. high,
rather stout, tomentulose at least when young; leaves lanceolate,
sparsely denticulate to runcinate-laciniate ; heads sessile along
naked branches; involucre 12 mm. high; mature achenes short-
linear, smooth, slightly and acutely 5-angled; pappus sordid,
persistent.
Frequent in rocky canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains. July-Septem-
ber.
73. NEMOSERIS Raf.
Glabrous and slightly succulent branching annuals
with pinnatifid leaves and rather large heads of white or
rose-tinged flowers. Involucre conic or cylindric, of
7-15 linear acuminate equal bracts, somewhat fleshy at
base, and a few loose calyculate outer ones. Achenes
terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenu-
ate into a slender beak. Pappus white, of 10-15 slender
bristles, softly long-plumose from the base to near the
tip.
1. N. Californica (Nutt.) Greene. Rather stout, glabrous;
stems white, 6-9 dm. high; leaves oblong, pinnatifid, sessile and
clasping, the upper reduced ; heads many in a paniculate-corym-
bose inflorescence, 1.5-2 cm. high; ligules rather short; outer
achenes pubescent; beak slender, equaling the body; pappus
•dull white. (Rafinesquia Californica Nutt.)
Common on rather shady slopes in the foothills and in the chaparral belt
of all the mountains. May-August.
74. TBAGOPOGON L.
Biennial or perennial erect usually branched some-
what succulent herbs, with slender fleshy tap-roots,
alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves
448 Cichorieae
clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of
purple or yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, its bracts
in 1 series, acuminate, united at the base. Ligules trun-
cate, 5-toothed. Achenes linear, terete or 5-angled, 5-10-
ribbed, with slender beaks or the outer beakless. Pappus
bristles in 1 series, plumose, connate at the base.
1. T. porrifolius L. (SALSIFY.) Erect, somewhat branched,
5-8 dm. high, glabrous and somewhat succulent; peduncles
thickened and hollow for some distance below the head ; bracts
exceeding the purple flowers; achenes often 4 mm. long, the
outer ones with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs ; beak
long, slender ; pappus tawny.
A frequent escape from cultivation, especially in the coast valleys.
75. MALACOTHBIX DC.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate or basal
mostly pinnatifid leaves and long-peduncled panicled or
solitary heads of yellow rarely white flowers. Involucre
campanulate, its principal bracts in 1—2 series, equal or
nearly so, with several series of short exterior ones.
Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at apex. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous,
10-15-ribbed, truncate or margined and 4— 5-toothed at
the summit. Pappus bristles in 2 series, the inner
naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the
base and deciduous in a ring, the outer few, more persist-
ent.
1. M. Californica DC. Annual, scapose, 3 dm. high or less;
leaves basal, tufted, laciniately 1-2-pinnatifid into narrow linear
lobes, when young woolly with long, loose, soft hairs ; heads soli-
tary on naked scapes, large and showy, 5 cm. broad or less; in-
volucre broadly campanulate, about 2 cm. high; outer bracts
slender-subulate; flowers pale yellow; achenes narrow, faintly
striate-costate ; outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles, the inner
capillary, deciduous.
Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys. March-
May.
Chicory Tribe 449
2. M. Cleveland! Gray. Annual, paniculately branched, 5
dm. high or less; stems and branches rather naked ; only some
of the basal leaves pinnatifid ; heads numerous; involucre about
6 mm. high, narrow, few-flowered ; bracts usually purplish-
tipped ; flowers yellow ; achenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-
costate, 4-5 of the ribs more prominent; outer pappus of 1
persistent bristle and a conspicuous circle of narrow white setu-
lose teeth.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the mountains
and foothills of Riverside and San Diego Counties. May-July.
3. M. saxatilis tenuitblia (Nutt.) Gray. Somewhat suffru-
tescent and leafy, paniculately branching, perennial, minutely
tomentose, soon becoming glabrate or glabrous, 6-12 dm. high ;
the long slender loosely-paniculate branches bearing slender
pedunculate heads; involucre broadly campanulate, about 1 cm.
high ; the loose calyculate bracts numerous, subulate, passing into
similar bractlets on the peduncle ; flowers white, changing to rose
color; achenes narrowly oblong, 10-15 costate, becoming some-
what 4-5-angled, apex slightly contracted, bearing a very short
multidenticulate white border.
Common in stony places in the foothills, especially toward the coast.
April-May.
77. SONCHUS L. SOW-THISTLE.
Annual succulent herbs with alternate mostly auricu-
late-clasping entire or pinnatifid prickly-margined leaves
and yellow flowers in corymbose or paniculate heads.
Involucre usually becoming thickened and more or less
conic at base, its bracts imbricated in several series, the
outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes flattened, 10-20-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of
copious soft white simple capillary bristles usually fall-
ing away connected.
1. S. oleraceus L. Stoutish, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly leafy,
glabrous or with a few glandular hairs on the pedicels and
involucre, glaucescent ; leaves obovoid or narrower, runcinate-
pinnatifid, toothed but not prickly-margined, amplexicaul, the
auricles straight, acute; achenes striate-nerved, transversely
rugulose-scabrous.
Common everywhere, flowering at all seasons. Native of Europe.
450 Cichorieae
2. S. asper (L.) All. Stouter than the last, the stems distinctly
angled, very leafy ; leaves entire or pinnatifid, prickly-margined,
the auricles helicoid and appressed to the stem ; achenes 3-nerved
on each side, otherwise shiooth.
A less common weed than the last. Native of Europe.
78. LACTUCA L.
Tall leafy herbs with small panicled heads. Involu-
cre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the
outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flat-
tened; 6-10-ribbed, beaked. Pappus of copious white or
brownish capillary bristles.
1. L. Scariola L. Biennial, glaucous; stems leafy, panicu-
lately branched, hirsute at the base or glabrous throughout, 6-18
dm. high ; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-mar-
gined, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping,
midrib spinulose or hispid ; heads 4-8 mm. broad, 6-12-flowered,
very numerous, in an open panicle ; involucre cylindric ; ligules
yellow; achenes obovate-oblong, about equaling the filiform
beak ; pappus white.
Rather common in streets about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
79. AGOSEBIS Raf.
Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with
tufted basal leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or rarely
purple flowers at the ends of naked or bracted scapes.
Involucre campanulate to oblong, its bracts imbricated
in several series. Receptacle flat, naked or faveolate.
Achenes not flattened, 10-ribbed, beaked at the summit.
Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles.
1. A. plebeia Greene. Robust, 4-6 dm. high; leaves nar-
rowly oblanceolate, pinnatifid into slender ascending lobes, apex
usually entire and slenderly acuminate; ligules short, deep yel-
low, scarcely or not at all surpassing the involucral bracts, these
woolly at the base ; achenes 4-5 mm. long; the beak 10-12 mm.
long ; pappus soft, white.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. May-July.
Chicory Tribe 451
2. A. retrorsa (Benth.) Greene. Peduncles usually about 3
dm. high; herbage woolly-pubescent, the wool more or. less de-
ciduous in age; leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear or
lanceolate retrorse segments ; outer involucral bracts broad, inner
linear, narrowly acuminate, equaling the pappus; ligules short;
achenes 5-6 mm. long, beak slender, 18-20 mm. long.
Summit of Santiago Peak. May-July.
80. CBEPIS L.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal
mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-
sized heads, usually paniculate-corymbose, of yellow
flowers. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its princi-
pal bracts in 1 series, equal, with a number of exterior
smaller ones, 10-20-ribbed or -nerved, not transversely
rugose, beakless. Pappus copious, of very slender white
bristles.
1. C. biennis L. Annual or biennial, pubescent or hirsute,
leafy at least below, branched above,, 6-9 dm. high; leaves run-
cinate-pinnatifid, oblong or spatulate, at least the upper clasp-
ing; heads several, subcorymbose, 2.5-4 cm. high; involucre
canescent or pubescent, 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear-
lanceolate, downy within; achenes glabrous, 13-striate.
Occasional along streets in Los Angeles and Pasadena.
81. HIEBACIUM L.
Perennial hispid or villous herbs, with alternate or
basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate, small
or middle-sized heads of usually yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre with its principal bracts in 1-3 series, the outer
gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller. Recep-
tacle flat, naked or short fimbrillate. Achenes terete or
4-5-angled, 10-15-ribbed, beakless. Pappus copious, of
1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brownish
bristles.
1. H. Parishii Gray. Puberulent above with no glandular
hairs, leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, 3-6 dm. high;
452 Appendix
lower leaves shaggy-hirsute, lanceolate, 12-18 cm. long, tapering
to the base or margined petiole, with 5-8 salient teeth to each
margin ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; peduncles seldom
much longer and often shorter than the heads ; involucre pale,
granulose-puberulent, oblong-campanulate, of rather numerous
narrow acute or acutish bracts; flowers 15-30, yellow; achenes
columnar, about 3 mm. long; pappus sordid or dull white.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. June-
August.
APPENDIX
ONAGRACEAE.
[This species should follow Onagra, page 269.]
Anogra Californica (Wats.) Small. Stems decumbent from
a running rootstock, 1-2 dm. long, branching; herbage hoary-
pubescent and more or less villous ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
sinuately toothed or pinnatifid, 6-8 cm. long; ovary and calyx
villous; calyx-tube about 2 cm. long; petals white turning pink,
lobed at apex, with a rounded sinus ; capsule 4-6 cm. long.
( (Enothera Californica Wats. )
Occasional in sandy soil. Near Santa Ana, Gets; Cucamonga.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
[This species should precede Ipomoea, page 308.]
Cressa Truxillensis H. B. K. Perennial herb, much branched
from the base, erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. high, silky-villous,
leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 4-7 mm. long;
flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils; corolla deeply
5-cleft, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, white, silky-pubescent with-
out.
Frequent in saline places throughout our range. June-October.
GLOSSARY
(icaiilescent, apparently stemless; the
proper stem being very short or
subterranean.
accrescent, growing larger after flow-
ering.
decumbent, lying against a thing.
The cotyledons are accumbent
when they lie with their edges
against the caulicle.
acerose, needle-shaped.
achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded
fruit.
acicular, needle-shaped, more slender
than acerose.
aculeate, armed with prickles.
acuminate, taper-pointed.
acute, ending in a point less than a
right angle.
adherent, sticking to, or growing fast
to another body.
adnate, born adherent.
festival, produced in summer.
(estivation, the arrangement of parts
in a flower-bud.
alate, winged.
alliaceous, with the odor of onions.
alternate, one after another.
alveolate, honeycomb-like.
ainent, the scaly spike of trees, like
the alder and willow.
amphitropous, attached by the middle
and having the micropyle at one
end and the chalaza at the other.
amplexicaul, clasping the stem by the
anatropous, inverted, when the micro-
pyle is at the same end as the
hilum.
ancipital, 2-edged.
androgynous, having both staminate
and pistillate flowers in the same
cluster.
annual, producing flowers and fruit
the first year and then dying.
anterior, in a flower, is the part next
the bract. See posterior.
anther, the part of the stamen which
bears the pollen.
antheriferous, anther-bearing.
anthesis, the period of flowering.
antrorse, directed upward.
apetalous, destitute of petals.
apical, belonging to the apex.
apiculate, tipped with a small point.
apophysis, any irregular swelling.
aquatic, growing in water.
arachnoid, cobwebby.
arborescent, tree-like.
arcuate, bent or curved.
areolate, marked out into little
spaces.
aristate, awned.
aristulate, short-awned.
articulated, jointed.
ascending, rising obliquely upward.
assurgent — see ascending.
aunculate, with auricles or ear-like
appendages.
awl-shaped, sharp- pointed from a
broader base.
awn, a bristle or beard-like append-
age.
axillary, occurring in an axil.
baccate, berry-like.
barbate, bearded.
berry, a fruit, pulpy or juicy through-
out, as a grape.
454
Glossary
biennial, flowering and dying the
second year.
biftd, 2-cleft to about the middle.
bifurcate, 2-forked.
bilabiate, 2-lipped.
bladdery, thin and inflated.
blade, the expanded portion of a leaf
or petal.
bloom, a whitish powder.
brachiate, in pairs, each pair arrang-
ed at right angles to the next.
bract, the leaf of an inflorescence.
bractlet, bracts that occur on flower-
pedicels.
bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales,
usually subterranean.
bullate, appearing as if blistered or
bladdery.
caducous, dropping off very early.
ccespitose, growing in tufts.
callous, hardened.
calyptra, a hood.
calyx, the outer set of the perianth.
campanulate, bell-shaped.
canescent, grayish-white, caused usu-
ally by a covering of fine whitish
hairs.
capitate, having a head.
capsule, a dry dehiscent fruit formed
from a compound pistil.
carinate, keeled.
carpel, a pistil-leaf or sporophyll.
caruncle, an excrescence at the hilum
of some seeds.
catkin, see ament.
caudate, tailed.
caudex, an upright stock.
caudicle, the stalk of a pollen-mass.
caulescent, having an obvious stem.
caulicle, rudimentary stem of a seed-
ling.
cauline, belonging to the stem.
cell, the cavity of an anther or ovary.
chaff, small membranous scales on
the receptacle of Compositae.
chaparral, a thick growth of shrubs,
such as manzanita or scrub-oak
chartaceous, of the texture of paper.
ciliate, beset on the margin with a
fringe of hairs or bristles.
clavate, club-shaped.
claw, the stalk-like base of some
petals.
cleistogamous, fertilized in closed
buds.
cleft, cut into lobes.
comose, bearing a tuft of hairs.
commissure — see page 276.
connate, united or grown together.
connivent, converging.
convolute, rolled up lengthwise.
cordate, heart-shaped.
coriaceous, leathery in texture.
corm, a solid bulb.
cornute, horned.
corolla, the inner set of perianth
leaves.
corona, a crown.
corymb, a flat or convex flower-clus-
ter.
corymbose, in corymbs.
costa, a rib.
cotyledons, the seed-leaves.
creeping, growing flat on the ground
and rooting.
crenate, with rounded teeth.
cruciate, cross-shaped.
cucullate, hood-shaped or hooded.
culm, the stem of grasses or sedges.
cuneate, wedge-shaped.
cuspidate, tipped with a sharp stiff
point.
cyme, a cluster of centrifugal inflor-
escence.
cymose, with cymes.
deciduous, falling off.
decompound, several times com-
pound.
decumbent, reclined on the ground,
the summit tending to rise.
decurrent, prolonged on the stem be-
neath the insertion.
decussate, arranged in pairs, which
successively cross each other.
dehiscence, the regular splitting open
of a capsule or anther.
dentate, toothed, the teeth pointing
outward.
diadelphous — see page 204.
dichotomous, 2-forked.
Glossary
455
, spreading widely and irregu-
larly.
(ti</if <it< — leaflets are digitate when
they are all borne on the end of a
petiole.
dissected, cut deeply into many lobes
or divisions.
<lixx{i>i>ii<:»ts, the partitions in a com-
pound ovary.
diurnal, expanded during the day,
closed at night.
distichous, 2-ranked.
distinct, free.
divaricate, widely divergent.
divided, cut into divisions down to the
midrib.
drupe, a fleshy fruit containing a
stone, as the plum.
ec/iinafe, armed with prickles.
elliptical, oval or oblong, with the
ends regularly rounded.
emarginate, notched at the summit.
emersed, raised out of water.
endocarp, the inner layer of a peri-
carp.
endosperm, the nutritive matter in
a seed, surrounding the embryo.
ephemeral, lasting for a day or less.
cpigynons, upon the ovary.
eguitant, folded longitudinally, and
each embracing the next within.
erase, eroded as if gnawed.
exocarp, outer layer of a pericarp.
extrorse, turned outward.
falcate, scythe-shaped.
farinaceous, mealy in texture.
fascicle, a close cluster.
fastigiate, close, parallel and upright
faveolate, favose — see alveolate,
ferruginous, resembling iron-rust.
filament, the stock of a stamen.
filiform, thread-like.
fimbriate, fringed.
.fixtulose, hollow and cylindric.
fiabelliform, fan-shaped.
flavescent, yellowish.
fiexuous or fiexuose, bending in op-
posite directions, zig zag.
Jtoccose, woolly.
foliate, provided with leaves.
follicle, a pod composed of a single
carpel, opening down the inner
suture.
fruit, the mature ovary and all that
is connected with it.
frutescent, somewhat shrubby.
fugacious, soon perishing or falling
off.
fulvous, tawny.
funiculus, the stock of an ovule or
seed.
furfuraceous, bran-like.
fusiform, spindle-shaped.
galea, a helmet-shaped body.
geniculate, bent abruptly.
gibbous, somewhat swollen or enlarg-
ed.
glabrate, becoming glabrous or al-
most so.
glabrous, smooth, not hairy.
glands, small cellular organs which
secrete certain substances, such
as oil.
glandular, with glands.
glaucescent, slightly glaucous.
glaucous, covered with a bloom.
glomerate, closely aggregated in a
dense head.
glume, floral bracts in grasses.
gramineous, grass-like.
habit, the general aspect of a plant.
habitat, the place where a plant
grows.
hairy, beset with rather long hairs.
hastate, halberd-shaped.
herb, a plant that is not woody.
hilum, the scar of a seed, the place of
attachment.
hirsute, with stifflsh hairs.
hirsutulous, minutely hirsute.
hispid, beset with stiff hairs.
hoary — see canescent.
horn, a spur.
hyaline, transparent or partly so.
imbricate, overlapping one another,
like shingles.
immersed, growing wholly under wa-
ter.
456
Glossary
incised, cut rather deeply and irregu-
larly.
incumbent — the cotyledons are in
cumbent when the back of one of
them lies against the caulicle.
inferior, growing below some other
organ.
inflorescence, the arrangement of the
flowers on a stem.
insertion, the place or mode of attach-
ment.
introrse, turned or facing inward.
involucel, a small involucre.
involucre, a whorl or set of bracts
around a flower, umbel or head.
keel, a projecting ridge.
lacerate, appearing as if torn.
laciniate, slashed.
lanate, woolly.
lanceolate, lance-shaped.
legume, a simple pod which dehisces
in 2 pieces.
lenticular, lens-shaped.
ligneous, woody.
ligulate, strap-shaped.
limb, the border of a corolla.
linear, narrow and flat, the margins
parallel.
loculicidal, dehiscent through the
back of each cell.
lodicule — see page 18.
lunate, crescent-shaped.
lyrate, lyre-shaped.
marcescent, withering without falling
off.
maritime, belonging to the seacoast.
membranous, thin and soft, like a
membrane.
merous, the number of parts in a
circle.
mesocarp, the middle part of a peri-
carp.
monoecious, having stamens or pistils
only.
mucronate, tipped with an abrupt
short point.
mucronulate, diminutive of the last.
muricate, beset with short prickly
points.
muticous, blunt, pointless.
nectar, a sweet secretion in flowers.
nectariferous, having nectary.
nerve, veins, usually confined to those
that are parallel.
nervose, conspicuously nerved.
nodose, knotty.
oblong, 2-4 times as long as broad.
obovate, inversely ovate.
obtuse, blunt or rounded at the end.
ochroleucous, yellowish- white.
oculate, with eye-shaped markings.
opposite, on opposite sides of the
stem, in pairs.
orbicular, circular in outline.
orthotropous, straight, when the mi-
cropyle is on the opposite end
from the hilum.
oval, broadly elliptic.
ovary, that part of the pistil contain-
ing the ovules.
ovate, shaped like an egg, with the
broad end downward.
ovoid, ovate or oval.
ovuliferous, ovule-bearing.
palea, chaff.
palmate — see digitate.
panicle, an open and branched cluster,
a compound raceme.
papilionaceous, butterfly -shaped.
papilla, little nipple-shaped protu-
berances.
papillate, papillose, covered with pa-
pillae.
pappus, the bristles, scales, etc., at
the apex of the achenes in the
Composite.
parasitic, living on another plant or
animal.
parietal, attached to the walls of the
ovary.
pectinate, pinnatifid into narrow di-
visions, like the teeth of a comb.
pedate, like a bird's foot.
pedicel, the stalk of each flower in a
cluster.
pedicellate, pedicelled.
peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a
single flower or of a cluster.
peltate, shield-shaped.
pepo, a fruit like the melon.
Glossary
457
perennial, lasting from year to year.
perfect, having both stamens and pis-
til.
perianth, the floral leaves — the calyx
and corolla.
perigynium, bodies around a pistil;
see page 73.
pcrigynous, the petals and stamens
borne on the calyx.
personate, masked; a bilabiate flower
with a palate in the throat.
petal, a leaf of the corolla.
petaloid, petal-like.
petiole, a stalk of a leaf.
petiolulate, a stalked leaflet.
pilose, clothed with long slender
hairs.
pinnate, with leaflets arranged along
the side of a common petiole.
pinnatifld, same as pinnately cleft or
divided.
pistil, the seed-bearing organ of a
flower.
pistillate, having a pistil.
placenta, the part of the ovary to
which the ovules are attached.
plaited, folded lengthwise.
plumose, feathery.
pollen, the fertilizing powder -con-
tained in the anthers ; the micro-
spores.
polygamous, having some perfect and
some unisexual flowers.
pome, a fleshy fruit, such as the apple
and pear.
posterior portion of a flower is that
toward the axis.
primordial, earliest formed.
procumbent, trailing on the ground.
proliferous, where a new branch rises
out of an older one, or one cluster
of flowers out of another.
prostrate, lying flat on the ground.
pr ui nose, frosted.
puberulent, with fine short pubes-
cence.
pubescent, with fine soft hairs.
punctate, dotted with minute holes.
puncticulate, minutely punctate.
pungent, prickly pointed,
pyriform, pear-shaped.
raceme, with 1-flowered pedicels ar-
ranged along a common peduncle.
racemose, bearing racemes.
rac fit's, the axis, especially of a spike.
receptacle, the axis or support of a
flower.
regular, all the parts of a circle simi-
lar in shape.
reniform, kidney-shaped,
repand, wavy-margined.
reticulated, netted.
retuse, with a blunt somewhat in-
dented apex.
revolute, rolled back.
rootstock, root like, usually under-
ground stems.
rosulate, in a rosette.
rotate, wheel-shaped.
rugose, wrinkled.
runcinate, coarsely saw- toothed.
runner, a slender prostrate branch
rooting at the ends o.r joints.
saccate, sac-shaped.
sagittate, arrow-shaped.
salmginous, growing in brackish
places.
salver-shaped, with a border spreading
at right angles to a slender tube,
samara, a winged fruit or key.
scabrous, rough or harsh to the touch.
scape, a peduncle rising from the
ground or near it.
scapiform, scape-like.
scarious, thin, dry and membranous.
scor2)ioid, curved or circinate at the
end.
scrobiculate, pitted.
scuttelate, saucer-shaped.
secund, 1-sided.
segment, a subdivision or lobe.
sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx.
septate, divided by partitions.
seirticidal, where the dehiscence is
through the partitions.
serrate, the margin cut into teeth
pointing upward; saw-toothed.
serrulate, minutely serrate.
sessile, not stalked.
seta, a bristle, or bristle-like,
setaceous, bristle-like.
458
Glossary
silicle, a short silique.
siliquc, capsule of the mustard family.
sinuate, with margins alternately
bowed inward and outward.
sinus, the angle between two lobes.
smooth, not rough, or same as gla-
brous.
sordid, dirty in hue.
spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers.
spathaceous, resembling, or furnished
with, a spathe.
sjjathe, a bract which enwraps an in-
florescence.
si)atulate, club-shaped.
spike, flowers sessile on an elongated
rachis.
spinescent, tipped with a spine.
spinose, spiny.
spur, any hollow appendage which
looks like a spur.
squamate, furnished with scales.
squarrose, where scales, leaves or
any appendages spread widely
from the axis on which they are
thickly set.
stalk, stem, petiole, peduncle, etc.
stamen, the organ which bears the
pollen, composed of an anther
and usually a filament.
staminate, furnished with stamens.
staminodium, an abortive stamen.
standard, the upper petal of a papili-
onaceous flower.
stellate, star-like.
stigma, the receptive part of the pis-
til.
stipe, the stalk of the pistil.
stipitate, furnished with a stipe.
stipules, appendages situated on
either side of the base of some
leaves.
stolon, a trailing or reclined and
rooting shoot.
stomata, breathing pores of leaves.
stramineous, straw-like.
striate, marked with slender longi-
tudinal stripes.
strict, close and narrow; straight and
narrow.
strigose, beset with stout appressed
hairs or bristles.
style, the stalk between the ovary and
stigma.
stylopodium, an enlargement at the
base of the style.
subulate, awl-shaped, tapering from
a broad base to a sharp point.
suckers, shoots from subterranean
branches.
suffrutescent, somewhat woody or
shrubby at the base.
sulcate, grooved longitudinally.
superior, above.
suture, the line of junction of con-
tiguous parts grown together.
sympetalous, petals united.
tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of
brown.
tendril, a thread-like organ used in
climbing.
terete, cylindrical.
ternate, inS's.
testa, the outer seed coat.
throat, the expanded portion between
the lobes and the proper tube in
a sympetalous corolla.
thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal
panicle of cymes.
torus, the receptacle of the flower.
trifld, 3-cleft.
trifoliolate, with 3 leaflets.
triquetrous, sharply 3-angled.
truncate, as if cut off at the top.
tuberculate, bearing little pimple-like
bodies.
tunicate, coated, as an onion.
turbinate, top-shaped.
umbel, an inflorescence in which a
number of pedicels of nearly
equal length spring from the
same point, as in the parsley
family.
umbellate, in umbels.
unarmed, destitute of thorns or
spines, etc.
uncinate, hook-shaped.
undulate, wavy-margined, or wavy.
unguiculate, clawed.
unisexual, having stamens or pistils
only.
Glossary
459
urceolate, urn- shaped.
utricle, a small thin-walled, 1-seeded
fruit.
valve, one of the pieces into which a
dehiscent fruit splits.
ralvate, opening by valves ; in aesti-
vation when the parts just meet
and do not overlap.
venation, the veining of leaves.
ventral, the opposite of dorsal.
ventricose, inflated on one side.
verrucoBe, warty.
versatile, attached by a point so that
it may swing to and fro.
verticil, a whorl.
vespertine, appearing or expanding
in the evening.
virgate, wand-like.
viscid, having a glutinous surface.
wedge-shaped, broad above, tapering
to the base by straight lines.
whorled, arranged in whorls or circles.
INDEX
Abies, 6
Allium, 84
Anagallis, 299
concolor, 6
haematochiton, 84
arvensis, 300
Abronia, 137
serratum, 85
Andropogon, 20
maritima, 137
Allocarya, 330
glomeratus, 20
umbellata, 137
trachycarpa, 331
?nacrourus, 20
Acanthocyphus, 115
Alnus, 103
saccharoides. 21
Parishii, 115
rhombifolia, 103
ANDROPOGONEAE, 20
Acer, 240
Alopecurus, 33
Anemopsis, 96
macrophyllum, 240
geniculatus, 33
Californica, 96
ACERACBAE, 240
Alsine, 145
Anogra, 452
Achillea, 435
media, 145
Californica, 452
lanulosa, 435
nitens, 145
ANTHEM IDEAE, 434
Achyrachaena, 425
Alternanthera, 131
Anthemis, 434
mollis, 425
Achyrantha, 134
Cotula, 434
Actinolepis, 430
Alyssum, 180
• Antirrhinum, 357
Wallace!, 431
maritimum, 180
Coulterianum, 358
Adenostegia, 371
Amaranth, 133
glandulosum, 358
fllifolia, 372
Amaranth Family, 132
Nuttallianum, 358
maritima, 372
AMAKANTHACEAE, 132
strictum, 358
Adenostoma, 202
Amaranthus, 133
subsessile, 358
fasciculatum, 202
albus, 133
Aphanisma, 124
Agoseris, 450
blitoides, 133
blitoides, 124
plebeia, 450
deflexus, 133
Aphyllon, 374
retroraa, 451
graecizans, 133
fasciculatum, 374
Agrostis, 36
retroflexus, 133
Apiastrum, 282
asperifolia, 36
Amblyopappus, 431
angustifolium, 282
Diegoensis, 37
pusillus, 431
Apium, 284
verticillata, 36
Ambrosia, 411
graveolens, 284
Agropyron, 59
psilostachya, 412
Aplopajipus ctmeatus,
Parishii, 59
AMBROSIAE, 411
Palmeri, 398
laeve, 59
Ammannia, 260
pinifolius, 399
AIZOACEAB, 138
coccinea, 261
squarrosus, 400
Alchemilla, 202
Amorpha, 221
APOCYNACEAE, 304
arvensis, 203
Californica, 221
Apocynum, 304
Alder, 103
Amsinckia, 335
cannabinum, 305
Alfalfa, 210
intermedia, 335
Aquilegia, 152
Alfllerilla, 227
lycopsoides, 335
truncata, 152
Algaroba, 205
spectabilis, 335
Arabis, 178
ALJSMACEAE, 16
ANACARDACEAE, 238
glabra, 179
Index
461
Arabis Ludoviciana, 178
Aster, 401
perfoliata, 179
exilis, 402
repanda, 178
Greatae, 402
Virginica, 178
hesperius, 402
Aralia, 275
Menziesii, 401
Californica, 275
Aster Tribe, 392
AKAMAOKAE, 274
ASTEREAE, 392
Arbutus, 296
Astragalus, 222
Menziesii, 296
Antiselli, 223
ArcenthobiHin, 110
Brauntonii, 223
occidentalis, 110
didymocarpus, 222
Arctostaphylos, 297
leucopsis, 223
bicolor, 298
nigrescens, 222
glandulosa, 298
Parishii, 223
glauca, 298
pycnostachys, 223
Manzanita, 297
strigosus, 222
patula, 297
Athysanus, 176
Pringlei, 298
pusillus, 176
tomentosa, 297
Atriplex, 127
Arenaria, 147
hructeosa, 128
Douglasii, 147
Breweri, 129
Fendleri, 147
Californioa, 129
paludicola, 147
canescens, 130
palustris, 148
decumbens, 128
Argemone, 162
expansa, 127
platyceras hispida, 162
leucophylla, 129
Aristida, 28
microcarpa, 127
Americana bromoides,
orbicularis, 129
28
patula, 127
purpurea aequiramea,
semibaccata, 128
29
Serenana, 128
fjitrjji/rea Californica, 29
Watsoni, 128
Arrow-grass, 14
Audibertia, 344
Arrow-grass Family, 14
Australian salt-bush, 129
Arrow-head, 17
AVENEAE, 38
Artemisia, 436
A vena, 39
biennis, 437
fatua, 39
Califoruica, 437
glabrescens, 40
dracunculoides, 437
sativa, 40
heterophylla, 437
vulgaris Californica, 437
Baccharis, 404
Artichoke, 441
Douglasii, 405
Arundo, 44
Emory i, 405
Donax, 44
glutinosa, 406
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 305
Plummerae, 405
Asclepias, 306
pilularia, 405
eriocarpa, 307
viminea, 406
Mexicana, 307
Baeria, 427
Ash, 302
afflnis, 428
Asparagus, 92
chrysostoma, 428
offlcinalis, 92
gracilis, 428
Baeria mutica, 429
tenella, 428
Barbarea, 171
Barbarea, 171
vulgariH, 171
Barberry, 156
Barberry Family, 156
Barley Tribe, 57
Bastard Oats, 40
BATIDACKAE, 134
Batis, 135
maritima, 135
Batis Family, 134
Bay Tree, 157
Bayberry Family, 97
Bebbia, 418
juncea, 418
Bedstraw, 377
Beech Family, 104
Bellflower Family, 385
Bent-grass Tribe, 27
BERBERIDACEAE, 156
Berberis, 156
dictyota, 157
Nevinii, 157
Berula, 287
ereota, 287
BETUL.ACEAE, 103
Bicuculla, 163
chrysantha, 163
ochroleuca, 163
Bidens, 417
pilosa, 418
speciosa, 417
Bigelovia Parishii, 398
veneta, 399
Birch Family, 103
Blackberry, 198'
Blazing Star, 256
Blepharipappus, 424
elegans, 424
hispidus, 424
platyglossus, 425
Black Sage, 345
Bloomeria, 86
aurea, 86
Blue-curls, 339
Boisduvalia, 265
glabella, 265
Borage Family, 328
BORAGINACEAE, 328
462
Index
Bowlesia, 277
CACTACEAE, 257
Carex marcida, 76
lobata, 278
Cactus Family, 257
multicaulis, 75
septentrionalis, 278
Calabazilla, 354
occidentalis, 76
Boxthorn, 352
Calandrinia, 140
Pseudo-Cyperus Ameri-
Boykinia, 189
caulescens Menziesii,140
cana, 73
occidentalis, 189
elegans, 141
siccata, 75
rotundifolia, 190
Menziesii, 141
spissa, 74
Bramble, 198
California Laurel, 157
teretiuscula, 76
Brassica, 169
California Lilac, 242
triquetra, 75
alba, 170
California Poppy, 161
Carpet-weed, 138
campestris, 170
California Sage, 437
Carpet-weed Family, 138
nigra, 170
California Slippery-elm,
Carrot Family, 275
Brickellia, 392
250
Carum, 285
California, 392
California Spikenard, 275
Gairdneri, 286
Bristly Foxtail, 25
CALLITRICHACEAE, 237
Lemmoni, 286
Brodiaea, 86
Callitriche, 237
CAKYOPHYLLACEAE, 143
capitata, 87
marginata, 237
Castilleja, 368
tea, 87
Calochortus, 89
Californica, 369
minor, 87
albus, 89
foliolosa, 370
Bromus, 52
Catalinae, 90
Martini, 369
carinatus, 56
clavatus, 90
stenanthe, 369
Californicum, 57
invenustus, 90
Castor-bean, 233
hordeaceus, 53
splendens, 90
Catch-fly, 143
Madritensis, 54
venustus, 91
Cat-tail, 8
marginatus, 56
sulphureus, 91
Cat-tail Family, 8
maximus Gussoni, 54
Weedii, 90
Caucalis, 281
mollis, 53
purpurascens, 90
microcarpa, 282
Orcuttianus, 55
vestus, 90
nodosa, 282
Richardsoni, 55
Calyptridium, 141
Caulanthus, 166
rubens, 54
monandrum, 141
amplexicaulis, 166
secalinus, 53
CAMPANULACEAE, 385
Ceanothus, 242
Trinii, 53
Canary-grass Tribe, 26
crassifolius, 244
pallidiflorus, 54
Cauchalagua, 303
cuneatus, 244
unioloides, 55
Caper Family, 180
divaricatus, 243
Haenkeanus, 56
CAPPABIDACEAE, 180
hirsutus, 244
Brookweed, 299
CAPBIFOLIACEAE, 380
integerrimus, 242
Broom, 210
Capsella, 175
macrocarpus, 244
Broom-rape, 373
Bursa-pastoris, 175
oliganthus, 244
Buckthorn, 241
divaricata, 175
sorediatus, 243
Buckthorn Family, 240
elliptica, 175
spinosus, 242
Buckwheat Family,
Cardamine, 172
tomentosus, 243
110
Gambellii, 172
Cenchrus, 26
Btida, 148
Carduus, 440
tribuloides, 26
Bulrush, 67
Californicus, 441
Centaurea, 442
Bur-clover, 210
edulis, 441
Melitensis, 442
Bur-head, 16
occidentalis, 441
Centromadia, 420
Bur-reed, 9
Carex, 74
Parryi, 421
Burs a, 175
Barbarae, 74
pungens, 421
Bursa-pastoris, 175
filiformis latifolia, 75
Cerastium, 145
Bush Poppy, 160
Hookeriana, 76
trivale, 146
Buttercup, 155
laciniata, 74
viscosum, 146
Index
463
Cerastium vulgatum. 146
Chrysoma Palmeri, 398
Convolvulus repens,
CEHATOPH VM.ACKAK, 150
Parishii, 398
309
Ceratophyllum, 151
pinifolia, 398
Soldanella, 309
demersum, 151
Chrysopsis, 395
Conyza, 404
Cercocarpus, 201
fastigiata, 396
Coulter!, 404
betulaefolius, 2U2
sessilifolia, 396
Corilijlanthus, 372
Cereus, 258
CICHOHIEAE, 443
fllifoliu*, 372
Emory i, 258
Cichorium, 444
Corethrogyne, 400
Chaenactis, 431
Intybus, 444
virgata, 401
artemisiaefolia, 432
Cicuta, 285
Bernard ina, 401
glabriuscula, 432
occidentalis, 285
Corn Spurry, 148
lanosa, 432
Cistaceae, 252
COKNACEAE, 292
santolinoides, 432
Cladium, 72
Cornus, 293
Chaetochloa, 25
mariscus Californicum,
occidentalis, 293
glauca, 25
73
pubescens, 293
imberbis, 25
Clarkia, 266
Cottonwood, 99
Chamiso, 202
elegans, 266
Cotula, 436
Cheiranthus, 179
rhombifolia, 266
australis, 436
angustatus, 179
Claytonia, 142
coronopifolia, 436
suffrutescens, 179
perfoliata, 142
Cotyledon, 186
CHKNOPODIACEAE, 123
*l><ithulatat 142
nudicaule, 186
Chenopodium, 124
Clematis, 154
pulverulenta, 187
album, 124
lasiantha, 154
CRASSULACEAE, 183
viride, 125
ligusticifolia, 154
Creamcup, 159
ambrosioides, 125
Cleome, 181
Crepis, 451
Californicum, 125
lutea, 181
biennis, 451
murale, 125
Clover, 211
Cressa, 452
rubrum, 125
Cockle-bur, 413
Truxillensis, 452
Cherry, 203
Coleosanthus, 391
Croton, 232
Chia, 343
Californicus, 391
Californicus, 232
Chickweed, 145
Nevini, 392
tenuis, 233
Chicory, 444
Collins ia, 362
Crowfoot Family, 151
Chilicothe, 385
bicolor, 362
CRUCIFERAE, 164
Chimaphila, 295
callosa, 363
Cryptanthe, 333
Menziesii, 295
tinctoria, 363
ambigua, 334
CHLORIDEAE, 41
Collomia, 312
barbigua, 334
Chlorogalum, 83
rfilioides, 315
flaccida, 334
pomeridianum, 84
grandiflora, 312
intermedia, 334
Chorizanthe, 112
gracilis, 312
leiocarpa, 335
Californica, 113
Columbine, 152
microstachys, 334
Fernandina, 114
COMPOSITAE, 389
muriculata, 333
leptoceras, 113
Conanthus, 326
Cucurbita, 384
Parryi, 114
demissus, 327
foetidissima, 384
procumbens, 114
stenocarpus, 327
CUCURBITACEAE, 384
staticoides, 113
Conium, 283
Cuscuta, 310
Thurberi, 113
maculatum, 283
arvensis, 310
Xanti, 114
CONVOLVttLACEAE, 307, 452
Californica, 310
Christmas Berry, 196
Convolvulus, 308
salina, 311
Chrysoma, 397
arvensis, 309
subinclusa, 311
cuneata, 398
occidentalis, 309
CUSCUTACEAE, 310
ericoides, 398
tenuissimus, 309
Cynara, 441
464
Index
Cynara Scolymus, 442
Diplacus, 363
ELATINACEAE, 251
CYNAREAE, 440
longiflorus, 364
Elatine,251
Cynodon, 41
puniceus, 364
brachysperma, 251
Dactylon, 41
Diplotaxis, 169
Elder, 380
Cynosurus, 48
tenuifolia, 169
Eleocharis, 70
cristatus, 48
DlPSACEAE, 383
acicularis, 70
CYPEBACEAE, 64
Dipsacus, 383
arenicola, 71
Cyperus, 65
fullonum, 383
montana, 72
diandrus capitatus, 65
Distichlis, 47
palustris, 70
castaneus, 66
spicata, 47
rostellata, 71
erythrorhizos, 66
Dithyrea, 174
occidentalis, 71
esculentus, 66
Californica maritima,
Ellisia, 321
laevigatus, 66
174
chrysanthemifolia, 321
Cytisus, 210
Dock, 119
Elymus, 61
Canariensis, 210
Dodecatheon, 300
condensatus, 61
Cleveland!, 300
glaucus, 62
Dactyl is, 47
Dodder, 310
Orcuttianus, 62
glomerata, 48
Dodder Family, 310
triticoides, 61
Danthonia, 40
Dogbane, 304
Emmenanthe, 326
Californica, 40
Dogbane Family, 304
penduliflora, 326
Darnel, 58
Dogwood, 293
Encelia, 415
Datisca, 257
Dogwood Family, 292
Californica, 415
glomerata, 257
Dondia, 131
farinosa, 416
Datisca Family, 257
Californica, 131
Epicampes, 35
DATISCACEAE, 257
depressa, 131
rigens, 35
Datura, 353
Moquini, 131
Epilobium, 264
meteloides, 353
multiflora, 131
Californicum, 264
Daucus, 291
Draba, 175
holosericeum, 261
Carota, 292
cuneifolia, 176
paniculatum, 264
pusillus, 292
integrifolia, 176
Parishii, 265
Deinandra, 421
Sonorae, 176
Eragrostis, 44
fasciculata, 421
Drudeophytum, 284
major, 45
Kelloggii, 422
Parishii, 284
Orcuttianus, 45
Whrightii, 422
Drymocallis, 199
pilosa, 45
Delphinium, 152
glandulosa, 209
Eremocarpus, 233
cardinale, 153
monticola, 200
setigerus, 233
decorum, 153
Duckweed, 78
Eremocarya, 331
patens, 153
Duckweed Family, 77
lepida, 331
Parryi, 153
Dudleya, 186
micrantha, 331
variegatum, 153
Brauntoni, 187
ERICACEAE, 295
Dendromecon, 160
elongata, 188
Ericameria, 398
rigidum, 160
lurida, 188
microphylla, 398
Dentaria, 173
minor, 187
Erigeron, 402
Californica, 173
ovatifolia, 187
Canadense, 404
Deschampsia, 39
pulverulenta, 186
foliosus, 403
calycina, 39
Durango Root, 257
fragilis, 403
Deweya, 283
Philadelphicus, 403
arguta, 283
Echinodorus, 16
Eriodictyon, 327
Diceniba, 163
cordifolius, 16
Californicum, 327
chrysantha, 163
rostral-us, 17
glutinosum, 328
ochroleuca, 163
Eel-grass, 13
Parryi, 328
Index
465
Eriodictyon tomentosum,
Euryptera lucida, 290
Fritillaria biflora, 88
328
Eutbamia, 397
Fuller's-teasel, 383
Eriophyllum, 430
occidentalis, 397
confertiflorum, 430
Evening - primrose Fam-
Gaertneria, 412
Eriogonum, 116
ily, 261
acanthicarpa, 413
Bloomeri, 118
Everlasting, 409
bipinnatiflda, 413
cinereum, 117
Everlasting Tribe, 406
tenuifolia, 412
elongatum, 118
Galingale, 65
fasciculatum, 117
FAGACEAE, 140
Galium, 377
gracile, 119
False Mermaid Family,
Andrewsii, 379
leucocladon, 119
237
angustifolium, 378
latifolium, 117
Fennel, 288
Aparine, 378
nudum, 117
Fescue Tribe, 43
Californicum, 379
parvifolium, 117
Festuca, 51
grande, 379
saxatile, 118
microstachys, 51
Nuttallii, 379
Thurberi, 116
ciliata, 52
siccatum, 378
vimineum, 119
Grayi, 52
trifldum subbiflorum, 378
virgatum, 119
Myuros, 52
Garrya, 293
Wrightii, 118
ciliata, 52
flavescens Palmeri, 294
Erodium, 227
octoflora, 52
pallida, 294
cicutarium, 228
FESTTJCEAE, 43
Veatchii Palmeri, 294
macro phy Hum, 228
Figwort, £59
undulata, 294
moschatum, 228
Figwort Family, 355
Gastridium, 37
Eryngium, 280
Filago, 409
lendigerum, 37
Parishii, 280
Californica, 409
Gayophytum, 272
Erysimum, 168
Fimbristylis, 71
pumilum, 273
offlcinale, 169
thermalis, 71
ramosissimum, 272
Erysimum, 179
Finger-grass Tribe, 41
Gentian Family, 303
Erythraea, 303
Flax, 230
GENTIANACEAE, 303
venusta, 304
Flax Family, 229
GERANIACEAE, 227
Eschscholtzia, 161
Foeniculum, 288
Geranium, 227
Californica, 161
Foeniculum, 288
Carolinianum, 227
hypocoides, 161
vulgare, 288
Richardson!, 227
peninsularis, 161
Four-o'clock, 136
Geranium Family, 227
Eucrypta, 321
Four-o'clock Family, 136
Giant-reed, 44
chrysanthemifolia, 321
Frankenia, 252
Gingseng Family, 274
Eulobus, 269
grandiflora, 252
Gilia, 313
Californicus, 269
Frankenia Family, 251
abrotanifolia, 313
EUPATORIEAE, 390
FRANK ENIACEAE, 251
achilleaefolia, 314
Euphorbia, 234
Franseria, 413
atractyloides, 313
albomarginata, 235
acanthicarpa, 413
aurea, 314
dictyosperma, 236
bipinnatiftda, 413
Californica, 317
melandenia, 235
tenuifolia, 413
ciliata, 319
nutans, 236
Fraxinus, 302
densifolia, 316
polycarpa, 235
dipetala, 302
dianthoides, 317
serpyllifolia, 236
Oregana, 302
gilioides, 315
EUPHORBIACEAE, 231
Fremontia, 251
inconspicua, 315
Eupatorium, 391
Californica, 251
latiflora exilis, 315
Pasadense, 391
Fremontodendron, 250
Lemmoni, 318
Euryptera, 290
Californicum, 250
liniflorus, 318
Hassei, 291
Fritillaria. 88
micrantha, 318
466
Index
Gilia multicaulis, 314
Grass, Foxtail, 33
Helianthus Parishii, 415
prostrata, 313
Hair, 38
Heliotrope, 329
staminea, 314
Hard, 58
Heliotropium, 329
tenella, 319
Johnson, 21
curvassavicum, 329
tenuiflora altissima,
Kentucky Blue, 50
Hemizonia, 422
315
Meadow, 49
fasciculata, 422
virgata, 316
Melic, 46
minima, 423
floribunda, 316
Nit, 37
tenella, 423
mscidula, 313
Orchard, 47
Hesperocnide, 108
Githopsis, 387
Pampas, 44
tenella, 108
specularioides, 387
Panic, 23
Hesperoyucca, 91
Glycyrrhiza, 224
Ray, 57
Whipplei, 92
glutinosa, 224
Salt, 47
Heteromeles, 196
Gnaphalium, 409
Triple-nerved, 28
arbutifolia, 197
Californicum, 410
Velvet, 38
Heterotheca, 395
Chilense, 410
Wheat, 59
grandifolia, 395
leucocephalum, 410
Wild Oat, 40
Heuchera, 190
microcephalum, 410
Grass Family, 18
elegans, 191
palustre, 410
Grindelia, 393
Hieracium, 451
purpureum, 411
camporum, 393
Parishii, 451
ramosissimum, 410
cuneifolia; 393
Hippuris, 273
Godetia, 266
robusta, 393
vulgaris, 273
Bottae, 267
Ground-cherry, 349
Hoarhound, 341
Dudleyana, 267
Groundsel Tribe, 437
Holcus, 38
epilobioides, 268
Gutierrezia, 394
lanatus, 38
pulcherrima, 267
divergens, 394
Holodiscus, 196
quadrivulnera, 267
Gynerium, 44
discolor, 196
viminea, 267
argentium, 44
dumosus, 196
Goldenrod, 396
Gyrostachys, 95
Honeysuckle, 381
Golden Stars, 86
Romanzofflana, 95
Honeysuckle Family, 380
Golden-top, 49
HORDEAE
Goosefoot, 124
Habenaria, 94
Hordeum, 59
Goosefoot Family, 123
Unalaschensis, 94
Gussonianum, 60
Gourd Family, 384
HALORAGIDACEAE, 273
maritimum, 60
GRAMINEAE, 18
Hasseanthus, 184
murinum, 60
Grape Family, 244
elongatus, 184
nodosum, 60
Grass, Barley, 59
multicaulis, 185
depressum, 60
Beard, 35
Hazardia, 399 •
Horkelia, 200
Bent, 36
squarrosa, 400
Calif ornica sericea, 201
Bermuda, 34
Heath Family, 295
platycalyx, 201
Blue-eyed, 93
Hedge-nettle, 341
puberula, 201
Brome, 52
HELENIEAE, 425
sericea, 201
Bur, 26
Helenium, 433
Hornwort, 151
Canary, 26
puberulum, 433
Hornwort Family, 150
Cord, 41
HELIANTHEAE, 414
Hosackia, 216
Crab, 23
Helianthemum, 253
brachycarpa, 217
Ditch, 22
Aldersonii, 253
glabra, 219
Drop-seed, 32, 34
scoparium, 253
maritima, 217
English Ray, 57
Helianthus, 414
parviflora, 217
Feather, 29
animus, 415
Purshiana, 216
Fescue, 51
Oliveri, 415
sericea, 219
Index
467
Hulsea, 432
Knotweed, 121
Lepidospartum, 438
heterochroma, 433
Koeleria, 45
squamatum, 438
Hutchinsia, 174
cristata, 45
Leptilon, 403
procumbens, 175
pinetorum, 46
Canadense, 404
Hydrocotyle, 277
pubescens, 46
Leptochloa, 42
ranunculoides, 277
Koellia, 347
mucronata, 42
umbellata, 277
Californica, 347
Leptodactylon, 316
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 319
Konig, 180
Californicum, 317
Hypochaeris, 445
maritima, 180
Leptosiphon, 318
radicata, 446
Krynitzkia, 334
bicolor, 319
oxycarya, 334
parvijlorus, 318
Ice-plant, 139
Leptosyne, 416
Incense Cedar, 7
LABIATAE, 338
Douglasii, 417
Indian Hemp, 305
Lace Pod, 176
gigantea, 417
INULEAE, 406
Lactuca, 450
Lepturus, 58
Ipomoea, 308
Scariola, 450
cylindricus, 58
purpurea, 308
Lady's Mantle, 202
incurvatus, 58
Iris Family, 92
Lagophylla, 423
Lessingia, 400
Isocoma, 399
ramosissima, 424
glandulifera, 400
vernonioides, 399
Lamarckia, 48
Libocedms, 7
Isomeris, 181
aurea, 49
decurrens, 7
arborea, 181
Larkspur, 152
Licorice, 224
globosa, 181
Lastarriaea, 112
Lilaea, 15
Chilensis, 112
subulata, 15
Jamestown-weed, 353
Lathyrus, 226
LlLIACEAE, 82
Jaumea, 426
Alfeldi, 226
Lilium, 88
carnosa, 426
laetiflorus, 226
Humboltii, 88
JUGLANDACEAE, 96
splendens, 226
Lily, 88
Juglans, 97
violaceus, 226
Lily Family, 82
Californica, 97
Lasthenia, 429
LlMNANTHACEAE, 237
JUNCACEAE, 79
glabrata Coulteri, 429
Limnanthus, 238
JUNCAGINACEAE, 14
Laurel Family, 157
Douglasii, 238
Juncus, 80
Lauraceae, 157
Limonium, 301
acutus sphaerocarpus.80
Layia, 424
Californicum, 301
Balticus, 80
Legouzia, 386
LlNACEAE, 229
bufonius, 81
biflora, 386
Linanthus, 317
Lescurii elatus, 80
LEGUMINOSAE, 2Q4
aureus, 318
longistylis, 81
Lemna, 78
bicolor, 319
Mexicanus, 80
cyclostasa, 78
ciliatus, 319
nodosm megacephalus, 82
gibba, 78
dianthiflorus, 318
patens, 81
minima, 78
Lemmoni,318
phaeocephalus, 82
minor, 78
liniflorus, 317
paniculatus, 82
trisulca, 78
parviflorus, 318
robustus, 80
Valdiviana, 78
pusillus, 318
Torreyi, 81
LEMNACEAE, 77
Linaria, 357
Juniperus, 7
Lepidium, 167
Canadensis, 357
Californica, 7
acutidens, 168
Linseed, 230
occidentalis, 8
dictyotum acutidens, 168
Linum, 230
Jussiaea, 262
lasiocarpum, 168
usitatissimum, 230
Californica, 262
medium, 167
Lippia, 338
repens Californica, 262
nitidum, 168
lanceolata, 338
468
Index
Lithophragma, 191
Lupinus gracilis, 208
Matilija Poppy, 159
afflnis, 192
Grayi, 209
Matricaria, 435
Lizard-tail Family, 95
hirsutissimus, 207
discoidea, 435
Loasa Family, 255
latifolius, 208
matricarioides, 435
LOASACEAE, 255
longifolius, 209
Mayweed, 434
Lobelia, 388
micranthus, 208
Mayweed Tribe, 434
splendens, 388
rivularis latifoliuf, 209
Meadow-rue, 156
Loco- weed, 222
sparsiflorus, 207
Meconopsis, 162
Loeflingia, 150
truncatus, 207
heterophylla, 162
squarrosa, 150
Lycium, 352
Medicago, 210
Lolium, 57
Californicum, 352
apiculata, 210
perenne, 57
Parishii, 353
denticulata, 210
multiflorum, 58
Richii, 352
lupulina, 211
temulentum, 58
Lycopus, 347
orbicularis, 211
Lomatium, 289
lucidus, 348
sativa, 210
dasycarpum, 290
LYTHRACEAE, 260
Melica, 46
utriculatum, 289
Lythrum, 261
imperfecta, 46
Vaseyi, 289
Californicum, 261
flexuosa, 46
Lonicera, 381
minor, 46
subspicata, 381
Madaria, 419
refracta, 47
Loosestrife Family, 260
elegans, 420
Melilotus, 211
Lophotocarpus, 17
Madder Family, 377
alba, 211
calycinus, 17
Madia, 419
Indica, 211
LORANTHACEAE, 109
dissitiflora, 420
Mentha, 348
Lotus, 215
sativa, 419
piperita, 348
Americanus, 216
MADIEAE, 418
spicata, 349
argophyllus, 219
Madrono, 296
viridis, 349
Davidsoni, 219
Malacothrix, 448
Mentzelia, 255
glaber, 218
Californica, 448
afflnis, 256
grandiflorus,218
Cleveland!, 449
albicaulis integrifolia,25Q
Heermanni, 220
saxatilis tenuiflora, 449
dispersa, 256
humistratus, 217
Mallow, 246
gracilenta, 256
junceus, 219
Mallow Family, 245
integrifolia, 256
lathyroides, 216
Malva, 246
laevicaulis, 256
leucophyllus, 219
parviflora, 247
micrantha, 256
micranthus, 217
pusilla, 247
Mesembrianthemum, 139
Nevadensis, 219
MALVACEAE, 245
aequilaterale, 139
nudiflorus, 218
Malvastrum, 248
crystallinum, 139
oblorigiflorus, 216
Davidsonii, 249
nodiflorum, 140
rubellus, 217
exile, 248
Mesquit, 205
salsuginosus, 217
fasciculatum, 249
Micrampelis, 385
strigosus, 218
Fremontii, 249
macrocarpa, 385
Wrangelianus, 216
splendidum, 249
Micromeria, 346
Ludwigia, 263
Thurberi, 249
Chamissonis, 346
dlffusa Calif ornica, 263
Manzanita, 297
Douglasii, 346
Lupinus, 206
Maple, 240
Micropus, 407
afflnis, 208
Maple Family, 240
Californicus, 408
Chamissonis, 209
Mariposa Lily, 89
Microseris, 444
longifolius, 209
Marrubium, 341
aphantocarpha tenella,
concinnus, 207
vulgare, 341
444
cytisoides, 209
Marsh Rosemary, 301
cyclocarpha, 445
Index
469
Microsteris, 312
Californica, 312
Mignotte Family, 182
Milkweed, 306 •
Milkweed Family, 305
Milkwort Family, 230
Millet Tribe, 22
Mimulus, 364
Bigelovii, 365
brevipes, 365
cardinalis, 365
fjrili*, 367
floribundus, 366
Fremonti, 365
Langsdorfii grandis, 366
lutea*, 366
microphyllus, 367
moschatus, 365
sessilifolium, 366
Miners Lettuce, 141
Mint Family, 338
Mirabilis, 136
Californica, 137
multiflora pubescens,136
Mission Bells, 88
Mistletoe, 110
Mistletoe Family, 109
Mock-orange, 384
Modiola, 246
Caroliniana, 246
Mollugo, 138
verticillata, 138
Monanthochloe, 44
littoralis, 44
Monardella, 346
lanceolata, 346
Monkey-flower, 364
Monolepsis, 126
Nuttaliana, 126
Monolopia, 429
major, 430
Montia, 141
perfoliata, 142
spathulata, 142
Morning-glory, 308
Morning-glory Family, 307
Mountain Mahogany, 201
Muhlenbergia, 32
Californica, 32
Parisfiii, 32
sylvatica Californica, 32
Muilla, 85
(Enanthe sannentosa
serotina, 85
Californica, 287
Mullen, 346
fKiiothera, 269
Mustard, 169
alyssoidw, 272
Mustard Family, 164
biennis hirsutissima.
MUTISEAE, 442
269
Myrica, 98
bistorta, 270
Californica, 98
Veitchiano, 270
MYRICACEAE, 97
Californica, 452
Myriophyllum, 274
cheiranthifolia, 270
spicatum, 274
suffruticosa, 279
dentata, 271
Naiad, 12
NAIDACEAE, 9
hirtella, 271
micrantha, 271
Naias, 12
flexilis. 13
Nama Parryii, 328
Xaxtitrtiurn officinale, 172
Navarretia, 312
atractyloides, 313
prostrata, 313
viscldula, 313
Nemacladus, 387
strigulosa, 271
viridescens, 270
OLEACEAE, 302
Oligomeris, 182
glaucescens, 183
Olive Family, 302
ONAGKACEAE, 261
Onagra, 268
ramosissimus, 387
Opuntia, 258
montanus, 387
pinnatifldus, 388
Nemacaulis, 112
Bernardina, 259
Lindheimeri littor-
denudata, 112
Nuttallii, 112
Nemophila, 320
aurita, 320
insignis, 320
integrifolia, 321
Menziesii integrifolia,
alis, 259
occidentalis, 259
prolifera, 260
Orchid Family, 93
ORCHIDACEAE, 93
OROBANCHACEAE, 373
Orobanche, 374
Californica, 375
321
racemosa, 320
Nemoseris,447
Californica, 447
tuberosa, 375
Orthocarpus, 370
densiflorus, 371
Parishii, 371
Nettle, 107
Nettle Family, 106
Nicotiana, &=>3
Bigelovii, 354
Cleveland!, 354
purpurascens, 370
Osmorhiza, 281
brachypoda, 281
OXALIDACEAE, 228
Oxalis.229
glauca, 354
Nightshade, 350
NYCTAGINACEAE, 136
corniculata, 229
Wrightii, 229
Oxygraphis, 154
Oak, 104
Cymbalaria, 154
Oat, 39
Oxytheca, 115
Wild, 39
Parishii, 115
Oat Tribe, 38
trilobata, 116
CEnanthe, 287
Owl-clover, 370
470
Index
Paeonia, 152
Petunia parvifiora, 355
Pinus flexilis, 2
Brownii, 152
J'eucedanum, 289
Jeffreyi, 4
Palmerella, 388
Phacelia, 321
Lambertiana, 2
debilis serrata, 389
brachyloba, 325
monophylla, 3
PANICEAE, 22
ciliata, 323
Murrayana, 4
Panicum, 23
Davidsonii macrantha,
Parryana, 3
capillare, 24
325
ponderosa, 4
colonum, 24
distans, 323
Sabiniana, 4
Crus-galli, 23
Douglasii, 325
Torreyana, 3
pube.8ce.ns, 24
Fremontii, 326
tuberculata, 5
sanguinale, 23
grandiflora, 324
Piperia, 94
scoparium, 24 ,;
hispida, 322
lancifolia, 94
Papaver, 162
longipes, 324
longispica, 95
Californicum, 163
Magellanica, 322
Piptocalyx, 331
PAPAVEKACEAE, 158
Parry i, 324
circumscissus, 332
Parietaria, 108
ramosissima suffrutes-
Plagiobothrys, 332
debilis. 109
cens, 322
canescens, 332
Paspalum, 22
tanacetifolia, 323
Cooperi, 333
distichum, 22
viscida, 323
nothofulvus, 332
Pastinaca, 291
albiflora, 324
Plane-tree, 195
sativa, 291
PHALABIDEAE, 26
Plane-tree Family, 194
Pectocarya, 329
Phalaris, 27
PLANTAGINACEAE, 375
linearis, 330
Lemmoni, 27
Plantago, 376
penicillata, 330
minor, 27
Bigelovii, 377
setosa, 330
Philibertella, 306
erecta, 376
Pedicularis, 372
Hartwegii heterophylla,
ob versa, 377
densiflora, 372
306
hirtella, 376
semibarbata, 373
Phleum, 33
lanceolata, 376
Penneywort, 277
pratense, 33
major, 376
Pentacaena, 150
Phoradendron, 110
obversa, 376
ramosissima, 150
villosum, 110
Plantain, 376
Pentachaeta, 394
macrophyllum, 110
Plantain Family, 375
aurea, 394
Phyllospadix, 13
PLATANACEAE, 194
Lyoni, 395
Torreyi, 14
Platanus, 195
Pentstemon, 359
Physalis, 349
racemosa, 195
centranthifolius, 360
Greenei, 350
Platystemon, 159
cordifolius, 360
ixocarpa, 350
Californicum, 159
heterophyllus, 361
pedunculata, 350
Platystigma, 159
labrosus, 360
Pbytolacca, 135
denticulata, 159
Palmeri, 361
decandra, 135
Plectritis, 382
Parishii, 361
PHYTOLACCACEAE, 135
congesta minor, 382
spectabilis,361
Pickeringia, 206
minor, 382
ternatus, 360
montana, 206
Pleuchea, 407
Peony, 152
Pimpernel, 299
borealis, 407
Peppergrass, 167
PlNACEAE, 1
camphorata, 407
Perezia, 442
Pine, 2
sericea, 407
microcephala, 443
Pine Family, 1
PLUMBAGINACEAE, 301
Perezia Tribe, 442
Pink Family, 143
Plumbago Family, 301
Perityle, 427
Pinus, 2
Poa, 49
Californica nuda, 427
attenuata, 5
annua, 49
Petunia, 355
Coulteri, 5
Fendleriana, 50
Index
471
Poa inflrma, 50
Prosopis juliflora, 205
Ranunculus hebe-
pratensis, 50
pubescens, 206
carpus, 155
scabrella, 51
Prunus, 203
trichophyllus, 155
Poison Hemlock, 283
demissa, 204
Raphanus, 170
Poison Oak, 239
tlicifolia, 204
sativus, 170
Pokeweed Family, 135
Pseudotsuga, 5
Raspberry, 198
POLEMONIACEAE, 311
macrocarpa, 6
Rattle- weed, 222, 223
Polycarpon, 149
Psilocarphus, 408
Razoumofskya, 109
depressum, 149
globiferus, 408
occidentalis, 109
Polygala, 231
Psoralea, 220
Rein-orchis, 94
Californica, 231
Californica, 221
Reseda, 182
POLYGALACEAE, 230
macrostachya, 220
lutea, 182
POLYGONACEAE, 110
orbicularis, 221
RESEDACEAE, 182
Polygonum, 121
physodes, 220
RHAMNACEAE, 240
avioulare, 122
Pterostegia, 111
Rhamnus, 241
Convolvulus, 123
drymarioides, 111
Californica, 241
hydropiperoides, 122
Ptiloria, 446
tomentella, 242
incarnatum, 122
cichoriacea, 447
crocea, 241
lapathifolium, 122
pleurocarpa, 446
ilicifolia, 241
nodoftum, 122
virgata, 446
Rhus, 238
Polypogon, 35
Pulse Family, 204
diversiloba, 239
littoralis, 36
Purslane, 142
integrifolia, 239
Monspeliensis, 35
Purslane Family, 140
laurina, 239
Pondweed, 10
Pycnanthemum, 347
ovata, 239
Pondweed Family, 9
Californicum, 347
trilobata, 240
Pop-corn Flower, 332
PYROLACEAE, 294
Ribes, 192
Poplar, 99
amarum, 193
Poppy Family, 158
Querous, 104
divaricatum, 193
Populus, 99
agrifolia, 106
hesperium, 194
Fremonti, 99
Californica, 106
malvaceum viridifoli-
trichocarpa, 99
chrysolepis, 106
um, 192
Portulaca, 142
Douglasii, 105
Nevadense, 193
oleracea, 142
dumosa, 105
speciosum, 194
PORTULACEAE, 140
Engelmanni, 105
tenuiflorum, 192
Potentilla, 198
lobata, 105
Ricinus, 233
Anserina, 199
Wislizeni, 106
communis, 234
glandulosa, 200
Rock-rose, 253
Neradensis, 200 Radish, 170
Rock-rose Family, 252
multijuga, 198 Bafinesquia Californica,
Romero, 340
Potamogeton, 10 447
Romneya, 159
foliosus Californicus, 11 Ragweed, 411
Coulteri, 160
fluitans, 10 Ragweed Tribe, 411
trichocalyx, 160
lonchites, 10
Ramona, 344
Roripa, 171
natans, 10
grandiflora, 344
curvisliqua, 172
pauciflorus Californicus, nivea, 344
Nasturtium, 171
11 polystachya, 345
Rosa, 203
pectinatus, 11 stachyoides, 345
Californica, 203
Potato Family, 349 RANUNCULACEAE, 151
ROSACEAE, 195
Primrose Family, 298 Ranunculus, 155
Rose, 203
PBIMTJLACEAE, 298 Californicus, 155
Rose Family, 195
Prosopis, 205 Cymbalaria, 155
RUBIACEAE, 377
472
Index
Rubus, 197
Sambucus glauca, 380
Sedum spathulifolium, 184
leucodermis, 198
Samolus, 299
Senecio, 439
Nutkanus, 197
floribundus, 299
Californicus, 439
parviflorus, 197
Valerandi Americanus,
Douglasii, 440
vitifolius, 198
299
ilecetorum, 439
Rumex, 119
Sand Rocket, 169
vulgaris, 439
Acetosella, 120
Sand-verbena, 137
SENECIONEAE, 437
conglomeratus, 121
SANICULA, 278
Sesuvium, 138
crispus, 121
arguta, 279
sessile, 139
hymenosepalus, 121
bipinnata, 280
Shooting-star, 300
persicarioides, 120
bipinnatifida, 279
Sida, 249
pulcher, 120
laciniata, 279
hederacea, 249
salicifolius, 120
Menziesii, 278
Sidalcea, 247
Ruppia, 11
Nevadensis, 279
delphinifolia, 248
maritima, 11
tuberosa, 280
humilis, 248
Rush, 80
Sarcodes, 295
malvaeflora, 247
Rush Family, 79
sanguinea. 295
parviflora, 248
Russian Thistle, 132
SAUBTTRACEAE, 95
Silene, 143
Roubieve, 126
Saxifraga, 190
Anglica, 144
multifida, 126
California, 190
antirrhina, 144
SAXIFBAGBACEAE, 188
Gallica, 144
Sage, 343
Saxifrage, 190
laciniata, 144
Sagina, 146
Saxifrage Family, 188
multinervia, 144
occidentalis, 146
Schoenus, 72
verecunda, 145
Sagittaria, 17
nigricans, 72
Silk-tassel Tree, 293
calycina, 17
Scirpus, 67
Sisymbrium acutangulum,
latifolia, 18
Americanus, 67
166
variabilis, 18
atrovirens, 69
canescens, 177
SALICACEAE, 98
Californicus, 68
offlcinale, 169
Salicornia, 130
cernuus, 67
reflexum, 166
ambigua, 130
lacustris occidentalis,
Sisyrinchium, 93
subterminalis, 130
68
bellum, 93
Salix, 99
maritimus, 69
Sitanion, 62
argophylla, 102
microcarpus, 69
anomalum, 64
exigua, 102
Olneyi, 68
Californicum, 64
virens, 102
pungens, 68
jubatum, 63
laevigata, 100
riparius, 67
multisetum, 63
. lasiandra, 100
robustus, 69
Sium, 256
lasiolepis, 101 •
Tatora, 69
cicutaefolium, 286
macrostachyia, 101
Screw bean, 206
heterophyllum, 286
leucodendroides, 102
Scrophularia, 359
Skullcap, 340
nigra vallicola, 100
Californica, 359
Snap-dragon, 357
Parishiana, 101
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 355
Sneezeweed, 433
Salmon Berry, 197
Scutellaria. 340
Sneezeweed Tribe, 425
Salsify, 448
Bolanderi, 341
Snowberry, 381
Salsola, 132
tuberosa, 340.
Snow-plant, 295
Tragus, 132
Sea Purslane, 138
Soap-plant, 83
Salvia, 343
Sedge, 73
SOLANACEAE, 349
carduacea, 343
Sedge Family, 64
Solanum, 350
Columbariae, 343
Sedum, 184
Douglasii, 351
Sambucus, 380
obtusatum, 184
rostrata, 352
Index
473
Solanum villosum, 351
Sporobolus, 84
Teasel Family, 383
Wallace!, 351
airoides, 34
Tetradymia, 438
Xanti, 351
asperifolius, 34
comosa, 438
glabrescens, 351
Spruce, 6
Thalesia, 374
intermedium, 351
Big-cone, 6
fasciculata, 374
Solidago, 396
False, 5
Thalictrum, 156
Californica, 396
Spurge Family, 231
polycarpum, 156
confinis, 397
Stanleya, 165
Thelypodium, 165
Sonchus, 449
pinnata, 165
lasiophyllum, 166
asper, 450
Star-thistle, 442
inalienum, 166
oleraceus, 449
titellaria media, 145
Therofon, 189
Sophia, 177
nitens, 145
elatum, 189
incisa, 177
Stercula Family, 250
rotundifolium, 189
pinnata, 178
STERCULIACEAE, 250
Thistle, 440
Sorghum, 21
Stillingia, 234
Thistle-sage, 343
Halepense, 21
linearifolia, 234
Thistle Tribe, 440
Sorghum Tribe, 20
Stipa, 29
Thorn-apple, 353
Sow-thistle, 449
coronata, 30
Thysanocarpus, 176
Spanish Bayonet, 91
eminens, 30
curvipes, 177
Sparganium, 9
Andersonii, 30
laciniatus, 177
eurycarpum, 9
Hassei. 29
Tillaea, 188
Spartina, 42
Parishii, 30
minima, 188
folios a, 42
setigera, 31
Timothy, 33
glabra, 42
speciosa, 31
Tissa, 149
Specularia, 386
viridula, 31
gracilis, 149
biflora, 386
Stone-crop Family, 183
macrotheca, 149
Speedwell, 367
Stramonium, 353
marina, 148
Spergula, 148
Streptanthus, 166
tenuis, 149
arvensis, 148
heterophyllus, 167
Tobacco, 353
Spergularia, 148
Stylochine, 408
Tornilla, 206
Spike-rush, 70
gnaphalioides, 408
Tragopogon, 447
Spiranthes, 95
Stylophyllum, 185
porrifolius, 448
Romanzoffiana, 95
densiflorum, 186
Trichostema, 339
Spirodela, 77
Hassei, 185
lanatum, 340
polyrhiza, 77
insulare, 185
lanceolatum, 339
Sphacele, 345
Suada, 131
Trifolium, 221
calycina Wallacei, 346
Californica, 131
albopurpureum, 213
Sphaerostigma, 269
mffrutescens, 131
bifidum, 212
alyssoides, 272
Torreyana, 131
ciliatum, 212
bistorta, 270
Sumac Family, 238 ciliolatum, 212
campestre, 271
Sunflower, 414
depauperatum, 215
Parishii, 272
Sunflower Family, 389
furcatum, 214
contortum, 271
Sunflower Tribe, 414
gracilentum, 212
Greenei, 271
Sweet Alyssum, 180
involucratum, 213
hirtellum, 271
Sweet Clover, 211
Macraei, 213
micranthum, 271
Sycamore, 195 albopurpureum, 213
spirale, 270
Syntherisma, 23
microcephalum, 214
Veitchianum, 270
sanguinalis, 23
obtusiflorum, 214
viridescens, 270
pratense, 213
Sphenosciadium, 288
Tarweed, 419
repens, 212
capitellatum, 288
Tarweed Tribe, 418
roscidum, 214
474
Index
Trifolium spinulosum, 213
Verbesina, 416
Waterwort Family, 251
stenophyllum, 215
encelioides, 416
Wax Myrtle, 98
tridentatum, 214
Veronica, 367
Western Nettle, 108
variegatum, 213
Buxbaumii, 368
Whispering Bells, 326
Wormskjoldii, 213
Byzantina, 368
White Fir, 6
Triglochin, 14
peregrina, 368
White Sage, 345
maritima, 15
Vervain Family, 336
Wild Buckwheat, 117
Trisetum barbatum, 53
Vetch, 224
Wild Cucumber, 385
Tropidocarpum, 173
Vicia, 224
Wild Grape, 245
dubium, 174
Americana, 224
Wild Hyacinth, 86
gracile, 173
linearis, 225
Wild Pea, 226
Typha, 8
truncatus, 225
Wild Rye, 61
angustifolia, 8
Californica, 225
Wild Toad-flax, 357
latifolia, 8
exigua, 225
Willow, 99
TYPHACEAE, 8
Hassei, 225
Wintergreen Family, 294
sativa, 225
Wolfflella, 79
UMBELLIFERAE, 275
Viola, 253
lingulata, 79
Umbellularia, 157
bland a, 254
oblonga, 79
Californica, 158
crysantha, 225
Wood-sorrel, 229
Uropappus, 445
Douglasii, 255
Wood-sorrel Family, 228
Lindleyi, 445
lobata, 254
Woolly Blue-curls, 340
linearifolius, 445
palmata cucullata, 254
Urtica, 107
pedunculata, 254
Xanthium, 413
Breweri, 108
VlOLACEAE, 253
Canadense, 414
holosericea, 107
Violet, 253
spinosum, 413
urens, 107
Violet Family, 253
Xylothermia, 206
URTICACEAE, 106
Virgin's Bower, 154
montana, 206
VlTACEAE, 244
Valerian Family, 382
Vitis, 245
Yerba Buena, 346
VALERIANACEAE, 382
Girdiana, 245
Yerba Manse, 96
Valerfonella, 382
Yucca, 92
macrocera, 382
Wallflower, 179
arborescens, 92
Velaea, 284
Walnut, 97
Whipplei, 92
arguta, 284
Walnut Family, 96
graminifolia, 92
Parishii, 284
Washingtonia, 281
Venegasia, 426
brachypoda, 281
Zannichellia, 12
carpesioides, 427
Watercress, 171
palustris, 12
Verbascum, 356
Water-hemlock 285
Zauschneria, 263
virgatum, 356
Water-hoarhound, 347
Californica latifolia, 2€
Verbena, 336
Water-leaf Family, 319
microphylla, 263
bracteosa, 337
Water-milfoil Family, 273
Zostera, 13
polystachya, 337
Water-plantain Family,
marina, 13
prostrata, 337
16
Zygadene, 83
urticifolia, 337
Water-starwort Family,
Zygadenus, 83
VERBENACEAE, 336
237
Fremontii, 83
. / OF THE -^\
;
'V OF Jt
ERRATA
Page 19, line 8 — for " Andropogyneae " read "Andropogoneae."
" 28, " 26 — for " Pleum " read "Phleum."
" 159, " 1 — for " Cream Cup " read " Creamcup."
" 230, " 15 — for "L. usitatissmum " read " L. usitatissi-
mum."
" 265, " 15 — after " Boisduvalia " insert " Spach."
" 351, after line 5 insert "Occasional in waste places about
Los Angeles."
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